25 years working for peace

25 YEARS WORKING FOR PEACE 1983 - 2008

25 YEARS WORKING FOR PEACE

1983 - 2008

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

1. INTRODUCTION

Many things have happened over the last twenty-five years. In Spain, the suppression of mandatory army conscription. Worldwide, the prohibition of landmines and cluster bombs, thanks to civilian initiatives. The mobilisation of millions of citizens against war, with Catalonia playing a key role. The Catalan parliament passing the Llei del Foment de la Pau and Llei de l’ICIP (creating the Institut Català Internacional per la Pau).

The progressive demand by society for control of the arms trade. The creation of the International Criminal Court... And the Fundació per la Pau has played a part, in many different ways, in all these processes, in a lot of cases by amplifying the voice of many citizens.

If our sense of realism tells us that violence still persists, then we must also recognise the appearance of new effective social dynamics, inspired by nonviolence, cooperation, dialogue and citizen involvement. The culture of peace, based on nonviolence, dialogue and cooperation, stands as a necessary alternative. But we would be dreamers if we thought that weak, intermittent pressure would immediately bring the necessary changes. More time and commitment are required.

When celebrating our group’s 25 years, we must ask ourselves what exactly we are commemorating, if there is still so much violence. And the response is that we are celebrating the steadfastness that underlies our unceasing work; the achievement of results that show how important and forceful public opinion can be when it is organised. We also celebrate our devotion to an initial idea and an approach whose undeniable feature is independence, but an independence that is neither neutral nor sits on the fence. Finally, we are celebrating a belief: people build peace.

This book aims to be a modest testimony to the work carried out by the Foundation during this quarter century, but we could not have done this work in isolation, unaware of the events shaping the political and social context at any particular time. Events that,

in many cases, have inspired, motivated and mobilised the actions and decisions of the Fundació per la Pau. All the Foundation’s actions have also been motivated by a purpose defined as unique in its founding text: to collaborate in creating and helping to emerge public opinion that is articulate, informed and active, and that applies democratic pressure in favour of peace.

We think we have remained faithful to this initial definition. From our position of political independence, which has nothing to do with an aseptic fence-sitting position, we have worked to spread the values of the culture of peace and disseminate our concepts and new analyses to help people understand the real situation. And we have done so both due to the need for intellectual rigor as well as our wish to mobilise public opinion; hence our insistence on campaign work. Public opinion is probably the most decisive factor in bringing about the necessary changes required in order to gradually establish a culture of peace.

The work we have been called upon to do has also enabled us to be involved in an international network of groups that work for the culture of peace. We have gathered together international initiatives and have passed them on to our own citizens, but our efforts have also made the opposite journey.

Twenty-five years ago, a good number of citizens responded to a call that still continues today. A call to work together to introduce a new culture: a culture of peace. We propose direct accountability for each citizen and offer the Fundació per la Pau as a channel and instrument of the democratic pressure that, together, we can all apply.

Many thanks to everyone for your unconditional support!

Alfons Banda President of the Fundació per la Pau 5

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

2. CHRONICLE OF A QUARTER OF A CENTURY In this chronicle we remember some of the most relevant historical developments in conflicts and peace that have characterised the last quarter of a century in the history of humanity.

Year

Historical developments

1983

The same year in which the Fundació per la Pau (Foundation for Peace) was born, the North American president Ronald Reagan launched his Strategic Defense Initiative, popularly known as ‘Star Wars’. That year, Reagan denounced the Soviet Union as “an evil empire” and encouraged a policy of military intervention to wipe out Marxist regimes in Third World countries.

In retaliation to Reagan’s threats, the Soviet Union also announced the installation of new missiles.

1984

This was the year in which the United Kingdom withdrew from UNESCO because of disagreements over the organisation’s objective, mainly because of the MacBride report “Many Voices, One World”. The US also announced its decision to leave, as did Singapore. The United Kingdom rejoined the organisation in 1997, the US in 2003 and Singapore in 2007.

Nobel Peace Price Lech Walesa Polish politician, founder of Solidarity and President of Poland between 1990 and 1995. He campaigned in favour of human rights during the pro-Soviet regime.

Desmond Tutu Bishop of South Africa. For his work against apartheid.

After much debate, on 28 December, on the Día de los Inocentes (Spain’s equivalent to April Fool’s Day), the Official State Gazette published a law regulating the right to conscientious objection to military service in Spain. However, because of the restrictions this imposed on the right to object, the Ombudsman appealed against it on constitutional grounds.

At the end of 1987, the Constitutional Tribunal fully validated the law.

The Soviet Union, at the height of the arms race, deployed SS-20 missiles in Eastern Germany.

In Catalonia, the first year of the International University for Peace at Sant Cugat del Vallès was celebrated.

1985

Mikhail Gorbachev became president of the Soviet Union and his Perestroika policy made Reagan reconsider his foreign policy. The United States and Soviet Union resumed talks and negotiations on nuclear and space disarmament after four years of Cold War.

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War An international medical organisation founded in 1980 by Russian and American doctors.

For the prevention of nuclear war and armed conflict..

1986

Declared International Year of Peace by the United Nations.

Elie Wiesel North American writer from Romania, who survived the Nazi concentration camps. For stories of her personal experience and her work for the peace cause.

Switzerland’s Prime Minister, Olof Palme, was assassinated while out walking with his wife. Palme was a strong defender of pacifism and worked to improve the tension between the two blocs.

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Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

Nobel Peace Price

In Chernobyl (Ukraine), the worst nuclear accident in history occurred.

Radioactive rain fell as far away as the Unites States, United Kingdom and Scandinavia.

The Palestine leader Arafat accepted the United Nations’ 242 resolution, which recognised the existence of the state of Israel.

The Spanish government called a referendum on 12 March on whether the country should remain in NATO. This proved to be a controversial referendum because, just after coming into government, the Spanish Socialist party, led by Felipe González, had campaigned against the country’s membership. Around 52.5% of voters voted “yes” as opposed to 39.8% who voted against it. The “no” vote triumphed in Catalonia, Navarra, the Basque Country and the Canary Islands.

In the Basque Country, the “Gesto por la Paz” coordinating group was created, bringing together different hitherto silent initiatives and groups that were finding their voice and becoming organised to reject violence.

1987

On 19 July, one of the worst ETA terrorist attacks took place at the Hipercor supermarket in Barcelona: 21 people died and more than 45 were injured.

On 9 December, the first Intifada broke out on the West Bank and in Gaza against the Israeli occupation.

Also in December, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF). For the first time in history, an agreement was reached to reduce the superpowers’ nuclear arsenals.

Óscar Arias Sánchez Lawyer, philosopher, businessman and politician, and president of Costa Rica at the time, a position he occupied from 1986 to 1990. For his contribution to peace negotiations in Central America.

Federico Mayor Zaragoza was chosen as Director General of UNESCO, where he strongly encouraged a culture of peace.

1988

On 15 January, Seán MacBride died in Dublin. Journalist, lawyer and politician, co-founder of Amnesty International, president of the International Peace Bureau (1974–1985) and Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1974.

In March, an agreement was signed in Sapoa, Nicaragua. This was a ceasefire between the Sandinista government and the opposition and various programmes were presented on how to achieve peace in the country.

In July of the same year, Iraq and Iran also signed a peace treaty after eight years of an intense war that, using weapons from several western countries, caused the death of more than a million persons.

In August, the Burmese activist and pacifist Aung San Suu Kyi held her first demonstration for democracy in Burma. Unfortunately, in September, a coup d’état occurred and the military dictatorship came into power that is still controlling the country now.

8

United Nations Peace Corps Better known as the Blue Berets.

For their participation in peace missions in numerous conflicts since 1956.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

Nobel Peace Price

On 15 December, the United Nations recognised the state of Palestine.

This same year, a group of Israeli women organised a silent protest against the occupation of Palestine. From this point on, the demonstrations continued, giving rise to the feminist and pacifist movement known as “Women in Black”, later on becoming very active in the Balkan conflict.

1989

In Spain, ETA declared its first unilateral truce and announced the beginning of rounds of negotiations with the Spanish government in Algiers. Thus the “Algiers Conversations” were born.

On 4 June in China, various pro-democracy demonstrations, led by students, were violently quashed by the Chinese army in Tiananmen Square.

Nearly five thousand people died and two million were injured. This put an end to the popular uprisings that had started on 15 April.

The fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso Religious and political leader of Tibet. For his constant resistance to the use of violence in his people’s fight to regain their freedom.

On 9 November, the Berlin Wall, symbol of the Cold War, fell.

On 16 November, armed forces in El Salvador assassinated six Jesuit priests and two workers at their residence at the Central American University of San Salvador. Amongst those assassinated were the president of UCA, Ignacio Ellacuría, and the director of Human Rights at the university, Segundo Montes.

The MOC (Moviment per l’Objecció de Consciència) and other collectives launched strategies against the mandatory social service that young men had to do if they refused to do military service in Spain. At the end of the year, the first courts martial were held and prison sentences were given out to protesters.

1990

On 11 February, the South African leader Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years in captivity. A few days later, for the first time in 30 years, a general assembly of Nelson Mandela’s African National Congress (ANC) took place.

In August, the crisis between Iraq and Kuwait escalated when the Iraqi army rapidly invaded the emirate, in the face of little resistance.

Mikhail Gorbachev President of the Soviet Union from 1989 until 1991. For his important role in the process that ended the Cold War.

On 21 November, at the OSCE summit in Paris, the Cold War officially ended.

1991

The Golf War started in January when a coalition of forces led by the US army confronted Iraq. The intense allied attacks forced Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait and the war ended on 28 February when Iraq surrendered.

Thousands of citizens around the world demonstrated against this war.

Also, in Barcelona, the Diari de la Pau (Diary of Peace) was created, an initiative led by a group of journalists to denounce the war.

The United Nations voted unanimously to condemn Israel’s treatment of Palestinians in the country. At the end of October, a Middle East Peace Conference took place in Madrid.

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Aung San Suu Ky Activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma. For her nonviolent defence of democracy and human rights.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

Nobel Peace Price

On 1 July, the Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved.

During this year, the Baltic republics and various Soviet countries in Eastern Europe gained their independence from the former USSR. Conflicts also began this year in the former Yugoslavia, with the Ten-Day War for the independence of Slovenia.

1992

In January, the USA and Russia officially re-established diplomatic relations.

The same month, in Mexico City, representatives from the San Salvador government and the FMLN (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional) signed the Chapultepec Agreements, putting an end to the 12-year civil war in El Salvador.

Rigoberta Menchú Tum Indigenous Guatemalan leader and member of the Quitxé-Maya group. For her work in favour of social justice and ethnic-cultural reconciliation based on the respect of indigenous people.

In February, an historic non-aggression and de-nuclearisation agreement was ratified between the two Koreas, which had been officially at war since 1953.

In spring, Bosnia and Herzegovina was declared an independent state.

Barely after this declaration had been made public, Serbian forces surrounded Sarajevo, the country’s capital, and began a three-year siege, becoming one of the longest in modern military history. The city remained without electricity, water, heating and medicine. More than 12,000 people died and 50,000 were injured.

Butros Butros-Ghali, elected the new Secretary General of the United Nations in January of this year, presented “An Agenda for Peace” in which he promoted a more active role for the United Nations in the prevention of violence and in the construction and maintenance of peace.

In December, Elkarri was created – a social movement for dialogue and agreement for the Basque Country. The group tried to bring about a peace process while defending a peaceful solution to the Basque conflict.

1993

In January, the North American president George Bush and the Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed the Start II nuclear disarmament agreement to reduce nuclear arsenals. A few days later, an agreement was signed in Paris prohibiting the use of chemical warfare.

In February, the United Nations approved the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, finally constituted on 25 May. On 13 September, the Declaration of Principles for the self-government of the Gaza Strip and Jericho was signed in Washington, the first agreement between Israel and the Palestine PLO, which made the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) official. The Israeli leader Yitzak Rabin and the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat shook hands.

10

Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and de Klerk, last president of the apartheid regime in South Africa. For their work to peacefully end the apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

1994

This year, the Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict escalated into widespread violence and the civil population suffered. A howitzer that exploded in Sarajevo market on 5 February caused the death of 68 people and injured more than 200, in one of the most brutal killings in the Bosnian capital during the city’s siege.

On 6 April, the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed during an aerial attack on Kigali. Civil war and the inter-ethnic killings spread through Rwanda and ended up causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, two million refugees and three million more displaced people.

The Russian army invaded Chechnya to take charge of a territory that, since 1991, had enjoyed de facto independence. In spite of the superiority of the Russian forces, the war continued until 1996, when a peace agreement was signed and the withdrawal of Russian troops was agreed.

The British government and Sinn Fein – the political arm of the IRA – made their first official contact after 22 years of non-communication on 9 December at Stormont Castle. The start of talks was the first proof that Northern Ireland was moving towards peace, after 25 years of armed conflict and more than 3,000 deaths.

Nobel Peace Price Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin The Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat was president of the PLO and leader of the secular political party Fada-hi. Shimon Peres, politician and Israeli statesman, was twice Prime Minister (1984–1986 and 1995– 1996) and has been President of Israel since 2007. Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli politician and Primer Minister (1974–1977 and 1992–1995). He was assassinated in 1995 by an Israeli rightwing radical extremist. They all received the prize for their joint efforts to work for peace in the Middle East.

This same year, Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa, making him the first black president in the country’s history and also the first elected by universal suffrage.

1995

Fifty years after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, various commemorative acts were held. However, these were muddied by the nuclear powers’ failure to reach a compromise on eliminating these types of arsenals. This was set out at the revision conference for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which took place in April and May in New York. The atomic tests carried out by the French and Chinese governments during the 50th anniversary year also constituted a peculiar way to commemorate such an event.

On 11 July, the Serbian army evacuated and deported 20,000 people in Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and then killed 8,000 while the European Union and the United Nations looked on, passive and impotent.

In September, the Bosnia and Herzegovina war ended, and on 21 November the presidents of Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia (Slobodan Milosevic, Franco Tudjman and Alija Izetbegovic, respectively) signed a peace agreement in Dayton (Ohio). After 20 days of negotiations, an understanding was reached with mediation by the United States.

On 11 September, in Catalonia, Terra Lliure, an independent armed Catalan organisation founded in 1978, was formally dissolved. Thus ended the attempt to develop armed resistance in Catalonia.

In New York, October saw a summit for heads of state and govern-

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Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Nuclear physicist, of Polish origin. For his efforts in eradicating nuclear arms.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

Nobel Peace Price

ment to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the creation of the United Nations.

1996

In January, British Prime Minister, John Major, proposed the idea of holding elections in Northern Ireland to the House of Commons, in an attempt to re-establish the Regional Assembly and electorally legitimise those who were to negotiate the future of Northern Ireland. Gerry Adams rejected the offer on the 9 February and the IRA broke their 17-month truce with an attack on London. On 4 March, Sinn Fein was excluded from peace negotiations for refusing to condemn the attack.

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Bello, José Ramos-Horta Leaders of the resistance movement in Eastern Timor. For their search for a peaceful solution to the conflict between Eastern Timor and Indonesia.

In September, the Taliban took military control of Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, and forced the Mujahidin army government, led by Ahmed Shah Massud, to abandon the city and seek refuge in the mountains.

The peace process between Israel and Palestine, which had been gaining credibility in previous years, went through some very delicate times because of the difficulties faced by Yasser Arafat’s PLO in controlling terrorist acts by radical Islamists, and also because of the electoral victory in Israel of Likhud Benjamin Netanyahu.

War returned to the African Great Lakes region. Thousands of Hutus who had survived the 1994 killings fled to refugee camps in Burundi, Zaire and Tanzania. The number of refugees grew so much that ethnic hatred broke out in these countries and the conflict became more widespread.

1997

In May, Zaire remained in the hands of the rebel troops of LaurentDésiré Kabila, who was appointed president of the country, whose new name became the Democratic Republic of Congo. On 7 September, the dictator Mobuto Sese Seko died in Rabat, after leading Zaire since 1965. Mobutu’s death put an end to a series of civil and ethnic wars that, in only a few years, had affected Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, as well as Zaire, and which had put into power old leftwing leaders such as Kabila himself.

This year, the South African president Nelson Mandela began a slow retreat from the front line of power by giving up the presidency of his party, the African National Congress (ANC), making it very clear that he would not be standing at the next presidential elections planned for 1999.

In Colombia, nearly 10 million people participated in the ‘Mandato popular por la Paz’, in which they rejected violence and reclaimed the right for the protection of human rights.

In December, the Mine Ban Treaty was approved in Ottawa.

Terrorist organisation ETA kidnapped and assassinated the town councillor of Ermua, Miguel Angel Blanco. During the kidnapping, various demonstrations were held all over the country demanding his freedom but, two days later, he was discovered gravely injured and died the following day.

12

International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams Prize awarded to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), led by Jody Williams.

For its work to ban the use of and clear up landmines.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

1998

April: the British and Irish governments signed the “Good Friday Agreement”, a treaty which saw the culmination of a long process of dialogue and negotiations between the republican and unionist forces, and the beginning of the end of the most virulent conflict in Northern Ireland.

In July, the Treaty of Rome was signed to create a permanent International Criminal Tribunal, with headquarters in The Hague. Its objective was to establish worldwide jurisdiction and prevent impunity for such offences as genocide, war crimes and those against humanity.

On 7 August, two terrorist attempts were made against the North American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, leading to 258 deaths and more than 4,250 injuries. The attacks were carried out by the unknown “Liberation Army for Holy Sites”, behind which the USA saw the Saudi millionaire Osama bin Laden, thought to be hiding in Afghanistan. In response to the attack, the USA bombed Afghanistan and the Sudan.

Nobel Peace Price John Hume, David Trimble John Hume, leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), and David Trimble, president of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and prime minister of the new government of Ireland set up in 1998. For their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the Northern Ireland conflict.

On 12 December, political parties, trade unions and social organisations signed up to the Declaration of Lizarra, a peace agreement that demanded a political and negotiated solution be found to end the historic conflict between Euskal Herria and the Spanish and French states. The agreement, which took the Irish referendum as its model, was unprecedented in the Basque Country. Days later, on 16 of December, ETA announced an indefinite truce.

On 19 October, General Augusto Pinochet, Chilean dictator from 1973 to 1990, was detained in London. This represented an important step forward in ending impunity through international justice.

In October, a report by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, created in 1995 and presided over by Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu, was presented in Pretoria to clarify the crimes committed in the years of apartheid and to bring to light those involved.

The 10 December saw the 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the Human Rights Act by the United Nations.

1999

In February, the United Nations decided to withdraw all US and UK personnel from Iraq.

From March until the end of June, NATO forces took part in a military intervention in the Yugoslavian war, carrying out continuous bombardments against Yugoslavian objectives. Albanian fighters also continued attacking the Serbian forces and the civil services in Kosovo, while the Serbian forces attacked the Albanian civil rebel forces, causing ethnic cleansing that culminated in massive human displacement into neighbouring countries.

On 1 March, the Ottawa Treaty to Ban Landmines came into full effect, after being ratified by 65 countries.

On 20 April, two youths carrying various weapons went on a killing spree in Columbine. They killed more than 30 people and injured 24

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Médecins sans Frontières Medical and humanitarian organisation, international in nature, created in 1971, which offers medical assistance in times of emergency in more than 79 countries. In recognition of its pioneering humanitarian actions on different continents.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

Nobel Peace Price

before killing themselves.

In May, the Hague’s Appeal for Peace was celebrated. More than 10,000 activists from around the world gathered to commemorate 100 years since the first international peace conference.

Some months later, in November, around 100,000 trade unionists, NGOs and other social organisations demonstrated in Seattle against the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the launch of a new millennium round of trade negotiations. It was considered the first large demonstration in favour of a different kind of globalisation.

On 3 December, ETA announced the end of its ceasefire.

2000

The United Nations declared 2000 the International Year for the Culture of Peace.

In February, the Russian Army took Grozny, the capital of Chechnya.

A few days later, the Human Rights Watch organisation revealed that almost 62 civilians had been executed by the army in the Adli district, in the south of the Chechnyan capital.

In July, a second round of negotiations took place at Camp David. Under the auspices of North American president Bill Clinton, Palestine’s Yasser Arafat, and Israel’s Ehud Barak, the delegates tried to reach an agreement for a final status for Palestine. The summit ended without any agreement being reached.

Kim Dae-Jung President of South Korea between 1998 and 2003. For his work in favour of democracy and human rights in South Korea and all of Asia, and for peace and reconciliation with Northern Korea in particular.

On 28 September, the second Intifada uprising began in Palestine, after which Ariel Sharon visited the esplanade of the Mosques in Jerusalem.

On 20 May, a demonstration was organised in Barcelona in favour of peace and the demilitarisation of society, and against the military parade that the Ministry of Defence had organised in the city. As well as the demonstration, other activities were held during May, such as a people’s camp and a Festival for Peace, which was attended by more than 50,000 people.

2001

The Porto Alegre World Social Forum was celebrated for the first time.

More than 12,000 people attended.

On 20 January, George W. Bush Jr. became president of the United States. In less than a month, the North American air force bombed Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.

On 11 September, the worst terrorist attacks in US history took place.

Suicide bombers took control of four passenger jets, two of which crashed into the World Trade Center buildings. Shortly after impact, these collapsed and nearly 3,000 people died. A third aeroplane crashed into the Pentagon and another came down to the east of Pennsylvania, after missing its objective, Washington DC. The attacks were blamed on the radical Islamic group Al-Qaida, led by Osama bin Laden.

In October, Afghanistan was invaded by the United States and its allies.

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The United Nations and Kofi Annan For their work for a better organised and more peaceful world.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

2002

From this year onwards, military service stopped being compulsory in Spain and the armed forces became completely professional.

In February, the president of Colombia, Andrés Pastrana, after various attempts at an agreement, suspended the peace process with the FARC guerrilla group, which he accused of kidnapping and killing civilians. A few days later, the FARC kidnapped the country’s presidential candidate, Ingrid Betancourt. On 26 May, the liberal Guyanese Álvaro Uribe won the elections by an absolute majority, stating that a war to the death against the guerrillas was the only way to get the economy back on track and guarantee the good name of the country.

Nobel Peace Price Jimmy Carter Ex-president of the USA. In recognition of his efforts to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts.

Also in February, the Israeli army launched a massive attack on Palestinian civil refugee camps in Bethlehem, Jenin and Nablus.

In December, in Pretoria (South Africa) the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo and its opposition signed a peace agreement that put an end to four years of civil war.

On 14 October, in the Spanish state, more than a million researchers, headed by Federico Mayor Zaragoza, declared themselves “scientific objectors” to show their opposition to the growing militarisation of Spanish scientific research in recent years. The researchers joined the campaign: “Per la pau: Prou investigació militar”, supported by more than 50 organisations.

2003

After the news of an imminent attack on Iraq by the USA and Great Britain, which was supported by Aznar, the Spanish president, millions of people from around the world demonstrated against the war on 15 February. In Barcelona, more than a million and a half people took to the streets. A few days before, on 11 February, all the opposition groups in Spanish government supported a motion against the military position adopted by Bush, Blair and Aznar towards the Iraqi crisis.

Shirin Ebadi Lawyer and judge in Iran. For her efforts in defending democracy and human rights, especially those of women and children, in Iran and in the Muslim world in general.

On 20 March, North American and British troops launched their first attack against an Iraqi city. The Iraq war had begun. On 9 April, US troops took control of Baghdad and a group of civilians tore down a large statue of Saddam Hussein. On 14 April, US troops occupied Tikrit, the last important city in the country to be conquered. On 1 May, President George W Bush declared the end of the Iraq War. In December, the USA announced that they had captured Saddam Hussein.

In Catalonia, on 4 July, the Parliament approved the Llei de Foment de la Pau, a pioneering law in Europe.

2004

On 11 March, the worst terrorist attacks in Spanish history took place in Madrid. The attacks, carried out by radical Islamists, comprised a chain of explosions caused by bombs left on commuter trains and programmed to go off simultaneously on the trains’ approach to Atocha Station. Two hundred and two people died and 1,400 were injured In September, the kidnapping of a thousand boys and girls at a school

15

Wangari Maathai Biologist and professor from Kenya. For her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments

Nobel Peace Price

in Beslan, in North Ossetia, ended in the death of more than 330 people after the intervention of Russian security forces.

2005

In January, elections took place in Iraq to choose a transitional National Assembly that would be responsible for drawing up a new Constitution for the country and for appointing a provisional government.

In February, North Korea announced that it had nuclear arms, two years after withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In the same month, the Israeli Parliament approved the law to withdraw from around twenty settlements in Gaza and the liberation of the PNA’s territory, 38 years after occupation. In August, the dismantlement of the Jewish colonies started near the border of the Gaza Strip, in accordance with the withdrawal plan. Hamas announced that it would not abandon the armed fight.

2006

On 25 January, the Islamist party Hamas won parliamentary elections in Palestine, defeating Al Fatah, the historic leader of the Palestinian battle.

On 22 March, ETA announced a permanent ceasefire.

In November, a Baghdad tribunal sentenced to death the ex-dictator of Iraq Saddam Hussein, for crimes against humanity.

2007

In February, North Korea agreed to stop their nuclear programme in exchange for economic aid and fuel.

The same month, an international conference took place in Oslo to try to ban cluster bombs. The Oslo Process ended with the approval of a prohibition treaty in December 2008.

In June, the terrorist group ETA announced the end of the ceasefire they had started on 22 March 2006, even though the group had already carried out an attack on Barajas Airport on 30 December 2006.

International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed El Baradei Doctor in law. For his efforts to avoid nuclear energy being used for military purposes and for guaranteeing that, if it is employed for peaceful purposes, that it will be used in the safest way possible.

Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank Economy professor Yunnus founded the Grameen Bank to give credit to poorer people. For his efforts in favour of social and economic development for the least fortunate.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore Former Vice President of the USA. For his efforts to obtain and spread information about the role of mankind in climate change and to propose the necessary measures to fight against this change.

In November, the Spanish government approved the Arms Trade Law by a large parliamentary majority.

In Catalonia, in December, the Parliament approved the Law of the l’Institut Català Internacional per la Pau (ICIP).

2008

In February, Kosovo unilaterally formalised the declaration for independence of Serbia, supported by most of the western community.

On 2 July, Colombia’s military forces liberated ex-presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt and 14 other people who had been kidnapped by the FARC. Also in July, the Serbian politician Radovan Karadzic was detained in Belgrade and accused of genocide during the Bosnian war.

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Martti Ahtisaari Former President of Finland.

For his important development work in different continents and during more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Year

Historical developments On 4 November, democrat Barak Obama won the US presidential elections and became the country’s first ever Afro-American president.

At the end of December, Israel started the bloodiest military offensive in the past 40 years on the Gaza Strip, where more than 850 people died.

On 3 December, the Cluster Bomb Ban Treaty was passed in Oslo, with the signature of 94 countries.

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Nobel Peace Price

Fundaci贸 per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

18

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

3. CREATING BALANCE: IF WE LIVE IN A DYNAMIC WORLD, PEACE IS POSSIBLE Living from day to day, it can seem as if we exist closed off from everything else. As life carries on, we often don’t realise that scenarios, structures and situations keep changing.

But if we look at a significant period of time as a whole, such as the last 25 years, we can see that notorious changes have been made in many directions. Structures, governments, precepts, rules and models have disappeared. New risks and unimaginable dangers have appeared. New possibilities for civil action have arisen. There have been some significant advances, but there have also been steps backwards in other aspects too.

But what is evident from all of this is that we live in dynamic times. And this is the best antidote to pessimism, fatalism or resignation.

It’s true that such dynamism is not always confined to the consolidating framework of the peace culture, human rights and justice.

That’s fine. But what is certain is that our world and our reality are not monolithic.

They are changeable. In terms of peace, change is a real and possible scenario. And if we can intervene and influence things our way, peace can be achieved.

In 1983, the world was still in the grip of the Cold War. A confrontation between two sides, the East and the West that had a profound effect on the international scene during the second half of the 20th century, even though the two sides never actually met on the battlefield. At the end of the 1990s, even though total war between the two sides was avoided, the balance was still frustrating and distressing: wars between third countries that had served as an indirect battlefield between both sides; the endless escalation of military armament and expense; the invisibility of serious problems (poverty, injustice, violation of human rights, intractable conflicts, oppression of peoples, etc.) due to the priority given to bloc policies, etc.

This physical and direct non-confrontation between the NATO bloc and the Warsaw Pact bloc came at a great expense for other

parts of the world. Different countries and regions became the ideal stage (indirectly, mediating, manipulating, carrying out and boosting the dynamics of internal and regional tensions) for settling their own disputes.

It’s therefore not surprising that these irresponsible actions have led to countries becoming adrift.

Nowadays, even though the overall number of wars is in decline thanks to peace processes, open armed conflicts are still diverse.

Africa, Asia and especially the Middle East have the highest levels of conflict. Many of these conflicts, latent and long-lasting, are insignificant when seen within a short-term context, but when seen accumulatively, they exact a huge toll on human lives through physical destruction and also by destroying social cohesion, the standards for coexistence and trust among people and groups. Fertile ground for the consolidation of a culture of acceptance and resignation to violence, impunity and injustice. In many of these cases, the international community has proved to be at least hesitant, and even directly unconcerned or insensitive. It’s also important to note that some of the current, more worrying and bloody focuses of armed violence have many connections with irresponsible policies from previous years: the situations in Afghanistan and Iraq would be incomprehensible without the irresponsible policies seeking immediate effects implemented during the Cold War. 19

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Finally, there is the conflict between Palestine and Israel. Apart from the suffering that this generates, it is one of the conflicts with the most impact on the global security of the world: growing destabilisation in the region, interference in worldwide governability, influencing some of the actions of new international terrorism, etc. A conflict that, during these last 25 years, has seen all kinds of actions: open battles, tension, intifadas and popular revolts against occupation and repression, cautious but apparently solid hopes (the 1993 peace agreement), frustrated peace processes (e.g. of 2000), beginnings that are timid but at least moving in the right direction to get rid of bad policies (dismantling the shanty towns on the West Bank, etc.). But, ultimately, we are faced with a highly unstable and worrying scenario: an Israeli government that is increasingly decided to hand out tough policies to the Palestinian community; a divided Palestine that is advancing towards an impasse without any institutional exit, and an international community incapable or frightened of making governments move towards a solution (two viable, just and secure states) which, the more time that we waste, the more impossible it becomes to achieve.

With regard to the consolidation of structures and mechanisms of global governance, the UN has had a range of experiences but, overall, its capacity for action and its credibility have been falling. States, especially the most important ones, have never really

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wanted to allow such a major advance. Moreover, many of their decisions and actions have often involved significant deregulation of the institution’s role. For example, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council break, or help to break, many resolutions, recommendations and declarations that have arisen from the United Nations’ system.

At the beginning of the Eighties, the USA’s republican President Ronald Reagan managed to combine a management style based on certain global agreements with other actions emphasising a perspective of selfsufficient isolation. In 1985, for example, the USA left UNESCO because of discrepancies in many areas (amongst others, for the excellent report on communication, headed

by Seán MacBride). At the start of the 21st century, we can see how this trend became more radical and was brought to its ultimate unilateral extreme under the presidency of George W Bush Junior: boycott, contempt and delegitimisation of worldwide governments and of the United Nations’ system, failure to implement international legislation, ignoring resolutions, boycotting worldwide treaties and protocols, etc.

If, at the end of the 1990s, the discourse critical of security that had been encouraged by centres of controversy studies and conflict analysis started to be taken on board, at least at a formal level, then the 9/11 crisis and the appearance of a new type of international terrorism brought about a clear change in trend. All parties opted to reopen and restart militarisation (e.g. increases in military spending, rearmament, etc.) and to generate a discourse that, for reasons of safety and security, had to reduce opportunities for freedom and democracy. Guantanamo is the most evident and palpable example of this but it hasn’t been the only one. In many countries significant limits to press freedom or a reduction in human rights and liberties have occurred, with the excuse that this is necessary in order to combat terrorism and better defend ourselves. In recent years, however, strong evidence has resurfaced for the following: in order to achieve a more secure world, we must broaden democracy and human rights, not limit and reduce them.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

With the democratic presidency of Barack Obama, at least, a new age is beginning, whose characteristic traits might be consensus-building, a bid for dialogue and the wish to build a leadership not solely based on fear and brute force.

With regard to the issue of economic resources for militarisation, we find a contradiction that once affected the Cold War (which was used as justification for a spectacular arms race) the peace dividend that was so talked about (the release of funds for social policies) has not occurred. And especially because, since the start of the 21st century, military expenditure and investment in arms have risen to hitherto unknown levels.

Despite these undeniably worrying trends, recently we have also seen more promising processes. Amongst these is the possibility of achieving concrete objectives through global campaigns.

Not many successes could be chalked up in 1983 but, since then, disarmament agreements have made fairly significant advances.

The Anti-Personnel Mine Treaty, approved in 1997, as well as the Cluster Bomb Ban Treaty, approved in 2008, are clear examples of how campaigns coordinated at a global level can define precise and realisable objectives, forge links with NGOs and groups outside the peace movement and with the support of some governments, members of the peace corps and the media, it has been possible to make progress. Right now, there is also a more open, complex but also essential movement towards greater levels of collective security: the transparency and control of trade in small arms.

At the beginning of the 1980s,Thatcher’s UK government and Reagan’s US government headed an economic package of measures based on deregulisation and liberalisation that, years later, would end up being summarised and defined publically as the “Washington Consensus”. This drive turned into an ideological, neo-liberal wave that would eventually set off the emergence of a movement in favour of a different kind of globalisation. A movement that, with the addition of traditional energies and new sectors, war-

ned that policies and societies were gradually adapting to economic models and policies that were decided by a few, instead of building economic systems that could adapt to the needs of individuals and societies. At the beginning of 2009, very few doubted that the current economic crisis made it necessary to impose limits on deregulation, on the lack of control over certain business practices and the excessiveness of the financial economy.

Concerning the protection of human rights, all these years there has been a growing awareness in the face of barbarous acts, genocide and war crimes, and the growing belief that impunity can no longer be allowed.

The persecution of some of those responsible for genocide and dictatorships, as well the formal creation of the International Criminal Tribunal are positive steps towards the end of barbarity and impunity.

Finally, at a global level, it is necessary to highlight the presence and emergence – as a relevant player – of global citizenship. This is not a precise or homogenous player, nor is it always coherent. But at certain times, the huge demonstrations against the war in Iraq in 2003, or the various processes enhancing participation and agreement regarding alternative standards, generated inside the Worldwide Social Forums, have demonstrated that global citizenship has been both strong and present.

In Spain, in 1983, discussions were still underway about the law concerning conscientious objection, contained within the 21

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tive. With the excuse of modernising obsolete armies, of renovating weapons, of improving professionalism, etc., more money was allocated to military spending, to very significantly increase scientific research into the military and strengthen the promotion and marketing of the army, aimed at young people and educational spheres. In turn, this new militarisation led to new responses and criticism: educational objectors, who opposed the presence of armed forces in their classrooms, and objectors from research and universities, who renounced participating in and developing military research.

Spanish Constitution of 1978. At the end of 1984, the Ley de Objeción de Consciencia was approved and – in an avalanche of criticism from NGOs, the Autonomous Communities and the Ombudsman, which would end up bringing appeals, the Constitutional Court supported the key principles. A different compulsory social service, longer in duration, was imposed on objectors. Despite being a restrictive law to dissuade objection, within the clarification of a legal framework, objection was diminished. Over the next few years, significant numbers of young men opted to refuse doing military service (greater numbers than those of other European democratic countries).

At the end of the 1980s, a new strategy appeared from both the oldest and newer objection groups, namely insubordination, encouraging opposition to all types of service.

The significant social criticism that encouraged objection and noncompliance, the resulting media impact, the solidarity of different sectors in the face of reprisals against insubordinates, etc, were all important factors that endangered the model of mandatory military service. All this, in addition to the new international context (the end of the Cold War, new approaches in defence policies, new models promoted within the context of NATO, etc) made the continuity of compulsory military service impossible.

This was the end of compulsory military service but not the end of militarisation. In fact, in some ways it provided a new incen22

Armies, not only in Spain but also in the entire Western world, continued changing their appearance and justification. Only 25 years ago, people still talked about the need to defend a country or territory, whereas nowadays armies everywhere are being portrayed as humanitarian agents. Beyond the weakness, contradictions and problems involved in this new “humanitarian militarism”, we nonetheless need to remember that the figures related to the investment (personnel and economic) in Western military “humanitarian” or “peace” missions is small and limited in comparison with the global figure.

None of this is new to the transformation of NATO. The reason that one of the most important civic campaigns of the 1980s throughout the state, now NATO is experiencing a complex situation: it survives within a totally different context to that in which it was created and, in theory, gave it meaning.

There is another significant change that can be evaluated concerning the military in this period: in 1987, the Spanish government decided to make its arms trade secret.

And so began a hijacking of all democratic debate for an issue so important and with as much impact as the global arms trade. After many complaints, campaigns and work, in 2007 a law was passed by the Spanish government to regulate the arms trade in Spain. A small and insignificant step but a necessary one to bring an obscured issue to light.

In Catalonia, perhaps what stands out most about this period is how significant civic awareness, in favour of peace, has become

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Catalonia’s distinctive feature, and how it has had an impact in both political and institutional terms. The demonstrations and mobilisation at the beginning of the 1990s against the Iraq War, the implication of the Balkan conflicts, the significant figures of objection and insubordination, the important work that took place in education (as much in formal settings as in leisure centres) or, later on, on entry to university and the academic world, have all been factors helping to spread a culture of peace throughout Catalan society.

Civic and social opposition to the military process in May 2000 had important and unforeseen consequences. The initial approval of a legislative text which, after parliamentary debate with civil society, ended up with the Llei de Foment de la Pau in 2003 being passed by the Catalan parliament, a pioneering text in how it claimed that public institutions should assume their own responsibility in building a culture of peace. The spectacular response from citizens before the 2003 war made it clear how important a culture of peace is in Catalonia.

Later on, the start-up of the Consell Català de Foment de la Pau (an organisation jointly made up of civilians, public administration and academia, whose aim was to ensure the promotion of public peace policies), the creation of the Oficina de Promoció de la Pau i els Drets Humans of the Catalan government, and the contribution to the “axis of peace” made by the Agència Catalana de Cooperació al Desenvolupament have all been elements of significant public action culminating in the very recent creation of the Institut Català Internacional per la Pau (ICIP), a proposal arising from the Fundació per la Pau, discussed and agreed on with the rest of civil society, academia and the political world, ending with the Parliament creating a body with a public purpose but no governmental control. This is a good example of the action that should be taken: the challenges we face on the long road towards the construction of peace are too important not to be able to make bold, generous and ambitious proposals in order to make headway.

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Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

4. 25 YEARS OF WORK FOR PEACE Raising awareness and education for peace Since it was created, the Fundació per la Pau has worked towards raising awareness of, disseminating and prioritising the values of peace, disarmament, tolerance, human rights, nonviolence and solidarity. To achieve this, a number of educative and cultural resources have been made available to actors in Catalonia to help them carry out their educational and training work. Amongst the Foundation’s proposals have been roadshows, pedagogical activities, teaching materials, publications and a resource centre.

Roadshows During the last 25 years, the Fundació per la Pau has created a total of ten exhibitions that have travelled hundreds of thousands of kilometres from town to town. Thousands of children, teenagers and adults have had the chance to visit exhibitions in town halls, schools, museums, associations, and civic centres in hundreds of locations in Catalonia, mainly in the districts around Barcelona.

“Per la Pau” (1985–1998) For Peace was the first exhibition roadshow created by the Fundació per la Pau. It offered a dynamic but comprehensive overview of the issues that hinder peace: the death penalty, 20th-century wars, the abyss between North and South, daily violence, nuclear threat, military spending, the arms trade, etc., as well as work for peace.

During November and December 1985, this exhibition was based at Drassanes (Barcelona) and later at the Fundació per la Pau. It made use of different technologies (from interactive computer programs to audiovisual materials), involving significant investment and impact on the part of the Foundation.

From 1992 to nearly the end of 1998, a copy of the exhibition visited hundreds of municipalities throughout Catalonia.

“Humoristes gràfics per la Pau” (1984) Cartoonist for Peace. A dozen cartoonists loaned, donated or drew humorous drawings about peace and the anti-NATO movement that the Fundació per la Pau brought together for its 1984 roadshow. Work by Cesc, Chumy Chúmez, Forges, Guillén, José Luís Martín, Martín Morales, Máximo, Núria Pompeia, Oli, Quino, Perich and Romeu showed the need to resolve the contradic-

tions faced by humanity, mainly regarding this universal issue: if we want peace, we’ve got to prepare for it.

“Desarmem la mar” (1991) In 1991, the Fundació per la Pau and Greenpeace organised a joint exhibition (Let’s Disarm the Sea) on the danger that nuclear weapons represent for human life and the preservation of the environment, considering their impact on the sea.

“Una casa comuna, una casa complexa” (1995–1999) To commemorate the International Year for Tolerance, the Foundation devised an educational activity for school groups to promote tolerance and the acceptance of diversity.

This initiative was based on the production of the exhibition entitled A common house, a complex house, which had a permanent home at the Foundation and was visited by many school groups.

During 1998, this exhibition was set up at the hall of the Palau del Mar and, from 1999, it moved to La Conreria, the colonial home

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Cora Weiss President of the Hague Appeal for Peace, New “Achieving peace when the citizens of the world understand global problems; having the skills to resolve conflicts in a constructive way; knowing and living with the standards of human rights, of gender, of racial equality; appreciating cultural diversity; and respecting the integrity of the Earth... These lessons cannot be achieved without a continuous, systematic and international education about peace.”

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

of the Fundació Pere Tarrés. In the middle of 1996, the Fundació per la Pau created a roadshow that visited educational centres around Catalonia.

“De la mà dels drets humans” (1997–1999) Created midway through 1997, with the hope of making an informative contribution to human rights, this exhibition, By the hand of human rights, reviewed the creation, contents, and objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the violations and challenges that have arisen. The roadshow visited numerous locations throughout 1998 and 1999.

“Cultura de pau per al nou mil·lenni” (2000–2001) The 20th century witnessed war, genocide and abuse of human rights, but it also showed that it’s possible to move forward and build a different world, with peace, justice, and liberty being a reality. Culture of peace for the new millennium was an invitation to reflect on the legacy of the 20th century and to consider the best way forward for peace in the new millennium. The exhibition, specifically aimed at secondary school pupils, was accompanied by a teaching programme.

Fèlix Martí Honorary president of Unescocat, Barcelona “Peace cannot be reduced to a combination of attitudes and thin proposals. One must establish legal systems, structures and procedures that allow you to prevent and resolve conflicts. In education, democratic practices must be taught. Education for peace requires an awakening of a sense of justice and participation in the creation of norms and preventative procedures for violence and for conflict resolution.”

“Globalització” (2003–2004) Globalization. For some years now everyone has been tal-king about globalisation: the media talks about it with complete ease, society is aware of its pros and cons. But what exactly does this term mean? Is it just an economic process? Is it beneficial or disadvantageous for most people? With this exhibition, the Fundació per la Pau wished to clearly and simply explain what globalisation is and what effects it may have to help us better understand what is happening in the world and how we can react.

“Desarmats, més segurs?” (2005–2006) Governments from around the world arm themselves in the name of security, in response – they say – to the threat of terrorism.

But what really makes us secure? What puts our lives in danger? Does military defence guarantee that we are safe? Disarmed, more secure? asked visitors these questions and invited them to take a standpoint.

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“La violència que acceptem” (2007–2009) With a graphic direct style, the exhibition The violence we accept invited reflection on how we live alongside violence in our daily lives, on our capacity to identify violence and how we might avoid it. The exhibition also gave clues tips on how we can build and spread, little by little, the culture of peace from our own homes, our schools, our work places and our neighbourhoods.

“Cinema i Pau” (2008–2009) Cinema and Peace. From examples of films such as Gandhi, Do the Right Thing, Paradise Now and many others, this roadshow invited visitors to reflect on the presence of a culture of peace, nonviolence, forgotten conflicts, terrorism, the military and the arms trade on the big screen. The exhibition could be seen in the outskirts of Girona.

Other materials and proposals “Cinema per la Pau” (1989–1992) The annual Cinema for Peace exhibition was held from 1989 until 1992. The exhibition, which was open to all types of public, showed commercial films with themes based on peace, human rights and development, documentaries, videos and cartoons of an educational nature. During these years, various films and materials were shown that were subsequently distributed commercially.

Maleta Pedagògica per la Tolerància In 1995, on the request of the Catalan Social Welfare Department and together with Oxfam International, the Fundació per la Pau developed a “pedagogical case for tolerance”, distributed to all schools in Catalonia. The case contained dossiers for pupils and teachers, notes, videos, books and a ‘tolerance’ game.

Programme: “No hi ha drets humans sinó hi ha pau” There are no human rights but there is peace. Since September 1997 and during 1998, with the support of the Civil Rights department of Barcelona City Council, an awareness-raising programme was developed to publicise various conferences and educational activities. Educational posters

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

were also published based on the 50th anniversary of Gandhi’s death and the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Related to this were the concepts of peace and human rights, sent free of charge to all schools in Barcelona.

“Seriosament... 25 arguments per la pau en còmic” Seriously... 25 arguments for peace in comics. In 2004 the Fundació per la Pau published a collection of posters containing the 25 ideas from the “Cap a una cultura de pau, 25 arguments” document. These posters contained illustrations by our best cartoonists, as well as some from outside the region. This collection is the poster version of the comic published by the Foundation of the same name.

Document and Resource Centre Since it was developed, an aim of the Fundació per la Pau has always been to provide as many resources as possible for centres, groups, individuals and citizen initiatives that are attempting to bring a perspective of peace and solidarity. Consequently, the centre’s library, the newspaper library, video library and various didactic resources are open and available for consultation and advice.

Educational workshops for peace Since 2002, different workshops for schools and leisure centres have been offered with the objective of working on and analysing themes in the classroom such as the culture of peace, nonviolence and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. These workshops are organised with groups of 20 people and, in recent years, there have been 80 each year on average.

Talks, lectures and round tables During the 25 years since it was created, representatives from the Fundació per la Pau have given numerous talks in educational and leisure centres to disseminate information on and promote the culture of peace, nonviolence, human rights, tolerance and diversity.

The Foundation has also been invited by other NGOs, town councils and other public and social institutions to participate in round tables and talks on different themes.

Reports and other communications have also been given, as well as seminars to specialised congresses.

Events, courses and conferences organised Apart from attending events to which it has been invited, the Foundation has also directly organised many conferences and round tables in different countries about the need to work towards a culture of peace.

Course “Educació per la Pau” Education for Peace. In 1991, the Foundation started its course entitled “Educació per la Pau”, which was later changed to “Curs d’Introducció a la Pau i els Conflictes” (Introductory Course to Peace and Conflicts). For 14 years, these sessions were attended by some of the most outstanding peace specialists in Catalonia and were a training tool for teachers, students and the general public.

Barcelona Meeting In 1990, the Fundació per la Pau, together with Justícia i Pau, organised the Trobada de Barcelona, an international debate and discussion on themes of peace, in which speakers and members of organisations from around the world took part.

Seeing how well received this initiative was, the Trobada continued to be held year after year until 2007, covering very diverse themes (e.g. “Which defence for tomorrow’s Europe?”, “There is no peace without human rights”, “The arms trade”, “Nationalism, a factor for violence?”, “Preserving the environment, building peace””, etc.). From each meeting, a publication containing the reports was published, contributing to the analysis of international issues from a dimension of peace research. The transcriptions and audio recordings from the talks have been added to the Foundation’s website. Various groups, research centres and renowned analysts and specialists have taken part in these events which, in spite of a year’s gap (in 2008), started up again in May 2009.

Trobada: “Dones i Pau” In 1995, the Fundació per la Pau organised the first edition of an innovative and significant activity. Various groups of women from 27

Vicenç Fisas Director of the Escola de Cultura de Pau de la UAB, Barcelona “From a propositional perspective, peace groups should ‘stop crying’ and look for realistic alternatives. We must have Utopia for ever. Whoever does not have a utopia in mind will remain paralysed in the middle of the road.

But we will never reach this Utopia, it’s as if it’s always on the horizon, always in view but we never reach it.

But working towards it is what is important.”

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

general of UNESCO, Federico Mayor Zaragoza; in December 2000, the Nobel Peace Prize Winner and President of Costa Rica, Oscar Arias; in March 2002, the president of The Hague’s Appeal for Peace, Cora Weiss; and in March 2007, the director of the International Action Network for Small Arms, Rebecca Peters.

Competitions and prizes

around the world, living in states of conflict and war or suffering from serious violation of human rights, participated in the Women and Peace exhibition. Israeli, Palestinian, Algerian, Bosnian, Serbian and Argentinian women shared their experiences, analysing their perspectives on conflicts and women’s participation in these, either as victims or as principal driving agents of peace and the promotion of human rights.

Two years later, in 2005, the second “Dones i Pau” exhibition was organised, where the participants looked at such themes as terrorism and the role of women as promoters of peace and disarmament. They also remembered the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, Bertha von Suttner.

Colin Archer Secretary general of the International Peace Bureau (IPB), Geneva “When considering what the new challenges are, we must not forget the old. For example, it is vital that we take into consideration that there is currently a renewal of the Cold War. Pluralism and multiplicity are also fundamental in the work for peace. This is a complex world, one which will require answers from different areas and with different ways of working.”

Peace Seminars at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Since 1993, and for several years, the Fundació per la Pau held peace seminars at the UAB that included various activities such as conferences, videos and displays, among others. These seminars, which were fully attended, helped to mobilise actions to promote peace at the university.

Veus de Pau at La Pedrera “Veus de Pau” (“Voices of Peace”) is the name of a cycle of conferences that the Fundació per la Pau began in 2000 with the aim of bringing a relevant international personality to this emblematic building of Barcelona, as part of the organisation’s work towards a culture of peace. The initiative was supported by the Welfare Work area of the Caixa de Catalunya. The following people were invited: in February 2000, the ex-director 28

Joan Gomis Memorial From 2006, Cristianisme i Justícia, Justícia i Pau, the Fundació per la Pau, the Fundació Cultura de Pau and the Foc Nou and El Ciervo magazines called for an annual prize to keep the memory of Joan Gomis and his commitment to solidarity alive. Gomis was president of the Federació Catalana d’ONG per al Desenvolupament and of the Federació Catalana d’ONG per la Pau, and participated in various human rights missions to African, Latin American and Asian countries, amongst other initiatives. The Memorial’s aim is to recognise the best pieces of journalism featuring people, institutions or collectives that stand out for their commitment to peace, human rights, the fight against poverty or against north-south inequality.

Animations for Peace Award In 2006, the Fundació per la Pau organised its first Animations for Peace Award, whose objective was to promote the creation of audiovisual material about the culture of peace, to raise awareness and educate people about peace. The second award was held in 2008 and the third is being prepared for 2009.

Participation during the first two years was a complete success, both in terms of quality as well as the quantity of work presented: around 60 in each year.

Other activities During the last quarter of a century, the Fundació per la Pau has been involved in a wide range of initiatives related to civic participation and promotion, from its presence at Barcelona’s Festa de la Diversitat to fairs and booths at festivals and events organised by councils, schools, organisations, groups, etc. Also of note is the material provided by the Foundation in different years for the

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Festival de la Infància i la Joventut in Barcelona.

Communications, books and publications “Butlletí” This periodical has been published since the Foundation was created, with the aim of being an instrument of communication, information and awareness, as much for the Foundation’s members as for those people who are interested in its work and goals.

From 1983 to 2008, a total of 91 bulletins have been published on a quarterly basis.

Throughout the years, the publication has gone through various changes in form and content, the last of which was in December 2007, coinciding with the start of the year of celebration for the Foundation’s 25th anniversary.

“Anuari” / “Memòria d’activitats” In 1986, the Foundation published its first Anuari sobre la Pau (Yearbook of Peace), conceived as a flexible instrument of consultation and using a language that made it accessible both to academia as well as to all sectors of society without any specialised knowledge of the issues involved. Given a favourable welcome, the Yearbook has been published regularly every year since 1989. In 2000, it was decided to change the Yearbook into a “Memòria d’activitats” (Activities report) on what had happened with the Foundation and, after year’s break, it has been continuously published since then.

and its peace topics more easily available. In more recent years, the website has been modified several times (in 2001, 2005, 2009) to keep it up to date, while always maintaining its objective of offering information both about its own activities and the peace movement in general. The Foundation’s website currently receives 300,000 visits on average each year.

Apart from the institutional website, during these last 25 years the Foundation has also created websites with a more concrete objective: covering various campaigns, e.g. “Per la pau: prou investigació militar”(1999); “Per la pau, no a la guerra” (2003), both of which give updates on actions against the war in Iraq; the web dialogue “Cap a un món sense violència” during the Fòrum Universal de les Cultures (2004); “Objecció fiscal a les despeses militars” (2005); the Concurs d’Animacions per la Pau (2006); and the campaign “Stop bombes de dispersió” (2008), which included a special area for the summit held in Dublin in May 2008.

Correu per la Pau In May 1999, “Correu per la Pau” was mailed out for the first time, an electronic newspaper that covered not only the activities and campaigns of the Foundation but also of the peace movement more generally, as well as current issues related to peace-building.

Sent to everyone who requests it, the Foundation took a risk by using new technologies with its members, sympathisers and people interested in its peace work.

Fundació per la Pau website In 1997, the Fundació per la Pau created its own website, an indispensable instrument for making information about the Foundation 29

Rafael Grassa President of the Institut Català Internacional per la Pau (ICIP) Barcelona “Peace groups that never get their hands dirty, that never think about building alternatives, can hope for, but never achieve, their expectations. They must build alliances, shared agendas, networks and a common language. Re-establishment is required. This renaissance is key, it’s elementary. They should try to find mechanisms to find new formulas, an analysis of conscience.”

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Federico Mayor Zaragoza President of the Fundación Cultura de Paz, Madrid “Peace must be an attitude, a personal resolve for which we do everything possible to replace force with the spoken word. It seems very easy but there are two great enemies to the peace culture: social injustice and a lack of solidarity. We must encourage global development with all countries from an economy based on equality and solidarity.”

Books and other publications In recent years, various members of the Fundació per la Pau (Arcadi Oliveres, Francesc Gusi, Enric Masllorens, Xavier Masllorens, Jordi Armadans, Toni Soler, etc.) have written or edited chapters and texts published in books dealing with peace, disarmament and nonviolence.

In the case of entire books, we should mention the following, which were also written by people from the Foundation: Alfons Banda, “Educació per la Pau”, Editorial Barcanova, 1991; La Cultura de Pau”, Oxfam International, 2002; Antoni Soler i Maria Àngels Dumé, Crèdit variable per a l’ESO, “Educació per la Pau. Geografia dels Conflictes”, Editorial Claret, 1996; Antoni Soler, “Això és la Cultura de la Pau”, Editorial Mediterrània, 2001; Jordi Armadans i Anna Tarrés, “Pau, drets humans, desenvolupament, ecologisme.. Les organitzacions no governamentals (ONG)”, Editorial Graó, 1999; Xavier Masllorens, “El cinquè poder. La solidaritat activa”, Intermón Oxfam, 2004; Xavier Masllorens i Adela Farré, “Els objectius del mil·lenni. No s’hi valen excuses”, Intermón Oxfam, 2007; Miguel Ángel Molina, “Por la Paz: ¡No a la investigación militar!” Ediciones Bajo Cero, 2006.

The Foundation also advised on the collection of books: “La Pipa de la Pau”, published by Cruïlla.

Regarding the publication of its own materials, the Fundació per la Pau produces a considerable number of both paper-based publications and audiovisual materials, including updates on campaigns, collections of talks and the publication of publicity CDs

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and DVDs, as well as other materials. Some are as follows: “Seriosament...25 arguments per la pau en còmic” (2002) “2006: l’any per controlar la crisi de les armes”, report by the International Action Network on Small Arms (2006) “SIPRI Yearbook”. Translation into Catalan of the summary of the yearbook published by SIPRI (from 2006) “Supervivents”, witness reports by seventeen women on the devastating effects of small arms (2007) “Violència Armada: La Crisi Mundial”, report by the International Action Network on Small Arms (2008) “Practicar la pau”, collection of the four editions of this activity organised by the Foundation (2008) “Resum de les Jornades dels 25 anys de la Fundació per la Pau”. Collection of talks (2008) “El CD de la Pau”, interactive CD Rom on the culture of peace (1999) DVD of the Concurs d’Animacions per la Pau (First competition – 2006 / Second competition – 2008) “Tallers de pau”, DVD with workshops held at different secondary schools (2007) “Trencaclosques per la pau”, teaching material to promote education for peace, aimed at children aged 8 and older (2005)

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Campaigns and activities to mobilise people for peace In its 25-year history, the Foundation has taken part in a large number of peace, disarmament and human rights campaigns and listing all of them would be a huge task. However, we should highlight those campaigns that have been promoted directly by the Foundation, such as “Per la pau: Prou investigació militar!”, and “La Pau no passa pels exèrcits”, and more global campaigns in which the Foundation was more comprehensively active, such as the campaign to control the arms trade.

NGOs against mandatory social service (PSS in Catalan) Various Catalan NGOs, called upon by the Fundació per la Pau, reunited in 1996 to jointly reflect on the role of NGOs with respect to the situation regarding conscientious objection, mandatory social service and noncompliance.

From this debate and reflection came the manifesto entitled “Les ONG davant la PSS” (published in October 1996), in which they demanded an important change in policies with regard the current state of conscientious objection, addressing those responsible in government. Later on, in the middle of 1997, 18 NGOs decided break with convention and protest against the repressive policies adopted by the Spanish government.

Campaign Against the Arms Trade (C3A) This campaign, jointly coordinated between Justícia i Pau and the Fundació per la Pau, was created in 1988 with the aim of bringing to light the truth about the arms trade and the state of Spain, working to reduce and eliminate such trade.

The campaign kept going for more than ten years, during which time the organisations publicised several articles and took part in talks and seminars. They also created and printed fifteen “Materiales de trabajo” publications, which included articles and analyses of information on the arms trade in both Spain and the rest of the world. Just before the tenth anniversary of the campaign, they also published the book “El ciclo armamentista espanyol”, Editorial Icaria, 2000, a collection of various analytical articles on the arms trade and Spain.

Campaign “La pau no passa pels exèrcits” Peace does not come through armed forces.

In 1996, the Fundació per la Pau organised a defence and security seminar from which it became clear that a campaign was needed to bring the issues discussed into public debate. Thus was born: “La pau no passa pels exèrcits”. The perspective of abolishing military service opened up an interesting scenario, introducing elements of reflection and debate on the political models of defence and security created by Spain. In the terms of dissemination and raising awareness, there were numerous talks and workshops, participation in seminars and articles in several magazines and other media.

The abolition of mandatory military service also led the Ministry of Defence to implement a number of activities to bring the army into schools, in a strategy to attract potential recruits. To combat this initiative, the Fundació per la Pau decided to promote a counterattack in all secondary schools in Catalonia, warning them against these plans.

A large number of schools adopted the declaration: “Fem Objecció, eduquem per la pau”, in which they refused to cooperate with the Ministry of Defence and, instead, undertook to encourage education for peace.

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Arcadi Oliveres President of Justícia i Pau, Barcelona “It is essential to reduce worldwide military expenditure which, now, is in the region of $1,200 billion per year. To justify this expense, one would have to look for enemies such as Islamic threats and international terrorism. We must denounce artificial enemies that we dream up in order to justify military expenditure and obey the critics at the United Nations who recommend a 5% reduction in this expenditure, and give this money to the Third World.”

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Campaign: “Per la pau: prou investigació militar” For peace: enough military research!. This campaign was created in 1999 to work on the commitment between science and peace and to oppose the growing militarisation of scientific research by the Spanish state. For more than seven years, the campaign worked to shift resources from military research into civilian areas.

In this way scientific objection was born, attracting more than 2,000 researchers from 43 universities, 18 research centres and various businesses. All of these declared themselves scientific objectors and promised not to take part in any research project with military purposes or supported by military means. They agreed to pressurise the Spanish government, universities and research centres until accomplishing their goals to make such research transparent and to transfer resources to civilian areas.

They also managed to persuade more than 15 Spanish universities to incorporate, in their articles, a commitment for peace and a refusal to develop military projects and for the governing bodies of different universities to approve a motion in favour of their campaign. Additionally, they promoted a “good use clause”, in which researchers refused to let their studies be used by armies or armed groups.

Rebecca Peters Director of the International Action Network on Small Arms, London “We have made great progress towards disarmament, even though this process is slow. Recently, the United Nations has recognised that small arms are a problem that all countries must work together on, as soon as possible, rather thank thinking it is just an issue of national sovereignty. Now it is recognised that this was an erroneous assumption because small arms cross borders, illegally, with the arms trade, as well as legally.”

The campaign, initiated and coordinated by the Fundació per la Pau, also brought out an annual report on research for military purposes for the Spanish state. It is important to highlight here that one of their main successes has been to achieve a reduction in the percentage destined for military research, from around 50% in 2000 to 20% in 2007.

Tax Conscientious Objection Campaign Since 1989, the Foundation and other pacifist organisations have promoted the Tax Conscientious Objection Campaign – a campaign for conscientious objection to military spending and to denounce high military expenditure. This initiative proposes civil noncompliance as a way of diverting revenue, provided by citizens, from preparing for war towards investments in peace and human rights projects. This Fiscal Objection cam32

paign runs every year during the annual tax return campaign.

Arms Under Control Campaign The Fundació per la Pau, as a member of the International Action Network for Small Arms (IANSA), has formed part of this worldwide campaign since 2005. Promoted

by Oxfam International, Amnesty International and IANSA itself, the campaign denounces the negative effects of the proliferation and illegal use of conventional arms and works towards achieving an international treaty that controls such trade. The current lack of control, especially concerning small arms, leads to an increase in armed violence, exacerbates open conflicts and facilitates the violation of the most basic human rights.

Campaign for an Arms Act in Spain For more than two years, and using different campaigns, the aim of this initiative was to persuade the Spanish state to pass a law controlling the arms trade, regulating foreign business related to arms and dual-use goods.

The Fundació per la Pau actively participated in the campaign’s development, which achieved its target in November 2007: the Spanish parliament passed its arms trade law by a large parliamentary majority. From this moment on, the Spanish government has had to offer detailed information about arms exported and their destination.The campaign for the arms law received a prize for the best initiative for solidarity in 2007, chosen by the Periódico de Catalunya.

Campaign against cluster bombs In February 2007, the Oslo Process was created, an initiative promoted by the Norwegian government to achieve an international treaty that would ban cluster bombs. The Fundació per la Pau, member of the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), an international network made up of more than 300 NGOs, played an active role in the whole process.

Together with other state organisations, the Foundation pressurised the Spanish government to lend its support to the process. Finally, in December 2008, 94 countries, including Spain, approved the Cluster Bomb Ban Treaty. For it to be completely accepted, it was necessary for 30 states to ratify the text.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

The creation of the ICIP In 2008, the Institut Català Internacional per la Pau was created, an organisation approved by a Catalan parliamentary act that relies on public financing but is run independently from the government. The ICIP was first proposed by the Fundació per la Pau in 1999, within the framework of the Fòrum Català per Repensar la Societat, and its main objective is to promote a culture of peace, to mediate in conflicts and carry out research and development. From this initial idea, contributions kept being made for eight years to the mission and the structure of the group on the part of private universities and the political arena. Finally, in November 2007, the Catalan parliament passed the act known as the Llei de l’Institut Català Internacional de la Pau. Other campaigns and mobilisation The Fundació per la Pau has taken part in other civic campaigns and mobilisation in which its presence has been intense and decisive.

During 1983, 1984 and 1985, the Fundació per la Pau played an active role in the Coordinadora pel Desarmament i la Desnuclearització Totals (CDDT) and the Coordinadora Estatal d’Organitzacions Pacifistes (CEOP).

It also played an active role in the campaign against Spain joining NATO (1986), as well as diverse platforms created against Spain’s continued presence in the Atlantic Organisation.

Pèrsic, donating its premises and infrastructure to the creation of the Diari de la Pau, containing critical opinions from journalists and groups against propaganda for the war.

The Foundation became responsible for maintaining the campaign’s website, providing updates on mobilisation and the current situation on the platform.

Other notable collaborations of the Fundació per la Pau have been: - Financial and infrastructure support for the Permanent Court of the Peoples of the Former Yugoslavia, which gathered in Barcelona at the end of 1995 to pass judgement over those who had conducted war crimes against the civil populations of Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia.

- Active support of the campaign against the Euro Army of the South, which managed to stop the possibility of Barcelona becoming the headquarters of European armed forces, ready to attack and intervene in the south of the Mediterranean.

- Support (through workshops, promotion, etc) of the Alternative Mediterranean Conference, held in Barcelona in 1995 while the Euro-Mediterranean Summit was taking place.

- Support for and promotion of the campaign against landmines (events, publications, political pressure).

In 1991, before the Gulf War, the Fundació per la Pau was also actively involved in creating the Plataforma contra la Guerra al Golf

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Manuela Mesa President of the Asociación Espanyola de Investigación para la Paz (AIPAZ), Madrid “Recently, we have advanced considerably in creating instruments to prevent and resolve conflicts. Even though we know it’s better to do this before a war starts, it’s a relatively new consideration for state powers to consider prevention as a fundamental task. Political will is lacking to turn proposals, in the form of declarations, conventions and treaties, into action.”

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Conflicts: support for agents of peace With the aim of advancing towards the eradication of violence as a means of communication between people and populations, the Fundació per la Pau has always wished to support those organisations and people that have worked for peace despite the conflicts and difficulties around them. Therefore, throughout its 25-year history, it has promoted and participated in various initiatives to raise awareness of and support groups and people from around the world who depend on peace.

Jonan Fernández, Director of the Centro por la Paz Baketik, Arantzazu “The peace movement is going through a lull at the moment and it needs rejuvenating. We have to introduce, with force if necessary, the concept of global citizenship, a condition that can only be achieved if there is a worldwide ethic census. Only such a consensus, in which everyone is represented, can create a basic framework for the peaceful resolution to conflicts.”

Platforms in favour of peace Concerned about the political evolution of different international conflicts, the Fundació per la Pau has participated throughout these many years in different campaigns and platforms that have been organised in Catalonia, in support of a peaceful and long-lasting solution to conflicts in Kosovo, Africa’s Great Lakes, Iraq, Palestine, Colombia, etc.

With its adherence and support to these initiatives and campaigns, the Fundació per la Pau wishes to express its support for innocent victims and its commitment to building a just peace.

Basque Country From its beginnings, the Fundació per la Pau has lent support to those initiatives in the Basque Country that work for peace and the end of violence. In this way, amongst others, a close link has been maintained with the movements Gesto por la Paz and Lokarri

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(previously Elkarri), with which it has participated in numerous public acts and diverse activities.

Practicar la Pau (Practising Peace) In 2006 the Fundació per la Pau started a new line of work to introduce the work of individuals and organisations that, despite the hard conditions that violence imposes, have chosen to work for peace. The first four editions of Practicar la Pau, held between 2006 and 2008, allowed the following organisations – Sou da Paz, from Brazil; IPCRI (Israel and Palestine Centre for Research and Information), from the Middle East; IEPADES (Instituto de Enseñanza para el Desarrollo Sostenible), from Guatemala; and RECAAL (Réseau Congolais d’Action sur les Armes Légères et de petit calibre), from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to take on this task.

Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

External relations and institutions Building peace is not a simple task, nor can it be accomplished alone. Coordination with other entities, organisations and study centres, the exchange of data and information and joint campaigns at both a national and international level are all essential for everyone to be more effective and efficient in this task. Aware of this, since it was set up the Fundació per la Pau has immersed itself in national and international networks and has participated in joint initiatives with other organisations.

Participation of the Fundació per la Pau in networks and groups

International sphere . member of the International Peace Bureau (IPB)

Catalan sphere . founder member of the UNESCO Centre of Catalonia

. promoter of the Hague Appeal for Peace (HAP)

. founder member of the Universitat Internacional per la Pau in Sant Cugat del Vallès . member of the Federació Catalana d’ONG pels Drets Humans . founder member of the Federació Catalana d’ONG per la Pau . founder member of the Plataforma Aturem la Guerra . collaborative entity of the Consell Nacional de la Joventut de Catalunya (CNJC) . member of the Taula Catalana per la Pau i els Drets Humans de Colòmbia

. member of the IANSA network (international campaign against small arms) . member of the Abolition 2000 network (international campaign against nuclear arms) . member of the PNND (parliamentary network for nuclear disarmament) . member, in representation of the IPB, of the International Council of the World Social Forum . member of the Campaign for the Reform of International Institutions, by UBUNTU . member of the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC)

Spanish sphere . member of the Asociación Española de Investigación para la Paz (AIPAZ) . member of the Arms Under Control campaign

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Fundació per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

Members of Fundació per la Pau Board Members Alfons Banda (president), Antoni Soler (vice president), Francesc Gusi (secretary), Teresa Dalmau, Miquel Insausti, Enric Masllorens, Xavier Masllorens, Josep M. Queralt, Gabriela Serra, Carme Suñé and Francesc Tubau (members) The following have also been members of the Board Enric Angelet, Josep Aranda, Eugeni Barquero, Pepe Beúnza, Moisès Broggi, Francesc Casanovas, Conxita Ferré, Vicenç Fisas, Tica Font, Enric Frigola, Joan Gomis, Rafael Grasa, Miguel Angel Molina, Arcadi Oliveres, Santiago Ramentol, Anton Raventós, Maria Àngels Roca, Palmira Rodríguez, Raül Romeva, Carme Romia, Francesc Sabater and Martí Terés.

Members of the International Committee Hilarión Capucci, John Paul Lederach, Fèlix Martí, Federico Mayor Zaragoza, Arcadi Oliveres, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Rebecca Peters and Cora Weiss.

The following have also been members of the International Committee Oscar Arias, Bernard Benson, Joan Gomis, Cassià M. Just and Sean McBride.

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Staff Jordi Armadans (director), Roser Cardona (administration), Virginia Garzón (projects), Lourdes Vergés (communication) and Toni Viader (website).

The following have also been members of the Staff Regina Arquimbau, Eugeni Barquero, Cristophe Duclau, Conxita Ferré, Marta Gay, Enric Masllorens, Martí Olivella, Maria Rosa Oliveres, Anna Pla, Albert Pujol, Palmira Rodríguez and Marta Zamora.

We have also benefitted from the invaluable contributions of more one hundred people actively involved (bureau support, participation in campaigns, working committees, local groups, etc.) and the support of more than 4,000 financial partners, donors and supporters.

Fundaci贸 per la Pau - 25 years working for peace

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Fundació per la Pau - 25 anys treballant per la pau

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Written by: Jordi Armadans and Lourdes Vergés Coordination: Lourdes Vergés Correction of Catalan and translation into Spanish: Marc Alba Translation into English: Tracy Byrne Design and layout: Toni Viader Printed by: Gràfiques Alpres You can reproduce or photocopy the text of this book only if you mention the source.

June 2009

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Fundaci贸 per la Pau (Foundation for Peace) is an NGO founded in 1983 that works for a world in peace. By means of increasingly better informed and active public opinion, it promotes all the cultural and structural changes required to enable the eradication of violence in relations between people and cultures.

c/ Casp, 31, 2n 1a A - 08010 Barcelona Tel猫fon: 93 302 51 29 Fax: 93 301 75 62 info@fundacioperlapau.org www.fundacioperlapau.org

With the support of:

25 YEARS WORKING FOR PEACE