Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts in Southeast Asia by The Fund for Peace

Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts in Southeast Asia

Threat Convergence Fact Sheet Series

THREAT CONVERGENCE | THE FUND FOR PEACE

Copyright ÂŠ 2011 The Fund for Peace. Report prepared by Ryan Costello Series Editor Patricia Taft All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace. The Fund for Peace 1720 I Street NW 7th Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 T: +1 202 223 7940 F: +1 202 223 7947 www.fundforpeace.org The Fund for Peace Publication CR-11-05-TC (11-04A) Circulation: PUBLIC

Contents

WMD Non-Proliferation Initiatives

Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Counterterrorism Initiatives

CTC Technical Assistance Matrix

International Anti-Terrorism Instruments

Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives

U.S. Multilateral Initiatives

Key Resources and Endnotes

About The Fund for Peace

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WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)

Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

International Atomic Energy Agency

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty, 1995)

27 Jun 2006

CSA/AP

SP Indonesia

28 Oct 2004 22 Nov 2005

CSA/AP

SP Malaysia

26 Oct 2004

CSA

Myanmar

6 Apr 2005

CSA

Philippines

28 Oct 2004 28 Oct 2005 30 Nov 2005

CSA

Singapore

21 Oct 2004 29 Aug 2005

CSA/AP

Thailand

Nov 5, 2004

CSA

Vietnam

26 Oct 2004 12 Dec 2005

CSA

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted1

Bangladesh

Abbreviations

Additional Protocol in Force

Signatory

CSA

Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in force

State Party

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Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Bangladesh

Bangladesh prohibits the export of “firearms, ammunitions, and ingredients thereof.” Additionally, Bangladesh is in the process of implementing the Megaports Initiative at the port of Chittagong.

Indonesia

Indonesia does not participate in any multinational export control regimes, though it has implemented national export control regulations, such as Regulation No. 29/2008 concerning the exportation of pengion radiation resources or other nuclear materials, and Regulation No. 9/2008 regarding the use and export of chemicals.

Malaysia

Malaysia does not participate in any multinational export control regimes nor did it have any national legislation concerning the export of nuclear materials or technology. It does receive assistance from the United States through the Export Control and Border-Related Security (EXBS) program to improve its export control system. However, Malaysia’s lack of export controls caught negative international attention as it became a transit route for WMD related materials. In April 2010 Malaysia released the Strategic Trade Act, which illegalized the shipment of WMD related materials through Malaysia. The law represents an important first step in compliance with UNSCR 1540.

Myanmar

Myanmar’s Notification 10/1999 prohibits the trade, border trade, and transit trade of firearms. A series of internal laws regulate the trafficking of weapons and illicit chemicals. Not a participant in the CS/ NP/MP initiatives.

Philippines

The Philippines has implemented several national export control measures concerning the transfer of nuclear materials and technology, including: the Republic Act 6969, the Republic Act 2067 and the Republic Act 5207. National legislation establishes control over the importation, exportation, procurement, processing and handling of, inter alia, radioactive materials and instruments, atomic energy facilities and materials, chemical substances, and explosives. The Philippines also received U.S. assistance through a developmental grant from the Export Control and Border-Related Security (EXBS) program in September 2006.

Singapore

Singapore has implemented several export control measures including the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, which regulates the transfer of goods and technology that could be used for the production of WMD, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Acts, Arms and Explosives Act, and the Chemical Weapons (Prohibition) Act.

Thailand

Thailand has several export control laws which regulate the transfer of arms and toxic chemicals. As of 2005, Thailand planned to implement an end-user certification system to bolster export control efforts. Thailand has received assistance through the Export Control and Border Security (EXBS) program to improve port and border security and strengthen export controls regarding munitions, dual use goods, and related technologies.

Vietnam

Vietnam has regulations governing the use of nuclear, chemical and biological materials, including the Environmental Protection Act and the Law on Atomic Energy. Vietnam law also has criminalized terrorism and regulates the possession of any type of weapon. Vietnam is involved in nonproliferation regimes and takes advantage of training programs through the Export Control and Border Security (EXBS) program.

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Counterterrorism Initiatives

Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/countryreports/Creports.shtml) and 1624 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/1624.html).

CTC Cooperation

UNSCR 1373 Reports submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports submitted

UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities

Provided with direct assistance by UNODC’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.

Information Unavailable

1) S/2002/42 2) S/2002/1137 3) S/2005/456

CTC assistance received 2001-2008

1) S/2001/1245 2) S/2002/731 3) S/2003/267

4) S/2004/670 5) S/2006/311

See: S/2006/311

Provided with direct assistance by UNODC’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.2

CTC assistance received 2001-2007

1) S/2002/35 2) S/2002/1334 3) S/2003/729

4) S/2004/778 5) S/2005/846

CTC assistance received 2001-2006

1) S/2001/1144 3) S/2004/295 5) S/2006/902

2) S/2002/1045 4) S/2005/519

See: S/2006/902

Provided with direct assistance by UNODC’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.

CTC assistance received 2001-2007

1) S/2001/1290 & Add.1 2) S/2002/785 3) S/2003/979 4) S/2005/109

The Philippines observed the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) workshop in Vienna, Austria in July 2008. 3

CTC assistance received 2001-2007

1) S/2001/1234 2) S/2002/690 3) S/2003/480

4) S/2004/133 5) S/2006/120

See: S/2006/120

Singapore observed the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) workshop in Vienna, Austria in July 2008.

1) S/2002/10 2) S/2002/882

3) S/2003/915 4) S/2004/1023

S/2006/399

Provided with direct assistance by UNODC’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.

1) S/2002/148 2) S/2003/128 3) S/2003/1171

4) S/2005/165 5) S/2006/121

S/2007/425

Provided with direct assistance by UNODC’s Terrorism Prevention Branch.

CTC assistance received 2001-2007

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CTC Technical Assistance Matrix

Date(s) Provided

Number of Requests

Numbers of Assistance Provisions

Bangladesh Note: No information currently available for Bangladesh Indonesia Civil Aviation

1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007

Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 3/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 3/1/2007; 5/1/2007; 1/1/2008

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 3/31/2003; 5/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 9/26/2005; 11/14/2005; 11/15/2005; 12/12/2005; 1/1/2006; 4/3/2006; 10/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 1/31/2007; 2/1/2007; 3/1/2007; 5/1/2007

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 8/1/2007

Financial Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2004; 2/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 5/1/2006; 12/1/2006; 1/1/2008

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007

Military Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2003; 1/1/2005

Maritime Security

8/26/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 5/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 3/13/2006; 1/1/2007; 7/1/2007; 1/1/2008

National Security Police and Law Enforcement

1/1/2000; 1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 7/1/2006; 1/8/2006; 10/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 3/1/2007; 4/1/2007; 4/27/2007; 5/14/2007; 9/1/2007; 11/1/2007; 1/1/2008

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 4/1/2004; 5/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 3/1/2007; 4/1/2007

Transportation Security Other

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1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 3/1/2005; 11/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 7/12/2007

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Counterterrorism Initiatives

Date(s) Provided

Number of Requests

Numbers of Assistance Provisions

Malaysia Civil Aviation

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003

Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;11/1/2006

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

1/1/2002; 3/31/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2006; 7/1/2006

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 5/1/2006; 7/1/2006

Financial Law and Practice

1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 7/5/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 9/1/2006

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2006; 6/19/2006; 11/6/2006

Military Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2002; 1/1/2005

Maritime Security

1/1/2001; 7/1/2003; 5/24/2004; 1/1/2005; 9/1/2006

National Security

1/1/2003

Police and Law Enforcement

1/1/2001; 6/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

5/1/2004

Transportation Security Myanmar Civil Aviation

1/1/2003

Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2001; 1/1/2005

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

8/26/2004; 1/1/2006

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

Financial Law and Practice

7/5/2004;

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

Military Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2004; 1/1/2005;

Maritime Security

8/26/2002; 5/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

Transportation Security

National Security Police and Law Enforcement

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1/1/2001; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2006;

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Counterterrorism Initiatives

Date(s) Provided

Number of Requests

Numbers of Assistance Provisions

Philippines Civil Aviation

1/1/2001

Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 9/1/2006

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 11/15/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/10/2006

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2002; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 5/1/2006; 7/1/2006; 1/1/2007

Financial Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 9/23/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 11/6/2006

Military Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2003; 1/1/2005

Maritime Security

1/1/2002; 7/1/2002; 9/26/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006

National Security Police and Law Enforcement

1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 5/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

1/1/2004

Transportation Security Singapore Civil Aviation Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2005; 2/1/2007;

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

1/1/2003; 1/1/2006;

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2003; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004;

Financial Law and Practice

1/1/2004; 1/1/2003;

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 8/7/2006; 11/6/2006;

Military Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2005;

Maritime Security

8/26/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

National Security Police and Law Enforcement

1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2006; 11/1/2006;

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

5/1/2004;

Transportation Security

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Counterterrorism Initiatives

Date(s) Provided

Number of Requests

Numbers of Assistance Provisions

Thailand Civil Aviation

1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 2/1/2006

Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

1/1/2003; 3/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 1/16/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 11/1/2007;

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 5/1/2006;

Financial Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 7/5/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 5/8/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007;

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2001; 1/1/2005; 6/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

Mil. Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2003; 1/1/2005;

Maritime Security

1/1/2001; 3/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 8/26/2002; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 11/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 1/1/2007;

National Security Police and Law Enforcement

1/1/2001; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 7/1/2006; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007; 1/1/2007;

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

1/1/2003;

Transportation Security Vietnam Civil Aviation

1/1/2001; 1/8/2006;

Customs & Border Control

1/1/2001; 1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006;

Counter-terrorism Law and Practice

1/1/2004; 2/1/2004; 11/22/2004; 11/22/2004; 12/1/2004; 1/1/2006; 5/21/2007; 5/21/2007

Extradition Law and Practice Expert Monitoring and Illegal Arms Trafficking

1/1/2002; 1/1/2003; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005

Financial Law and Practice

1/1/2002; 1/1/2004; 1/1/2004; 7/5/2004;

Immigration Law and Practice

1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005;

Mil. Counter-terrorism Training

1/1/2005

Maritime Security

1/1/2001; 1/1/2002; 8/26/2002; 6/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 6/1/2006; 7/1/2006; 8/1/2006; 12/1/2006;

National Security Police and Law Enforcement

1/1/2001; 1.1.2001; 1/1/2002; 1/1/2004; 4/1/2004; 1/1/2005; 1/1/2006; 3/13/2006; 5/15/2006; 7/13/2006; 8/31/2006; 9/25/2006;

Training and Capacity Building for the Judiciary

4/1/2007; 5/21/2007;

Transportation Security

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International Antiterrorism Instrumentsa

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973)

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1988)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)

Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)

Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991)

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999)

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

SPb

SPc

SPd

SPe

See page 16 for References

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International Anti-Terrorism Instruments

References a

b c d e

Extract from the Report of the Secretary-General on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Doc. A/63/173), http://www.un.org/ga/sixth/63/Terrorism_Table_63rd.pdf Indonesia signed the document with the caveat that it is not bound by Article 24, Paragraph 1 of the treaty. Indonesia signed the document with reservation with respect to Article 12, Paragraph 1 of the convention. Malaysia declared that it is not a producer state and is therefore unbound by Article XIII, Paragraph 2. The Philippines declared that it was not a producer state and is therefore unbound by Article XIII, Paragraph 2.

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Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing

Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations

APGML Mutual Evaluation Reports Status

Bangladesh

Ratified Aug 26 2005

Money laundering is criminalized along with a wide Completed second range of terrorist financing acts. However, Bangladesh round evaluation on lacks capacity and resources in many areas to July 8, 2009 effectively combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The 2009 APG Report8 deemed Bangladesh either “compliant” or “largely compliant” in only 6 of 40 recommendations and no special recommendations. Bangladesh was found to be “partially compliant” in 23 of 40 recommendations and 6 of 9 special recommendations, and “non-compliant” in 11 of 40 recommendations and 3 of 9 special recommendations.

Indonesia

Signed 24 Sep 2001 Ratified 29 Jun 2006

Deemed either “partially compliant” or “non compliant” in 36 of 40 recommendations and all 9 special recommendations. The 2008 APG Report4 cites insufficient legal action to combat terrorist financing and deficient law enforcement capabilities to convict money launderers. There is a Financial Intelligence Unit in place.

Completed second round evaluation on July 9, 2008

Malaysia

Ratified 29 May 2007

Deemed either “compliant” or “largely compliant” in 33 of 40 recommendations and 9 special recommendations. The APG’s 2007 report5 states that Malaysia is consistent with the international standards set forth in the 2001 AMLA Act. Malaysia has improved laws and tightened compliance related to AML/CTF.

Completed second round evaluation on July 25, 2007

Myanmar

Signed Nov 12, 2001 Ratified Aug 16, 2006

Myanmar joined the APG in 2006 and was removed from the FATF non-cooperative countries and territories (NCCT) list in October 2006. Myanmar has not yet criminalized terrorist financing. The 2008 APG Report7 determined that Myanmar was either “compliant” or “largely compliant” in only 4 of 40 recommendations and 0 of 9 special recommendations. Myanmar was found to be “partially compliant” in 25 of 40 recommendations and 3 of 9 special recommendations, and “non-compliant” in 9 of 40 recommendations and 6 of 9 special recommendations.

First evaluation completed on July 10, 2008 (2nd round)

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Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing Philippines

Signed 16 November 2001

Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations

APGML Mutual Evaluation Reports Status

Enacted the Human Security Act to criminalize Completed second terrorism and terrorist financing. A Financial round evaluation on Intelligent Unit is in place per the 2001 AMLA Act. The July 8, 2009 2009 APG Report6 verifies that measures have been taken to implement all 40+9 recommendations.

Singapore

Signed December 18, 2001 Ratified December 30, 2002

Singapore’s efforts to combat money laundering and terrorist financing are based on a strong and comprehensive legal-institutional framework. Singapore has implemented many recommended measures including the creation of a financial intelligence unit (FIU) and a suspicious transaction reporting regime. The 2008 APG Report10 found that Singapore was “compliant” or “largely compliant” with 34 of 40 recommendations and 9 of 9 special recommendations.

Thailand

Signed December 18, 2001 Ratified September 29, 2004

Thailand has made improvements in combating money Completed second laundering and terrorist financing but lacks a round evaluation on comprehensive and strong legal-institutional July 24, 2007 framework. The IMF’s 2007 Report11 found that Thailand was “compliant” or “largely compliant” in only 6 of 40 recommendations and no special recommendations. Thailand was “partially compliant” in 23 of 40 recommendations and 6 of 9 special recommendations, and “non-compliant” in 10 of 40 recommendations and 3 of 9 special recommendations.

Vietnam

Ratified September 25, 2002

Terrorist financing is not criminalized as an Completed second autonomous offense, and there are no laws allowing round evaluation on for the freezing of terrorists funds. The 2009 APG July 8, 2009 Report9 indicated that Vietnam was only “compliant” or “largely compliant” in 4 of 40 recommendations and no special recommendations. Vietnam was “partially compliant” in 23 of 40 recommendations and 2 of 9 special recommendations, and “non-compliant” in 11 of 40 recommendations and 7 of 9 special recommendations.

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Completed second round evaluation on February 29, 2008

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U.S. Multilateral Initiatives

Container Security Initiative

Proliferation Security Initiative

Megaports Initiative (National Nuclear Security Administration)

Bangladesh

Chittagong, Implementation Underway

Indonesia

Malaysia

Participant

Port Klang, Operational

Myanmar

Philippines

Participant

Manila, Operational

Singapore

Participant

Pasir Panjang, Operational

Thailand

Participant

Laem Chabang, Operational

Vietnam

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Key Resources

• • • •

Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering Mutual Evaluation Reports: http://www.apgml.org/documents/ default.aspx?DocumentCategoryID=17 National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/ FATF 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/ document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html

•

FATF 9 Recommendations on Terrorist Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/ document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html

• •

FATF Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/14/21/41146580.pdf International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/ finterr.htm

• • • •

US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/nuclear_nonproliferation/1641.htm

•

Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Bangkok): http://www.nti.org/e_research/ official_docs/inventory/pdfs/seanwfz.pdf

Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/ UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/ index.html

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Endnotes

1540 reports by country available at: http://www.nti.org/db/1540/region_easia.html & http://www.nti.org/db/1540/region_sasia.html 2. See UNODC’s “Delivering Counter-Terrorism Assistance,” March 2009 report, http://www.unodc.org/documents/ terrorism/TPB_brochure_English_final_printed_copy.pdf 3. Ibid. 4. APG 2nd Mutual Evaluation Report on Indonesia, July 9, 2008, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/ Indonesia%20MER2_FINAL.pdf 5. APG Mutual Evaluation Report on Malaysia, July 25, 2007, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/Malaysian% 20MER%20-%20FINAL%20August%202007.pdf 6. APG 2nd Mutual Evaluation Report on the Philippines, July 8, 2009, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/ The%20Philippines%20DAR%20-%20Final%20%20210809.pdf 7. APG Mutual Evaluation Report on Myanmar, July 10, 2008, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/Myanmar% 202008.pdf 8. APG 2nd Mutual Evaluation Report on Bangladesh, July 8, 2009, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/ Bangladesh%20ME2%20-%20final120809.pdf 9. APG 2nd Mutual Evaluation Report on Vietnam, July 8, 2009, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/ Vietnam%20ME1.pdf 10. APG 2nd Mutual Evaluation Report on Singapore, February 29, 2008, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/ Singapore%20ME1.pdf 11. IMF 2nd Mutual Evaluation Report on Thailand, July 24, 2007, http://www.apgml.org/documents/docs/17/ Thailand%20DAR.pdf

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About The Fund for Peace

he Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security.

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We have worked in over 50 countries with a wide range of partners in all sectors: governments, international organizations, the military, nongovernmental organizations, academics, journalists, civil society networks, and the private sector.

We promote sustainable security through research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers. A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers.

The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of initiatives focused on our central objective of promoting sustainable security, the ability of a state to solve its own problems peacefully without an external military or administrative presence. Our programs fall into three primary thematic areas: Conflict Early Warning and Assessment; Transnational Threats; and Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security.

The Fund for Peace adopts a holistic approach to the issues stemming from weak and failing states. We work at both the grassroots level with civil society actors and at policy levels with key decision makers.

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