Fusion in Europe 4 | 2017

FUSION IN EUROPE NE WS

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Hijacking a Jet: how Culham was chosen Page 26

WHAT DO FUSION AND FOODPACKAGING HAVE IN COMMON? ALONG COMES A SPIDER

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2017

FUSION IN EUROPE The cover shows a painting from the artist Sarah Moncrieff. The painter has joined the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE) during an Open Day and has pictured the Joint European Torus in a very colourful way.

Picture: private/Ray Francis

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Johannes Schwemmer became the Director of Fusion for Energy (F4E) in 2016. The organisation manages the European industrial involvement in ITER and has just celebrated its 10th anniversary.

In an interview Johannes Schwemmer discussess synergies between EUROfusion and F4E. Picture: Fusion for Energy

Contents

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2017

Research Units 4

Six postdocs connect tokamak and stellarator

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Win-win: real-time collaboration between ITER and JET

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A lot of good neutron science

10 What do fusion and food-packaging have in common?

ITERsection 13 We need to act as one!

16 Along comes a SPIDER

Young Faces 19 Fusion en Marche!

Alternative Fusion Concepts 22 Helion Energy

Impressions 24 Impressions

Community

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26 Hijacking a jet: how Culham was chosen 28 JET as a pictorial record

The Boeing ‘Landshut’ has been hijacked by terrorists in 1977. It is said that the attack has had an impact on the final location of the Joint European Torus. Due to the 40th anniversary Fusion in Europe has dived into the archives in order to find out the truth of it.

Picture: DPA Bildarchiv

Imprint FUSION IN EUROPE ISSN 1818-5355

For more information see the website: www.euro-fusion.org

Outlook 2018 30 ITER on track/Upgrade for Compass/EURO­ fusion in China

EUROfusion Programme Management Unit – Garching Boltzmannstr. 2 85748 Garching / Munich, Germany phone: +49-89-3299-4128 email: anne.purschwitz@euro-fusion.org editors: Petra Nieckchen, Anne Purschwitz Subscribe at newsletter@euro-fusion.org /fusion2050 @PetraonAir @FusionInCloseUp @APurschwitz

© Petra Nieckchen This newsletter or parts of it may not be reproduced without permission. Text, pictures and layout, except where noted, courtesy of the EUROfusion ­members.

The EUROfusion members are the Research Units of the European Fusion Programme. ­Responsibility for the information and views expressed in this newsletter lies entirely with the authors. Neither the Research Units or anyone acting on their behalf is responsible for any damage resulting from the use of information contained in this publication.

| Moving Forward | EUROfusion |

I am increasingly convinced that we, in Europe, benefit from the most coherent and best coordinated research programme in the world. As Programme Manager, I have the unique ability to compare fusion research worldwide.

I have heard many scientists from other countries say that they envy us for being able to follow a competitive outline which focuses on very clear priorities. Our plan ­enables scientists and engineers, from 30 national research l­ aboratories and well over 150 universities, to work to­gether towards the same common goal.

Tony Donné, EUROfusion Programme Manager

The basis for this is the European Fusion Roadmap which defines the main challenges that will need to be tackled in the coming years. It also describes a detailed research plan. Since its publication in 2013, we have made very good progress on many topics. The change from carbon to ­metal walls has led to a considerable reduction in h ­ ydrogen ­retention and dust production – very good news for ITER because this implies fewer openings for cleaning.

Moreover, our scientists have developed new operational­ recipes in order to reach high performance with metal walls, and they have discovered that fast ions have a stabilising effect on turbulence – again good news.

The initial campaigns of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator exceeded expectations. The new systems enginee­r ing approach adopted in the predesign phase for the first demonstrational fusion power plant DEMO is a major step forward and has given the fusion community many new insights. All of these efforts and successes would not have been possible without the dedicated staff of EUROfusion and its beneficiaries.

We are now in the process of updating the fusion roadmap.

The revision will be an evolution of the old one but with even more coherence between the missions. Important is the enhanced consistency between ITER and DEMO activities: In 2017, EUROfusion, Fusion for Energy (F4E) and several research institutes undertook a major effort to align the European ITER Test Blanket Module (TBM) and the DEMO Breeder Blanket (BB) programmes. This has led to much stronger synergies between F4E and the EUROfusion activities, a direct outcome of our well ­organised fusion programme.

Apart from the above alignment of the TBM and BB ­programmes, we are also collaborating closely with F4E, for instance, in the Broader Approach (Japanese Torus­ 60 Super Advanced, DEMO, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility and various ITER-related topics). Additionally, in 2017, F4E has joined EUROfusion in EIROforum. F4E is now a member of the consortium which comprises the eight largest European research ­i nstitutes. Indeed, I am pleased to announce that this edition features an interview with F4E Director Johannes Schwemmer on the occasion of the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the organisation.

Realising fusion electricity is by far one of the biggest ­challenges on the path of mankind. We will best be able to reach the final goal if we all cooperate. My wish for 2018 is that we continue the good work and achieve many p ­ ositive results.

Tony Donné EUROfusion Programme Manager

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T

he Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) in Germany offers unique

possibilities. It features not one, but two of the most advanced fusion experiments available. The Greifswald branch hosts the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X and the Garching institute operates the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade. Why not make use of the best of both worlds? For the first time in history, the institute has offered six postdoc positions with the intention to create synergies between tokamak and stellarator research.

SIX POSTDOCS CONNECT TOKAMAK AND STELLARATOR The announcement from the Scientific Board of IPP a­ rrived just in time for tokamak expert Rachael McDermott and her stellarator colleague Oliver Ford. Rachael in Garching and Oliver in Greifswald were about to p ­ urchase new cameras to observe the plasma inside both experiments. Those cameras came with software which was not ideal for the needs of Ra ch the two research teams. ae

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TWO TEAMS, ONE GOAL

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te iva cDer : pr e r u t mott. Pic

“We were kicking around ideas regarding how to develop the systems to better meet the goals of our spectroscopy groups”, says ­Rachael. “If we had the dedicated manpower we would be able to create something specific in a more efficient way and would not have to rely on commercial products that are designed for a more general audience.”

| Research Units | EUROfusion |

Da rre n

te riva p : McDo nald. Picture

EUROfusion’s roadmap brings together tokamaks and stellarators. Sharing of ideas and people between the two areas benefits both.

A good example of this is the work being done on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator in support of ITER. The new postdoc programme is a great way to encourage even more collaboration.

Darren McDonald from EUROfusion’s ITER Physics Department

Rachael and Oliver used the newly created research o ­ pportunity to launch a call for a postdoc. He or she would become one of the six ambassadors who, from next spring onwards, will travel and work in both the toka­mak and stellarator worlds. The person will receive equal training at ASDEX Upgrade as well as Wendelstein 7-X between 2018 and 2020 and will help to create resources that benefit both groups.

CREATING EXTRA SPACE “By allocating postdoc resources to such collaborative projects, we have created space for special projects to flourish. We were very impressed by the quality of the proposals that we received in response to this call”, says Thomas Sunn Pedersen, Director of the Stellarator Edge and Divertor Physics Division in Greifswald.

JOINING THE PATHS Developing proper software is not the only thing that researcher Rachael is interested in.

“What will be really exciting to see, is how the two different groups of researchers tackle the same problem”, she says. “We usually have the same objectives, but we reach them via different paths. Exchanging and interacting here might create the best solution.”

It is not only the creational aspect that looks promising: “The new postdoc will be in an ­optimum position to benefit from ASDEX expertise, and transfer this knowledge to the Wendelstein 7-X team. We in Garching have years of practice in running, for example, ­v isible spectroscopy diagnostics and in interpreting the measurements. This will be very useful when the stellarator systems come online”, says Rachael. n

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WIN-WIN: REAL-TIME COLLABORATION BETWEEN

ITER AND JET

Adam is part of the team which delivers CODAS. This COntrol and Data Acquisition System uses a real-time network which interconnects more than 100 systems receiving data from and feeding data into the Joint European Torus (JET). The device’s communication system was due for an upgrade so that it would accept current state of the art communication.

REAL-TIME VISUALISATION The question was: is there already a facility that has the proper software toolkit to enhance world’s largest operational tokamak? The answer came as a surprise: ITER, the tokamak of the future. An important part of the modernisation comprised improved visualisation tools for the scientists in JET’s control room. In practice, JET data are piped into a new real-time visualisation system integrated

by Derek Sandiford and colleagues. As a result, the team in the control room now benefits from an improved view of the tokamak processes displayed on their screens.

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“I would say one of the nicest part of our ITER software is the real-time communication, a combination of ­networks and software”, says Anders Wallander, Head of ITER’s Control System Division. Imagine you need to run a unique fusion machine which needs to manage the input of 170 different plant systems and, moreover, make this data available to the world’s scientific community as quickly as possible. You don’t start developing it just two weeks before going online.

INCREASING ITER’S USER COMMUNITY SINCE 2011 On the contrary, the ITER CODAC software development was launched in 2011 and made available to the whole fusion community. Over 65 organisations such as plant system suppliers, fusion labs, domestic agencies and contractors are currently using the software in order to develop plant control systems, test and evaluate them and give feedback. Just like any other software, on your smartphone

| Research Units | EUROfusion |

“O

ur motivation was to set up a better infrastructure in order to focus on turning fusion energy into reality”, says Adam Stephen from the Culham Centre for

­Fusion Energy (CCFE). He teamed up with partners from ITER and Fusion for Energy to modernise parts of JET’s central nervous system with the help of ITER’s software.

Bertrand Bauvir from ITER (on the left) and his F4E counterpart Andre Neto focussing on the implementation.

Some of the CODAS+IT team involved in the work: (Back row, from left to right) Derek Sandiford (Visualisation Expert), Alex Goodyear (real-time Expert), John Waterhouse (Head of Control and Data Acquisitions Group). In the front (left to right) Danny Sortino (Student), David Grist (Visualisation team), Adam Stephen (ITER systems I&C coordinator for JET). Pictures: A. Stephen

for instance, the software is updated every so often. “It is stable now. This year, we switched from two updates per year to only one”, says Anders.

ONLY THREE DAYS TO GO For this, ITER provides digital customer support along with the infrastructure. As the ITER plant systems are currently in the manufacturing phase it is difficult to comprehend how well they will work in an integrated machine. The situation at JET, which has been up and running since 1983, was different.

“We were able to test in reality to see the ITER software was mature enough and we could focus on the real challenge”, says Adam Stephen. Adam and his counterparts Bertrand Bauvir (ITER) and Andre Neto( Fusion for Energy) were literally able to go into a closed meeting for three days and integrate the entire system until the late evening: “We had all preparations done and then went into a workshop where we fixed every tiny issue. The goal was to get the system going within three days and we succeeded in a fairly short time!”

COMMUNICATION MATTERS “This only works if you have the right people, the right timing and the right solution for the problem”, says Anders Wallander. He and his CCFE colleague Adam agree on defining the most important thing for a fruitful collaboration: communication. “Usually, you have technical experts but they are not so good in communication. Or you have good communicators but they lack technical expertise. You hardly ever get both”, says Anders.

In this case, the project team obviously managed to o ­ btain all the necessary skills. The group is eagerly looking forward to continuing with the successful integration of ITER’s software on JET’s system. This co-operative work is a win-win for both the experienced tokamak in England and the one to come in France. By choosing to work together, it also makes it possible for future ITER prototypes to be seamlessly tested on JET. n

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FUSION IN EUROPE

Participants in the ­Annual General Monitoring Meeting in Culham December 2017.

Picture: © Copyright protected by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority

A LOT OF GOOD NEUTRON SCIENCE S

cientists at the Joint European Torus (JET) have been working feverishly to prepare experiments which allow the improved measurements of neutrons for the

planned tritium (T) and deuterium-tritium (DT) campaigns. Those experiments are scheduled in 2019 – 2020 but the preparations have been ongoing for years now.

The fusion experts have developed new detectors which are already in place to study the neutron streaming through penetrations in the biological shield and to investi-

gate the activation and damage they induce in the material. Such observations are of extraordinary importance for ITER because they can prove that the tools used in the ITER design are valid and appropriate.

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| Research Units | EUROfusion |

“WE WILL BE READY!”

I myself was even more excited when I looked at the group picture of the meeting.

I suddenly realised the ­growing number of young scientist in our team.

To gain experience on JET today is a unique opportunity for them.

It will turn out to be essential at ITER tomorrow.

“I was excited to see the results achieved this year, we produced a lot of good neutron ­s cience. Also, after a considerable prepara­ tory effort, we will be ready for the T and DT campaign” says Project Leader Paola Batistoni. One of the most important achievement is the calibration of JET neutron yield monitors at 14 MeV neutron energy. She admits that it has been quite challenging to insert a neutron generator inside the JET tokamak with the help of the remote handling system, to calibrate the neutron detectors. This came with the complex equipment of active detectors, power supply units, and electronics. However, the measurement accuracy in the calibration is better than the target value of ten percent.

GAINING EXPERIENCE FOR ITER Additionally, neutron detectors have been installed around the tokamak. They have already provided time dependent measurements of dose rates during operation and in the following shutdown. The preliminary ­results of the first simu­lations show that the calculated shutdown dose rate is in remar­ kable agreement with measurements.

Paola Batistoni

More than sixty scientists have discussed those notable results during the Annual General Meeting of the JET DT Technology Project at the end of this year. Among those experts were representatives of ­f usion orga­ni­sations worldwide such as Mike Loughlin (Nuclear Integration coordinator in ITER) Dieter Leichtle and Marco Fabbri (Nuc­ lear Integration coordinators in F4E) as­ well ­a s Robert Grove and Scott Mosher from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Tim Bohm the University of Wisconsin Maddison.

TEAM EXCITEMENT WAS PALPABLE At times during the meeting the team excitement was palpable because we finally see that the initial effort is producing a good harvest”, concludes Paola. n

Paola Batistoni is the Project Leader for the next deuterium-tritium campaign at JET.

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WHAT DO FUSION AND FOOD-PACKAGING HAVE IN COMMON?

Philippe Guittienne in front of his helicon plasma source. He has founded a company as a spin off from the Swiss Plasma Center which might not only enhance fusion research but also the packaging industry.

Picture: private

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| Research Units | EUROfusion |

“Y

ou know, you have this good idea on paper, but it needs prac­ tical proof”, says Philippe Guittienne. The physicist has founded his own company “Helyssen” as a spin-off from the Swiss Plasma Center in 2003. A medical application inspired him to re-think plasma sources. Today, his antenna might not only revolutionise food-packaging but also fusion plasmas.

Philippe says it was a matter of luck. By the time he was about to finish his PhD thesis in 2002 he met someone, by chance, who was looking for entrepreneurial ideas. “While searching information on different plasma sources I found a theoretical study about helicon waves. The ­pattern reminded me of the field generated by the ‘birdcage’ antenna which is commonly used in Nuclear Resonance Imaging.”

ALL ABOUT PLASMA Philippe signed a research project with the French company Alcatel. Since he, back then, had no experience with plasma research he collaborated with the Swiss Plasma Center (SPC, at the time called Center for Research in Plasma Physics). The lab enabled him to test

his ‘birdcage’ antenna for producing helicon ­plasmas; plasmas that are highly desired in various fields. It is not only the food-­packaging­ industry that is interested (see information box) fusion research was also eager to inves­ tigate Philippe’s new plasma source.

NEW WAY TO NEUTRALIZE PARTICLES One of the most common ways to heat ­plasma is via Neutral Beam Injection (NBI).

The ­t rouble with this is the small wall-plug ­efficiency of this method, which will have to be maximised in a future fusion reactor.

NBI involves four stages (see illustration ­below). Stage three of the process is the neutralisation of the charged ions. The usual way

e e e e

e

e

e e e

e 1. Formation of negative ions

2. Accelaration of negative ions

3. Neutralization (electrons are split off)

4. Injection of neutral atoms

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FUSION IN EUROPE

is to accelerate positive ions. Recombining the ions with electrons neutralizes them in stage three. This neutralisation may cause the loss of ions.

For ITER, the neutral beam injection will use negative ions. One of the proposed solutions in order to avoid ion loss is photo-neutralization, in which photo-detachment is used to strip the electrons from the ions, thus neutralising them. But, this method requires a very special type of plasma in the ion source, in the shape of a long and thin column.

In fact, the required precise plasma shape is difficult to realise. And this is where Philippe’s birdcage antenna comes in. Its induced waves generate the required negative ion-rich plasma column. “The helicon source proved very efficient for high-density plasmas with moderate injection power”, says Ivo Furno from SPC who has worked with Philippe for some years now.

NEW DIMENSIONS IN FRANCE Both now aim to take this approach to new ­d imensions. In conjunction with EURO­ fusion’s French Research Unit CEA in Cada­ rache, they are currently developing a 10 kW helicon plasma generator for neutral beams (NB) for the next generation of fusion de­vices.

The larger helicon source will be installed in the Cybele device at CEA which tests the ­photo-neutralisation of negative ion beams.

A MARKETING BOOST It remains to be seen if Philippe’s idea will ­i mprove heating scenarios for future fusion

Industry is able to supply research with practical know-how, tools and manpower Ivo Furno, SPC

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devices. His example further shows how scien­tific requirements can be converted into­ indus­t rial reality. “Industry is able to supply research with practical know-how, tools and man­power”, says Ivo. But it is considerably hard for small and middle-sized enterprises partici­ pate in such complicated research areas and ­a lso, get their foot into the door of multinational and complex projects such as ITER or DEMO. “I think, first of all, you really need the know­ledge to understand what the researcher needs from you”, says Philippe. “Once you have you get it done in practice you have a great ­selling point. Your application has been ­included in a Big Science Project which is a huge mar­keting boost when engaging with future­ clients”, says Philippe. n

Helyssen and Tetra Pak: How to un-spill the milk Helyssen is also collaborating with the ­Tetra Pak Processing GmbH. This is the company that puts milk into small cardboard boxes. The packaging material is made of paper but must also be water-­ proof and a barrier for oxygen. Hence, it needs to be coated with a special layer.

The aluminium foil currently applied onto the surface of the packages means that the package is non-disposable. Therefore, Tetra Pak is looking at environmentally friendly solutions which need different application techniques. Here is where Philippe’s plasma application comes in. It is able to p ­ recisely deposit the very thin, about­ 10 nm, barrier coatings on the plastic f­ oils. This technique could finally help to improve the environmental disposal of such boxes.

| ITERsection | EUROfusion |

Johannes Schwemmer gave a speech during the celebrations of F4E‘s anniversary in Barcelona. Picture: Fusion for Energy

WE NEED TO ACT AS ONE!

F

usion for Energy’s (F4E) Director Johannes Schwemmer settles down at the end of a busy week. Just a few days ago he was attending the ITER Industry Day at the

­European Commission’s headquarters, the Berlaymont building, in Brussels. The event held by the European Commission was just one of two major events to c­ elebrate the

10th anniversary of F4E. The organisation manages the European industrial i­nvolvement in the world’s largest tokamak to come. Ten years of ups and downs in the history of ITER have resulted in numerous lessons learned.

Dear Mr Schwemmer, F4E is celebrating its 10 th anni­versary this year. To what extend has the industrial ­e ngagement for ITER changed throughout that period?

We have been collaborating with at least 400 Euro­p ean companies and 60 research entities in more than 20 countries at a cost in excess of four billion Euros. It surely­ is a successful development for the European industry, a­ lthough we also need to restore our reputation due to ITER’s management crisis in 2013. At the ITER Industry Day, we heard many industrial partners saying that they are proud to undertake this endeavour with us.

They feel they are a part of delivering this new energy.

You became F4E Director in 2016. How have you improved efficiency and business ­optimisation since then?

Of course, the public tendering processes are still considered ‘an adventure’ for some of the smaller indus­trial partners, as one speaker at the ITER Industry Day has put it. F4E began as a start-up dealing with contracts worth billions. We clearly needed to improve the speed and e­ fficiency of processes, for example,­ recruitment and ­procurement. You cannot ­define projects by only following the rules without even tracking the time it takes ­until you deliver the result. We applied a new ­methodology thanks to which we have m ­ anaged to become faster and more efficient.

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FUSION IN EUROPE Many critics argue that it is hard for a small or mid-sized company to overcome the ­barriers in order to bid on a complex international project like ITER. What does F4E do to support applications?

We are indeed relying on small and highly specialised companies to contribute to ITER’s components. It is therefore important to cut down the large subsystems i­ nto smaller contracts to encourage the participation of all business partners.

To what extend are you taking advantage of experiences made in other multinational ­projects, such as the European Space Agency?

We have staff members from the Joint European Torus (JET), CERN or the European Space Agency and we are, without a doubt, making good use if their expertise. This year, in fact, we have also held an international enginee­ring best practice workshop in which we focused on benchmarking of processes and the results of those projects.

What separates ITER from those projects?

There is one very important and very special condition for ITER and that is the fact that

ITER is a nuclear facility. Design, assembly, commissioning, construction, operation and decommissioning must comply with French laws and regulations for licensing. Every part, every design and any change must be authorised by France’s Nuclear Safety Authority.

How would you define EUROfusion’s future role in realising fusion projects?

European fusion science is very attractive to partners outside Europe, be it China or Japan.

They would like to cooperate. But with whom could they possibly talk when they want to talk to Europe?

It is crucial that F4E, EUROfusion and the respective departments in the European Commission act as one ­towards those future partners, otherwise we won’t be able to take full advantage of our rich expertise. We are taking steps, with EUROfusion, to develop a closer cooperation. We have played a vital part in developing the European Fusion Roadmap and we have also succeeded in discussing diagnostic aspects. I am really looking forward to realising the joint project on the Test Blanket Modules.

Miguel Arias Cañete, European Commis­sioner for Climate Action & Energy during the celebrations of F4E’s 10th anniversary in Barcelona. Picture: Fusion for Energy

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| ITERsection | EUROfusion | How would you define the special tasks for EUROfusion and F4E? To me, this is relatively clear. F4E is building the machines, we are neither responsible for operation nor research. EUROfusion is carrying out the research and engaging in the preliminary design studies; subsequently it joins the commissioning of the machines in order to take the lead in running them to conduct research. As a result, we need a close collaboration between both organisations.

You say that EUROfusion does research and inital d ­ esign studies in order to develop machines. What is it that science can learn from industry?

I believe it is important that a professional engineering process should be also respected throughout the period of design. We are devel­ oping a complete and highly complex machine and the manufacturing process needs to be taken into account from the outset. In the end, this will save time and money.

How do you sell the ITER project to a company?

Innovation, reputation and motivation: first of all, the company has the opportunity to learn new techniques in new dimensions and to ­apply those skills to upcoming projects. The reputation gained from working on a project like ITER and the motivation for the staff members are also benefits. Project management has been one of the main challenges of the project. Due to constant changes in design, we had difficulties in launching the necessary calls for tender. Since Bernard Bigot took office and remar­kably changed the project management culture at ITER, we are much better at realising the contracts and we can continuously report on our progress in a positive way.

ITER is not the only project F4E is building­ with the help of European companies.

What is a project that you are really looking ­forward to in terms of realisation?

We are really happy that the Japan Torus 60 Super Advanced (JT-60SA) is scheduled to deliver its first plasma in 2020. It is the most modern JET-sized tokamak. It is located in Japan and we are eagerly looking forward to hand it over to Japanese and EUROfusion scientists. n

Johannes Schwemmer, Director of Fusion for Energy, since 2016. Picture: F4E

Johannes Schwemmer has been working in the fields of information, telecommunications and business technology for more­ than 25 years. He has a proven track ­record­in international collaboration, project management and business strategy. In 2016, he took duties as Director of ­Fusion for Energy, the EU organisation managing Europe’s contribution to ITER. Prior to his appointment, he was a partner at Ante­ vorte, a German consultancy specialising in performance management. Previously he worked for eight years at Unify GmbH & Co. KG, a global market leader in unified communication solutions present in 100 countries, where he held different positions as Vice-President for Global Project Management and Service Optimisation, and Vice-President for Global Training. Earlier in his career he worked at Siemens Business Services, as Vice-President for Risk Management and Strategic Alliances Management. He holds a European Joint Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Karlsruhe (KIT), Germany, in collaboration with the University of Essex, UK and ESIEE Paris, France.

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ALONG COMES A SPIDER

They got the power: the testing team at the High Voltage Laboratory at the company HSP. Picture: Siemens AG

D

id you actually think that all ITER parts are located­ at Cadarache, France? Well, no. PRIMA (Padova Research on ITER Megavolt Accelerator) is located in Italy. It will test the neutral beam heating for the world’s largest tokamak to come. All of PRIMA’s components, one of which goes by the name SPIDER, belong to the ITER Organization. Why does it need another complex multinational experiment to finally turn the big tokamak into a success? It is a matter of dimensions.

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| ITERsection | EUROfusion |

“The heating injectors need a performance which is magnitudes above current applications”, says Tullio Bonicelli, responsible Project Manager at Fusion for Energy (F4E).

Hence, it seems quite appropriate to test them before they will be finalised in the world’s largest fusion experiment.

NEGATIVE ION BEAMS Powerful beams of neutral particles heat the fusion ­plasma. Usually, positive ions are accelerated and then neutralised before injection.

see also the model of Neutral Beam Injection on page 11

Concept and Advancement), a first full-size and full performance ITER injector, accelerates these ions up to 1 MeV.

TEAMING UP IN EUROPE, INDIA AND JAPAN Of course, such efforts can’t be done by one country alone.

Tullio Bonicelli describes the team work: “F4E provides important funds to activities under the Neutral Beam Test Facility Agreement.” EUROfusion member Con­sorzio RFX and Italy have provided the buildings and some ­i nfrastructure as well as contributing, in a substantial way, to the technical and scientific manpower. The Indian and­­Japanese agencies from F4E, responsible for ITER, are also making their contributions by delivering important ­components.

ELISE PIONEERED FOR ITER The ITER Neutral Beam system will use negative ion beams, because the efficiency of neutralising positive ions declines heavily as the beam power increases. Such beams have unprecedented energies of one mega-electron volt (MeV) and they are on for a much longer time (up to one hour) than today’s systems. Each of the two injectors that are currently planned for ITER will transmit 16.5 Megawatt of power to the plasma.

To tackle the challenge of unknown heating dimensions, PRIMA comprises two independent test rigs: The negative ion source SPIDER (Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from radio frequency plasma) produces hydrogen and deuterium ions and accelerates them up to 100 kilo-electron volt. MITICA (Megavolt ITER Injector

Research carried out at third parties has also played a major role: the German Max Planck Institute for P ­ lasma Physics has been investigating negative ion sources for years. In fact, their heating source in the ELISE (Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment) test rig became the prototype for the ITER system. The device in Garching was half the size of the the one planned for ITER. ELISE produces a particle beam with a cross-sectional area of about one square metre.

SPIDER will start spinning during the first half of next year. MITICA is scheduled to follow in 2022. The experiments that will be carried out after the successful launch are needed to fine-tune the present injector design for ITER. n

Representatives of F4E, Thales and RFX standing in front of the SPIDER beam source. Picture: F4E

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INTERVIEW WITH TULLIO BONICELLI, PROJECT MANAGER FOR NEUTRAL BEAM AND ELECTRON CYCLOTRON POWER SUPPLIES AND SOURCES AT FUSION FOR ENERGY (F4E).

What is the economic impact on the PRIMA facility for European companies?

Many companies have been involved in our contribution to the PRIMA facility, such as OCEM ET, COELME, Thales, Zanon, ­CECOM, Galvano-T, Siemens, DILO, De Pretto, NIDEC, Angelantoni, Delta-T and many important sub-contractors such as Himmelwerk, HSP or Andreas Karl. The cumu­lative value of the contracts that we have signed is in the range of 120 million Euros.

What does it mean to build this large device while cooperating with Consorzio RFX and Domestic Agencies in India and Japan?

In a nutshell, the Neutral Beam Test Facility­ in Padova is very similar to ITER, from an ­organisational point of view. Some root issues are therefore also common, like the separation between design authority and financial or contractual responsibilities. The decision-making process may become cumbersome and long, introducing in itself risks of

additional delays and costs. The successful execution therefore needs collaboration, a certain degree of flexibility, a lot of prag­ matism, and, crucially, the common drive of all partners towards the final objective.

Is there anything F4E has learned for the project management at ITER? There is one main conclusion to be drawn and that applies to all parties – the principle of collaboration. It pays off in spite the additional interfaces that unfold in the process.

We learn to listen to one another, manage the project together because we are responsible for its different components, and last but not least, we get to capitalise on a wide set of skills.

Will ITER, in the end, be flexible enough to adjust to the results found at PRIMA? Yes. There is full confidence that the present lay-out of ITER’s heating source, will be able to accommodate the modifications coming from the PRIMA test beds. n

PRIMA is immense and features many mysterious names. ITER‘s Neutral Beam Test Facility in Padova will switch on the light in the first half of 2018.

Take a tour through MITICA and SPIDER before they get busy. http://youtu.be/DKOHJYxK15o The entry points of the ITER Neutral Beam Injectors at the second floor of the Bioshield, Tokamak Complex. The picture was taken in December 2016. Picture: F4E

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| Young Faces | EUROfusion |

Farah Hariri in front of her current working place, the Large Hadron Collider. The physicist is highly engaged in the new French government.

Her agenda also features ITER and fusion energy as one of the leading options for the sustainable energy mix.

Picture: private

FUSION EN MARCHE! F

rench-Lebanese physicist Farah Hariri and French President Emmanuel ­Macron have something in common: they are young, enthusiastic and ­willing

to change the world. Just one year ago, Farah joined Macron’s movement En Marche! Now, while candidate Joachim Son-Forget has become the deputy representative for French residents in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, his team member Farah has been nominated coordinator for developing the energy ­agenda in Switzerland and ITER is part of the plan.

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FUSION IN EUROPE

“Being interested in our collective future is simply in my genes, in my family”, Farah admits. Macron’s revolutionary approach to gathering experts from different political parties and professions seemed just made for her. “With Emmanuel Macron, we will make a difference, we will make our planet great again!”, she states with a smile.

The idea of predicting what happens in the world’s largest particle accelerator was simply thrilling, a noble opportunity which I could not let go.

IMPLEMENTING ENERGY THEORY One of her top priorities is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions while providing a reliable and safe energy supply. Born in ­Lebanon, energy issues used to be part of her daily life. “Daily power outages were a norm”, she explains. Being also very keen on maths, she decided to study plasma physics at the American University of Beirut. After graduating, she went to do a doctoral scholarship to CEA (Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives). Her fusion ­career seemed unstoppable. She authored a thesis on the Flux-Coordinate Independent (FCI) approach, which opened the way for the numerical simulation of plasma turbulence in a tokamak geometry encompassing both closed and open magnetic field line regions. A necessary feature of codes to address the transition from the low (L) to the high (H) mode of energy confinement, a still unexplained phenomenon. ITER, as it happens, needs to operate in the H mode to achieve the expected fusion performance.

In 2013, her thesis work won the 9th Itoh prize in Plasma Turbulence and the PhD prize of Aix-Marseille University. Farah continued on her career path with a post doc position at the Swiss Research Unit SPC (Swiss Plasma Center), but then CERN called.

ALL AVAILABLE COMBINATIONS TO AVOID FOSSILS She joined the famous lab in 2016 and was assigned to focus on theoretical modelling: “The idea of predicting what happens in the world’s largest particle accelerator was simply thrilling, a noble opportunity which I could not let go”, she says. So much for the theory …

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In her spare time, she has actively partici­ pated in the campaign of Emmanuel Macron.

Today, she is coordinating the energy transi­ tion agenda for En Marche in Switzerland where multi-national projects all have diffe­ rent milestones, including future energy scenarios. “The timescale to fight climate change is short. We should zero out greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 so that the two-degree threshold is not crossed. At the moment, we are in a transi­tional­phase which does not yet have a sus­tainable solution. We need to use all available combinations to move away from a carbon-based energy economy”, Farah says.

FUSION IS THE LEADING OPTION IN THE FUTURE ENERGY MIX She is aware that commercial fusion energy will not be part of combating climate change during the first half of the century: “But when it comes to long term sustainability, fusion energy is one of the leading, most interes­ting options to fully phase out fossil fuels”, she says. According to her, the question is not IF but WHEN fusion will be rolled out. “On a global-scale, replacing fossil fuel while guaran­ teeing a constant baseload for our electri­ city supply means we need to incorporate all ­advanced nuclear solutions, including fusion.”

ITER – A MATTER OF URGENCY For Farah it is a matter of urgency that fusion appears on the energy transition agenda. To her, a successful demonstration of ITER’s burning fusion plasma is needed as soon as possible: “We’d like to see the successful operation of ITER as soon as possible, this is an emergency.

Any further delays to this are very damaging.

| Young Faces | EUROfusion |

Farah during the Climate Finance Day in Paris where she attended round table discussions with French Energy Minister Nicolas Hulot. Picture: private

Frédérique Vidal, French Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation.

Picture: French Government

Frédérique Vidal, French Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation in a s­ peech on 4th December 2017 within the The turning point will be the demonstration of a significant energy amplification in ITER. After this phase, private companies will undoubtedly consider developing what we need: smaller and cheaper fusion power plants”, Farah states.

She also believes that the success of a numeri­ cal virtual tokamak is essential during this phase. “The successful operation of the ITER machine is important. But I believe that the success of a Numerical Virtual Tokamak is equally important. Being able to model and simulate the full machine is as important as the operation of the machine itself .

IN THE WAKE OF MACRON AND HULOT During the One Planet Summit organised by the French President on December 12 in ­Paris, two years after the historic Paris Agreement was concluded, Farah had the chance to ­discuss ITER’s future impacts with Emmanuel Macron and Nicolas Hulot, French Minister of Ecology. n

­framework of the ITER Industry Days “The desire to end the Cold War led to the launch of ITER. ITER being the largest international project worldwide that enables involved workers, whether originating from science or industry, to better understand the cultural diversity of the participating countries. […]

France thanks the Commission for its resolute action in support of the ITER project and also hopes that {…} the European Parliament will continue supporting the project. In conclusion, I would like to emphasise how ITER, to me, is a unique human, scientific, technological and industrial adventure requiring a perfect ­cooperation on all these plans. You can count on the support of France.”

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FUSION IN EUROPE

Introducing

ALTERNATIVE FUSION CONCEPTS:

1 Name

HELION ENER

FACTS

Helion Energy Inc. The future of energy

Tagline

Dr. David Kirtley, CEO

Dr. John Slough Management Chief Science Officer

Chris Pihl Chief Technology Officer

Dr. George Votroubek Principal Scientist

Funding

Mithril, Y combinator, Capricon investment group

Redmond, WA, US: The Headquarters University of Washington hosts the basic scientific research 2013 Established

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2

IDEA

Helion Inc. is a spin-off of MSNW LLC, a company that is developing space ­p ropulsion technologies, including fusion plasma t h r u sters ba sed on t he ­H el ion concept s. Thei r “Fusion ­E ngine” is similar to a diesel engine with electromagnets repla­c ing the pistons. It is based on Field Reversed Configuration (FRC), created­ by an mag­netic field rapidly reversed by a purely to­roidal Theta Pinch current, diamagnetically balan­cing the plasma pressure gra­d ient.

Twin plasma guns fire opposing FRCs to coalesce in a central burn chamber.

Here the plasma is r­ apidly magnetically compressed.

It fuses and the expanding particle ­ener­g y is ­d irectly converted to electri­city by reacting on the magne­t ic field.

| Alternative Fusion Concepts | EUROfusion |

F

usion research benefits from its variety of labs and

RGY

approaches. Not all of the ideas and concepts belong

to EUROfusion or publicly funded research. Private companies, even far beyond European borders, are also trying to bring fusion energy to life. In this series, Fusion in Europe introduces different approaches and provides an outline indicating what is hidden behind catchyclaims designed to attract the attention of investors.

3

Source: Helion Energy

OPINION

Field Reverse Configurations have been investigated since the 1960 but they did not achieve high performance plasmas. They have some asymmetric instabilities and the full effects of the fusion products are unknown. The confinement time is about 50 percent of the 1 millisecond pulse length.

Reactor efficiency thus requires an unusually high plasma density and temperature.

Directly converting the energy of all the fast ions is problematical, especially since electromagnetic radiation and fast ion losses will decrease the useful power output.

The fuel is also a challenge: a 70 Megawatt thermal reactor burns approximately three kilo­ grams of 3He per year. Helion would need about 25 kilogram of tritium stock (equal to the ­world‘s­ civil stock today) to create just half its 3He fuel by decay. H ­ elion‘s plans to demonstrate a 50 Megawatt electronic power plant in about three years from now must

Tom Todd joined the Culham Science Center in 1975 prior to a one-year secondment to the DIII-D tokamak at General Atomics. He has also served on many design reviews for European devices, including ITER, and beyond.

In 2004, he became Chief Engineer at Culham and was appointed Chief Technologist in 2011. After retiring in 2014 he became a fusion consultant and an MSc course lecturer for several universities. Picture: private

also cover developing the Direct Energy ­Conversion and plasma science, plus remote handling and a ­tri­tium plant.

But fusion research has many surprises in wait for us, and I truly hope that one day cheap, fast-track fusion power can be achieved!

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FUSION IN EUROPE

And here they are: A perfectly arranged group photo, Picture: EUROfusion

Impressions Impressions IMPRESSIONS

IMPRESSIONS

Impressions

IMPRESSIONS

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4

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| Impressions | EUROfusion | 1 2

3

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Young hands operating a tokamak with the help of EUROfusion‘s free game „Operation Tokamak“. Picture: EUROfusion Fusion writers in the house: Davide Silvagni, Sara Riccio and ­Bianca Giacomelli have authored articles in Fusion in Europe. They all ­helped­out at the EUROfusion booth in Garching during Open Door Day. Picture: EUROfusion Gianfranco Federici (3PT) and Kenji Tobita (from the fusion departement of the Rokkasho Fusion Institute) are coordinating the design and R&D activities for a demonstrational fusion power plant (DEMO) in Europe and Japan. Both point towards a reserveration sign for a booked table in a traditional Japanese restaurant. Picture: private Parts of ITER‘s vacuum vessel before assembly. Picture: Fusion For Energy Culham‘s David Homfray at a careers fair for the Institute of Physics in Belfast, Northern Ireland. David has been appointed a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and, during the event, gave an inspira­ tional talk about his life in science. Picture: © Copyright protected by ­United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority ITER workers smashing a coconut. They did not go nuts but start the welding of the steel cylinder that will contain the ITER machine. As the facility is officially Indian territory on French soil, the staff used a traditional „coconut ceremony“ supposed to remove the hurdels from the challenging path. Picture: Fusion for Energy

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9 10

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Ion Optical System of the ion source of the TCV neutral beam. ­Picture: Swiss Plasma Center Big in Japan: Curt Gliss and Fabio Cismondi (left to right) from EURO­ fusion‘s Power Plant Physics and Technology Department (3 PT) posing with a Geisha. The engineers participated in this year‘s International Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology in Kyoto. Picture: private Optical fibres of the Thomson scattering system at the Swiss „Tokamak à configuration variable“. Picture: Swiss Plasma Center En marche: Sabina Griffith, from ITER‘s communication team, and French President Emmanuel Macron pose for a picture during COP23.

Picture: ITER An apple a day keeps turbulence away: EUROfusion serving fresh fruits. Picture: EUROfusion Pascal Conti (L) handing the TCV key to Stefano Barberis (R). Picture: Swiss Plasma Center How to master challenging environments? One way is by training staff with the help of virtual reality. The RACE facility on the CCFE site is further developing this method. Picture: © Copyright protected by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Literally holding the banner: Tonći Tadić, Head of the Croatian Research Unit, and Xavier Litaudon preparing the EUROfusion banner during the 25th European Fusion Workshop in Dubrovnik. Picture: EUROfusion

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FUSION IN EUROPE

E

xactly 40 years ago, the German plane ‘Landshut’ was hijacked by ­terrorists. With the help of many international partners, the West-­­­ German Government managed to free all 86 passengers at ­Mogadishu airport. Since then, rumour has it that the final decision regarding the location of the Joint European Torus (JET) was directly linked to these events. In fact, the incident in Somalia had strengthened the consensus but did, after all, not actually tip the scale towards Culham.

Another plane named Stuttgart landed at Cologne Bonn Airport, on 18 October 1977, with the German special forces GSG 9 team (seen) and hostages from the hijacked ‘Landshut’ plane. Picture: DPA Bildarchiv

HIJACKING A JET: HOW CULHAM WAS CHOSEN On 25th October, France, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands and the UK had spoken out in ­favour of the UK site. Germany and Luxemburg had supported Garching as the host and ­B elgium and Italy had abstained. Coming to this agreement had been a major debate ­between the UK and Germany for years.

THE HIJACKING OF THE ‘LANDSHUT’ To this date, rumours abound that Ger­many gave up their ambitions to host JET in o ­ rder to thank the British government for their support during a terrorist attack. On 13th October 1977, four members of the “Popular Front for the ­Liberation of Palestine” hijacked the Lufthansa Boeing ‘Landshut’. The British government did, in fact, supply a spe­cific type of grenade which

26

was used s­ uccessfully by the German Special­­ Forces team when they stormed the plane.

But was that the price to pay for hosting the ­f uture most developed fusion ­experiment in the world?

A SUCCESSFUL JOINT RESCUE If you study the official, publicly available, German documents (Akten zur auswaertigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1977 (1. Januar bis 30. Juni), S.1410ff) carefully, you start to doubt it. In fact, British Prime Minister James Callaghan and German Chancellor ­Helmut Schmidt had met on 18th October 1977, a ­previously ­arranged meeting, when the news broke that the ‘Landshut’ passengers had been freed ­safely. Both country leaders now came

| Community | EUROfusion | together with revived spirits in the light of the successful joint rescue operation. On the agenda­were highly sensitive topics, most of them discus­sing European-related topics or ­issues in the M ­ iddle-East. Interes­tingly enough, the l­ ocation of the Joint Euro­pean Torus was on that list too. The whole project was already ­facing the dawn of a closing-down phase. Since the beginning of the year, discussions about its location had remained in deadlock with the Council of M ­ inisters in Brussels. The contracts of international scientists already on the ­existing JET Management Committee were about to end.

UK TO HOST JET FOR THE COMMON EUROPEAN IDEA According to the German minutes of the meeting, the atmosphere between Schmidt and Callaghan seemed friendly and respectful. Schmidt expressed his gratitude for the ­British support during the ‘Landshut’ attack; Callaghan responded that Germany was ­actually fighting against terrorists attacking­ the d ­ emocratic freedom worldwide. The talks then continued and arrived at the topic of the JET site. In fact, the British Prime M ­ inister stated­that one should not overrate the ­dividing ­elements in their relationship. A ­ nyhow, the ­British g­ overnment eagerly wanted to host a joint ­European device in order to demonstrate their strong commitment to the common idea of ­Europe. Either way, should the Council in Brussels ­decide on Garching, England will not veto it.

CONSENSUS ACHIEVED The German chancellor also acted in an ­accommodating manner towards this friendly opening. He admitted that the JET site had become much too prestigious and should rather be discussed on a professional than a political level. Schmidt would therefore ­a lso agree on a consensus. What had been a matter­of debate for over two years was then ­resolved by the final decision of the Council of Research Ministers, just a few days after the Callaghan-Schmidt meeting in Bonn. The Management Committee at JET was relieved and started to implement the urgent tasks which then finally lead to JET’s first plasma in 1983. n

A picture of the ‘Landshut’ aircraft in Brazil. The plane was hijacked in Mogadishu in 1977. Later the machine was stormed and all passengers freed. Due to the 40th anniversary of the hijacking, Fusion in Europe took a look at the story which had led to JET’s final destination, in a way. After the terrorist attack the Boeing continued flight service and ended up in a Brazilian fleet. In 2017, the German ­govern­ment bought the remains of the aricraft, and a complex logistic operation was set in motion to transport it back to its home country.

Picture: DPA Bildarchiv

The Joint European Torus in Culham, England, is still the most developed ­fusion experiment in the world. It is the only ­fusion device able to operate with Deuterium-Tritium. In 2016, the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union and with it to exit the Euratom treaty. The ­British Government has just signalled m ­ ajor support for the Culham facilities. It will invest 86 million pounds in the nuclear fusion research programme.

With this m ­ ajor backing, CCFE’s CEO Ian Chapman is willing to take up JET’s historical heritage and to continue it into the future: “Fusion is entering the delivery era.

In the longer term, it means the UK will be at the forefront of developing fusion and bringing cleaner energy to the world.”

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FUSION IN EUROPE

This is a portrait of the world’s most developed tokamak as we know it – or not as the case may be. Pictures: Ray Francis

P

ainter Sarah Moncrieff has painted a portrait

of the world’s largest ­toka­mak. In this interview, she shares her thoughts on “fusing line, colour, mark and texture” with ­Fusion in Europe.

JET AS A PICTORIAL RECORD 28

| Community | EUROfusion |

Why did you choose to paint JET? I am primarily interested in two things: firstly, what constitutes a person’s daily visual expe­ rience. We often become immune to our work environment. We no longer see it with fresh eyes. This feels particularly pertinent in Culham­ where the structures and colours are extra­ ordinary. My paintings remind us of our everyday surroundings. They also capture a ­specific moment in the history of our working lives as these environments will undergo change. ­Secondly, bold shapes, colours and lines appeal to me and I like to derive a sense of order from a visually complex scene.

The choice of colours appears to differ from your usual industry related work.

The bold colours within the work environment of Culham were so strong that I simply could not ignore them. They are a fabulous riot of cadmium yellows, cobalt blues and vermillion reds. It was the combination of the colours and structures that really appealed to me. Had I confined myself to a limited colour palette, I would have lost something fundamental. Instead, the c­ hallenge was one of taking the scene and ­extracting the significant structures and shapes from it in order to achieve a sense of the whole without needing to paint in every element.

What was painting the machine like?

I started the process by drawing the machine over and over again to make sure I understood the structure. There is nothing more frustrating than realising half way through that you have got a crucial element all wrong. Whilst ­drawing it, I really engaged with the powerful curves, the intricate details of the structures and the ­d ifferent parts all of which connect to create one amazing machine.

I then had to think about what parts of the machine itself I should paint and what parts I should leave out. This is a constant struggle for me as an artist. I need to retain enough to convey the essence of the machine itself, but I don’t want to paint every tiny detail, otherwise I might just as well take a photograph.

Painting is a process of saying as much as you can but as concisely as possible.

The act of painting is the creation of something, but instead of fusing ­­ nuclei to create energy, I am fusing line, colour, mark and texture to ­ create my final piece.

Sarah Moncrieff

EUROfusion buys experimental time on an overall of six different fusion machines in Europe. Would you be interested in ­painting any more?

I am very interested. Presenting a series of paintings of machines and environments at the forefront of technology would be an ­exci­ting and stimulating challenge. Scientists will record the progress and results of this journey, but as an artist I can make a pictorial, historical record. n

Picture: private

UK based Sarah Moncrieff is a painter and concentrates on depicting modern urban life through her Urban Landscape paintings. For more info check out her homepage: www.sarahmoncrieffpaintings.co.uk

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outlook 2018 |

FUSION IN EUROPE

ITER: HALFWAY TO FIRST PLASMA

ITER in December, looking like a giant workshop of Santa Claus.

Picture: ITER Organisation

We are expecting to hear more good news from ITER next year.

In December 2017, the largest fusion experiment to come had announced the completion of an important milestone: 50 percent of the total construction work through First Plasma is done! The passing of this milestone ­reflects “the collective contribution and commitment of ITER’s seven Members,” writes Director-General Bernard Bigot in a letter to all participating nations.

You know these days that small tweets can contain big news: EUROfusion’s Czech Research Unit will receive 31.5 million Euros from their Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in order to upgrade their tokamak Compass. Once the work is completed, the European fusion consortium is considering to test a new way of plasma exhaust, namely the concept of a liquid divertor, in Prague.

CHINESE-EUROPEAN COOPERATION DEVELOPING

(from left to right): ZHANG Bingqing, WANG Min, Darren McDonald (in the back), LUO Delong, Pietro Barabaschi, (in the back), Tony Donné (in the front), Johannes Schwemmer (front), Gianfranco Federici (in the back), QIAN Xiaoyong, CUI Chunyu and ZHU Yalan. Picture: EUROfusion

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The cooperation between European fusion research and its counterparts in China is developing further. In August, represen­ tatives from China visited the EURO­ fusion offices in Garching. They were eager to learn about the setup of EURO­f usion’s programme. Some days earlier they had ­a lready visited Fusion for ­Energy’s headquarter in Barcelona. Those meetings in Europe are a direct result from the Technology Manage­ment Plan which has been signed at the ­Fusion Energy Conference 2016 in Kyoto, Japan. The European team is eagerly looking forward to ­returning the visit. In January, a 24 person large ­d elegation from EUROfusion will be ­welcomed at the he Chinese Center for ­Fusion Science of the Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP) in Chengdu.

EUROPEAN CONSORTIUM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUSION EN EUROPEAN CONSORTIUM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUSION ENERGY

REALISING ELECTRICITY REALISING FUSIONFUSION ELECTRICITY Institute of Plasma Physics Academy of Sciences of the University of Cyprus Czech Republic

Austrian Academy of Sciences

Ecole Royale Militaire Austrian Academy of Sciences Laboratory for Plasma Physics

Ecole Royale Militaire LaboratoryAcademy for Plasma Physics Bulgarian of Sciences

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Croatian Research Unit

Croatian Research Unit University of Cyprus

Technical University of Denmark

Technical University of Denmark University of Tartu

Technical Research Centre University of Tartu of Finland

Commissariat à l’énergie Technical Centre atomiqueResearch et aux énergies of Finland alternatives

Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives

FR ANCE GERMANY

GERMANY

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik

Max-Planck-Institut für National Center for Scientific Plasmaphysik Research "Demokritos"

National Center forCentre Scientific Wigner Research for ResearchPhysics "Demokritos"

Wigner Research Centre for Dublin Physics City University

Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo Dublin City University sviluppo economico sostenibile

Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile

Lithuanian Energy Institute

Institute of Plasma Physics Lithuanian Institute and LaserEnergy Microfusion

Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion Instituto Superior Técnico

Institutofor Superior Institute AtomicTécnico Physics

Institute for Atomic Physics Comenius University

Jožef StefanUniversity Institute Comenius

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas Swedish Research Coubcil

Swedish Research Coubcil

SWIT ZER LAND THE NETHERLANDS

UNIT E D KUKRAINE INGDOM THE NETHERLANDS

UNITED K INGDOM

AUSTRIA

DENMARK

GERMANY

LITHUANIA

SPAIN

AUSTRIA BE LGIUM

DENMARK ESTONIA

GERMANY GREECE

LITH UANIA POLAND

SPAIN SWEDEN

BELG LGIUM BU ARIA

ESTONIA FINLAND

GREECE HUNG ARY

PORTUG LAND PO AL

SWEDEN SWIT ZER LAND

BU LG ARIA CROAT IA

FINLAND FR ANCE

HUNG ARY IR ELAND

PO RT U G A L ROMANIA

Our partners:

CROAT IA CYP RUS

IRITALY ELAND

ROMANIA SLOVAK IA

CYP CZECH RRUS EPUB LIC

ITAVLY LAT IA

SLOVENIA SLOVAKIA

Institute of Academy of Czec

CZECH

GER

LA

Jožef St

SLO

Our partners:

FR ANCE

FRANCE SPAIN

S

This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014 – 2018 under grant agreement No 633053.

Many more facilities are involved in the European fusion research.

The map shows only those for which EUROfusion contributes to the operation costs.

ISSN 1818-5355