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13 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM; 2020). Promoting positive adolescent health behaviors and outcomes: Thriving in the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 14 Kim, H., Wildeman, C., Jonson-Reid, M., & Drake, B. (2017). Lifetime prevalence of investigating child maltreatment among US children. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 274–280. 15 Wildeman, C., & Emanuel, N. (2014). Cumulative risks of foster care placement by age 18 for U.S. children, 2000–2011. PLoS One, 9(3), e92785. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal. pone.0092 16 Putnam-Hornstein, E., & King, B. (2014). Cumulative teen birth rates among girls in foster care at age 17: An analysis of linked birth and child protection records from California. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 698–705. 17 Dworsky, A., & Courtney, M.E. (2010). The risk of teenage pregnancy among transitioning foster youth: Implications for extending care beyond age 18. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1351-1356. 18 Shpiegel, S., Cascardi, M., & Dineen, M. (2017). A social ecology analysis of childbirth among females emancipating from foster care. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60, 563–569. 19 King, B., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Cederbaum, J. A., & Needell, B. (2014). A cross-sectional examination of birth rates among adolescent girls in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 36, 179–186. 20 Dworsky, A. (2015). Child welfare services involvement among the children of young parents in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 45, 68-79. 21 Font, S. A., Cancian, M., & Berger, L. M. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors for early motherhood among low-income, maltreated, and foster youth. Demography, 56, 261-284. 22 Radey, M., Schelbe, L., McWey, L. M., Holtrop, K., & Canto, A. I. (2016). “It's really overwhelming”: Parent and service provider perspectives of parents aging out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 67, 1-10. 23 Hulsey, L. K., Wood, R. G., & Rangarajan, A. (2005). Implementation of maternity group home programs: Serving pregnant and parenting teens in a residential setting. US Department of Health & Human Services. https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/implementation-maternity-group-home-programsserving-pregnant-and-parenting-teens-residential-setting 24 Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF; 2013). Response to the Independent Living Services Advisory Council 2013 Annual Report. Retrieved March 17, 2021 from https://www.myflfamilies.com/service-programs/child-welfare/lmr/docs/2013LMRs/2013%20ILSAC%20Report%20 final.pdf 25 Peters, C. M., Dworsky, A., Courtney, M. E., & Pollack, H. (2009). Extending foster care to age 21: Weighing the costs to government against the benefits to youth. Chicago: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. Available: http://www.maac4kids.org/empowerMEnt/Chapin%20Hall%20 Issue%20Brief-Extending%20Foster%20Care.pdf 26 NVivo. (2018). NVivo 12 [Software]. Available from http://www.qsrinternational.com
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