V Report Brazil For Children and Adolescents by Fundação Abrinq

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS V REPORT

ASSESSMENT OF THE 2011-2014 MANAGEMENT Coordination

Master Sponsor

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS V REPORT

ASSESSMENT OF THE 2011-2014 MANAGEMENT 1st Edition São Paulo Fundação Abrinq pelos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente 2015

TECHNICAL DATA BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chairman Carlos Antonio Tilkian Vice-Chairman Synésio Batista da Costa Secretary Bento José Gonçalves Alcoforado Board Members Bento José Gonçalves Alcoforado, Carlos Antonio Tilkian, Claudio Roberto I Sen Chen, Daniel Trevisan, David Baruch Diesendruck, Dilson Suplicy Funaro, Eduardo José Bernini, Elias Jonas Landsberger Glik, Fernando Vieira de Mello, Hector Nuñez, José Eduardo Planas Pañella, José Ricardo Roriz Coelho, José Roberto dos Santos Nicolau, Karin Elisabeth Dahlin, Kathia Lavin Gamboa Dejean, Luiz Fernando Brino Guerra, Mauro Antonio Ré, Mauro Manoel Martins, Natânia do Carmo Oliveira Sequeira, Otávio Lage de Siqueira Filho, Rubens Naves, Synésio Batista da Costa, Vitor Gonçalo Seravalli Tax Council Audir Queixa Giovanni, Geraldo Zinato, João Carlos Ebert, Mauro Vicente Palandri Arruda, Roberto Moimáz Cardeña, Sérgio Hamilton Angelucci Executive Secretariate Executive Administrator Heloisa Helena Silva de Oliveira Programs and Projects Development Manager Denise Maria Cesario Institutional Development Manager Victor Alcântara da Graça Child Friendly President Project Jeniffer Caroline Luiz, Cesar Dalney de Souza Vale, Dayane Santos, Lidiane Oliveira Santos e Iolanda Barros de Oliveira

Text Carlos de Medeiros Delcidio, Denise Maria Cesario, Jeniffer Caroline Luiz, Mariana Camargo Simão e Wieland Silberschneider Text Collaboration – Fundação Abrinq Andreia Lavelli, Cesar Dalney de Souza Vale, Daniela Resende Florio, João Pedro Sholl Cintra, Renato Mathias e Tatiana de Jesus Pardo Text Collaboration – Child Friendly Monitoring Network Dalka Chaves de Almeida Ferrari, Daniel Cara, Denise de Carvalho Campos, Gisela Solymos, Isa Maria de Oliveira, Maria Paula de Albuquerque, Marcia Oliveira e Marina Castro Translation M.S Traduções Juramentadas Graphic Project Priscila Hlodan Layout and Final Artwork Tre Comunicação Collaboration Gislaine Cristina de Carvalho Pita, Raquel Farias Meira e Victor Alcântara da Graça Photograph Cedoc, Flávio Cabral, Pedro Rubens (in memoriam) e Tamires Guimarães ISBN 978-85-88060-82-1

Summary

Health

Protection

Education

Budget

100

Presentation

Child Friendly Monitoring Network

Commitments assumed by President Dilma Rousseff

First Considerations

Managerial directives and assessment of President Dilma Rousseff

Axle I – Promoting Healthy Lives

Axle II – Access to a Quality Education

Axle III – Protection against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence

100

IV – Budget Analisis

119

Bibliography

124

Attachment 1 – Term of Commitment

Presentation Fundação Abrinq has implemented the Child Friendly President Project, part of the 2002 presidential campaign with the purpose to set a commitment between the federal government and civil society in order to achieve the goals and objectives to foster the respect and consolidation of the children and adolescent’s rights, assigning them as absolute priority in the elaboration of the national public policies to respond the international commitments which have been assumed by the Brazilian State. The methodology followed in the Project was inspired by the document A World for Children (Um Mundo para as Crianças), which result from an unanimous agreement that has defined the new agenda aiming children and on the adolescents all over the world through a pact containing 21 targets and specific objectives focused the health, education and protection during a Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly Summit (UN) on the children in 2002. Some targets have been set for 2010, others must be accomplished until 2015 by all the signatory countries. Such document was used as the main guideline for the Child Friendly President Project due to its political and strategic importance both in the national and international context, its alignment with the full protection doutrine and with those rights foreboded in the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA – Law No. 8.069, of July 13, 1990), as well as its potential as an instrument to the effective operacionalization of the social control process. This report consists of an effort to indicate the evolution of the social markers to measure the quality of life of children and adolescents in the education, health, and protection areas. Also, it will be analyzed the pattern of the public investments for childhood and adolescence signalizing the accomplishment or non-accomplishment of the commitments assumed by President Dilma Rousseff. Our purpose is to offer a document which will contribute to increase the debate related to the childhood and adolescence in the country, deepening the dialogue with the Executive Power and to strengthen the social control, thus contributing for the advancement of the country to overcome the present challenges and to improve the Brazilian childhood and adolescence scenario. Good reading,

Carlos Antonio Tilkian Chairman

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Child Friendly Monitoring Network The Child Friendly Monitoring Network was firstly conceived in 2003 with the purpose to follow up the implementation of the commitments agreed in the Term of Commitment Child Friendly President and to analyze the progress of the targets in the education, health, and protection areas described in the document A World for the Children. It was created aiming the monitoring and assemssent of the public policites from the federal government, as well as to define and accomplish actions in the political range in this 4th edition of the Child Friendly President Project, the Child Friendly Monitoring Network has 20 social organizations.

Coordination:

Master Sponsor:

Partner organizations of the Monitoring Network: MOVIMENTO NACIONAL DE DIREITOS HUMANOS

MNDH

“Constructing a monitoring network and giving a return, both to the community and to the self Government, about if they are being or not effective in their actions. If there is not that type of monitoring, it is possible to make promises and to declare whatever it is liked. That is a way so as the organizations perform their social control”, Itamar Batista Gonçalves, of Childhood do Brasil. “We believe that, only with a lot of mobilization and pressure, we will be able to advance regarding the accomplishment of the goals signed by the President. Without dispute and political fight, it is not possible to advance to conquer rights”, Denise de Carvalho Campos – Anced. “That diversity of specialized visions ensure a multidisciplinary and interinstitutional analysis that reflects the regional differences and allows the Friend of the Child Monitoring Network verifying, questioning and checking whether the performed governmental actions are complying with the agreed upon commitments”, Dalka Chaves – CNRVV.

Commitments assumed by President Dilma Rousseff 1. COMMITMENTS FROM THE GOVERNMENT • To define a listener to keep a dialogue with Fundação Abrinq within 90 days after her inauguration; • To present a proposal for confrontation in axles where there are no targets defined; • To make available for the Fundação Abrinq the data and information required to monitor the markers whenever requested. 2. COMMITMENTS OF THE DOCUMENT “A WORLD FOR THE CHILDREN” • To reduce the mortality of 1 to 5 years old children along with the maternal mortality; • To increase and improve Children’s Education, Elementary and High School and Special Education;

• To protect children against every form of abuse, exploitation and violence, defending their basic rights; • To foresee and do not restrain budget resources to the implementation of the public policies which will benefit children and adolescents. • The Fundação Abrinq, by means of the Project, proposes to monitor public policies from the federal government to improve life conditions for children and adolescents in the country by following up the targets and purposes contained in that document divided in the following main themes:

I - Promoting Healthy Lives

IV - Budget Analysis

II - Access to a Quality Education

III - Protection Against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence

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Initial Considerations This report is structured in the central axles related to the Project aiming to describe some major issues for Brazil in the range of the public policies connected to the children and adolescents. The performance of the social and political markers implemented along 2011 to 2014 recording the advancements achieved as well as the challenges were analyzed. The first study on the Federal Government Management (2011-2014) was performed in 2013, by means of the IV Report analyzing the trends and perspectives of the government. In this document we concluded the assessment performed of the first term of President Dilma Rousseff. As a technical report, it is important to explain the difficulty to perform the assessment of the national policies which have been implemented, by one side because major part of the government directives which will be exposed here involve medium and long term measures and impacts, and on the other side, by the great discrepancy of the temporal evaluation of the official bases. It worth while to observe that under some circumstances, we have opted to use preliminary data to perform a quantitative comparison between the government years (2013 and 2014). This study was accomplished with to data and information available on public sources from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of the Social Development and Fight Against the Hunger, Ministry of Education, Ministry of the National Integration, inistry of Work and Employment, Civil Office, Secretariatof Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic, and the Federal Senate, added to Foundations and Institutes linked to the federal government. Other secondary sources were also used: Everyone for Education Movement, PNE Observatory and the National Child Labour Prevention and Eradication Forum. The charts, graphs and markers were elaborated by the Child Friendly President Project team. The study also used as basis the recommendations described in the reports presented by the International Organization: United Nationals (UN), International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Plans in force, especially the Ten-Year Plan of Human Rights for Children and Adolescents. The Human Rights for Children and Adolescents Ten-Year Plan contains the directives approved by the National Council of the Children and Adolescent Rights â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (Conanda), on April 10 of 2011. The document has five Axles1, 12 Directives and several Strategic Targets. This is the main unfolding of the

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8th National Conference for the Children and Adolescent Rights, and it foresees the directives for the National Policy for the Children and Adolescent Rights for the next ten years period. Its main purpose is to provide guidance to the actuation of the Public Power in the federal range, aiming the implementation of policies to operationalize the children and adolescent rights. Some Ministries2 have cooperated by presenting answers to the questions performed by the Fundação Abrinq by sending information on the implementation of programs and projects, investments and the beneficiaries. Although there have been cooperation from some Ministries, along the government there was not an effective communication channel with the federal government, as commited by president Dilma Rousseff, and only one of the four commitments assumed was accomplished. The commitments: • Definition of a listener from the government (it was assigned the Human Rights Ministry on that occasion, Maria do Rosário Nunes); • Proposal for confrontation in the axles where there are no defined targets (non-accomplished); • Availability of data and information required to the marker monitoring(partially accomplished, 10 from the 44 Ministries and Secretariats have answered the questions). Whenever possible, we have performed a parallel between the Government Program and its budget performance. Below, the federal programs aimed to the children and adolescents, with the following separation:

• Promoting Healthy Lives: corresponding to programs aimed to the survival and health of children, adolescents and their mothers; programs aiming the access and quality of the sanitary sewer and a program of access to the housing, amounting 14 programs; •A ccess to a Quality Education: educational, spots, culture and leisure programs in a total of 25 programs; • Prevention against Violence, Abuse and Mistreatments: comprising every Social Protection program and programs to exert the rights of citizenship in an amount of 14 programs. 1. Axle 1 – Promotionfortherightstothechildrenand adolescents; Axle 2 – Protectionanddefenseoftherights; Axle 3 – Prominenceand participationofchildren and adolescents; Axle 4 – Social control of the realization of the rights; and Axle 5 – Management of the nationa policy of human rights for children and adolescents. 2. 1) Ministry of National Integration, 2) Ministry of Education, 3) Ministry of Health, 4) Ministry of Environment, 5) Ministry of Tourism, 6) Ministry of Culture, 7) Ministry of Mines and Energy, 8) Ministry of Sports, 9) Ministry of Labour and Employment, and 10) Secretariat of Human Rights from the President of the Republic.

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I. PROMOTING HEALTHY LIVES: 1. National Program to Improve the Access and Quality of the Basic Attention Program (Ministry of Health); 2. National Vitamin A Suplementation Program (Ministry of Health); 3. Water for Everyone Program â&#x20AC;&#x201C; National Universalization of the Water Access and Use Program (Ministry of National Integration); 4. Health at School Program (Ministries of Health and Education); 5. Crack, It is Possible to Win Program (Ministries of Justice, Health, Social Development and Fight Against Hungrer, Ministry of Education and Human Rights Secretariat); 6. More Doctors Program (Ministries of Health and Education); 7. Brazilian Popular Pharmacy Program (Ministry of Health); 8. Urbanization, Regularization, and Integration of Precarious Settlements (Ministry of the Cities); 9. Pro-Housing Program (Ministry of the Cities); 10. Light for Everyone Program (Ministry of Mines and Energy); 11. Food Acquisition Program (Ministries of Social Development, Fight Against Hunger and Agricultural Development); 12. Sanitation for Everyone Program (Ministry of the Cities); 13. National Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Program for Family Farm and Agrarian Reform (Ministry of Agrarian Development); 14. My House, My Life Program (Ministries of the Cities, Finance and Planning, Budget and Management.

II. ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION: 1. Professionalized Brazil Program (Ministry of Education); 2. National Reestructuring and Equipments for the Public School Network of the Children Education Program (Ministry of Education); 3. Money for the School Program (Ministry of Education);

4. National Program of the Didactic Book (Ministry of Education); 5. Athlete in the School Program – School Sports Formation Program (Ministry of Education and Sports and Tourism); 6. National Program to Support the School Transportation (Ministry of Education); 7. Way to School Program (Ministry of Education); 8. National Program of Educational Technology (Ministry of Education); 9. Continued Achievement at School Program (Ministry of Education, Social Development and Fight Against Hunger and Special Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidence of the Republic); 10. Literacy for Brazil Program (Ministry of Education); 11. National Program of Access to the Technical Learning and Employment (Ministry of Education); 12. Cultural Mills Program (Ministry of Cultura); 13. National Library at School Program (Ministry of Education); 14. Open School Program (Ministry of Education); 15. Innovative High School Program (Ministry of Education); 16. National Education at the Field Program – Pronacampo (Ministry of Education); 17. National Inclusion for Young People Program – ProJovem (Ministries of Social development and Fight Against Hunger, Education, Labour and Employment, and General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic); 18. National Program of Ethnic-Educational Territories (Ministry of Education); 19. More Culture at Schools Program (Ministry of Education and Culture); 20. Second Round Program (Ministries of Sports and Education); 21. One Thousand Woman Program (Ministry of Education); 22. National School Meal Program (Ministry of Education); 23. National Program to Support Digital Inclusion in Communities – Telecentros Ministry of Communication);

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24. More Education Program (Ministries of Education, Sports, Social Development and Fight Against Hunger, Ciences and Technology, Environment and National Secretariat for Youth of the Presidency of the Republic); 25. Implementation Program of Multifunctional Resource Rooms (Ministry of Education).

III. PROTECTION AGAINST ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND VIOLENCE: 1. Young Aprentice Program (Ministry of Labour and Employment); 2. Protecting School Program (Ministry of Education and Sports); 3. Child Labour Eradication Program (Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger); 4. National Public Security with Citizenship Program (Ministry of Justice); 5. Citizenship Territories Program (Civil Office and other 23 Ministries); 6. Protection to Death Threatened Children and Adolescents Program (Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic); 7. Armed Forces in Sports Program (Ministries of the Defense and Sports); 8. Family Allowance Program (Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger); 9. Program to Support Environmental Preservation – Green Allowance Program (Ministries of the Environment, Social Development, Agrarian Development, Finance and Planning, Budget and Management, and Civil Office of the Presidency of the Republic); 10. Fostering Program for Rural Productive Activities (Ministries of the Agrarian Development and Social Development and Fight Against Hunger); 11. National Program of Access to the World of Work(Ministry of the Social Development and Fight Against Hunger); 12. National Human Rights Program – PNDH-3 (Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic and Ministry of Justice); 13. Nacional Confrontation Program of Sexual Violence Against Children and Adolescents – Dial Human Rights and Program for Articulated Actions and References for Confronting Sexual Violence Against Children and Adolescents within the Brazilian Territory (Secretariat of Human Rights of the Presidency of the Republic); 14. Sustainable Tourism and Childhood Program (Ministry of Tourism).

Each program should have its own revenue defined according to the basis of the planning of the funds allocated. However, not all federal programs are in the legal budget, making more difficulty to provide a better analysis, as well as an effective controlling of the public expenditures turned to the childhood and adolescence. During the government of President Dilma Rousseff, 53 programs having as beneficiaries children and adolescents have been accomplished. Nevertheless, only 15 of those programs are mentioned in the Federal Public Budget along 2013 and 2014. Such mismatch found between the programs and the items of the budget can be explained as a strategy to make the relocations flexible instead of being dependent on the approvals and negotiations with the Congress, but on the other side, it prevents the effective social control, since it decreases the transparency of the public federal expenditures. In 2011, there was 33 budget programs directly or indirectly aimed to the children and adolescents. In 2012 it has risen to 49; but in 2013 and 2014, it was reduced to 15. As it will be noted below, two international documents received by the Brazilian State will be the major guidelines for this report: A World for the Children and Development Targets for the Millennium (ODM). In September of 2000, 189 nations have signed a commitment to fight against the extreme poverty and other societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ills. Such promise ended up producing the 8 Development Targets for the Millenniom (ODM) which shall be accomplished until 2015. Already in May of 2002, it was signed the commitment A World for the Children, a document resulting from Special Session of the United Nations General Assemby on the Children held in New York (United States of America) on May 8 of 2002 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; an unanimous agreement around a new agenda dealing with children all over the world, which included 21 specific targets and objectives for the infant health, education and protection.

Even though the methodology for the Child Friendly President Project is based on the document A World for the Children, the monitoring of other international treaties and agreements which may have an impact on the Brazilian children and adolescents is also performed, such as the commitment assumed in 2000 in Dakar (Senegal) to pursue six targets3 for the Education for Everyne until 2015. It worth while to note that for the general analysis performed in this study as well as for budget calculation purposes, it was considered the Brazilian population estimated in 2012 by the Computing Department of the Unique Health System (Datasus) to the Federal Audit Court (TCU)4 in nearly 194 million inhabitants, and among them, a little over 60 million children and adolescents (31% of the population), according to the Tables 1 a 2:

Table 1. Population resident in Brazil per Region â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012 Region North Northeast Southeast South Center-West Total

Resident Population 16,347,807 53,907,144 81,565,983 27,731,644 14,423,952 193,976,530

0 to 18 years old population 6,469,061 18,505,076 23,047,955 7,962,723 4,568,242 60,553,057

Source: MS/Datasus. Access on March, 2015.

Table 2. 0 to 18 years old population per age category: Brazil â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012 Age Category 0 to 3 years 4 to 5 years 6 to 18 years Total

Resident Population 11,234,753 5,678,350 43,639,954 60,553,057

Source: MS/Datasus. Access on March, 2015. 3. They are: a) to expand and improve the care and education for small children, especially more vulnerable and more disavantaged children; b) to assure that every child, especially young girls and children under difficult circumstances get access to the mandatory Elementary School, free and with good quality until 2015; c) to assure that the learning required for all young people and adults is met through the equitable acess to the appropriate learning by skilling them for life and through the formation programs towards citizenship; d) to attain 50% improvement in the literacy levels for adults until 2015; e) to eliminate gender disparities in the Elementary and High School until 2005 and to attain the gender equality in education until 2015, emphasizing the assurance to the access and in the full and equitable performance for girls in the good quality Elementary School; and f) to improve every aspect of the quality in education and to assure excellence for everyone, as to assure recognized and measurable results to everyone, especially in the literacy, mathematics, and in the essential skills to life. 4. 2011-2012: IBGE - Estimated population sent to TCU stratified per age and gender by MS/SGEP/Datasus.

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Directives and assessment of the government of President Dilma Rousseff The presidential government along the 2011 and 2014 period has defined 13 directives as to the formulation and implementation of the public policies: 1. To expand and strengthen democracy both politically, economocally and socially; 2. To provide further growth by expanding the employment and the income with macroeconomical balance without any external vulnerability and regional inequalities; 3. To pursue a national development project as to assure an important and sustainable productive transformation in Brazil; 4. To defend the environment and to assure a sustainable development; 5. To eradicate the absolute poverty and to continue reducing inequalities. To promote equality assuring the future for discriminated sectors of the society; 6. Dilma’s government will be of every Brazilian people, and it will provide special attention to the workers; 7. To assure education towards the social equality, citizenship and development; 8. To transform Brazil in a scientific and technologic capacity; 9. To universalise the health and to assure quality of the SUS medical care; 10. To provide housing, sanitation, and transportation to the cities and to propitiate a dignified and safe life to the Brazilian people; 11. To grant value to the national culture through the dialogue with other cultures, democratizing cultural the assets and favouring the democratization of the communication; 12. To assure safety to the citizens fighting against the organized crime; 13. To defend the national sovereignty. For an active and proud Brazilian presence in the world. The directives presented above signalize the continuity of a political agenda which prioritizes social issues that have been strengthened since the first term of President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva in 2003. Nevertheless, President Dilma Rousseff’s government contains specificities in relation to the previous governments, moving around the item of eradicating extreme poverty and reducing the poverty. It can be highlighted as one of the initiatives from the federal government, the Brazil without Extreme Poverty Plan launched in June of 2011, dealing with national and regional actions structured from three axles: income assurance, productive inclusion, and public services. 5. The governmental directives are elaborated by the management to guide the governmental actions along the mandate and to attain the accomplishment of the targets set by the Multi-annual Plan. Planalto Palace, Presidency of the Republic.

Still in 2011, three mesures has been adopted to improve the status of extreme poverty and poverty of children: expansion of the maximum amount of variable benefits per family; implementation of the Nursing Variable Benefit – (BVN), and implementation of the Pregnant Variable Benefit – (BVG). Those measures are articulated by means of the conditionalities in the Family Allowance Program as to the health, education and welfare. The Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Plan has as main aspects the expansion and improvement of the existing programs and the access to public services. Under such perspective, the expansion of the offering of services in the areas of welfare, health, education, food safety and basic infrastructure was the approach of the plan and the first term of the President, and it has attained significant advancements, but upon observing the 2012/2013 data, it remains great challenges: • Still persist worrisome regional iniquity; • Above 9 million homes have no access to the water and sewer system; • 54 pregnant women die every 100 thousand births; • Above 8 million children and adolescents live in extreme poverty situation; • Above 8 million 0 to 3 years old children are off daycare institutions; • Above 3 million children and adolescents are found under child labour situation; • 106 children die everyday; • Above 10 thousand children and adolescents were victims of homicide. It is important to point out that along the mandate, there was a trend to expand public federal expenditures aiming the Social Development. in the beginning of the government, they represented 13.31% of the total, a position practically 50% higher than the amount recorded in the beginning of the second term of the Lula Government (9.93%). In 2013, 15.55% of the expenses were consumed, with a trending to slowdown in 2014 (13.65%). In the Multi-annual Plan (2012-2015) which has been elaborated and approved in the beginning of the government, the governmental strategy was organized from the Programs of Themes which are unfolded in detailed objectives, by its turn in targets and initiatives. In the specific case of the “children and adolescent” which does not have a sole theme, the issue was treat as a “transversal agenda” within the budget. The participation of the Children and Adolescente Budget (OCA) in relation to the Federal Budget represents 15.30%, that is, each 100 million reais spent in Brazil, 15 millions are driven to children and adolescents, meaning that such investment still does not follow the absolute priority principle ruled by theFederal Constitution as well as the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA). When it is considered that the children and adolescents represent 31% of the Brazilian population, it could be at least required that that same percentage would be spent with children and adolescents, but for this, it would be necessary to double the investment performed by the federal government.

Health I - AXLE: PROMOTING HEALTHY LIVES

I - Axle Promoting Healthy Lives Child and maternal survival scenario As it is described in the National Plan for Basic Attention published in 2012 by the Ministry of Health, the major challenge found by Brazil in the beginning of the 2011-2014 government was the universalization and qualification of the Unique Health System (SUS). In such sense, the Basic Health Units (UBS) would be setting a fundamental core role both to the population and to the public administration in the Health area, with the responsibility aiming a decentralized medical care and close to the communities. without needing to perform large displacements to urban centers and hospitals. It is a great challenge in view of the Brazilian dimensions6, unequalities and disparities in the qualified medical care with an appropriate free and universal infrastructure to the whole Brazilian population. By reviewing the directives and rules performed to organize the Basic Attention, the Family Health Strategy and the Program of Communitary Health Agents were prioritized by the federal government to the expansion, qualification and consolidation of the system. Since then, it highlights the previous reversal of logic which gave precedence to the diseases in the hospitals7. According to the publication of the National Basic Attention Plan (Ministry of Health, 2012), the system can favour the â&#x20AC;&#x153;reorientation of the working process with major potential to depeen the principles, directives and fundaments of the basic attention, to increase the level of resolution and impact in the health situation for the people and the communities, besides of propitiating an important cost-effectiveness relationshipâ&#x20AC;?8. On the other side, a research performed on the family health chart (KELL, 2010) has evidenced some obstacles related to the work performed by the team that most part is performed individually insted of interactively with the other work agents, with a high level of bureaucratisation and predefined programatic actions which do not boost creativity and the labour spaces for discussion and resolution of the actual needs of the populations served in each area9: 6. According to the Ministry of Health, Brazil is the only country in the world with above 100 million inhabitants which has a public, universal, full and free health system. 7. Secretariat of Health Policies. Department of Basic Attention. Family Health Program. Public Health Magazine. [on-line]. 2000, vol. 34, pp. 316-319. ISSN 0034-8910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102000000300018. 8. Ministry of Health/Publication of the National Policy of Basic Attention, 2012. 9. KELL, Maria do Carmo Gomes and SHIMIZU, Helena Eri. Is there work team in the Family Health Program? Collective Sciences & Health [on-line]. 2010, vol. 15, supl. 1, pp. 1.533-1.541. ISSN 1.413 - 8.123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413- 81232010000700065.

“(...) it worth while to point out the differentiated social value between specialized works that rule the subordination relationships between different working areas and their respective agents, as well as failures in the formation process, inadequacy in the orgnization and work processes. Such obstacles result in the absence of room to the articulation and integration of the work developed by the team, and this unleashes the discontinuity of the actions and fragmentation of the assistance (...) The individuals show that the high level ofnormativeness of the PSF based onprogramatic actions contributes to split the work and imposes a limit to the accomplishment of the planning of a local assistance project. As the Municipal Secretariat of Health organizes major part of the actions to be developed by the units, the teams can hardly find room to elaborate actions turned to the real needs of the population. The individuals also disclosed the need for a management qualification. In special, there is the expectation of a management which considers the participation of the workers and users as the construction subjects of a planning for the assistance project.” KELL, Maria do Carmo Gomes and SHIMIZU, Helena Eri. In the beginning of President Dilma Rousseff’s mandate, there were around 32 thousand Family Health Teams10 distributed among 5,289 cities covering 53.41% of the Brazilian population. The data came from the Basic Attention Department (DAB), integrant of the Attention to the Healt Secretariat of the Ministry of Health, Support to the Strategic Management Office (Sage). In 2014, the country has attained 39 thousand teams distributed among 5,463 cities served covering 60.17% of the Brazilian population11, almost 7% increase in the coverage during the 2011-2014 management.

Chart 1. Family health teams - Historical series of the population density coverage in Brazil (%) 70 60

52.75

53.41

54.84

56.37

2010

2011

2012

2013

60.17

50 40

31.92

30 20 10 0 2002

2014

Source: DAB/SAS/MS – Sage 2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. 10. Each Family Health team is reponsible by at most 4 thousand people in a given area, and it is composed by at least a general physician or specialist in family health or a family and community physician, general or specialist in family health nurse , auxiliary nursing or technician and communitary health agents (ACS). It can be added to such composition as part of the multi-proessional team professionals of oral health, or Oral Health Team - ESB: general dental surgeon or specialist in family health. Oral Health auxiliary and/or technician. Source: Ministry of Health, Health Portal 11. MS/SAS/DAB and IBGE. Available on: http://dab.saude.gov.br/dab/historico_cobertura_sf/historico_cobertura_sf_relatorio.php. Accessed in March of 2015.

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The largest expansion took place in 2013 and 2014 (3.8%), and between 2011 and 2014 there was a 6.76% increase in the coverage. Regionally, it can be highlighted the South Region, with 9.72% of the coverage evolution, and the Northeast Region, with the largest coverage recorded (76.95%).

Chart 2. C overage of the population served by the family health teams per Region (%) - 2014 1 76.95

0.8 0.6

58.09

57.72

61.43 49.51

0.4 0.2 0 North

Northeast

Center-west

Southeast

South

Source: MS/SAS/DAB – Sage 2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Added to this, the strategic plan forecasted an increase of the investment in public health equipments as well as the expansion of the Basic Health Units (UBS) and medical care stations. According to the Ministry of Health (DAB/SAS), in 2014 above 69% of the population were covered by the Basic Attention (around 140 milion inhabitans served, 202,8 million inhabitants in the country, according to IBGE), with more than 40 thousand basic health units functioning (added to other 10 thousand being constructed until the end of 2014). Another program created during President Dilma Rousseff’s government was the More Doctors, with the purpose to increase the amount of health professionals for more distant populations and regions with few access to public services. Brazil has 1,8 physician doctors each one thousand inhabintants (the world average is 1,4 doctors), however, concentrated in major part of the private network and in the South and Southeast regions. WHO forebodes as optimum parameter for the health attention to the population, the ratio of one physician doctor per thousand persons. According to the TCU – Health Diagnose in the Country13 2013 operational auditing, there are significant variations between Brazilian States: in Maranhão, the state with lower relative figure, there are 0.71 doctors each one thousand inhabitants; in the Federal District, such amount rises to 4.09 doctors per thousand inhabitans (an index compared to Norway). The audit still verified that in 81% of the hospitals the main problem is the deficit of the professional staff. In 63% of the hospitals, the constant absence from work causes substantial impacts in the service provision. 12. Data presented come from DAB/SAS/MS that used as basis the population index estimates provided by IBGE until 2014. Available on: http://189.28.128.178/sage/sistemas/apresentacoes/arquivos/resolucao_ibge.pdf 13. Available on: http://portal2.tcu.gov.br/portal/page/portal/TCU/imprensa/noticias/noticias_arquivos/Release%20-%20Relatorio%20sistemico% 20Saude.pdf. Accessed in March of 2015.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Finally, some front lines already instituted by the previous government added to the launching of the new policies and programs in the range of low, medium and high complexity in the health have colaborated to the present performance of the health policies: the National Improvement to Access and the Quality in the Basic Attention Program (PMAQ-AB); the Health Has no Price Program, with the Popular Pharmacy Program and the Assessment Program for Qualification of the SUS14. The creation of programs focused on the mother-child’s health with articulation of initiatives such as the Stork Network and the Loving Brazil Action was also positive aiming to institute specific policies to cope with mortalities and other problems related to the health. The implementation of such programs and strategies poses an advancement in the structuring of preventive policies for the country, and it has tendecy to generate medium and long-term good impacts, but there are still great challenges which are reflected by means of the regional disparities that are still perpetuated in the country for the medical care and the quality of the services in the three sectors of the public administration.

Child mortality (deaths of under 1 year old children) In 2013, above 38 thousand children has died before their first birthday, and the great majority from preventable causes. It is 13.4 deaths each one thousand births per year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the rate considered fully acceptable is of ten deaths each one thousand births per State-Nation.

Table 3. Child mortality – Brazil Period 2011 2012 2013*

No. of child deaths per home 39,716 39,123 38,850

Live births per home

Mortality Rate

2,913,160 2,905,789 2,902,186

15.3 13.5 13.4

SourceFonte: MS/Datasus/Sinasc and SIM. *Preliminary values for 2013. Accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Child mortality rate: amount of deaths of children with less than one your of age, each one thousand of born alive, in the population living in a given geographic space, in a specific year. 14. To the health survaillance, it was created the Strategic Actions Plan to the Confrontation of Non-Communicable Chronic Illness and the National Pact to Reduce Traffic Accidents. For medium complexity, it was implemented Prompt Medical Care Units (UPA), Therapeutical Home Services (SRT) and the Psychosocial Attention Centers (CAPS). Source: Ministry of Health.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Chart 3. Child mortality rate in Brazil x International targets

20 15.3 15

13.5

15.7 13.4 9.1

10 5 0 2011

2012

2013*

Goal MPC

Goal ODM

Source: MS/Datasus/Sinasc and SIM (values updated until October of 2014). *For 2013, Datasus presents preliminary values. Accessed in March of 2015. Observation: The MPC (A World for the Children) and ODM (Development Objectives for the Millenium) targets ended in 2015. Elaboration: FundaĂ§ĂŁo Abrinq.

In a international comparison scenario with other Latin American countries, Brazil stands is highlighted by presenting important advancements in the last 23 years, as it is presented in the International Report Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: World Report 201315, where Brazil appears as one of the countries with best reduction rates (along the last decade) of child mortality and mortality in the chilhood by the use of innovative strategies of public policies in a network (transfer of revenue, active search, education and access to the public health), indicating efforts to solve demands related to the child death in the country. The international study has pointed out that Brazil has attained the best performance among Latin American countries when it is considered the period between the years of 1990 and 201316. According to the Development Objectives for the Millennium (ODM), Brazil has already attained in 2011 the target set in relation to the death of children with less than 1 year of age, reducing from 47.1 to 15.3 deaths each one thousand born alive, thus exceeding the 15.7 target estimated for 201517. As to the target agreed in the document A World for the Children forecasted a two-third reduction in the child mortality rate existing in 2002, it corresponded to attain 9.1 in 2015. As it can be observed, the country hosted two agreements with different targets, and therefore, it has fulfilled the commitment set in the ODMs, but it did not accomplished those targets agreed in the A World for the Children. There were 38,850 deaths of children with less than one year of age in 2013,that is, 106 children die per day in Brazil 15. Report produced in a partnership between Unicef (ONU), the World Health Organization and the World Bank 16. http://www.pnud.org.br/ Acessed on 3/09/2015. 17. According to the United Nations Program for the Development (Pnud) being analyzed as to the accomplishment of the ODMs.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

If under the international perspective, the country has achieved important advancements. under the analysis of the national regional context, a different scenario is found. Disparities are still accentuate, there are regions where the child mortality rate surpass the national average. Along 2013, the North regions (16.3), Northeast (15.3) and Center-West (13.6) regions kept their rates practically unchanged. By its turn, the South and Southeast regions have presented better values than the national average.

Chart 4. Child mortality rate according to the Regions and Brazil 18 15

15,3

13,4 13,4

11,3 11,5 10,7

12,4 13,2 11,9

13,6 13,6 13,6

Southeast Region

Center-West Region

15,2

15,3

16 16,3 16,3

9 6 3 0 Brazil

South Region

2011

2012

Northeast Region

North Region

2013

Source: MS/DATASUS/SINASC and SIM (values updated until October of 2014). *For 2013, Datasus presents preliminary values. Accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The trend for a stagnation in the regions with the worst markers is very worrying. While 10 children die in the South Region, from each one thousand births, 16 children die in the North Region. In relation to the deaths, despite the 27 thousand neonatal deaths fall accounted (deaths occurred until the 28th day after birth) by Datasus in 2011, to 26 thousand deaths in 2013, this figure still means 80% of the deaths occurred until one year of age. In general, such deaths are associated to an early delivery and to the lack of medical-hospital structure.

Chart 5. Comparison: neonatal deaths and child deaths in Brazil between 2011-2013 39.716

39.123

27.534

27.113

2011

26.618

2012 Neonatal deaths

38.850

2013 Child deaths

Source: MS/Datasus/SIM (values updated unti October of 2014). Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

According to Dr. Eduardo da Silva Vaz, CEO for the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP), the medical care for the birth performed by qualified health professionals can reduce from 20% to 30% neonatal mortality rates, while the deployment of adequate reanimation techniques would result in an additional 5% to 20% reduction, taking to a 45% reduction in the neonatal deaths by asphyxia. He stll asserts that “the delay in starting the reanimation or using inappropriate manoeuvres may increase the neonatal morbity-mortality and the “neural sequels”. He explains that the presence of the pediatrics in the delivery room (assured by the Decree No. 569 of 6/01/2000) is required to carry out the reception of every birth. He still recommends that in the event that the presence of that professionalonal is not possible,“the newborn is entitled to the best medical care available, to be carried out by other professional skilled in ventilation with balloon and mask, whose attention will be exclusively turned to the newborn”.

Child mortality The country has attained a significant fall in deaths along the last decades, (1990-2012), with about 70% reduction in the mortality rate of children under five years of age, going from 53.7 deaths each one thousand born alive (1990) to 15.6 deaths each one thousand born alive (2013). The country has exceeded beforehand the ODM target of 17.9 deaths each one thousand born alive set for 2015. It has shown advancements as to the health care in the chilhood. However, in the commitment in the A World for the Children, the target agreed for 2015 is 10.6 set for the child mortality rate. When it is observed the preliminary data for 2013, with the 15.6 rate there is a trend of fall in the attain- ment of the target.

Chart 6. Mortality rate in childhood in Brazil x international targets 20 18

17,9

17,7 15,6

15,6

14 12

10,6

10 8 6 4 2 0 2011

2012

2013*

MPC Goal

ODM Goal

Source: MS/Datasus/Sinasc and SIM (values updated until October of 2014). *Datasus presents for 2013 preliminary values. Accessed in March of 2015. Obs.: The MPC (A World for the Children) and ODM (Development Objectives for the Millennium) targets has ended in 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Mortality rate in the childhod: amount of deaths of under 5 years old children. Each thousand born alive among the population living in a given geographic space in a given year. Datasus

Despite the national values present little difference between years, it is possible to visualize disparities between regions. The North, Northeast and Center-West regions have presented higher mortality rates above the national average, regardless the year. On the other side, the South and Southeast regions has presented rates well below the average. This means that more children die in the CenterWest, North and Northeast regions than in the South and Southeast regions.

Table 4. Evolution of the mortality rate in the childhood – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013*

Brazil 17,7 15,6 15,6

North 23,7 19,9 19,8

Northeast 20,7 17,4 17,8

Southeast 15 14,1 13,8

Center-West 18 15,9 16,1

South 13,1 12,9 12,4

Source: Ministry of Health/Datasus/SIM 2011-2013. *Preliminary values in 2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The regions with the best proportional reduction performance where those that have historically presented the highest mortality rates in the childhood. Comparatively, it can be indicated that the advancement of the policies and specific plans for the North, Northeast and Center-West regions has attained their targets (Pact to Reduce Maternal and Neonatal Mortality and Pact to Reduce Child Mortality in the Northeast and Legal Amazon Area).

Chart 7. Childhood mortality – Brazil and Regions, 2013 25 20

19,8

17,8 13,8

16,1

15,6

Center-West

Brazil

12,4

10 5 0 North

Northeast

Southeast

South

Source: MS/Datasus - Information System on Mortality (accessed in October of 2014). Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

The pattern of regional iniquities is very harmful. While around 12 children die each one thousand born alive in the South Region, approximately 20 children die in the Northern Region. Even with the advancements in the regions and the inclusion of regional policies, it still persists a cruel historical disparity between regions. The primary attention to the health must be expanded in the Indigenous, quilombola, and rural territories increasing the access to vaccines and to the delivery at the hospital, whenever necessary. It is still necessary to decentralize the presence of doctors and other health professionals, thus assuring a specialized medical care in all Brazilian territories. The solution found to serve populations distant from the urban centers was the Family Health Teams, along with the More Doctors program, which allows that the professionals be displaced to communities to start the basic and follow-up medical care to those populations. Presently, 34 existing indigenous districts have physician doctors in the multi-disciplinary health teams, according to the health portal18: Since the creation of the Special Secretariat for Indigeous Health (Sesai) in 2010, the Ministry of Health has increased the access to the medical care in order to improve the quality of life of 305 indigenous people that congregates 5,150 villages and a 688 thousand people population. The investment performed by the Ministry of Health to grant the access to the medical care and to improve the quality of life to the indigenous people living in villages more than doubled in the last three years, passing from R$ 479 million in 2011 to R$ 1,093 billion in 2014. Another important advancement is the increasing presence of physician doctors in Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts (DSEI). Ministry of Health/Health Portal.

Maternal mortality19 Maternal mortality represents the amount of women who die during pregnancy, delivery or until to the 42nd day after the end of the pregnancy each 100 thousand born alive. The Report of the Maternal, Neonatal, and Childhood Status performed by WHO, which was disclosed during the 2014 PMNCH Forum20 held in Johannesburgo (South Africa), and Brazil was presented as the country with the fourth worse performance in reducing female deaths due to maternal cause. the study comprised 75 countries committed with the ODM targets. 18. Available on http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/17517-ministerio-da-saude-promove-vacinacaodos-povos-indigenas. Accessed in May of 2015. 19. Maternal Mortality Rate: The maternal mortality rates have been calculated considering the relationship between the amount of material deaths and the amount of newborn alive with resident mothers in 2013. The historical series of maternal mortality rates is consolidated until 2011 in the basic data markers. Despite the high under-notification in four out of the five regions in the country, the correction factors for deaths after 2011 are not available, and thus, we have used the preliminary vital statistics related to 2013, accessed on 03/03/2015 without the correction index. 20. Partnership for the Maternal, Neonatal and Children Health (PMNCH) hosted on the World Health Organization in Geneva. Site: http://www.who. int/pmnch/en/. Accessed on 12/14/2014

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Despite the Brazilian state has advanced with the formulation of policies, it is far from the commitment agreed of 35 maternal deaths each 100 thousand births until 2015. the official data present only the 2011 maternal rate of 64.8, almost the double of the agreed commitment. The 2012 and 2013 data show an evolution trending of the marker. Nevertheless, they were generated without the correction factor only to allow the analysis of the scenario and measurement of the challenges.

Chart 8. Maternal mortality rate in Brazil 100 80

64,8

54,5

2012

2013*

40 20 0 2011

Source: MS/Datasus/Sinasc and SIM (values updated until October of 2014). *Datasus presents for 2013 preliminary values. Accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs: For the total Brazil in 2011, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (RMM) was attained by applying the correction factors to the gross RMM from information contained in the Mortality Information System (SIM) and of Born Alive (SINASC). For 2012 and 2013, it was not applied the correction factor since they were not available.

For a OMS, the “acceptable” death parameters is of 20 maternal death each 100 thousand births.

The Ministry of Health and WHO assert that one of the difficulting factors to reduce the maternal mortality rate is the high amount of cesarean births in the country. The national index of cesarean births both in the public and private network in 1996 was of 41%. It has increased to almost 54% in 2011, and presently in the supplementary health services (through the private health insurance plans) it has reached 84.6%. In the public networking, this is a lower index, being around 40% of the births. Taken into account both the public and private networking, cesarianan births represent 55.6% from total births. Such procedures triplicates the risk for maternal death by preventable causes, possible infections and anesthetic accidents. WHO recommends that at most 15% of the deliveries should be carried out by cesarean each year.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

The Stork Network was created in 2011 to expand the full assistance to the maternal and child health from 2011 to 2015 attaining 5,488 cities, being invested approximately R$ 1,5 billion from the R$ 9,4 billion initially forecasted. It serves 2,3 million women. (SAGE/CGSM/Dapes, Acertainment: Aprill/2015). It has enabled the expansion of neonatal beds by creatin 825 beds, and another 4,011 have received funds for the qualification of the neonatal care. Presently, the country has 4,179 beds in Intensive Neonatal Therapy Units – (UTI) and 2,281 beds in Pediatric ICU.

Table 5. Maternal mortality rate (per home) – Brazil and Region Period 2011 2012* 2013*

Brazil 64,8 54,5 54

North *** 62,6 66,2

Northeast *** 65,6 70,4

Southeast *** 45,9 46,3

South 44,44 47,96 32,8

Center-West *** 57,3 52,9

Source: MS/Datasus/SIM. Obs.: *For the 2012 and 2013 values, the marker was calculated from data presented by the Mortality Information System (SIM) and of New Born Alive per occurrence (Sinasc) from the national base on 10/20/2014, with no correction factor. **As to the total in Brazil in 2011, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (RMM) was attained by applying the correction factors to the gross RMM from information provided by the Mortality Information Systems (SIM) and of Newborn Alive Vivos (Sinasc). As indicated by Datasus, the marker was calculated only for those states which has attained the final index (SIM coverage and regularity) equal or higher to 80% and coverage of Sinasc equal or higher to 90%, corresponding to all the states pertaining to the Southeast, South and Center-West regions, except Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso and Goiás. The calculation of the marker in those regions is only carried out for those in which every UF are represented with specific reasons. Only the South Region has complied with such condition.

Table 6. Maternal deaths declared – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013*

Brazil 1.610 1.583 1.567

North 196 193 207

Northeast 587 546 578

Southeast 540 529 531

South 168 183 127

Center-West 119 132 124

Source: MS/Datasus and SIM (values updated until October of 2014). *Datasus presents for 2013 preliminary values. Accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Table 7. Newborn alive (per home) – Region Period 2011 2012 2013*

Brazil 2.913.160 2.905.789 2.904.027

North 313.745 308.375 313.272

Northeast 851.004 832.631 821.458

Southeast 1.143.741 1.152.846 1.147.627

South 378.093 381.658 386.983

Center-West 226.577 230.279 234.687

Source: MS/Datasus e Sinasc. *Datasus presents for 2013 preliminary values. Accessed in March of 2015.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Data related to the teenager pregnancy show evolution, but they still required further effort in order to improve the scenario, as the probability of incidence of death among adolescents and their children is higher, and according to IBGE, in 2012 it has decreased in a more accelerated way the amount of 15 and 19 year pregnant adolescents (17.7%) in the Southeast Region (15.2%), and there are still significant proportions in the North Region (23,2%). The Ministry of Health has disclosed a study carried by SUS in December of 2014 gathering information showing that since 2000, Brazil is not able to reduce the amount of under 15 years old girls who get pregnant. The early pregnancy makes many girls to have their children in unsafe conditions and leave the school.

Table 8. Birth per home and age of the mother - Brazil Periods 2011 2012 2013*

Under 10 years 1 2 ***

Women 10 to 14 years 27.785 28.236 27.948

Women 15 to 19 years 533.103 531.909 531.536

Source: MS/Datasus/SIM e Sinasc. *Preliminary Data, Datasus, 2013. ***With no notification until the data collection for such specific age level. Elaboration: FundaĂ§ĂŁoÂ Abrinq.

Before such context of high maternal mortality rate, there are great challenges the federal government will have to face: a) prioritize the expansion and improvement of the medical care in the North, Northeast and e Center-West b) strengthen the maternal-childhood mortality committees; c) invest in the humanization of the attention policies to the pregnant and parturient woman, qualifying the performance of the health professionals; d) qualifiy and increase the sexual and reproductive education policies; e) expand the subsidy to carry out studies and to use the knowledge produced in order to instal/ implement specific public policies; f ) expand educational policies for Young and Adults (EJA) fostering the female schooling; g) stimulate and promote the adequate conditions to increase the amount of normal deliveries with thepurpose to reduce the occurrence of cesarean births; h) cope with the maternal deaths in detriment of the abortion21. 21. It is hard to define the size of the challenge to cope with the maternal mortality scenario, once we know from the researches that clandestine abortion is the fifth higher cause for maternal death. Some data point out between 865 thousand to one million clandestine abortions performed every year.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Child malnutrition Malnutrition in the beginning of life implies in risks that may compromise the individual’s health at short and medium-terms. At short term, there is an increasing risk for morbidity-mortality caused by infectious diseases. At medium and long-terms, children who received a poor nutrion during the beginning of life, intrauterine or postnatal present higher risk to develop non-communicable chronic diseases. Further to the severe consequences on one’s health, the economy is also afected by malnutrition. The high prevalence of such ill complicates the economic development, perpetuating the poverty. This happens due to the loss of productivity related to the poor physical condition and to the cognitive deficit. The demographic diagnosis of malnutrition is performed by means of anthropometry by assessing the anthropometric levels. Along the postnatal period, it is used the weight related to the age (P/I), height related to the age (E/I) and the body mass index for the age (IMC/I)22. The low stature is the most prevalent malnutrion form both in the world and in the country. The low weight at birth is a risk factor for the neonatal and child morbity. The proportion of live newborns with low weight at birth in the beginning of President Dilma Rousseff’s mandate was of 8.53% in 2011, representing 248,21723 children under such conditions along the year. In 2013, the prevalence was of 8.51%, when 247,010 children was born with lower than 2,500g weight. The prevalence of low weight in the last three years was kept unchanged. In Brazil, the highest percentage of low weight at birth appears in those regions with best socialeconomical situation.

Table 9. Proportion (%) of newborn alive with low weight at birth – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013*

Brazil 8,53 8,46 8,5

North 7,34 7,44 7,59

Northeast 8,27 8,26 8,26

Southeast 7,92 7,76 7,94

South 9,28 9,22 9,2

Center-West 8,79 8,65 8,57

Source: MS/SVS/Dasis Sinasc and MS/Datasus. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs.: 2012 and 2013 values were calculated based on the amount of newborn alive (Sinasc) by the total amount of births per mother’s home, per weight at birth (lower than 500g, 500g to 999g, 1,000g to 1,499g, 1,500g to 2,499g).

22. It is characterized the low weight when the weight is lower to -2 Z scores for the age and gender, low stature when the stature found was lower to -2 Z scores for the age and gender, and thinness when the IMC was lower than -2 Z scores for the age and gender. In order to assess the general health conditions of the newborn and indirectly to the health conditions of the pregnant woman, it was used the low weight index at birth (lower than 2,500g weight). 23. Ministry of Health/Datasus 2011-2012.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Table 10. Newborns with low weight (< 2.500g) – Brazil and Region Period 2011 2012 2013*

Brazil 248.217 245.892 247.126

North 22.897 22.953 23.766

Northeast 18.701 19.016 19.385

Southeast 67.319 64.584 65.262

South 106.073 106.315 105.549

Center-West 33.227 33.024 33.164

Source: MS/SVS/Dasis Sinasc and MS/Datasus. Newborns per occurrence. Accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

According to data from 2013, there are a little further 247 thousand children with low weight at birth. Such data points out that an important percentage of children was born just in inadequate nutritional conditions, thus characterizing a group at high risk to perpetuate and worsen the nutritional status along the first childhood. Malnutrition24 is the product of a complex combined factors associated to the inadequate or insufficient access to food. Several biological, cultural, and social determinants actuate in a synergistical way colaborating to the worsening and perpetuation of the disease. According to WHO, the monitoring of the infant’s development through anthromopetric measurements is one of the most effective ways to assess the general health status, optimizing intervention which might restore the optimum health conditions and to avoid the damages caused by a malnutrition. The knowledge of the nutritional status can even set the prognosis and the most suitable therapy to different diseases.

Risk factors associated to malnutrition in children: low weight at birth, history of early weaning, low maternal school level, under two minimum wagesfamiliar income , inadequate home basic sanitation.

24. Inadequate consumption of minerals (iron, iodine and zinc), vitamins and essencial oily acids, food diversifi ation and quailty, frequency of infections, hazardous conditions at home, poor healt care, unemployment or underemployment, familiar schooling and time of exposition to such conditions.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

The prevalence of low stature and low weight in under five years old children has been reduced along the first decade of 2000, then remaining unchanged along the first government of President Dilma Rousseff. According to the Nutritional Food Surveillance System (Sisvan), the weight index for each age expressing the relationship between de weight adequacy for the children’s chronological age is the index used to assess the nutritional status to characterize low weight. Such assessment is appropriate to perform the follow-up of the child development, reflecting the present and acute situation of the individual. As to the stature for the age index, it reflects the child’s linear growth, indicating the chronicity of a nutritional insult due to the shortage of macro and micronutrients. The stature is an important parameter to assess the quality of life of a population.

Table 11. Prevalence of 0 to 5 years old children with low stature for the age – Brazil/Regions Period

Brazil

North

Center-West

Northeast

Southeast

South

2011 2012 2013 2014

7.19 6.74 7.14 7.27

12.31 11.03 12.11 11.66

6.45 6.41 6.05 6.58

7.75 7.18 7.38 7.41

5.6 5.4 5.81 6

5.1 5.02 5.29 5.46

Population studied 3,044,635 2,994,596 4,031,713 4,181,843

Source: MS/CGAN/Nutritional Food Surveillance System - Sisvan, accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Table 12. Prevalence of 0 to 5 years old children with very low stature and low stature per age – Brazil/Regions Period 2011 2012 2013 2014

Brazil 13.4 12.26 13.08 13.41

North 21.72 19.37 21.82 20.69

Center-West 11.98 11.5 11.07 12.44

Northeast 15.2 13.48 13.72 14.03

Southeast 10.02 9.72 10.72 11.1

South 9.01 8.69 9.23 9.46

Source: MS/CGAN/Nutritional Food Surveillance System - Sisvan, accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Nutritional Recovery and Education Center (Cren).

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Table 13. Prevalence of 0 to 5 years old children with low weight – Brazil/Regions Period

Brazil

North

Center-West

Northeast

Southeast

South

2011 2012 2013 2014

3.21 3.09 3.05 2.96

5.56 5.24 5.51 4.82

2.69 2.82 2.56 2.72

3.73 3.5 3.29 3.13

2.31 2.33 2.34 2.38

1.89 1.9 1.83 1.89

Population studied 3,049,467 2,999,487 4,031,821 4,181,906

Source: MS/CGAN/Nutritional Food Surveillance System – Sisvan, accessed in March of 2015.

Table 14. Prevalence of 0 to 5 years old children with very low and low weight for the age – Brazil/Regions Period 2011 2012 2013 2014

Brazil 4.5 4.31 4.39 4.24

North 7.41 6.97 7.5 6.44

Center-West 3.86 4.02 3.92 4.25

Northeast 5.18 4.78 4.54 4.34

Southeast 3.33 3.42 3.67 3.81

South 2.86 2.85 2.91 2.92

Source: MS/CGAN/Nutritional Food Surveillance System – Sisvan, accessed in March of 2015. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. and Nutritional Recovery and Education Center (Cren).

According to WHO, the population of under five years children presenting malnutrition must not exceed 2.37% of the total population of that age level per State-Nation

The prevalence of low stature along the four years of President Dilma Rousseff’s government had a very little change. Such fact indicates the complexity of the etiology of the low stature. Effective interventions must consider not only the health aspects as nsufficient maternal nutrition, intrauterine malnutrition, lack of exclusive maternal brestfeeding up to the sixth month, late introduction of complementary food, inappropriate complementary food in terms of quantity and quality, infections and intestinal parasitoses, added to socioal-economical and cultural aspects.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Improvement of the housing and basic sanitation conditions, maternal empowering, nutritional education resumpting the food culture and rescuing traditions added to a reduction of the inequality with the fight against the poverty are determinant aspects for a healthy society. In 2013, the United Nations Organization for the Agriculture and Food has elected Brazil one of the countries of the decade which suceeded in effectively eradicating the extreme hunger in the country, and the country was taken off the Worldwide Hunger Map25. According to the Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against the Hunger, in 2013 Brazil had less than 5% of its population living under malnourishment situation. In 2014, according to IBGE (demographical projection) and the prevalences of malnourished children by the Sisvanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low stature rate, Brazil had 2,420,358 children in such situation in moderate or severe level. These figures are still more worrying when it is considered that the studies have shown that slight stature deficits (between -2 and -1 standard-deviation from the average) are associated to excessive weight in above 12 years old children, indicating a trend to develop obesity and chronic diseases in the adult life, such as hypertension and diabetes26. The federal government should be devoted in continuing the active search for those invisible families that concentrate poverty and malnutrition issues (low stature and weight) in children. Programs offering child welfare in a fully way and good quality from the first years of life can pose a preventive role to protect them, especially the chronic malnutrition and other nutritional disorders. It must be also pointed out the importance of the access to medical care, home infrastructure conditions and guidance to the mothers aiming to increase the breastfeeding period. In parallel, it is noted an increasing prevalence of overweight and child obesity. The increasing obesity in Brazil is proportionally higher in low income families, and it can coexist in the same home obese and malnourished individuals, both of them victims of malnutrition. However, as this is a new challenge, the child obesity was mentioned in the commitments for the second term of President Dilma Rousseffâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s government, which will be analyzed in due time.

25. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/en/#.VIh_RzHF8Qk. 26. Santos CDL, Clemente APG, Martins PA, Sawaya, AL â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Inflence of the deficit in the stature in nutritional deviations in adolescents and preadolescents. Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 22(2):187-194, Mar./Apr., 2009.

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Basic Sanitation The marker to monitor the percentage of the whole population in the country with basic sanitation is of major helper to check the local social development. According to WHO, sanitation can be defined as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;set of measures adopted in a place to improve the life and health of its inhabitants, avoiding that physical factors with harmful effects might harm persons or their physical, mental and social welfareâ&#x20AC;?. In Brazil, the Federal Law No. 11445 of 199727 has set the National Directives and ederal Policy to the right of access to basic sanitation (the 1988 Federal Constitution already foresar such social right in the form of the Article 21). The National Directives have set that the planning to the access and execution of the basic sanitation works will be under the responsibility of the cities and the rendering of services can be provided through it or by means of public and/or private concessionaires. Brazil has a high deficit of services in the basic public health in every range of the administration related to the percentage of access to the water and basic sanitation with repercussion on the disease transmission, avoidable mortality, and soil and water contamination. As to the access to drinking water, the percentage of residents in permanent private homes with supply of drinking water per general network was of 85.5% in 2012, but showing that still there is at least 14.5% Brazilians in the country with no permanent supply of drinking water28. In 2011, 30.6% of the population had no access to the sanity exhaustation service. In 2012, there was a small advancement in the marker of the population with no accessfalling to 29.7% and in 2013, other slight advancement reducing to 29,4%, in spite of the high investments performed. Regional disparities are extremelly worrying as to this issue. In the North region of the country, only 21.2% of the population have access to sanity exhaustion. This is a concern with direct and negative impact on other social health markers.

27. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2007/lei/l11445.htm. Accessed in December of 2014. 28. Official data disclosed by the Secretariat of Planning and Strategic Investments and the National Information on Sanitation System from the Ministry of the Cities.

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Table 15. Percentage of distribution and ratio between homes with and without access to adequate sanitation (%) Brazil and Regions Brazil North Northeast Southeast South Center-West

2011 With access W/out access 69.4 30.6 21.6 78.4 49.9 50.1 89.3 10.7 66.8 33.2 48.8 51.2

2012 With access W/out access 70.3 29.7 19.9 80.1 51.1 48.9 90.6 9.4 67.8 32.2 49.7 50.3

2013 With access W/out access 70.6 29.4 21.2 78.8 51.1 48.9 91.1 8.9 67 33 51.8 48.2

Source: IBGE/Pnad – Synthesis of Social Markers 2011-2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs.: Homes with simultaneous water supply by the general network at the home or real estate, sanity exhaustion by the sewage system or septic tank connected to the sewage system and garbage directly or indirectly collected.

In the first three years of government, the percentage of population in the Northern Region without access to sanity exhaustation had a negative oscilation, going from 78.4% in 2011 to 80.1% in 2012 and 2013, with 78.8%, thus translating a great challenge to the government to tackle with problem where the impact is the greatest. Only the Southeast Region presents close to the ideal sanity exhaustion (91.1% of the population with access), where only 8.9% of the population do not GET access. In the Northeast and CenterWest regions, sanity exhaustion does not reach to 50% of the population.

Table 16. Proportion (%) of 0 to 14 years old children with no sanity exhaustion of the general network or septic tank – Brazil/Regions Period 2011 2012 2013

Brazil 46.2 45.2 44.5

North 84 85.3 84.8

Center-West 67 65.8 66.3

Northeast 60.3 58.9 56.4

Southeast 16.1 15.4 14.1

South 44.7 42.3 42.1

Sources: IBGE/Pnad – Synthesis of Social Markers 2011-2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs.: Residents in permanent private homes without sanitary exhaustion of the general network or septic tank, according to Great Regions and Units of the Federation.

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Table 17. Proportion (%) of 0 to 14 years old children with no water supply, no sanitary exhaustion or septic tank and waste collection – Brazil

Period

W/out water supply

W/out sanitary exhaustion or septic tank

2011 2012 2013

19.4 18.2 18.3

46.2 45.2 44.5

W/out waste collection 15.5 15.6 14.1

Every form of simultaneous inadequate sanitation 10.7 10.2 9.8

Sources: IBGE-Pnad/Synthesis of Social Markers 2012-2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs.: Proportion of 0 to 14 years old children living in permanent private homes with no water supply from the general network, with no sanitary exhaustion from the genral network or septic tank and without direct or indirect waste collection.

The federal government must expand and prioritize the investment in basic sanitation. Some issues connected to the mortality, acute and chronic diseases are directly associated to the access to the basic health services, as it is the case of the access to drinking water and sewage. Aiming the health and equity promotion among poorer societies it is fundamental to deal with the poverty as an issue that exceeds the question of money mainly interfering in the life and work conditions of the individuals.

Fighting against HIV/Aids One of the precepts in the document A World for the Children is the protection of the children and their families against the devastating effects of the HIV/Aids. Among the concerns, it is found the fact that many children are stigmatized as they are infected by the virus, mainly through the mother-tochild transmission.

A brief scenario on HIV/Aids in Brazil Brazil has a program to fight against HIV/Aids which is considered a world reference to treat the disease. However, it is necessary that the prevention and early diagnostic actions to combat the HIV are continually enhaced and the medical care and treatment to the infected population are qualified.

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It must be also considered that 93% of the notified cases among the population under 13 years old are related to the mother-to-child transmission of the virus (transmission during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding). Therefore, the guidance, early diagnosis and treatment along the prenatal period of the pregnant woman infected by the HIV can avoid new HIV/Aids cases in children. According to the last data disclosed on the 2013 HIV/Aids Epidemiological Bulletin, one in four deaths caused by Aids happens before the HIV bearer complete one year of diagnostic, and this is inadmissible when considering the possitiblity of treatment and medical care we have today. Added to this, it must be verified the quality of the treatment being provided for the bearers and the agility with which the treatment and medication procedures start after verifying the positive test. According to the experts in the area, the agility in the consultation, clinical follow-up and introdution of the first drugs are extremely important to extend the life of the seropositive person. In 2012, it was notified in Brazil 39,185 cases of Aids. Such value has been kept stable in the last five years. The national detection rate was 20.2 cases each 100 thousand inhabitants. The higher detection rate was found in the Southern Region. 30.9/100 thousand inhabitants, followed by the Northern Region (21.0), Southeast Region (20.1), Center-West Region (19.5), and Northeast Region (14.8), according to data contained in the Epidemiological Bulletin (HIV/Aids, 2013). Along the last ten years (2004 to 2013), the higher Aids detection rates were observed among those with ages between 30 and 49 years old. However, it is observed a falling trend among those with ages between 30 and 39 years old, and a slight stabilization between those with ages between 40 and 49 years old. Added to this, it is observed an upward trend in the detection rates among young people with ages between 15 and 24 years old, and among adolescents and young people between 15 and 19 years old there was an 120% increase in the detection rates. There was a 75.9% increase in the 20 and 24 years old age level. According to the Ministry of Health, there is a considerable increase in the amount of contamination cases among young people living in big urban centers, changing the focus of actuation in the country to the urban sexually active population. In 2012, the amount of deaths having as basic cause the Aids was of 12,073, and in 2013, the value recorded was 12,431 deaths. Among the national policies of the Dilmaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s government (2011-2014), the Plan to Reduce the Vertical HIV and Syphilis Transmission, which has been launched in 2007 continues; the Health and Prevention at the School Program (SPE), created in 2003 and developed together with the Ministry of Education, added to the National Policy of LGBT Fully Health , instituted in December of 2011 in the SUSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s range.

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Rate of detection of pregnant women with HIV It has presented a statistically significant growing trend in the last decade. In 2004, for instance, the rate observed was of 2.0 cases each one thousand newborn alive. In 2013, was of 2.5, indicating a 25% increase along that period. The growing trend is also observed among some regions in the country, except in the Southeas Region which presents a falling trend with 2.5 cases each one thousand born alive, in 2004 to 2.1, and in 2013 expressing a 16% fall. The higher increase was found in the Northern Region (187.5%) with a 0.8 rate in 2004, going to 2.3 in 2013. The South Region has the higher detection rate among the regions, being it about 2.3 times higher than the Brazil’s rate. According to data from the last Epidemiological HIV/Aids Bulletin in 2014, the estimed prevalence (amount expected of pregnant woman with HIV) in Brazil is approximately 12,000 cases per year; nevertheless, in 2013 only 59.9% of the expected cases were notified in the Information System of Cases of Notification (Sinan).

Table 18. Cases of pregnant women infected by HIV – Absolute/percentage amount, according to the age level per year of delivery – Brazil Age level of the pregnant 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total per year

2011 N° 65 984 1,772 6,666

2012 % 1 14.9 26.8 100

N° 57 1,080 1,944 7,162

2013 % 0.8 15.3 27.5 100

N° 65 1,084 1,913 7,219

Source: MS/SVS/Department of STD, Aids and Viral Hepatitis. 2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs.: Cases notified at Sinan until 6/30/2014. Preliminary data for the last five years.

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2014 % 0.9 15.2 26.8 100

N° 30 554 956 3,692

% 0.8 15.2 26.2 100

Vertical HIV Transmission Still according to the Epidemiological Bulletin, the detection rate of the Aids cases in children below five years of age has been used as a marker to monitor the vertical transmission of the HIV which was of 3.4/100 thousand inhabitants in 2012, corresponding to 35.8% reduction related to 2003. The Vertical HIV Transmission has been very successfully tackled all over the world, including in Brazil, showing that if the case has an early diagnosis, it is possible for a woman infected by the HIV virus to have non-contaminated child. For this, it is required that the woman be accompanied since the beginning of the pregnancy by a specialized team. It is extremely important for every pregnant woman to perform the HIV test during the prenatal period. According to the Ministry of Health, the use of retroviral drugs already in the first days of the pregnancy reduces in up to 97% the chances to transmit the virus to the unborn child, and such measures must be followed later in order to substitute the maternal breastfeeding.

Table 19. Aids cases notified per age level and year of diagnosis in Brazil Age Level <5 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years

2011 439 163 181

2012 445 115 153

2013 374 113 126

2014 159 50 39

Source: MS/SVS/Department of STD, Aids and Viral Hepatitis. Epidemiological Bulletin HIV-Aids 2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. NOTES: Siclom used to validate the data by Siscel. Sinan until 6/30/2014 and SIM from 2011 to 2013. Preliminary data for the last five years.

Table 20. Rate of incidence of Aids for the age level of children below 5 years old – Brazil/ Regions Years 2011 2012

Brazil 3.48 3.38

North 4.25 4.43

Northeast 2.81 2.84

Southeast 3.31 2.96

South 6.31 5.76

Center-West 1.21 2.11

Source: MS/SVS/Department of STD, Aids and Viral Hepatitis. Epidemiological Bulletin HIV-AIDS 2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

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Education II - AXLE: ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION

II - Axle Access to Quality Education Education is a right for everyone, and it can be defined as a fundamental factor to reduce poverty, mortalities and child labour, contributing for the fuly development of the citizens. Acording to the United Nationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Development Purpose for the Millennium (ODM), the country would be required to reach the universalization of the Elementary School with the increasing number of children going to the Elementary School at the right age and grade (improvement of the educational flow. It has been set in the document A World for the Children that until the end of 2015every child should have access to a quality Elementary School assured29, free and mandatory nationally. It was still set that it would be fundamental to reduce regional and gender disparities, paying special attention to girls, as to assure the accomplishment of the international universalization target for the Basic Education.

A brief scenario of the management in the Education area The mandatory and free Basic Education starts with the Elementary School (at the age of six years old). From 2016 on, the preschool phase will be included. However, it is necessary that the State still assure places to those previous age level by means of the free and quality attendance in day care facilities (until three years old, the parents are empowered to choose whether to register or not their children in a day care facility, but the State has the right to make it available free of every charge to everyone who need it or desire it). 29. Elementary education is related to the level of classification of the International Standard Classification of Education â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Isced), corresponding to the first six years of the present five-year Brazilian Elementary School.

Those guarantees are assured by means of the national legislation described in the ECA30, in the Law of Directives and Bases of the National Education (LDB)31 and the 1988 Federal Constitution, where the Brazilian State has instituted as a Public Power duty to assure the attendance to a day care facility (from 0 to 3 years old age) and to the preschool (from 4 to five years old age), acknowleding each of them as educational institutions which must assume the challenge to overcome the task of waiting and preparing the Elementary School, understanding such place as a room of cultural formation. In respect to the own governmental actions from President Dilma Rousseff government in the educational area, it has promised convention policies with states and cities focused on the expansion of the public networking of educational services as well as quality improvement programs for the public education. In such sense, it can be pointed out the continuity and expansion of the National Restructuring Program and Acquisition of Equipments for the Public Infant School Networking (ProInfância). According to the General Coordinator of the Infant Education of the MEC, Rita de Cássia de Freitas Coelho, that program is: “(...) the strategy to construct and expand the places, the criation of a specific architectural project, designed for small children as to the aesthetic, as an adequate space for such child. ProInfância is an intervention in the urban space provoking a discussion on the child’s place in the city and the society. It is quiteinteresting to observe that in small cities, it is most of times the most beautiful building. In general, in large cities, it is built in the suburbs, becoming disputed by the middle-class as a space with quality. This is a quality-inducing action. Besides of funding the work, the definition of the criteria for the constrution – that becomes national reference (quantity of restrooms, existence of an external area, sheltered yeard, adapted toillet, among other spaces) – the mentioned program also pass on resources to the maintenance for new registrations, and all these items are a way to assure the child education conception.” In 2011, the program became part of the Growth Acceleration Program 2 (PAC 2). From 2013 on, it started being used new methodologies to construct the units upon the adhesion of the cities (National Education Development Fund – FNDE). Such procedure has allowed to reduce the term for the execution and the cost of the works, thus assuring a quality standard. Still related to the policy to construct day care facilities and preschools, MEC passes financial resources to the cities and to the Federal District to support the maintenance of new Child Education public institutions to be built with resources provided by the federal government with are fully active and still need Fundeb’s resources.

30. Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA: Article 54, incise IV of the Law No. 8.069 of 1990. 31. Law no. 9.394 of 1996.

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As to the Loving Brazil Program instituted in May of 2012 within the context of the Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Program (BSM)32, it has as strategy to offer direct financial resources for the Child Educational System for each new registration of child in extreme poverty situation. Such measure is deemed strategic by the government with the aim to decrease those markers related to the poverty in the country by means of the access to the education. The program induces educational systems to make an active search for new children and to keep them at the public or partner day care facilities. It also colaborates by increasing the value of the schoolar meals for all the children in the Child Education, helping with the school meal (actions to improve the nutritional status). However, it is not possible to perform the social control both over the program and the investment standard, since it does not appear consigned in the budget. In relation to the literacy for children, in 2012 was launched the National Pact to the Literacy at the Right Age Alfabetização, which constitutes a formal commitment assumed by the federal government, the Federal District, the states and cities to assure tht every child be literate until its eight years of age at the end of the third grade of the Elementary School. It involves an integrate set of innitiatives, materials and curricular and pedagogical references available to the federated entities. It has as structuring axles: the continued formation of literacy teachers with two-year scholars; guidance towards the results of the universal external assessments applied by the National Institute of Educational Studies and Researches Anísio Teixeira (Inep); didactic material; management, social control and mobilization. One of the most relevant tools towards the improvement of the quality in the Basic Education is the Plan of Articulate Actions (PAR), multidimensional planning of the educational policy to be elaborated by the cities, states and the FD for a four-year period. The federated entities will elaborate a diagnosis of the educational situation driven in four axles: Educational Management, Formation of Professionals; Pedagogical Practices and Assessment; Infrastructure and Pedagogic Resources. The tool for the diagnosis has above 80 markers disclosing the situation of the educational system. From that point on, it is proposed to the federated entities a set of actions. By means of the PAR, the Ministry of Education provide technical and financial assistance to the other entities of the federation. Another highlight is the Fulltime School, which objective propose is to assure a differentiated learning standard in public schools. The program has initiated in 2008 denominated More Education33, and nowadays it integrates the Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Program. It foresees the construction of the full education agenda at the state and municipal networking, expanding the school day to at least seven hours each day. Along this government and with wide incidence of the civil society, the new National Educational Plan (PNE) was approved in June of 2014 by means of the sanction of the Federal Law No. 13.005 for the next ten-year períod (2014-2024). 32. Instituted by the Decree no. 7.492 of June of 2011. 33. Interministerial Order no. 17/2007, regulated by the Decree 7.083/2010.

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Access to Child Education (0 to 5 years – Day care facility and Preschool) In the book Child Education: formation and responsibility34 it is highlighted the complex relationship between education and rights in the society, in order to implement the existing policies: “The public system and the way the children are culturally perceived in each society affect the concretization of their rights. The present social and political speech is of a childhood with its rights and concretize them constitues a challege far from the reality for several cities. So, there a lot of work ahead!” (2013, p. 88). During the electoral campaign, President Dilma Rousseff promised to build 6 thousand day care facility; however, only 786 new units were built from the 5,772 units foreseen in the Growth Acceleration Plan 2 (PAC 2)35. From the targets that have been set for the government and according to the document A World for the Children, the Brazilian government had as major marker the expansion of the access to the Child Education, whose amount in 2002 had 37% coverage (day care facility and preschool) and it should be emphasized the attendance for 0 to 3 years old children (day care facilities), who amount in 2002 was of approximately of 4% (Inep/Statistical Synopsis Basic Education, 2002). During the first year of President Dilma Rousseff’s government, the country had around 10,485,209 children36 with ages from 0 to 3 years old (Census of Basic Education by MEC), from which 2,298,707 were registered in the day care facilities37 available in the national territory, representing 22% of coverage rate in 2011. The ration between those figures show the size of the deficit in the Child Education attendance in the country. Child Education as the first phase of the Basic Education is a recent conquest. It is based on the strict connection between educating and taking care. the Brazilian option institutes education as a subjective public right of the citizen since his birth. There are still important Brazilian challenges, but important advancements have been noted, such as the creation of the Maintenance and Development Fund for the Bsic Education (Fundeb), the updating of the National Curricular Directives for Child Education, and the creation of a national assessment policy. Those landmarks illustrate the advancement in the identity of the Child Education, but researches show that the major attendance 34. Organized by Sonia Kramer, Maria Fernanda Nunes and Maria Cristina Carvalho. Text by Aristéo Gonçalves Leite Filho and Maria Fernanda Nunes: Children’s Rights to the Child Education: Reflections on the history and the politics. 35. 11° Assessment of the PAC II. Available on: http://www.pac.gov.br/sobre-o-pac/divulgacao-do-balanco. Accessed on 3/20/2015. 36. Demographic data withdrawn from the 2013 School Census of the Basic Education, launched in February of 2014 with divergente data: the Ministry Health presents 11,135,497 0 to 3 years old children (IBGE – Population density estimates sent to the TCU, stratified by age and gender by MS/SGEP/ Datasus. 37. Considering initial registrations and do not including registrations in complementary attendance teams and the specialized educational attendance (AEE). Information from MEC/Inep/Deed 2011.

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fragility in day care facilities and preschool is the quality38. There is a distance between the assured rights and concrete actions. Reality seems to be distant from the effective consolidation of the democratization in the access to the fundamental rights. “In spite those advancements, the extension of its coverage along the country is still very restrict. Data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) show that in 2013, the attendance in nuseries attained around 28% of the children. Even more serious is the situation which was identified in a study performed by that institute based on 2010, which has shown, for instance, that from the total children served by the day care facilities, 36.3% were part of the 20% richiest population, and only 12.2% integrated the 20% poorer population.” Ministry of Education, 201439 Added to the ProInfância and Loving Brazil, MEC has invested in actions with the purpose to qualify the the work of the Child Education institutions. It worth while to point out the implementation of specialized teaching courses offered at the federal universities by the public network. The appreciation of a Child Education with quality means to acknowledge that this is a strategic policy to confront poverty and social inequality.

Chart 9. Coverage rate40 in day care facilities per Region – 2012 (%) 100 75 50 31.3 25 8

29.6 18.5

15.5

22.6

0 North

Northeast

Southeast

South

Center-West

Brazil

Source: MEC - Inep/Demographic Estimates - Datasus (2012).

The coverage ate is related to the ratio between the amount of 0 to 3 years old children and the amount of registrations times 100 38. CAMPOS, M. M at all, 2011, p. 42. 39. Planning for the Next Decade – Meeting the 20 targets of the National Education Plan. P. 16, Ministry of Education – MEC 2014. 40. Values used for the coverage rate calculated by the Fundação Abrinq based on the demographic estimates sent to TCU stratified per age and genger by MS/SGEP/Datasus, registration data from the 2011-2013 Basic Education Census and data from MEC/Inep. Consultation performed in April of 2015.

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Chart 10. Day care facility coverage rate in Brazil â&#x20AC;&#x201C; historical series (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25

18.9

20 15

9.9

13.7

20.6

22.6

15.3

10 5 0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Source: MEC - Inep/Demographic Estimates - Datasus (2012).

Target for the National Education Plan (PNE) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50% until 2024

The attendance in day care facilities must acquire an expressive jump of coverage. The growth in the coverage rate in the last years is very timid, with a slight 3.7 p.p. increase in two years. Noticeably, the regional disparity also reaches the coverage issue of day care facilities in Brazil. While in the Southeast Region 31 each 100 children get access to the day care facilities, in the North Region, 8 each 100 children get. The access to the day care facility in the South and Southeast Regions represent the double of the access in the Northeast Region, and it is four times higher than in the North Region. The 2001 PNE determined that at least 50% of 0 to 3 years old children would be served. In 2010, the Plan ended its validity with no target being consolidated by the country. In 2014, the new PNE was approved for another ten-year period (until 2024), and it has been included again as target the intent to reach the same 50% of coverage, which means 24 years to try to supply 50% of the day care facility attendance issue. Within such context and considering the data available (between 2011, 2012 and 2013), we can consider that the federal government suceeded in expanding the amount of registrations in 18%, and between 2011 and 2012, there was a 11% increase, and in 2012 to 2013, there was a 7% increase.

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Table 21. Registrations in day care facility – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013

Brazil 2,298,707 2,540,791 2,730,119

North 89,632 102,677 114,678

Center-West 484,101 533,609 591,177

Northeast 1,189,132 1,319,584 1,401,112

Southeast 383,299 423,436 449,677

South 152,543 161,485 173,475

Source: MEC/Inep – 2013 School Census of the Basic Education Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Chart 11. Evolution of registrations in day care facility in Brazil – 2011 to 2013 2.730.119

2.540.791 3.000.000

2.298.707

2.500.000

7,4%

10,5%

2.000.000 1.500.000 1.000.000 50.0000 0 2011

2012

2013

Source: MEC/Inep. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

It worth while to record that despite the evolution in the coverage, the regional iniquity still remains. The Southern Region has increase the coverage in 2.63%, the Soueast Region, 2.89%, while the Northern Region, 0.9%, Center-West, 0.8%, and the Northeast Region, 1.33% did not present the same performance. According to the 11th PAC2 Balance performed in October of 2014, 5,572 day care facilities were forecasted and only 786 were delivered. As it is presented in the following graph, more than 80% of the units forecasted are still missing to be concluded.

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Chart 12. Day care facility forecasted in th PAC II (5.572 units) 786

1,125 477

3,344

Preparatory phase (19.5%)

Bidding phase (8.3%)

Construction phase (57.9%)

Finalized (13.6%)

Source: 11th PAC II Balance - Ministry of Planning41 Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The day care facility is a children’s right, a State’s duty and an option to families. Presently, it is seen as a need by the contemporary society, constituting a socialization space for exchange, expansion of experiences and knowledge, access to different cultural productions. Researches point out the benefits for children in different dimensions: personal – by the assurance of their rights, and by the opportunity to expand their relationships; educational – by the positive impact on their school level; and economic – by the possibility of insertion of the mothers into the labour market, increase in the family income, and longer schooling periods42. The institucionalization of the childhood demands quality of services, and making the day care facilities to become spaces of respect and appreciation of small children and their ways of understanding, feeling and expressing themselves, of multiple interactions, a space to play, invent, humanization and to promote the equity. According to the United Nations Organization for Education, Sciences and Culture (Unesco), “the first child’s experiences constitue the base of every posterior learning. To settle solid bases and since the first childhood may contribute for an entry at the Elementary School with no difficulties and offering further possibilites to complete the basic studies and to be allowed to find the way out of poverty and from unfavourable situations”43. 41. Available on: www.pac.gov.br/sobre-o-pac/divulgacao-do-balanco/balanco-completo. Accessed in April of 2015. 42. Choi, 2004. 43. Solid Bases. Attention and Education in the First Childhood. Unesco, 2007.

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During the I Cycle of Regional Thematic Seminars of the Child Friendly Mayor Program in 2013, there was an important discussion with municipal administrators on the need to expand the day care facility coverage. The mayors reported that the cities receive resources to build new units, but not to cover the maintenance costs, and they pointed out that the financial funding from Fundeb are not sufficient and demanding a major complementation from the city. As the maintenance costs are as high as the installation ones, they informed they are not anymore looking for the ProInfância’s resource. Meanwhile, there is a significant amount of children without assistance, deprived from an adequate educational service for their age and from the company of their peers of the same age level. Other challenges are lated to the quality of the offer and professional background. A good part of the spaces available does not have an environment appropriate for the child development, and it is still quite repreentative the attendance by means of agreements with social organization. In those agreements, the organizations do not receive the full value provided by the federal government, which already is extremely below the amount required to provide an attendance of quality, according to the methodology of the Initial Cost Pupil Quality (CAQi)44 in Child Education. There is a major unpreparedness of educators allocated in the day care facilities. Often, it is employed professionals with a minimum qualification for the job, an issue which proves to be more critical in the event of the units under agreement. MEC has been providing courses such as the ProInfantil since 2006 to professionals with no specific formation to the teaching, in order to improve the background for the teams allocated in the Child Education. Another innitiative is the National Plan to Form Basic Education Teachers (Parfor) (2009), that induces and fosters the offering of high education free and of quality for teachers working in the public networking of Basic Education (from Child Education to High School) for those professionals to acquire the background demanded by the Law of Directives and Bases of the National Education (LDB) and contribute to the improvement of the quality in the Basic Education in the country. According to the researches performed by the Movement Everyone for the Education45, there was an evolution in the last three years in the amount of professionals with college education in the country. In 2011, 55,4% of the preschool professionals had college education; in 2013, it was 62.3%. In the day care facilities, it was 51,6% in 2011, and in 2013, it was 59,6%.

44. Mechanism created by the National Campaign by the Right to Education and standardization by the Report CNE/CEB no. 8/2010, approved on May 5 of 2010 – It sets the rules to apply the incise IX of the 4th article of the Law no. 9.394/96 (LDB), dealing with the minimum quality standards of teaching for the public Basic Education. 45. Available on: http://www.todospelaeducacao.org.br/indicadores-da-educacao/5-metas?task=indicador_educacao&id_indicador=158#fios.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

According to Daniel Cara, coordinator of the National Campaign for the Rights to Education, there is an inequality of access directly related to the social-economic issue of the children. “Children of richer families have acces to the Child Education, unlike the opoorer families. The people in the queue are those who have no condition to pay for it”, he comments. For him, the assessment that the period of the Child Education corroborates in the fight against inequality is correct. “Ultimately, the lack of space in the day care facilities reproduces and accentuate such social inequality taken for generations.” The figures presented in Preschool are relatively better. The 2012 School Census of the Basic Education presented around 84% 4 to 5 years old children in pre-school. It is possible to mark a trend towards the universalization of such learning phase, but if the growth will be kept in the present evolution of statistic proportion, around 12 p.p. within a 5-year period (which in 2008 was of 72.8% of children and in 2013, 84%), the universalization will only be reached after 2018, that is, from 2008 until 2013 the growth meant 11.2%. If such proportion will be kept, in 2018 we will have 95.2% children in the pre-school (PNE forecasts the universalization until 2016).

Table 22. Amount of registrations in Pre-Schools – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013

Brazil 4,681,345 4,754,721 4,860,481

North 462,448 471,318 485,927

Center-West 1,554,166 1,559,162 1,559,861

Northeast 1,835,980 1,873,907 1,932,712

Southeast 307,523 314,324 331,358

South 521,228 536,010 550,623

Source: MEC/Inep – 2011-2013 School Census of Basic Education Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Table 23. P re-School Coverage rate (%) – 4 to 5 years old population (Brazil and Regions) Period 2011 2012

Brazil 82.04 83.73

North 72.44 72.64

Center-West 89.28 89.57

Northeast 87.35 88.5

Southeast 70.94 71.58

South 72.93 74.54

Source: MEC/Inep - Demographic Estimates – Datasus (2012)[1]. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Obs.: Values used for the coverage rate were calculated by the Fundação Abrinq based on the demographic estimates sent to TCU, stratified by age and gender by MS/SGEP/Datasus, registration data from the 2011-2013 Basic Education Census byMEC/Inep. Consultation performed in April of 2015.

The coverage rate is related to the ratio between the amount of registrations and the amount of 4 to 5 years old children in that learning phase times 100

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

It is important to highlight that the assurance of the right to the Child Education cannot be understood only by its registration dimension. Thinking in quality parameters and the democratization of the learning from qualitative issues is fundamental to make sucj right effective. According to the economist Paulo Castro, in the article Assessment of the Child Education and the Assurance of Rights46, the assessment process of the Child Education set in the target number 1 of the PNE is the same which sets that 100% of the 4 to 4 years old population must be attended in pre-schools until 2016. According to Castro, it is required attention in relation to the insertion of the pre-school in the mandatory education context (after 2009), since it has built in risks, especially that of considering such phase just an anticipation of the purposes for the Elementary School, drawing every attention to the central learning of the previous phase, as the literacy. Still according to Castro, “in the expanded view of the role of the Child Education, even daily procedures as feeding and the personal hygiene acquire educational connotations connected to the acquisition of the autonomy, emotional and learning security. All these matters necessarily pass by the professionals involved (among them, but not only, the Teachers), by their initial and continued formation, their valorization and the support to their practices”. It is important to point out that the growth in the coverage does not mean only expansion of attendance. According to data from the Basic Education Census, since 2007 there is a demographic phenomenon that has increasingly increased the Brazilian child population, and this contributes to the fall in the deficit of the attendance.

Chart 13. Pre-Schools coverage evolution rate per Region (%)

83.73

82.04

Brazil

89.57

88.5

72.64

72.44

North

89.28

87.35

Northeast

Southeast

2011

71.58

74.54

70.94

72.93

Center-West

South

2012

Source: MEC/Inep 2013; Demographic Estimates – Datasus (2012). Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. 46. Available on http://www.institutocea.org.br/noticias/Detalhe-noticia.aspx?id=2678.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Quality of the Elementary School During the last decades, Brazil was committed in increasing the access to the mandatory education. Acording to the ODM, the country has achived the universalization of that learning phase. The marker related to the target is the net schooling rate of the 6 to 14 years old population in the Elementary School, which has grown from 86.6% in 1992 to 98.4% in 2013. According to the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea), “the level is so high that for every practical effects, it is deemed universalized the access to the Elementary School in the country”47.

Table 24. Registrations of the Elementary School phase in Brazil by Learning Networking Brazil 2011 2012 2013

Grand Total 30,358,640 29,702,498 29,069,281

Public 26,256,179 25,431,566 24,694,440

Private 4,102,461 4,270,932 4,374,841

Source: MEC/Inep, 2011-2013.

The Document A World for the Children set the targets for the Basic Education (fundamental) aimed to the priorization of actions to assure the quality of the education, in order to the children and adolescents to acquire knowledge compatible to their respective age levels, especially the ability to read and to develop a critical reasoning and logical-mathematic. Items as the net schooling rate, the average rate expected to conclude the learning and the net frequency rate of 6 to 14 years old children in the Elementary School can provide support to analyze the quality of such learning phase.

47. Quoted from the National Report of ODM Follow-up of Brazil – IPEA 2013.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Graph 14. Net and gross frequency rate in the Elementary School (%) – 2011-2013 Brazil 100

98.2

98.4

98.2

98 96 94

92.9

92.5

92 90 88 2011

2012

Net Registration Rate

2013 Gross Registration Rate

Source: IBGE/Pnad 2011-2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

According to the National Report of the ODM Follow-up – Brazil, 2013, there was a significant improvement in the quantity of children attending the Elementary School in the right grade and at right age along the last decade (2000-2010). In spite of this, when it is verified the ratio between the net and the gross rate, there is a mild evolution. Upon checking the net rate in the phase of the Elementary School from the regional perspective, it is verified a trend for regional disparities, with the South and Southeast above the national average, North, Northeast and Center-West below. The hypothesis for the phenomenon lies in social-economic inequalities among regions, mainly in the Northern and Northeastern.

Chart 15. Net frequency rate in the Elementary School (%) – Brazilian Regions (2011-2013) 100 98 96 93

94 92 90

93.3

92.2 92.5

91.2 91.2

90.8

92.3 92.6

93.4 91.5 91.6

92.2

93.2

88 86 84 2011 North

2012 Northeast

Southeast

2013 Center-West

South

Source: IBGE/SIS; MEC/Inep/PNE. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Another important feature highlighted by the own MEC by means of the 2013 Basic Education Census48, that asserts that the 29,069,281 contingent of registrations performed in 2013 presented a decrease related to the 2011 period. The reduction of studentes in the Elementary School from 2011 to 2013 is explained by MEC due to two simultaneous factores: first, by the reduction in the population of that age level caused by the change in the birth rate in the country experienced in the last decades and with impact on the amount of inhabitants with that age level; secondly, by the effort from the educational systems in implementing innitiatives to reduce the age-grade distortion. It worth while to note that in 2007, it was created the Basic Education Development Index - (Ideb), which has among its purposes to improve the acceleration of the learning in the Elementary School. According to MEC, Ideb “has the purpose to provide to the municipal and state public learning systems the conditions demanded to fight agains the educational failure, thus propitiating to the students presenting the denominated age-grade distortion effective conditions to overcome those difficulties related to the teaching-learning process”49. In 2006, the age-grade distortion (or discrepancy) in the Elementary School in the first years (1st to 4th grades) was of 23%, and for the last years (5th to 9th grades) of 35.4%. Already in 2013, the distortion rate was between 15.4% and 27.5%, respectively50.

Chart 16. Age-grade distortion rate in the Elementary School (%) – First and last years 28.8

28.2

17.8

16.6

2011

15.4

2012 first years - 1st to 4th grade

27.5

2013 last years - 5th to 9th grade

Source: MEC/Inep; Everyone for the Education, 2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

48. IBGE / MEC / Inep 2013 Basic Education Census 49. OLIVEIRA, 2001 In SOUZA & GREGO, 2004. 50. MEC/Inep 2013; Everyone for the Education.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

By the legislation organizing the learning offering in the country (Law no. 9394/1996), the child should go to the 1st year of the Elementary School when reaching six years of age and to conclude the phase at 14. The value of the distortion in years represents the discrepancy between the age of the student and the age recommended for the grade the student is attending. The student is considered under a age-grade distortion or discrepancy situation when the difference between the age of the student and the age foreseen for that grade is of or above two years.

The school drop out rate of the Elementary School, for instance, during the first years (1st to 5th grades) in 2011 was 1.6%, and it passed to 1.2% in 2013. Among the last grades (6th to 9th grades) there was a 4.2% grade in 2011 which passed to 3.6% in 2013, showing that there is a timid decrease in the amount of drop out school, and with higher rates along the last year of that phase. Among the determining factors are the quality of the teaching, the satisfaction and the perspectives for the future of the adolescent, as well as the structure of the educational services. The full-time school can be an assertive strategy to expand the quality and reduction of the school evasion. According to the Basic Education or Elementary School Census, there was 1,756,058 (5.8%) children registered in full-time schools in 2011 and it grew to 3,171,638 (10.9%) of registrations in 201351 (an increase of 1,4 million registrations between 2011 and 2013), and in 2014, it represented 4,4 million registrations, 15.7%. In 2013 there was around 29 million children and adolescents registered in the Elementary School in the learning networking, and thus, the full-time education has attained above 10% of registrations, a very timid increase for the demand, despite the high proportional advancement during President Dilma’s government. Taking into account all the teaching phases (Infant Education, Elementary School and High School), the advancement was of 8.4% (3,848,278 registrations) to 12.7% in 2013 (5,707,905).

Chart 17. Percentage of registrations in full-time schools in every teaching phase 100 80 60 40 20

8.4

9.9

12.7

2011

2012

2013

Source: MEC/2011-2013 Basic Education School Census. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

51. 2013 Basic Education Census

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Nevertheless, the own 2013 Basic Education School Census asserts that from registrations in fulltime education, 78% have a lower schooling time than the seven hours permanence, and thus, they are not accomplishing the minimum hour load of the Program.

Chart 18. Percentage of full-time education per teaching phase in Brazil – 2013 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

28.4 10.9

Infant Education

4.5 High School

Elementary School

Source: MEC/2011-2013 Basic Education School Census. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Chart 19. Percentage of registrations in full-time Basic Education – Pulic Network 100 50

5.8 7.4 10.9

5.8 7.4 12.2

14.4 5.1 7.6

Brazil

North

Northeast

6.5 7.1 8.5

5.4 7.7 9.2

5.8 7.1 10.6

2011

Southeast 2012

2013

Source: MEC/2011-2013 Basic Education School Census. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

South

Center-West

Besides the expansion of the hour-load for the schooling, the formation of the teachers is a huge challenge to be faced. According to the National Education Plan (PNE), every teacher from the 6th grade of the Elementary School to the 3rd grade of the high school should be graduate in the area they actute. Such percentage is of 32.8% in the lat grades of the Elementary School and 48.3% in High School52. Along President Dilma’s mandate, we have observed a continuing growth in the quantity marker of the Brazilian Basic Educational techers, although one every four Basic Education teachers in Brazil do not have a college degree and actuate in a temporary job, and do not having full labour rights. Another issue is the minimum wage level, which is not accomplished in three state networking: Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Rondônia (MEC, Inep, 2014). The average income for the Basic Education teachers in relation to average income of the other professionals with the same school level was of 55.5% in 2011. In 2013, the average income corresponds to 57,3%. It is possible to verify that there is a discrepancy in the present scenario between the “race” to expanding the access to the Elementary School and the quality of the education which is offered to the Brazilian children and adolescents. The System of Basic Educatin Assessment (Saeb) is consisted of three processes: • Nacional Assessment of the Basic Education, focused on the management of the educational systems and it is performed through sampling in each unit of the federation; • Nacional Assessment of the school performance focused on each school unit and which is denominated Prova Brasil [Test Brazil]. This is a survey involving students from the 4th grade/5th year and 8th grade/9th year of the Elementary School in public schools from the municipa, state and federal networking; • National Literacy Survey performed through a census involving studentes from the 3rd grade of the 3rd year of the Elementary School from public schools, with the main purpose to assess the literacy level in Portuguese, the mathematic knowledge and conditions of the offering of the Literacy Cycle in the public networking. Since March of 2011, MEC in a partnership with Everyone for Education is applying the ABC Test to students of the second grade in order to make a diagnosis of the learning. It is expected to be created a marker to measure the chidren’s literacy level. According to the National Education Plan (PNE) and the educationla directives, in the third year of the Elementary School, children should be fully literate (readers and writers) and mastering the expected mathematical knowledge.

52. PNE Observatory

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The Ideb is calculated based on the school performance rate (approval and repetition) and in the average performance in the standardized tests applied by Inep. The indexes of approval are attained from the School Census, annually performed by Inep. The average performances used are the Prova Brasil [Brasil Test] (for the Idebs of schools and cities) and the Saeb (for state and national Idebs).

Saeb Aneb

Anresc/ Prova Brasil

National Assessment of Basic School

National Assessment of Academic Performance

ANA

Literacy National Assessment

Table 25. Elementary School’s Ideb – First years: 1st to 5th years Years Markers Total Brazil Private Public

2009 Ideb 4.6 6.4 4.4

2011 Targets 4.2 6.3 4.0

Ideb 5.0 6.5 4.7

2013 Targets 4.6 6.6 4.4

Ideb 5.2 6.7 4.9

Targets 4.9 6.8 4.7

Source: 2011-2013 IBGE/SIS 2011-2014. MEC/Inep Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Table 26. Elementary School’s Ideb – Final years: 6th to 9th years Years Markers Total Brazil Private Public

2009 Ideb 4.0 5.9 3.7

2011 Targets 3.3 6.0 3.4

Ideb 4.1 6.0 3.9

2013 Targets 3.9 6.2 3.7

Source: 2011-2013 IBGE/SIS 2011-2014. MEC/Inep Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Ideb 4.2 5.9 4.0

Targets 4.4 6.5 4.1

When comparing the Ideb assessment related to the last years, it can be verified that Brasil needs to expand quality both in the first years of the Elementary School and in the last years. The percentage of 6 to 14 years old children and adolescents who are not able to read or write and the literacy rate among the population are also important tools to help in the assessment of the quality in education. According to the 2010 IBGE Census, approximately 91% of the Brazilian population above 10 years old were literate. Despite bring close to the universalization, the amount of illitertes represented approximately 18 million Brazilians. In 2013, 10.2% of 8 years old children were not able to read or write53. Another tool to assess the access and quality of education has been created by the National Campaign by the Right to Education: the Student-Initial Quality cost (CAQi). Presently, it is contained in the National Education Plan (PNE), and it was approved by the National Education Council (2014). CAQi sets that every public school must have teachers receiving at leas the minimum wage level for the magisterium (around R$ 1,917.78). It also institutes a career policy, continued formation and teams with adequate number of studentes. Related to the facilities, the school units must have libraries, sciences and computing laboratorie and sheltered multi-sports court. According to Daniel Cara (National Campaign for the Right to Education), in order to build and equip the schools following the CAQi standard for 2,8 million children and adolescents outside the teaching system (Pnad/2013) it is necessary to invest around R$ 12,8 billion, being R$ 6,6 billion for 2,860 pre-schools, R$ 1,8 billion for 770 elementary Schools, and R$ 4,4 billion for 1,900 High Schools. “However, it is not enough to build and equip pre-schools and schools; it isnecessary to maintain them. The annual maintenance costs necessary of those 5,530 establishments is practically the same than that of the construction and the equipments: R$13 billion per year.” Another marker which may contribute for the assessment of the scenario is the quantity of 16 years old adolescents who conclude the Elementary School. According to the targets set by PNE, the country forecasts that only in 2024 we will have around 95% of students concluding the phase of Elementary School at the right age. It can be verified that there was an advancement of such markers along President Dilma’s government from 67.4% in 2011 to 71.7% in 2013. The importance of the marker related to the conclusion is to propitiate an assessment of the educational system and to assure if those students who were registered in the Elementary School suceeded in attaining the adequate school progress along their school years. The conclusion deficit at the right age (percentage of adolescents who do not conclude the Elementary School until 16 years old) reaches all the country.

53. Target 5 of the PNE: to literate every child up to eight years old until 2024.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Chart 20. Percentage of teenagers of 16 years old who have completed Elementary School

80 67.4

69.4

71.7

2011

2012

2013

0 Goal PNE

Source: IBGE/Pnad 2012-2013; MEC; All for Education. Goal for 2024. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

ercentage of teenagers of 16 years old who have completed primary education – Chart 21. P Regions of Brazil 100

81.2 76.5 78.7

80 60

53.5 55.2 57.6

56.7 59.1 60.4

North

Northeast

77.4

72.9 74.8

78.4 71.9 75.2

40 20 0 Southeast 2011

2012

Center-West

South

2013

Source: IBGE / PNAD 2012-2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

According to the National Survey by Household Sampling (PNAD), in 2013, 98.1% of children and adolescents from four to 17 years of the population belonging to the richest economic group (25%) were studying. Meanwhile, among the poorest population in the country, the percentage was 92.6%. According to the Education For All Movement, in the South region the gap is even greater, with 98.4% of the richest from four to 17 years old at school while only 89.7% of the poorest have school access opportunity.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Access and permanence in high school Among the commitments of President Dilma from the document A World For Children and the Project, are: improve access and ensure the quality and frequency in high school, increase the attendance rate of teenagers in high school and the percentage of the young population of 18 and 24 years with 11 or more completed grades. Data from the beginning of the management, in 2011, showed that while about 82.3% of adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were in educational institutions, regardless of educational stage (8,115,542 teenagers), the percentage of adolescents in this age range enrolled in high school was of 51.8% (ratio between the total of enrolled students at the age expected to be attending a certain level and the total population of the same age), reaching 55.2% in 2013.

Table 27. Number of total enrollments of high school – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013

Brazil 8,400,689 8,376,852 8,312,815

North 754,617 772,578 778,489

Center-West 2,401,382 2,354,227 2,311,260

Northeast 3,479,392 3,474,504 3,446,501

Southeast 628,036 634,091 629,688

South 1,137,262 1,141,452 1,146,877

Source: MEC / INEP 2011-2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

According to the PNE, in 2016 the country should universalize services of High School. In 2013, about 83.3% of these population were being attended and, in relation to the net rate, the goal is to reach 85% by 2024, which currently (2013) is 55.2%.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Chart 22. Brute attendance rates and net attendance in Brazil – Secondary Schools (%) 84.3

84.2

83.7

55.2

51.8

2011

2012 Gross Rate

2013 Net Rate

Source: IBGE / PNAD 2012-2013. Elaboration: INEP, DTDIE (2013).

It can be verified that, if maintained this pattern of evolution of the management of President Dilma, the universalization of services will be in 2065 (99.9%), given that it increased by 0.6% from 2011 to 2013. As to the net attendance rate, growth occurred at 3.4% in the same period and it would take 18 years to get 85.8% of net attendance rate, ie, the country would reach the goal for PNE 2024 only in the year 2031. Progress was made in relation to the school dropout rate, which rose from 9.5% in 2011 to 8.1% in 2013, but which meanwhile retains regional inequality: while in the Southeastern Region the rate is 5.9% in the Norte region it is of 13.4%. rop-out rate in Secondary Education Stage (%) – Brazil and Regions Chart 23. D 13.9

13.3 9.5 6.8

7.9

13.8

12.5 9.1

8.6

7.8

6.3

2011

9.2

13.4 9.7 8.1

7.5 5.9

2012 Brazil

Southeast

Northeast

2013 South

Center-West

North

Source: MEC / INEP 2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

8.4

The net school attendance rate at this stage presented a slight increase during the management, but there are still negative impacts on the school flow, with problems related to the continuation of studies and the difficulties to contain the abandonment issues, which together indicate the challenges of compliance with the commitments signed. It is needed to be consider the relationships associated with the effects of age-grade distortion. Between the years of 2011 and 2013, there was a decrease of only 3.3%.

Chart 24. Age-grade distortion rate (%) – Secondary Education 80

32.8

31.1

29.5

2011

2012

2013

2011

2012

2013

Source: MEC / INEP / DTDIE 2012-2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The differences pointed out by PNAD / 2014 demonstrate that white teenagers between 15 and 17 years old (63.9%) have a net school attendance rate 14.4% higher than black or mulatto young people (49.5%). The federal government has failed last year to advance in the Secondary Education school quality goals. The Ideb statement stagnated between 2011 and 2013. In 2013, when evaluating the public education of the 27 States, 16 have obtained evaluation worse than two years ago. Six others, despite having better results were still below the targets set for the period.

Table 28. Secondary Education Quality through Ideb 2009 Ideb 3,6

2011 Goals 3,5

Ideb 3,7

2013 Goals 3,7

Ideb 3,7

Goals 3,9

Source: MEC / INEP / Ideb 2009-2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

This is the stage that has the biggest challenges for the government in relation to access and permanence. Significant percentage of adolescents who enter have educational deficiencies.

Literacy for youth and adults Brazil is committed to literacy 100% of the population aged 15 years or older by 2015. Currently (2013) it presents the rate of 91.5% and indicates the tendency of not complying with the agreed commitment.

Chart 25. Adult literacy (population above 15 years) – Brazil and Region (%) 100

91.4 89.8

95.2 93.7 95.1

91.3

83.1

95.2 93.3 95.6

91.5 90.5

82.6

95.2 93.5 95.4 83.1

80 60 40 20 0 2011

2012 Brazil

North

Northeast

2013 Southeast

Center-West

South

Source: IBGE / PNAD 2011-2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The evolution of literacy and illiteracy rates remained constant during the management, with weak national and regional progress. Regional inequalities remain a major challenge. The Northeast Region has the worst literacy rate and well below the national average, followed by the North and the Midwest, Southeast and South that have the best rates and well above the national average. According to the PNAD it was noted that this rate is higher among men, among black or mulatto, among the poorest people in the Northeast and in rural areas.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

The progress presented to the illiteracy rate shows great challenge for the country, given the trend observed in this administration. The indicator, in two years, evolved 0.1%, and to reach the goal of 100% literacy of the population, if this tendency is maintained, it would take over 85 years. The functional54 illiteracy rate of the population aged 15 to 64 years old was also reduced when observed historical series (the most recent value presents 2011 data).

Chart 26. Functional illiteracy rate of the population aged 15 to 64 years â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Inaf (%) Brazil

2001

2002

2003

2004

2007

2009

2011

Source: Inaf - Indicator of Functional Literacy. Elaboration: Paulo Montenegro Institute and Educational Action..

To ensure that all adolescents in the different Brazilian regions, have access to high school and that there is quality in education offered in order to arouse the interest of students and ensure their continuity in school life by eliminating vulnerabilization issues by gender and race are the challenges faced by the government in the coming years.

54. Functional Illiterate, according to UNESCO is a person who can write his own name, read and write simple sentences, knows how to do basic calculations, however, are unable to use reading and writing in routine activities of everyday life, preventing their personal development professional and access to the globalized labor market.

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Protection III - AXLE: PROTECTION AGAINST MALTREATMENT, EXPLOITATION AND VIOLENCE

III - Axle Protection against Maltreatment, Exploitation and Violence Brazil has always participated in the global movements that mobilized public policies regarding children and adolescents. With the drafting of the 1988 Constitution, theorists specialized in children’s development included in Article 227, a set of rights derived from international standards: “It is a family, society and state duty to ensure children, adolescents and young people, with absolute priority, the right to life, health, food, education, sport, leisure, professional training, culture , dignity, respect, freedom, and family and community life, and place them safe from all forms of negligence, discrimination, exploitation, violence, cruelty and oppression. “(Federal Constitution, 1988). From there, the concept of child/adolescent as a citizen and subject of rights is definitely approved as law in the Brazilian society, being consecrated on July 13, 1990 – with the promulgation of Statute of Children and Adolescent (ECA). The ECA was approved through Law No. 8069 providing the full protection, defining what children, adolescents, parents, guardians, community, institutions and the State can or not, should or not do in order for this protection to take effect. The ECA recognizes that children and adolescents are vulnerable and deserve full protection from state, family and society. In electing these three figures, the ECA imposes on each one responsibilities: to the family the obligation to raise and educate; to society obligation to ensure; and to the State the power to implement and promote public policies to ensure compliance with the guaranteed rights. The Rights Guarantee System (SGD) has the specific purpose of promoting rights and providing enforcement mechanisms when not offered in three areas: • Promoting the rights (services and public programs) – especially the rights of attendance policy for children and adolescents; services and executing programs of human rights protection measures and services and execution of socioeducational measures and similar programs, encompassing Social Welfare, Health, Education, Socio-Educational Support Services, Reception Institutional Services and Hotline.

• Rights Protection (ensuring access to justice) - Guardianship Councils, Security Forces (Police), Public Defense, Justice (Chambers - Children and Youth, Criminal jury; Judicial Commissions of Adoption; Court of Justice, and General Internal Affairs of Justice); Public Ministry (Prosecutor of Justice; Operational Support Centres, Offices of Justice, Attorney General of Justice, and Internal Affairs General of Justice), Ombudsman (for information, suggestions, complaints and denunciations of citizens on any public or private body), and Defense Centers (made up of protection entities and defending the rights of children and adolescents by juridical and social intervention, through joint , mobilization and participation in social control, to guarantee their full protection, focusing mainly shares on rights violations committed by the action or inaction of the government). • Control of public actions of promotion and defense - will occur through social participation in order to implement collective discussions, monitoring and evaluation of public policies. Can be materialized through the consultative and deliberative councils, including, Councils for the Rights of Children and Adolescents; Municipal Social Welfare Council (Comas), Municipal Health Council (CMS), City Board of Education (CME), and Municipal Youth Council (CMJ). It also includes in this instance the external control bodies such as the Audit Courts of the State and the Union. The entire guideline of public policy for the sector should be developed by the Councils of Rights of Children and Adolescents and their implementation monitored by the Child Protection Council (CTs) attending children / adolescents with threats or violation of rights, applying the relevant protective measures. Just as advices from other sectors of social policies, these also follow the perspective of municipalization, with the civil society participation and should serve as an instrument of control over state actions. In this area, one can notice a breakthrough, because, of 5,570 Brazilian municipalities, currently about 92% have deployed Councils of Rights and implemented Guardianship Councils 99%. The ECA aims to achieve this full protection through rights that guarantee the full development of children and adolescents - is the doctrine defended by the UN, based on the Universal Declaration of the Children’s Rights which states the child’s value as a human being; the need for special respect to their personhood under development; to cherish childhood and adolescence as being the people and specie continuity; and to recognize their vulnerability.

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Short scenery about the protection of children and teenagers against the maltreatments, the exploitation and the violence Systematic studies by international organized bodies and Brazilian institutions aim at qualifying, quantifying and providing parameters so as the public policies become efficient regarding the fight against the violence against children and teenagers. The cases of violence and maltreatments occur in the most diverse ambiences and the consequences in the upbringing and the future lives of those children and teenagers remain marked in their development causing traumas and the reproduction of violence standards. According to the researcher, Zélia Maria Mendes Biasoli Alves, of the Department of Psychology and Education of the University of Sao Paulo (USP), campus of Ribeirão Preto, “all of those attitudes are part of the daily life of millions of children, being rich or poor. What is verified is that, frequently, the poverty is linked to maltreatments, attributing the status of low income to actions of negligence55 and violence. As a matter of fact, poor families are more vulnerable to be denounced, but it does not mean that cases of maltreatments are exclusive of that social level; the issue is that, in families of middle class and of high purchasing power, everything is hidden. In any social class, the shame and the fear, both of the children and their parents, in the case of the aggressor being a spouse, relative, employer, policeman or a communitarian leader, are factors that help to camouflage the problem”. In Brazil, the duty of monitoring, receiving, solving and preventing the cases of violence against children and teenagers corresponds to the Network of Special Social Protection, that is addressed to the families and the persons who are in a status of personal and social risk. It has, as the main purpose, to contribute in order to prevent that cases referred to violations of rights are aggravated and to make effective resources to solve cases of personal and social risk, violence, fragility and rupture of the family, communitarian and social links. Nowadays, that network of special protection integrates the Sole System of Social Assistance (SUAS [Portuguese sigla, onwards, with few exceptions]) that is coordinated, at the national level, by the Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger (MDS). The care of the SUAS, at the Municipalities, is performed by means of the Reference Center for Social Assistance, the decentralized State public unit for local care regarding the basic social protection at the so called areas of vulnerability and social risk, and the Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance (CREAS) that is the public unit for municipal, State and regional coverage and management devoted to rendering services to individuals and families that are in statuses of personal or social risks, due to violations of rights or contingencies, which demand specialized interventions of special social protection. 55. Negligence, abandonment, sexual violence, status of street dwellers, infantile work, forlornness, complying with socioeducational measures at external areas and becoming far from the family conviviality, among others.

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According to the data of the MDS (SUAS Census, 2013), there are 7,669 CRAS units installed, but 148 Municipalities have not the service and, consequently, they do not get the money transfer from the Federal Government for the care referred to the Basic Social Protection.

Chart 27. Distribution of Municipalities without CRAS as per State â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2013 60 52 50 40 32 30

20 10

5 1

0 AM

Source: MDS/SUAS Census, 2013.

Regarding the CREAS, there are 2,155 units that are operating, however, there is no information about the quantity of Municipalities that have not that service, even in a regional way. In order that the actions, to face the threats or the violations of the rights of children and teenagers, are successful, it is necessary that, at all of the Municipalities, there is a Protection Network installed, which has, as the central organized bodies, the Tutelary Council and the CREAS. The Secretariat of the Republic Presidency for Human Rights (SDH), as per a recent research56 about the Tutelary Councils in Brazil, pointed out that 21 Municipalities, in the country, have not the Tutelary Council installed, being one third in the MaranhĂŁo State (seven Municipalities):

56. National Roll of the Tutelary Councils, 2013.

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Chart 28. Distribution of the Municipalities without Tutelary Council as per Brazil State 7 7 6 5

3 2

2 1

1 0 BA

Source: SDH/PR – National Roll of Tutelary Councils,2013. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

According to the research made by the SDH, other important data were also disclosed: • 41% of the Tutelary Councils have no exclusive offices; • 44% have not own a motor vehicle; • 25% have not own telephone (one out of four) and 37% have notmobile telephone on duty; • 52% changed the address at least once along the four last years, being that 15% moved more than once; • 60% have no support team. Among the actions, by the Federal Government, that contribute to the improvement of that situation, it is worth pointing out the maintenance of the Program for Strengthening the Assurance System of the Child and Teenager Rights, which aims at making strong the players and to support qualification actions of the Rights and Tutelary Councillors by means of the implementation of Council Schools in the States. The Program establishes the articulation and the integration of the governmental public stages and the social society. In 2013, the Secretariat for Human Rights, by means of the National Secretariat for Promotion regarding the Rights of the Child and the Teenager, implemented the strategy of furnishing with the necessary supplies to each one of the Tutelary Councils by offering a kit comprised by a car, five desktop computers, a multifunctional printer, a refrigerator and a water drinking fountain.

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A technological advancement, that was presented, was the implementation of the Protect Brazil application for smartphones and tablets (with iOS or Android systems), developed to make easier the denouncements of violence against children and teenagers. As from the place where the user is, it indicates telephones and addresses, and the best way to arrive at specialized Police Stations, Tutelary Councils, Childhood Courts and social organizations in the main Brazilian cities. Even considering the creation and the continuation of policies and programs addressed to the protection, it must be pointed out that there is a deficit of governmental information referred to the violation of the rights of children and teenagers. Many cases are not properly notified, they are not clarified and/or they are unduly recorded. The systems of compulsory notice (the duty of the public agent, devoted to health care, education and social assistance, to record and to submit the cases of suspicion or confirmation of maltreatments to children and teenagers57) work, in the daily life, only in the environment of the health care. Although there is obligatory notice in the activities of education, those occurrences are not recorded/ notified thru the system. All of the cases of suspicion or confirmation of maltreatments against children and teenagers must be submitted to the Tutelary Council58, which, upon receiving them, must record them on its own system, the Information System for the Childhood and the Adolescence (SIPIA). That would allow the unification of the occurrences and the follow up of the unfolding of the cases, however, it does not happen in most of the Municipalities due to the lack of capacitation of the tutelary councillors for the utilization of the system, to computers having outdated configuration or even to the non- existence of those pieces of equipment and the lack or the difficulties to have access to the Internet. The lack of systems to record and to notify the specific violations of rights make difficult the construction of diagnoses and appropriate responses to the demands that must be faced as, for instance, the infantile work. Nowadays, there is not a unified recording system that accumulates the information generated by the Health Care System, by the Labor Public Prosecution Department, by the Social Assistance and by the Tutelary Council. Other important programs were kept during President DilmaÂ´s management, such as the National Program to Face the Violence and the Sexual Exploitation of which, amongst its actions stand out, the Program of Integrated and Referential Actions to Face the Infantile-Juvenile Sexual Violence in the Brazilian Territory (PAIR) and the Dial Human Rights Program; the Program for Protection of the Child and the Teenager Threatened to Die (PPCAM) and the Management Program of the National Program for Hallucinogenic Drugs. An advancement, reached in that scenery regarding violations of rights, was the implementation of the National System of Indicators on Human Rights (SNIDH), in December 2014, however, challenges still persist for the Federal Government as regards to the increase of the budgetary allocation for the implementation of preventive policies and for the strengthening of the protection programs.

57. Section 245 of the Child and Teenager Charter. 58. Section 13 of the Child and Teenager Charter.

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Civil Registration for Births The civil certificate of birth59 is the document that makes official the existence of the individual as a citizen and it links its relationship with the Government. The natural existence of a person does not depend upon its formalization, however, upon having registered the birth, the individual has assured the first act of social recognition. In 2011, there were 2,809,052 children with birth registration, growing to 2,812,517 in 2012 and to 2,821,293 in 2013. As per the estimates of subregistrations60 of births, the country had 18.8% in 2003 and came down to 5.1% in 2013.

Table 29. Estimates of subregistrations of births (%) – Brazil and Regions Period 2011 2012 2013

Brazil 8.2 6.7 5.1

North 20.7 18.8 15.8

Center-West 15.2 15.2 14.1

Northeast 1.2 -1.0 -1.5

Southeast 4.7 2.8 0.8

South 2.4 0.3 -3.1

Source: Statistics of the Civil Registry, 2011-2013, IBGE [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Note by the IBGE: The negative values, shown on the Subregistrations of Births mean that the number of recordings of births was higher than the number of estimated births. The values, that were presented, considered the values without specification of the residence place of the mother.

It is estimated that 600,000 children, being up to ten years old, have no birth certificate (2012), being than more than half of them live at traditional villages and communities61. As per the regional perspective, the numbers, as presented by the Southeastern, Southern and Mid-Western Regions, are better than those ones of the Northern and Northeastern areas, where there is a high subregistration. Some Municipalities significantly improved their ability to register the children when they installed a Civil Registry Office at the public maternities, thus, all of the children who are born, at the time of receiving the discharge, already leave having the civil registration. The gratuitousness of the first original regarding the birth certificate also demonstrates that it is an efficient strategy at the locations where it was utilized62. According to the UNO, the world-wide parameter of subregistration eradication, for a country, is 5%. Taking into account that, in 2013, Brazil reached an estimated 5.1%, it can be considered that the problem was eradicated. 59. It makes possible to get the other civil documents such us marriage and death certificates. 60. It is defined by the IBGE as the quantity of non-registered births in the specific year of occurrence or up to the end of the first quarter of the subsequent year. 61. There are among them: indigenous settlements, hiding places of former negro slaves, rubber gatherers, gatherers of Brazil-nuts, breakers of babassu coconut, communities at pasture backgrounds, inhabitants at the virgin forest, artisan fishermen, lady shellfish gatherers, riverains, cross-bred people, backwood people, inhabitants at the seaside, inlanders, raftmen, gypsies, Azorians, rural workers, inhabitants at holms, inhabitants at swamplands, Northern Brazil inhabitants at tablelands, farmers staying far way, inhabitants at brushwood covered regions, herdsmen at the Araguaia region, etc. 62. Statistics of the Civil Registry, 2011, IBGE.

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Infantile Work and Protection to the Worker Teenager Two decades ago, the country started the implementation of a series of cooperated measures to fight and to face the infantile work, unifying the public power, the civil society and the international organizations. The Federal Constitution of 1988 and the CTC of 1990 already ensure the due protection to the worker teenager and they forbid any type of work to minor being less than 16 years old, allowing the apprenticeship process as from being 14 years old (Federal Constitution, Section 7th, XXXIII). In addition to the national legislation, it is important to point out that Brazil ratified the Convention 182 of the ILO about the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Ways of Infantile Work63, in 2000 and, in 2002, the Convention 13864 of the ILO about the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment. As the response to the problem, in 1996, the PETI was created, having the purpose of improving the process of identification of the cases of infantile work, in addition to promoting the orientation and the follow-up of the families and the children in that situation. The Program started to integrate the SUAS and the Family Subsidy Program, unifying the income transfer to the families. In 2013, at the time of redesigning the performance of the PETI65, the Federal Government defined the prioritization of strategic actions in 1,032 Municipalities having a high incidence of infantile work. The criterion, that was established, was to identify the Municipalities that show more than 400 cases of infantile work or that had an increase of 200 cases between the IBGE Census of 2000 and the one of 2010. For those Municipalities and the Federal District, there will fe specific federal co-financing, aiming at accelerating the eradication of the infantile work. Even considering the declining trend of the infantile work rates, observed along the two last decades, and the implementation of specific social protection networks to face the infantile work, the Brazilian Government was not yet able to eliminate or to be close to the elimination of the worst ways of infantile work. In 2012, the PNAD recorded 3.5 million children and teenagers, being from 7 to 17 years old, subjected to the infantile work. The estimate showed a 5.41% decrease as compared to 2011 or less 156,000 children working.

Table 30. Infantile work in Brazil Period 2011 2012 2013

5 to 17 years 3,673,898 3,567,589 3,187,838

Source:PNAD, 2011-2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. 63. Decreenº 3.597 of September 12th, 2000. 64. Decreenº 4.134 of February 15th, 2002. 65. Resolution nº 8 of April 18th, 2013 – MDS/CNAS.

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On the other side, the 2013 PNAD data point our 3,187,838, being from 5 to 17 years old, who work in Brazil. That number represents 3.3% of all of the people who work in the country (in 2012, it was 3.7%) and 7.5% of the population being from 7 to 17 years old (in 2012, it was 8.4%). There was a 10.6% reduction (or 379,751 cases) as compared to 2012 when there were 3,567,589 people. Between the age level of 5 and 13 years old, there were 506,401 children working. The age level, that has the highest number of infantile work, is concentrated from 14 to 17 years, representing 84.1% (2,681,437 people). On a regional basis, the highest concentration, as per numbers of infantile work, is referred to the Northeastern Regional, showing 33% (2013), followed by the Sourtheastern Region with 31%.

Table 31. P ersons, being from 5 to 17 years old, who worked in 2013 – as per Region Region North Northeast Southeast South Center-West Brazil

Number of Persons 367,583 1,057,357 1,000,254 523,716 238,928 3,187,838

Concentration 11.53% 33.17% 31.38% 16.43% 7.49 % 100%

Source: IBGE/PNAD (2013)

In accordance with the study performed by the National Forum for Prevention and Eradication of the Infantile Work (FNPETI) about the infantile work, on the basis of the 2013 PNAD, it was verified: • Predominance of the male sex: 64.7% (2,061,966) of boys and 35.3% (1,112,872) of girls; • More concentration of negroes: 62.5% (1,992,186) and 37.5% (1,195,652) of non-negroes. • Predominance of concentration in urban centers: 66.8% (2,129,301) and 33. 2% (1,058,537) in rural areas; • Position in the occupation: 56.3% (1,758,927) employed, being 41% with formal contracting and 15.3% without formalization; and 17.7% (552,503) filled a job position without any type of remuneration; • Grouping of economic activities: the non-agricultural activities (manufacturing, commerce and repairs, home services, lodging and feeding) concentrated 69.4% (2,211,156); the remaining 30.6% (976,682) worked in agricultural activities.

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Chart 29. D istribution of children and teenagers, being from 5 to 17 years old, who work as per grouping of economic activity – Brazil – 2013 (%)

Agriculture

30.6

Commerce and repairs

23.2

Manufacturing

10.7

Lodging and feeding

7.6

Home services

6.8

Construction

6.3

Other activities

4.4

Other collective, social and personal services

3.4

Education, health care and social services

3.1

Transport, storage and communication

2.9

Public Administration

1.9 0

Source: FNPETI / IBGE, 2013PNAD. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

In Brazil, June 12th was established as the National Day of Fighting against the Infantile Work as per the Act nº 11.542/2007. The annual mobilizations and campaigns are the initiative by the International Labor Organization (ILO), being coordinated by the National Forum for Prevention and Eradication of the Infantile Work, in association with the State Forums and member entities. The purpose is to call the attention of everybody about the importance of the im plementation regarding the Conventions nº 138 (that establishes the minimum age for admission to the employment) and nº 182 (referred to the worst way of infantile work) and the resulting losses. As from 2009, the Fundação Abrinq integrates and strenghthens the action, performing flash- mob (public meeting organized thru the Internet or social media) in strategic capital cities (Sao Paulo, Fortaleza and Recife, among others), reproducing and divulging the material of the campaign, involving associate social organization, the media (written, spoken and television) and mobilization thru the Internet/social networks (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, Flickr and others).

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The Government needs to intensify the efforts to verify the activities were, nowadays, the children are more recruited, such as the home infantile work, at the garbage storage areas, at the family agriculture, at the urban informal commerce, at the family production within the own home, at the commercial sexual exploitation of children and teenagers, and the narcotrafficking. It is inclusively necessary to discuss and to take actions regarding the artistic/commercial infantile work and at the soccer clubs. Two important situations must be considered: a) the State Courts still grant previous authorizations so as minors, being less than 16 years old, enter into the labor market; this measure is considered as being unconstitutional. Just in 2011, there were 3,134 cases. There are authorizations for teenagers and children to work at garbage deposit areas, in the civil construction and at factories of fertilizers; b) the infantile work, as itself, is not judged by the Criminal Courts, except that it is also verified private prison, beating, sexual abuse, hard forced labor or slave labor. The judgment for the employer is performed by the Labor Courts, being applied a fine and having to pay the full remuneration of the worker along the period worked. Within the main challenges of the Government, we can point out: 1) strengthening the professional education of the teenagers by means of the stimulus to the hirings as the condition of apprentice. According to the General Roll of Employed and Unemployed People (Caged), in 2011, there were 198,610 current apprenticeship contracts. There is no available updated information; 2) creation of a system of integrated compulsory notification for the recording of all of the occurrences of infantile work; 3) the integration between the PETI and the Family Subsidy Program; the latter one, even being strategic for the Government, jeopardized the identification and the focus, on the side of the Municipalities, considering that the former concern about taking out the child or the teenager from the situation of infantile work, was replaced by the fight against the poverty (the efforts of the Municipality were addressed to localize the low income families, causing detriment to the active search of the children and the teenagers performing infantile work).

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The Fundação Abrinq, by means of the Child Friendly Mayor Program, follows up the difficulties of the Municipalities regarding the places having the highest incidence of infantile work. Many Municipalities inform that, after the change of the PETI to the Service of Conviviality and Strengthening of Linkages, they stopped recording the children and the teenagers in statuses of infantile work, no more identifying the type of work they were subjected to. Another worrying issue is that the Municipalities restrict their activities referred to the children and the teenagers taken out from the status of infantile work, showing fragilities in the actions of mapping and identification. In accordance with the data calculated on the Mapping of National Priorities66 of the Program, year 2013, the Municipalities followed up, as an average, 5% of the total infantile worked mapped by the IBGE [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics] (2010 Census). It makes evident the urgency and the size of the challenge being faced by the country. At this speed, it is very difficult that Brazil will reach the goal of eradicating the worst ways of infantile work up to 2016 and all of the type up to 2020. In accordance with the projection, as prepared by the National Forum on Prevention and Eradication of the Infantile Work (FNPETI), up to 2020, we will still have 2 million children and teenagers, being from 5 to 17 years old, working in Brazil.

3,196

2,990

2,783

2,577

2,371

2,164

1,958

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

4,317 2009

2014

4,517 2008

3,187

4,891 2007

2013

5,206 2006

3,565

5,531 2005

2012

5,371 2004

3,723

5,172 2003

4,000

2011

5,546

6,252 1999

2002

6,246 1998

5,285

6,478 1997

6,000

PROJECTION

2001

6,606

7,675 1995

1996

7,742 1993

8,000

7,773

10,000

1992

Chart 30. N umber of children and teenagers, being from 5 to 17 years old, who work in Brazil 1992- 2020 (in thousands)

2,000 0

Source: IBGE [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics], PNAD [National Research by Sampling of Domiciles], 2013. Elaboration: National Forum for Prevention and Eradication of the Infantile Work - FNPETI.

66. Diagnosis tool to be filled out by the Municipalities as the requirements for staying andadvancing in the agendaof the City Mayor Friend of the Child Program of the Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Mortality of Children and Teenagers as per Homicide The scenery of mortality demonstrates the need of reviewing the reviewing the focuses of the public rules and policies. The inequalities, the impunity and the lack of training of the Police, and the slowness of the judicial proceedings are factors that aggravate and perpetuate the situations of quotidian violence. The investments and keeping the expenses in policies of public security are significantly higher than the expenses involving programs of prevention and social protection. The lack of prioritization in preventive policies is reflected in the social indicators. In 2011, the mortality indicator, due to external causes, showed 9,000 homicides of young people being from zero 19 years old, reaching 10,155 in 2012.

Chart 31. N umber of deaths as per homicide and age level

18% of the deaths by homicides victimized people being from 0 to 19 years old

10,155

46,182

Population > 20 years old Population from 0 to 19 years old

Source: MS/SVS/CGIAE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Information System about Mortality â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SIM (2012).

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Table 32. Number of deaths by homicide in 2012 – per Region Region

Number of homicides

North Northeast Southeast South Center-West

6,087 20,978 17,155 6,630 5,487

Number of homicides (0 to 19 years) 1,059 4,259 2,792 1,099 946

% of homicides (0 to 19 years) 17.40% 20.30% 16.28% 16.58% 17.24%

Source: MS/SVS/CGIAE – Information Systems about Mortality – SIM(2012).

According to the Violence Map of 2015. prepared by the researcher Julio Jacobo Waiselfisz in cooperation with the UNESCO. the deaths by homicides grew 556.6% along the last 32 years (1980- 2012), being that the number of juveniles homicides67 enlarged in a more accelerated way (655.5%). It can be observed the enormous mortality concentration of young people, with a peak in the age of 19 years, when the obtis, due to firearms, reach the top level of 62.9 deaths as per 100,000 young people.

Table 33. R ates of mortality due to firearms as per simple age levels, Brazil, 2012 Age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Rate 0.4 0.3 0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3

Age 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Rate 0.3 0.8 2.1 3 10.4 19.7 37.1 55.6 57.6 62.9

Source:MS/SIM/SVS.

67. The Map of the Violence defines as young people the population being from 15 to 29 years old.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Age 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Rate 62.5 55.2 52.7 55.8 50.5 47.6 48.6 41.4 39.9 42.5

Socioeducational Measures In Brazil, no juvenile criminal penalties are applied, but, it does, socioeducational measures as established on the article 112 of the Child and Teenager Charter. Those measures are ruled by the Act nº 12.594/2012 that created the National System of Socioeducational Care (Sinase). The teenagers, who are from 12 to 18 years old, are made responsible by means of the following measures: warning; obligation to repair the damage; rendering services to the community; assisted freedom; semifreedom; and internment. The “Pró-Sinase68” Program was created during the term of office of President Dilma Rousseff in order to strengthen the implementation of the Sinase by means of the personnel qualification, the mapping of information, the support to the technical defense of the teenager, the construction, enlargement and improvements of the socioeducational units, the support to the municipalization of the measures made effective at external areas and the communitarian articulation/ mobilization. In 201169, there were 20,023 teenagers having restriction and privation of freedom; in 201270, this number grew up to 20,532 and , in 201371, to 23,066 (internment, provisional internment and semifreedom). On the other side, the measures, implemented at external areas, involved, in 2012, 88,022 teenagers (rendering of services to the community and assisted freedom).

Table 34. Restriction and privation of freedom as per type (2013) Internment 15,221

Semifreedom 2,272

Provisional Internment 5,573

Total 23,066

Source: SDH/SNPDCA [Secretariat of Human Rights / Federal Secretariat for Protection of the Rights of Children and Teenagers], 2013, preliminary data.

68. Act nº 12.594 of January 18th, 2012. 69. Annual Survey of the Male and Female Teenagers complying with the Socioeducational Measure, SDH, 2011. 70. Annual Survey of the Male and Female Teenagers complying with the Socioeducational Measure, SDH, 2012. 71. Preliminary data from the Annual Survey of the National System of Socioeducational Care, SDH, 2013.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Chart 32. Restrictive and depriving freedom measures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brazil 16,000 14,000

15,221 13,674

13,362

12,000 Internment

10,000 8,000 6,000

4,998

4,325

4,000

1,918

5,573

Internment provisional Semifreedom

2,272

1,860

2,000 0 2011

2012

2013

Source: SDH/SNPDCA. 2013 (the 2013 data are preliminary).

The data of the SDH, in 2012, demonstrate that the predominance of the male sex is being kept, having around 95% men and 5% women, being worth pointing out that about the 452 care units, 417 are devoted to girls and 35 to girls.

Chart 33. Practice of infractional acts by gender

Male Female 95%

Source: SDH/SNPDCA, 2012.

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As regards to the type and the quantity of occurrences, it is possible to state that the indicators in 2011, 2012 and 2013 kept themselves being equivalent the infractional act corresponding to theft and trafficking, which are those ones that show the highest occurrences. In 2011, 8,415 (38.1%) teenagers had restriction or privation of freedom due to the theft infractional act, recording, in 2012, 8,409 (38.6%) and, in 201372, 10,051 (40%). On the other side, the infractional act referred to the trafficking of hallucinogenic drugs was performed, in 2011, by 5,863 teenagers (26.6%), in 2012, by 5,883 (27.0%) and, in 2013, by 5,933 (23.46%). In 2012, the percentage of practices, qualified as homicide, reached 9%, while, in 2013, it recorded 8.81%.

Chart 34. Infractional actsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2013

1% 2%

Theft

13%

Trafficking Homicide

2% 2%

40%

Larceny Homicide Attempt

Firearm carrying

Murder with intent to rob Attempt of theft

Rape Physical injury 24%

Others

Source: SDH/SNPDCA, 2012.

72. Preliminary data of the National System of Socioeducational Care, SDH, 2013.

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As per the analysis by the National Council of the Public Prosecution Department (CNMP), presented on the Report for the Resolution 67/201173, the occupation of the internment units, as compared to the number of offered vacancies, is not proportional and it shows a big deficit of vacancies. The worst scenery is found out in the Northeastern Region, which has 2,164 vacancies and 4,031 interns, 186.3% of the capacity (overoccupation). As per State, the one that shows the worst situation is Maranhão, having 73 vacancies of capacity and 335 intern teenagers, showing a 458.9% of the occupation, followed by Mato Grosso do Sul, having 220 vacancies and 779 interns (354.1%).

Table 35. Occupation of the internment and semifreedom units for teenagers Regions

Capacity

Occpuation

Mid-West Northeast North Southeast South Brazil

1,325 2,164 1,365 8,588 1,972 15,414

2,217 4,031 1,330 8,966 1,834 18,378

% Occupation (over occupation) 167.3 186.3 97.4 104.4 93 119.2

Source: Report on the Infanthood and Youth – Resolution nº 67/2011: A more attentive look at the internation and semifreedom units for teenagers. Brasilia: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

The Report titled National Overview The Performance of the Internment Socioeducational Measures by the National Council of Justice (CNJ), 2012, is the document that has most recent data about the school years attended by the teenagers who are deprived from freedom: 39% of the teenagers stopped studying at the 5th or 6th year of the grade school.

73. A closer look at the internment and semifreedom units. Report on the Resolution nº 67/2011, Brasilia, 2013.

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Chart 35. Last school year attended by the infractor teenager (%) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brazil, 2012 50 40 30 21

20 10

0 2nd year 3rd year Grade school

4th year

5th year

6th year

7th year

8th year

High School

No response

Source: National Council of Justice, 2012.

Also, according to the document, regarding the profiles of the teenagers, three fourths of the interns were user of illicit hallucinogenic drugs (75% of the authors of infractional acts). The lowest occurrence refers to the Northern Region, having 66.7% and the highest one occurs at the MidWest Region, showing 80.3%.

Chart 36. U se of hallucinogenic drugs by teenagers complying with socioeducational measures as per region (%) 100

6.3

1.1

0.0

13.4

27.6

33.3

0.5 22.1

0.0

0.9

30.3

24.3

70 60 No response

50 40

80.3

71.3

66.7

77.5

69.7

74.8

No Yes

20 10 0 Mid-West

Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Brazil

Source: National Council of Justice, 2012.

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As per the Report of Resolution 67/201173 of the CNMP, evaluations were performed regarding the compliance with the parameters of the Sinase. Their main aspects are: a) Observance of the allocation of 40 interns per unit: of the 287 units that were inspected, 175 did not comply with that requirement (61%). The worst evaluation corresponds to the Southeast Region (of 128 units, 113 are in non-compliance).

Table 36. Units that were inspected having occupation higher than 40 interns per unit Region

Inspected units

Mid-West Northeast North Southeast South Brazil

26 48 40 128 45 287

Units with capacity higher than 40 interns 11 24 11 113 16 175

Percentage 42.3 50 27.5 88.3 35.6 61

Source: Report on the Infanthood and the Youth – Resolution nº 67/2011: A more attentive look at the internment and semifreedom units for teenagers. Brasilia: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

b) Regionalization: another point, that was evaluated, was the incorporation of the teenagers to the units being closest to the residence of his/her parents or responsible persons. The result, that was seen, was that at 20% of the inspected units, most of the teenagers are not at the unit being closest to his/her family. It is possible to state that 4,546 teenagers, being deprived from their freedom, are located far from their family references.

Chart 37. C losest internment units to the dwellings of the parents/responsible persons(%) – Brazil, 2013 100 80

60 40

Yes

0 Mid-West

Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

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c) Room for the lactant women: the Sinase establishes that the internment units for female reception must have joint accommodation for babies and new-born babies, in order to assure the right to the exclusive lactant nursing along the minimum time as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (6 months). The scenery, that was surveyed, is critical: 88% of inspected units had no lodging for the mother and the new-born baby. The worst case was found out in the Mid-Western Region, where that room does not exist at any of the units. The best scenary was identified in the Southern Region, where 33.3% of the units have that accomodation.

Chart 38. R oom for staying the teenager with son/daughter (%), Brazil 2012 - 2013

100

9.6

1.8

80 60

Not informed 78.8

87.7

No Yes

20 0

11.5

10.5

2012

2013

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

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Chart 39. Room for staying the teenager with son/daughter. (%). Regions, 2013

100

7.1

80 60 40

66.7 100

85.7

91.7

92.9

20 0

Not informed 33.3

0 Mid-West

7.1

8.1

Northeast

North

Southeast

No Yes

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

d) S alubrity: the units with hygiene and maintenance, without adequate illumination and ventilation were considered as being insalubrious. The situation, that was found out, is also worrying. In the Northern, Northeastern and Mid-Western Regions, more than half of the units were considered as being insalubrious. In the Southern Region, 40% of them were also unhealthy; the scenery improved just in the Southeastern Region, where 77.5% of the units were acceptable. Of the units that were visited (287 units), 108 were considered as not being appropriate for the stay of the teenagers.

Chart 40. Salubrity at the internment units (%). Regions, 2013 100

80 60

28 Mid-West

6.7 40

77.5

40 20

2.3 20.2

Not informed 53.3

Yes Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

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e) Classrooms: it was verified the existence or not of equipped, illuminated and adequate classrooms, having library support74. The worst cases were found out in the Southeastern and Northern Regions, respectively, with 82.9% and 72.5% of the units being adequate. In the other regions, that percentage oscillated between 52% and 56%. The Report pointed out that 78 units have no adequate rooms. That is a very much challenging issue as the educational structure is the basic requirement for the effectiveness of the measure application

Chart 41. I nternment units having appropriate, equipped, illuminated classrooms, with library (%). Regions, 2013

100

5 22.5

2.4 14.7

6.7 40 Not informed

No 40

72.5 56

82.9

Yes 53.3

20 0 Mid-West

Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

f) Professionalization: the numbers, referred to the room utilized for the professional training of the interns, are very bad. In the Northern (37.5%), Northeastern (30%), Mid -West (40%) and Southern (35.6%) Regions not even half of the units provide adequate room for professional training, with the exception of the Southeastern Region, where 77.5% of the units have adequate rooms.

74. It was not verified if there were enough classrooms for all of the teenagers. Report of the Resolution n.ยบ 67/2011, National Council of the Public Prosecution Department.

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Chart 42. I nternment units that have equipped, illuminated and adequate professionalizing workshops (%). Regions, 2013 100

2.3

6.6

20.2

80 70

57.5

57.8

Not informed No

Yes

77.5

40 30 20

37.5

35.6

10 0 Mid-West

Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

g) Separation of the interns: the teenagers are not adequately separated (three separations stand out: convicted and non-convicted, as per age and according to the infraction type). The Southeastern Region is the one that shows the lowest percentage of non-adequacy: 45% of the visited units do not separate the provisional interns from the definitive ones. The indices are higher than 50% in the other regions: Northern Region, 55%, Southern Region, 55.6%, and the scenery becomes worst in the Northeastern Region (68%) and the Mid-Western Region (72%).

Chart 43. I nternment units that separate the convicted interns from the non-convicted ones (%). Regions, 2013 100 90

Yes

50 40 30 20

No 72

10 0 Mid-West Northeast North Southeast Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

South

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Regarding the separation as per the ages, the worst cases were found out in the Mid-West, South and Southeast regions: at the maximum, there is separation as per the ages at one fifth of the units. The Northeastern Region is the one that shows the best status, having 44%.

Chart 44. I nternment units that separate the interns as per ages (%). Regions, 2013

100 90

32.5

20.2

70 60 50 40

Yes 84

67.5

79.8

20 10 0 Mid-West

Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

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The last issue, that stands out, is the percentage of units that separate the teenagers as per the type of committed infraction. That is the datum that shows the most critical indicators. The MidWestern Region does not reach 10% of the units and the Northern Region has the best indicator with 32.5% (not representing even one third of the units).

Chart 45. Internment units that separate as per type of infraction (%). Regions, 2013

100

32.5

67.5

13.3

86.7

60 40

Yes

0 Mid-West

Northeast

North

Southeast

South

Source: National Council of the Public Prosecution Department, 2013.

The approval of the Sinase and the creation of the Pro-Sinase Program are advancements that were reached during this term of office, however, the articulation, among the Government fields of actions, must be prioritized for a better organicity of the System, having the enlargement of the Federal cooperation and financing to States and Municipalities. Another deficiency is the lack of an on-going training of the players involved in the Socioeducational System, what is essential in order to assure the transformation of the practices already crystalized that do not allow sending to the community the teenager, who was the author of the infractional act and who is in full condition of resocialization. During the Second Cycle of Regional Seminar of the City Mayor Friend of the Child Program, along the discussions with the representatives of the Municipalities about the Mapping of National Priorities and the data on the municipalization of the socioeducational care performed at external and the

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profile of the teenagers interned belonging to their Municipalities. They are not able to gather data about who and how many teenagers are being covered by internation measures (measures that are under the responsibility of the States); they get just the data referred to the teenagers that the Municipality will have to receive regarding the measures at external areas. In a general way, the conditions of infrastructure and salubrity are not taken care of and there are no minimum conditions for the socioeducational and professionalizing work, which are of the essence for the success in the implementation of the measures. The scenery has great challenges such us the full implementation of the Sinase in order to guarantee a new project of life to the teenagers who were the authors of the infractional act. It is also of the essence to rethink the planning of the social policies, facing the main problems in order to mitigate the vulnerability of the teenagers.

Sexual Violence against Children and Teenagers The “sexual violence” term was utilized on this Report according to the national and international consensuses and, mainly, the conceptual guidelines as adopted on the National Plan to Face the Sexual Violence of Children and Teenagers (PNEVSCA [Portuguese siglum]). Consequently, the sexual violence can be expressed as per two ways: sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, defined as every act, of any nature, that is offensive to the human right, to the sexual development of the child and the teenager, that is performed by an agent who is in an unequal status of power and sexual development as regards to the child and teenager victims. The PNEVSCA was approved in 2000, in the City of Natal (State of Rio Grande do Norte [Great Northern River]). It involved several institutions of the civil society and the public power, and it presented guidelines for facing by means of six axes: Analysis of the Situation, Mobilization and Articulation, Care, Prevention, Defense and Responsibilization, and Juvenile Protagonism75. The National Committee to Face the Sexual Violence Against Children and Teenagers was simultaneously organized for the monitoring of the PNEVSCA implementation. As from its organization date, the Committee has complied with the role of animating, monitoring and coordinating actions of mobilization and incidence for the implementation of the Plan. The Government created two stages to ensure the effectiveness of the PNEVSCA – one one side, the National Committee that monitors and coordinates annual actions of mobilization and articulation of the aforementioned Plan at the national level and, on the other side, the Program of Integrated and Referential Actions to Face the Infantile-Juvenile Sexual Violence in the Brazilian Territory (Pair [Portuguese siglum]), created in 2002. 75. “O Enfrentamento das Violações de Direitos contra Crianças e Adolescentes no Brasil” [Facing the violations of rights against Children and Teenagers in Brazil] by Dalka Chaves de Almeida Ferrari”

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The PAIR adopted a methodology that has the Municipality as the intervention basis and it is ruled as per the axes of the PNEVSCA. One of its main goals is the mobilization of the networks, having the purpose of integrating the set of the programs and the actions of the governments, internacional bodies and agencies, universities and the civil society in order that methodologies of local intervention are developed and applied. In 2003, the Intersectorial Commission to Face the Violence, the Abuse and the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Teenagers was organized, having the expectation to become a true national network for confrontation, and the Dial National Denunciation (Dial 100) to rece ive the denunciations. Another event, that contributed, was holding the Third World Congress to Face the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Teenagers, in 2008, in Rio de Janeiro (Capital City of Rio de Janeiro State), having the participation of 170 countries. The discussions pointed out the advancements and the challenges of the Public Policies for Confrontation. The PNEVSCA was broken down as per State and Municipal Plans and it was updated, in 2012, aiming at having more articulation and making it more agile regarding the procedures and a new National Plan was approved on May 15th, 2013.

In 2013, the Dial 100 received more than 31.725 denunciations of sexual violence against children and teenagers all over the country

The acknowledgement, by the Federal Act nº 9.970/2000, of May 18th as the National Day of Fight Against the Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children and Teenagers is annually marked by the Campaign titled “Do Well. Protect our Children and Teenagers”, articulated by the National Committee to Fight Against the Sexual Violence and Exploitation, having the support by the Secretariat of the Republic Presidency for Human Rights. The action has the participation of civil society organizations. Having the purpose of supporting this mobilization, the Fundação Abrinq performs flash-mob reproducing and distributing the material of the campaign, mobilizing associate social organization, media and social networks. The cases of violence are taken care of by means of the specialized care at the SUAS, performed by the Service of Protection and Specialized Care to Families and Individuals (PAEFI), offered at the CREAS. According to the SUAS Census of 2011 (considering the CREAS units that answered the Census, 95.4% provided care to cases of sexual abuse and 80.3% of social exploitation of children and teenagers. As the total, the follow-up of 49,068 children and teenagers having been victims of sexual abuse and 7,418 children and teenagers, who were victims of sexual exploitation, was performed.

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That is a very complex performance scenery that passes thru various cultural, economic and social issues. On the Reference Guide for the journalistic coverage titled Sexual Exploitation of Children and Teenagers (October 2013), the National Agency for the Rights of the Infanthood (ANDI) pointed out, among the possible causes for the perpetuation of the sexual violence, the poverty, the inequalities, the impunity, the male culture and the dimensions of sex, race and ethnics. “The culture of the impunity and the inefficiency of the public authorities to face the sexual violence open gaps for the activities of the exploiters, increasing the impotence sensation of the society and the families of the victimized persons. This factor is aggravated by the lack of exiting legislation. The male and authoritarian culture, that still prevails in the Brazilian society, generates inequalities in the male/female relations and it promotes an image of the woman as a mere sexual object, subjected to be bought or used.” During the 2011-2014 government, an important advancement was the hardening of the Act that start to classify as hideous the crime of favoring the sexual exploitation of the child or the teenager, Act n.º 12.978 of May 21st, 2014. The Government challenges are many, the ability of recording and the performance of the Municipalities is low and they need coordination and Federal co-financing to be leveraged. The main Federal Program to face the problem, the PAIR, has been implemented in a little more than 500 Municipalities or, that is to say, in just 10% of the country, after 13 years taking effect. The problem needs to be treated as an issue of public health, considering that the sexual violence generates consequences for the physical and emotional health of the victims, in addition to the risks linked to the consumption of hallucinogenic drugs, the non-wanted pregnancy and the sexually transmissible diseases. The Act still need to be effectively applied in order to restrain the practice and, particularly, to reduce the sensation of impunity.

Fight against the home violence Having the purpose of facing the home violence against children and teenagers, to comply with the recommedations byu the Committee of Children’s Human Rights (UNO) and to adopt the national rules to the Convention on the Right of the Child, President Dilma Rousseff promulgated the Act nº 13.010, of June 26th, 2014 (Menino Bernardo [Child Bernard] Act) that modifies the Act nº 9.394, of December 20th, 1996, in order to establish the right of the child and the teenager to be educated and taken care of, without the use of physical punishments or cruel and degrading treatment.

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The adaptation of the Brazilian legal structure is important considering that the data from the Dial Denunciation (Dial 100) point out that the four most recurring violence types against children and teenagers are: negligence, psychological violence, physical violence and sexual violence. Those violences mainly occur in the environments that should be focused on welcoming and protection, and, in most of the cases, the violators are persons who have the obligation of protecting and taking care of. A critical analysis of the data from the Dial 100, performed by the Do not Beat, Educate Network, points out that the use of the violence, as an educational-punitive practice, is still very much utilized and socially accepted. Physical and humiliating punishments against children and teenagers are customary practices in many societies and they are transmitted from generation to generation. Accepted as essential tools for the discipline, these punishments, that vary in the intensity, are still present in many homes and institutions. However, a direct consequence from the use of the physical punishment is the learning, on the side of the child and the teenager, that the violence is a plausible and acceptable way to solve conflicts and differences. and it contributes to perpetuate the violence in the family and the society. The recommendations, submitted to the UNO after the conclusion of the World-wide Report about the Violence, of 2011, coordinated by Professor Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, point out: “The best way, to treat the problem of the violence against the children, is preventing that it so happens. All of the people have a role to be performed in this cause, but the Governments must assume the main responsibility. It means forbidding all of the ways of violence against the children, wherever it occur and regardless who performs it, and investing in prevention programs to face the causes that are subjacent to the problem.” As regards to the Do not Beat Network, the Act nº 13.010/2014 is an affirmation of rights, a moral and ethic benchmark that aims at stopping a violent education, which generates individual and family conflicts and that has been perpetuated along generations. The Act established the development of public policies, campaigns of awareness, intersectorial actions, continuing education and the capacitation of the health care professionals, social educators and assistants, and the other agents who work in the promotion, the protection and the defense of the rights corresponding to the child and the teenager for the development of the necessary professional competences referred to the prevention, the identification of evidences and facing the problems. As from 2013, the SDH/PR and the National Council for the Rights of the Child and the Teenager (CONANDA) included, in the curriculum guidelines of the Counseling School Program, the prevention of the physical and humiliating punishments for children and teenagers, however, this efforts should not be the sole one in order to modify an issue still so much deep-rooted in the Brazilian culture.

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Chart 46. N umber of denunciations thru the “Dial 100” in 2013 as per type of violence (Child and Teenager Module)

13.973 31.725

Negligence 91.095

Psychological violence Physical violence

52.836

Sexual violence Others 62.501

Source:SDH,Dial: Human Rights(Dial 100), 2013.

Table 37. Proportion of the types of violences that were identified by the “Dial 100” in 2013 (Child and Teenager Module) Type of Violence Negligence Psychological violence Physical violence Sexual violence Others

% 73.47 50.40 42.63 25.71 11.27

Source: Secretariat of the Republic Presidency for the Human Rights(SDH) – General Measurement – please dial: 100 (2013).

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The inclusion of programs and actions, for prevention of the home violence against children and teenagers, can add potency to the prenatal public policies, to the strengthening of family and communitarian linkages, and to the campaigns of awareness, and they are very important for the mitigation of the problem. Another important approach of the administration, as per term of public policies, is by means of the education and the transmission of a culture of peace. According to the researcher and lawyer, Maria Letícia Puglisi Munhoz76: “The individual finds out in the culture the stimulus and the learning to develop himself as from the reflexion about the conflicts and the differences, or, on the other side, the encouragement and the apprenticement to unfold behaviors that perpetuate the violence. The education for the Culture of Peace provides the person the possibility of modifying his conduct even when the culture of the society where he lives induces him to reproduce violent reactions.” In accordance with Munhoz, the national and international discussions also point out the need to adequate the pedagogic contents and the approaches in order to promote experiences and reflexions that provide the change of behavio r and not only the substitution of the way of thinking. “That the person being educated can modify the reality where he lives, transforming conducts and conflicts in solutions for the healthy conviviality in the democracy and the diversity.” Consequently, it is salutary that the Federal Government implements educational policies addressed to the promotion of the culture of peace, having the purpose of mitigating the problem of the violence reproduction. The studies demonstrate that victimized children and teenagers tend to reproduce the posture of violence and, in order to break that cycle, the roles of the school and the public administration are of the essence for the promotion of a culture of peace.

76. Article: Família e Escola na Ação Educativa para a Paz [The family and the school in the educational action for the peace], in A Violência Doméstica e a Cultura de Paz [The home violence and the culture of peace], Grupo Editorial Nacional – GEN Publishing Company, 1st edition, Sao Paulo:Santos,2013.

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Budget IV - ANALYSIS OF THE BUDGET

100

IV - Analysis of the Budget

Management commitments The Budget, more than determining the amounts of the expenses, points out what, where and in what amounts the citizen and the society will receive goods and services from the Government as the retribution for the taxes paid. In addition to that, it informs to the population how the public money will be distributed and it demonstrates the commitment of the Brazilian Government to keep the fiscal discipline in its accounts along the incoming year. Due to that, it is an instrument so much important. The control of the budgetary performance comprises: I – the legalities from which result the collection of the revenue or the performance of the expenses, or the start and the extinction of rights and obligations; II – the functional fidelity of the Administration agents, being responsible for public assets and values; III – the compliance with the work program as expressed in monetary terms and in performance terms regarding works and rendering of services. The analysis of the Federal Public Budget is a follow-up axis of the President Friend of the Child Project in order to identify the budgetary utilization for children and teenagers, allowing the evaluate the amount of resources allocated to public policies for this group of the population. The appraisal of the public budget is a strategic subsidy that must be used to verify what is the importance, regarding a specific policy, program or service, given by the governmental management, being Federal, State or Municipal, working as an indispensable instrument for the analysis of the public policies. More than evaluating the Budget, the purpose of this Report is to indicate how the budgetary process is performed as from the scenery of the 2011-2014 governmental term of office that is presented for the analysis. It is necessary to point out the issues referred to the challenges that are imposed over President Dilma´s management as regards to the preparation of the Budget.

101

Having the purpose of demonstrating the utilization of the public resources as well as analyzing, in a synthetic way, the evolution of the federal budgetary expenses allocated in line with the signed commitments, a short contextualization of the budgetary analysis and the economic-fiscal scenery in the period was developed. The allocation of resources, as compared with the compliance with the established commitments, as per the view of the thematic accumulation of the Budget and Teenager Budget was subsequently analyzed, according to the criteria of the Federal Senate and in accordance with the concept of the BCT methodology77 utilized by the Fundação Abrinq. The data were got from the Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow up Specialist Brazil], the follow-up system of the Federal Government General Budget (OGU) made available by the Federal Senate. The data for November and December 2014 were qualitatively estimated as the average of the disbursed expenses, in order to have a complete view of the Government in the period. It is worth remembering that the inferences, made along the analysis being hereby presented, must be considered as being performance trends regarding the management of the promotion policies for the rights of the child and the teenagers, to be confirmed by specific analyses. In addition tot that, determining, for instance, relationships of causality, among the allocated resources and the social variables such us the elimination and/or the reduction of inequities as those ones involved in the Commitment Statement of the President Friend of the Child Project, is a big challenge. For sure, the various governmental agencies involved in order to reach the social and economic results, which have the detailed diagnosis of the problems and the possible alternatives, must present, with sound reasons, to the society their understanding about how relationships develop, what was not done, up to the present times.

Contextualization of the Budgetary Analysis In a concrete way, reaching those goals involves the implementation of a set of actions as from various bodies of the Federal Public Administration, such us the Ministries of Education, Health Care, Social Development, the Secretariat for Human Rights, among others, as the condition for their success. These actions, on their side, are compulsorily described and detailed, in an express or generic way, on the General Budget of the Federal Government (OGU). As per this perspective, the evolution of the performance regarding the budgetary expenses by the Federal Government becomes an important variable for the appraisal of the agreed upon commitments. 77. The Methodology of the Budget and Teenager Budget was developed by the Fundação Abrinq, in 2013, in association with the Institute of Socioeconomic Studies and the Fund of the United Nations for the Rights of the Infanthood (Unicef), having the purpose of segregating from the Public Budget the expenses that, directly or indirectly, are utilized for the infantile-juvenile population.

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102

On the Pluriannual Plan (PPA) that, in general terms, is the strategic guideline for the performance of the Federal Public Administration, the qualitative purposes, followed by the respective operational actions are described, as per the way required by the legislation, which are used to guide the activities of the various public agents and the achievement of the intended results from the public policies. For the 2012-2015 period, on the PPA, prepared and approved at the beginning of the governmental term of office, “child and teenager” have not even one issue included and the issue was treated as a “transversal priority” within the Budget.

Economic-Fiscal Scenery – Dilma Rousseff´s Term of Office The Dilma Government (2011-2014) inherited a scenery of deep social changes, with a significant reduction of the poverty levels in the country. In 2011, after a period of strong expansion of the economic activities, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew just 2.7%, as compared with rates higher than 5% in the immediately previous years, with the exception of 2009, the starting year of the crisis in Brazil. The overcoming referred to the effects of the crisis continued being supported on the expansion of the families´consumption. In a special way, the maintenance of the readjustment policy regarding the minimum salary, having direct gains in accordance with the growth of the GDP, made that is purchasing power recorded, along the decade, more than 80% of actual growth. Consequently, during the first term of office of President Dilma, the mass of salaries continued growing, assuring the income position achieved by various families in the preceding period. The composition of the Budgetary Revenue kept itself being essentially the same one as the previous period, although some taxes did no longer take effect or they were reduced. In 2014, the Total Federal Government Collections, including the Financial Income, reached BRL 2.193 trillion. As a result from the aforementioned partial social surcharges reductions, added to the scenery of gradatory unheating of the Brazilian economy, the Dilma Government suffered the deceleration of the rhythm of its primary collection in almost all of the sources of income, when we compared its performance with the continuing evolution of the collections as from the previous government. The performances of the Administered Collections and the Social Security Collections, along Dilma Rousseff´s term of office, were positive, but they were below the accumulated average of the two last governments. In a special way, the behavior of the Administered Collections was below the general average of the federal availabilities, showing an annual average increase of 2.2%, what indicates less favorable conditions for the promotion of public policies than those ones that prevailed during the previous period.

103

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In addition to the improvement of their profile for the benefit of the performance referred to the policies, the Federal budgetary expenses showed a lower growth during President Dilma´s management. In 2014, the estimate was that the accounts of the Federal Government could be closed, as per actual terms, close to the level of 2010. More than a result from an effort of fiscal discipline, as per macroeconomic terms, this status reflected the scenery of strong economic deceleration that jeopardized the tax collections, forcing to make adjustments. Anyway, the available data show a decrease, in the period, of the expenses referred to Personnel and Fringes, which tended, in 2014, to be equally close to the level of 2010. On their side, the investments, which refer to works and installations suffered a strong deceleration during the Dilma´s years, falling to almost one fifth as compared to the beginning of her term of office. In other words, the costs of President Dilma´s first term of office meant more maintenance expenses than the increase of new public units (hospitals, schools, etc.)

Functional Expenses of the Federal Government Budget as regards to the share Along President Dilma´s term of office, the trend, towards the increase of the share referred to the Social Development expenses, was consolidated. At the beginning of her government, they represented 13.31% of the expenses; this level was, for practical purposes, 50% higher than the one recorded at the beginning of the second Lula´s Government (9.93%). In 2013, it consumed 15.55% of the expenses, however, indicating a trend to the decleration in 2014 (13.65%). This performance mainly occurred due to the increase in the share of the Social Assistance and Labor functions, which respectively, from 2010 to 2014, from 2.6% to 2.92%, and from 2.08% to 3.21%. In the same way, in 2013, both reached higher levels (3.44% and 3.56%), before the stimulation of the effects referred to the economic deceleration. During President Dilma´s term of office, the expenses accumulated as Administration reduced their relative weight as compared to the total expenses. When she took over, the President allocated 5.7% of the available resources for this purpose and, at the end of her first term of office, 3.73%. The budgetary allocations for Urban Development (from 0.7% down to 0.21%) and Economic Development (from 3.62% to 1.42%) were also diminished in the period. On their side, the General Surcharges grew (from 55.2% up to 60.21%), due to the increase in the subfunction 847 - Transfers to Education, which showed actual growth of 4.93% per year as from the start of the transfers in 2007, when the FUNDEB was created by the Constitutional Amendment nº 53/2006 and regulated by the Provisional Measure nº 339/2006, converted to Act nº 11.494/2007. While the resources of the former Fundef were utilized only for the financing of the Grade School, the resources of the Fundeb aim at the basic education, which comprised the Infantile, Grade School and High School Teachings, being also utilized for the education of youngsters and adults.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

104

Budget for the Child and the Teenager as per the concept of the Federal Senate Every month, the Senate calculates the Federal Child Budget, which, in 2014, is composed of 15 programs, detailed, according to the currently-in-force programmatic structure, in 77 “initiatives” that are fronts of actions, and in 133 “budgetary plans” that configure the specific budgetary actions. This programmatic structure of the Federal Government General Budget (OGU) is taking effect as from 2013, aiming at providing executive detailing, not previously existing, taking into account the executive denominations of the services rendered and the investments made. As a matter of fact, in the period being hereby analyzed (2011 -2014), the calculation of the BCT/Senate faced two versions of the programmatic structure, what makes complex the surveys and the analyses; what was above described prevailed from 2008 to 2012. In addition to that, various programs and actions were created and extinguished. The programs and the respective amounts, that composed the BCT/Senate in 2011 and 2012, are detailed and shown on the Table 38, and those ones for 2013 and 2014, having another programmatic structure, are presented on the Table 39. In 2014, the BCT/Federal Senate reached BRL 99.47 billions, what corresponded to 4.1% of the Federal Government expenses and to 8.4% of the cumulative amount of the expenses involving personnel, investments and current expenses in general (Chart 47). At the beginning of President Dilma´s term of office, this share was, respectively, 3.6% and 6.5%. This performance was equivalent to a growth in the period, in the first case of around 14%, and in the second one of 29%, showing that the expenses for children and teenagers proportionally grew more than the increase of the expenses referred to the coverage of the public services and investments. The composition of the BCT/Senate shows itself, on its side, very much concentrated. At the beginning of President Dilma´s term of office, the programs addressed to transfers for the Education and the Family Subsidy jointly represented 66.1% of the BCT (Table 38). Adding the School Attended Brazil Program, this amount reached 92.5%. In 2014, the income transfers and the Education should reach 77% of the expenses disbursed for the benefit of the child and the teenager. Taking into account the Basic Grade School Program, the successor of the School Attended Brazil Program, the expenses should reach 97.2%, confirming the trend of the finalistic limitation. When we analyze the main actions, the concentration shows less intense as well as the purposes, pursued along the analyzed period, look stable (Tables 40 and 41). The expenses of the BCT/Senate in

105

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

the President Dilma Rousseff´s Government actually indicate a relevant change inits composition that was subsequently kept as such. During the second term of office of President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, the budgetary actions, involving transfers of income to the families in status of poverty and extreme poverty, were the main initiative for the promotion of the childhood and the adolescence, committing 49.71% of the expense. Regarding the year 2010, the transfers to the FUNDEB and their supplementary amounts represented 52.6% of the disbursements. In 2012, they reached to be 60% of the expenses. In 2014, even showing a reduction, the Education still was most of the BCT (50.13%), including the transfers of the partial share referred to the education-salary. The actions, corresponding to the support regarding the feeding at the schools and the management by means of the “Direct Money for School” program had a relevant role along the whole 2011-2014 term of office, respectively representing, at the end of that term of office, 3.95% and 2.55% of the disbursed total amounts.

Chart 47. S hare of the BCT/Senate in the Federal Budget 0.09 0.08

7.1%

7.3%

3.9%

8.2%

8.4%

4.7%

4.1%

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 2011

2012

2013

as compared to personnel+other expenses+investments

2014

as compared to the total

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The share of the BCT/Senate as compared to the Federal Budget represents 4.10% or, that is to day, for each 100 million Reals disbursed in Brazil, approximately 4 millions are utilized for children and teenagers

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

106

Table 38. Disbursed Expenses as per Program 2011 and 2012 Periods Programs 0903 – Special Operations: Constitutional Transfers and the ones resulting from specific legislation 2019 – Family Subsidy 2030 – Basic Education 2031 –Professional and Technological Education 2037–Strengthening of the Sole System for Social Assistance(SUAS) 2062 – Promotion of the Rights of Children and Teenagers 2015–Improvement of the Sole Health Care System(SUS) 2027 – Culture: Preservation, Promotion and Access 2035 –Sports and Great Sport Events 2065–Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Indigeneous People 2016 – Policies for the Women– Facing the Violence and Having Autonomy 1449 –Educational Statistics and Evaluations 2044 – Autonomy and Emancipation of Youth 2064 – Promotion and Defense of the Human Rights 1061–Brazil Having Attended School 1335 –Transfer of Income with Conditions – Family Subsidy 1448–Quality at the School 8034 – National Policy for Inclusion of Youngsters– ProJovem 0068 – Eradication of the Infantile Work 8028 –Educational Sport Initiation and Conviviality– Second Time 1067–Management of the Education Policy 1374–Development of the Special Education 0073 – Facing the Sexual Violence Against Children and Teenagers 0152 – National System for Socioeducational Care to the Teenager in Conflict with the Law – Pró-Sinase 1201 – Science, Technology and Innovation in the Health Care Complex 1312–Promotion of the Resolutive Ability and the Humanization in the Health Care 0670 – Protection for the Threatened Person 0153 – Sistem of Assurance of the Right of Children and Teenagers 0471 – Science, Technology and Innovation for Inclusion and Social Development 0155 –Management Policy for Human Rights 0638 –Professional Teaching at the Army 1141 – Live Culture– Art, Education and Citizenship 1377–Education for the Diversity and the Citizenship 0154– Guarantee and Access to Rights

107

In billions Reals 2011 2012

As per % 2011 2012

25.74 . . . . . . . . . . 0.40 . . 17.30 17.24 3.24 0.32 0.26 0.22 0.13 0.10 0.08

25.76 20.53 18.83 1.46 1.02 0.29 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.0003 0.00001 . . . . . . . . .

39.12 . . . . . . . . . . 0.72 . . 27.1 26.21 4.92 0.48 0.4 0.33 0.19 0.15 0.12

37.3 30.15 27.66 2.15 1.49 0.43 0.14 0.1 0.04 0.01 0.002 0.001 0.0004 0.00002 . . . . . . . . .

0.06

0.09

0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.004 0.004 0.000003

. . . . . . . . . .

0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0

. . . . . . . . . .

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Table 38. Continuation – Disbursed Expenses as per Program 2011 and 2012 Periods Programs 0073 – FightagainsttheSexualAbuseandExploitationofChildrenandTeenagers 0152 – Socioeducational Care of the Teenager being in Conflict with the Law 0153 – Promotion and Defense of the Rights referred to the Child and the Teenager 1060 – Alphabetized Brazil 1065 – Education in the First Infanthood 1072 –Valorization and Qualification of Professors and Education Workers 1329 – First Job 1287 – Rural Sanitation 1376 –Development of Grade School Teaching 1378 –Development of High School Teaching 8017 – Protection of the Adoption and Fight against the International Kidnapping

Total

In billion Reals 2011 2012

As per % 2011

2012

. . . . . . . . . . .

65.79

6.09

100

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/Federal Senate. 2011-2012/BCT/Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Table 39. Disbursed Expenses as per Program – Child and Teenager Budget – Federal Senate Concept In billion Reals 2011 2012

2011

2012

0903 – Special Operations:Constituticional Transfers and the ones resulting from Specific Legislation 2019 – Family Subsidy 2030 – Basic Education 2035 –Sports and Great Sport Events 2037 – Strengthening the Sole System for Social Assistance (SUAS) 2062 – Promotion of the Rights of Children and Teenagers 2015 – Improving the Sole Health Care System (SUS) 2027 – Culture: Preservation, Promotion and Access 2035 –Sports and Great Sport Events 2065 – Proteção e Promoção dos Direitos dos Povos Indígenas 2064 – Promotion and Defense of the Human Rights 2070 – Public Security with Citizenship 2071 – Labor, Employment and Income 2066 – Coordination of Policies for Prevention, Care and Social Reincorporation of Users of Crack, AlcoholandOtherHallucinogenicDrugs 2076 – Tourism 2066 – Agrarian Reform and Ordering of the Rural Land Structure

37.39 24.01 21.24 0.16 1.65 0.21 0.14 0.27 0.16 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.03

41.01 35.65 20.07 0.19 2.06 0.02 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02

43.86 28.16 24.92 0.19 1.94 0.24 0.16 0.32 . 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.03

41.23 35.84 20.17 0.19 2.07 0.02 0.17 0.16 . 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02

0.01

0 .

. .

0 0.02

. 0.01

Total

85.24

99.47

100

2013 and 2014 Periods Programs

As per %

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil/ Federal Senate, 2013- 2014.Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

108

Table 40. T en Major Budgetary Actions – Child and Teenager Budget – Federal Senate Concept– 2012 – Federal Senate – 2012

Order

Relative Share (%) Acumul. (%)

Actions

OC33–Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Basic Education and for Valorization of the Education Professionals (Fundeb)

37.83

8442 –Transfer of Income Directly to Families in Status of Extreme Poverty (Act n° 10.836 of 2004)

30.15

67.98

OE36–Complementation of the Federal Goverment to the Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Valorization referred to Education professionals (Fundeb)

12.17

80.15

8744– Support to the School Feeding in the Basic Education

4.86

85.01

0515 – Direct Money to the School for the Basic Education

2.99

88.00

20RP–Infrastructure for the Basic Education

2.03

90.03

20RW–Support to the Professional and Technological Education

1.74

91.78

2A60 – Services of Basic Social Protection

1.49

93.27

0509 – Support to the Development of the Basic Education

1.45

94.72

12KU– Implantation of Schools for Infantile Education

1.02

95.74

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista/Senado Federal 2012. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

Table 41. T en Major Budgetary Actions– Child and Teenager Budget – Federal Senate Concept– 2014 Order

Actions

Budgetary Plan

8442–Transferência de Renda Diretamente às Famílias em Condição of Poverty and Extreme Poverty(Actn° 10.836 of2004)

(%)

Accumul. (%)

0001 – Brazil without Misery

35,83

OC33–Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Basic Education and of Valorization of the Education Professionals

Not Informed

29,98

65,82

0369–Transferência da Cota - Parte do Salário - Education (Fundeb) (Lei No. 9.424 of 1996 – Section. 15)

Not Informed

11,25

77,06

OE36 – Complementation of the Federal Government to the Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Basic Education and of Valorization of the the Education Professionals (Fundeb)

0000 – Complementation of the Federal Government to the Fund and Maintenence

8,9

85,96

8744– Support to the School Feeding in the Basic Education

0000–Support to the School Feeding in the Basic Education (Pnae)

3,95

89,92

0515 – Direct Money to the School for the Basic Education

0002 – PDDE, Program of Direct Money to the School

2,55

92,47

2A60 – Services of Basic Social Protection

0001 – Brazil without Misery

1,48

93,95

20TR – Support to the Maintenance of the Infantile Education(MDS)

0001 - Brazil without Misery - Support to the Maintenance of the Infantile Education

1,06

0509 – Support to the Development of the Basic Education

0000 - Support to the Development of Basic

0,7

95,7

0969 – Support tot he School Transportation in the Basic Education

0000 - Amount not Detailed

0,57

96,27

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista/Senado Federal 2014. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

109

Relative Share

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Evolution of the Budget for the Child and the Teenager (BCT) according to the methodology as adopted by the Fundação Abrinq The calculation for the period being analyzed (2011-2014) was performed by means of the accumulation of the budgetary functions and subfunctions, considering all of the types of expenses. If, on one side, this methodology can indirectly result in a comprising consolidation of actions and expenses, which could marginally lead to the accumulation of purposes not exclusively for the benefit of the child and the teenager, on the other side, it provides, along the time, a comparison of the evolution referred to the expenses in a more consistent way, having a higher classificatory strictness. Consequently, in 2014, the implementation of the Budget for the Child and the Teenager involved the allocation of BRL 372.89 billions (Table 42). This amount represented 15.3% of the expenses disbursed in the year and 31.3% of the sum corresponding to the resources for personnel, investments and current expenses (Chart 48). During the Dilma Government, such relative weight of the BCT, as compared with the total amount of the disbursements by the Federal Government, kept itself relatively stable in the first three years, in the range of 15.9%, showing a jump, in 2013, to 17.9%, what nevertheless did not sustain in the subsequent year due to the persistence of the economic deceleration. Within the reach of the current expenses plus the investment, during the term of office, the BCT showed a consistent growth, increasing its relative share from 28.7%, in 2010, up to the above mentioned level of 31.3% in the last year, pointing out that, taking into account the restrictions of the period, it was given priority to actions that benefit the children and their families within the range of the availabilities for rendering services and making public investments. The Budget for the Child and the Teenager changed the composition of its purposes as from the second term of office of President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva. In 2007, the Axis 1 – Promoting Healthy Lives, combined with the Axis 4 – Fighting the HIV/Aids, corresponded to 46.5% of the allocations involving the performance of the BCT as per the methodology of the Fundação Abrinq, followed by the Axis 3 – Protection against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence, reaching 38.6% (Table 43). In 2014, these positions were inverted with the Social Protection, and they started representing most of the expenses (40.6%), and Health Care was responsible for the lowest partial amount (29.2%). In fact, as it was pointed out above, the Axis 2 – Providing Quality Education was already the main disbursement in the first year of President Dilma´s term of office (36.5%), what was kept up to 2013, when the function 11 - Work started, just by itself, to be equivalent to 22.5% of the whole BCT/ Fundação Abrinq.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

110

The actual average annual growth of the BCT, during the Dilma Government, was 6.54% per year. Although it is important, it is lower than the cumulative one, as an average, from 2007 thru 2014 (11.52%). In the years governed by the President, the expenses in the Education axis, upon discounting the inflation, showed the worst performance, with the growth of just 1.6% per year. On the other side, the expenses in the subfunction 365 - Infantile Education showed the significant actual rate of 33.9% of annual growth. Viewing the allocations to the subfunction 243 – Assistance to the Child and the Teenager, they annually decreased, as an average, 63.6%, what, considering the imponderability of the fact, without a visible corresponding descontinuance of services and/or programs, suggests changes in the classification of the expense as well as in the case of the equally declining performance of the resources allocated to the subfunction 366 – Education of Young People and Adults (minus 38.68% per year) and the function 17– Sanitation (minus 27.54% per year).

Chart 48. S hare of the BCT/ Fundação Abrinq in the Federal Budget

0.35 0.3 0.25

28.7%

29.3%

31.2%

31.3%

0.2 0.15

15.9%

17.9% 15.3%

0.1 0.05 0 2011

2012

2013

As compared to personnel+other expenses+investments

2014 As compared with the total

Source: “Siga Brasil Especialista” [Follow the Brazil Specialist] /Federal Senatel. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq.

The share of the BCT/Fundação Abrinq as compared with the Federal Budget represents 15.3% or, that is to say, for each 100 millions of Reals disbursed in Brazil, approximately 15 millions are allocated to children and teenagers

111

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Table 42. Net expenses of the Child and Teenager Budget – Federal Government, 2011-2014 Axes/Function and Subfunction 1 – Promoting Healthy Lives / 4 – Fighting the HIV/Aids 10 – Health Care 10 – Health Care 301 – Basic Care 302 – Hospital and Infirmary Room Assistance 303 – Prophylactic and Therapeutic Support 304 –Sanitary Surveillance 305 – Epidemiologic Surveillance 306 – Feeding and Nourishment 17 – Sanitation 2 – Quality Education 12 – Education (3) 361 – Grade School 362 – High School 363 – Professional Teaching 365 – Infantile Education 366 – Education of Youngsters and Adultss 367 – Special Education 368 – Basic Education Others 847 – Transfer to Grade School Education 13 – Culture 27 – Sports and Leisure 3 – Protection against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence 08 – Social Assistance (4) 242 – Assistance to the Carrier of Disablement 243 – Assistance to the Child and the Teenager 244 – Communitarian Assistance Others 11 – Labor 14 – Rights of the Citizenship Total

2011

In Thousand Reals 2012 2013

2014

73,894.50 72,358.00 77,911.70 93,055.20 72,241.40 71,617.40 77,282.30 92,454.20 14,837.10 15,200.90 18,311.90 23,849.10 41,011.70 40,906.60 41,175.10 51,165.60 7,035.40 7,258.60 8,674.50 9,791.90 309.40 257.90 248.60 280.30 3,362.00 2,926.80 3,491.50 3,665.10 7,343.80 7,888.00 8,618.10 4,588.60 n/d n/d n/d n/d 1,653.00 740.60 629.50 601.00 108,753.30 104,806.80 118,624.40 133,306.50 58,453.90 57,602.30 68,361.10 77,465.60 608.6 3.8 . . 1,036.50 3.7 . . 5,486.50 5,872.30 8,252.60 10,495.80 1,208.10 1,129.60 1,284.70 1,193.30 1,311.10 680.90 332.00 303.80 88.90 0.00 . . . 4,899.80 5,056.80 4,824.70 48,714.10 45,012.20 53,435.10 60,648.00 47,732.50 45,951.70 48,967.40 54,217.30 1,414.10 875.60 895.90 845.80 1,152.80 377.20 400.00 777.90 83,428.10 97,505.50 127,452.80 146,528.60 45,570.90 55,327.20 62,290.30 69,512.30 13,579.80 16,008.20 17,888.90 20,975.30 745.50 294.20 201.50 19.10 19,053.50 23,664.70 28,371.40 31,928.80 33,378.80 39,967.00 46,461.80 52,923.20 36,449.40 41,553.80 64,458.10 76,311.70 1,407.80 624.50 704.40 704.70 266,075.80 274,670.30 323,988.90 372,890.30

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Notes: (1) Amounts estimated for Nov.- Dec.2014. (2) Values adjusted as from the total of the function disregarding crossed subfunctions. (3) Excluded 364 – University Teaching. (4) Excluded 240 – Assistance to the Aged Person.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

112

Table 43. Net expenses of the Child and Teenager Budget – Federal Government, 2011-2014 Axes/Function and Subfunction 1 – Promoting Healthy Lives / 4 – Fighting the HIV/Aids 10 – Health Care 301 –Basic Care 302 – Hospital and Infirmary Room Assistance 303 – Prophylactic and Therapeutic Support 304 –Sanitary Surveillance 305 –Epidemiologic Surveillance 306 – Feeding and Nourishment Others (2) 17 – Sanitation 2 – Quality Education 12 – Education (3) 361 – Grade School 362 – High School 363 – Professional Teaching 365 – Infantile Education 366–Education of Youngsters and Adults 367 – Special Education 368 – BasicEducation Others 847 –Transfer to Grade School Education 13 – Culture 27 – Sports and Leisure 3 – Protection against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence 08 – Social Assistance (4) 242 – Assistance to the Carrier of Disablement 243–Assistance to the Child and the Teenager 244 – Communitarian Assistance Others 11 – Labor 14 – Rights of the Citizenship Total

2011

As per % 2012 2013

31.77 31.06 6.38 17.63 3.02 0.13 1.45 3.16 . 0.71 37.32 15.70 0.26 0.45 2.36 0.52 0.56 0.04 . 11.51 20.52 0.61 0.50 30.91 14.63 5.84 0.32 8.19 14.35 15.67 0.61 100.00

29.88 29.58 6.28 16.89 3.00 0.11 1.21 3.26 . 0.31 35.76 16.27 0 0 2.43 0.47 0.28 0.00 2.02 11.07 18.98 0.36 0.16 34.36 16.94 6.61 0.12 9.77 16.51 17.16 0.26 100.00

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/ Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Note: (*) IPCA Inflation Index, Base 100 = 2014. (1) Estimated values for Nov.-Dec. 2014. (2) Values adjusted as from the total of the function disregarding crossed subfunctions. (3) Excluded 364 – University Teaching. (4) Excluded 240 – Assistance to the Aged Person.

113

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

27.26 27.04 6.41 14.41 3.04 0.09 1.22 3.02 . 0.22 33.68 16.10 . . 2.89 0.45 0.12 . 1.77 10.87 17.13 0.31 0.14 39.05 16.25 6.26 0.07 9.93 16.26 22.55 0.25 100.00

2014 (1) 29.21 29.02 6.91 14.82 2.84 0.08 1.06 1.33 1.98 0.19 30.21 16.61 . . 3.04 0.35 0.09 . 1.40 11.74 13.09 0.27 0.24 40.58 16.41 6.08 0.01 9.25 15.33 23.95 0.22 100.00

Table 44. Actual growth of the expenses disbursed from the Child and Teenager Budget Base 100:2010 Axes/Function and Subfunction 1 – Promoting Healthy Lives / 4 – Fighting the HIV/Aids 10 – Health Care 301 –Basic Care 302 – Hospital and Infirmary Room Assistance 303 – Prophylactic and Therapeutic Support 304 –Sanitary Surveillance 305 –Epidemiologic Surveillance 306 – Feeding and Nourishment Others (2) 17 – Sanitation 2 – Quality Education 12 – Education (3) 361 – Grade School 362 – High School 363 – Professional Teaching 365 – Infantile Education 366–Education of Youngsters and Adults 367 – Special Education 368 – BasicEducation Others 847 –Transfer to Grade School Education 13 – Culture 27 – Sports and Leisure 3 – Protection against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence 08 – Social Assistance (4) 242 – Assistance to the Carrier of Disablement 243–Assistance to the Child and the Teenager 244 – Communitarian Assistance Others 11 – Labor 14 – Rights of the Citizenship TOTAL

2011

2012

2013

2014

109.06 109.63 116.01 109.03 108.85 102.94 105.42 98.18 . 88.93 112.70 113.56 56.78 79.81 139.03 413.52 77.51 69.78 . 112.85 112.84 95.86 104.45 108.83 111.17 107.40 86.98 113.24 110.07 108.83 72.20 110.32

100.90 102.69 112.30 102.75 106.11 81.09 86.71 99.64 . 37.65 106.20 115.72 0.33 0.27 140.60 365.31 38.03 0.01 100.00 106.69 102.64 56.08 32.29 118.98 126.56 119.62 32.43 132.89 124.52 117.22 30.26 108.50

102.58 104.63 127.73 97.66 119.73 73.79 97.67 102.79 . 30.21 111.48 127.61 0 0 186.57 392.27 17.51 0 157.90 116.82 103.27 54.18 32.34 150.73 135.34 126.22 20.97 150.43 136.68 171.69 32.23 120.92

117.12 119.65 146.80 107.08 119.26 73.41 90.47 48.29 . 27.57 106.56 140.37 0 0 209.37 321.53 14.14 0 97.44 134.44 84.08 48.89 60.11 166.91 145.61 130.59 1.75 149.38 137.38 194.30 30.82 128.86

Average Average Annual AnnualGrowth Growth 2010-2014 (%) 2007-2014 (%)

4.03 4.59 10.07 1.73 4.50 -7.44 -247.00 -16.64 . -27.54 1.60 8.85 . . 20.29 33.91 -38.68 . . 7.68 -4.24 -16.38 -11.95 13.66 9.85 6.90 -63.61 10.55 8.26 18.06 -25.49 6.54

4.35 4.75 7.89 4.11 5.29 -4.81 1.48 -3.11 . -17.30 23.41 15.84 . . 25.21 18.55 -2.36 . . 19.32 . -3.77 -13.03 12.30 9.82 8.82 -41.12 42.82 19.71 14.90 -9.18 11.52

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Note: (*) IPCA Inflation Index, Base 100 = 2014. (1) Estimated values for Nov.-Dec. 2014. (2) Adjusted values as from the total of the function disregarding crossed subfunctions. (3) Excluded 364 – University Teaching. (4) Excluded 240 – Assistance to the Aged Person.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

114

Level of budgetary performance of the Budget for the Child and the Teenager - BCT The degree of the budgetary performance refers to the comparison of the disbursed expenses with the initial allocations. Its purpose is to indicate to negative or positive trend of the execut ive planning regarding the programs/actions, taking into account that the budget is a pact about performances and that the differences, between the initial scheduling and the final allocation, represent clues of allocative dispute, non-planned management or even problems for the implementation of the actions. As a general criterion, variations up to 8.6% are considered tolerable, what corresponds to the expense corresponding to one month (twelfth), although variations over or under 4% deserve to be analyzed as the existence of a relevant political-managerial event. Actions, with performance over 100%, reflect the incurrence of expenses that were not initially planned as they configure the lack of advance forecasting of credits, while those expenses, with performance level below 75%, point out the non-confirmation of the expense authorization being linearly equivalent to more than three months. As a rule, the analysis of the performance level is done around the budgetary action, considering that the allocative decisions are processed as per that dimension. On that Report, the BCT/Senate was appropriately calculated having the detailing of the actions. In the case of the BCT, the data gatherings and the accumulations were done around budgetary functions and subfunctions, which do not identify specific programs and actions. In this sense, the performance level, that was calculated, must be interpreted as a general allocative trend of resources as per axes/areas, instead of the effective indicator regarding the managerial commitment. According to the concept of the BCT/Senate, for practical purposes, in all of the years that were analyzed, the inadequate performance of the budgetary actions prevailed or the performance result was lower than 75% as compared with the allocations that were originally schedules (Table 45). At the beginning of President DilmaÂ´s term of office, 41.9% of the actions were managed as per this condition, reaching 67.2% in 2012. In 2014, 94% of the actions were in that status, which means the existence of some restrictions, being of administrative, legal or political preventing nature in order to achieve the full disbursement for the expenses. However, a a significant partial amount, more than one third of the actions, along the two first years of the term of office, showed adequate performance (from 83.3% to 100%), pointing out that, as a sequence, when the performance level goes down, it is confirmed the prevalence of the effects referred to the economic crisis of the period over the management of the public policies. As from the concept of the Budget for the Child and the Teenager, we see that, as per terms of functional

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purposes, the stable budgetary performance prevailed, although the inadequate performance was equally important as from the second year of the Dilma Government (Table 46). However, in 2012, 46.9% of the actions were appropriately managed as from the standpoint of their scheduling. The executive behavior, of the main actions of the BCT, shows that they can be classified in the context of the adequate performance (Table 47). The function 10 - Health Care was precisely performed from 2010 to 2014 according to what was planned, having some variations in the years that were analyzed. The same occurred in the period as regards to the functions 12 - Education and 08 - Social Assistance, while the function 11 - Work showed tension in the planning, having the need of additions in the two last years, probably due to the conjunctural demands resulting from anticyclical policies78. Consequently, the trend of President Dilma´s first term of office was to restrict expenses and investments in all of the areas, inclusively child and teenager. In other words, the expenses and the investments for policies focused on the child and the teenager suffered the effects of the crises and underwent thru budgetary reductions, not complying with the two commitments assumed about the Project.

Table 45. Synthesis of the budgetary performance level regarding the disbursed programs and actions of the Child Budget/Federal Senate as per risk band – 2011/2014 (A) Stable management >83.33 and <100

(B) Management underrisk >75.0 and < 83.3

(D) Stable management with tension in the planning >100 and <108.3

(E) Non-planned management >108.33

TOTAL

Quantity

132 actions and programs

(%)

33.3

8.3

37.9

8.3

12.1

100

Quantity

67 actions and programs

(%)

22.4

4.5

67.2

1.5

4.5

100

Quantity

127

172 actions and programs

(%)

14.0

5.2

73.8

1.7

5.2

100

Quantity

149

162 actions and programs

(%)

3.1

92.0

1.9

100

Bands

2011

2012

2013

2014 (1)

Source: “Siga Brasil Especialista” [Follow Specialist Brazil]/Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Note: (1) Estimated amounts for Nov-Dec, 2014.

78. Set of governmental actions addressed to prevent/minimize the effects of the economic cycle.

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Table 46. Synthesis of the budgetary performance level of the disbursed expenses as per functions and subfunctions of the Budget – 2011/2014

(B) Management underrisk >75.0 and < 83.3

Quantity

(%)

6.3

31.3

100

Quantity

(%)

46.9

12.5

37.5

3.1

100

Quantity

(%)

39.3

10.7

32.1

17.9

100

Quantity

(%)

38.7

3.2

25.8

16.1

100

Bands

2011 2012 2013 2014 (1)

(D) Stable ma(E) Non(C) Improper nagement with -planned management tension in the management < 75.00 planning >100 >108.33 and <108.3

(A) Stable management >83.33 and <100

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/ Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Note: (1) Estimated values for Nov.-Dec. 2014.

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TOTAL

Table 47. Performance level of the budgetary expenses disbursed from the Child/Teenager Budget as per Axis/Function/Subfunction (1) – Federal Government 2011-2014 Axes/Function and Subfunction 1 – Promoting Healthy Lives / 4 – Fighting the HIV/Aids 10 – Health Care 301 –Basic Care 302 – Hospital and Infirmary Room Assistance 303 – Prophylactic and Therapeutic Support 304 –Sanitary Surveillance 305 –Epidemiologic Surveillance 306 – Feeding and Nourishment Others (2) 17 – Sanitation 2 – Quality Education 12 – Education (3) 361 – Grade School 362 – High School 363 – Professional Teaching 365 – Infantile Education 366–Education of Youngsters and Adults 367 – Special Education 368 – BasicEducation Others 847 –Transfer to Grade School Education 13 – Culture 27 – Sports and Leisure 3 – Protection against Abuse, Exploitation and Violence 08 – Social Assistance (4) 242 – Assistance to the Carrier of Disablement 243–Assistance to the Child and the Teenager 244 – Communitarian Assistance Others 11 – Labor 14 – Rights of the Citizenship TOTAL

2011

As per % 2012 2013

101.01 101.22 105.22 100.89 109.63 94.28 101.58 100.97 . 92.55 98.52 98.37 150.78 91.81 116.42 102.74 83.39 44.29 . 95.88 101.82 82.42 47.93 111.25 112.83 101.56 93.52 116.02 109.11 111.56 78.83 102.97

81.76 83.83 81.33 87.87 85.75 74.67 73.43 93.51 . 24.11 82.51 83.88 91.91 72.3 75.99 47.33 48.53 1.44 68.07 94.92 86.00 44.23 14.67 97.39 99.07 98.47 62.83 98.20 97.90 97.94 39.12 86.83

81.76 83.73 82.06 85.24 88.84 67.22 76.27 93.53 . 17.03 84.27 90.57 . . 91.23 40.53 26.75 . 61.71 106.64 86.65 25.05 11.94 102.73 98.81 97.24 36.77 106.02 101.65 107.85 37.78 89.63

2014 (1) 91.71 94.31 92.44 104.13 89.25 75.57 85.62 92.55 -35.21 17.54 88.34 90.71 . . 94.90 27.65 37.80 . 57.4 108.12 91.15 28.07 34.90 108.84 98.18 105.49 11.69 105.98 105.48 119.54 38.01 96.43

Source: Siga Brasil Especialista [Follow Specialist Brazil]/Federal Senate. Elaboration: Fundação Abrinq. Note: (1) Values estimated for Nov. - Dec. 2014.

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Attachment 1 – Term of Commitment

THE PRESIDENT IS A FRIEND OF THE CHILD “I, the signatory here below, if I am elected commit myself to give priority to the child and the teenagers in the development of public policies in my government, according to what is established on the Constitution and by the commitments assumed by Brazil at the United Nations Organization, in May 2002, and what is described on the Commitment Declaration titled ‘The President is a Friend of the Child’ ”.

BRAZIL FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF THE CHILDRENÂ´S RIGHTS Approved by the United Nations on November 20th, 1959. All of the children have the right to: 1 The equality, without discrimination about race, religion or nationality. 2 The special protection for their physical, mental and social development. 3 A name and a nationality. 4 The appropriate feeding, dwelling place and medical care. 5 The education and the special care for the physically or mentally disabled child. 6 The love and the understanding on the side of the parents and the society. 7 The free-of-charge education and the infantile leisure time. 8 To be protected, as a top priority, in the case of catastrophes. 9 To be protected against the abandonment and the exploitation in the work. 10 To grow within a spirit of solidarity, understanding, friendship and justice among the nations. The CHARTER FOR THE CHILD AND THE TEENAGER started taking effect as from October 12th, 1990; it is the historical benchmark, in Brazil, regarding the guarantee of the Children and TeenagersÂ´ Rights.

Prepared by Raquel Altman

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