COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE
Title of the Thesis:
vk;q fu.kZ; ¼orZeku lanHkZ esa lekykspukRed vè;;u½
Research Scholar’s Name: Arun Kumar Bansal
Copyright Transfer
The undersigned hereby assigns to the Mewar University all rights under copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph.D. degree.
(Arun Kumar Bansal)
Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for author’s personal use provided that the source and the University’s copyright notice are indicated.
vkHkkj
Hkkjro"kZ esa ekuo thou ds dY;k.k ds fy, fodflr pkSng fo|kvk esa vxz.kh
T;ksfrfo|k ds ek/;e ls ^vk;q"eku Hko* dh Hkkouk dks ysdj ;g 'kks/k&izcU/k
vk;q fu.kZ; loZtu fgrkFkZ ekuo lekt dks lefiZr djrk gw¡A vius J)s; ekrk&firk ¼Lo- Jherh tkfo=h nsoh caly o Lo- Jh iUukyky
caly½ rFkk vius pkpk Lo- Jh I;kjsyky caly ds vlhe R;kx ds izfr vkHkkjh u gksuk esjh —r?urk gksxh ftudh izsj.kkLo:i eSa bl dk;Z esa mRlkgiwoZd izo`Ÿk
gqvkA mUgha ds Lusge;h vk'khokZn ls eSa 'kks/k dk;Z djus ds fy, l{ke gks ldk
gw¡A
eSa viuh /keZiRuh vkHkk caly dk ân; ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡ ftUgksaus eq>s u dsoy izsfjr fd;k cfYd esjs bl dk;Z esa Hkh mlh izdkj lg;ksx fn;k ftl
izdkj og esjs O;kolkf;d dk;ksZa esa nsrh gSaA eSa viuh iq=o/kw rUoh caly o lqiq= vuqHko caly dk Hkh vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus esjs bl dk;Z esa lg;ksx ds vfrfjDr esjs
O;kolkf;d nkf;Ro dks fuHkkus esa Hkh iw.kZ lg;ksx fn;k gSA
vius ikS= fooku dh cky&ØhM+kvksa dk eSa lnSo _.kh jgwaxk tks vR;f/kd
O;Lrrkvksa o Je ls DykUr euksHkkoksa esa gksus ij Hkh LQwfrZ iznku djrh gSaA
Jh lqjs'k vk=s; th dks 'kCnksa ls /kU;okn Kkfir djuk dfBu gS D;ksafd gj {k.k ,oa gj eksM+ ij budk lg;ksx] ys[ku esa buds lkFk gj fo"k; ij rkfdZd ifjppkZ] fo}Ÿkkiw.kZ lykg rFkk ÅtkZnkf;uh izsj.kk ds QyLo:i gh ;g
'kks/k&izcU/k iw.kZ gks ik;kA eSa ân; ls budks vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡A
eSa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk la?k* ds lHkh lnL;ksa o deZpkfj;ksa dk vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :i ls esjs bl dk;Z esa lg;ksx fn;k gSA
MkW- eukst dqekj th dk lg;ksx tks vkius bl 'kksèk&izcUèk dh =qfV dks nwj djus esa fn;k gS esjs fy, vfoLej.kh; gSA fiz; ftrsUnz xkSre th dk Hkh eSa vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus esjs gLrfyf[kr 'kksèk&izcUèk dks lax.kd }kjk Vafdr djds
mls lqUnj :i iznku fd;kA
eSa mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds izfr Hkh vkHkkj izdV djrk gw¡ tks tkus&vutkus esa esjs
bl dk;Z esa lg;ksxh jgs ijarq ftudk uke eSa ;gka ugha fy[k ldkA eSa mu lHkh
fo}kuksa ,oa leh{kdksa ds izfr Hkh —rKrk Kkfir djrk gw¡ ftudh —fr;ksa ls bl 'kksèk dk;Z esa lgk;rk feyh gSA
var esa viuh lhfer {kerkvksa dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>rs ,oa Lohdkjrs gq, rFkk 'kksèk&izcUèk esa jg tkus okyh dfe;ksa dh {kek ;kpuk djrs gq, eSa fo}ku
ijh{kd&e.My ds le{k viuk 'kksèk&izcUèk izLrqr djrk gw¡A
v#.k dqekj caly
Øekad
3-1 'kksèk dk mís'; (Statment of the problem)
3-2 'kksèk&{ks= (Scope of Research)
3-3 'kksèk dh lhek (Limitations)
lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k izfØ;k
izk:iksa dk fo'ys"k.k
4-1 ;ksxksa }kjk vk;q ds fu.kZ; dk fo'ys"k.k
xkspj ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k
'kCnkFkZ fopkj dks'k ds vuqlkj ^^vk;q oLrqr% fdlh izk.kh ;k O;fDr ds leLr
thou dky dh lwpuk gSA tUe ls ej.k rd dk lkjk dky vk;q gSA T;ksfr"kh yksx tUei=h esa vk;q Hkko ns[kdj ;g crykrs gSa fd tkrd fdrus fnuksa rd
thfor jgsxkA vk'khokZn nsus o 'kqHkdkeuk O;Dr djus ds le; Hkh ^vki nh?kkZ;q gksa* ;k ^vk;q"eku Hko* ,slk dgk tkrk gSA** 'kCn dks'k esa vk;q 'kCn dk vFkZ tUe ls e`R;q rd dk le; gSA
Jhen~ Hkkxor~ xhrk esa e`R;q dks vkRek dk oL= Lohdkj fd;k gSA 'kjhj :ih oL= dk cnyuk gh nsgkolku gSA
iapHkwrksa ¼vkdk'k] ok;q] ty] vfXu] i`Foh½ ls cus bl 'kjhj vkSj iapizk.kksa ¼izk.k] viku] O;ku] leku] mnku½ ls cus gq, vkRek & bu nksuksa dk ijLij tks HkwrkRek ds }kjk lEcUèk gS mlds f'kfFky gksus ij tc fofPNUu gksdj nksuksa i`Fkd&i`Fkd gks tkrs gSa rc 'kjhj ds ik¡pksa Hkwr i`Foh ds ik¡pksa Hkwrksa esa yhu gks tkrs gSa] ;gh
iapRo xfr gS] blh dks nsgkolku ¼nsgkUr½ dgrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh thoèkkjh dks izk.kh blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd mlds thou dk vkèkkj izk.k gSA izk.k thoèkkfj;ksa esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ok;q dh xfr gS ftls ge 'okl
xfr dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ;fn ;g dgk tk; fd igyk 'okl tUe gS rFkk vafre 'okl e`R;q gS vkSj bu nksuksa ds eè; dk thoudky vk;q gS] rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhhA T;ksfr"k esa tUei=h ds v"Ve Hkko ls vk;q dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gS blfy, v"Ve Hkko dks Hkh ^e`R;q Hkko* dgk tkrk gSA
^c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=* ds vuqlkj vk;qnkZ; dk okLrfod Kku nsoksa ds fy, Hkh
dfBu gS ijUrq nSoK tUei=h }kjk vU; QydFku ls iwoZ vk;qnkZ; ij blfy, fopkj djrs gSa rkfd 'ks"k QydFku fd;k tk lds] og rHkh Qfyr gksxk tc tkrd dh vk;q jgsxhA ;fn vk;q gh ugha jgh rks vU; QydFku dk D;k iz;kstu
blfy, T;ksfr"k ds fo}kuksa us vk;q dk fu.kZ; djus dh pkj izdkj dh fofèk;k¡
crykbZ gSa tks bl izdkj gSa %
1- ;ksxt vk;q fu.kZ;
2- xf.krxr vk;q fu.kZ;
3- xkspj }kjk vk;q fu.kZ;
4- n'kkUrnZ'kk }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; izLrqr 'kksèk bUgha pkj fofèk;ksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k vk;q fu.kZ; o okLrfod vk;q dk rqyukRed vè;;u gSA ;g 'kksèk nSoKksa ¼T;ksfr"k;ksa½ }kjk dh tkus okyh vk;q fu.kZ; esa lgk;d fl) gksxkA
4-2-1 okjk;q
4-2-2 jkf'k vk;q
4-2-3 jkf'k /kzqokad vk;q
4-2-4 dsUnzk;q
4-2-5 dsUnz f=dks.kk;q
4-2-6 ujkdkj vk;q
4-2-7 'kfu xkspj vk;q
4-2-8 tSfeuh vk;q
4-2-9 u{k= ¼xkSjh tkrdksRd½
4-2-10 u{k=k;q ¼izkphu er½
4-2-11 uoka'k vk;q
4-2-12 izØekuqxr vk;q
4-2-13 pØk;q
4-2-14 e.Myk;q
4-2-15 va'kk;q
4-2-16 fi.Mk;q
4-2-17 fulxkZ;q
4-2-18 thok;q
4-2-19 feJk;q
4-2-20 jf'e vk;q
4-2-21 u{k=k;q 120
4-2-22 fHkUuk;q ¼nwljh fofèk½ 121
4-2-23 fHkUuk;q ¼fHkUuk"Vd½ 121
4-2-24 fHkUuk;q ¼js[kk fcUnq ;ksx½ 122
4-2-25 lkeqnk;k"Vd oxZ vk;q 122
4-2-26 ekè; 123
4-2-27 ekè;karj 123
4-2-28 ekfè;dk
4-2-29 ekfè;dk varj
4-2-30 cgqyd
4-2-31 cgqyd varj 125
4-2-32 lg&lEcUèk 126
4-3-1&4-3-9 xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 130&135
4-3-10&4-3-18 xzgksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 135&140
4-3-19&4-3-27 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj 141&145
4-3-28&4-3-36 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 146&151
4-3-37&4-3-48 Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 151&158
4-3-49&4-3-60 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj 158&165
4-3-61&4-3-72 Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj 165&171
4-3-73&4-3-84 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 172&177
4-3-75&4-3-96 Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 178&184
4-3-97&4-3-108 xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 185&191
4-4-1 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 198
4-4-2 }kn'k Hkko nz"Vk xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 198
4-4-3 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 199
4-4-4 Hkkos'k nz"Vk xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 200
4-4-5 Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 200
4-4-6 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg nz"Vk dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 201
4-4-7 }kn'k Hkkos'k ;qr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 201
4-4-8 xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 202
4-4-9 lHkh xzgksa dh egkn'kk esa e`R;qnj 203
4-4-10 lHkh xzgksa dh vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 203&204
4-4-11
lHkh xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj 204
4-2
4-3 xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-4 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj
4-5 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-6
4-9 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-10
T;ksfr"k
izLrkouk
dky dh xfr dk izR;{k lEcUèk vkdk'kh; T;ksfrfiZ.Mksa ls gSA lw;Z vkfn eq[; xzg
dky ds lw{ekfrlw{e ,oa egÙke [k.M dks fu;fU=r djrs gSa] bl fo"k; dks vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa vfèkd Li"V :i ls le>k tk ldrk gSA o"kZ] v;u] ekl]
i{k] lIrkg] fnu] ?k.Vs] feuV vkfn dky dh bdkb;ka lw;Z o pUnz dh xfr ls gh fu.khZr gksrh gSaA lkSjeaMy ds xzgksa dk izHkko i`Foh ds lEkLr LFkkoj ,oa taxe
i)kFkksZa ij izR;{k fl) gSA bUgha T;ksfrfiZ.Mksa] xzg] u{k= vkfn ds cksèk dk uke gh T;ksfr"k gSA[1]
lÙkkbZl u{k=] ckjg jkf'k;ka] uoxzg vkil esa feydj lEiw.kZ l`f"V dks fu;af=r djrs gaSA lw;Z&xzg.k] pUnz&xzg.k] Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh vPNh o cqjh ?kVuk,a] HkwdEiksa dk vkuk] vuko`f"V o vdky dk iM+uk tSlh ?kVuk,a thou dk lEiw.kZ lq[k&nq%[k] ykHk&gkfu] t;&ijkt; vkfn bu rhuksa ¼u{k=ksa] jkf'k;ksa o xzgksa½ ds lrr~ ifjHkze.k ds vPNs o cqjs izHkko ls gh izHkkfor gSaA _rq,a] o"kkZ] ekl] fnu&jkr] ?kVh o iy Hkh rks bu rhuksa ds izHkkokèkhu gSaA[2]
1-1 vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk
^T;ksfr"k* 'kCn ^T;qr~* èkkrq ls gS ftldk vFkZ gS T;ksfr vFkkZr izdk'kA ^T;qr~* èkkrq |qr ls gS ^|qrsfjlUuns'p t% bfr T;ksfr*A T;ksfr"k dk mn~Hko T;qr~ èkkrq ls gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS T;ksfriZZqatksa dh xfr crykus okyk foKkuA vzaxzsth esa bls ,LVªksykWth (Astrology) dgrs gSaA xzhd esa ^,LVj* dk rkRi;Z gS ^rkjk* vkSj ^ykWth* dk vFkZ gS mls ^oxhZd`r djuk* ;k O;ofLFkr djukA[3]
1-2 T;ksfr"k dk bfrgkl
gekjs Hkkjrh; èkeZ ds izèkku ihB ;s osn gh gSaA buds Lo:i vkSj vFkZ&laj{k.k gsrq gh osnkax lkfgR; dk l`tu gqvkA bl lgk;d oSfndok³~e; dk l`tu mifu"kn~ dky esa gh gks x;k FkkA loZizFke "kM~osnkaxksa esa dh xbZ ppkZ rFkk muds Øe dk
o.kZu gesa ^eq.Mdksifu"kn~* esa izkIr gksrk gSA
vijk fo+|k ds vUrxZr pkjksa osnksa ds ckn osn ds "kMkaxksa dk gh ukeksYys[k gqvk gSA
muds uke vkSj Øe bl izdkj gSa &
1- f'k{kk 2- dYi 3- O;kdj.k 4- fu#Dr 5- NUn 6- T;ksfr"kA
bu osnkaxksa dh i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ egÙkk rFkk viuk&viuk futh oSf'k"V~; gSA 4 osnksa esa
lwf=r o vuqizkf.kr Kku dks le>us o ân;axe djus ds fy, N% osnkaxksa dks tku
ysuk ijeko';d gSA
f'k{kk % ;g oSfnd v{kj] o.kZ] in] ek=k vkfn dk Kku djkrh gSA blds izfl) xzaFk ikf.kuh; f'k{kk vkSj ;kKoYD; f'k{kk gSaA
dYi % bl osnkax esa ea=ksa dk leqfpr o ;K lEcaèkh iz;ksx crk;k tkrk gSA blds xzaFk lw= 'kSyh esa fy[ks x, gSaA tSls] ikjkLdj lw= o vk'oyk;u lw=A
fu#Dr % ;g inksa ;k 'kCnksa dk ewy lzksr o fodkl Øe le>us esa enn djrk gSA ;g dkQh gn rd vktdy ds Hkk"kk foKku tSlk gSA bldk izeq[k xzUFk ;kLd dk fu#Dr gSA
O;kdj.k % oSfnd laLd`r Hkk"kk dh 'kCn jpuk] 'kq) 'kCn dk ifjKku rFkk mldh fu"ifŸk le>krk gSA ikf.kuh; O;kdj.k dks ewy :Ik ls ikf.kuh eqfu us izdV fd;k rFkk ckn esa dkR;k;u o iratfy us fodflr fd;k FkkA ;gh
f=eqfu&O;kdj.k bldk loZeq[; xzUFk gSA
NUn&osnksa esa iz;qDr fofHkUu NUnksa rFkk NUnksuqdwy mPpkj.k le>us dk izHkkoh
midj.k gSA fiaxy dk NUn lw= bldk izeq[k xzUFk gSA[4]
T;ksfr"k % T;ksfr"k dks osn p{kq dgk x;k gSA bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, HkkLdjkpk;Z dgrs gSa fd &
osnkLrko|KdeZ izo`rk ;Kk% izksDrkLrs rq dkykJ;s.kA
'kkL=knLekr~ dkycksèkks ;r% L;kn~ osnkaxRoaT;ksfr"kL;ksDreLekr~AA
vFkkZr~ osnksa dk izkdV~; ;K lEiknukFkZ gqvk gS rFkk ;K loZFkk dky] le;] eqgwrZ] osyk ij gh vkèkkfjr gSaA bu lcdk Kku dky foKku :i T;ksfr"k ds fcuk ugha gks ldrk gS] blh iz;kstu ls T;ksfr"k dks osnksa dk izeq[k osnkax ekuk x;k gSA[5]
Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa esa yksdekU; fryd izFke fo}ku gSa] ftUgksaus oSfnd lkfgR; ij
o"kksZa [kkst djds Hkkjrh; n`f"V ls mudk xEHkhjrk ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA muds erkuqlkj —fŸkdk u{k= ds vkèkkj ij ftl izdkj czkã.k xzaFkksa dk fuekZ.k fuf'pr gS] mlh izdkj ea= lafgrkvksa ds jpuk dky dks mUgkasus e`xf'kjk u{k= ds vkèkkj ij
[kkst fudkyk gSA muds vuqlkj ea= lafgrk ds ;qx esa e`xf'kjk u{k= ls jkr&fnu dk lekukUrj fLFkj fd;k tkrk FkkA lexz lalkj ij xzgksa dk izHkko ;g 'yksd
|ksfrr djrk gS &
^xzgk% jkT;a iz;PNfUr xzgk% jkT;a gjfUr pA xzgSO;kZIrfena loZa =SyksD;a lpjkpje~AA*
;fn dkfynkl j?kq dh tUedq.Myh esa ikap mPpLFk rFkk vlw;Zx xzgksa dh fLFkfr ls mldh HkkX;&lEink dk mRd"kZ gksuk fy[krs gSa] ogha ij okYehfd e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke
dh Lo:i la?kVuk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, iw.kZ fcEcèkfeZrk ds lkFk mudh 'kjhj lEifÙk dk o.kZu T;ksfr"k ds jktlqyHk y{k.kksa ds vkèkkj ij gh djrs gSaA ck.kHkê ;fn dknEcjh esa u{k=pkj dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>rs gSa rks ?kk?k vkSj HkÏjh tSls
tudfo vYif'kf{kr gksrs gq, Hkh T;ksfr"k&'kkL= dh lafgrk&'kk[kk ls lEcfUèkr lkekU; tuksi;ksxh fo"k; ¼'kdqukfn½ dk lkjxfHkZr o.kZu djrs gSaA[6]
egkHkkjr esa ouokl dh vofèk ds cukjl dh vofèk ds ifjlheu ds lEcUèk esa nq;ksZèku ds iz'u ds mÙkj esa Hkh"e us dgk Fkk fd & le; ds c<+us rFkk u{k= ds
VwVus ls izfr ikaposa o"kZ nks vfèkekl ¼eyekl½ gksrs gSaA esjh le> esa rks ou x;s gq, ikaMoksa dks rsjg o"kZ ls ikap ekl ckjg fnu vfèkd gks x;s gSaA[7]
T;ksfr"k erkuqlkj jfo&pUnzek dks u{k=ksa dk Lokeh] eaxy dks i`Foh iq=] cqèk dks
pUnz iq=] c`gLifr dks nso xq#] 'kqØ dks nSR; xq#] 'kfu dks lw;Z iq= ,oa jkgq rFkk dsrq dks i`Foh dk Nk;k iq= ekuk tkrk gSA[8]
vkfndky ls nl gtkj bZ- iwoZ ls ysdj lksyg lkS bZ- rd dky&Øe esa QSyk
gqvk T;ksfr"k _Xosn ls izkjEHk gksdj czkã.k xzUFkksa] mifu"knksa] egkHkkjr] dYilw=ksa]
fu#Dr] v"Vkè;k;h rFkk tSu lkfgR; rd viuk LFkku cuk;s gq, gSaA osn ds N% vaxksa esa loksZPp LFkku ,oa egRo izkIr osnkax T;ksfr"k ds nks ikB miyCèk gSa]
,d _Xosn T;ksfr"k ftlesa NŸkhl 'yksd gSa rFkk nwljk ;tqosZn T;ksfr"k ftlesa
pkSokfyl 'yksd gSa] nksuksa esa vfèkdka'k 'yksd ,d tSls gSaA
MkW- 'kke 'kkL=h ds dFkukuqlkj ^mDr nksuksa iqfLrdkvksa dh 'yksd la[;k esa
deh&cslh blfy, gks xbZ gS fd ihNs ls Vhdkdkjksa us ;tqosZn T;ksfr"k esa dqN 'yksd viuh vksj ls tksM+ fn;sA[9]
mRrj eè;dky T;ksfr"k'kkL= dh O;k[;k ;k vkykspuk dk ;qx FkkA oSls ekSfyd xzaFk Hkh blh ;qx esa fy[ks x;sA fdarq izèkkurk O;k[;k xzUFkksa dh gh jgh gSA blh ;qx ds egku~ vkfo"dkjksa esa xksy&xf.kr dk vkfoHkkZo vkSj dsUnzkfHkdf"kZ.kh rFkk
dsUnzkilkfj.kh fØ;kRed 'kfDr;ksa ds vuqlaèkku izeq[k gaSA1
;a=ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj muds }kjk xzgosèk fujh{k.k ds rjhdksa ij Hkh igys&igy izdk'k blh ;qx esa Mkyk x;kA[10]
xf.kr&T;ksfr"k ds vfrfjDr Qfyr&T;ksfr"k ds fofHkUu vaxksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh blh ;qx esa gqvkA tkrd] eqgwrZ] lkeqfnzd] rkftd] jey vkSj iz'u tSls Qfyr T;ksfr"k ds vax igys&igy blh ;qx esa fufeZr gq,A ;ou&laLd`fr ds laidZ ls jey vkSj
rkftd bu nks fo"k;ksa dh fo'ks"k mUufr gqbZA[10] ^rkftd uhydaBh* ds jpf;rk dk le; 16oha 'krkCnh gSA bl xzaFk dh jpuk mUgkasus 'kd 1509 esa dhA os 'kga'kkg
vdcj ds njckjh FksA lqèkkdj f}osnh ds dFkukuqlkj fefFkyk esa izpfyr ^tkrd
i)fr* ds ys[kd Hkh uhydaB gh FksA mUgksaus 'kd 1480 esa ^eè;e xzg flf)* xzUFk dh jpuk dhA jke nSoK us 1522 'kd esa ^eqgwrZ fpUrkef.k* dh jpuk dhA
izkf.k;ksa ds 'kqHkk'kqHk Qycksèkd 'kkL= lafgrk] O;fDr fo'ks"k dk tUedkykuqlkj
Qykns'k dkjd xzUFk tkrd] xzg u{k=ksa dh fLFkfr] xfr ,oa l`"V~;kfn&izy;kUr
dky ds ifjx.ku dks fl)kUr dgrs gSaA T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa esa vkt Hkh T;ksfr"k dh
oSKkfudrk] f=dkynf'kZrk ,oa lR;kns'kdkfjrk Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
^lafgrk* esa tUekax pØ ek= ds vkèkkj ij tks orZeku] Hkwr rFkk Hkfo"; dk lR;
Qykns'k of.kZr jgrk gS] mls ns[kdj ;k lqudj dksbZ Hkh pfdr gq, fcuk ugha
jgrkA bl vlkèkkj.k izfØ;k esa egf"kZ ijk'kj dk LFkku vR;qUur gSSA
ijk'kj] ojkgfefgjkpk;Z] vkpk;Z czãxqIr] HkkLdjkpk;Z] vkpk;Z x.ks'k nSoK] uhydaB
nSoK] Kkujkt vkfn izcq) T;ksfr"kkpk;ksZZa dh le`) ijEijk okyk T;ksfr"k ,d
oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gSSA ik'pkR; fo}ku ts- ctsZl us fgUnw T;ksfr"k dk Kku
;wjksfi;u yksxksa dks L;ke ls miyCèk ,d T;ksxzaFk ds }kjk izkIr gqvk ekuk gSA
izks- ,- ch- dhFk us ojkgfefgj ij gh viuh fVIi.kh nsrs gq, Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k Kku
dks xzhd ls fy;k gqvk crkus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA tku oSUVhy] ihjn okjyks] fjpMZ izksDVj us Hkh viuh fVIif.k;ka Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k ij nh gSa] ijUrq os lHkh bl 'kkL= dh izkphurk dk fu'p; ugha dj ldsA vjc] ;wjksi] vesfjdk esa Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k dk izpkj&izlkj Qyk&Qwyk gSA
ojkgfefgj dh c`gRlafgrk esa fofoèk foKkuksa dk o.kZu gSA [kfut inkFkZ] u{k= èkwedsrw] ouLifr] i'kqfo|k] okLrq vkfn vusd foKku bl xzaFk esa of.kZr gSaA Hkkjrh;
T;ksfr"k ds ndkxZy foèkk ds vkèkkj ij HkwxHkZ ds ty lzksr dk fuf'pr Kku gksrk gSA bl fo|k dk ijh{k.k xqtjkr esa vk, lw[ks ds le; lSdM+ksa LFkkuksa esa gqvk
FkkA Hkkjr ds xk¡oksa esa vHkh Hkh fdlku oxZ dks uydwi dk LFkku fuf'pr djus esa
LFkkuh; T;ksfr"kh blh fo|k ls funsZ'k djrs gSaA o"kkZ ds fo"k; esa rks rhu ekl iwoZ
Hkfo";ok.kh dh tk ldrh gSA
okLrq'kkL= }kjk x`g fuekZ.k dh Hkwfe esa 'kY;'kksèku dh lQy i)fr dk èkjkpØ dh fofèk ls Hkwxr èku] èkkrq] dks;yk] iRFkj vkfn dk LiLV Kku gksrk gSA lkeqfnzd'kkL= ls O;fDr ds pfj=] vk;q] nkEiR; lEcUèk] HkkX;pØ dk lVhd fu.kZ; gksrk gSA
tkrd'kkL= ls rks vkSj foLrkj ls Hkfo"; vFkok Hkwr] orZeku dk funsZ'k gksrk gSA ?kj cukus esa mlds d{kksa ¼dejksa½ dh ;kstuk] ifjeki] ty ds lkèku] isM+&ikSèkksa ds LFkku vkSj fn'kk] f[kM+dh vkSj }kjksa ds LFkku] ikd'kkyk vkSj vfrfFk'kkyk vkfn ds fy, okLrq'kkL= dk lg;ksx ysus ds izR;{k 'kqHkQy feyrs gSaA
mnkgj.kLo:i] t;iqj dk jkt ifjlj ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftldk fuekZ.k fo|kèkj
T;ksfr"kh dh ;kstuk ls gqvk gSA lu~ 1981 dh ck<+ esa tc t;iqj dk vkèkqfud bykdk rgl&ugl gqvk rc jkt ifjlj fcuk fdlh gkfu ds ;FkkiwoZd FkkA[12]
^vkpk;Z T;ksfr"k* esa dgk x;k gS fd osnksa dk izèkku fo"k; ;K&laiknu gS vkSj
;K ds lQy laiknu ds fy, vko';d gS fd mudk vkjEHk xzgksa dh lqxfr dks
ns[kdj fd;k tk;s] ftldks crkus okyk 'kkL= T;ksfr"k gSA xzg.k dk vè;;u] i`Foh dk ifjHkze.k xfr vkSj n'keyo i)fr dk fopkj ;gka ls izkjEHk gqvkA ^v.kqoknh
fopkjèkkjk* ftldk vkèkkj T;ksfr"k'kkL= gS] d.kkn vkSj tSuksa us izfrf"Br dhA
tUekax dk uoe LFkku èkeZ&LFkku gS] mldk izHkko tkrd ij fo'ks"k :i ls gksrk gSA dsoy èkeZLFkku esa cSBdj xzg mikluk izo`fŸk dks txkus esa gh lgk;d ugha gksrs vfirq xzg eS=h] n`f"V&cy ls Hkh lgk;d fl) gksrs gSaA 'kqØ vkSj xq#
lRoxq.k&oèkZd xzg gSa] eaxy vkSj lw;Z jktlh izo`fŸk] cqèk vkSj pUnz lkfŸod xzg ds izHkko ls lkfŸod vkSj jktlh xzg ds izHkko ls jktlh gks tkrs gSaaA 'kfu vkSj jkgq rkelh xzg gSaA[13]
^iape Hkko ls bZ'oj isze dk fopkj gksrk gSA 'kfu iape rFkk uoe LFkku ij viuk fo'ks"k izHkko fn[kkrk gS &
^uoes LFkkus lkSjks ;fn fLFkr% loZn'kZufoeqDr%A
ujekFk;ksxtkrks u`ik∙fi nh{kkfUorks HkofrAA[14]
lEHkor;k egkRek cq) o Hkxoku egkohj ds ;gh ;ksx jgs gksaA ;fn iw.kZ cyh pUnzek
dsUnzLFk gks] ml ij xq# ;k 'kqØ dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd mikluk ls vHkh"V dh flf) izkIr djrk gSA ;fn n'kes'k 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj mPp] Lox`gh vFkok fe=x`gh gks tkrd fl) mikld cu tkrk gSA ;fn ddZ yXu gks] xq# yXu esa gks] 'kfu flag jkf'k dk gks] pUnz o`"k jkf'k esa gks] 'kqØ feFkqu esa] lw;Z&cqèk fLFkj jkf'k esa gkas rks tkrd mikluk ls flf) izkIr djrk gSA ;fn ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd
vkSj èkuq bu N% jkf'k;ksa esa lkrksa xzg cSBs gksa] buesa ls dksbZ Hkh jkf'k fcuk fdlh xzg fLFkfr ds u gks rks tkrd yCèkizfr"B mikld gks tkrk gSA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa ,d fl) dky gS rFkk fl);ksx] lokZFkZflf) ;ksxksa ds vfrfjDr
^iq";* u{k= Hkh fl) u{k= dgk x;k gS&
iq";fl)~;kS u{k=s ¼ikf.k- 3@1@116½
xq#okj dks iq"; u{k= iw.kZ fl);ksx dgykrk gSA
^xqjkS iq";lek;ksxs fl);ksxs izdhfrZr%*
egkdfo HkV~V fy[krs gSa fd lokZFkZflf)izn iq"; u{k= ds leku gh tks fo[;kr ;ksxfl)k rFkk loZfl)k Fkh ml 'kcjh ds ikl y{e.k th ds lkFk izHkq Jh jke th igqapsA[15]
Jh f'koiqjk.k] :nz lafgrk ds ;q)&[kaM ds nwljs vè;k; esa Hkxoku~ 'kadj dh
foHkwfr;ksa dk o.kZu vk;k gSA blesa nsork Hkxoku~ f'ko ls dgrs gSa fd& ^vki ;Kksa esa v'oesèk] ;qxksa esa lr;qx] u{k=ksa esa iq"; ,oa frfFk;ksa esa vekoL;k gSaA vekoL;k f'ko th dh frfFk gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL=ksa esa Hkh dgk gS&^loZflf)dj% iq";%*A ;fn iq"; u{k= n'keh dks iMs+ rks ve`r uked ;ksx gksrk gS] tks O;fDr ml fnu vius firjksa dk Jk) djrk gS mlds os firj fuR; r`Ir rFkk izlUu jgrs gSaA ¼ukjn
lafgrk] 37@17½ thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa lkekU;r% gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk iwokZHkkl rks T;ksfr"k ds ekè;e ls gksrk gh gS] lkFk gh ckyd ds tUeksijkUr mlds vkèkku (Conception) ds le; dk Kku dj ysuk vFkok le; ls ckyd ds gksus okys tUe dk iw.kZ o
lgh fooj.k ik ysuk T;ksfr"k ls lEHko gSA[16]
Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k dh ifjHkk"kk ds LdUèk=;&gksjk] fl)kUr vkSj lafgrk vFkok
LdUèkiap&gksjk] fl}kUr] lafgrk] iz'u vkSj 'kdqu&;s vax ekus x;s gSaA ;fn
fojkV iapLdUèkkRed ifjHkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk; rks vkt dk euksfoKku] thofoKku] inkFkZfoKku] jlk;ufoKku] fpfdRlk'kkL= bR;kfn Hkh blh ds vUrHkwZr gks tkrs gSaA bl 'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk Hkkjro"kZ esa le;≤ ij fofHkUu :iksa esa ekuh tkrh jgh gSA lqnwj izkphu dky esa dsoy T;ksfr%inkFkksZa&xzg] u{k=] rkjksa vkfn ds Lo:i&foKku dks gh T;ksfr"k dgk tkrk FkkA ml le; lS)kfUrd xf.kr dk cksèk bl 'kkL= ls ugha gksrk Fkk D;ksafd ml dky esa dsoy n`f"V&i;Zos{k.k }kjk u{k=ksa dk Kku izkIr djuk gh vfHkizsr FkkA Hkkjrh;ksa dh tc loZizFke n`f"V lw;Z vkSj pUnzek ij iM+h Fkh] mUgksaus buls Hk;Hkhr gksdj bUgas nSoRo :i esa eku fy;k FkkA osnksa esa dbZ txg u{k=] lw;Z ,oa pUnzek ds Lrqfrijd eU= vk;s gSaA fu'p; gh izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; ekuo us buds jgL; ls
izHkkfor gksdj gh bUgsa nSoRo :i esa ekuk gSA czkã.k vkSj vkj.;dksa ds le; esa
;g ifjHkk"kk vkSj fodflr gqbZ rFkk ml dky esa u{k=ksa dh vkd`fr] Lo:i] xq.k
,oa izHkko dk ifjKku izkIr djuk T;ksfr"k ekuk tkus yxkA
^vkfndky* esa u{k=ksa ds 'kqHkk'kqHk Qykuqlkj dk;ksZa dk foospu rFkk _rq] v;u]
fnueku] yXu vkfn ds 'kqHkk'kqHkkuqlkj foèkk;d dk;ks± dks djus dk Kku izkIr djuk Hkh bl 'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk esa ifjxf.kr gks x;kA lw;ZizKfir T;ksfr"dj.Md]
osnkax&T;ksfr"k vkfn xzaFkksa ds iz.k;u rd T;ksfr"k ds xf.kr vkSj Qfyr&;s nks Hksn
Li"V ugha gq, FksA
;g ifjHkk"kk ;gha lhfer ugha jgh] KkuksUufr ds lkFk&lkFk fodflr gqbZ jkf'k vkSj
xzgksa ds Lo:i] jax] fn'kk] rŸo] èkkrq bR;kfn ds foospu Hkh blds vUrxZr vk x;sA
vkfndky ds vUr esa T;ksfr"k ds xf.kr] fl)kUr vkSj Qfyr ;s rhuksa Hksn LorU= :i ls izLQqfVr gks x;s FksA xzgksa dh xfr] fLFkfr] v;uka'k] ikr vkfn xf.kr
T;ksfr"k ds vUrxZr rFkk 'kqHkk'kqHk le; dk fu.kZ;] foèkk;d] ;Kkfn dk;ksZa ds djus ds fy, le; vkSj LFkku dk fuèkkZj.k Qfyr T;ksfr"k dk fo"k; ekuk tkrk FkkA
iwoZ eè;dky dh vfUre 'krkfCn;ksa esa fl)kUr T;ksfr"k ds Lo:i esa Hkh fodkl gqvk] ysfdu [kxksyh; fujh{k.k vkSj xzgosèk dh ifjikVh ds de gks tkus ls xf.kr ds dYiuk tky }kjk gh xzgksa ds LFkkuksa dk fu'p; djuk fl)kUr T;ksfr"k ds vUrxZr vk x;k rFkk iwoZ eè;dky ds izkjEHk esa T;ksfr"k dk vFkZ LdUèk=;&gksjk]
fl)kUr vkSj lafgrk ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k x;kA ijUrq bl ;qx ds eè; esa bl ifjHkk"kk us vkSj Hkh la'kksèku ns[ks vkSj vkxs tkdj ;g iap:ikRed&gksjk] xf.kr ;k fl)kUr] lafgrk] iz'u vkSj 'kdqu gks x;hA
1-3 gksjk
bldk nwljk uke tkrd'kkL= gSA bldh mRifr ^vgksjk=* 'kCn ls gSA vkfn 'kCn ^v* vkSj vfUre 'kCn ^=* dk yksi dj nsus ls gksjk 'kCn curk gSA tUedkyhu xzgksa dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds fy, QykQy dk fu:i.k blesa fd;k tkrk gSA
bl 'kkL= esa tUedq.Myh ds }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Qy muesa fLFkr xzgksa dh vis{kk rFkk
n`f"V j[kus okys xzgksa ds vuqlkj foLrkjiwoZd izfrikfnr fd;s tkrs gSaA ekuo thou
ds lq[k] nq%[k] b"V] vfu"V] mUufr] voufr] HkkX;ksn; vkfn lEkLr 'kqHkk'kqHkksa dk
o.kZu bl 'kkL= esa jgrk gSA gksjk xzUFkksa esa Qy&fu:i.k ds nks izdkj gSa %
,d esa tkrd ds tUe&u{k= ij ls vkSj nwljs esa tUe&yXukfn }kn'k Hkkoksa ij ls
foLrkjiwoZd fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls QydFku dh iz.kkyh crk;h x;h gSA gksjk'kkL= ij vusd Lora= jpuk,a gSaA le;≤ ij bl 'kkL= esa vusd la'kksèku vkSj
ifjorZu gq, gSaA
bl 'kkL= ds ojkgfefgj] ukjpUnz] fl)lsu] <qf.<jkt] ds'ko vkfn izèkku jpf;rk
gSaA vkpk;Z ojkg us bl 'kkL= esa ,d uohu leUo; dh iz.kkyh pyk;h gSA ukjpUnz us xzg vkSj jkf'k;ksa ds Lo:ikuqlkj Hkko vkSj n`f"V ds leUo; rFkk dkjd] ekjd vkfn xzgksa ds lEcUèkksa dh vis{kk ls Qy&izfriknu dh izfØ;k dk izpyu fd;k gSA
Jhifr ,oa Jhèkj vkfn 9oha] 10oha vkSj 11oha 'krh ds gksjk 'kkL=dkjksa us xzgcy] xzgoxZ] foa'kksŸkjh vkfn n'kkvksa ds Qyksa dks bl 'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk ds vUrxZr eku fy;k gSA[17]
1-4 xf.kr ;k fl)kUr
bl izdkj gksjk'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk fujUrj fodflr gksrh vk jgh gSA blesa =qfV ls ysdj dYidky rd dh dkyx.kuk] lkSj] pkUnz eklksa dk izfriknu] xzgxfr;ksa
dk fu:i.k] O;Dr&vO;Dr xf.kr dk iz;kstu] fofoèk iz'uksŸkj&fofèk] xzg] u{k= dh fLFkfr] ukuk izdkj ds rqjh;] ufydk bR;kfn ;U=ksa dh fuekZ.k&fofèk] fnd~]
ns'k] dkyKku ds vuU;re mi;ksxh vax] v{k{ks=&lEcaèkh v{kT;k] yEcT;k] |qT;k] dqT;k] rn~èk`fr] le'kadq bR;kfn dk vku;u jgrk gSA
izkphu dky esa bldh ifjHkk"kk dsoy fl)kUr xf.kr ds :i esa ekuh tkrh FkhA vkfndky esa vadxf.kr }kjk gh vgxZ.k&eku lkèkdj xzgksa dk vku;u djuk bl 'kkL= dk izèkku izfrik| fo"k; FkkA iwoZ eè;dky esa bldh ;g ifjHkk"kk T;ksa dh R;ksa vofLFkr jghA mRrj eè;dky esa blus vusd igyqvksa ds iYyksa dks idM+k vkSj bl ;qx ds izkjEHk ls oklukRed gksrh gqbZ Hkh O;äxf.kr dks viukrh jgh]
blhfy, bl dky esa xf.kr ds fl)kUr] rU= vkSj dj.k ;s rhu Hksn izdV gq,A
ftlesa l`"Vîkfn ls b"V fnu i;ZUr vgxZ.k cukdj xzg ¼eè;e xzg Li"V½ fl)
fd;s tk;sa og ^fl)kUr*( ftlesa ;qxkfn ls b"V fnu i;ZUr vgxZ.k cukdj xzg
xf.kr fd;k tk;s og ^rU=* vkSj ftlesa dfYir b"V o"kZ dk ;qx ekudj ml
;qx ds Hkhrj gh fdlh vHkh"V fnu dk vgxZ.k ykdj xzgku;u fd;k tk;s mls
^dj.k* dgrs gSaA
mRrj eè;dky ds vUr esa xf.kr T;ksfr"k dh ifjHkk"kk foLr`r gksus dh vis{kk
ladqfpr fn[kykbZ iM+rh gS( D;ksafd bl ;qx esa fØ;kRed xzgxf.kr dks NksM+
oklukRed ¼miifÙkfo"k;d½ xzgxf.kr dk gh vkJ; T;ksfrf"k;ksa us ys fy;k] ftlls
okLrfod xzgxf.kr dk fodkl dqN #d&lk x;kA ;|fi dj.k xzaFkksa dh lkjf.k;ka rS;kj dh x;h Fkha] fdUrq vkxs vkdk'k&fujh{k.k vkSj O;äfØ;kRed xzgxf.kr ds
vHkko esa lkjf.k;ksa esa la'kksèku u gks ldsA bl izdkj xf.kr T;ksfr"k dh ifjHkk"kk
dHkh 'kS'ko vkSj dHkh ;kSou ds lkFk vB[ksfy;ka djrh jghA[18]
1-5 lafgrk
blesa Hkw'kksèku] fnd~'kksèku] 'kY;ks)kj] esykid] vk;k|ku;u] x`gksidj.k]
b"V dk }kj] xsgkjEHk] x`gizos'k] tyk'k;&fuekZ.k] ekaxfyd dk;ksZa ds eqgwrZ]
mYdkikr] o`f"V] xzgksa ds mn;kLr dk Qy] xzgpkj dk Qy ,oa xzg.k&Qy vkfn
ckrksa dk fu:i.k foLrkjiwoZd fd;k tkrk gSA eè; ;qx esa lafgrk dh ifjHkk"kk gksjk]
xf.kr vkSj 'kdqu ds fefJr :i esa ekuh x;h gSA
9oha vkSj 10oha 'krkCnh esa fØ;kdk.M Hkh bldh ifjHkk"kk ds vUrxZr vk x;k gSA
lafgrk'kkL= dk tUe vkfndky esa gqvk vkSj bldh ifjHkk"kk dk {ks= mÙkjksÙkj
c<+rk pyk x;kA dqN tSukpk;ksZa us thouksi;ksxh vk;qosZn dh ppkZ,a Hkh lafgrk ds
vUrxZr j[kh gSaA 12oha vkSj 13oha 'krkCnh esa bl 'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk bruh fodflr
gqbZ gS fd thou ls lEc) lHkh mi;ksxh ykSfdd fo"k; blds vUrxZr vk x;s
gSaA[19]
1-6 iz'u'kkL=
;g rRdky Qy crykus okyk 'kkL= gSA blesa iz'udrkZ ds mPpkfjr v{kjksa ij ls
Qy dk izfriknu fd;k tkrk gSA bZLoh lu~ dh 5oha vkSj 6Bh 'krkCnh esa dsoy
i`PNd ds mPpkfjr v{kjksa ij ls Qy crykuk gh iz'u'kkL= ds vUrxZr Fkk( ysfdu
vkxs tkdj bl 'kkL= esa rhu fl)kUrksa dk izos'k gqvk &
iz'uk{kj&fl)kUr
iz'uyXu&fl)kUr
LojfoKku&fl)kUrA
fnxEcj tSu xzUFkksa dh vfèkdrj jpuk,a nf{k.k&Hkkjr esa gksus ds dkj.k izk;%
lHkh iz'uxzUFk iz'uk{kj&fl)kUr dks ysdj fufeZr gq, gSaA vUos"k.k djus ij Li"V
ekywe gksrk gS fd dsoy Kkuiz'upwM+kef.k] pUnzksaUehyu&iz'u] vk;Kkufryd]
vgZPpwM+kef.k vkfn xzaFkksa ds vkèkkj ij gh vkèkqfud dky esa dsjy iz'u'kkL= dh
jpuk gqbZ gSA
ojkgfefgj ds iq= i`Fkq;'kl ds le; ls iz'uyXu okys fl)kUr dk izpkj Hkkjr esa tksjksa ls gqvk gSA 9oha] 10oha vkSj 11oha 'krh esa bl fl)kUr dks fodflr gksus ds fy, iw.kZ volj feyk gS] ftlls vusd Lora= jpuk,a Hkh bl fo"k; ij fy[kh x;h gSaA bl 'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk esa mÙkj eè;dky rd vusd la'kksèku vkSj ifjo)Zu gksrs jgs gSaA p;kZ] ps"Vk] gko&Hkko vkfn ds }kjk euksxr Hkkoksa dk oSKkfud n`f"V ls fo'ys"k.k djuk Hkh bl 'kkL= ds vUrxZr vk x;k gSA[20]
1-7 'kdqu
bldk vU; uke fufeÙk 'kkL= Hkh feyrk gSA iwoZ eè;dky rd blus i`Fkd~ LFkku izkIr ugha fd;k Fkk] fdUrq lafgrk ds vUrxZr gh bldk fo"k; vkrk FkkA bZLoh lu~ dh 10oha] 11oha vkSj 12oha 'kfr;ksa esa bl fo"k; ij Lora= fopkj gksus yx x;k Fkk]
ftlls blus vyx 'kkL= dk :i izkIr dj fy;kA
fo- la- 1089 esa vkpk;Z nqxZnso us vfj"V fo"k; dks Hkh 'kdqu'kkL= esa feyk fn;k
FkkA vkxs pydj bl 'kkL= dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj Hkh vfèkd fodflr gqbZ vkSj bldh
fo"k;lhek esa izR;sd dk;Z ds iwoZ esa gksus okys 'kqHkk'kqHkksa dk Kku izkIr djuk Hkh vk
x;kA olUr&jkt'kdqu] vn~Hkqrlkxj&tSls 'kdqu&xzaFkksa dk fuekZ.k blh ifjHkk"kk
dks n`f"V esa j[kdj fd;k x;k izrhr gksrk gSA[21]
1-8 tUei=h ds :i
tUedqaMyh vkdk'k dk ml le; dk uD'kk gS ftl le; fdlh ckyd dk tUe
gksrk gS] ml le; vkdk'k esa tks xzg tgka&tgka fLFkr gksrs gSa ;fn mlh le; ge dkxt ij fy[kdj uD'kk rS;kj dj ysa rks mls tUedqaMyh dgk tkrk gSA
tUe ds le; iwohZ f{kfrt ij tks jkf'k mfnr gksrh gS mls yXu dh laKk nh tkrh gSA tUedqaMyh esa dqy 12 Hkko gksrs gSa ftudk foLrkj 360° gksrk gSA bUgha 12 Hkkoksa esa Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa ekU;rk ds vuqlkj 9 xzg vofLFkr gksrs gSaA 360° esa
foLrkfjr bu 12 Hkkoksa ,oa 9 xzgksa ds fu:i.k dks HkpØ dgk tkrk gSA yXu dks
izFke Hkko Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
1-9 Hkko ifjp;
i`Foh viuh èkqjh ij if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwe jgh gSA vxj ge f{kfrt dh rjQ
ns[ksaxs rks ik,axs fd jkf'k pØ dh jkf'k;ka ,d&,d djds mfnr gksrh gSaA
jkf'kpØ dh izR;sd jkf'k iwohZ f{kfrt ij 24 ?kaVs ds i'pkr~ iqu% mfnr gksxhA yXu dks tUedqaMyh dk izFke Hkko Hkh dgk tkrk gSA f}rh; Hkko dk vFkZ gS yXu ls fxus tkus ij nwljk Hkko] vU; Hkkoksa dh Hkh blh izdkj ls yXu Hkko ls x.kuk dh tkrh gSA tUedqaMyh ds izR;sd Hkko ls thou ds fuf'pr igyqvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS ftldk o.kZu fuEu izdkj ls gS %
1-9-1 izFke Hkko ¼yXu Hkko½
nsg] dk;k] 'kjhj jpuk] O;fDrŸo] psgjk] LokLF;] pfj=] LoHkko] cqf)] vk;q";] lkSHkkX;] lEeku] izfr"Bk] le`f)A
1-9-2 f}rh; Hkko ¼èku@dqVqEc Hkko½
laifÙk] ifjokj] ok.kh] nk;ha vka[k] uk[kwu] ftg~ok] ukfldk] nkar] mís';] Hkkstu]
dYiuk] voyksdu] tokgjkr] xgus] dherh iRFkj] vizkÑfrd eSFkqu] Bxuk o
ifr&iRuh esa fgalkA
1-9-3 r`rh; Hkko ¼ijkØe@lgksnj Hkko½
NksVs HkkbZ&cgu] lgksnj HkkbZ&cgu] lEcUèkh] fj'rsnkj] iM+kslh] lkgl] fuf'prrk]
cgknqjh] lhuk] nk;ka dku] gkFk] y?kq ;k=k,a] ukM+h ra=] lapkj.k] laizs"k.k] ys[ku] iqLrd laiknu] lekpkj i=ksa dh lwpuk] fooj.k] laokn] f'k{kk] cqf) bR;kfnA
1-9-4 prqFkZ Hkko ¼lq[k@ekr` Hkko½ ekrk] lEcUèkh] okgu] ?kjsyw okrkoj.k] [ktkuk] Hkwfe] vkokl] f'k{kk] tehu&tk;nkn]
vkuqokaf'kd izÑfr] thou dk mÙkjkèkZ Hkkx] fNik [ktkuk] xqIr izse lEcUèk] lhuk] fookfgr thou esa llqjky i{k vkSj ifjokj dk gLr{ksi] vkHkw"k.k] diM+sA
1-9-5 iape Hkko ¼larku@f'k{kk Hkko½ larku] cqf)] izflf)] Js.kh] mnj] izse lEcUèk] euksjatu] lêk] iwoZ tUe] thou Lrj] in] izfr"Bk] dykRedrk] ân;] ihB] [ksyksa esa fuiq.krk] izfr;ksfxrk esa lQyrkA
1-9-6 "k"B Hkko ¼fjiq Hkko½ jksx] _.k] fookn] vHkko] pksV] ekek&ekeh] 'k=q] lsok] Hkkstu] diM+s] pksjh] cnukeh]
ikyrw i'kq] vèkhuLFk deZpkjh] fdjk;snkj] dejA
1-9-7 lIre Hkko ¼dy= Hkko½
ifr@iRuh dk O;fDrŸo] thoulkFkh ds lkFk fj'rk] bPNk,a] dke 'kfDr] lk>snkjh] izR;{k 'k=q] eqvkotk] ;k=k] dkuwu] thou ds fy, [krjk] fons'kksa esa izHkko vkSj izfr"Bk] turk ds lkFk fj'rs] ;kSu jksx] ew= jksxA
1-9-8 v"Ve Hkko ¼vk;q@e`R;q Hkko½
vk;q] e`R;q dk izdkj ;kuh e`R;q dSls gksxh] tuukax] ckèkk,a] nq?kZVuk] eq¶+r dh
laifÙk] fojklr] cikSrh] iSr`d laifÙk] olh;r] isa'ku] ifjèkku] pksjh] MdSrh] fpark] :dkoV] ;q)] 'k=q] fojklr esa feyk èku] ekufld osnuk] fookgsÙkj thouA
1-9-9 uoe Hkko ¼HkkX;@èkeZ Hkko½
lkSHkkX;] èkeZ] pfj=] nknk&nknh] yach ;k=k,a] iksrk] cqtqxks± o nsorkvksa ds izfr J)k
o HkfDr] vkè;kfRed mUufr] LoIu] mPp f'k{kk] iRuh dk NksVk HkkbZ] HkkbZ dh iRuh]
rhFkZ;k=k] n'kZu] vkRekvksa ls laidZA
1-9-10 n'ke Hkko ¼deZ Hkko½
O;olk;] dhfrZ] 'kfDr] vfèkdkj] usr`Ro] lÙkk] lEeku] lQyrk] :rck] ?kqVus]
pfj=] deZ] mís';] firk] ekfyd] fu;kstd] vfèkdkjh] vfèkdkfj;ksa ls lEcUèk]
O;kikj esa lQyrk] ukSdjh esa rjDdh] ljdkj ls lEEkkuA
1-9-11 ,dkn'k Hkko ¼ykHk Hkko½
ykHk] le`f)] dkeukvksa dh iwfrZ] fe=] cM+k HkkbZ] V[kus] ck;ka dku] ijke'kZnkrk]
fiz;] jksx eqfDr] izR;k'kk] iq=oèkw] bPNk,a] dk;ks± esa lQyrkA
1-9-12 }kn'k Hkko ¼O;; Hkko½
gkfu] n.M] dkjkokl] O;;] nku] fookg] tykJ;ksa ls lacafèkr dk;Z] oSfnd ;K]
vnk fd;k x;k tqekZuk] fookgsÙkj dke ØhM+k vkSj ;kSu lEcUèkksa ls O;qRiUu jksx]
dke ØhM+k esa detksjh] 'k;u lqfoèkk] v¸;k'kh] Hkksx&foykl] iRuh dh gkfu] 'kknh esa uqdlku] ukSdjh NwVuk] vius yksxksa ls vyxko] yach ;k=k,a] fons'k esa O;oLFkkiuA
1-9-13 Hkkoksa dh laKk
tUedqaMyh esa yXu dsUnz fcUnq gksrk gSA egf"kZ;ksa us thou dks èkeZ] vFkZ] dke rFkk
eks{k dks izkIr djus dk lkèku ekuk gSA blfy, Hkkoksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k
gSA dqaMyh dks Hkh èkeZ] vFkZ] dke rFkk eks{k ds rhu ifjjkf'k;ksa esa ckaVk gSA
Hkkoksa dh laKk
laKk Hkko laKk Hkko
èkeZ 1] 5] 9 prqjlz Hkko 4] 8
vFkZ 2] 6] 10 mip; Hkko 3] 6] 10] 11
dke 3] 7] 11 vuqip; Hkko 1] 2] 4] 5] 7] 8] 9] 12
eks{k 4] 8] 12 f=d ;k nq"V Hkko 6] 8] 12
dsUnz Hkko 1] 4] 7] 10 ifrr Hkko 6] 12
f=dks.k Hkko 1] 5] 9 ekjd Hkko 2] 7
i.kQj Hkko 2] 5] 8] 11 vk;q Hkko 3] 8
vkiksfDye Hkko 3] 6] 9] 12 rkfydk & 1-1
1-9-14 yXu dh laKk
pj yXu % es"k] ddZ] rqyk rFkk edj ¼1] 4] 7] 10½ yXuksa dks pj yXu dh laKk
nh xbZ gSA
fLFkj yXu % o`"k] flag] o`f'pd rFkk dqaHk ¼2] 5] 8] 11½ jkf'k;ksa dks fLFkj yXu
dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
f}LoHkko yXu % feFkqu] dU;k] èkuq rFkk ehu ¼3] 6] 9] 12½ yXuksa dks f}LoHkko
yXu dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
1-10 xzg ifjp;
xzg os [kxksyh; fiaM gSa tks i`Foh ds lkFk&lkFk vUrfj{k esa xfreku gSaA oSfnd
T;ksfr"k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls lw;Z lcls pedhyk xzg gS rFkk panzek mixzg gSA blds
vykok ckdh xzg 'kqØ] cqèk] eaxy] c`gLifr vkSj 'kfu gSa tcfd jkgq vkSj dsrq dks
Nk;k xzg ekuk x;k gSA
blfy;s xzgksa] jkf'k;ksa rFkk Hkkoksa dh laKkvksa dk Kku vko';d gks tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa lkr xzg rFkk nks Nk;k xzgksa dks LFkku izkIr gSA lw;Z] pUnz]
eaxy] cqèk] xq#] 'kqØ rFkk 'kfu lkr xzg gSa rFkk jkgq] dsrq Nk;k xzg gaSA
1-10-1 lw;Z
lw;Z firk dk izrhd gSA ;g czãk.M dh vkRek] vga] lgkuqHkwfr] izHkko] ;'k] LokLF;]
nk,¡ us=] fnu] ÅtkZ] vkS"kfèk;k¡] fpfdRld] vfèkdkjh oxZ] firk] jktk] jktuhfr]
fpfdRlk foKku] xkSjo] ijkØe dk dkjd gSA T;ksfr"kh; n`f"V ls lw;Z fir`] izÑfr] yEck] vYi cky] Øwj xzg] rkacs tSls jax] jktlh] nk'kZfud] iwath mèkkj nsus okys] jksxksa ls cpkus dh 'kfDr] n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr] in dk izrhd gSA
inkFkZ b±èku] fctyh] peZ] Åu] lw[kk vukt] fo"k rFkk xsg¡w lw;Z ds vèkhu
gSaA lw;Z chtksa dk fodkl djrk gSA
LFkku [kqys LFkku] ioZr] ou] izeq[k 'kgj] iwtk ds LFkku] U;k;ky;] iwoZ
fn'kk] ,slk LFkku tgka ikuh u gksA
vax flj] isV] gfM~M;ka] ân;] us=] efLr"dA
jksx mPp jDrpki] rhoz Toj] isV rFkk us= lEcUèkh jksx] fiÙkt chekfj;ka
rFkk ân; jksx nsrk gSA tc lw;Z ihfM+r gksrk gS rFkk tyh; jkf'k;ksa
esa fLFkr gksrk gS rks {k; jksx] isfp'k jksx nsrk gSA
èkkrq@jRu rkack] lksuk] ekf.kD;A
1-10-2 pUnzek
bldk 'kjhj LFkwy gSA ?kqa?kjkys ckyksa] xksjk jax rFkk lqanj vka[kksa dk izrhd gSA
pUnzek eu] ekrk] Hkze.k dh #fp] jl] lEeku] funzk] izlUurk] èku] ;k=k] ty]
vfLFkj eu dk dkjd xzg gSA
inkFkZ diM+k] nwèk] 'kgn] ehBh oLrq,a] pkoy] tkS
LFkku >hy] leqnz] ufn;ka] egkunh] ioZr] egy
vax ulsa] efLr"d] Nkrh] vaMk'k; rFkk iztuu
jksx lkal dh chekjh] Ropk dh chekfj;ka] vip] eUnkfXu vkfn chekfj;ksa dk dkjd xzg gSA ;g dQ rFkk ok;q dk Hkh dkjd xzg gS
èkkrq@jRu eksrh] pkanh
1-10-3 eaxy
'kfä] lkgl] ijkØe] izfr;ksfxrk] Øksèk] mÙkstuk] "kM~;U=] 'k=q] foi{k] fookn]
'kL=] lsukè;{k] ;q)] nq?kZVuk] vfXu] ?kko] Hkwfe] vpy lEifÙk] NksVk HkkbZ] pkpk ds yM+ds] usrk] iqfyl] ltZu] esdSfudy bathfu;j] vfXuHk;] vka[ksa] Øwj izÑfr]
vfLFkj cqf)] LorU= izÑfr] nqjkxzgh] ;qok] NksVs HkkbZ] QkSth izÑfr] gokbZ ;k=k,a]
gR;k djus okyk] etnwjksa ds usrkA
inkFkZ gfFk;kj] Hkwfe] rEckdw] ljlksa
LFkku jlksbZ] batu] vfXu LFky] ;q) Hkwfe] iqfyl LVs'ku
vax jDr] is'kh] fiÙk] flj] ukd] dku vkfn
jksx jDr lEcUèkh jksx] mPp ;k fuEu jDrpki] jDrlzko] vfXu ls tyuk]
xHkZikr
èkkrq@jRu rkack] lksuk] ewaxk
1-10-4 cqèk
bldk viuk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrk vkSj ;g ftlds lkFk gksrk gS oSlk gh gks
tkrk gSA cqèk gkL; fouksn dk izfrfufèk xzg gSA cgqr cksyuk] mlds ikl fofoèk
fo"k;ksa ij cgqr lkjh lwpuk,a gksrh gSaA ;g jktdqekj gSA ;g ferO;;h] O;kikfjd
izÑfr okyk] cqf)eÙkk] ok.kh&iVqrk] rdZ] vfHkO;fä] f'k{kk] f'k{k.k] xf.kr] Mkfd;k]
T;ksfr"kh] ys[kkdkj] O;kikj] deh'ku ,tsaV] izdk'ku] jktuhfr esa eè;orhZ O;fä]
ukVd] èkkrqvksa dk feJ.k] ekek] fe=] lEcUèkh vkfnA
inkFkZ gjk puk] iUuk] frygu] [kk| rsy] ikyd] fefJr èkkrq,a
LFkku Ldwy] [ksy ds eSnku] ikdZ] fo'ofo|ky; vax efLr"d] ftg~ok] Luk;q] daB] Ropk] okd~'kfDr
jksx Lej.k 'kfDr dh gkfu] Ropk dh chekfj;k¡] nkSjs] pspd] dQ] okr
fiÙk] mUekn] ,oa xwaxkiu
èkkrq@jRu iUuk] ihry] lksuk
1-10-5 xq#
foosd] cqf)eÙkk] f'k{k.k] 'kjhj dh ekalyrk] èkkfeZd dk;Z] bZ'oj ds izfr fu"Bk] cM+k
HkkbZ] ifo= LFkku] nk'kZfudrk] èkkfeZd xzUFkksa dk iBu&ikBu] lPpkbZ dk izrhd]
nk'kZfud] izR;sd izdkj ds foKku esa #fp j[kus okyk] èkkfeZd xq#] vè;kid] nku
nsuk] ijksidkj] eU=h] lykgdkj] Qynkj o`{k] iq= vkfnA
inkFkZ ihyh oLrq,a] pus dh nky
LFkku U;k;ky;] ikB'kkyk] efUnj] èkkfeZd LFkku vax foosd] 'kfDr] mnj] ftxj] ta?kk dk dkjd gS jksx ftxj dh chekfj;k¡] xqnZs dh chekfj;k¡] eèkqesg] tyksnj] ikpu&fØ;k ds jksxA olk ds }kjk mRiUu jksx èkkrq@jRu lksuk] iq[kjkt
1-10-6 'kqØ ifr@iRuh] fookg] jfrfØ;k] isze lEcUèk] laxhr] dkO;] b=&lqxaèk] ?kj dh ltkoV] ,s'o;Z] nwljksa ds lkFk lg;ksx] Qwy] Qwynkj o`{k] ikSèks] lkSan;Z] vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh] vkHkw"k.k] tyh; LFkku] flYdu diM+k] lQsn jax] okgu] 'k;u d{k]
lq[k&lkèku vkfnA dkys ?kqa?kjkys cky] fo'kky 'kjhj] dkfyek fy, jax] pkSM+h
vka[kas] lqanj psgjs] ukd uD'k dk izfrfufèk gSA 'kqØk.kq] jfr dk 'kkSdhu] izse&lEcUèk]
vkd"kZd O;fDrŸo dk Lokeh gSA u`R;&dyk] ,sfUnz; lq[k] Mªkek] vfHku;] ltkoV
dk dkjd gSA
inkFkZ b=] ltkoV dh oLrq] flYd
LFkku 'k;ud{k] flusek] QOokjk
vax jfr fØ;k ds vax] fyax] ew=k'k;] cky] 'kqØk.kq
jksx eèkqesg] jfrt lacèkh jksx] xqIr jksx] ;kSu vleFkZrk] vka[kksa dh detksjh] 'osr iznj] oh;Zikr
èkkrq@jRu ghjk] pkanh
1-10-7 'kfu
vk;q] nq%[k] jksx] e`R;q] ladV] vuknj] xjhch] vkthfodk] vuSfrd rFkk vèkkfeZd
dk;Z] fons'kh Hkk"kk] foKku rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk] esgur okys dk;Z] Ñ"kh; O;olk;]
yksgk] rsy] [kfut inkFkZ] deZpkjh] lsod] ukSdfj;ka] pksjh] Øwj dk;Z] iaxqrk]
vax&Hkax] yksHk] ykyp] fcLrj ij iM+s jguk] pkjnhokjh esa cUn jguk] tsy]
gkWLihVy esa iM+s jguk] ok;q] tksM+ksa ds nnZ] dBksj ok.kh vkfnA :[ks&lw[ks cky]
yEcs cM+s vax] cM+s nkar rFkk o`) 'kjhj] dkys jax dk fn[kus okyk gksrk gSA ;g
v'kqHk xzg gSA eUn xfr xzg gSA fujk'kk rFkk tq, dk izrhd gSA
inkFkZ xUns vkSj vaèkssjs LFkku] xqQk] taxy
LFkku yksgk] dkys pus] Hkkax] rsy] isVªksy] dks;yk] dsjksflu
vax nkar] dykbZ] ihB] iSj
jksx lkjs iqjkus ykbykt jksx] nkar] lkal] {k;] okrt] xqnk ds jksx] t[e]
tksM+ksa ds nnZ vkfn
èkkrq@jRu uhye] yksgk] iap èkkrq
1-10-8 jkgq
Nk;k xzg] nknk] dBksj ok.kh] tqvk] Hkzked rdZ] xfr'khyrk] ;k=k,a] fotkrh; yksx] fons'kh yksx] fons'k ;k=k] fo"k] pksjh] nq"Vrk] foèkok] èkkfeZd ;k=k,a]
"kM~;U=dkjhA
inkFkZ v.Ms] ukfj;y] ekal
vax iSj] 'okl] xnZu] QsQM+s jksx lkjs iqjkus ykbykt jksx] nkar] lkal] {k;] okrt] xqnk ds jksx] t[e]
tksM+ksa ds nnZ vkfn
èkkrq@jRu uhye] yksgk] iap èkkrq
1-10-9 dsrq
nnZ] Toj] ?kko] 'k=qvksa dks uqdlku igqapkuk] rkaf=d] ra=] tknw&Vksuk] dqÙkk] lhax
okys i'kq] cgqjaxh i{kh] eks{k] vpkud gksus okyh ?kVuk,a] v'kqHk èkkfeZd izÑfr]
lkEiznkf;d dV~VjiaFkh] ?keaMh] LokFkhZA
jksx % tksM+] pspd] gStk rFkk laØked jksx
èkkrq@jRu % v"V èkkrq] yglqfu;k
1-10-10 'kqHk&v'kqHk xzg
pUnzek] cqèk] 'kqØ vkSj xq# ;s Øe'k% vfèkdkfèkd 'kqHk ekus x;s gSa vFkkZr~ pUnzek ls cqèk] cqèk ls 'kqØ vkSj 'kqØ ls xq# vfèkd 'kqHk gSaA lw;Z] eaxy] 'kfu o jkgq ;s Øe'k% vfèkdkfèkd ikih xzg dgs x;s gSa] vFkkZr~ lw;Z ls eaxy] eaxy ls 'kfu vkSj 'kfu ls jkgq vfèkd ikih xzg gSaA
izR;sd xzg ftl jkf'k esa mPp dk gksrk gS mlls lkroha jkf'k esa uhp dk gksrk gS rFkk mlds ije va'k leku jgrs gSaA ¼mijksDr lkj.kh esa xzgksa ds mPp uhp vkSj ewy f=dks.k jkf'k va'k dh tkudkjh nh x;h gS½ xzgksa ds mPp&uhp cksèk ls dqaMyh dk Qykns'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
xzgksa dh mPp&uhp] ewy f=dks.k jkf'k;ka
xzg mPp jkf'k ije vaa'k uhp jkf'k ewy f=dks.k jkf'k va'k lw;Z es"k
- 15° rkfydk & 1-2
1-10-11 xzgksa dk vLr mn;
xzgksa dh nks izdkj dh xfr;ka gksrh gSa % oØh xfr (Retrograde) vkSj ljy xfr
vFkok ekxhZ xfr (Direct)A bu xfr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij lHkh xzg lw;Z ls fHkUu&fHkUu
va'kksa ij vLr gksrs gSa ftldh lkj.kh fuEu izdkj gS %
xzgksa dh vLr lkj.kh
xzg panz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu
ljy xfr (Direct)
oØ xfr (Retrograde)
1-10-12 xzgksa dh eS=h&'k=qrk
& 1-3
xzgksa esa ikap izdkj dh fe=rk&'k=qrk ekuh xbZ gS % vfèkfe=] fe=] le] 'k=q vkSj
vfèk'k=qA dqaMyh esa xzg fe= ds Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks 'kqHk vkSj 'k=q ds Hkko esa gks rks v'kqHk Qy nsrk gSA
1-10-13 uSlfxZd ;k LokHkkfod lEcUèk
uSlfxZd lEcUèk LFkk;h gksrk gS vkSj ;g xzgksa dh jkf'kpØ esa fLFkfr ij fuHkZj ugha
djrkA bl rjg dk lEcUèk xzgksa dh izÑfr ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA LFkk;h lEcUèk
rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS& fe=] le rFkk 'k=qA xzgksa dks vius fe= xzgksa ls cy
feyrk gS] 'k=q xzgksa ls cy de gksrk gSA uSlfxZd lEcUèk lHkh tUeif=;ksa esa leku gksrs gSaA
xzgksa dh uSlfxZd eS=h rkfydk
xzg fe= xzg le xzg 'k=q xzg
lw;Z pa-] ea-] xq- cq- 'kq-] 'k-] jk- ds-
pUnzek lw-] cq- 'k-] 'kq-] xq-] ea- jk-] dseaxy lw-] pa-] xq-] ds- 'kq-]'k- cq-] jkcqèk lw] 'kq- ea-] xq-] 'k-] ds-] jk- p-a xq# lw-] pa-] ea- 'k-] jk-] ds- cq-] 'kq'kqØ cq-] 'k-] jk-] ds- xq-] ea- lw-] pa'kfu cq-] 'kq-] jk- xq- lw- p-a ea-] ds-
jkgq 'kq-] 'k- cq-] xq- lw-] ea-] pa-] dsdsrq ea-] 'kq- cq-] xq- 'k-] jk-] lw-] parkfydk & 1-4
1-10-14 rkRdkfyd eS=h
uSlfxZd eS=h ds vykok rkRdkfyd eS=h dk Hkh fopkj djuk gksrk gSA nksuksa fe=rk
¼uSlfxZd vkSj rkRdkfyd½ ds vkèkkj ij iapèkk eS=h pØ curk gSA ftl Hkko esa xzg
fLFkr gksrk gS mlls 2] 3] 4 rFkk 10] 11] 12 LFkkuksa esa fLFkr xzg rkRdkfyd fe= rFkk 5] 6] 7 rFkk 7] 8] 9 ,oa xzg ds lkFk fLFkr xzg rkRdkfyd 'k=q xzg gksrs gSaA
1-10-15 iapèkk eS=h
uSlfxZd eS=h vkSj rkRdkfyd eS=h ds vkèkkj ij iapèkk eS=h pØ cuk;k tkrk gSA iapèkk eS=h pØ esa ikap izdkj dh fLFkfr;ka gksrh gSa & vfrfe=] fe=] le] 'k=q] vfr'k=qA
tc dksbZ xzg uSlfxZd eS=h esa fe= vkSj rkRdkfyd eS=h esa Hkh fe= gks rks iapèkk eS=h esa og vfrfe= gksrk gSA
uSlfxZd eS=h esa le gks rFkk rkRdkfyd eS=h esa 'k=q gks rks iapèkk eS=h esa 'k=q gks tkrk gSA
uSlfxZd eS=h o rkRdkfyd eS=h nksuksa esa 'k=q gksus ij vfr'k=q gksrk gSA
iapèkk eS=h ds vkèkkj ij xzgksa ds lIroxhZ; cy dk lkèku fd;k tkrk gSA iapèkk
eS=h ds vuqlkj vfrfe= ds {ks= esa xzg dk cy 22 dyk 30 fodyk gksxkA fe= ds
?kj esa 15 dyk cy] le ds LFkku esa 7 dyk 30 fodyk] 'k=q ds LFkku esa 3 dyk 45 fodyk] vfr'k=q ds LFkku esa 1 dyk 52 fodyk cy] vius gh Hkko esa 30 dyk
cy] ewyf=dks.k jkf'k esa 45 dyk cy vkSj mPpjkf'k esa 60 dyk cy feyrk gSA
1-10-16 vkRekfn dkjd xzg
vkRekfn dkjdksa ds }kjk tkrd dh vkRek] eu vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA buds dkjd cyoku gksaxs rks ;s Hkh iq"V gksaxs vkSj ;fn dkjd fucZy voLFkk esa gksaxs rks ;s Hkh fucZy gksaxsA o.kZ iz'u esa u"V nzO;kfn] pksj dk jax&:i vkfn rFkk
dqaMyh esa tkrd ds jax&:i vkfn dh tkudkjh xzg ds o.kZ ls izkIr gksrh gSA
1-10-17 xzgksa dh fn'kk,a
iwoZ fn'kk dk Lokeh lw;Z] nf{k.k&iwoZ dk 'kqØ] nf{k.k dk eaxy] nf{k.k&if'pe dk jkgq&dsrq] if'pe dk 'kfu] mŸkj&if'pe dk panzek] mŸkj fn'kk dk cqèk rFkk
mŸkj&iwoZ fn'kk dk Lokeh xq# gksrk gSA
xzgksa dh vU; fo'ks"krk,¡
izdk’k xzg lw;Z] pUnz
'kqHk xzg xq#] 'kqØ rFkk pUnz ¼l'krZ½ ,oa cqèk ¼l'krZ½] panz i{kcyh gksuk
pkfg,] cqèk 'kqHk jkf'k vFkok 'kqHk xzg ds lkFk gksuk pkfg,A
v’kqHk xzg lw;Z] 'kfu] eaxy] jkgq] dsrq] panz ¼ikih½] cqèk ¼ikih½
cfg;qZfr xzg eaxy] xq#] 'kfu
vUr;qZfr xzg cqèk] 'kqØ
jkf'k pØ esa xzgksa dh nSfud vkSlr xfr
xzg lw;Z pUnz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu jkgq@dsrq
xfr 1° 12° 42' 75' 5' 75' 2' 3'
rkfydk & 1-5
xzgksa ds xq.kksa dh fo'ks"k tkudkjh ds fy, vkxs rkfydk nh tk jgh gS %
xzg ,oa mlds xq.k xq.k xzg lw;Z panzek eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu jkgq dsrq
dkjdRo vkRek eu cy ok.kh Kku dke okluk nq%[k efrHkze eks{k jax ukjaxh Øhe yky gjk ihyk lQsn ¼ikjn'khZ½ dkyk@uhyk èkwez jax fcjaxk
xq.k lkfRod lkfRod rkefld jktfld lkfRod jktfld rkefld rkefld rkefld
LFkku efUnj tyh; vfXu ØhM+k&LFky dks"kkxkj 'k;ud{k xUns LFkku _rq xzh"e o"kkZ xzh"e 'kjn gseUr olUr f'kf'kj & & Lokn dVq yo.kh; frDr eèkq [kêk eaf=e.My jktk ea=h lsukifr jktdqekj lykgdkj lykgdkj lsod bafnz;ka :i jl :i xUèk 'kCn jl Li'kZ jRu ekf.kD; eksrh ew¡xk iUuk iq[kjkt ghjk uhye xksesn yglqfu;k èkkrq rkack] lksuk pkanh rkack ?kaVk èkkrq lksuk pkanh rkack] yksgk 'kh'kk 'kh'kk
oL= eksVk u;k tyk gqvk Hkhxk gqvk u;k ¼iz;qDr½ fVdkÅ QVk&fpFkM++k o`{k eksVs rus okyk jcM++ uhacw Qyghu o`{k Qyghu o`{k Qwynkj o`{k vuqi;ksxh isM+ & & fyax iq#"k L=h iq#"k uiqald iq#"k L=h uiqald tkfr {kf=; oS'; {kf=; oS'; czkã.k czkã.k 'kwnz
rŸo vfXu ty vfXu i`Foh vkdk'k ty ok;q 'kkjhfjd ?kVd gfM~M;ka [kwu eTtk Ropk olk oh;Z ekalis'kh iz—fr fiÙk dQ fiÙk fiŸk] dQ] okr dQ dQ okr
vofèk 6 eghus 48 feuV 24 ?kaVs 2 eghus 1 eghuk 15 fnu 1 o"kZ rkfydk & 1-6
1-10-18 xzgksa dh voLFkk
egf"kZ ijk'kj us xzgksa dh ek=kRed Qy nsus dh {kerk dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy;s
fofHkUu voLFkk,a crykbZ gSaA ;s voLFkk,a gSa %
1- nhIrkfn voLFkk 2- ckykfn voLFkk 3- tkxzrkfn voLFkk
nhIrkfn voLFkk
;g ukS voLFkk,a gksrh gSaA jkf'k esa xzgksa dh fLFkfr ds vkèkkj ij 9 voLFkk,a gksrh
gSa tks fuEu izdkj gSa &
tc xzg viuh mPp jkf'k esa gks rks nhIr] Lojkf'k esa LoLFk] vfrfe= jkf'k esa eqfnr]
fe= jkf'k esa 'kkUr] le jkf'k esa nhu] 'k=q jkf'k esa nq%[kh] iki xzg dh jkf'k esa fody] vfr 'k=q jkf'k esa [ky rFkk lw;Z ls vLr gks rks dksih gksrk gSA
nhIr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa jkT; ykHk] vfèkdkj izkIr] èku] okgu] L=h] iq=kfn dk ykHk o vknj lRdkj o jkT; lEeku izkIr gksrk gSA
LoLFk vFkkZr Lo{ks=h xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa LokLF; ykHk] èku] lq[k] fo|k] ;'k] L=h] okgu] Hkwfe vkfn dk ykHk gksrk gSA
eqqfnrkoLFkk ¼vfèkfe= dh jkf'k½ esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa oL=] vkHkw"k.k] iq=] èku] okgu vkfn dk YkkHk gksrk gSA
'kkUrkoLFkk ¼fe=jkf'k½ esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa lq[k] èkeZ] Hkwfe] iq=] L=h] okgu] lEeku izkIr gksrk gSA
nhukoLFkk ¼lexzg dh jkf'k½ esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa LFkku ifjorZu] cUèkqvksa ls fojksèk] fufUnr] ghu LoHkko] fe= lkFk NksM+ nsrs gSa] jksx vkfn gksus dh lEHkkouk gksrh gSA
nq%[kkoLFkk ¼'k=q{ks=h½ xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa tkrd dks d"V izkIr gksrs gSaA fons'k ;k=k] pksjh] vfXu ;k jksxkfn ls èku gkfu gksrh gSA
fodykoLFkk ¼iki;qDr xzg½ esa fLFkr xzzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa eu esa ghu Hkkouk] fe=ksa o ifjokj tuksa dh e`R;q] L=h] iq=] okgu] Hkwfe] oL=kfn dh gkfu gksrh gSA
[kykoLFkk ¼vfr iki xzg dh jkf'k½ esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa dyg] fo;ksx ¼fiz;tu e`R;q½] 'k=qvksa ls ijkt;] èku] Hkwfe] okgu dh gkfu gksrh gSA
dksih voLFkk ¼lw;Z ls vLr½ esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa vusd izdkj ds
d"V gksrs gSaA fo|k] èku] Hkwfe] okgu] iq=] L=h] cUèkqvksa ls ihM+k gksrh gSA
ckykfn voLFkk
ckykfn voLFkk esa ge xzg ds va'kkas ds vuqlkj Qy dFku djrs gSaA 6 va'k dh ;g voLFkk gksrh gSA fo"ke ,oa le jkf'k;ksa ds vuqlkj xzgksa dh voLFkk,a fuEu izdkj gksrh gSa %
fo"ke ,oa le jkf'k;ksa ds vuqlkj xzgksa dh voLFkk,a fo"ke jkf'k esa xzg ds va'k voLFkk le jkf'k esa xzg ds va'k
00° & 06° cky 24° & 30°
06
& 12
& 18
& 24
° & 30° e`rkoLFkk
& 12
° & 06° rkfydk & 1-7
ckykoLFkk esa xzg dk pkSFkkbZ Qy] dqekjkoLFkk esa vkèkk] ;qokoLFkk esa iwjk] o`)koLFkk esa ekewyh rFkk e`rkoLFkk esa 'kwU; Qy izkIr gksrk gSA
tkx`rkfn voLFkk
tkx`r voLFkk esa iw.kZ] LoIu esa eè;e rFkk lq"kqfIr voLFkk esa 'kwU; Qy feyrk gSA
tkx`rkfn voLFkk fo"ke jkf'k esa xzg ds va'k voLFkk le jkf'k esa xzg ds va'k
00° & 10° tkx`r 20° & 30°
10° & 20° LoIu 10° & 20°
20° & 30° lq"kqIr 00° & 10° rkfydk & 1-8
c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= esa voLFkkvksa ds }kjk xzgksa ds cy dks ns[kk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr xzgksa ds cy dks vU; 6 izdkj ls Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS ftls "kM~cy dgk tkrk gSA
1-10-19 xzgksa dh n`f"V;ka
lHkh xzg vius LFkku ls lkrosa LFkku dks iw.kZ n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa ysfdu eaxy vius
LFkku ls pkSFks vkSj vkBosa LFkkuksa dks] xq# vius LFkku ls ikaposa vkSj uosa LFkkuksa dks o 'kfu vius LFkku ls rhljs vkSj nlosa LFkkuksa dks Hkh iw.kZ n`f"V ls ns[krk gSA
lw;Z vkSj eaxy dh ÅèoZ n`f"V gS] cqèk vkSj 'kqØ dh frjNh] pUnzek vkSj xq# dh
lkekU; rFkk jkgq vkSj 'kfu dh uhph n`f"V gSA
1-10-20 vkRekfn pj dkjd
lw;kZfn ukS xzgksa esa tks xzg Li"V rqY; va'kksa esa vfèkd gks vFkkZr~ vfèkd va'kksa okyk gks] og vkRedkjd] mlls de va'kksa okyk xzg vekR;dkjd] mlls de va'kksa okyk xzg Hkzkr`dkjd] mlls de va'kksa okyk ekr`dkjd] mlls de va'kksa okyk iq=dkjd]
mlls de va'kksa okyk Kfrdkjd rFkk lokZfèkd de va'kksa okyk dy= dkjd
vFkok nkjkdkjd dgk x;k gSA
1-10-21 Hkkoksa ds dkjdRo
izFke Hkko dk dkjd lw;Z] f}rh; dk c`gLifr] r`rh; dk eaaxy] cqèk] prqFkZ dk panz] 'kqØ] iape dk c`gLifr] "k"B dk eaxy] 'kfu] lIre dk 'kqØ] v"Ve dk 'kfu] uoe~ dk lw;Z] c`gLifr] n'ke dk cqèk] lw;Z] c`gLifr o 'kfu] ,dkn'k dk c`gLifr o }
kn'k Hkko dk dkjd 'kfu gksrk gSA
ftl izdkj izR;sd Hkko ds vyx&vyx dkjd gksrs gSa mlh izdkj izR;sd xzg ds Hkh vyx&vyx dkjd gksrs gaSA tSls & 1-10-22 xzgksa ds dkjdRo firk] izHkko] ÅtkZ dk dkjd xzg lw;Z] ekrk vkSj eu dk panz] HkkbZ o lkgl dk eaxy] O;olk;] ok.kh o f'k{kk dk dkjd cqèk] larku] èku] le`f) o cqf)eÙkk dk dkjd c`gLifr] fookg] HkkSfrd lq[k rFkk vkuan dk dkjd 'kqØ] vk;q] nq%[k o foyac dk dkjd 'kfu] ekek i{k ls lEcUèkksa dk dkjd jkgq o firk i{k ls lEcUèkksa dk dkjd dsrq gksrk gSA
1-10-23 ;ksxdkjd xzg] vdkjd xzg o ckèkd xzg
;fn dksbZ xzg dsanz rFkk f=dks.k nksuksa dk Lokeh gks vFkok yXu ,oa fdlh dsanz
dk Lokeh gks vFkok ,dy LokfeRo okys xzg f=dks.k ds Lokeh gksa rks bu xzgksa dks
;ksxdkjd xzg dh laKk nh tkrh gSA o`"k ,oa rqyk yXuksa ds fy, 'kfu] ddZ ,oa
flag yXuksa ds fy, eaxy] edj ,oa dqaHk yXuksa fy, 'kqØ] feFkqu ,oa dU;k yXuksa ds fy, cqèk] es"k yXu ds fy, lw;Z] o`f'pd yXu ds fy, panz rFkk èkuq ,oa ehu
yXuksa ds fy, xq# ;ksxdkjd gksrs gSaA
tks xzg 3] 6] 8] 11] 12 Hkkoksa esa ls fdUgha nks dk Lokeh gksrk gS] mls vdkjd
dgk tkrk gSA ,dy LokfeRo okys xzgksa esa lw;Z dks rqyk yXu ds fy, rFkk panz dks o`f'pd yXu ds fy, vdkjd ekuk gSA fofHkUu yXuksa ds fy, vdkjd xzgksa dk fooj.k lkj.kh esa mfYyf[kr gSA
pj yXu esa 11osa Hkko dk Lokeh] fLFkj esa 9osa Hkko dk Lokeh vkSj f}LoHkko esa 7osa
Hkko dk Lokeh ckèkd gksrk gSA
yXu ds vuqlkj ;ksxdkjd] vdkjd ,oa ckèkd xzg fuEu izdkj ls gSa %
yXukuqlkj ;ksxdkjd] vdkjd ,oa ckèkd xzg
yXu ;ksxdkjd vdkjd ckèkd yXu ;ksxdkjd vdkjd ckèkd
es"k lw;Z cqèk 'kfu rqyk 'kfu xq# lw;Z
o`"k 'kfu xq# 'kfu o`f'pd pUnz cqèk pUnz
feFkqu cqèk eaxy xq# èkuq xq# 'kqØ cqèk
ddZ eaxy cqèk 'kqØ edj 'kqØ xq# eaxy flag eaxy 'kfu eaxy dqEHk 'kqØ pUnz 'kqØ
dU;k cqèk eaxy xq# ehu xq# 'kqØ cqèk rkfydk & 1-9
1-11 jkf'k;ksa dk ifjp;
Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa i`Foh dks dsanz esa ekuk tkrk gS rFkk jkf'k pØ og o`Ùk gS
ftlij 9 xzg ?kwers gq, ekywe gksrs gSaA bl jkf'k pØ dks vxj 12 Hkkxksa esa ckaV
fn;k tk; rks izR;sd Hkkx dks ,d jkf'k dgrs gSaA bu 12 jkf'k;ksa ds uke gSa& es"k]
o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd] èkuq] edj] dqaHk] ehuA blh rjg tc
jkf'k pØ dks 27 Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS rc mldk izR;sd Hkkx u{k= dgykrk gSA
Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa HkpØ dk izFke fcUnq vf'ouh u{k= ls fy;k tkrk gSA bl
izFke fcUnq ls HkpØ dks 12 Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA
jkf'k;ksa ds fpà] va'k vkSj Lokeh
la- vaxzsth uke fgUnh uke jkf'k fpà va'k Lokeh
1- ARIES es"k L 00° - 30° eaxy
2- TAURUS o`"k 30° - 60° 'kqØ
3- GEMINI feFkqu 60° - 90° cqèk
4- CANCER ddZ 90° - 120° pUnzek
5- LEO flag 120° - 150° lw;Z
6- VIRGO dU;k 150° - 180° cqèk
7- LIBRA rqyk 180° - 210° 'kqØ
8- SCORPIO o`f'pd 210° - 240° eaxy
9- SAGITTARIUS èkuq 240° - 270° xq#
10- CAPRICORN edj 270° - 300° 'kfu
11- AQUARIUS dqEHk 300° - 330° 'kfu
12- PISCES ehu 330° - 360° xq# rkfydk & 1-10
bl izdkj izR;sd jkf'k dk dks.kh; eku 30° gksrk gSA 12 jkf'k;ksa ds uke vkSj
muds Lokeh ¼os xzg ftUgsa bu jkf'k;ksa dk Lokeh dgk tkrk gS½ mijksDr rkfydk
esa of.kZr gSa %
1-11-1 es"k jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
eè;e dn] iryk ekaly 'kjhj] yack psgjk vkSj xnZu] pkSM+k eLrd] flj ;k
duiêh ij fu'kku] lqn`<+ nar iafDr] xksy vka[ksa] ?kqa?kjkys ckyA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
mÙke LoHkko vkSj vkd"kZ.kA egRokdka{kh] vxz.kh vkSj mRlkgh] vfM+;y exj
Li"Voknh] O;kogkfjd] lkSan;Z] dyk vkSj lq#fp izsehA lkgfld] okn&fookn esa
#fp] >xM+kyw] èkkfeZd dêjiaFkh] èkS;ZghuA ty ls Mj] Hkze.k fiz;] izkjafHkd thou esa
la?k"kZ jgrs gSaA ;kstuk cukus esa fuiq.k] dk;Zxfr rhoz] iz'kklu esa l{keA nh?kZdkyhu
dk;ks± esa v#fpA ladV dk lkeuk djus dh izfrHkk ijarq nh?kZdkyhu d"Vksa ls yM+us esa v{keA nwjn`f"V] vkn'kZoknh] mfpr&vuqfpr ds ekinaMksa dk Lo;a fuekZrkA
y?kq Lrj ds dk;ks± esa v#fp] fo'kkydk; m|eksa ls yxkoA mÙke LoHkko vkSj vkd"kZ.k] foijhr fyax ds O;fDr izHkkfor gksrs gSaA thou dk Lo;a fuekZrk] dkeh]
izse izlaxksa esa vlQyA
x`g vkSj ifjokj ls yxko] lnk ifjokjtuksa ds eè; jguk ilan djrs gSaA ?kj dks
lkQ&lqFkjk j[krs gSaA ljdkj esa mPp inksa ij vklhuA vfèkd foJke vkSj funzk]
Lokfn"V Hkkstu esa #fpA jRuksa ds j[kus dk LFkku] èkkrq] vfXu] [kfut inkFkZ] yky
jax] iki jkf'k] feyulkj] rquqd fetkt] >wB cksyuk] i`"Bksn;] iq#"k jkf'k] Øwj
jkf'k] vfXu rŸo] jtks xq.k] fnucyh gksrh gSA
laHkkfor jksx % fljnnZ] tyuk] rhoz Toj] i{kk?kkr] eqagkls] vkèks flj dk
nnZ] pspd] Luk;qfod O;kfèk;kaA
1-11-2 o`"k jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
eè;e dn] izk;% eksVk 'kjhj] pkSM+k eLrd] eksVh xnZu] lqanj vkd"kZd psgjk] cM+s
dku vkSj vka[ksa] pkSM+s daèks] xBhyk 'kjhj] xsgqavka jax] lQsn nkar] Hkkjh tka?ksa] ?kqa?kjkys
cky] dej ;k cxy esa eLlkA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
izseiw.kZ O;ogkj] lkSan;Z mikld] laxhr vkSj dyk esa #fpA vkjkeilan] izse] lqfoèkkvksa vkSj mÙke Hkkstu esa #fpA mÙke 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld 'kfDrA
vPNs fe=] Li"Voknh] fu"d"kZ fudkyus ls iwoZ Hkys&cqjs dk vè;;u] èku lap;h] [kpZ esa lkoèkku] vkRefuHkZj] Lo;a dh fof'k"V dk;Z iz.kkyh vkSj fl)kar] dwVuhfrd
O;ogkj ds dkj.k budks le>uk dfBu gksrk gS] ckjhdh ds dke esa egkjr] Lej.k 'kfDr mÙke] izR;sd dk;Z izlUurkiwoZd laiUu djrs gSaA
mPpdksfV ds inksa ij dk;Zjr] lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa dh lkexzh tSls bysDVªkWfud lkeku]
lkSan;Z izlkèku] ckx&cxhps] b=] vkHkw"k.k vkfn ds O;kikj esa #fp] mÙke vfHkusrk]
laxhrK] fQYe fuekZrk vkfn gksrs gSa] dU;k fo|ky; ;k efgyk Dyc esa dk;Zjr]
HkkX;oku] vkHkw"k.kksa vkSj ckxokuh ij èku O;; djrs gSa] foijhr fyax ds O;fDr
vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa] dU;k larku vfèkd gksrh gS] fookfgr thou esa rykd cgqr de gksrs gSaA
ou vFkok [ksr] tgka i'kq ck¡èks tkrs gSa] tyiw.kZ [ksr tgka èkku iSnk gksrk gSA 'kqHk
jkf'k] L=h jkf'k] {kek'khy] pkSM+h tka?ksa] cM+k psgjk] rquqd fet+kt tc fdlh ckr
ij Øksfèkr gks tk,] O;kikjh oxZ] i`"Bksn; rFkk jkf=cyh gksrh gSA
laHkkfor jksx % VkWfUly] fMIFkhfj;k] ik;fj;k] tqdke] dCtA thou esa ,d ckj
efrHkze vo'; gksrk gSA
1-11-3 feFkqu jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
yack] lqMkSy 'kjhj] irys vkSj yacs gkFk] iryh] yEch maxfy;ka] eè;e jax] Bks<+h
ds ikl xïk] lfØ;] Li"V opu] rh[kh&lfØ; dkyh vka[ksa] yach o mUur ukd]
psgjs ij eLlk] ?kqa?kjkys cky] dkys vks"BA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
lkglh] ekuo LoHkko dk Kku] lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ vkSj n;kyqA Kku] ekSfydrk vkSj pqLrh esa mÙke] oDr dh utkdr rqjar Hkkai ysrs gSaA èkks[kkèkM+h ds dkj.k gkfu
mBkrs gSa] bZ'oj dh lgk;rk miyCèk gksrh gS] t:jr ds eqrkfcd Lo;a dks <ky
ysrs gSa] ifjorZu'khy fet+kt] èkS;Zghu] cspSu] ekufld dk;ks± esa izoh.k] ladYi'kfDr detksj] fu.kZ;{kerk rhoz vkSj ,dkxzrk mÙke gksrh gSA ;a= foKku esa izoh.k gksrs gSa] izR;sd fo"k; dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa] okrkZyki esa mRÑ"V jgrs gSa] dfo] oDrk] ys[kd] laxhrK vkfn gksrs gSaA nks O;olk; Hkh gks ldrs gSaA nks dk;Z lkFk&lkFk lQyrkiwoZd laiUu dj ldrs gSaA ukSdjh esa fdLer lkFk ugha nsrh gSA lekt esa lEeku gksrk gSA efgykvksa }kjk dk;Z esa ckèkk ;k gkfu gksrh gSA foijhr fyax ds O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lkoèkkuh cjruh
pkfg,A èkeZ vkSj vè;kRe esa #fp gksrh gSA Lusg ikus esa izoh.k gksrs gSaA lkekftd
mRloksa vkfn esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA fookg esa mRlkg vkSj #fp jgrh gSA
tgka urZd] laxhrdkj] dykdkj] os';k,a jgrh gSa] mudk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA
'k;ud{k] euksjatu djuk] rk'k [ksyuk vkfn LFkkuksa dh Lokeh gSA ;g mHk;ksn; jkf'k] vU; O;fä;ksa dks le>us esa prqj] laxhr esa #fp] x`g dk;Z esa #fp] eè; fnu esa cyh jgrh gSA iq#"k jkf'k gSA
laHkkfor jksx % tqdke] [kkalh] ;{ek] ba¶yq,atkA
1-11-4 ddZ jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
NksVk dn] ckSukiu] 'kjhj dk Åijh Hkkx cM+k] cpiu esa nqcyk 'kjhj] lqn`<+
iq#"kRo] xksy psgjk] psgjs ij Hk; dh Nk;k] ihyk&Qhdk jax] Hkwjs cky] ygjkrh
lh pky] pkSM+s nkar] pkSM+s daèks] lhèks ugha pyrs gSaA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
dYiuk'kfDr mÙke] udy mrkjus esa egkjr] dbZ vfHkusrk vkSj udyph bl jkf'k ds gksrs gSaA u;s fopkjksa dks 'kh?kz viuk ysrs gSa] u;s okrkoj.k esa 'kh?kz <y tkrs gSaA ifjJe }kjk èku lap; djrs gSaA ifjorZu'khy izÑfr ds dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
O;kikj fo'ks"kdj [kku&iku ds dk;Z esa fuiq.k gksrs gSaA vPNs usrk] oDrk] ys[kd] lykgdkj gksrs gSaA
Øksèkh vkSj èkS;Zghu gksrs gSaA ewM cnyrk jgrk gSA Hkjkslsean ugha gksrsA ckrwuh]
vkRefuHkZj] bZekunkj vkSj u >qdus okys gksrs gSaA U;k;fiz; gksrs gSaA Lej.k'kfDr mÙke] vPNs esgekuokt+] fo}kuksa ds fiz; gksrs gSaA ifjokj vkSj larku esa vklDr
jgrs gSaA vkn'kZ thoulkFkh lkfcr gksrs gSaA izk;% efgykvksa ds pDdj esa jgrs gSaA cspSu vkSj HkVdrs jgrs gSaA
tyh; [ksr tgka èkku iSnk gksrk gSA dq,a] rkykc] unh ds fdukjs tgka ikSèkksa dh
vfèkdrk gksrh gS] vkfn LFkkuksa esa budh mifLFkfr ik;h tkrh gSA pyus esa rst]
èku dk 'kkSdhu] 'kqHk jkf'k] feyulkj izÑfr] fu%LokFkZ] nwljksa ds fy, cfynku nsus
okyk tkrd gksrk gSA L=h jkf'k gSA
laHkkfor jksx % QsQM+ksa dk laØe.k] [kkalh] ;{ek] vth.kZ] vQjk] Luk;qfod
nqcZyrk] ihfy;k vkfnA
1-11-5 flag jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
vPNk dn] pkSM+s daèks] lqn`<+ 'kjhj] izHkko'kkyh O;fDrŸo] vaMkdkj psgjk] 'kjhj dk
Åijh Hkkx lqMkSy] iryh dej] uhyh ;k ihyh vka[ksaA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
izHkqRo'kkyh] eq[kj] rkdroj] iz'kklu esa l{keA Li"Voknh] n;kyq] {kek'khy]
egRokdka{kh] ladYi'khyA iBu&ikBu ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSaA vk; lhfer gksus ij Hkh 'kku ls thrs gSaA yksxksa esa vkRefo'okl tkx`r djus esa fuiq.k gksrs gSaA pkVqdkjh ls vizlUu gksrs gSaA eq[; xq.k gS budk 'kkar LoHkkoA
iwoZ fn'kk dh ;k=k vkSj iwoZ fn'kk dh vksj eq[k djds dk;Z djuk ykHkdkjh jgrk gSA vkRefo'okl vkSj oLrqvksa dk laxzg budh lQyrk ds ewykèkkj gSaA vkRefo'okl
vkSj èkS;Z ds cy ij dfBu dk;Z esa Hkh lQy gksrs gSaA volj dk ykHk mBkus ls ugha pwdrs gSaA ukVd] dfork vkSj dykvksa esa #fp gksrh gSA jktk vkSj ifjokj ds fy, oQknkj jgrs gSaA lêsckth esa #fp gksrh gSA ljdkjh ukSdjh] iqfyl vkSj lsuk esa lQy jgrs gSaA fdlh ,d {ks= esa egkjr gkfly djrs gSaA
O;fDrŸo vkd"kZd gksrk gS] foijhr fyax ds O;fDr vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA dke&okluk dk vkfèkD; jgrk gS] ekalkgkjh Hkkstu ilan djrs gSaA nwjLFk LFkku] ioZr vkfn esa ?kweus ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSa] BaMs LFkkuksa ls cpko djrs gSaA ?kus ouksa ds LFkku] ioZr]
Vhys] fdys] fnucyh] 'kh"kksZn;] fuokl&xqQk,a] yEcs xky] pkSM+k psgjk] Øwj jkf'k]
iq#"k jkf'k] fnucyh gksrh gSA
laHkkfor jksx % 'kksFk] yw yxuk] fexhZ] Toj] eSafuatkbfVl] ân; jksx vkfnA
1-11-6 dU;k jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
eè;e dn] dkys cky vkSj vka[k] Rofjr pqLr pky] okLrfod vk;q ls de ds
izrhr gksrs gSa] fodflr Nkrh] lhèkh ukd] iryh vkSj rh[kh vkokt] èkuq"kkdkj ?kuh
HkkSagsa] xnZu ;k tka?kksa ij fu'kkuA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
cgqr cqf)eku] fo'ys"kd] foy{k.k cqf) okyk] vU; dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj =qfV;ksa dk fuandA Hkk"kkvksa ds Kkuh gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh izfØ;k dks le>us esa oSKkfud
n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA Hkkoukvksa esa cg tkrs gSaA
lksp le> dj fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA vkRefo'okl dh deh] ?kcjk;s ls jgrs gSaA
lqO;ofLFkr] vius fopkj dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksrs gSaA Lo;a ds LokFkZ ds izfr tkx:d] ferO;;h] dwVuhfrK] prqj gksrs gSaA x`glTtk esa fuiq.k] xf.krK]
ijkfo|k esa #fp gksrh gSA fookg esa foyac] oSokfgd thou lq[kh] larku de gksrh
gSA vk; mÙke] dk;Z&O;olk; esa lQyrk] laifÙk ds ekfyd gksrs gSaA i`Foh rŸo dh
jkf'k gksus ds dkj.k ckxokuh vkSj [ksrh esa #fp ysrs gSaA èku lap; esa #fp gksrh gSA
L=h jkf'k] euksjatu ds LFkku] pkjkxkg] 'kqHk jkf'k] eè;e dn] 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k]
ikSèkksa okyh Hkwfe] dUèkksa rFkk Hkqtkvksa dk >qduk] lPpk] n;kyqrk] dkys cky] vPNh
ekufld ;ksX;rk] fofèk vuqlkj dk;Z djus okyh] rdZ'khy gksrh gSA
laHkkfor jksx % mnj jksxksa ls lkoèkku jguk pkfg,A isfp'k] Vk;Qk;M] iFkjh
vkfn laHkkO; jksx gaSA uke ek= dh O;kfèk gksus ij Hkh MkWDVj ds ikl pys tkrs
gSaA thou ds vafre pj.k esa Vh- ch- gks ldrh gSA
1-11-7 rqyk jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
yack&iryk] lqn`<+&lqMkSy 'kjhj] lqanj psgjk] yko.;e;h Ropk] eè;k;q esa xatkiu gks tkrk gS] HkkSgsa lqanjrk esa o`f) djrh gSaA ukd FkksM+h eqM+h gqbZ ¼rksrs tSlh½ gksrh
gS] nkarksa ds eè; esa [kkyh txg gksrh gS] eLrd mBk gqvk gksrk gSA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
uez] n;kyq] bZekunkj] U;k; djus esa fuiq.k] fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ gj igyw dk
fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA nwljksa ds èku ds yksyqi gksrs gSa exj vkfJrksa ds lgk;d jgrs
gSaA Hkkoqd exj yphys LoHkko ds gksrs gSaA
Øksèk 'kh?kz 'kkar gks tkrk gSA Lo;a dh ctk; nwljksa dk vfèkd è;ku j[krs gSaA
okn&fookn esa iVq gksrs gSaA lnk U;k;] 'kkafr] izse dk leFkZu djrs gSaA rqyk ok;q
rŸo dh jkf'k gksus ds dkj.k lnk lqanjrk vkSj izÑfr ds izseh gksrs gSaA
i;ZVu ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSa] bl dkj.k vkokl esa Hkh ifjorZu dj ysrs gSaA mPp dksfV dk thou ;kiu djrs gSaA os'kHkw"kk] QuhZpj] okgu vkSj vU; lqfoèkkvksa dk
è;ku j[krs gSaA O;kikj esa dq'ky gksrs gSaA
vfèkdka'kr% yksdfiz; gksrs gSa] O;kikj esa vPNs lk>snkj lkfcr gksrs gSaA mÙke lsYleSu]
yk,lka vfèkdkjh vkSj fjlsI'kfuLV curs gSaA dykizseh gksrs gSa vkSj efgykvksa ds eè; fopjuk ilan djrs gSaA lkSHkkX;'kkyh efgyk,a bUgsa ilan djrh gSaA
laHkkfor jksx % xqnks± ds jksx] es#naM esa nnZ] laØked jksxA efgykvksa esa xHkkZ'k; ds jksx gksrs gSaA
1-11-8 o`f'pd jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
eè;e dn] lqMkSy 'kjhj vkSj vax] pkSM+k psgjk] ?kqa?kjkys cky] ';ke o.kZ] mUur
BksM+hA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
Li"Voknh] fuMj] :[kk O;ogkjA mÙke efLr"d] cqf)eku] bPNk'kfDr ls ;qDrA
'kCnksa dk mÙke pquko djrs gSaA vU; yksxksa ds ekeyksa esa n[ky ugha nsrs gSaA vDlj rkuk'kkg gksrs gSa] dHkh Fkdku ugha gksrhA
tc rd vk'oLr u gks tk,a fd mudk fo"k; dk Kku loksZPp dksfV dk gS] eaqg
ugha [kksyrsA okrkZyki vkSj ys[ku esa n{k gksrs gSa] vius cqf)cy ds lgkjs jgrs gSaA
mPpdksfV dh iz'kklfud {kerk vkSj vkRefo'okl ls ;qDr gksrs gSaA
xqIr :i ls vijkèk djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA ifjJe vkSj lkgl ds cy ij èkuktZu
djrs gSaA Lo;a ds cy ij lQy gksrs gSaA
lkekftd vkanksyuksa esa lfØ; gksrs gSaA lekt esa lykgdkj@usrk curs gSaA lsuk
vkSj iqfyl esa lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djrs gSa] buds cgqr ls 'k=q gksrs gSaA ekSfyd
vuqlaèkku esa prqj gksrs gSaA vdsys jgdj csgrj dk;Z djrs gSaA
eSnku ds [ksyksa ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSaA laxhr] dyk] u`R; vkfn esa izoh.k gksrs gSaA
ijkfo|k esa :fp gksrh gSA dke&okluk vfèkd gksrh gS] lkFkh dks i'kq dh rjg
iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Nsn ;k fcy okyk LFkku] fo"k] 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k] pkSM+h] QSyh gqbZ vka[ksa rFkk NkrhA
ckY;koLFkk esa chekj] Øwj dkeksa esa #fp] lkglh] lgu'kfDr] izcUèkd] L=h jkf'k
gksrh gSA
laHkkfor jksx % xqIr jksx] izksLVsV xzafFk] fiÙkk'k; vkfn ds jksxA 62 ls 71 o"kZ dh
vk;q esa xaHkhj O;kfèk gksrh gS ;k vkWijs'ku gksrk gSA
1-11-9 èkuq jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
lqanj] lqfodflr vkÑfr] cknkeh vka[ksa] Hkwjs cky] ?kuh vkSj Åaph HkkSagsa] yack psgjk]
yach ukd] lqanj vkÑfr] pky lhèkh ugha gksrh gSA eksVs gksaB] ukd] dku vkSj nkarA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
Lora=] n;kyq] bZekunkj] Hkjkslsean] bZ'oj HkDrA pkSdUus] vrhfUnz; Kku;qDr] ckr
dh rg rd 'kh?kz igqap tkrs gSaA vka[ksa detksj gks ldrh gSa] dqcM+kiu laHko gSA
U;k;fiz;] Li"Voknh] ijaijkoknh] O;kolkf;d n`f"Vdks.kA
dHkh&dHkh cspSu vkSj fpafrr gks tkrs gSaA nksgjh ekufldrk] gjQuekSyk] izR;sd fo"k; lh[kus dks bPNqd] izlUufpÙk jgrs gSaA dkuwu dk ikyu djus okys] vnkyrksa ls nwj jgrs gSaA lkns thou ls izlUu] le; ds vuqlkj vius dks <ky ysrs gSaA dyk vkSj dkO; ds izseh] l`tukRed izfrHkk ds èkuhA dkuwu dk ikyu djrs gSa] vnkyr ds ipM+ksa ls nwj jgrs gSaA ijkfo|k vkSj n'kZu'kkL= esa #fp gksrh gSA
[kkuiku vkSj lsDl esa la;e cjrrs gSaA dk;Z esa lQkbZ] lqO;oLFkk] Øec)rk]
vuq'kklu vkSj ifjJe }kjk lQyrk izkIr djrs gSaA vkRefo'okl mÙke gksrk gSA
gkFk ds dk;Z dks vèkwjk ugha NksM+rs gSaA ljdkj ls lg;ksx feyrk gS] fojklr esa
tk;nkn izkIr djrs gSaA
og LFkku tgka ?kksM+s] gkFkh ;k jFk ¼eksVj dkj½ j[ks tkrs gSaA jktk dk fuokl] iki
jkf'k] iq#"k jkf'k] fnucyh] i`"Bksn;] yEck psgjk vkSj xnZu] dku rFkk ukd cM+s]
vR;fèkd mnkj] vPNs fny okyk] HkkSfrd laLÑfr dks ilan djus okyk] ;k=k&ilan]
Å¡ph vkokt vkfn y{k.k ds gksrs gSaA vè;kid] oDrk] èkeZxq#] U;k;kèkh'k] odhy
vkfn dk;ks± esa lQy gksrs gSaA
laHkkfor jksx % lkbfVdk] xfB;k dk nnZ] dwYgs dh gìh VwVuk] xkmV] QsQM+ksa
dh O;kfèk vkfnA
1-11-10 edj jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
nqcyk&iryk 'kjhj] mez ds lkFk LokLF; lqèkjrk gS] cM+s nkar] cM+k eq[k] ukd
fof'k"V jgrh gS] cky dkys vkSj eksVs gksrs gSa] psgjk iryk vkSj vaMkdkj] dqcM+h
dej] ?kqVuksa ij eLlk ;k fu'kku] exjePN ds leku tcM+s] y?kq eLrd] nk<+h esa cky de jgrs gSaA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
ferO;;h] fopkj'khy] mÙke foosd'kfDr] lÙkkizseh] vkRefuHkZj] cqf)thohA fdlh Hkh
dk;Z esa lQyrk ugha feyus rd fujk'k gh jgrs gSaA lkalkfjd dk;ks± esa rF;ksa vkSj vkadM+ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bZekunkj vkSj fu"diV gksrs gSaA 'kfDr ds vkxs vfMx jgrs gSa ijarq lTturk vkSj fe=rk ds lkeus ureLrd gks tkrs gSaA
laxBu {kerk mÙke gksrh gSA dfBukbZ esa Hkh fdlh ls lgk;rk ds fy, ugha dgrs gSaA okd~'kfDr esa ckèkk,a jgrh gSaA mPp vkSj lkekftd inksa ds fy, mi;qDr gksrs gSaA rduhdh vkSj foÙkh; dk;ks± esa lQy gksrs gSaA uokxarqdksa ds lkFk fe=rk esa f'kfFky jgrs gSa ij iqjkus fe=ksa ls vPNs lEcUèk gksrs gSaA
izse izlax esa #fp de gksrh gS ij ifjokj vkSj fiz;tuksa dh mÙke ns[kHkky djrs
gSaA foijhr fyax ds O;fDr;ksa ls ckrphr esa f'kfFky vkSj vfr lkoèkku jgrs gSaA
Lo;a ls ofj"B vk;q ds foijhr fyax O;fDr;ksa ls lEcUèk LFkkfir djrs gSaA tyh; LFkku] cgqr ek=k esa ikuh okys LFkku] unh ds fdukjs] i`"Bksn; jkf'k] L=h jkf'k]
fupys vaxksa esa detksjh] cyoku gksrs gSaA
laHkkfor jksx % ?kqVuksa esa pksV] Ropk jksx] [kjksap] gìh VwVuk] xfB;k] fiÙkh vkfnA
ckY;koLFkk esa vfXu] gfFk;kj ;k yksgs ls pksV dh vk'kadk jgrh gSA
1-11-11 dqaHk jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
eè;e dn] â"V&iq"V] psgjk lqanj vkSj xksy] xky Hkjs gq,] duifV;ka vkSj tka?ksa
fodflr gksrh gSaA xksjk jax] Hkwjs cky] vlqanj nkar] fiaMfy;ksa esa eLlk] 'kjhj ij
?kus cky] gkFk vkSj iSj eksVs] ulsa fodflr gksrh gSaA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k vkSj izxfr'khy thou vkSj mldh leL;kvksa ds izfr LoLFk
n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA ladksph gksrs gSa] fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ iw.kZ ukirkSy djrs gSa ;k
vU; yksxksa }kjk dk;kZjaHk djus rd izrh{kk djrs gSaA lnk lrdZrk] èkS;Z] ,dkxzrk]
vè;;u'khyrk ls ;qDr jgrs gSaA okrkZyki #fpdj gksrk gSA Li"Voknh] lcds fiz; gksrs gSaA
n;kyq] vè;;u izseh vkSj lTtu gksrs gSaA izÑfrizseh gksrs gSaA fe=rk fuHkkrs gSa]
#fp&v#fp rhoz gksrh gSA ,dkarfiz; gksrs gSaA vrhfUnz; 'kfDr ls ;qDr gksrs gSa]
è;ku&lkèkuk esa #fp gksrh gSA Lej.k'kfDr rhoz] n`f"Vdks.k oSKkfud gksrk gSA xjhcksa ds lsod gksrs gSaA uohu rduhd vkSj e'khujh] vuqlaèkku] fuos'k vkfn }kjk èkuktZu djrs gSaA rduhdh f'k{kk esa #fp gksrh gSA ifjokj ls yxko gksrk gSA thoulkFkh ds pquko esa vk;q dks vuns[kh dj cqf) vkSj f'k{kk esa lekurk ij tksj nsrs gSaA x`g lqlfTtr gksrk gS ftlesa vkèkqfud <ax ls iqjkrkfRod lkexzh ,df=r jgrh gSA vius izse dks vfHkO;Dr ugha djrsA vxj budk izseh oklukfiz; gks rks og vlarq"V gksrk gS D;ksafd dqaHk jkf'k ds O;fDr 'khry gksrs gSaA 33] 48] 64 oas LFkku
tgka ikuh lw[k tkrk gS] tgka 'kjkc curh gS] tgka i{kh jgrs gaS vkSj tgka ?kM+s j[ks
tkrs gSaA iki jkf'k] fnucyh] 'kh"kksZn;] ns[kus esa lqanj] izfrHkkoku] {kek'khy LoHkko
dk gksrk gSA iq#"k jkf'k gSA
laHkkfor jksx % laØked jksx] nar O;kfèk] VkWfUly vkfnA
1-11-12 ehu jkf'k
HkkSfrd y{k.k
ukVk vkSj eksVk 'kjhj] gkFk&ikao dkQh NksVs gksrs gSaA ds'k eqyk;e] xksjk jax] psgjk
dkafr;qDr gksrk gSA lqanj vkSj vkd"kZd] vk¡[ksa cM+h&cM+h] etcwr xksykdkj daèks]
BksM+h esa xïk gksrk gSA
vU; xq.k èkeZ
vkÑfr vizHkko'kkyh gksrh gS] cspSu jgrs gSa] dYiuk'khy vkSj jksekafVd gksrs gSaA
bZekunkj vkSj ekuoh;] dHkh 'kkar rks dHkh Øksèkh] vU;ksa dh jk; ls izHkkfor jgrs gSa] vkRefo'okl esa deh gksrh gSA
vR;fèkd lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ] {kek'khy] n;kyq vkSj Hkjkslsean gksrs gSaA Lo;a dh ;ksX;rk dks igpkurs gSa ftldh otg ls izxfr esa ckèkk jgrh gSA ijaijkoknh] vR;fèkd vaèkfo'oklh] vdsys jgus okys] bZ'ojHkDr] iDds èkkfeZd] deZdkaMh gksrs gSaA tarqvksa ds d"V dks Hkh ugha ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA
egRokdka{kkvksa dh deh jgrh gS] HkkSfrd txr esa izxfr èkheh jgrh gSA nks O;olk; lkFk&lkFk gks ldrs gSa] u;s dk;Z esa Hkh 'kh?kz n{k gks tkrs gSaA vPNs deZpkjh lkfcr gksrs gSaA nzo inkFkks± ds O;kikj esa lQy gksrs gSa] vk;kr&fu;kZr esa ykHk gksrk gSA
mnj jksx] ?kqVuksa vkSj iSjksa dh pksV laHkkO; gksrh gSA
?kjsyw ,oa O;kolkf;d thou vkuane; gksrk gSA thoulkFkh dh lqanjrk] Kku vkSj yfyr dykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA izk;% nks fookg gks ldrs gSa] thoulkFkh dk izHkko izcy jgrk gSA èkkfeZd] ifo= LFkku] ifo= ufn;ksa dk LFkku] eafnj] rhFkZ
LFkku] leqnz vkfn] dn NksVk] mHk;ksn;] lqxfBr 'kjhj] iRuh dks pkgus okyk]
f'kf{kr] fo}ku] de cksyus okyk gksrk gSA L=h jkf'k gSA
1-11-13 jkf'k;ksa dk oxhZdj.k
jkf'k oxhZdj.k rkfydk
oxhZdj.k dk vkèkkj jkf'k;ka
iq#"k ;k fo"ke jkf'k;ka es"k] feFkqu] flag] rqyk] èkuq] dqaHk
L=h ;k le jkf'k;ka o`"k] ddZ] dU;k] o`f'pd] edj] ehu
pj jkf'k;ka es"k] ddZ] rqyk] edj
fLFkj jkf'k;ka o`"k] flag] o`f'pd] dqaHk
f}LoHkko jkf'k;ka feFkqu] dU;k] èkuq] ehu
vfXu rŸo dh jkf'k;ka es"k] flag] èkuq
i`Foh rŸo dh jkf'k;ka o`"k] dU;k] edj
ok;q rŸo dh jkf'k;ka feFkqu] rqyk] dqaHk
ty rŸo dh jkf'k;ka ddZ] o`f'pd] ehu
nh?kZ jkf'k;ka ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd] èkuq
âLo jkf'k;ka es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] edj] dqaHk] ehu
'kh"kksZn; jkf'k;ka flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd] dqaHk
i`"Bksn; jkf'k;ka es"k] o`"k] ddZ] èkuq] edj
mHk;ksn; jkf'k;ka feFkqu] ehu
prq"in jkf'k;ka es"k] o`"k] flag] èkuq dk mÙkjk)Z] edj dk iwokZ)Z
ekuo jkf'k;ka feFkqu] dU;k] rqyk] èkuq dk iwokZ)Z] dqaHk
ljhl`i jkf'k;ka ddZ] o`f'pd] ehu] edj dk mÙkjk)Z
mÙkj jkf'k;ka es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k
nf{k.k jkf'k;ka rqyk] o`f'pd] èkuq] edj] dqaHk] ehu
fo"kqoh; jkf'k;ka es"k] rqyk
mitkÅ jkf'k;ka o`"k] ddZ] o`f'pd] èkuq] ehu catj jkf'k;ka es"k] feFkqu] flag] dU;k
eè;e jkf'k;ka rqyk] edj] dqaHk
czkã.k jkf'k;ka ddZ] o`f'pd] ehu
{kf=; jkf'k;ka es"k] flag] èkuq
oS'; jkf'k;ka o`"k] dU;k] edj 'kwnz jkf'k;ka feFkqu] rqyk] dqaHk
rkfydk & 1-11
1-11-14 dkyiq#"k ds vax
ijk'kj _f"k us ^c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=* esa }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dks dkyiq#"k ds vax
Lohdkj fd;k gSA [22]
jkf'k;ka 'kjhj ds vax
es"k flj
dkyiq#"k ds vax
o`"k vk¡[ksa] psgjk] xnZu] eaqg ds vUnj dk Hkkx
feFkqu Hkqtk,a] Nkrh ds Åij dk Hkkx] dku] daèks
ddZ ân;] QsQM+s] Lru] isV dk Åijh Hkkx
flag Nkrh ds uhps dk Hkkx] ukfHk ls Åij dk Hkkx
dU;k dej] dwYgs] ukfHk ds uhps dk Hkkx] vk¡rsa] ew=k'k; ds Åij dk Hkkx
rqyk ew=k'k;] ukfHk ds ihNs dk Hkkx
o`f'pd xqnk }kj] fyax
èkuq tka?kas
edj nksuksa ?kqVus rFkk ihB
dqEHk dku] ?kqVuksa ls uhps dk Hkkx] faiaMfy;k¡
ehu vk¡[kas] iSj
rkfydk & 1-12
lEcfUèkr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k
thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa lkekU;r% gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk iwokZHkkl dsoy T;ksfr"k ds ekè;e ls gh lEHko gSA T;ksfr"k gekjk ekxZn'kZd 'kkL= gS] fu;ked ughaA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd 'kkL= o vuqHko nks vka[ksa gSaA nSoK T;ksfr"k p{kq }kjk
Hkkoh Qy i<+dj vius vuqHko ls dq'ky ekxZ funsZ'k djrk gS] èkhjrkiwoZd vusd lkèkd&ckèkd izek.kksa dk Ågkiksg ds lkFk foospu djus ds i'pkr~ gh og ,d ckr dks vfUre :i nsrk gSA fo'ks"kr% vk;q fu.kZ; tSls xw<+ ,oa xEHkhj fo"k; esa rks ;g vR;ko';d gS D;ksafd _f"k ijk'kj us ^c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~* ds vk;qnkZ;kè;k; esa eS=s; ds iz'u dk mRrj nsrs gq, dgk gS fd ^dFk;kE;k;q"kks KkuanqKsZ;a ;r~ lqjSjfi* vFkkZr~ vk;qnkZ; dk okLrfod Kku rks nsoksa ds fy, Hkh dfBu gSA[23] vk;q dk fu.kZ; djrs le; lw;Z vkfn uoxzg] vf'oU;kfn u{k= rFkk es"kkfn }kn'k jkf'k;ka vius&vius cykuqlkj vk;qnkZ; iznku djrs gSaA tkrd dh vk;q dk fu.kZ; djus ds fo"k; esa gekjs izkphu egf"kZ;ksa us vusd izdkj fn;s gSa] tks fuEu gSa % vk;q dk fu.kZ; djus esa ;|fi nsork Hkh vleFkZ gSa]1 fQj Hkh tkrd xzUFkksa esa
T;ksfr"k 'kkfL=;ksa us tks vFkd ifjJe bl xgu fo"k; ij fd;k gS mlds vuqlkj pkj izdkj ls vk;qfuZ.kZ; fd;k tkrk gSA[24]
1- ;ksxt vk;q
2- xf.krxr vk;q
3- xkspj vk;q
4- n'kkxr vk;q
2-1 ;ksxt vk;q
^^tkrdkfn xzUFkksa esa fn, tkrd ds tUedkyhu xzgfLFkfr vkfn ij vkèkkfjr vk;q
^;ksxt vk;q* dgykrh** gSA ftl le; tkrd dk tUe gqvk gS] rkRdkfyd yXu]
xzgfLFkfr] u{k=] ;ksx] dj.k vkfn ds vkèkkj ij tks vk;q ¼vk;q ek=k½ fu.khZr dh
tkrh gS] mls ^;ksxt vk;q* dgk tkrk gSA[25]
;ksxt vk;q ds pkj izdkj gSaA[26]
1- fj"Vt ¼vfj"Vt½ vk;q 2- fu;rk;q 3- ije vk;q 4- vferk;qA
eqdqUn nSoK ¼vk;qfuZ.kZ;½ us vk;q ds rhu izdkj crk, gSaA mUgksaus vYik;q ;ksx]
eè;k;q ;ksx] nh?kkZ;q ;ksx eq[; fy, gSaA mUgksaus vkxs nh?kkZ;q dks ^mŸke vk;q ;ksxe~*] ^iw.kkZ;q ;ksxe~*] ^vferk;q ;ksxe~*] ^nsorqY; vk;q ;ksxe~*] ^eqfurqY; ;ksxe~*] banzin
izkfIr ;ksxe~ bl izdkj N% Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gSA[27]
xzUFkdkjksa ds vuqlkj 20 o"kks± ls 32 o"kZ rd dh vk;q vYik;q] 32 o"kks± ls Åij ,oe~ 70 o"kZ rd ^eè;k;q* rFkk 70 o"kksZa ls 96 o"kks± rd nh?kkZ;q gksrh gSA 96 o"kks± ls 120 o"kks± rd mŸkek;q gksrh gSA[28]
egf"kZ ijk'kj us Hkh c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~ esa vk;q&x.kuk ds rhu Hksn nh?kkZ;q]
eè;k;q rFkk vYik;q Lohdkj fd, gSaA[29]
Jh eU=s'oj th ¼Qynhfidk½ ds vuqlkj Hkh ckykfj"V ds ckn tkrd dh vk;qfuZ.kZ; esa rhu voLFkk,a gh gSaA
1- iw.kkZ;q 2- eè;k;q 3- vYik;q[30]
Jh osadVs'k 'kekZ us ^lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k* esa vYik;q] eè;k;q rFkk nh?kkZ;q ;ksxksa ds iqu% rhu&rhu Hksn Lohdkj fd, gSaA
1- vYik;q & vfr vYik;q] eè;e vYik;q] nh?kZ vYik;qA
2- eè;ek;q & vYi eè;e] eè; eè;e] nh?kZ eè;eA
3- nh?kkZ;q & vYinh?kZ] eè;e nh?kZ] nh?kZ nh?kZA[31]
vkpk;Z ojkg us vk;qnkZ;kè;k; esa tkrd dh vk;q ds fopkj esa e;klqj dk loZizFke
mYys[k fd;k gSA e;klqj ds vuqlkj xzgksa ds vuqlkj vk;qfuZ.kZ; bl izdkj gS %
lw;Z] pUnzek] eaxy] cqèk] c`gLifr] 'kqØ] 'kfu dh vk;q Øe'k% 19] 25] 15] 12] 15]
21 rFkk 20 o"kZ gSA e;klqj us ¼19$25$15$12$15$21$20 ¾ 127½ 127 o"kZ euq";
dh iw.kZ vk;q crykbZ gSA[32]
vkpk;Z ijk'kj us jkgq vkSj dsrq lfgr 9 xzgksa dh la[;k crkdj lHkh xzgksa dh
lEiw.kZ vk;q o"kZ 120 dh dgh gSA[33]
MkW- lqjs'k pUnz feJ us vkpk;Z eqdqUn nSoK ^ioZrh;* —r ^tkrd Hkw"k.k* dh O;k[;k
djrs gq, vk;q ds rhu izdkj Lohdkj fd, gSaA mUgksaus vYik;q dh lhek 36 o"kZ]
^eè;k;q* dh lhek 36 o"kZ ls 72 o"kZ rFkk 72 o"kZ ls 108 o"kZ rd nh?kkZ;q fuèkkZfjr
dh gSA[34]
bl izdkj tkrddkjksa us eq[;r% vk;q dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gS vYik;q] eè;k;q rFkk
nh?kkZ;qA xw<+rj fopkj dh n`f"V ls buds Hkh vYi] vYirj] vYire vkfn izdkj
ls miHksn ;k [k.M Hkh ekus tkrs gSaA vk;q ;ksxksa dk fopkj chl o"kZ dh voLFkk ds mijkar djuk vfèkd O;kogkfjd gSA vfj"V fopkj ds ckn ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd
dq.Myh esa ;ksxksa ds vkèkkj ij tkrd vk;q ds fdl [k.M esa vkrk gSA ;g [k.M
,d vkèkkjHkwr vuqeku gksrk gS rFkk blds vkèkkj ij fuf'pr ifj.kke ds lehi iagqpk tk ldrk gSA O;ogkj esa ;g vko';d ugha gS fd tks lw{e vofèk vkidh
T;ksfr"k }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ gS og ;Fkkor~ gh thou esa Qfyr gks rFkkfi vk;q o"kks± dk fuèkkZj.k fdlh lhek rd lQyrkiwoZd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkpk;Z ijk'kj us ^c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~* esa rhu izdkj ls vk;qnkZ; lkèku dgk gS] og bl izdkj gS %
yXus'k rFkk v"Ves'k ds ekè;e ls] 'kfu vkSj pUnzek ds ekè;e ls rFkk yXu vkSj gksjk yXu ds ekè;e ls vk;q lkèku fd;k tkrk gSA[35] ;fn rhuksa izdkj ls nh?kkZ;q izkIr gks rks 120 o"kZ] ;fn nks izdkj ls nh?kkZ;q izkIr gks rks 108 o"kZ rFkk ,d izdkj ls nh?kkZ;q ;ksx curk gks rks 96 o"kZ dh vk;q dks nh?kkZ;q tkuuk pkfg,A
;fn rhuksa izdkj ls eè;ek;q ;ksx izkIr gks rks 80 o"kZ] ;fn nks izdkj ls eè;ek;q izkIr gks rks 72 o"kZ rFkk ,d izdkj ls eè;ek;q izkIr gks rks 64 o"kZ vk;q tkuuk pkfg,A
;fn rhuksa izdkj ls vYik;q izkIr gks rks 32 o"kZ] nks izdkj ls vYik;q izkIr gks rks
36 o"kZ rFkk ,d izdkj ls vYik;q ;ksx izkIr gks rks 40 o"kZ dh vk;q dks vYik;q
tkuuk pkfg,A[36]
vkpk;Z ijk'kj ds vuqlkj vYik;q 32 o"kZ ls 40 o"kZ] eè;ek;q 64 o"kZ ls 80 o"kZ
rFkk nh?kkZ;q 96 o"kZ ls 120 o"kZ rd dh vk;q dks tkuuk pkfg,A
u`flag nSoK us ^tkrd lkjnhi* esa vk;q ds rhu izdkjksa esa vYik;q 36 o"kZ rd]
eè;ek;q dks 36 o"kZ ls 60 o"kZ rd rFkk iw.kkZ;q 60 o"kZ ls 100 o"kZ rd Lohdkj
fd;k gSA tkrd lkjnhi esa] vk;q ds ;ksx blh vkèkkj ij oxhZ—r fd, gSaA[37]
osadVs'k 'kekZ us ^lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k* esa vk;q dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, 32 o"kZ rd dh
vk;q vYik;q( 32 o"kZ ls 70 o"kZ rd dh vk;q eè;k;q( 70 o"kZ ls 108 o"kZ dh vk;q
nh?kkZ;q rFkk 108 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q dks vfrnh?kkZ;q] eks{kin] czãin] eqfurqY; vk;q
dh Js.kh esa j[kk gSA[38]
eqdqUn nSoK ¼vk;qfuZ.kZ;½ ds vuqlkj ^vk;q dh pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa 20 o"kks± ls 32 o"kks± rd vYik;q] 32 o"kks± ls 70 o"kks± rd eè;k;q] 70 o"kks± ls 96 o"kks± rd nh?kkZ;q rFkk
96 o"kks± ls 120 o"kks± rd mŸkek;q gksrh gSA ijek;q dk eku 120 o"kZ 5 fnu ekuk x;k gSA ,slh vk;q Hkksxus okys izkf.k;ksa dk vk;q [k.M vferk;q ekuk tk;sxkA[39]
2-1-1 ckykfj"V ;ksx
vk;q dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, loZizFke vfj"V ;ksxksa dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A
^^vfj"V ;ksxksa ds rhu izdkj ekus tkrs gSa & rqjUr v’kqHk Qy nsus okys vfj"V ;ksx ftUgsa 'kkL=dkjksa us l|ksfj"V uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k gSA tUe le; ls ,d
o"kZ dh vofèk rd ;s ;ksx viuk Qy fn[kkrs gSaA** f}rh; izdkj esa mu vfj"V ;ksxksa dks fy;k x;k gS tks o"kkZuUrj ckjg o"kZ ds Hkhrj viuk dqizHkko fn[kkrs gSaA bUgsa lkekU;r% vfj"V uke ls gh tkuk tkrk gSA ,rnuUrj chl o"kZ dh vk;q rd
viuk dqQy fn[kkus okys ;ksxksa dks ;ksxkfj"V dgk x;k gSA**[40]
gksjk’kkL=Kksa dk Li"V er gS fd 12 o"kZ dh voLFkk rd ds ckydksa ds fo"k; esa vk;q izHk`fr fo"k;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k djuk laHko ugha gS D;ksafd bl voLFkk esa ckyd dk 'kjhj dksey o rqjUr jksx idM+us okyk gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa fofHkUu izdkj
dh laHkkfor chekfj;ksa ls mldk cpko ekrk&firk dks iz;Ruksa ls djuk pkfg,A ;g
ckr 'kkL= ,oe~ yksd O;ogkj ds rkjrE; ds vkèkkj ij dgh xbZ & ^vk}kn’kkCTtUrwukek;qKkZrqa u 'kD;rsA* ti gkse fpfdRlk|SckZy j{kka rq dkj;sr~AA[41]
ckjg o"kZ dh voLFkk rd ekrk&firk ds nks"kksa ls vFkkZr~ ykyu&ikyu esa vlkoèkkuh]
ckykoLFkk esa lEHkkO; jksxksa ls cpko ,oe~ mls Hkjiwj lqj{kk iznku u dj ldus
dh voLFkk esa fu’p; gh ckyd dk vfu"V gks ldrk gSA
;g vfj"V dksbZ èkqzo lR; ugha gS fd dq.Myh esa fo|eku gksus ij viuk Qy vo’; fn[kk,xkA vr% vfj"V ;ksxksa dk fopkj djus ds lkFk gh vfj"VHkax ;ksxksa dk fopkj djuk vko’;d gSA vfj"VHkax ;ksx vfj"V ;ksxksa esa ckèkd gksrs gSa rFkk
tkrd dks vfj"V ls lqj{kk iznku djrs gSa lkFk gh lkFk euq"; vius iz;Ruksa ls Hkh
vfj"V Qy ij fu;a=.k dj ldrk gSA
2-1-2 vYik;q ;ksx %
vYik;q ;ksx esa tkrd dh vk;q vyx&vyx xzUFkdkj 20 o"kZ ls 32 o"kZ] dqN
36 o"kZ o dqN 38 o"kZ Lohdkj djrs gSaA fdUrq eq[;r% lkjkoyh] c`gTtkrde~]
c`gRikjk’kj gksjk’kkL= vkfn esa 20 o"kZ ls 32 o"kZ rd gh vYik;q Lohdkj djrs gSaA
vkpk;Z eqdqUn nSoK us vk;qfuZ.kZ; xzUFk esa dqN vYik;q ;ksx fn, gSa tks bl izdkj
gS &
tUe le; esa ;fn f}rh; o }kn’k LFkkuksa esa Øwj"k"B~;ka’kxr iki xzg gksa rFkk mu ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rks vYik;q gksrh gSA
f}rh; LFkku dk Lokeh uoe~ LFkku esa] X;kjgosa LFkku esa xq# o 'kqØ rFkk lkrosa LFkku esa 'kfu gksA
"k"B LFkku esa c`gLifr] yXu esa 'kfu] eaxy vkSj e`R;q LFkku esa pUnzek gksA
lkrosa LFkku esa eaxy] uoe~ LFkku esa lw;Z rFkk vkBosa LFkku esa 'kqØ fLFkr gksA
lIre LFkku esa 'kfu gks rFkk prqFkZ LFkku esa lw;Z gksA
v"Ve LFkku dk Lokeh ;fn iki xzgksa ls ;qDr gks] v"Ve LFkku esa Hkh iki xzg gks rFkk iape LFkku esa iki xzg gksA
v"Ve LFkku esa iki xzg gks] v"Ve LFkkukfèkifr viuh uhp jkf’k esa yXus’k ls
;qr gksA
dsanz esa iki xzg gksa vkSj mu ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rFkk yXus’k fucZy gksA
fucZy yXus’k ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks ;k 'kqHk xzgksa ls ;qr u gks vkSj f=d
LFkkuksa esa iki xzg gksaaA
f=d LFkkuksa esa iki xzg dh jkf’k esa v"Ves’k gks rFkk ikixzgksa ls ;qDr gksA
'kfu rFkk v"Ves’k Øwj"k"B~;ka’k esa gks rFkk iki xzgksa ls ;qfr ;k n`f"V gksA
f=d Hkko esa ikih yXus’k gks rFkk og fucZy gksA
mijksDr ;ksxksa esa mRiUu euq"; vYik;q gksrk gSA
;fn v"Ves’k o yXus’k ikixzgksa ls ;qDr gksa rks fo}kuksa us vYik;q ;ksx dgk gSA
blh rjg n’kes’k o 'kfu ls Hkh vk;q dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A yXus’k] v"Ves’k]
'kfu o n’kes’k ds eè; tks lokZfèkd cyh gks] mlls vk;q dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A
;fn vkiksfDye LFkkuksa esa ikixzg gksaA NBs ;k ckjgosa LFkku esa iki;qDr v"Ves’k
gksA NBs ;k ckjgosa LFkku esa yXus’k o v"Ves’k gksaA ykHkLFkku esa iki xzg v"Ves’k
gksaA v"Ve LFkku esa yXus’k gksA
bu ;ksxksa esa mRiUu tkrdksa dh vYik;q gksrh gSA
f=d LFkuksa esa ikixzg gksa vkSj yXus’k fucZy gksA
yXu esa xq# o 'kqØ gks vkSj ikaposa LFkku esa iki;qDr eaxy gksA
yXus’k ;fn lw;Z dk 'k=q gks o yXus’k 'k=q xzg dh jkf’k esa gks rks vYik;q gksrh gSA
v"Ves’k] yXus’k o n’kes’k esa ls dksbZ ,d gh cyh gks rks vYik;q gksrh gSA
;fn uoe~ LFkku ls ysdj }kn’k LFkku rd lc xzg gksa rks vYik;q gksrh gSA
;fn yXu ds ijHkkx ¼lIre ds HkqDrka’k ls yXu ds HkqDrka’k i;ZUr½ lc 'kqHkk’kqHk xzg gksa rks vYik;q gksrh gSA
yXu esa 'kqØ ds lkFk c`gLifr gks] iape LFkku esa eaxy o 'kfu gks] pUnzek fucZy gks rks O;fDr dh vYik;q gksrh gSA[42]
nf{k.k Hkkjr ds lqizfl) T;ksfr"k xzUFk ^^iz’u ekxZ** esa vYik;q ds ;ksx fuEu izdkj
ls gSa &
1- yXu o pUnzek dk fucZy gksukA
2- yXu vkSj pUnzek ij iki xzgksa dh n`f"V gksukA
3- yXu o pUnz dh ikixzgksa ls ;qfr gksukA
4- yXus’k dk vLr gksuk vkSj jk’kh’k ¼pUnz jk’kh’k½ dk vLr gksukA
5- tUe jk’kh’k o yXus’k dk 6] 8] 12 LFkkuksa esa gksukA
6- yXus’k o pUnzjk’kh’k dk cyghu gksukA
7- tUe le; lw;Z o pUnzek dk xzg.k voLFkk esa gksukA
8- lUè;k le; tUe gksus ij fnXnkg gksukA
9- vi’kdquksa ds le; ¼èkwezdsrq dk mn;] vkaèkh&rwQku pyuk] xhnM+] dkSvksa o dqRrksa dk jksnu vkfn½ tUe gksukA
10- jkf’k;ksa ds e`R;qHkksxka’kksa ¼ikr esa tUe gks rks vax gkfu] ifj?k esa e`R;q] oSèk`fr esa gks rks firk ds oa'k dk uk'k rFkk 'ky;ksx esa tUe gks rks lewy uk'k½ esa ;k jkf’k lafèk esa tUe gksukA
11- e`R;qHkksxka’k esa pUnzek ;fn dsanz ;k v"Ve LFkku esa gksA
12- e`R;qHkksxka’kxr pUnzek ;fn dsanz ;k v"Ve esa iki xzgksa ls ;qfr djrk gksA
13- iki xzg ls n`"V pUnzek dh "k"Bk"Ve esa lafLFkfr gksukA
14- oØh o ikih xzgksa ls 'kqHk xzgksa dh "k"Bk"Ve esa lafLFkfr gksukA
15- dsanz] f=dks.k o v"Ve LFkku esa iki xzgksa dh fLFkfrA
;s nks"k vk;q dks ?kVkus okys gSaA ftrus vfèkd ;ksx vk;q {kh.k djus okys gksaxs]
mruh gh de vk;q vuqikr esa le>uh pkfg,A[43]
2-1-3 x.Mkfj"V] xzgkfj"V rFkk ikrdhosèkkfj"V
x.Mkfj"V esa u{k= ¼jsorh] vf'ouh] 2-4-3 x.Mkfj"V] xzgkfj"V rFkk ikrdhosèkkfj"V
x.Mkfj"V esa u{k= ¼jsorh] vf'ouh] T;s"Bk] ewy] vk'ys"kk] e?kk½ ehu] ddZ rFkk
o`f'pd yXu dh vfUre vkèkh ?kVh rFkk es"k] flag o èkuq yXu dh izkjfEHkd vkèkh
?kVh yXu x.M gSA
nf{k.k Hkkjr ds izfl) T;ksfr"k xzaFk ^iz'u ekxZ*] u`flag nSoK fojfpr ^tkrd lkjnhi*] <qf.<jkt nSoK fojfpr ^tkrdkHkj.ke~*] dY;k.k oekZ fojfpr ^lkjkoyh*]
osadVs'k 'kekZ fojfpr ^lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k*] eqdqUn nSoK ioZrh; d`r ^vk;qfuZ.kZ;%*] Jh
ojkgfefgj fojfpr ^c`gTtkrde~*] egf"kZijk'kj izksDra ^c`gr~ ikjk'kj gksjk 'kkL=e~*]
egknso ikBd fojfpr ^tkrd rÙoe~*] ea=s'oj d`r ^Qynhfidk*] dkyt;h jpuk
^tSfeuh lw=e~*] ehujkt fojfpr ^o`) ;ou tkrde~*] vkfn izkphu xzaFkksa esa vk;q
¼e`R;q½ ds dqN ;ksx ;gka fn;s tk jgs gSa tks bl izdkj gSa %
tUedq.Myh esa iwokZ)Z esa iki xzgksa rFkk ijk)Z esa 'kqHk rFkk yXu esa o`f'pd o ddZ jkf'k gks rks ckyd dh 'kh?kz e`R;q gksrh gSA
yXu esa pUnzek] ckjgosa ;k vkBosa LFkku esa c`gLifr rFkk vkBosa LFkku esa eaxy gksA
"k"B ;k v"Ve LFkku esa eaxy dh jkf'k esa c`gLifr gks rFkk bUgha LFkkuksa esa pUnzek gksA
NBs ;k vkBosa LFkku esa pUnzek gks vkSj O;; LFkku esa eaxy ls ;qDr lw;Z gksA
yXu ;k v"Ve esa lw;Z] 'kfu rFkk eaxy gks vkSj os 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V u gksa rFkk
iki xzgksa ls n`"V gksaA
lk;adky esa tUe gks] tUe yXu esa pUnzek dh gksjk gks] jkf'k ds rhljs va'k esa
iki xzg gkas rks ckyd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
prqFkZ LFkku esa lw;Z] pUnzek dh n`f"V gks rFkk vU; fdlh 'kqHk xzg dh ogka lw;Z ij n`f"V u gks rks ckyd dh 'kh?kz e`R;q gksrh gSA
2-1-4 vkB ekl i;ZUr vk;q ;ksx ¼ckykfj"V½
yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa gks rFkk tUe jk'kh'k ¼pUnz jk'kh'k½ Hkh ogha gks rFkk og
iki xzgksa ls n`"V gksA
yXus'k v"Ve LFkkuxr gksdj cyh iki xzgksa ls ns[kk tkrk gks rks pkj ekl esa ckyd dk ej.k gksrk gSA
yXus'k yXu esa gh gks rFkk lHkh iki xzg vn`'; pØk)Z esa gksa rks Hkh ckyd dh pkSFks ekl esa e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
O;; LFkku esa c`gLifr] yXu esa 'kfu vkSj 'kqØ ;fn lw;Z ls ;qr gksa rks ckyd ikap ekl rd thfor jgrk gSA
v"Ve LFkku esa pUnzek o 'kfu gksa vkSj yXu esa 'kqØ gks rks NBs ekl esa ckyd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
ckykfj"V ds vfr vYik;q ;ksx fuEu izdkj ls gSa &
pUnzek ls dsUnz esa iki xzg gksa vkSj 'kqHk xzg u gksa rks ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj e`R;q
gksrh gSA ;Fkk&^dsUnzS'pUnzkRiki;qDrSj lkSE;S%A LoxZ;kfr izksP;rs oRljs.kAA*
oØh 'kfu NBs] vkBosa eaxy dh jkf'k eas gks rFkk cyh eaxy }kjk n`"V gks rks
tkrd dh e`R;q nks o"kZ i;ZUr gksrh gSA
rhljs] NBs ;k uosa LFkku esa iki xzg ls ;qDr yXus'k gks vkSj dsUnz vFkok O;;
LFkku esa c`gLifr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q rhu o"kZ gksrh gSA
NBs ;k vkBosa LFkku esa ddZ jkf'k esa cqèk gks rFkk ml ij panzek dh n`f"V gks rks ckyd leLr iz;Ruksa ds ckotwn Hkh pkj o"kksZa esa e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA
ddZ ;k flag jkf'k esa 'kqØ gks rFkk mls lkjs 'kqHk xzg ns[krs gksa vFkok panzek ds uoka'k esa 'kfu gks rFkk ml ij panzek dh n`f"V gks vkSj yXus'k Hkh panzek ls n`"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q N% o"kZ gksrh gSA
lkrosa LFkku esa {kh.k panzek gks] yXu esa 'kfu gks rFkk 'kqØ o eaxy Hkh buds lkFk gksa rFkk mu ij c`gLifr dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q lkr o"kZ gksrh gSA
lkrosa LFkku esa lw;Z] yXu esa eaxy ;k panzek gks] vkBosa LFkku esa iki xzg rFkk panzek fucZy gks rks tkrd dh vk;q vkB o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXus'k ls vkBosa LFkku esa fucZy panzek leLr iki xzgksa ls n`"V gks vFkok ;fn yXus'k lw;Z ¼flag½ yXu 'kfu ls ;qDr gks rFkk ml ij panzek dh n`f"V gks rks uosa o"kZ esa ckyd dk ej.k gks tkrk gSA
'kfu] edj ds uoka'k esa fLFkr gks rFkk cqèk ls n`"V gks vFkok prqFkZ LFkku esa jkgq rFkk dsUnz] "k"B o v"Ve LFkkuksa esa panzek gks rks nlosa o"kZ esa e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
cqèk ;fn lw;Z o panzek ls ;qDr gks rFkk ml ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks vFkok cqèk ;fn lw;Z ls ;qr gks rFkk ml ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q X;kjg o"kZ gksrh gSA
flag jkf'k esa panzek gks vkSj vkBosa LFkku esa lw;Z o 'kfu gks rFkk mu ij 'kqØ dh n`f"V gks vFkok o`f'pd ds uoka'k esa 'kfu gks rFkk ml ij lw;Z dh n`f"V gks rks ckjgosa o"kZ esa ckyd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
vfr vYik;q ;ksx
rsjg ls cRrhl o"kZ dh vk;q rd vYik;q ;ksx gksrk gSA vYik;q ;ksx fuEu izdkj ls gSa &
;fn tUe le; esa O;; LFkku esa oØh 'kfu gks rFkk og jkgq ls ;qDr gks vFkok
rqyk jkf'k ds uoka'k esa 'kfu gks rFkk ml ij xq# dh n`f"V gks rks bu ;ksxksa esa
rsjgosa o"kZ esa ckyd dk ej.k gksrk gSA
vkBosa LFkku esa 'kfu] lw;Z] eaxy] jkgq o cqèk gksa] dU;k ds uoka'k esa 'kfu gks rFkk ml ij cqèk dh n`f"V gks o ckjgosa 'kfu ;k eaxy ls ;qDr jkgq gks rks pkSng
o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
NBs LFkku esa lw;Z] prqFkZ LFkku esa panzek gks rFkk dsUnz LFkkuksa esa xzg u gks rks ianzg o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
'kfu ddZ jkf'k ds uoka'k esa gks rFkk ml ij dsrq dh n`f"V gks rks lksygosa o"kZ esa tkrd dh e`R;q gksrh gSA
flag] rqyk o o`f'pd yXu esa tUe gks rFkk jkgq yXu esa gh fLFkr gks vkSj ml
ij vU; iki xzg dh n`f"V gks rFkk xq# o 'kqØ dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q l=g o"kZ gksrh gSA
v"Ves'k viuh uhp jkf'k esa fdlh dsUnz LFkku esa fLFkr gks rFkk v"Ve LFkku
esa cqèk fo|eku gks rks tkrd dh vk;q vBkjg o"kZ gksrh gSA
eaxy viuh uhp jkf'k ddZ esa gks] lw;Z edj esa gks rFkk og 'kfu 'kqØ ls ;qDr
gks vkSj cqèk vLr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q mUuhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
lw;Z] panzek vkBosa LFkku esa gks] prqFkZ ;k uoe LFkku esa jkgq gks] lkrosa LFkku esa eaxy o nwljs LFkku esa c`gLifr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q chl o"kZ gksrh gSA
ehu] ddZ rFkk o`f'pd yXu dh vfUre vkèkh ?kVh ¼ewy] vk'ys"kk] e?kk½ rFkk es"k]
flag o èkuq yXu dh izkjfEHkd vkèkh ¼vf'ouh] v'ys"kk] T;s"Bk½ ?kVh yXu x.M gSA
bl le; esa ;fn tkrd dk tUe gks rks og vYik;q gksrk gSA
T;ksfr"k ds eq[; xzUFkdkjksa us vYik;q ds dqN vU; ;ksx fuEu izdkj ls fn;s gSa &
2-1-5 bDdhl o"kkZsa ls cŸkhl o"kksaZ dh vk;q ds eq[; ;ksx %
o`"k] dU;k ;k dqaHk esa lw;Z gks] es"k esa 'kfu o o`"kHk esa cqèk gks] vkBosa LFkku esa iki xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
lUè;kdky esa tUe gks] dsanz esa xq#] 'kqØ gksa vkSj rhljs] ckjgosa ;k uoe~ LFkku esa iki xzgksa ls ;qDr yXus’k gks rks tkrd dh vk;q bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu ;k NBs LFkku esa iki xzgksa ds vUrjky esa lw;Z gks rks iq#"k dh vk;q bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA[44]
yXu esa c`gLifr ds lkFk dksbZ iki xzg gks rFkk ml ij pUnzek dh n`f"V gks
vkSj vkBosa LFkku esa dksbZ xzg gks rks tkrd dh vk;q bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA[45]
v"Ve esa iki xzg gks] {kh.k pUnzek iki jkf’k esa gks rFkk 'ks"k xzg iki jkf’k esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
v"Ves’k dsanz esa gks] yXu esa ddZ jkf’kLFk xq# rFkk lw;Z gks rks tkrd dh vk;q
bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu esa xq# gks] lIre ;k v"Ve esa jkgq ;qDr pUnz gks rks tkrd dh vk;q
bDdhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
;fn c`gLifr ds lkFk lw;Z yXu esa dhV jkf’k esa gks rFkk yXu ls v"Ve LFkku dk Lokeh dsanz esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q ckbZl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[46]
fucZy yXus’k o fucZy pUnzek ;fn vkiksfDye LFkkuksa esa gks rFkk mu ij iki
xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh ckbZl o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
v"Ve LFkku esa iki n`"V yXus’k gks vkSj v"Ves’k ,dkn’k esa gks rks tkrd dh
ckbZl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[47]
èkus’k] uoes’k o v"Ves’k ,d gh jkf’k esa gksa] yXus’k v"Ve esa gks ml ij iki
xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rFkk 'kqHk xzg dh n`f"V u gks rks pkSchl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
v"Ves’k 1] 5] 9 Hkko esa gks rFkk yXus’k] v"Ve Hkko esa iki jkf’k esa gks rks
tkrd dh pkSchl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[48]
nSoK x.ks’k th us tkrdkyadkj xzUFk esa Hkh ;gh ;ksx fn;k gSA
O;;s’k o v"Ves’k fucZy gksa vkSj f}LoHkko jkf’k ds yXu esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd
dh vk;q pkSchl o"kZ gksrh gSA[49]
v"Ve LFkku esa uoka’kxr {kh.k pUnzek gks rFkk ml ij ’kfu o eaxy dh n`f"V
gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkSchl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXus’k ;fn iki xzgksa ds vUrjky esa gks vkSj ’kqHk xzg ls ;qDr u gks rFkk firk
ds tUe yXu esa gh tUe gks rks tkrd dh vk;q iPphl o"kZ gksrh gSA
;fn yXu esa ’kfu ds uhp uoka’k esa dsrq fLFkr gks rks iPphl o"kZ esa e`R;q nq?kVZuk ls gksrh gSA[50]
yXu] lIre ;k f=d LFkkuksa esa pUnzek iki xzgksa ls ;qDr ;k n`"V gks rks tkrd
dh vk;q iPphl o"kZ gksrh gSA[51]
eaxy nlosa LFkku esa gks] yXu] v"Ve o uoe LFkku esa jkgq gks] NBs LFkku esa
xq# o O;; LFkku esa ’kqØ gks rks tkrd dh vk;q iPphl o"kZ gksrh gSA
;fn xq# viuh gh jkf’k o nzs"dk.k esa gks] v"Ve esa iki;qDr yXus’k gks rFkk v"Ves’k Hkh ogha ij gks rks tkrd dh vk;q iPphl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu] lIre] v"Ve] uoe~ o }kn’k LFkkuksa esa iki;qDr pUnzek gks rks lŸkkbZl o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx gksrs gSaA[52]
yXu esa 'k=q jkf’kxr 'kfu gks] vkiksfDye esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks lŸkkbZl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[53]
edj] dqaHk esa 'kfu gks rks NCchl] lŸkkbZl o"kZ rd e`R;q laHko gksA
;fn yXus’k v"Ve LFkku esa gks rFkk v"Ves’k iki xzg gks vkSj ml ij xq# o fdlh vU; iki xzg dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q lŸkkbZl o"kZ gksrh gSA[54]
c`gLifr ckjgosa LFkku esa gks vkSj tUe yXu esa jkgq] pUnz o lw;Z gks rks tkrd dh vk;q lŸkkbZl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu esa pUnz o 'kfu dk ;ksx ¼lEcUèk prq"V;½ gks] O;; LFkku esa lw;Z o eaxy dk ;ksx gks vkSj yXu ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q lŸkkbZl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu] lIre o v"Ve esa iki xzg gksa rFkk 2] 3] 5] 6] 8] 9] 11] 12 LFkkuksa esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q lŸkkbZl o"kZ gksrh gSA
pUnzek o 'kfu dk ijLij lEcUèk gks vkSj lw;Z yXu ls vkBosa LFkku esa gks rks murhl o"kZ esa e`R;q gksrh gSA[55]
cy jfgr {kh.k pUnzek ;fn iki xzgksa ls ;qDr gksdj ckjgosa LFkku esa gks vkSj
yXus’k ij iki xzg dh n`f"V gks rks murhl o"kZ esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
r`rh;] "k"B o }kn’k LFkku esa pUnzek o v"Ves’k gks vkSj fucZy v"Ves’k iki
xzg ls n`"V gks rks rhl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[56]
;fn yXus’k o v"Ves’k nksuksa gh cyghu gksdj dsanz esa fLFkr gksa rks rhl o"kZ
dh vk;q gksrh gSA[57]
;fn dsanz LFkku esa cyoku cqèk gks vkSj v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ xzg u gks rks tkrd
dh vk;q rhl o"kZ gksrh gSA[58]
yXu esa ;fn jkgq vkSj yXu dks NksM+dj 'ks"k fdlh dsanz LFkku esa pUnzek gks rks
tkrd dh vk;q rhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu esa pUnzek] ckjgosa LFkku esa 'kfu] uoe esa lw;Z vkSj vkBosa LFkku esa eaxy gks
vkSj ml ij 'kqHk xzg dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q rhl o"kZ gksrh gSA[59]
ykHk LFkku esa lw;Z] yXu esa pUnzek] ckjgosa LFkku esa iki ;qDr 'kfu gks vkSj ml ij 'kqHk xzg dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q rhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
vkBosa LFkku esa dksbZ xzg gks] dsanz esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg u gks] yXus’k o v"Ves’k dsanz esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q cŸkhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
2-1-6 eè;k;q ;ksx %
lkekU;r% pkSalB o"kks± rd dh vk;q dks eè;k;q ekuk x;k gS ysfdu ;g vfèkdre
lhek gSA 60 ls 65 o"kZ rd dh vk;q dk Hkksx djus okys Hkh eè;ek;q gSa rFkk 40 ls 50 o"kZ dh vk;q dk Hkksx djus okys Hkh eè;ek;q gSaA iz'u ekxZ ds vuqlkj vk;qfuZ.kZ; ds ikap lkèkuksa ¼yXu] yXus'k] v"Ve] v"Ves'k o pUnzek½ ds xq.k nks"kksa dk fu:i.k djds rFkk nh?kkZ;q dkjd o vYik;qdkjd ;ksxksa dk rqyukRed ijh{k.k djus ij ;fn fefJr ;ksxksa dh fLFkfr gks rks vuqikr ls 32 ls 64 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds o"kks± dk fuèkkZj.k dj ysuk pkfg,A[60]
lqjs'k pUnz feJ th us vkpk;Z eqdqUn nSoK ioZrh; —r ^vk;qfuZ.kZ;* dh O;k[;k esa eè;k;q ds dqN ;ksx fuEu izdkj ls cryk, gSaA[61]
NBs o vkBosa LFkku esa iki xzg] f=dks.k o dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg rFkk "k"Bk"Ve esa cyoku 'kfu gksukA dsanz o f=dks.k esa 'kqHkk'kqHk xzg gksukA yXus'k o lw;Z dh
fulxZ o rkRdkfyd eS=h gksukA yXus'k dk le jkf'k esa gksukA
f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ] iape] v"Ve o ,dkn'k LFkku esa ikixzg dk gksukA
xq# vkSj 'kqØ ,d jkf'k esa gksa] O;; LFkku esa pUnzek] v"Ve LFkku esa lw;Z vkSj iape o n'ke LFkkuksa esa 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V gksA
fnu esa tUe gksus ij yXu ;k pUnzek ls prqFkZ o v"Ve LFkkuksa esa iki xzg gksa rFkk mu ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gksA
f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ] iape] v"Ve LFkkuksa esa iki xzgksa dk gksukA
fnu esa tUe gksus ij pUnzek ls v"Ve Hkko esa iki xzg gksaA
dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa xq# gks] yXus'k fucZy gks vkSj f=d Hkkoksa esa iki xzg gksaA
'kqHk xzg ;fn iki xzgksa ds uoka'k esa dsanz ls ckgj fLFkr gksa vkSj iki xzg daasnz
LFkkuksa esa gksaA
yXus'k] v"Ves'k o n'kes'k bu rhuksa esa ls dsoy nks gh cyh gksaA
o`"k jkf'k ;k v"Ve LFkku esa eaxy gks] "k"B esa cqèk gks] lgt LFkku esa xq# o lkrosa LFkku esa 'kqØ gksA
prqFkZ LFkku esa pUnzek gks] lkrosa LFkku esa eaxy ds nksuksa vksj iki xzg gksaA
v"Ve ;k }kn'k esa uhp LFkku esa eaxy gks vkSj iape LFkku esa jkgq gksA
lkrosa LFkku esa lw;Z gks vkSj NBs] vkBosa o nlosa LFkku esa iki xzg gksA
vfr cyoku cqèk ;fn dsanz esa fLFkr gks vkSj 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V vkBosa LFkku esa dksbZ Hkh xzg u gksA
fLFkj jkf'kxr v"Ves'k ;fn yXu esa gks vkSj v"Ve LFkku esa u gksA
iki xzgksa ls ;qDr yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa gks vkSj dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg u gksaA
lgt ;k ykHk LFkku esa xq# gks] f=dks.k LFkkuksa esa 'kqØ gks rFkk nksuksa ij iki xzgksa dh n`f"V gksA
{kh.k pUnzek ;fn yXu esa gks vkSj dsanz vkSj v"Ve LFkku esa iki xzg gksaA
rhljs ;k ikaposa LFkku esa o`"k jkf'k dk 'kfu ;k eaxy gks] prqFkZ LFkku esa 'kqØ o c`gLifr gks vkSj nlosa ;k X;kjgosa LFkku esa pUnzek gksA
;fn prqFkZ ;k n'ke LFkku esa cqèk gks] yXu] v"Ve ;k }kn'k LFkku esa pUnzek gksA
yXu esa 'kfu ds lkFk vkSj dksbZ xzg Hkh gks] O;; ;k v"Ve LFkku esa pUnzek gksA
v"Ve LFkku esa ;fn jkgq ls ;qDr eaxy gks] èkuq yXu esa tUe gks rFkk c`gLifr
yXu esa gh fLFkr gksA
yXus'k] v"Ves'k o n'kes'k bu rhuksa esa ls dsoy nks gh cyh gksa rks eè;k;q
gksrh gSA
iz'u ekxZ ds vuqlkj vk;q ds lEcUèk esa dqN xq.k&nks"k bl izdkj gSa %
yXu o v"Ve ds xq.k o nks"k] ikidÙkZjh o iki xzgksa dh n`f"V iki;ksx rFkk 'kqHk
dÙkZjh o 'kqHk n`f"V 'kqHk ;ksx Øe'k% v"Ve o yXu ds nks"k o xq.k gSaA vius Lokeh
dh n`f"V Hkh xq.k gSaA
yXus'k ds xq.k nks"k
iki;ksx] iki n`f"V] ikixzgksa ds eè;] vLr] 'k=qxr rFkk uhpjkf'kxr ;s nks"k gSa
rFkk Lojkf'kxr] fe=ksPpjkf'kxr] 'kqHk ;ksx] 'kqHk n`f"V] 'kqHkxzgksa ds eè; o oØh
gksuk ;s xq.k gSaA
v"Ves'k ds xq.k&nks"k Hkh yXus'k dh rjg gh gksrs gSa ysfdu yXus'k dh dsanz esa
fLFkfr xq.k gS rFkk v"Ves'k dh dsanz esa fLFkfr nks"k gSA
pUnzek ds xq.k o nks"k
"k"B] v"Ve o }kn'k fLFkfr] iki xzgksa ds eè;] ikixzgksa dh n`f"V] iki ;ksx] {kh.kRo
vkSj yXu esa uhp jkf'k esa gksuk ;s nks"k gSaA iw.kZ] 'kqHk xzgksa ds eè;] 'kqHk n`f"V] 'kqHk ;ksx] c`gLifr ds lkFk dsanz esa fLFkfr] Lojkf'k] viuh mPpjkf'k esa gksuk ¼fo'ks"k rFkk
yXuLFk½ fo'ks"k xq.k gSaA
dsanz rFkk f=dks.k esa 'kqHk xzg rFkk 3] 6] 11 esa v'kqHk xzg vk;qoèkZd gkssrs gSaA
2-1-7 rSarhl ls murkyhl o"kksZa rd dh vk;q ds ;ksx %
es"k] o`f'pd yXu esa pUnzek ;fn Øwj xzgksa ls n`"V gks vkSj lHkh 'kqHk xzg dsanz ls ckgj gksa rks 33 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
v"Ve esa iki xzg dh jkf'k gks vkSj v"Ves'k pUnzek lfgr fLFkr gksdj dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa gks vkSj n'ke Hkkoxr xzgksa ls ns[kk tk, rks 33 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA yXu esa 'kfu o pUnzek gksa vkSj eaxy dqaHk jkf'k esa gks rks 33 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[62]
o`"k jkf'k ;k v"Ve LFkku esa eaxy gks] "k"B esa cqèk gks] lgt LFkku esa xq# vkSj
lkrosa LFkku esa 'kqØ gksA prqFkZ LFkku esa pUnzek gks] lkrosa LFkku esa iki xzgksa ls
f?kjk gqvk eaxy gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkSarhl o"kZ dh gksrh gSA[63]
v"Ve ;k }kn'k LFkku esa uhp jkf'k dk eaxy gks vkSj iape LFkku esa jkgq gksA
f}rh; LFkku esa 'k=q jkf'kxr lw;Z gks vkSj O;;k"Ve esa eaxy gks rks euq"; dh
iSarhl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[64]
,d gh u{k= o jkf'k esa pkj ;k ikap xzg vLraxr o uhp jkf'kxr gksaA
ykHk LFkku esa yXus'k gks vkSj n'ke esa ykHks'k gks rks bu ;ksxksa esa NÙkhl o"kZ
dh vk;q gksrh gSA[65]
yXu nks Øwj xzgksa ds eè; esa gks vkSj yXus'k f}LoHkko jkf'k esa gks vkSj xq# "k"B
esa x;k gks rks 37 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[66]
;fn lHkh iki xzgksa dh n`f"V lw;Z ij gks vkSj lw;Z jkgq ds lkFk gks rks murkyhl o"kZ esa tkrd dh e`R;q gksrh gSA
2-1-8 pkyhl o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
vfr cyoku cqèk ;fn dsanz esa fLFkr gks vkSj 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V gks] vkBosa LFkku
esa dksbZ xzg u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
fLFkj jkf'kxr v"Ves'k ;fn yXu esa gks vkSj v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA[67]
iki xzgksa ls ;qDr yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa gks rFkk dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg u gksa rks
tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
lgt ;k ykHk LFkku esa xq# gks] f=dks.k LFkkuksa esa 'kqØ gks rFkk nksuksa ij iki
xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
2-1-9 bdrkyhl ls mupkl o"kksZa dh vk;q ds ;ksx %
yXu ds ik'oZorhZ nksuksa LFkkuksa esa ;fn iki xzg fLFkr gksa] yXu esa dksbZ iki xzg gks rks tkrd dh bdrkyhl o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[68]
v"Ves'k o eaxy yXu esa gksa vFkok 8] 12 Hkkoksa esa eaxy fLFkj jkf'k esa gks rks
42 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA dsanz esa c`gLifr o n'ke esa 'kfu gks vkSj pj yXu
esa tUe gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 44 o"kZ gksrh gSA lkjs dsanz LFkkuksa esa ;fn lHkh
iki xzg gksa rFkk pUnzek Hkh iki xzgksa ls ;qDr gks rks euq"; lSarkyhl o"kZ dh
vk;q esa e`R;q dks izkIr gksrk gSA
rhljs ;k ikaposa LFkku esa o`"k jkf'k dk 'kfu ;k eaxy gks] prqFkZ LFkku esa 'kqØ o c`gLifr gks rFkk nlosa ;k ,dkn'k LFkku esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd dh vk;q
49 o"kZ gksrh gSA
2-1-10 ipkl o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
;fn dsanz esa dksbZ ,d iw.kZcyh 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj lkFk gh dsanz esa cqèk viuh jkf'k ;k viuh mPp jkf'k esa gks rFkk pUnz lkrosa LFkku esa 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
v"Ve Hkko esa fLFkr uoka'k jkf'k esa yXus'k gks vkSj yXu esa fLFkr uoka'k jkf'k esa v"Ves'k gks rFkk os nksuksa iki xzgksa ls n`"V gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
;fn prqFkZ ;k n'ke LFkku esa cqèk gks rks yXu] v"Ve ;k }kn'k LFkku esa panzek gks] xq# o 'kqØ ,d gh jkf'k esa fLFkr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
n'ke LFkku esa lw;Z gks] X;kgjosa Hkko esa panzek fLFkr gks] prqFkZ LFkku esa c`gLifr gks o uoe LFkku esa 'kqØ gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
f=d LFkkuksa esa yXus'k ls ;qDr panzek gks vkSj yXus'k 'kfu ds LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
2-1-11 bD;kou ls mulB o"kksZa dh vk;q ds ;ksx %
yXu ;k n'ke LFkku esa 'k=q ls ;qDr lw;Z gks] 'kfu ckjgosa LFkku esa gks rFkk eaxy NBs LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 52 o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu esa fLFkj jkf'k gks vkSj 'kfu Hkh yXu esa gh fLFkr gks rFkk pUnzek vkBosa ;k ckjgosa LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 52 o"kZ gksrh gSA lw;Z vkSj pUnzek viuh mPp jkf'k esa gksa] yXu esa c`gLifr gks rks 53 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
ddZ jkf'k esa mPpjkf'kLFk c`gLifr rFkk n'ke LFkku esa ehu jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks bl ;ksx esa tkrd dh vk;q 54 o"kZ gksrh gSA[69]
èkuq yXu esa c`gLifr Lo;a fLFkr gks vkSj v"Ve esa eaxy rFkk jkgq gks rks tkrd
57 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djrk gSA v"Ves'k lIre esa gks] pUnz iki;qDr gksdj 6]
8 Hkkoksa esa gks rks tkrd 58 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djrk gSA[70]
ddZ yXu esa tUe gks vkSj iki xzg ls ;qDr lw;Z yXu esa gks] nlosa LFkku esa pUnzek gks vkSj dsanz LFkkuksa esa xq# gks vFkok ehu yXu esa 'kqØ gks vkSj ddZ jkf'k esa c`gLifr gks ;k yXu esa iki xzgksa ls ;qDr lw;Z gks] n'ke LFkku esa pUnzek gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanz esa gks rks bu ;ksxksa esa 55 o"kZ dh vk;q le>uh pkfg,A[71]
v"Ve LFkku esa ;fn jkgq ls ;qDr eaxy gks] èkuq yXu esa tUe gks] c`gLifr yXu esa gks vFkok v"Ves'k lIre esa x;k gks rFkk pUnzek iki;qDr 6Bs ;k 8osa Hkko esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 57 ;k 58 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA[72]
2-1-12 lkB o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
pUnzek viuh mPp jkf'k ;k Lojkf'k esa fLFkr gks ;k dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa vkSj yXu esa cyoku yXus'k gks[73]
lkrosa LFkku esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj pUnzek viuh jkf'k esa yXu esa fLFkr gks
v"Ves'k c`gLifr yXu esa fLFkr gks vkSj dqaHk jkf'k dsanz esa iM+rh gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 60 o"kZ gksrh gSA[74]
lHkh xzg iape Hkko esa fLFkr gksa rks lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
yXu esa 'kfu] lkrosa LFkku esa eaxy] prqFkZ LFkku esa panzek] n'ke LFkku esa lw;Z
vkSj ;s lc xzg 'kqØ] xq# o cqèk ls ;qDr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q lkB o"kZ gksrh gSA
iape LFkku ls pkj LFkkuksa esa pkj xzg yxkrkj fLFkr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q lkB o"kZ gksrh gSA
2-1-13 bdlB ls mugŸkj o"kksZa dh vk;q ds ;ksx %
yXu ls prqFkZ LFkku i;±r] fdlh ,d LFkku esa ;fn pkj xzg fLFkr gksa rks 61 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA[75]
yXu esa ddZ] èkuq o ehu jkf'k dk c`gLifr gks vFkok r`rh; LFkku esa ;fn lw;Z] 'kfu o 'kqØ dh ;qfr gks rks 62osa o"kZ +esa tkrd e`R;q dks izkIr gksrk gSA
;fn pUnzek viuh uhp jkf'k esa lw;Z ls ;qDr gks] èkuq jkf'k esa 'kqØ gks vkSj dqaHk jkf'k ;k dsanz LFkkuksa esa cqèk gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 63 o"kZ gksrh gSA
dsanz esa c`gLifr] yXu LFkku esa 'kqØ rFkk uoe LFkku esa 'kfu gks vFkok ehu esa 'kqØ] O;; esa cqèk] yXu esa lw;Z] èku LFkku esa pUnzek rFkk r`rh; LFkku esa eaxy gks rks tkrd dh pkSalB o"kZ vk;q gksrh gSA
ddZ yXu esa tUe gks rFkk Lo{ks=h pUnzek yXuLFk gks] 'kfu uhp jkf'k esa gks]
lIre LFkku esa lw;Z gks vFkok dsanz esa tUe yXus'k o tUe jk'kh'k gks rFkk buesa ls dksbZ ,d ;k nksuksa v"Ves'k ls ;qDr gksa rks tkrd dk thou 65 o"kZ rd gksrk gSA[76]
tUe yXus'k o tUe jk'kh'k ;s nksuksa gh v"Ve esa fLFkr gksa vkSj v"Ves'k dsanz esa x;k gks rks bl ;ksx esa mRiUu O;fDr dh vk;q 66 o"kZ gksrh gSA yXu esa c`gLifr] lw;Z] cqèk gks] ehu esa 'kfu gks vkSj pUnzek }kn'k Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks
Hkh tkrd dh vk;q 66 o"kZ gksrh gSA[77]
n'ke esa lw;Z o pUnzek lkFk gksa vkSj yXu esa 'kfu gks rFkk prqFkZ esa c`gLifr gks rks bl ;ksx esa tkrd dh vk;q 68 o"kZ gksrh gSA
xq# n'ke LFkku esa gks rFkk og L=h xzgksa ls ;qDr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 69 o"kZ gksrh gSA[78]
2-1-14 lŸkj o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa uhpxr 'kfu gks rFkk dsanz esa dgha ij lw;Z&cqèk lkFk rFkk
vU;= dgha dsanz esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg Hkh gks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ gksrh gSA[79]
v"Ve Hkko esa dksbZ xzg fLFkr u gks] yXu esa c`gLifr gks] dasnz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa] v"Ve] yXu o panzek ij iki xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu o panzek iki xzgksa ls ;qDr u gks] v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ xzg u gks] yXu esa c`gLifr gks vkSj dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ gksrh gSA
v"Ve esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg u gks vkSj dasnz] dksbZ cyoku xzg gks rFkk ml ij yXus'k dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
bl izdkj mijksDr ;ksx eè;k;q ds fy, dgs x;s gSaA iz'u ekxZ ds vuqlkj xq.k
nks"kksa ds U;wukfèkD; ls vk;q dk fuèkkZj.k djuk pkfg,A
2-1-15 nh?kkZ;q ;ksx %
70 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q dks nh?kkZ;q dgk x;k gSA egf"kZ ijk'kj 96 o"kZ ls vfèkd
vk;q dks nh?kkZ;q Lohdkj djrs gSaA[80]
;fn yXu ls 'kq# dj Ng jkf'k;ksa esa leLr 'kqHkk'kqHk xzg fLFkr gksa rks nh?kkZ;q ;ksx
gksrk gSA[81] 'kqØ dsanz esa fLFkr gks rFkk pUnzek yXuLFk gks] c`gLifr mPpjkf'kxr
gks] v"Ve esa dksbZ xzg u gks vFkok 'kqØ o c`gLifr uoe LFkku esa gksa] yXu esa cqèk gks rFkk lIre esa eaxy gks rks nh?kkZ;q ;ksx gksrk gSA[82] v"Ve Hkkokfèkifr ;fn
yXu esa gks rFkk ml ij xq# o 'kqØ dh n`f"V ;k ;qfr gks rFkk yXus'k Lo;a dsanz
LFkkuksa esa gks vFkok rhu xzg viuh mPp jkf'k esa gksa] v"Ves'k yXu esa gks rFkk
v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ Hkh iki xzg u gks rks Hkh nh?kkZ;q ;ksx gksrk gSA
2-1-16 lŸkj ls muklh o"kkZsa dh vk;q ds
;ksx %
;fn lw;Z yXu esa 'k=q xzg ;k eaxy ls ;qDr gks] c`gLifr cyghu gks] pUnzek iape ;k }kn'k LFkku esa gks rks tkrd 70 o"kZ ls vfèkd thfor jgrk gSA ;fn lHkh xzg Øwj uoka'k esa dsanz esa gksa rks tkrd 80 o"kZ ls vfèkd thfor jgrk gSA
;fn Øwj xzg Øwj jkf'k ;k uoka'k esa rFkk 'kqHk xzg 'kqHk jkf'k ;k 'kqHk uoka'k esa gksa rFkk yXu cyh gks rks tkrd nh?kkZ;q izkIr djrk gSA[83]
;fn eaxy tUe yXu ls lkrosa LFkku esa fLFkr gks vkSj yXu ij iki xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 71 o"kZ gksrh gSA tUe le; esa ;fn 'kfu dk uoka'k gks rFkk dsrq yXu esa fLFkr gks rks euq"; 72 o"kZ rd thfor jgrk gSA
yXus'k ij ;fn iki xzgksa dh n`f"V gks] 'kqHk xzg cyoku gksa rFkk pUnzek 'kqHk xzg esa fLFkr gks vFkok cqèk 'k=q {ks=xr gks rFkk pUnzek ;fn iki xzgksa ls ;qDr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q dk ifjek.k 73 o"kZ gksrk gSA yXu esa ifjiw.kZ e.Myokyk pUnzek gks rFkk ml ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd 75 o"kZ rd thfor jgrk gSA dsanz LFkkuksa esa LoksPp jkf'kxr pkj xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 79
o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
2-1-17 vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
pUnzek o c`gLifr ;fn fe= xzgksa dh jkf'k esa gksa] yXus'k cyoku gksdj ,dkn'k
LFkku esa gks rFkk cqèk n'ke LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 80 o"kZ gksrh gSA[84]
dsanz esa lHkh 'kqHk xzg vius uoka'k esa fLFkr gksa rks Hkh tkrd dh vk;q 80 o"kZ gksrh gSA
xq# o pUnzek dsanz esa gksa rFkk vU; xzgksa ij 'kqHk n`X;ksx gks rks 80 o"kZ vk;q ;ksx gksrk gSA[85]
u`flag nSoK ds vuqlkj Øwj jkf'k ;k uoka'kksa esa iki xzg gksa] dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks 80 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
cyoku 'kqHk xzg vn`'; Hkko esa gksa vkSj iki xzg n`'; Hkko esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 80 o"kZ gksrh gSA
2-1-18 vLlh o"kkZsa ls vfèkd vk;q ds
;ksx
lw;Z] eaxy] 'kfu ;fn xq# ds uoka'k ;k jkf'k;ksa esa gksa rFkk 'ks"k xzg cqèk 'kqØ 8] 12 Hkko esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 85 o"kZ gksrh gSA[86]
dsanz esa pUnzek ls ;qDr xq# gks] ml ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V gks] 'ks"k xzg ,dkn'k o }kn'k LFkkuksa esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 86 o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu esa cqèk fLFkr gks] uoe~ ;k iape LFkku esa pUnzek rFkk uoe~ LFkku esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 87 o"kZ gksrh gSA[87]
lHkh xzg ;fn èkuq jkf'k ds }kn'kka'k esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 90 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
2-1-19 lkS o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
;fn lHkh xzg uoe Hkko esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ ls vfèkd gksrh gSA
'kqØ vkSj c`gLifr ;fn dsanz LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gksa vFkok dsanz esa 'kqØ gks rFkk ddZ yXu esa tUe gksus ij xq# yXuLFk gks rks 100 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
èkuq ;k ehu yXu esa tUe gks] v"Ve] f=dks.k o dsanz LFkkuksa esa iki xzg fLFkr u gksa] dsanz esa c`gLifr ;k 'kqØ gksa rFkk v"Ve] uoe~ LFkkuksa ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
dsanz esa c`gLifr gks rFkk yXu o v"Ve esa lw;Z] eaxy gks vFkok dsanz esa yXus'k c`gLifr gks] iape] uoe o dsanz LFkkuksa esa iki xzg u gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
dsanz esa 'kqØ gks vkSj ddZ yXu esa tUe gksus ij xq# yXuLFk gks rks Hkh tkrd
dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
uoe ;k }kn'k LFkku esa panzek vkSj uoe ;k yXu esa 'kfu fLFkr gks rks tkrd
dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa gks] n'ke LFkku esa panzek gks] 'ks"k xzg uoe LFkku esa gksa vkSj c`gLifr cyoku gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
ehu yXu esa tUe gks] 'kqØ yXuLFk gks] v"Ve esa 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V panzek fo|eku gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanzxr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
prqFkZ o uoe LFkku esa iki xzg fLFkr gksa] lejkf'k esa c`gLifr ds uoka'k esa ;k lejkf'k uoka'k esa ;k O;; o f}rh; LFkku esa 'kqHk xzg fLFkr gksa] yXu esa iw.kZ panzek fo|eku gks rks O;fDr ije èku lEifŸkoku gksdj 100 o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q dks izkIr djrk gSA
èkuq yXu esa vafre uoka'k esa tUe gks] dsanzxr jkf'k;ksa ds izFke uoka'k esa 'kqHk xzg fLFkr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
rhljs] NBs] X;kgjosa LFkku esa panzek o c`gLifr gksa dsanz LFkkuksa esa cqèk o 'kqØ gks vkSj ddZ yXu esa tUe gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
xq# o 'kqØ fLFkj uoka'k esa] lw;Z] eaxy o 'kfu pj uoka'k esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
cqèk lIre LFkku esa] c`gLifr f=dks.k LFkkuksa esa vkSj 'kqØ rFkk panzek yXu esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
eaxy n'ke LFkku esa gks] c`gLifr f=dks.k esa] panzek iape LFkku esa gks rks tkrd
dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
c`gLifr dsanz LFkkuksa esa gks] 'kqØ lIre LFkku esa] cqèk yXu esa gks rks mDr lHkh ;ksxksa esa tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXus'k ftl jkf'k esa fLFkr gks] mlls dsanz LFkkuksa esa ;fn c`gLifr gks] dsanz o f=dks.k LFkkuksa dks NksM+dj 'ks"k LFkkuksa esa iki xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
panzek "k"B ;k v"Ve LFkku esa gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanz LFkkuksa esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
yXu esa 'kqØ o xq# gksa] cqèk v"Ve LFkku esa gks rFkk cqèk ij fdlh iki xzg dh
n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
r`rh;] ,dkn'k ;k f=dks.k esa 'kqØ gks vkSj c`gLifr lIre LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
ddZ ;k o`f'pd yXu esa tUe gks] lw;Z iki ;qDr gksdj yXuLFk gks] panzek f}rh; LFkku esa gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanzxr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
nf{k.k Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k xzUFk ^iz'u ekxZ* esa nh?kkZ;q iznku djus okys tks ;ksx fn, gSa os bl izdkj gSa %
yXu ;k pUnzek dk cyoku gksuk] muds Lokfe;ksa dk 'kqHk xzgksa ds lkFk ;ksx] muij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V] mudh dsanz] f=dks.k] v"Ve o f}rh; Hkko esa fLFkfrA
dsanz] f=dks.k] v"Ve o f}rh; Hkko esa 'kqHk xzgksa dh fLFkfr] r`rh;] "k"B o ,dkn'k Hkko esa iki xzgksa dh fLFkfr] yXu esa xq# dh fLFkfr] yXu esa xq# vkSj pUnzek dk ;ksx] dsanz esa yXus'k dh fLFkfr] dsanz esa tUe jk'kh'k dh fLFkfr]
yXus'k o jk'kh'k dk cyoku gksuk rFkk yXus'k vkSj jk'kh'k dk ykHk esa cSBukA
mijksDr lHkh ;ksx nh?kkZ;q iznku djrs gSaA
iz'u ekxZ esa nh?kkZ;q ds fo'ks"k ;ksx bl izdkj gSa %
yXus'k o v"Ves'k ,d= fdlh Hkko esa gksa] mDr nksuksa xzg LoksPp] Lojkf'k ;k
fe= jkf'k esa gksa] yXus'k] 'kqØ vkSj xq# f}rh;] iape] uoe ;k dsanz esa gksaA yXu esa 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k gks] yXu 'kqHk ;qDr gks rFkk 'ks"k xzgksa dh Hkh yXu ij n`f"V gks vFkok v"Ve LFkku esa 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k] 'kqHk ;qfr o 'ks"k xzgksa dh n`f"V gksA yXus'k o v"Ves'k cyoku gks] os ijLij vfrfe= gksa] vk:<+ jkf'k] ÅèoZeq[k o 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k esa gksa] ;s lHkh nh?kkZ;q ds ;ksx gSaA[88]
2-1-20 iw.kkZ;q ;ksx %
egf"kZ ijk'kj us ;|fi 120 o"kZ euq"; dh vk;q Lohdkj dh gS ijarq mUgksaus dqN fo'ks"k ;ksx Hkh c`gRikjk'kj gksjk 'kkL= esa fn, gSa ftuesa tkrd vferk;q] fnO;k;q] ;qxkUrkfn ;ksx rFkk eqfurqY; vk;q dks Hkksxrk gSA egf"kZ ijk'kj us tks iw.kkZ;q ;ksx c`gRikjk'kj gksjk 'kkL= esa fn, gSa os bl izdkj gSa %
lHkh 'kqHk xzg dsanz esa gksa] yXus'k 'kqHk xzg ls ;qDr gks rFkk xq# ds }kjk n`"V gks rks
iw.kkZ;q gksrh gSA yXus'k dsanz esa gks rFkk xq# 'kqØ ls ;qr ;k n`"V gks rks Hkh iw.kkZ;q
;ksx gksrk gSA yXus'k rFkk v"Ves'k lfgr rhu xzg mPp esa fLFkr gksa rFkk v"Ve
Hkko esa iki xzg u gks vFkok LoksPp] Lofe=] LooxZ esa fLFkr gksdj rhu xzg v"Ve
Hkko esa cSBs gksa rFkk yXus'k cy;qDr gks vFkok vius mPp ;k Lojkf'kLFk fdlh Hkh
xzg ds lkFk v"Ves'k 'kfu ;qDr gks rks iw.kkZ;q ;ksx gksrk gSA 3] 6] 11 Hkko esa iki
xzg] dsanz f=dks.k esa 'kqHk xzg rFkk yXus'k cyoku gks ;k 6] 12 Hkko esa iki xzg gksa
rFkk yXus'k dsanzxr gks] v"Ves'k lw;Z dk fe= gks rks tkrd iw.kkZ;q dks izkIr gksrk gSA[89]
eqdqUn nSoK iw.kkZ;q ;ksx bl izdkj crkrs gSa & yXu ;k pUnzek esa tks vfèkd cyh gks mlls v"Ve LFkku ;fn xzg jfgr gks rFkk
'kqØ vkSj c`gLifr nksuksa cyh gksa] yXu esa ehu dk vafre uoka'k gks] lHkh xzg LoksPp
jkf'k esa gksa rFkk o`"k jkf'k ds 25 va'k esa cqèk gks rks iw.kkZ;q ;ksx gSA[90]
iw.kkZ;q ds dqN vU; ;ksx bl izdkj gSa & pUnzek ,dkn'k LFkku esa fLFkr gks] xq# o 'kqØ dsanz LFkkuksa esa gksa ;k 'kqHk jkf'k;ksa esa 'kqHk xzg gksa] iki xzg iki jkf'k;ksa esa gksa rFkk yXus'k cyoku gksA uoe LFkku esa lHkh xzg fo|eku gksaA yXus'k o xq# ;fn dsanz LFkku esa gksa] dsanz] f=dks.k o v"Ve
LFkkuksa esa iki xzg gksa rks iw.kkZ;q ;ksx gksrk gSA yXu esa ;k r`rh;] "k"B ;k ,dkn'k
LFkkuksa esa 'kqHk uoka'k esa 'kqHk xzgksa ls ;qDr pUnzek gks vFkok yXu esa iw.kZ pUnzek gks rFkk èku ;k O;; LFkku esa feFkqu ds uoka'k esa cqèk fLFkr gks vFkok yXu esa dU;k dk vafre uoka'k gks vkSj dU;k ds iwoZ Hkkx esa cqèk gks rFkk rhu xzg mPp ds gksa rks iw.kkZ;q ;ksx gksrk gSA[91]
u`flag nSoK ds vuqlkj lHkh iki xzg 'kqHk uoka'k esa gksdj 3] 6] 10] 11 Hkkoksa esa gksa] lHkh 'kqHk xzg dsanz esa gksa] lw;Z eaxy v"Ve ;k yXu esa gksa o dsanz esa iki xzg u gks vFkok lHkh 'kqHk xzg vkst jkf'k uoka'k esa gksdj 4 ls 9 Hkkoksa ds chp esa gksa rks tkrd iw.kkZ;q izkIr djrk gSA cgqr cyoku yXus'k ;fn iki xzgksa ls n`"V u gks] dsanz esa lc 'kqHk xzg gksa o muls yXus'k n`"V gks rks tkrd iw.kkZ;q ds lkFk jkt;ksx izkIr djrk gSA[92]
Jh osadVs'k 'kekZ ds vuqlkj o`"k yXu esa tUe ds le; 'kqØ yXu esa gks rFkk c`gLifr
dsanz esa gks] 'ks"k xzg 3] 6] 10] 11 esa gksa rks tkrd iw.kkZ;q izkIr djrk gSA[93]
2-1-21 vferk;q ;ksx %
egf"kZ ijk'kj ds vuqlkj vferk;q og vk;q gS tks iq.;drkZ dks izkIr gksrh gS tks
1000 o"kZ ls Hkh vfèkd laHko gSA muds vuqlkj 1000 o"kZ rd dh vk;q tks iw.kkZ;q ds ckn gksrh gS og fnO;k;q gS rFkk 1000 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q vferk;q gksrh gSA vferk;q ;ksx egf"kZ ijk'kj us bl izdkj crk;k gS & ;fn ddZV yXu esa tUe gks rFkk yXu esa pUnz xq# cSBs gksa] cqèk 'kqØ dsanz esa cSBs gksa rFkk vU; xzg 3] 6] 11 Hkko esa cSBs gkas rks vferk;q ;ksx gksrk gSA[94] mijksDr ;ksx eqdqan nSoK us Hkh vk;qfuZ.kZ; xzUFk esa vk;qjfèkdkj vè;k; esa cryk;k gSA dqN vU; vferk;q ;ksx tks eqdqan nSoK us fn, gSa os bl izdkj gSa & prqFkZ LFkku esa ;k n'ke LFkku esa ddZ jkf'k esa pUnzek ;k c`gLifr dh fLFkfr gks] lw;Z ,oe~ cqèk rqyk jkf'k esa fLFkr gksa rFkk 'ks"k xzg 3] 6] 11 esa gksa vFkok c`gLifr
o eaxy viuh mPp jkf'k esa fLFkr gksa] pUnzek èku jkf'k esa gks vFkok dsanz LFkkuksa
esa 'kqHk xzgksa dh fLFkfr vferk;q ;ksx nsrh gSA[95]
osadVs'k 'kekZ ds vuqlkj ddZ jkf'k gks rFkk yXu esa xq# pUnz gksa vkSj vkxs 'kfu
i;ZUr xzg vius vius ijeksPp esa gks ¼cqèk] 'kqØ ;FkklaHko fdlh jkf'k esa½ 'kfu]
eaxy LoksPp esa gks rks vferk;q ;ksx gksrk gSA[96] vferk;q ds vfrfjDr egf"kZ ijk'kj ds vuqlkj ;fn leLr 'kqHk xzg dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa cSBs gksa rFkk leLr iki xzg 3] 6] 11 Hkkoksa esa cSBs gksa rFkk v"Ve Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k gks rks ^fnO;k;q* ;ksx] xq# vius xksiqjka'k ¼Lodh; prqoZxZ½ esa jgdj dsanz Hkko esa fLFkr gks] 'kqØ vius ikjkorka'k ¼Lodh; "kM~oxZ½ esa jgdj f=dks.k esa fLFkr gks rFkk ddZ yXu esa tUe gks rks ^;qxkUri;ZUr* vk;q ;ksx rFkk 'kfu vius nsoyksdka'k ¼Lodh; lIroxZ½ esa gks] eaxy vius ikjkorka'k ¼Lodh; "kM~oxZ½ esa gks vkSj c`gLifr vius flagkluka'k ¼Lodh; "kM~oxZ½ esa yXu esa cSBk gks rks tkrd dh
^eqfurqY;* vk;q gksrh gSaA[97]
2-2 xf.krxr vk;q
izkphu T;ksfr"k xzUFkdkjksa us vk;q dk eku tkuus ds fy, vusdksa izdkj ls xf.krxr
vk;q lkèku dh fofèk;ka nh gSa] tks eq[;r% fuEu izdkj ls gSa%
vk;qfu.kZ; dh fofHkUu fofèk;ka
okjk;q
jkf'k vk;q
jkf'k èkzqokad fofèk
dsUnzk;q
dsUnz f=dks.kk;q
ujkdkj vk;q
'kfu xkspj
tSfeuh vk;q & tc vk;q[k.M fudkyuk gks rks ç;ksx djsa
u{k=k;q ¼xkSjh tkrdksDr½ & jf'e vk;q ds leku
u{k=k;q ¼çkphu er½
uoka'kk;q
çØekuqxr vk;q & uoka'kk;q ds leku
pØk;q
eè;ek;q o eaMyk;q
va'kk;q & tc yXu cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fi.Mk;q & tc lw;Z cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fulxkZ;q & tc panz cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
thok;q
feJk;q & dsUnz esa panz cyh o vU; xzg Hkh cyh gkas
jf'e;k;q & tc cqèk cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
u{k=k;q & tc xq: cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fHkUuk;q ¼nwljh fofèk½ & tc eaxy cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fHkUuk;q ¼rhljh fofèk½
fHkUuk;q ¼js[kk fcUnq ;ksx½
leqnk;k"Vd oxZ vk;q & tc 'kfu cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsaA
2-2-1 okjk;q
ekulkxjh ds vuqlkj tkrd dk tUe ftl okj dks gksrk gS ml okj dh vk;q ds eku dks tkrd dh vk;q le>k tkrk gSA tSls & jfookj 50 o"kZ] lkseokj 84
o"kZ] eaxyokj 74 o"kZ] cqèkokj 64 o"kZ] xq#okj 84 o"kZ] 'kqØokj 60 o"kZ] 'kfuokj 100
o"kZ[98]A
2-2-2 jkf'k vk;q
ekulkxjh ds vuqlkj ftl tkrd dh tks jkf'k gS mlh ds vuqlkj mldh vk;q
dk eku gSA pUnzek ftl jkf'k ij fLFkr gS ogh tkrd dh jkf'k gksrh gSA[99]
jkf'k vk;q jkf'k vk;q
es"k 75 o"kZ 2 ekl 15 ?kVh 15 iy rqyk 85 o"kZ
o`"k 85 o"kZ 6 ekl 7 fnu o`f'pd 75 o"kZ 2 ekl 7 fnu
feFkqu 85 o"kZ èkuq 85 o"kZ
ddZ 70 o"kZ 5 ekl 3 fnu edj 71 o"kZ
flag 65 o"kZ dqaHk 61 o"kZ
dU;k 84 o"kZ ehu 61 o"kZ
rkfydk & 2-1
2-2-3 jkf'k èkzqokad fofèk
ekulkxjh ds vuqlkj es"k ls ehu rd ckjg jkf'k;ksa ds èkzqokad Øe'k% fuèkkZfjr fd;s
x;s gSa] tks bl izdkj gSaA[100] &
jkf'k èkqokad jkf'k èkqokad jkf'k èkqokad jkf'k èkqokad
es"k 10 ddZ 5 rqyk 20 edj 14
o`"k 6 flag 8 o`f'pd 6 dqaHk 3
feFkqu 20 dU;k 2 èkuq 10 ehu 4
rkfydk & 2-2
ftl&ftl jkf'k esa xzg gksa] muds èkzqokadksa dks tksM+ nsaA bl izdkj tks ;ksx vk;sxk og tkrd dh èkzqokad vk;q dgyk;sxhA
2-2-4 dsUnzk;q
dsUnzksa esa jkf'k;ksa ds vadksa dk ;ksx djds mldks 3 ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gSA blds i'pkr~ gj.k djus gsrq dsanz esa ftl jkf'k esa Øwj xzg eaxy] 'kfu ;k jkgq fLFkr gks]
ml jkf'k ds vad dks xq.kuQy esa ls ?kVk fn;k tkrk gSA tks 'ks"k cprk gS og dsUnzk;q gksrh gSA[101]
2-2-5 dsUnz&f=dks.kk;q
pkjksa dsanzksa rFkk nksuksa f=dks.kksa] dqy 6 LFkkuksa esa ftu Hkkoksa esa xzg gksa mudh jkf’k;ksa ds vadksa dks tksM+ nsaA vc lHkh 6 Hkkoksa dh jkf’k;ksa ds vadksa dks Hkh mlesa tksM+ nsaA
og tkrd dh dsanz&f=dks.k vk;q gksxhA[102]
2-2-6 ujkdkj vk;q
lw;Z u{k= ls tUe u{k= rd dh la[;k fxusaA fQj mudks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls
foHkkftr djrs gq, fxusaA iq#"k ds ftl vax ij la[;k lekIr gks tk;s mlds
lEeq[k fy[ksa] o"kks± dks tkrd dh vk;q le>uk pkfg;sA[103] vax u{k=ksa dh la[;k u{k= la[;k vk;q
eLrd 3 u{k= 1 ls 3 100 o"kZ
eq[k 3 u{k= 4 ls 6 80 o"kZ nksuksa daèks 2 u{k= ¼1&1 nksuksa rjQ½ 7 ls 8 80 o"kZ nksuksa ckgsas 2 u{k= ¼1&1 nksuksa rjQ½ 9 ls 10 77 o"kZ
ân; 5 u{k= 11 ls 15 68 o"kZ nksuksa gkFk 2 u{k= 16 ls 17 77 o"kZ
ukfHk 1 u{k= 18 oka 68 o"kZ xqnk 1 u{k= 19 oka 60 o"kZ
nksuksa ?kqVus 2 u{k= 20 ls 21 8 o"kZ iSj 6 u{k= 22 ls 27 6 o"kZ rkfydk & 2-3
2-2-7 'kfu dk xkspj }kjk vk;q
lw;Z] panz] xq# rFkk 'kfu ds Li"V jkf'k o va’kksa ¼Hkksxka'k½ dks tksM+ nsaA tks ;ksx
izkIr gksxk] ml ij tc 'kfu dk xkspj gksxk rks e`R;q dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA[104]
ml u{k= ls 10oka o 19oka u{k= Hkh vk;q ds fy, ?kkrd gksrk gSA[105]
2-2-8 tSfeuh vk;q fu.kZ;[106]
tSfeuh fofèk }kjk tkrd dh vk;q dk vk;q [kaM fudkyk tkrk gSA bl vk;q[kaM
ds vkèkkj ij gh tkrd dh vk;q dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;s vk;q[kaM ,oa vk;q
ds o"kZ fuEufyf[kr çdkj ls gSaA
vYik;q [kaM 0 ls 32 o"kZ
eè;ek;q [kaM 32 ls 68 o"kZ
nh?kkZ;q [kaM 68 ls 108 o"kZ
vk;q[kaM fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy, blesa nks&nks ds rhu lewg fuEufyf[kr çdkj ls cuk;s tkrsa gSa %
lewg & 1 yXu jkf’k gksjk yXu dh jkf'k
lewg & 2 yXus’k dh jkf'k esa fLFkfr v"Ves’k dh jkf'k esa fLFkfr
lewg & 3 'kfu dh jkf’k pUnz dh jkf'k
lkj.kh & 1
rkfydk & 2-4
¼mijksDr jkf'k ds lewg ds vkèkkj ij vk;q[akM fuèkkZfjr djuk pkfg,½
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p- èkuq edj dqaHk ehu es"k nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi o`"k eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ
feFkqu vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; ddZ nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi flag eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ dU;k vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; rqyk nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi o`f'p- eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ èkuq vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; edj nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi dqaHk eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ ehu vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; vYi nh?kZ eè; rkfydk & 2-5
;fn lHkh rhuksa lewg iw.kZ :i ls nh?kZ vk;q crk;sa rks nh?kZ vk;q gksrh gSA
;fn lHkh rhuksa lewg iw.kZ :i ls eè;e vk;q crk;sa rks eè;e vk;q gksrh gSA
;fn lHkh rhuksa lewg iw.kZ :i ls vYik;q fufnZ"V djsa rks vYi vk;q gksrh gSA
;fn de ls de nks lewg ,d gh vk;q crk;sa rks ogh vk;q [kaM gksxkA
;fn lHkh rhuksa lsV vyx&vyx vk;q [kaM crk;sa rks & panzek yXu ;k lIre esa gks rks 'kfu vkSj panz dh jkf'k ls çkIr vk;q [kaM ekuk tk;sxkA ;fn panzek yXu ;k lIre esa u gks rks yXu vkSj gksjk yXu }kjk çkIr vk;q [kaM ekuk
tk;sxkA
ftl vk;q [kaM dks geus Lohdkj fd;k gS og ftrus çdkj ls gesa çkIr gS og
fdrus çdkj ls çkIr gS mlds vkèkkj ij lkj.kh&2 dh lgk;rk ls vk;q dh d{kk
Kkr dj ysrs gSaA mnkgj.k & tSls gesa nks çdkj ls eè; vk;q çkIr gqbZ rks vk;q
d{kk iape gksxhA
lkj.kh & 2
¼vk;q[akM ij vkèkkfjr d{kk fuèkkZj.k½
fdrus çdkj ls çkIr vk;q vk;q dh d{kk fdrus çdkj ls çkIr vk;q vk;q dh d{kk fdrus çdkj ls çkIr vk;q vk;q dh d{kk
rhu çdkj ls
çkIr nh?kZ 9 rhu çdkj ls
çkIr eè; 6 rhu çdkj ls
çkIr vYi 3 nks çdkj ls
çkIr nh?kZ 8 nks çdkj ls
çkIr eè; 5 nks çdkj ls çkIr vYi 2 ,d çdkj ls
çkIr nh?kZ 7 ,d çdkj ls
çkIr eè; 4 ,d çdkj ls çkIr vYi 1 rkfydk & 2-6
vk;qdkjd
lkj.kh&1 }kjk Kkr ftl vk;q [kaM dks geus Lohdkj fd;k mlds fuekZ.k esa ftl&ftl xzg vFkkZr 'kfu] panz] yXus'k] v"Ves'k dk ç;ksx gqvk vkSj ftl&ftl jkf'k vFkkZr yXu] gksjk yXu dh jkf'k] bu lHkh dks vk;qdkjd ekuk tk;sxkA
d{kk gzkl
;fn 'kfu vk;qdkjd gks vkSj og es"k] o`f'pd] flag ;k ddZ jkf'k esa gks rks
lkj.kh&2 }kjk çkIr d{kk esa ,d d{kk dh gkfu gksxhA
d{kk o`f}
;fn xq: vk;qdkjd gks vkSj &
og yXu ;k lIre esa fLFkr gks vkSj fdlh Hkh xzg ls ;qfr ;k ¼tSfeuh½ n`f"V
lacaèk u gks vFkkZr vdsyk gks rks d{kk o`f) gksxhA
og yXu ;k lIre esa u gks vkSj vU; fdlh Hkh Hkko esa fLFkr gks vkSj fdlh
Øwj xzg ls ;qfr ;k ¼tSfeuh½ n`f"V lacaèk u gks rks d{kk o`f) gksxhA 'kqHk xzg ls lacaèk gks ldrk gSA
fo'ks"k % ;fn lkj.kh&2 }kjk vk;q d{kk 9 çkIr gks vkSj d{kk o`f) gks jgh gks
rks tkrd dh ije vk;q vFkkZr 120 o"kZ gks tk;sxhA blh çdkj ;fn lkj.kh&2
}kjk vk;q d{kk 1 çkIr gks vkSj d{kk gzkl gks jgk gks rks cgqr NksVh voLFkk esa ckykfj"V vkfn ;ksx ds dkj.k e`R;q gks tk;sxhA
vk;q ds o"kZ&ekl&fnu Kkr djuk %
tks xzg] yXu ;k gksjk yXu vk;qdkjd gksa] mu lc dh jkf'k;ksa dks NksM+dj] muds dsoy va'k vkSj feuV dks tksM+ ysaA
ftrus vk;qdkjd gSa & 2] 4 ;k 6 ls Hkkx nsaA tks va'k vkSj feuV feysa mUgsa uksV dj ysaA
Øekad 2 ls çkIr va'k feuVksa dks 30 va'k esa ls ?kVk;saA
vYi vk;q gksus ij 0&32 o"kZA eè; vk;q gksus ij 32&68 o"kZA nh?kZ vk;q gksus ij 68&108 o"kZ U;uwre o vfèkdre vk;q dk vUrjky gksxkA
Øekad 3 ls çkIr 'ks"kQy dks d{kk vUrjky ds o"kksZa ls xq.kk djsa rFkk 30 ls Hkkx nsa vFkkZr vYi vk;q gksus ij 32 ls] eè; vk;q gksus ij 36 ls rFkk nh?kZ vk;q gksus ij 40 ls xq.kk djds 30 ls Hkkx nsaA HkkxQy esa çkIr lkj.kh&2 ls
çkIr d{kk dh çkjafHkd vk;q dks tksM+ nasA ;gh tkrd dh Li"V vk;q gksxhA
d{kk 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9 dh çkjafHkd vk;q Øekuqlkj 0] 4] 8] 28] 36]
44] 56] 68] 80 gSaA
fofèk 1 & gksjk yXu
tUedkyhu ?kVh iy dks 12 ls xq.kk djsaA
xq.kuQy esa 30 ls Hkkx nsaA HkkxQy esa izkIr eku jkf'k gksxh rFkk 'ks"k va'k gksaxsA
tUe yXu fo"ke jkf'k gS rks lw;Z ds va'k dks mijksDr izkIr jkf'k o va'k esa tksM+saA
tUe yXu le jkf'k gksus ij yXu ds va'k dks mijksDr izkIr jkf'k ds va'kksa esa tksM+ nsaxsA
bl izdkj gksjk yXu izkIr gksxkA
fofèk 2 & gksjk yXu
tUedkfyd fnu dk lw;ksZn; le; uksV djsaA
tUele; uksV djsaA
nksuksa le; dk vUrj ?kaVk feuV esa fudkysaA
?kaVs iw.kZ jkf'k gks tkrs gSaA
feuVksa dks 2 ls Hkkx djsaA ;s va'k gks tkrs gSaA
;fn tUe yXu fo"ke jkf'k gks rks lw;Z ds va'k dks mijksDr izkIr jkf'k o va'kksa esa tksM+ nsaA
;fn tUe yXu le jkf'k gks rks mijksDr va'kksa dks yXu Li"V ds va'kksa esa tksM+ nsaA
bl izdkj gksjk yXu izkIr gksxkA
tSfeuh i)fr esa d{kk gzkl rFkk d{kk o`f) ¼vU; er½
d{kk gzkl
yXus’k] v"Ves’k] yXu jkf’k] panz jkf’k] gksjk yXu Lokeh bu ikapksa esa ls ;fn dksbZ Hkh dkjd 'kfu gks rks gzkl gksxkA ysfdu ;fn 'kfu Lojkf’k ;k mPp esa
gks rFkk dsoy ikixzgksa ls ;qDr ;k n`"V gks rks d{kk gkfu ugha gksxhA
c`gLifr ls dsanz Hkko esa 'kfu vkSj eaxy dh n`f"V gks ;k mijksDr LFkkuksa esa 'kfu
fLFkr gks rks d{kk gkfu gksxhA
;fn 8osa vFkok 12osa Hkko esa panz gks rks gkfu gksxhA
vkRedkjd ls 8osa Hkko esa panz gksus ij d{kk gkfu gksxhA
vkRedkjd ;k yXu ls r`rh; ;k ,dkn'k LFkku nksuksa esa pj jkf'k gks rks nh?kkZ;q]
fLFkj jkf'k gks rks eè;e vk;q vkSj f}LoHkko jkf'k gks rks vYik;q gksxhA
;fn yXu jkf’k] panz jkf’k ;k vkRedkjd dh jkf’k esa 'kfu fLFkr gks tk;s rks
d{kk gkfu gksxhA
vkRedkjd] yXu ;k panzek ls 6] 8 ;k 12 osa Hkko esa ;fn 'kfu gks rks d{kk gkfu gksxhA
;fn yXus’k ;k lIres’k ds lkFk 'kfu ;qfr djs rks d{kk gkfu gksxhA
yXu ;k lIre Hkko iki drZjh esa gks ;k muls v'kqHk xzg f=dks.k esa gksa rks ,d d{kk dk gzkl gksxkA
v'kqHk xzg dsUnz esa gksaA ;fn pUnzek Hkh dsUnz esa gks rc d{kk gzkl vo'; gksxkA
pUnzek v"Ve Hkko esa gks] ;fn ;g pUnzek cyghu gks rc vk;q dk nksxquk gzkl gksrk gSA
d{kk o`f)
;fn yXu ;k lIre Hkko esa c`gLifr fLFkr gks rFkk dsoy 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V ;k ;qDr gks rFkk iki xzgksa ls n`"V u gks rks d{kk o`f) gksxhA
v'kqHk xzg 3] 6] 11 osa Hkko esa gksaA
xq:] 'kqØ] cqèk vkSj 'kfu 8osa Hkko esa gksaA
tc yXus'k] v"Ves'k vkSj 'kfu cyh gksaA
pUnz ihfM+r u gksA
yXus'k v"Ve Hkko esa gksA
;fn vkRedkjd ds lkFk vFkok mlls lIre Hkko esa vFkok blls f=dks.k esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks 1 d{kk dh o`f) gksrh gSA
2-2-9 u{k=k;q ¼xkSjh tkrdksDr½[107]
tUedkfyd panz Li"V ds jkf'k va'kksa dks dykvksa rd cny ysaA
bu feuVksa esa 800' dk Hkkx nsdj u{k= la[;k çkIr gksxhA tks 'ks"k dyk cpsaxs os xr u{k= ds HkqDr dyk ¼feuV½ gksaxsA
vc xr u{k= ds feuVksa dks 800' esa ls ?kVkdj u{k= ds 'ks"k feuV fudky ysaxsA
'ks"k feuVksa dks ?kVh esa cnyus ds fy, 60 ?kVh ls xq.kk djsaxs ,oa 800' dk Hkkx nsaxs D;ksafd ,d u{k= 800' dk eku 60 ?kVh esa lekIr gksrk gSA
?kVh ds eku dks 4 ls xq.kk djsaxs ,oa 3 ls Hkkx nsaxsA
HkkxQy esa 40 o"kZ tksM+ nsaxsA ;gh Li"V u{k= vk;q dk eku gksxkA
2-2-10 u{k=k;q ¼izkphu er½[108]
;g fofèk mijksDr xkSjh tkrdksDr ds gh leku gSA tUe u{k= ds Li"V HkksX;kfn
?kVh dks 60 ls xq.kkdj] 12 ls iqu% xq.kk djsaA ;g xq.kuQy fnukfn gksrk gSA
bldks o"kZ esa ifjofrZr djds Li"V vk;q izkIr gksrh gSA
2-2-11 uoka’kk;q lkèku[109]
uoka’kk;q esa xzgksa ds xq.kd bl izdkj gSa %
xzg vk;q xzg vk;q xzg vk;q
lw;Z 05 o"kZ cqèk 09 o"kZ 'kqØ 16 o"kZ
panz 21 o"kZ xq# 10 o"kZ 'kfu 04 o"kZ
eaxy 07 o"kZ
lkèku fofèk
rkfydk & 2-7
xzg Li"V dks n'keyo fMxzh esa cny ysaA
xzg Li"V esa ls ijeksPp va'k ?kVk;saA
;g eku xzg dk dsanz gksrk gSA
dsanz ds Hkqt dh x.kuk djus ds fy;s fu;e bl izdkj gSa &
dsanz ;fn 90° ls de gks rks og Lo;a gh Hkqt gksrk gSA
;fn dsanz 90°- 180° ds chp gks rks mls 180° esa ls ?kVkuk pkfg;sA
;fn dsanz 180°- 270° ds chp gks rks dsanz esa ls 180° ?kVk;saA
;fn dsanz 270°- 360° ds chp gks rks dsanz dks 360° esa ls ?kVkuk pkfg;sA
vFkkZr Hkqt dk eku 90° ls de gh gksuk pkfg;sA
Hkqt dks 90° esa ls ?kVk;sa rks ^dksfV* izkIr gksrk gSA
dksfV dks n'keyo ds va'kksa esa cnydj xzg ds xq.kd ls xq.kk djsaA
xq.kuQy dks iqu% 4 ls xq.kk djsaA xq.kuQy fnuksa dh la[;k esa vk;q gksxhA
uksV &
fofèk 1 esa fn;k x;k dsanz ;fn edj ls feFkqu ds chp vkrk gS rks xzg ds xq.kd esa 3 dk xq.kk djds Øekad 5 ls izkIr vk;q dks ?kVk;saA ;g eè; vk;q uoka'kk;q gksxhA
fofèk 1 esa fn;k x;k dsanz ;fn ddZ ls èkuq ds chp iM+s rks xzg xq.kd dk (½) Hkkx Øekad 5 ls izkIr vk;q esa tksM+saA ;g eè; vk;q uoka'kk;q gksxhA
vUr esa rhuksa pØk)Zkfn gkfu djsaA izkIr vk;q Li"V vk;q gksxhA dksbZ Hkj.k ugha gksxkA
2-2-12 izØekuqxrk;q lkèku[110]
;g fofèk uoka’kk;q lkèku ds leku gSA vUrj flQZ ,d txg vkrk gSA og bl izdkj gS &
;fn xzg dk dsanz ddZ jkf’k ls èkuq jkf’k ds chp vkrk gS rks xzg ds xq.kd dk vkèkk djds iwoZ uoka’kk;q çkIr o"kks± esa tksM+k tkrk gSA ;g fu;e leku gSaA
;fn xzg dk dsanz edj ls feFkqu jkf’k ls èkuq jkf’k ds chp vkrk gS rks xzg ds xq.kd esa 3 dh ctk; 2 ls xq.kk djds mlesa ls izkIr uoka’kk;q dks ?kVk;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj eè;e izØekuqxrk;qnkZ; izkIr gks tkrh gSA bl vk;q esa gj.k laLdkj djus ij Li"V vk;q izkIr gksrh gSA
2-2-13 pØk;q lkèku[111]
tUe le; xzg ds u{k= dh orZeku pj.k la[;k uksV djsaA
tUe le; xzg dh xr u{k= la[;k dks uksV djsaA
xr u{k= la[;k dks rhu ls Hkkx nsdj HkkxQy dks NksM+ nsa vkSj 'ks"k dks 4 ls xq.kk djsasA
mijksDr xq.kuQy eku esa Øekad 1 ls çkIr] u{k= ds pj.k la[;k dks tksM+ nsaA
tks la[;k izkIr gksxh] ogh ml xzg }kjk çkIr Li"V pØk;q gksxh A
vUr esa lHkh lkrksa xzgksa }kjk çnÙk vk;q gksxhA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] uoeka’k dqaMyh esa lkrksa xzg tks ftl jkf’k esa fLFkr gS] ml jkf’k
la[;k dks tksM+us ls tks la[;k izkIr gksxh] og Li"V pØk;q izkIr gksxhA
2-2-14 eè;ek;q o eaMyk;q lkèku[112]
v"VdoxZ i)fr ls lHkh xzgksa ¼lw;Z ls 'kfu½ dk ;ksx fiaM fudkysaA
;ksx fiaM esa 7 dk xq.kk djds 27 ls Hkkx nsaA
27 ds xq.kd vk;q dks rc rd ckgj djsa tc rd 'ks"kQy 27 ;k 27 ls de u gks tk;sA
;gh xzg }kjk çnÙk eaMy vk;q gksxhA
lHkh xzgksa dh eaMy 'kq)k;q ij fuEu çdkj ls gj.k laLdkj djsaA
gj.k laLdkj
1@2 Hkkx dk gj.k
tc nks ;k nks ls vfèkd xzg ,d jkf'k esa gksa rks çR;sd xzg dh vk;q ls 1@2 Hkkx
gj.k gks tk;sxkA
tc xzg uhp jkf'k esa ;k vLr gksA
1@3 Hkkx dk gj.k
tc xzg 'k=q jkf'k esa gksA
tc xzg ;q) esa ijkLr gksA
tc xzg lw;Z ;k pUnz xzg.k ls ihfM+r gksA
pØiFk gj.k
fi.Mk;q ds leku gksxkA
Øwjksn; gj.k
;fn dksbZ ikih xzg ¼lw;Z] eaxy] 'kfu½ lkrosa ls 12osa Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks Øe'k%
1@6] 1@5] 1@4] 1@3] 1@2] iw.kZ vk;q dk Hkkx dk gj.k gks tkrk gSA
uksV %
xzg ds nks gj.k gksus ij vfèkd okyk gj.k yasxsA nwljs gj.k dks NksM+ nsaxsA
dksbZ Hkj.k ugha gksxkA
Øwjksn; gj.k ugha gksxkA
;fn dksbZ 'kqHk xzg ¼xq#] 'kqØ] panz] cqèk½ lIre ls 12osa Hkko ds chp fLFkr gks rks
Øe'k% mldh izkIr vk;q esa ls Øe'k% 1/12, 1/10, 1/8, 1/6, 1/4, 1/2 Hkkx vk;q dk
gj.k gks tkrk gSA
2-2-15 va'kk;q[113]
;fn yXu dk "kM~cy 6 va'kksa ls vfèkd gks rks va'kk;q fofèk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA ,d uoka'k ,d o"kZ dh vk;q çnku djrk gSA
fofèk
xzgksa rFkk yXu ds lEiw.kZ fuj;.k Hkksxka'k dks feuVksa esa cnysaaaA
muesa ls izR;sd dk 200* ¼1 uoka'k½ ls Hkkx djsaA
12 ds xq.kd dks rc rd ckgj fudkysa tc rd 'ks"kQy 12 ;k 12 ls de u gks tk;sA
çkIr ifj.kke çR;sd xzg vkSj yXu çnÙk vk;q gksxhA
bl çkIr dk fi.Mk;q ds leku igys Hkj.k fQj gj.k gksrk gSA
rhuksa gj.k laLdkj djsaA Øwjksn; gj.k ugha gksxkA gj.k ds fy;s Hkj.k ds i'pkr~ okyh vk;q yh tk;sxhA
bl x.kuk esa yXu ls Hkh vk;q çkIr gks jgh gSA vr% fi.Mk;q dh rjg vyx ls yXuk;q ugha tksM+saxsA
Hkj.k laLdkj
;fn xzg mPp jkf'k ;k oØh gS] rks xzg dh vk;q 3 xquk gks tkrh gSA ;fn xzg
Lojkf'k ;k uoka'k ;k nzs"dk.k esa Lojkf'k esa gks ;k uoka'k esa oxksZÙke gks rc vk;q
dks 2 ls xq.kk djsaA
uksV % ,d xzg ds fy;s ,d gh Hkj.k ysaxsA tks vfèkd vk;q nsxk mls ysdj nwljs
Hkj.k dks NksM+ nsaxsA
2-2-16 fi.Mk;q ¼xzgk;q½[114]
xzg vius ije mPp va'k ij ijek;q izkIr djrs gSa rFkk ije uhp va'k ij viuh
ije vk;q dh vkèkh vk;q izkIr djrs gSaA mPp vkSj uhp ds chp xzg vk;q dk
vkdyu vuqikr ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
fi.Mk;q rkfydk
xzg mPpka'k vk;q ¼o"kZ½ mPpka'k ij vk;q ¼o"kZ½ uhpka'k ij
& 2-8
fofèk %
xzg dh jkf'k vkSj Hkksxka'k dks n'keyo fMxzh esa cny ysaA
xzg ds Hkksxka'k esa ls xzg ds mPpka'k dks ?kVk;saA ;fn ?kVkuk laHko u gks rks xzg
ds Hkksxka'k esa 360 va'k tksM+dj ?kVk;saA ;g vk;q dk pki dgykrk gSA
;fn vk;q pki dk eku 180 va'k ls de gks rks bls 360 va'kksa esa ls ?kVk;saA
;fn vk;q pki dk eku 180 va'k ls vfèkd gks rks ,sls gh jgus nsaA
vc la'kksfèkr pki dks xzg dh iw.kkZ;q ls xq.kk djds 360 ls Hkkx nsaA ;g xzg
dh eè;e fi.Mk;q gksxhA lHkh xzgksa dh eè;e fi.Mk;q dks tksM+ nsaA
vUr esa fu;ekuqlkj Øe'k% pØiFk gj.k] vLraxr gj.k] 'k=q{ks= gj.k djsaA
;fn yXu esa dksbZ iki xzg tSls eaxy] 'kfu vkSj lw;Z gksa rks fu;ekuqlkj]
Øwjksn; gj.k Hkh djsaA
'kfq)dj.k
izkIr vk;q dk 'kqf)dj.k ¼gj.k½ pkj izdkj ls fd;k tk,xkA vk;q esa gzkl ;k gj.k
fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls gksrk gS %
1- pØiFk gj.k 2- vLraxr gj.k 3- 'k=q{ks= gj.k 4- Øwjksn; gj.k yXu ds lkrosa Hkko ls ckjgosa Hkko rd cSBs xzgksa ij gh ;g la'kksèku gksrk gS vFkkZr~ tks xzg izdk'k i{k esa gksa mUgha dk la'kksèku fd;k tk;sxkA vk;q gzkl dk fuèkkZj.k]
Hkko] xzg dh 'kqHkrk ;k v'kqHkrk ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA vk;q gzkl uhps nh xbZ
rkfydk ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
Hkko 12oka 11oka 10oka 9oka 8oka 7oka v'kqHk iw.kZ 1@2 1@3 1@4 1@5 1@6 'kqHk
rkfydk & 2-9
uksV %
;fn fdlh Hkko esa ,d ls vfèkd xzg gksa] rks tks lokZfèkd cyh xzg gS] mldk gh gj.k gksxkA "kM~cy ds vkèkkj ij xzg dk cy fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA 'kh?kzrk ls fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy;s] ftl xzg ds Hkksxka'k vfèkd gSa] mldks gh cyh eku ysaA
jkgq vkSj dsrq dks x.kuk esa ugha fy;k tkrk gS] ;fn fdlh xzg ds lkFk jkgq ;k dsrq gSa rc ml xzg dks vdsyk xzg eku dj x.kuk djrs gSaA
cqèk] panzek] 'kqØ vkSj c`gLifr lnSo gh 'kqHk ekus tk;saxsA
lw;Z] eaxy vkSj 'kfu v'kqHk xzg gSaA
vk;q gzkl xzg }kjk iznÙk dqy vk;q ds vuqikr esa gh gksrk gSA
vLraxr gj.k ¼1@2 gj.k½
bl gj.k dk iz;ksx rc gh gksrk gS tc xzg vLr gks ;kfu lw;Z ds fudV gksA uhps
nh x;h rkfydk ds vuqlkj gh lw;Z ds fudV dh og fMfxz;ka ftuds vUrxZr xzg
vLr gksrs gSa] fopkj.kh; gSaA
xzg panz eaxy cqèk 'kqØ c`gLifr 'kfu
ekxhZ voLFkk 12° 17° 14° 10° 11° 15°
oØh voLFkk 12° 8° rkfydk & 2-10
vLr xzg }kjk iznÙk dqy vk;q esa ls vkèkh vk;q dk gzkl gksrk gSA
uksV %
'kqØ vkSj 'kfu ij ;g gzkl ykxw ugha gksrk gSA
;fn ,d ls vfèkd xzg vLr gks jgs gSa] rc nksuksa ¼leLr½ vLr xzgksa dk gzkl gksxkA
'k=q {ks= gj.k ¼1@3 gj.k½
dksbZ xzg tc 'k=q jkf'k esa gksrk gS rc mlds }kjk iznÙk vk;q dk 1@3 Hkkx gj.k
gks tkrk gSA
xzg lw;Z panz eaxy cqèk c`gLifr 'kqØ 'kfu
'k=q 'kqØ cqèk panz cqèk panz panz 'kfu 'kqØ lw;Z lw;Z eaxy
rkfydk & 2-11
uksV % fdlh Hkh oØh xzg dk 'k=q{ks= gj.k ugha gksrk gSA
Øwjksn; gj.k ¼Øwj & mn;½
;fn yXu esa dksbZ iki xzg vFkkZr~ eaxy] 'kfu vkSj lw;Z mn; gks jgk gks] rc ;g
gj.k ykxw gksrk gSA jkgq ;k dsrq dk foospu ugha gksrk gSA blds fy;s dqN vU; fu;e fuEu gSa %
;fn yXu esa dsoy 'kqHk xzg gSa] rc ;g gj.k ugha gksxkA
;fn yXu esa ,d ls vfèkd iki xzg gSa] rc tks xzg yXu ds Hkksxka'k ds lcls lehi gksxk] flQZ mldk gh gj.k gksxkA
;fn yXu esa 'kqHk vkSj iki xzg nksuksa gh fefJr :i ls gSa] vkSj yXu ds Hkksxka'k ds lcls lehi 'kqHk xzg gS] rc dksbZ gj.k ugha gksxk] ijarq yXu ds Hkksxka'k ds
lcls lehi v'kqHk xzg gS rks lehi okys v'kqHk xzg dk gh 1@2 gj.k gksxkA
;fn iki xzg tks fd yXu esa gS vkSj dksbZ 'kqHk xzg ls n`"V gks rc Hkh vkèkk
gj.k gksxkA
;fn yXus'k iki xzg gS vkSj og Lo;a gh yXu esa fojkteku gS] rc gj.k ugha
gksxkA
uksV % bl i)fr esa lHkh gj.k xzg iznÙk vk;q ij gh yxkus pkfg;sA
Øwjksn; gj.k dh x.kuk
yXu ds Hkksxka'k dks ¼jkf'k NksM+dj½ feuV esa cny ysaA
ftl xzg ds dkj.k gj.k gks jgk gS] mlds }kjk iznÙk dqy vk;q dks feuV esa
cnys x;s Hkksxka'k ls xq.kk djsaA
bldks 21600 ls Hkkx nsaA izkIr ifj.kke Øwjksn; gj.k gSA ;fn dksbZ 'kqHk xzg
yXu ls lacafèkr gS rks ¼mijksDr 3 vkSj 4 ds vuqlkj½ ;g ?kV dj vkèkk gks
tk;sxkA bl izkIr gj.k dks dqy iznÙk vk;q ls ?kVk dj 'kq) vk;q izkIr djsaxsA
bl izdkj ds gj.k ls x.kuk djus ds ckn blesa yXu vk;q] ;kfu yXu ds }kjk
iznÙk vk;q tksM+ nsaxsA
yXu vk;q lkèku
yXu dh jkf'k] va'k o feuV uksV djsaA jkf'k;ksa dk ifjR;kx djsa rFkk va'kksa dks
feuVksa esa cnysaA
yXu ftrus uoka'k ij fLFkr gS mrus o"kZ vk;q iznku djsxhA yXu }kjk vk;q Kkr
djus ds fy, yXu ds feuVksa dk 200 ls Hkkx djsa D;ksafd 1 uoka'k 3°20* ¼200*½ gSA
2-2-17 fulxkZ;q lkèku[115]
tc dq.Myh esa panzek lcls cyh ¼"kM~cy esa½ gks rc gh ;g i)fr ykxw gksrh gSA
bl i)fr esa ije mPp ij xzgksa }kjk iznŸk dqy vk;q fuEufyf[kr gS %
lw;Z panz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu
& 2-12
fi.Mk;q ds leku gh ije uhp ij xzg vius }kjk mPp iznŸk vk;q dk vkèkk nsrk
gS vU;Fkk x.kuk dh i)fr] fi.Mk;q dh x.kuk ds leku gh gSA izlaxo'k ;fn ge
ns[ksa rks xzgksa }kjk iznŸk vk;q vkSj uSlfxZd n'kk tks fd panzek ls vkjaHk gksrh gS] ds o"kZ Hkh leku gh gSaA uSlfxZd n'kk dk Øe panz] eaxy] cqèk] 'kqØ] c`gLifr] lw;Z
vkSj 'kfu gksrk gSA
2-2-18 thok;q[116]
iw.kZ thou ds fy;s 120 o"kZ dk le; j[kk x;k gS] vFkkZr iw.kkZ;qA buds vuqlkj
leLr xzg cjkcj :i esa gh vk;q çnku djrs gSa vFkkZr ije mPpka'k ij 120@7
vFkkZr 17-14 o"kZ çnku djrk gS vkSj vius ije uhpka'k ij vkèkh vk;q çnku djrk
gSA jkgq dsrq dksbZ vk;q ugha nsrs gSaA x.kuk i)fr fi.Mk;q ds leku gh gSA
2-2-19 feJk;q[117]
va'kk;q] fulxkZ;q o fi.Mk;q dk ;ksx djds rhu ls Hkkx nsa vFkkZr~ bu rhuksa fofèk ls izkIr vk;q dk vkSlr ysdj tks vk;q izkIr gksxh og feJk;q dgykrh gSA ;fn
lw;Z] panz o yXu esa ls dksbZ nks ;k rhuksa cyh gksa rks feJk;q dk lkèku fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
2-2-20 jf'e vk;q[118]
;g fofèk Hkh fulxkZ;q o fi.Mk;q fofèk ds leku gh gSA ysfdu blds jf'e xq.kd
;k vk;q dss ijeksPp va'k ij o"kZ fHkUu gSaA os bl izdkj gSa %
lw;Z panz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu 16 20 01 09 08 09 25
rkfydk & 2-13
mijksDr vk;q o"kks± dk iz;ksx djrs gq, tks vk;q izkIr gksxh bu ij Hkj.k ykxw ugha
gksaxs ijarq iwoZor~ pkjksa gj.k ykxw gksaxs rFkk yXuk;q Hkh ugha tksM+uk gSA
2-2-21 u{k=k;q[119]
u{k=k;q lkèku Hkh fi.Mk;q lkèku fofèk ds leku gh gksxh ijarq bu ij Hkj.k ykxw ugha gksaxs fdarq iwoZor~ pkjksa gj.k ykxw gksaxs rFkk yXuk;q Hkh ugha tksM+uk gSA xzgksa
ds xq.kd nwljs gksaxs] os bl izdkj gS %
xzg lw;Z panz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu jkgq dsrq
xq.kd 06 10 07 17 16 20 19 18 07 rkfydk & 2-14
2-2-22 fHkUuk;q lkèku[120] ¼nwljh fofèk½
xzg ds ;ksx fi.M esa 30 ls Hkkx nsaA izkIr HkkxQy o"kks± esa izkIr vk;q gksrh gSA
12 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q vkus ij 12 ?kVk nsaA ;g eaMy 'kq)k;q gksxhA
mPp jkf’kLFk xzg gks rks eaMy 'kq)k;q dks 2 ls xq.kk djsa rks Li"V fHkUuk;q izkIr gksxhA
uhp ;k vLr xzg gks rks 2 ls Hkkx nsa rks Li"V fHkUuk;q gksxhA
;fn xzg uhp ;k vLr ds chp gks rks =Sjkf’kd fofèk ls Li"V vk;q izkIr djsaA
eaxy oØh gks rks mldh eaMy 'kq)k;q dks 2 ls xq.kk djds Li"V fHkUuk;q izkIr gksxhA
;fn xzg LoksPp jkf'kxr] mPp] ewy f=dks.k jkf'kxr] Lojkf'kxr] fe= jkf’kxr] 'kqHk ;qDr o 'kqHk n`"V gks rks mldh iwoZxr eaMy 'kq)k;q gh Li"V gksxhA
;fn xzg iki oxZ ;k 'k=q oxZ esa gks rks eaMy vk;q esa ls 1@4 dk gj.k djsaA
2-2-23 fHkUuk;q lkèku[121] ¼rhljh fofèk½
,d fuf’pr eku 2Y 1M 21D 25Gh 42 Pal gSA n'keyo esa ;g eku 2.153 yr. gksxkA bl fLFkjkad dks çR;sd xzg vkSj yXu ds fHkUuk"Vd oxZ esa v"Ve Hkko esa izkIr js[kkvksa ls xq.kk djsaA izkIr xq.kuQy o"kks± esa izkIr eè;e vk;q gksxhA
eè;ek;q esa ls (1/61) oka Hkkx ?kVk nsaA
,slk lHkh 7 xzg vkSj yXu v"VdoxZ ds fy;s djsaA lHkh 8 ekuksa dks tksM+ nsaA izkIr eku euq"; dh vk;q o"kks± esa izkIr gks tk;sxhA ;gh Li"V vk;q gksxhA
2-2-24 js[kk fcUnq ;ksx ls fHkUuk;q lkèku[122] fuEu lkj.kh dh lgk;rk ,oa js[kk fcUnq ;ksx ls vk;q dks izkIr dj vkèkk djus ls Li"V vk;q izkIr gksrh gSA ;g v"VdoxZt Li"V vk;q dgykrh gSA
js[kk;sa vk;q fcUnq vk;q js[kk;sa vk;q fcUnq vk;q
1 js[kk 1-5 d 1 fcUnq 0-25 d 5 js[kk 2-0 y 5 fcUnq 125 d
2 js[kk 0-5 d 2 fcUnq 0-5 d 6 js[kk 4-0 y 6 fcUnq 1-5 d
3 js[kk 0-5 d 3 fcUnq 0-75 d 7 js[kk 6-0 y 7 fcUnq 1-75 d
4 js[kk 7-5 d 4 fcUnq 7-5 d 8 js[kk 8-0 y 8 fcUnq 2-0 d
rkfydk & 2-15
2-2-25 leqnk;k"VdoxZ vk;[123] ¼vU; çdkj½
lw;kZfn xzgksa dh vfèkf"Br jkf’k esa tks v"Ve jkf’k gks mlesa ftruh js[kk;sa gksa] mu
lcdk ;ksx djds tks la[;k gks mldks 15 ls xq.kk vkSj 7 ls Hkkx nsaA bl izdkj
HkkxQy o"kks± esa vk;q nsrk gSA budks o"kZ] ekl] fnu vkfn esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs
gSaA
2-3 xkspj vk;q
'kkfyuh èkLekuk ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½ ds vuqlkj tkrd ds nsgkolku ds le; xzgksa ds
xkspj dh fLFkfr fuEu izdkj ls crk;h gSA[124]
2-3-1 'kfu dk xkspj
'kfu tc tUe pUnz ;k mlls v"Ve Hkko ;k }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj djs rks
e`R;q lEHko gSA
'kfu tUe yXu ds 'kfu ls izFke iape ;k uoe~ ij xkspj djsA
'kfu tc pUnzek ls izFke] iape o uoe~ ij xkspj djsA
'kfu pUnz jkf'k Lokeh ls izFke] iape o uoe~ ij xkspj djsA
'kfu tc 22osa ns"dk.k ds Lokeh ij ls xkspj djsA
'kfu tc yXu Lokeh ij ls xkspj djsA
'kfu tc v"Ve Hkko ij ls Lokeh ij ls xkspj djsA
'kfu xqfyd ij ls xkspj djsA
'kfu lw;Z ls "k"B ;k v"Ve Hkko ls xkspj djsA
'kfu "k"B] v"Ve rFkk O;; bu rhuksa ds Lokeh xzgksa ds Li"V jk';kfn ds ;ksx
rqY; jkf'k ij vFkok mlls uoe~] iape ij xkspj djs rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
yXus'k] xqfyd rFkk 'kfu rhuksa ds Hkksxka'kksa dk ;ksx djus ij tks Hkksxka'k vk;s ml ij 'kfu xkspj djs rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
vk;q fu.kZ; esa 'kfu xzg ds xkspj dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA
2-3-2 c`gLifr dk xkspj
c`gLifr tc yXu ls xkspj djsA
c`gLifr v"Ves'k ij ls xkspj djsA
c`gLifr pUnz jkf'k ls xkspj djsA
c`gLifr 22osa nzs"dk.k ij ls xkspj djsA
c`gLifr 64osa uoka'k ij xkspj djsA
c`gLifr jkgq ij xkspj djsA
v"Vd oxZ }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; djrs gq, 'kksèk ds iwoZ 'kfu ds v"Ve oxZ esa xq# ds }kjk vfèk—r jkf'k ds fcUnqvksa dks 'kfu ds 'kksè; fi.M ls xq.kk djsaA xq.kuQy dks 12 ls Hkkx nsaA 'ks"k la[;k dh es"k ls x.kuk djus ij tks jkf'k izkIr gksrh gS ml jkf'k vFkok mldh f=dks.k jkf'k;ksa ij xq# dk xkspj gksrk gS rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
2-3-3 lw;Z dk xkspj
;fn lw;Z tUe jkf'k vFkok lkrosa] vkBosa o ckjgosa Hkko ij xkspj djs rFkk 'ks"k xzg ¼ekjds'k vkfn dh n'kkUrnZ'kk½ izfrdwy gksa rks ¼e`R;q dk ekl tkuus ds fy,½ lw;Z dk xkspj ekjd gksrk gSA
;fn lw;Z v"Ve Hkko ds Lokeh ij xkspj djs rks Hkh e`R;q ds ekl dk ladsr
feyrk gSA
2-3-4 pUnzek dk xkspj
pUnzek dk xkspj lw{e gksus ds dkj.k ;g e`R;q ds fnuksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gS rFkk
tc pUnzek v"Ve Hkko ;k v"Ves'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
egf"kZ vHk; dkR;k;u ¼tkrdns'kekxZ%½ ds vuqlkj e`R;q ds le; xzgksa ds xkspj dh
fLFkfr fuEu izdkj ls gSA[125]
tUedkyhu 'kfu jkf’k ls "k"B] v"Ve] izFke] iape o uoe~ Hkkoksa ij xq# dk
xkspj gksus ij tkrd dh e`R;q lEHko gSA
'kfu Li"V] xqfyd Li"V rFkk xq# Li"V bu rhuksa ds jk’;kfn va'kksa ds tksM+ dks 12 ls Hkkx nsdj ¼;fn og 12 jkf'k;ksa ls vfèkd gS½ 'ks"k jk’;kfn va'kksa ij
tc xq# xkspj djs rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
ftl xzg ds xkspj lapkj esa ej.kdkyhu jk’;kfn tkuuk gks] mlds tUedkyhu
Li"V jk’;kfn dks dyk esa ifjofrZr djsaA blds fy;s va’kksa esa 60 dk xq.kk
rFkk jkf’k;ksa esa 1800 dk xq.kk djus ls dyk,a izkIr gks tkrh gSaA bUgha esa xzg dh dyk tksM+ nsaA bu dykvksa dks nks LFkkuksa ij vyx fy[ksaA izFke LFkku dh dykvksa esa 2400 dk Hkkx nsa] yfCèk dks R;kx nsa rFkk 'ks"k esa f}rh; LFkku esa j[kh dyk la[;k ls xq.kk djsa] xq.kuQy esa 21600 ¼,d o"kZ esa lw;Z dh dyk½ dk Hkkx nsa] tks yfCèk izkIr gks] mlds jk’;kfn cuk ysaA tc mu jk’;kfn ij
xkspj Hkze.k esaa og xzg igqapsxk] rc e`R;q gksxhA
;fn tUe ds le; dk lw;Z pj jkf'k;ksa ¼es"k] ddZ] rqyk] edj½ esa fLFkr gks]
rks mlds }kn'kka'k jkf'k ls f=dks.k jkf'k esa lw;Z ds xkspj esa igaqpus ij ij
e`R;q lEHko gSA
;fn tUedkyhu lw;Z fLFkj jkf'k;ksa ¼o`"k] flag] o`f'pd] dqEHk½ esa gks] rks tUe
yXu ls v"Ves'k dh uoka'k jkf'k esa ;k blls f=dks.k jkf'k esa e`R;q lEHko gSA
;fn tUedkfyd lw;Z f}LoHkko jkf'kxr ¼feFkqu] dU;k] èkuq] ehu½ gks] rks tUe
dq.Myh esa yXus'k ftl jkf'k esa gks] ml jkf'k esa lw;Z dk xkspj Hkze.k gksus ij
e`R;q gksrh gSA
v"Ves'k ftl uoka'k esa gks] ml jkf'k ls izk.k jkf'k ¼v"Ve jkf'k½ dk Lokeh xzg ftl jkf'k esa cSBk gks] ml jkf'k esa tc xkspj dk lw;Z igqaprk gS] rc e`R;q gksrh gSA
tUedkyhu pUnzkfèkf"Br jkf'k esa vFkok mlls lIre] v"Ve o }kn'k jkf'k esa lw;Z dk xkspj Hkze.k gksus ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
tUedkyhu lw;Z jkf'k ij pUnzek dk xkspj e`R;q dkjd gSA
pUnz Li"V] 'kfu Li"V o xqfyd Li"V ds ;ksx ij ls pUnzek dk xkspj e`R;q dkjd gSA
tUe yXu ls pkSlBosa uoka'k ij pUnzek e`R;q dkjd gSA
MkW- lqjs'k pUnz feJ th us vkpk;Z eqdqUn nSoK ioZrh; —r ^vk;qfuZ.kZ;%* dh O;k[;k
djrs gq, tkrd ds nsgkolku ds le; xkspj ds xzgksa dh fLFkfr fuEu izdkj ls crk;h gSA[126]
xqfyd] lw;Z ,oe~ yXu bu rhuksa ds Li"V jk';kfn dks tksM+dj tks jkf'k vk,]
ml jkf'k dk Lokeh ftl jkf'k esa fLFkr gks] ml jkf'k esa xkspj ls tc xq#
Hkze.k djs rc euq";ksa dh e`R;q lEHko gS vFkok bu rhuksa xqfydkfn;ksa dh ;ksx
jkf'k dk Lokeh ftl jkf'k esa gks mlls f=dks.k jkf'k;ksa esa tc xkspj esa c`gLifr vk, rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
yXu ds Lokeh ds Li"V jk';kfn esa jk';kfn Li"V ;e?k.Vd dks ?kVkdj 'ks"k cps jkf'k;ksa esa ;k ml jkf'k ds uoka'k esa tc c`gLifr xkspj djs rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
xqfyd ds Li"V jk';kfn esa ls 'kfu ds Li"V jk';kfn dks ?kVkdj 'ks"k jkf'k esa ;k ml jkf'k dh uoka'k jkf'k esa vFkok ml jkf'k ls f=dks.k jkf'k esa tc xkspj
Hkze.k djrk gqvk 'kfu vk, rks e`R;q gksrh gSA
xqfyd] yXu ,oe~ lw;Z ds Li"V jk';kfn ;ksx dh jkf'k ds Lokeh dh vfèkf"Br jkf'k ij tc xq# dk xkspj gks rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
xqfydkfn rhuksa dh ;ksx jkf'k ds Lokeh }kjk tks jkf'k vfèkf"Br gks] mlls ikapoha ;k uoha jkf'k esa xq# ds vkus ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
yXus'k esa ls Li"V ;e?k.Vd dks ?kVkus ls 'ks"k cph jkf'k ;k ml jkf'k ds uoka'k esa xq# ds vkus ij rks e`R;q lEHko gSA -yXus'k esa ls Li"V ;e?k.Vd dks ?kVkus ls 'ks"k cph jkf'k ;k ml jkf'k ds uoka'k esa xq# ds vkus ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
xqfyd Li"V esa ls 'kfu Li"V ?kVkus ij 'ks"k jkf'k esa vFkok 'ks"k jkf'k dh uoka'k
jkf'k esa 'kfu dk xkspj gks rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
mDr 'ks"k jkf'k ls iape o uoe jkf'k;ksa esa 'kfu dk xkspj gksus ij e`R;q le; gksrk gSA
èkwe] O;frikr] ifjos"k] bUnzpki ,oe~ èot ds Li"V jk';kfn ;ksx esa tks jkf'k
gks mlesa ;k ml jkf'k ds nzs"dk.k esa tc xkspj ls 'kfu vk, rks euq";ksa dh
e`R;q lEHko gSA
yXu] pUnzek ,oe~ xqfyd ds jk';kfn Li"V ds ;ksx ds leku tks jkf'k gks]
mlesa vFkok bu rhuksa ds ;ksx ds va'kksa ds rqY; va'kksa esa lw;Z ds vkus ij euq";ksa dh e`R;q dguh pkfg,A
xqfyd ds Li"V jk';kfn ,oa 'kfu ds Li"V jk';kfn dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd 9 ls xq.kk dj] nksuksa xq.kuQyksa ds ;ksxQy ds rqY; jkf'k esa vFkok mlds uoka'k esa tc xkspj ls 'kfu vkrk gS rc e`R;q dk le; lEHko gSA
"k"B] v"Ve ,oe~ O;; bu rhuksa LFkkuksa ds Lokeh xzgksa ds Li"V jk';kfn ds ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa vFkok bl jkf'k ls f=dks.k jkf'k;ksa esa xkspj ls tc 'kfu vk, rc e`R;q gksrh gSA
èkwekfn ikapksa vizdk'k xzgksa ds ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa 'kfu vkrk gS rks e`R;q lEHko gSA
èkwekfn ikapksa vizdk'k xzgksa ds ;ksx rqY; nzs"dk.k esa 'kfu ds vkus ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
xqfyd dh }kn'kka'k jkf'k esa 'kfu ds vkus ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
"k"Bs'k] v"Ves'k ,oe~ O;;s'k ds jk';kfn Li"V ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa vFkok bl ;ksx jkf'k ls f=dks.k jkf'k;ksa esa 'kfu ds vkus ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
ftl jkf'k ds uoka'k esa xqfyd gks ml jkf'k ij xkspj ds xq# ds vkus ij e`R;q
lEHko gSA
yXu] pUnzek ,oe~ xqfyd ds Li"V jk';kfn ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa lw;Z ds vkus
ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
pUnzek ,oe~ xqfyd ds Li"V jk';kfn ds ;ksxQy rqY; jkf'k esa pUnzek vkus
ij e`R;q lEHko gSA
xqfyd ,oe~ yXu ds ;ksxQy rqY; jkf'k ;k uoka'k jkf'k ds ekl esa e`R;q dguh pkfg,A
yXu] lw;Z ,oe~ ekfUn ds jk';kfn ds Lokfe;ksa dh jkf'k ds ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa vFkok bl jkf'k ls f=dks.k jkf'k esa xq# ds vkus ij e`R;q gksrh gSA
Li"V yXus'k esa ls Li"V ;e?k.Vd dks ?kVkdj tks jkf'k o uoka'k vk,] mlesa
c`gLifr ds vkus ij e`R;q gksrh gSA
'kfu vkSj v"Ves'k dh uoka'k jkf'k ls f=dks.k esa 'kfu vkus ij rFkk lw;Z }kjk
vfèkf"Br jkf'k ls f}rh; vkSj }kn'k ;k f=dks.k LFkku esa 'kfu vkus ij e`R;q gksrh gSA
ckbZlosa nzs"dk.k dh jkf'k ls f=dks.k esa 'kfu vkus ij euq";ksa dh e`R;q gksrh gSA
'kfu }kjk vfèkf"Br jkf'k ls tks f}rh; o }kn'k Hkko gks] muls f=dks.k esa c`gLifr vkus ij e`R;q gksrh gSA
yXus'k vkSj v"Ves'k dks ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa ;fn ikixzgksa ds lkFk c`gLifr vk, rks euq";ksa dh e`R;q gksrh gSA
2-4 n’kkxr vk;q
MkW- lqjs'kpUnz feJ th us ^y?kq ikjk'kjh* dh O;k[;k djrs gq, fuEu xzgksa dh
n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q ;ksx crk;k gSA[127]
f}rh;s’k ;k lIres’k dh n’kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
lIres’k ls la;qDr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
f}rh;s'k ls la;qDr ikih xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esaA
dsUnzs’k 'kqØ o rr~ la;qDr ikih xzg dh n'kk esaA
dsUnzs’k xq# o mlls la;qDr ikih xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
i’pkr~ O;;s’k o mlls la;qDr ikih xzg
O;;s’k la;qDr ikih xzg o O;;s'k ls lEcfUèkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
og 'kqHk xzg tks uhpkLraxr 'k=q{ks=h gksdj ekjd LFkku esa fLFkr gks mldh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
iki xzg ¼eaxy] 'kfu] jkgq] lw;Z] pUnzek rFkk iki ;qDr cqèk½ dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
v"Ves’k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
uksV % mijksDr ekjd n’kk;sa ;fn vk;q[kaM dh lekfIr ij gksaxh rks gh e`R;qdkjd gksaxh vU;Fkk vk;q[kaM ds iwoZ ls iM+us okyh n’kk@vUrnZ’kk dsoy jksx] 'kksd] d"Vkfn nsaxhA
usfepUnz 'kkL=h ¼Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k½ ds vuqlkj fuEu xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q
laHko gSA[128]
"k"Bs'k ikixzg gks ;k "k"Bs'k ikixzg jkf’k esa gks ;k ikixzg "k"Bs’k dks ns[krk gks rks "k"Bs’k dh n’kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
ekjds’k dh egkn’kk esa "k"Bs'k] v"Ves'k rFkk }kn'ks'k dh vUrnZ’kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
ekjds’k dh egkn’kk rFkk vUrnZ’kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
usfepUnzth us ekjds'k xzg fuEu izdkj ls crk;s gSa %
2-4-1 ekjds'k xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q
f}rh;s’k vkSj lIres’k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esaA
f}rh;s’k vkSj lIres’k ds lkFk cSBs iki xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esaA
f}rh; vkSj lIre Hkko esa cSBs iki xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esaA
;fn 'kfu ekjds’k ds lkFk fLFkr gS rks ekjds’k dks gVkdj 'kfu Lo;a ekjd gksxkA
}kn’ks’k ;fn iki xzg gS rks ;g ekjd gks tk;sxkA
jkgq ;k dsrq 1] 7] 8] 12 Hkko esa gksa rks ;s ekjd gksrs gSaA
o`f’pd vkSj edj yXu ds fy;s jkgq ekjd gksrk gSA
izcy v"Ves’k 3] 4] 6] 10] 12 Hkko esa gks rks ekjd gksrk gSA
v"Ves’k] yXus’k ls cyh gks rks v"Ves’k dh vUrnZ’kk ekjd gksrh gSA
'kfu "k"Bs’k ;k v"Ves’k gksdj yXus’k dks ns[krk gks rks yXus’k Hkh ekjd gks tkrk gSA
v"Ves’k lIre Hkko esa fLFkr gksdj yXu dks ns[krk gks rks ikixzg dh n’kk@ vUrnZ’kk esa v"Ves’k ekjd gksxkA
v"Ves’k prqFkZ Hkko esa 'k=q jkf’k esa gks rks v"Ves’k ekjd gksrk gSA
lw;ZdkUr >k ¼lkjkoyh½ ds vuqlkj fuEu xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk e`R;q dkjd gksrh gSA[129]
eaxy dh n’kk esa 'kfu dh vUrnZ'kk tc vkrh gS] rks nh?kZdky rd thus ;ksX; thou okys euq"; dk Hkh fu%la’k; ej.k gksrk gSA
"k"B ;k v"Ve Hkko esa fLFkr iki jkf’k esa ikixzg gks] iki xzg dh jkf’k esa fLFkr
'k=qxzg ls n`"V gksus ij vius n’kk o vUrnZ’kk esa og xzg ej.kizn gksrk gSA
yXus’k ds 'k=q dh n’kk esa yXus’k dh vUrnZ’kk ds le; euq"; dh vdLekr~ e`R;q gksrh gSA
lqjs'kpUnz feJ th us c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~ dh O;k[;k djrs gq, fuEu xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q dh laHkkouk,a crk;h gSaA [130] &
e`R;q[k.M esa yXus'k] f=dks.k ;k dsanz ds Lokfe;ksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
v"Ves’k dh n’kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
mijksDr n’kkvksa ds vfrfjDr iki xzgksa ¼lw;Z] eaxy] 'kfu o jkgq½ dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa Hkh e`R;q laHko gSA
vYik;q ;ksx esa & tUe ls rhljh n’kk ¼foir rkjk n’kk½
eè;k;q ;ksx esa & tUe ls ikapoha n’kk ¼izR;fj rkjk n’kk½
nh?kkZ;q ;ksx esa & tUe ls lkroha n’kk ¼oèk rkjk n’kk½ esa e`R;q dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
yXuxr nzs"dk.k ls 22osa nzs"dk.k dk Lokeh xzg ¼[kj nzs"dk.ks’k½ rFkk oSukf’kd
u{k=s’k dh n’kkvksa esa Hkh e`R;q laHko gksrh gSA ¼tUe u{k= esa 22 tksM+us ls
oSukf’kd u{k= izkIr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ tUe u{k= ls 23oka u{k= oSukf’kd u{k= gksrk gS½A
vkpk;Z eqdqUn nSoK ^ioZrh;* —r vk;qfuZ.kZ; dh O;k[;k esa lqjs'kpUnz feJ th us
vusd izdkj dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q dk ifjKku fuEu izdkj ls crk;k gSA[131]
1- ;fn v"Ves'k "k"B] v"Ve o }kn'k Hkko esa gks rks v"Ves'k dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
2- 'kfu dh vfèkf"Br jkf'k Lokeh dh n'kk esa] v"Ves'k dh vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
3- v"Ves'k dh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
4- v"Ves'k ls ;qDr xzg dh vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
5- yXu ls v"Ves'k v"Ve Hkko esa cSBdj pUnz dks ns[ks ;k pUnz ls v"Ve Hkko dk
Lokeh pUnzek ls v"Ve cSBdj yXu dks ns[ks rks nksuksa v"Ves'k ekjd gks tkrs
gSa rFkk budh n'kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
6- 'kfu] Øwj nzs"dk.k ¼yXu ls 22oka½ dk Lokeh] xqfyd jk'kh'k vFkok buds
vfèkf"Br uoka'k ds Lokeh vkSj jkgq esa ls tks nqcZy gksdj nq%LFkku esa fLFkr gks
mldh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk ekjd gksrh gSA
7- yXus'k ;fn jkgq ;k dsrq ls lac) ¼;qfr½ gksdj f=d LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gks rks
bldh n'kk ekjd gksrh gSA
8- v"Ves'k ;k yXus'k ls ;qDr xzg dh n'kk ekjd gksrh gSA
9- v"Ves'k ;k yXus'k dh vfèkf"Br jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kk ekjd gksrh gSA
10- e`R;q dkjd xzgksa esa ;fn igys jkgq dh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk vk, rks ekjd gksrh gSA
11- v"Ves'k] yXus'k] n'kes'k vkSj 'kfu buesa ls tks xzg fucZy gks rFkk jkgq ls ;qDr gks rks mldh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
mijksDr xzgksa dk ;fn jkgq ls lEcUèk gks rks] mldh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk ekjd gksrh gSA
ekjd xzgksa esa tks nq"V LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gks] vLraxr] uhp ;k fucZy gksrk gS og
vfèkd cyh ekjd gksxkA
;fn tUe le; v"Ves'k cyoku gks rks yXus'k dh n'kk esa mldh e`R;q gksrh gSA
iq#"kksa ds tUe le; ;fn yXus'k fucZy gks rks v"Ves'k ;k yXus'k dh n'kk ds
vkjEHk dky esa d"V vkSj nsgkolku d"V jfgr gksrk gSA ;fn yXus'k cyh gks rks v"Ves'k dh n'kk esa e`R;q lEHko gksrh gSA
v"Ves'k ,oe~ yXus'k ;fn xzg ls ;qDr gksdj f=dks.k ;k dsanz LFkkuksa esa gks rks v"Ve LFkku esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kk dky esa izk.khs e`R;q dks izkIr gksrk gSA
yXu] prqFkZ] iape] lIre] n'ke vkSj uoe~ LFkkuksa esa ;fn yXus'k rFkk v"Ves'k gksa rFkk os fdUgha xzgksa ls ;qDr gksa rks mu xzgksa esa tks lcls fucZy gksxk mldh n'kk esa e`R;q lEHko gSA
;fn fucZy v"Ves'k f=dks.k ;k dsanz esa fLFkr gks rFkk og vU; xzgksa ls ;qDr gks rks v"Ves'k dh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
;fn v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ xzg u gks] ogka ij yXuxr xzg ls e`R;q dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A
;fn yXu ;k v"Ve esa 'kfu gks rks mldh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
èkus'k o yXus'k ;fn pj jkf'k esa vkSj 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k esa gksa rks budh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
;fn yXus'k] èkus'k pj jkf'k esa rFkk 'kh"kksZn; ;k i`"Bksn; jkf'k esa gks rks mudh
n'kk ,oe~ jkgq ftl nzs"dk.k esa fLFkr gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kk esa e`R;q lEHko gSA
mijksDr xzgksa ls lEcfUèkr ¼;qfr] n`f"V½ xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa Hkh e`R;q gks ldrh gSA
;fn NBs LFkku esa yXus'k vkSj v"Ves'k gksa vkSj ;s jkgq] dsrq ;k 'kfu ls ;qDr gksa rks budh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk esa vk?kkr ls e`R;q lEHko gSA
yXus'k o jk'kh'k ;fn v"Ve ;k "k"B LFkku esa fLFkr gks vFkok v"VdoxZ esa
vYi js[kk gks rks budh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q gks ldrh gSA
yXus'k ;fn viuh uhp jkf'k esa fLFkr gksdj }kn'k LFkku ;k e`R;q LFkku esa gks rFkk yXu esa dksbZ iki xzg cSBk gks rks yXus'k dh n'kk euq"; dh e`R;q djrh gSA
;fn dksbZ xzg ;q) esa ijkftr gksdj v"Ve LFkku esa fLFkr gks rks mldh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa Hkh e`R;q lEHko gSA
yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa fLFkr gks rks mldh n'kk vUr esa e`R;q nsus okyh gksrh gSA
yXu jkf'k] tUe jkf'k] v"Ve Hkko esa fLFkr jkf'k ;k lIreLFk jkf'k js[kk jfgr gks rks bu jkf'k;ksa ds Lokeh dh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q lEHko gSA
jkf'k ds rhloka va'k esa fLFkr oØh xzg dh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
"k"B ;k v"Ve LFkku esa 'k=q dh jkf'k esa fLFkr iki xzgksa ls n`"V ;fn dksbZ iki xzg fLFkr gks rks mldh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
dksbZ xzg ;q) esa ijkftr gks rks mldh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
tUe le; ls izR;fj n'kk ;fn eaxy dh gks] "k"B n'kk c`gLifr dh] 4Fkh n'kk 'kfu dh] lkroha n'kk jkgq dh gks rks bu n'kkvksa esa e`R;q lEHko gSA
vLraxr] 'k=qjkf'kxr] uhpjkf'kxr xzg ;fn foir] izR;fj] oèk rkjk n'kk ds n'ks'k gksa rFkk fo'ks"kr;k iki xzg ls ;qDr gksa rks viuh n'kk esa e`R;q dkjd gksrs gSaA
tUe ls r`rh;] ikapoha] lkroha n'kk ds Lokeh xzg ;fn tUe ds le; vLr]
uhp jkf'kLFk ;k 'k=q{ks=h gksa rFkk iki xzg ls ;qDr gksa rks ,slh n'kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA ;fn bu n'ks'k xzgksa ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V ;k ;qfr gks rks ekjdRo de gks tkrk gSA
fNnzxzg
v"Ves’k
v"VeLFk xzg
v"Ve Hkko ij iw.kZ n`f"Vdkjd xzg
22osa nzs"dk.k dk Lokeh
v"Ves’k ds lkFk cSBk xzg
pUnzek ls 64osa uoka’k dk Lokeh
v"Ves’k dk vfr 'k=q xzg
mijksDr esa ls tks xzg lcls vfèkd cyh gksxk] mldh n’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
[kj nzs"dk.ks’k ¼22osa nzs"dk.k dk Lokeh½
xqfyd jkf’k dk Lokeh
xqfyd uoka’k dk Lokeh
'kfu
mijksDr esa ls tks lcls vfèkd Øwj gks mldh n’kk esa e`R;q gksxhA
22osa nzs"dk.k dk Lokeh] v"Ves’k] xqfyd] 'kfu rFkk jkgq vkSj bu lcds uoka’ks’k esa ls fucZyre xzg ds n’kk dky esa ;fn 'kfu d"Vizn jkf’k;ksa esa vk, rks e`R;q gks ldrh gSA
"k"B ;k v"Ve Hkko esa ikijkf’k esa fLFkr ;fn dksbZ ikixzg gks rFkk ml ij 'kqØ o lw;Z dh n`f"V gks rks og viuh n’kk esa e`R;qrqY; gksrk gSA
;fn lIres’k ykHks’k ls ;qr gks ;k n`"V gks vFkok v"Ves’k ls ;qr gks vFkok uhp jkf’k esa fLFkr v"Ves’k lIres’k dks ns[krk gks rks mldh n’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
ikixzg dh n’kk esa tc ikixzg dh vUrnZ’kk vkrh gS rks e`R;q gksrh gSA
iki jkf’k esa fLFkr iki xzgksa dks ;fn 'k=q xzg ns[krs gksa ;k 'k=q xzgksa ls ;qr gksa rks mudh n’kk esa e`R;q laHko gSA
ftl xzg dh n’kk gks] mlls 'k=q xzg tks ikih Hkh gks rks mldh vUrnZ’kk esa
e`R;q gks ldrh gSA
v"Ves’k ;fn yXu ds lkFk gks rks yXus’k dh n’kk ekjd gksrh gSA
¼r`rh;s’k o v"Ves’k½ rFkk ¼f}rh;s’k o lIres’k½ dh n’kk@vUrnZ’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
¼r`rh; o v"Ve½ rFkk ¼f}rh; o lIre½ Hkko esa fLFkr xzg dh n’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
eè;k;q ;ksxksa okys euq";ksa ds fy, ^izR;fj rkjk* dh n’kk e`R;q nsus okyh gksrh gSA
;fn lkekU; xzg dh n’kk ekjd gks rks n’kk ds izkjaHk esa gh e`R;q gksrh gSA ;fn nk#.k xzg dh n’kk ekjd gks rks n’kk ds vUr esa e`R;q le>uh pkfg,A
;fn 'kqHk xzg dh n’kk ekjd gks rks n’kk ds eè; dky esa e`R;q dk le; tkuuk pkfg,A
yXu esa tks uoka’k gks ml uoka’k ds Lokeh ls tks xzg ;qDr ,oe~ n`"V gksa muds eè; esa ftl xzg dk LFkku cy vfèkd gks mldh n’kk esa e`R;q dguh pkfg,A
vkBoka vkSj rhljk LFkku vk;q dk LFkku gksrk gSA lIre vkSj f}rh; LFkku ekjd LFkku dgykrk gSA nksuksa ekjd LFkkuksa esa ls lIre dh vis{kk f}rh; LFkku vfèkd cyh ekjd gksrk gSA vr% f}rh;s’k dh n’kk esa e`R;q dguh pkfg, vFkok tks iwoksZDr nks"kdkjd vFkkZr~ laHkkfor ekjd xzg dgs gSa] ;fn os f}rh;s’k ls ;qDr gks rks viuh n’kk esa ekjd gksrs gSa vFkok mu nks"kdkjd xzgksa esa ls tks xzg f}rh; LFkku esa fLFkr gksa] mudh n’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
;fn iwoksZDr xzgksa dh ekjdrk fdlh dq.Myh esa fl) u gks ik jgh gks rks O;;s’k dh n’kk esa e`R;q le>uh pkfg,A
;fn O;;s’k lfgr lHkh iwoksZDr ekjd xzgksa dk vHkko gks rks O;;s’k ds lEcUèkh 'kqHk xzgksa dh n’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
dgha&dgha ij ekjds’k ds vHkko esa v"Ves’k dh n’kkvksa esa ;k ikixzgksa dh n’kk esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
;fn iwoksZDr ekjd xzgksa dk cy ij Loj leku gks rks "k"Bs’k dks izèkku dkjd ekuuk pkfg,A
;fn tUe le; tkrd dh dq.Myh esa o`f’pd ;k edj jkf’k dk jkgq gks rks
ekjd gks tkrk gSA
;fn o`f’pd o edj ;s nksuksa jkf’k;ka xzgksa ls ;qDr gksa rks uoka’k ds Hksn ls ekjds’k le>uk pkfg,A
;fn ekjd xzg 'kfu ;qDr gks rks 'kfu dh n'kkUrnZ'kk ekjd gksrh gSA
;fn r`rh;s’k] "k"Bs’k] v"Ves’k o ykHks’k ds lkFk 'kfu gks rks og ekjd gksrk gSA
xqfyd ,oe~ dsrq nksuksa egkekjd ekus x, gSaA
;fn jkgq "k"B] v"Ve o }kn'k LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gks rFkk ml ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rks viuh n'kk esa d"V gksrk gSA o`f'pd o edj yXu esa tUe gks rFkk jkgq
Hkh yXu LFkku esa gh fLFkr gks rHkh jkgq dk ekjdRo ekuk gSA
tc cgqr ls ekjd xzg cyh gksa rks mudh n’kk ;k vUrnZ’kk esa jksx o d"V gksrk gSA rc mDr fLFkfr esa "k"Bs’k dh n’kk esa fu’p; gh e`R;q gksrh gSA
;fn "k"B LFkku esa cgqr ls ikixzg fLFkr gksa rks "k"Bs’k dks gh izèkku ekjd ekuk tk,xk vFkok "k"B ls f=dks.k Hkkoksa esa fLFkr xzg dks eq[; ekjd ekuk tk,xkA
mijksDr fu;e tkrd dh vk;q dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, n'kk ij vkèkkfjr gSaA
ekjd xzgksa dk fu.kZ; djus esa xzgksa ds cykcy dk fopkj djuk vko';d gSA
'kksèk i)fr (Methodology)
3-1 'kksèk dk mís'; (Statement of the problem)
;g 'kksèk bl ij dsfUnzr djrk gS fd &
1- D;k T;ksfr"k x.kuk dk vk;q fu.kZ; ls dksbZ lg&lEcUèk (Correlation) gSA
2- D;k T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa esa fn;s x;s ;ksx ¼tUe le; ij tUedq.Myh esa xzgksa dh dksbZ fo'ks"k fLFkfr½] n'kkUrnZ'kk ;k xkspj ds xzgksa dk vk;q fu.kZ; ls lEcUèk gSA
3- D;k T;ksfr"k ds ;ksx] xf.krxr vk;q] n'kkUrnZ'kk o xkspj iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls vk;q fu.kZ; esa lgk;d gSaA
4- ;ksx] xf.krxr vk;q] n'kkUrnZ'kk o xkspj pkjksa esa ls dkSu lh fofèk }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; lVhd gks ldrk gSA
5- D;k T;ksfr"k'kkL= esa fn;s x;s ;ksx] xkspj] n'kkUrnZ'kk mlh izdkj ls Qynk;d gSa tSls & T;ksfr"k xzUFkksa esa of.kZr gSa ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls vk;q fu.kZ; esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA
3-2 'kksèk&{ks= (Scope of Research)
T;ksfr"k }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; ij 'kksèk vius vki esa ,d izdkj dk izFke iz;kl gSA bl fo"k; dk pquko blfy, fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g fo"k;ijd (Subjective) u gksdj oLrqfu"B (Objective) fo"k; gSA bldk iz;kstu ;g gS fd bl fo"k; ij izk:iksa esa lwpuk,a lgh izdkj ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSaA vHkh rd xzgksa dk ekuo thou ij izHkko] dksbZ fo'ks"k izek.k ds lkFk esa ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA vk;q fu.kZ; fo"k; blfy, fy;k x;k gS D;ksafd fdlh O;fDr dh iq.; frfFk lgh ls crkbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g bl izdkj dh dksbZ ?kVuk ugha gS ftldh frfFk] eghuk o o"kZ dks
tkrd crkus esa vleFkZ gksA
;g 'kksèk ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½ dsoy n'kk] xkspj] xf.krxr vk;q o ;ksxksa }kjk vk;q ds
iw.kZ gksus ds le; dh laHkkoukvksa dk vkdyu ek= gS] bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fy;k tk ldrk gS fd ;g e`R;q dh dksbZ fuf'pr frfFk] eghuk ;k o"kZ dk lVhd Kku ns ldsxkA ;g 'kksèk u gh ;g tkuus dk iz;kl gS fd e`R;q dSls gksxh] vpkud gksxh ;k chekjh ls LokHkkfod gksxhA e`R;q ds le; d"V ;k nq?kZVuk vkfn bl 'kksèk dk {ks= ugha gSA
3-3 'kksèk dh lhek (Limitations)
1- bl 'kksèk esa foa'kksŸkjh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vU; izdkj dh ¼v"VksŸkjh] ;ksfxuh] dkypØ] pjn'kk vkfn½ n'kkUrnZ'kk dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA
2- xkspj i)fr }kjk vk;qfu.kZ; esa 9 xzgksa dks fy;k x;k gS] vkèkqfud T;ksfr"k esa iz;ksx gksus okys IywVks] ;wjsul o usIP;wu xzgksa dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA
3- xzgksa dk xkspj yXu ls fy;k x;k gSA
4- pfyr pØ dk Hkh R;kx fd;k x;k gSA
5- xzgksa ds xkspj esa xzgksa dk mPp] uhp] oØh] ekxhZ] Lo{ks=h] fe={ks=h o cykcy vkfn dk fopkj ugha fd;k x;k gSA
3-4 ifjlheu (Delimitation)
1- iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ¼T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr½ jkf'k Lokeh dks T;ksa dk R;kas Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
2- xzgksa dh n`f"V Hkh iwoZ fuèkkZfjr T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa ij gh vkèkkfjr gSA
3- bl 'kksèk esa foa'kksRrjh n'kk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vU; izdkj dh 'ks"k n'kkUrnZ'kkvksa dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA
4- iwoZ vkèkkfjr u{k=ksa }kjk n'kk Lokfe;ksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
5- iwoZ fuèkkZfjr xzgksa dh n'kk o"kkZsa ¼lw;Z 6 o"kZ] panzek 10 o"kZ vkfn½ dks T;ksa dk R;ksa fy;k x;k gSA
6- bl 'kksèk esa L=hfyax o iqfYyax dk fopkj vyx&vyx ls ugha fd;k x;k gSA
3-5 'kksèk izfØ;k (Procedure)
3-5-1 vè;;u dk izk:i (Design of Study)
izLrqr 'kksèk ds vè;;u ds fy, 1009 tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk fujh{k.k
fd;k x;kA bu tkrdksa dh tUefrfFk] tUele; o tUeLFkku ls mudh dq.Mfy;ka
izkphu Hkkjrh; tUe&i= fuekZ.k i)fr ls fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bu lcdh iq.; frfFk fo'oluh; lw=ksa ls ladfyr dh x;h gSA bu tkrdksa dh iq.; frfFk rFkk
mudh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk fujh{k.k 4 izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA
1- ;ksxt vk;q 2- xf.krxr vk;q 3- xkspj i)fr 4- n'kk i)fr
1- ;ksxt vk;q
bl i)fr esa vk;q fuèkkZj.k djus okys ;ksxksa dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk ;g
tkuus dk iz;Ru djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd ;fn ;s ;ksx fdlh tUei=h esa
QyhHkwr gksrs gSa rks D;k vk;q mu ;ksxksa ds dFkukuqlkj gh fuf'pr gksrh gSA
2- xf.krxr vk;q
bl i)fr esa lHkh 1009 tkrdksa dh tUedq.Myh ij 25 izdkj dh vk;q x.kuk
djds vk;q dk vkdyu fd;k x;k gS rkfd ;g Kkr fd;k tk lds fd D;k
xf.krxr vk;q dk okLrfod vk;q ls dksbZ lEcUèk gS] vxj gS rks fdruk lEcUèk
gSA D;k xf.krxr i)fr tkrd dh vk;q crkus esa l{ke gSA
3- xkspj i)fr
fo'ys"k.k dh bl i)fr esa tkrd dh vk;q fuèkkZj.k ds fy, pkj izdkj dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA
3-1 xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk izHkko
3-2 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj dk izHkko
3-3 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk izHkko
3-4 Hkkos'kkas dk xzgksa ij xkspj dk izHkko
4- n'kk i)fr
bl i)fr esa tkrd dh iq.; frfFk ij tkrd dh fdl xzg dh n'kk vkSj fdl
xzg dh vUrnZ'kk py jgh Fkh] dk fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA ml xzg n'kkUrnZ'kk
dk tUedq.Myh esa fdl Hkko ;k xzg ls dSlk lEcUèk gS] fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA
3-5-2 vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k
vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k 'kksèkdrkZ us vius dqN ikfjokfjd lEcfUèk;ksa ls] dqN fe= o
cUèkqvksa ls rFkk dqN laxzg.k fo'ofo[;kr O;fDr;ksa dh tUefrfFk o iq.;frfFk ls rFkk dqN laxzg.k bUVjusV ls izkIr fd;k gSA ;|fi fd ;s vkadM+s vU;ksa dh lwpuk ij vkèkkfjr gSa fdUrq budh fo'oluh;rk dks Hkh tkapk x;k gSA
3-5-3 iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys midj.k (Tools)
izLrqr vè;;u esa fofHkUu tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk bu tUedq.Mfy;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, uhps fy[ks x;s VwYl iz;ksx esa yk, x;s gSaA
1- tUedq.Mfy;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mŸkjh Hkkjr esa iz;ksx gksus okys tUe&i=h
fuekZ.k ds fl)karksa ij vkèkkfjr fy;ks LVkj (Leo Star software, Future Point, Delhi) lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
2- v;uka'k ,u- lh- ykfgM+h dk iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA
3- xf.krxr vk;q ds fy, Leo Star esa fo'ks"k Software }kjk 25 izdkj dh vk;q dh x.kuk dh xbZ gS rFkk mudk okLrfod vk;q ls rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA
3-5-4 fu;e (Rules Followed)
izLrqr vè;;u esa mŸkjh Hkkjr esa iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh Qykns'k i)fr tks izkphu rFkk vokZphu T;ksfr"k&xazFkksa esa gS] dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds bu xzaFkksa esa eq[;r% vk;q fu.kZ;] Qynhfidk] c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=] tSfeuh&lw=e~] ekulkxjh] tkrd ikfjtkr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] lkjkoyh] tkrdkHkj.k] tkrd&rŸoe~] c`gTtkrde~] ukjn lafgrk] iz'uekxZ] tkrdkns'k ekxZ] Hkkonhfidk]
iwoZ dkyke`r vkfn lfEefyr gSaA
bl vè;;u dh Qykns'k i)fr esa tks fl)kar ykxw fd;s x;s gSa os bl izdkj
gSa& xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj] xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj]
Hkkos'kkas dk xzgksa ij xkspj] n'kk&vUrnZ'kk] xzgksa dk n`f"V lacaèk] xzgksa dh ;qfr] xzgksa
ds u{k=] Hkkos'k] jkf'k] jkf'k Lokeh u{k=ksa ds Lokeh rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds ;ksx tks
vk;q fu.kZ; esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSa] dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa esa vk;q dk fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy, tks fu;e ¼xkspj] n'kk] xf.krxr
vk;q o ;ksx½ crk;s x;s gSa os gh bl 'kksèk izcUèk esa bl 'kksèk ds fy, lfEefyr
fd; x;s gSaA
3-5-5 lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k izfØ;k (Statistical Procedures)
vk;q fu.kZ; ds fy, izk:iksa dk n'kk o xkspj ds lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dk vkdyu
djus ds fy, dkbZ LDos;j VsLV (chi-square test) ,oa xf.krxr vk;q ds fy,
lg&lEcUèk (correlation coeffcient) dk eq[; :i ls iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
4
izk:iksa dk fo'ys"k.k
vk;q fu.kZ; ij 'kksèk ds fy, 1009 izk:iksa dks ,df=r fd;k x;k gSA iwoZ of.kZr
pkj izdkj dh vk;q fu.kZ; fofèk;ksa dks lHkh ij iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA ;s pkj fofèk;ka gSa&
1- ;ksx }kjk vk;q fu.kZ;
2- xf.krxr vk;q
3- xkspj }kjk vk;q fu.kZ;
4- n'kk }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; pkjksa fofèk;ksa ij fdl izdkj ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj muds D;k ifj.kke jgs gSa] os fuEu izdkj ls gSa % &
4-1 ;ksxksa }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; dk fo'ys"k.k
vk;q ds fu.kZ; djus okys vusdksa ;ksx T;ksfr"k xzUFkdkjksa us fn;s gSa] mu ;ksxksa ds }kjk miyCèk izk:iksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA bu ;ksxksa esa ls dqN ;ksxksa dk ifj.kke ;gka fn;k tk jgk gS % ;gka ij lHkh ;ksxksa dk ifj.kke u nsdj dqN vfu;fer (Random) mnkgj.k ysdj ifj.kke fn;s x;s gSaA gekjs izk:iksa esa pkj tUe dq.Mfy;ka ,slh gSa ftudh vk;q 100 o"kZ jgh gSA buesa ls
2 tUedq.Mfy;ka ,sls tkrdksa dh gSa tks Hkkjro"kZ ds izèkkuea=h jg pqds gSaA eksjkjth nslkbZ o xqytkjh yky uUnk dh e`R;q 100osa o"kZ esa gqbZ gSA
4-1-1 lkS o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
;fn lHkh xzg uoe Hkko esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ ls vfèkd gksrh gSA
'kqØ vkSj c`gLifr ;fn dsanz LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gksa vFkok dsanz esa 'kqØ gks rFkk ddZ
yXu esa tUe gksus ij xq# yXuLFk gks rks 100 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
èkuq ;k ehu yXu esa tUe gks] v"Ve] f=dks.k o dsanz LFkkuksa esa iki xzg fLFkr
u gksa] dsanz esa c`gLifr ;k 'kqØ gksa rFkk v"Ve] uoe~ LFkkuksa ij 'kqHk xzgksa dh
n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA
dsanz esa c`gLifr gks rFkk yXu o v"Ve esa lw;Z] eaxy gks vFkok dsanz esa yXus'k c`gLifr gks] iape] uoe o dsanz LFkkuksa esa iki xzg u gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q
100 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
dsanz esa 'kqØ gks vkSj ddZ yXu esa tUe gksus ij xq# yXuLFk gks rks Hkh tkrd
dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
uoe ;k }kn'k LFkku esa panzek vkSj uoe ;k yXu esa 'kfu fLFkr gks rks tkrd
dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa gks] n'ke LFkku esa panzek gks] 'ks"k xzg uoe LFkku esa gksa vkSj c`gLifr cyoku gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
ehu yXu esa tUe gks] 'kqØ yXuLFk gks] v"Ve esa 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V panzek fo|eku gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanzxr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
prqFkZ o uoe LFkku esa iki xzg fLFkr gksa] lejkf'k esa] c`gLifr ds uoka'k esa ;k lejkf'k uoka'k esa ;k O;; o f}rh; LFkku esa 'kqHk xzg fLFkr gksa] yXu esa
iw.kZ panzek fo|eku gks rks tkrd ije èku lEifŸkoku gksdj 100 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djrk gSA
èkuq yXu esa vafre uoka'k esa tUe gks] dsanzxr jkf'k;ksa ds izFke uoka'k esa 'kqHk xzg fLFkr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
rhljs] NBs] X;kgjosa LFkku esa panzek o c`gLifr gksa] dsanz LFkkuksa esa cqèk o 'kqØ gks vkSj ddZ yXu esa tUe gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
xq# o 'kqØ fLFkj uoka'k esa] lw;Z] eaxy o 'kfu pj uoka'k esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
cqèk lIre LFkku esa] c`gLifr f=dks.k LFkkuksa esa vkSj 'kqØ rFkk panzek yXu esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
eaxy n'ke LFkku esa gks] c`gLifr f=dks.k esa] panzek iape LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
c`gLifr dsanz LFkkuksa esa gks] 'kqØ lIre LFkku esa] cqèk yXu esa gks rks mDr lHkh
;ksxksa esa tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
yXus'k ftl jkf'k esa fLFkr gks] mlls dsanz LFkkuksa esa ;fn c`gLifr gks] dsanz o f=dks.k LFkkuksa dks NksM+dj 'ks"k LFkkuksa esa iki xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 100
o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
panzek "k"B ;k v"Ve LFkku esa gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanz LFkkuksa esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
yXu esa 'kqØ o xq# gksa] cqèk v"Ve LFkku esa gks rFkk cqèk ij fdlh iki xzg dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
r`rh;] ,dkn'k ;k f=dks.k esa 'kqØ gks vkSj c`gLifr lIre LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
ddZ ;k o`f'pd yXu esa tUe gks] lw;Z iki ;qDr gksdj yXuLFk gks] panzek f}rh; LFkku esa gks vkSj c`gLifr dsanzxr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
eksjkjth nslkbZ
tUe % 29@2@1896] 13%00] oYlkM] xqtjkr
e`R;q % 10@04@1995
xqytkjh yky uUnk
tUe % 4@7@1898] 12%50] fl;kydksV] ikfdLrku
e`R;q % 15@01@1998
gekjs ikl 100 o"kZ dh vk;q ds 20 ;ksx gSaA mijksDr nksuksa dq.Mfy;ksa ij bu lHkh 20 ;ksxksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA mijksDr 20 ;ksxksa esa ls dksbZ ,d Hkh ;ksx mijksDr dqaMfy;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ij Hkh iw.kZ:i ls ykxw ugha gqvk gSA gekjs izk:iksa ds ladyu esa pkj tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa ls dsoy
,d tUedq.Myh ij 20 esa dsoy ,d ;ksx ykxw gqvk gS og gS fd ;fn c`gLifr
o 'kqØ dsanz LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 100 o"kZ gksrh gSA mijksDr ;ksx izfr
9 tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa 1 tUedq.Myh ij ykxw gksrk gS tcfd 100 o"kZ dh vk;q dk izfr'kr 1 izfr'kr ls Hkh cgqr de gSA blfy, mijksDr ;ksx vk;q dk fuèkkZj.k
djus esa lgk;d fl) ugha gq, gSaA
4-1-2 uCcs o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
lHkh xzg ;fn èkuq jkf'k ds }kn'kka'k esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 90 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
uCcs o"kZ dh vk;q dh gekjs izk:iksa esa murhl tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ka gSa muesa ls fdlh Hkh tkrd dh tUedq.Myh ij 90 o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q dk ;ksx tks 1 gh gS] og ykxw ugha gqvk gSA
4-1-3 vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
pUnzek o c`gLifr ;fn fe= xzgksa dh jkf'k esa gksa] yXus'k cyoku gksdj ,dkn'k LFkku esa gks rFkk cqèk n'ke LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 80 o"kZ gksrh gSA[62]
dsanz esa lHkh 'kqHk xzg vius uoka'k esa fLFkr gksa rks Hkh tkrd dh vk;q 80 o"kZ gksrh gSA
xq# o pUnzek dsanz esa gksa rFkk vU; xzgksa ij 'kqHk n`X;ksx gks rks 80 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
u`flag nSoK ds vuqlkj Øwj jkf'k ;k uoka'kksa esa iki xzg gksa] dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks 80 o"kZ dh vk;q gksrh gSA
cyoku 'kqHk xzg vn`'; Hkko esa gksa vkSj iki xzg n`'; Hkko esa gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 80 o"kZ gksrh gSA
ladyu esa ls 27 tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa 80 o"kZ dh vk;q ds pkj ;ksxksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh
iw.kZ :i ls ykxw ugha gqvk gSA
4-1-4 lŸkj o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa uhpxr 'kfu gks rFkk dsanz esa dgha ij lw;Z&cqèk lkFk rFkk
vU;= dgha dsanz esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg Hkh gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ gksrh gSA[57]
v"Ve Hkko esa dksbZ xzg fLFkr u gks] yXu esa c`gLifr gks] dasnz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa]
v"Ve] yXu o panzek ij iki xzgksa dh n`f"V u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
yXu o panzek iki xzgksa ls ;qDr u gks] v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ xzg u gks] yXu esa c`gLifr gks vkSj dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ gksrh gSA
v"Ve esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg u gks vkSj dasnz esa dksbZ cyoku xzg gks rFkk ml ij
yXus'k dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 70 o"kZ dh gksrh gSA
lŸkj o"kZ dh vk;q ds pkj ;ksxksa esa dksbZ Hkh ;ksx ladyu esa miyCèk 70 o"kZ dh
vk;q dh 14 tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa ykxw ugha gqvk gSA
4-1-5 lkB o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
pUnzek viuh mPp jkf'k ;k Lojkf'k esa fLFkr gks ;k dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg gksa vkSj yXu esa cyoku yXus'k gksA
lkrosa LFkku esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj pUnzek viuh jkf'k esa yXu esa fLFkr gksA
v"Ves'k c`gLifr yXu esa fLFkr gks vkSj dqaHk jkf'k dsanz esa iM+rh gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 60 o"kZ gksrh gSA
lHkh xzg iape Hkko esa fLFkr gksa rks lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q gksrh gSA
yXu esa 'kfu] lkrosa LFkku esa eaxy] prqFkZ LFkku esa panzek] n'ke LFkku esa lw;Z vkSj ;s lc xzg 'kqØ] xq# o cqèk ls ;qDr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q lkB o"kZ gksrh gSA
iape LFkku ls pkj LFkkuksa esa pkj xzg yxkrkj fLFkr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q lkB o"kZ gksrh gSA
ladyu dh 5 tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa 60 o"kZ dh vk;q ds 6 ;ksxksa esa ls 1 ;ksx ,d
tUedq.Myh ij ykxw gqvk gSA ;g ;ksx Hkh izfr 9 tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa ls 1 ij
?kfVr gksrk gSA
4-1-6 ipkl o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
;fn dsanz esa dksbZ ,d iw.kZcyh 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj lkFk gh dsanz esa cqèk viuh jkf'k ;k viuh mPp jkf'k esa gks rFkk pUnz lkrosa LFkku esa 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V gks rks
tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
v"Ve Hkko esa fLFkr uoka'k jkf'k esa yXus'k gks vkSj yXu esa fLFkr uoka'k jkf'k esa v"Ves'k gks rFkk os nksuksa iki xzgksa ls n`"V gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
;fn prqFkZ ;k n'ke LFkku esa cqèk gks rFkk yXu] v"Ve ;k }kn'k LFkku esa panzek gks] xq# o 'kqØ ,d gh jkf'k esa fLFkr gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
n'ke LFkku esa lw;Z gks] X;kgjosa Hkko esa panzek fLFkr gks] prqFkZ LFkku esa c`gLifr gks o uoe LFkku esa 'kqØ gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
f=d LFkkuksa esa yXus'k ls ;qDr panzek gks vkSj yXus'k 'kfu ds LFkku esa gks rks tkrd dh vk;q 50 o"kZ gksrh gSA
ipkl o"kZ dh vk;q ds 5 ;ksxksa esa ls dksbZ ,d ;ksx Hkh miycèk 7 tkrdksa dh
tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d tkrd dh tUedq.Myh ij ykxw ugha gqvk gSA
4-1-7 pkyhl o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
vfr cyoku cqèk ;fn dsanz esa fLFkr gks vkSj 'kqHk xzgksa ls n`"V gks] vkBosa LFkku esa dksbZ xzg u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
fLFkj jkf'kxr v"Ves'k ;fn yXu esa gks vkSj v"Ve LFkku esa dksbZ 'kqHk xzg u gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
iki xzgksa ls ;qDr yXus'k v"Ve LFkku esa gks rFkk dsanz esa 'kqHk xzg u gksa rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
lgt ;k ykHk LFkku esa xq# gks] f=dks.k LFkkuksa esa 'kqØ gks rFkk nksuksa ij iki xzgksa dh n`f"V gks rks tkrd dh vk;q pkyhl o"kZ gksrh gSA
ladyu esa miyCèk 9 tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa ij pkyhl o"kZ dh vk;q ds pkj
;ksxksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh ykxw ugha gqvk gSA
ladyu esa rhl o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q dh dksbZ Hkh tUe dq.Myh ugha gSA vr% rhl
o"kZ dh vk;q ds 6 ;ksxksa dks izfrikfnr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
4-1-8 chl o"kZ dh vk;q ds ;ksx
lw;Z] panzek vkBosa LFkku esa gks] prqFkZ ;k uoe LFkku esa jkgq gks] lkrosa LFkku
esa eaxy o nwljs LFkku esa c`gLifr gks rks tkrd dh vk;q chl o"kZ gksrh gSA
ladyu esa 20 o"kZ dh vk;q esa e`R;q dh dsoy 1 tUedq.Myh miyCèk gS rFkk 20
o"kZ dh vk;q dk ,d gh ;ksx gSA bl dq.Myh ij ;g ;ksx ykxw ugha gqvk gSA
fu"d"kZ % mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls fofnr gS fd vk;q dk fuèkkZj.k djus esa ;ksx iw.kZ
:i ls vleFkZ gSaA tUei=h esa ;ksxksa }kjk ;g ugha tkuk tk ldrk fd tkrd
dh vk;q fdruh gksxh rFkk ;g Hkh ugha tkuk tk ldrk fd og vYik;q] eè;k;q]
nh?kkZ;q esa ls fdl vk;q dks izkIr gksxkA
4-2 xf.krxr vk;q ds fu;eksa dk fo'ys"k.k
izkphu T;ksfr"k xzUFkdkjksa us vk;q dk eku tkuus ds fy, vusdksa izdkj ls xf.krxr
vk;q lkèku dh fofèk;ka nh gSa] tks fuEu izdkj ls gSa%
vk;q fu.kZ; dh fofHkUu fofèk;ka
okjk;q
jkf'k vk;q
jkf'k èkzqokad fofèk
dsUnzk;q
dsUnz f=dks.kk;q
ujkdkj vk;q
'kfu xkspj
tSfeuh vk;q & tc vk;q[k.M fudkyuk gks rks ç;ksx djsa
u{k=k;q ¼xkSjh tkrdksDr½ & jf'e vk;q ds leku
u{k=k;q ¼çkphu er½
uoka'kk;q
çØekuqxr vk;q & uoka'kk;q ds leku
pØk;q
eè;ek;q o eaMyk;q
va'kk;q & tc yXu cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fi.Mk;q & tc lw;Z cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fulxkZ;q & tc panz cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
thok;q
feJk;q & dsUnz esa panz cyh o vU; xzg Hkh cyh gkas
jf'e;k;q & tc cqèk cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
u{k=k;q & tc xq: cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fHkUuk;q ¼nwljh fofèk½ & tc eaxy cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsa
fHkUuk;q ¼rhljh fofèk½
fHkUuk;q ¼js[kk fcUnq ;ksx½
leqnk;k"Vd oxZ vk;q & tc 'kfu cyh gks rks ç;ksx djsaA
mijksDr xf.krxr vk;q fu.kZ; esas 1009 tkrdksa dh tUedqaMfy;ksa ls mudk 25 izdkj ls vkdyu fd;k x;k gS rFkk mudk ekè;] ekfè;dk o cgqyd (Mean, Median, Mode) fudkydj mldk okLrfod ifj.kkeksa ls rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k
x;k gSA
lHkh 25 izdkj ¼xf.krxr vk;q½ dh x.kukvksa ds ekè;] ekfè;dk] cgqyd (Mean, Median, Mode) dk rqyukRed vè;;u djus ds fy, mudk okLrfod vk;q ls
varj Kkr djds muds xzkQ (Graph) cuk;s x;s gSa tks fuEu rkfydkvksa (Tables)
o xzkQksa (Graphs) }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA lHkh 25 izdkj dh xf.krxr vk;q dk
okLrfod vk;q ds lkFk lg&lEcUèk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, lHkh dk lg&lEcUèk
(Correlation, Coefficient) fudkyk x;k ftuds eku dks rkfydkvksa (Tables) o
xzkQksa (Graphs) }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA lHkh 25 izdkj dh xf.krxr vk;q dks
okLrfod vk;q ds lkFk n'kkZus okys xzkQ ;gka fn;s tk jgs gSaA
okjk;q xzkQ
xf.krxr vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-1
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
jkf'k vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-2
jkf'k èkzqokad vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-3
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
dsUnzk;qq
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-4
dsUnz f=dks.kk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-5
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
ujkdkj vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-6
'kfu xkspj vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-7
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
tSfeuh vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-8
u{k=k;qq ¼xkSjh tkrdksRd½
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-9
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
u{k=k;q ¼izkphu er½
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-10
uoka'k vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-11
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
izØekuqxr vk;qq
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-12 pØk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-13
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
eè;ek;q o e.Myk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-14
va'kk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-15
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
fiaMk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-16
fulxkZ;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-17
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
thok;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-18
feJk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-19
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
jf'e vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-20
u{k=k;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-21
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
fHkUuk;q ¼nwljh fofèk½
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-22
fHkUuk;q ¼fHkUuk"Vd½
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-23
xf.krxr vk;q
xf.krxr vk;q
fHkUuk;q ¼js[kk fcUnq ;ksx½
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-24
lkeqnk;k"Vd oxZ vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
xzkQ 4-2-25
xf.krxr vk;q
okLrfod vk;q ls xf.krxr vk;q esa varj
ekè; (Average)
xf.krxr vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-26
ekè;karj
xf.krxr vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-27
okLrfod vk;q
okLrfod vk;q ls xf.krxr vk;q esa varj
ekfè;dk (Median)
okLrfod vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-28
ekfè;dk varj
xf.krxr vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-29
okLrfod vk;q
okLrfod vk;q ls xf.krxr vk;q esa varj
cgqyd (Mode)
xf.krxr vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-30
cgqyd varj
xf.krxr vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-31
lg&lEcUèk
lg&lEcUèk (Correlation)
xf.krxr vk;q fofèk
xzkQ 4-2-32
3
4-2-1rkfydk&fofHkUu xf.krxr vk;q ds ekè;]
rkfydk & 4-1
xf.krxr vk;q dk fu"d"kZ
1- okjk;q] jk';k;q] dsUnzk;q] fulxkZ;q] izØekuqxrvk;q] thok;q o feJvk;q ds ekè; (Mean) okLrfod vk;q ds ekè; (Mean) ls dkQh feyrs&tqyrs ik;s x;s rFkk ns[kus esa izrhr gksrk gS fd mijksDr x.kuk,a lVhd gSaA vU; vBkjg izdkj dh x.kukvksa ds ekè; (Mean) okLrfod ekè; (Mean) ls dkQh vUrj ij ik;s x;s blfy, 'kksèk dh n`f"V ls vBkjg izdkj dh x.kuk,a vfo'oluh; jgh gSaA ftu xf.krk;q dk okLrfod vk;q ls vUrj 10 o"kZ ls Hkh vfèkd jgk os gSa ujkdkjk;q] 'kfu xkspjvk;q] tSfeuh] u{k=k;q ¼izkphu er½] uoka'kk;q] pØk;q] eè;ek;q o e.Myk;q] jf'ek;q] u{k=k;q ¼uohu er½] fHkUuk;q] fHkUuk;q ¼js[kk&fcUnq ;ksx½ rFkk leqnk;k"Vdk;q tks iw.kZ:i ls vfo'oluh; jgh gSaA
2- xf.krk;q ds ftu izdkjksa ds ekè; (Mean) ifj.kke vPNs ik;s x;s gSa mudh ekfè;dk o cgqyd (Median & Mode) dk ifj.kke Hkh fo'oluh; jgk gSA vU; izdkj dh 18 xf.krxr vk;q dh ekfè;dk vkSj cgqyd (Median & Mode) dk ifj.kke Hkh fo'oluh; ugha ik;k x;kA dsoy izØekuqxr vk;q esa ekè;&ekfè;dk (Mean & Median) ds ifj.kke okLrfod ds fudV ik;s x;s rFkk mlds cgqyd (Mode) ds ifj.kke okLrfod ifj.kkeksa ls dkQh de FksA
3- tkrdksa dh 1009 tUedq.Mfy;ksa dh xf.krk;q ds vkdyu ls izkIr ifj.kke esa ekè;k;q (Mean) 74-68 o"kZ] ekfè;dk;q (Median) 78-71 rFkk cgqydk;q (Mode) 87-13 o"kZ izkIr gqbZ vFkkZr~ izkIr vkadM+ksa esa ls ftu tkrdksa dh vk;q 78-61 o"kZ ls iwoZ dh rFkk vkèks tkrd 78-61 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q ds gksdj e`R;q dks izkIr gq,A izkIr vkadM+ksa esa vfèkdka'k tkrdksa us 87-13 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr dh rFkk ftu ekè; vkSj ekfè;dk (Mean & Median) esa dsoy 4 o"kZ dk vUrj jgk og n'kkZrk gS fd vfèkdka'k yksxksa us iw.kkZ;q izkIr dhA
4- xf.krxr vk;q o okLrfod vk;q dk lg&lEcUèk (Correlation) vfrlw{e ¼vfèkdre ·07½ ik;k x;k tks fd vius vki esa cgqr de gS vkSj bl izdkj ds ifj.kkeksa dks fu;eksa esa Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bu lHkh 25 izdkj dh xf.krxr vk;q ds xzkQksa dk voyksdu djus ij ik;k fd lHkh xzkQksa esa ifj.kke iM+h js[kk (Horizontal Line) ds vkl&ikl gh izkIr gqvk gS vFkkZr okLrfod vk;q dk xf.krxr vk;q ls dksbZ lEcUèk n`f"Vxkspj ugha gqvkA
5- tks 7 izdkj dh xf.krxr vk;q (Case-1) ds ekè; ifj.kke okLrfod vk;q ds
le izkIr gq, gSa os mudh ifjHkk"kk ds dkj.k izkIr gq, gSa D;ksafd muesa ekè;k;q
yxHkx 75 o"kZ ds vkl&ikl gh gksrh gSA tSls & okjk;q esa lHkh okjksa dh vk;q dk ;ksx djds 7 ls Hkkx djsa rks tks ekè;k;q izkIr gksrh gS og 73·71 gSa tks fd
okLrfod ekè;k;q 74 68 ds vkl&ikl gh gSA vr% fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd xf.krxr
vk;q }kjk vk;q dh x.kuk lkjxfHkZr ugha gSA
4-3 xkspj fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k
4-3-1 lHkh xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
D;k xzg tc fdlh fo'ks"k jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks og e`R;q nj dks izHkkfor djrk gS\ ;g tkapus ds fy, lHkh xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj dk ifj.kke
fuEu izdkj ls fn;k x;k gS/7
lw;Z dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 27·91 Significance <1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 84
xzkQ 4-3-1
edj] o`"k o feFkqu jkf'k ij tc lw;Z xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
flag o o`f'pd jkf'k ds xkspj gksus ij e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA lw;Z dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj ekSle dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA e`R;qnj ij Hkh bldk izHkko gks ldrk gSA
panzek dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 6·34, Significance No
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
vkSlr & 90 72 87 80 84
xzkQ 4-3-2
mPp jkf'k ¼o`"k½ ij tc pUnzek xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj de gS rFkk pUnzek dk
dU;k ij xkspj e`R;qnj vfèkd nsrk gSA
eaxy dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 27·63, Significance <1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
vkSlr & 95 78 74 124 85 85 81 85 72 69 86 75
xzkQ 4-3-3
uhp ds eaxy ¼ddZ jkf'k eas½ dh e`R;qnj lokZfèkd rFkk edj ¼viuh mPp jkf'k½
dh lcls de gksrh gSA eaxy dk xkspj tc xq# dh jkf'k èkuq vkSj ehu esa gks rks
e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
cqèk dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 24·84, Significance <1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
4-3-4
cqèk dk xkspj èkuq jkf'k esa lokZfèkd o rqyk jkf'k esa lcls de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
cqèk dk xkspj xq# dh jkf'k;ksa ij vfèkd o viuh jkf'k;ksa ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
c`gLifr dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 95·37, Significance < ·1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
&
4-3-5
xq# dk xkspj cqèk dh jkf'k dU;k esa vfèkd o ddZ jkf'k esa lcls de e`R;qnj nsrk
gSA xq# ehu ij xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
'kqØ dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 34·38, Significance < ·1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
vkSlr & 61 103 87 79 92 59 82 70 89 89 82 116
xzkQ 4-3-6
'kqØ tc viuh mPp jkf'k ¼ehu½ rFkk Lojkf'k o`"k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj
vfèkd gksrh gSA tc 'kqØ es"k] dU;k o o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
'kfu dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 454·92, Significance < ·1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
vkSlr & 58 76 108 132 140 215 108 64 23 18 24 43
xzkQ 4-3-7
mijksDr rkfydk ns[kus ls fofnr gS fd 'kfu }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj e`R;qnj dks
izHkkfor djrk gSA tc ;g dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gSA tc ;g dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj lokZfèkd gksrh gSA 'kfu ds xkspj dh feFkqu ls rqyk
jkf'k rd e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk o`f'pd ls es"k rd ds xkspj esa e`R;qnj de gSA
lcls de e`R;qnj 'kfu ds dqaHk jkf'k ij xkspj ls gSA
bldk dkj.k lEHkor% ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ftu tkrdksa dh tUe dqaMfy;ksa ij
fujh{k.k fd;k tk jgk gS mudh e`R;q lu 2000 ds ckn dh gS rc 'kfu dk xkspj
o`"k jkf'k ls o`f'pd jkf'k rd gh jgk gSA
jkgq dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 171·32, Significance < ·1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
vkSlr & 85 46 61 51 87 41 77 90 161 114 65 131
xzkQ 4-3-8
jkgq dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj e`R;q frfFk dks crkus esa fu.kkZ;d gks ldrk gS D;ksafd
og viuh uhp jkf'k èkuq rFkk ewy f=dks.k jkf'k ds foijhr ehu jkf'k esa e`R;qnj
lokZfèkd nsrk gSA lcls de e`R;qnj viuh ewy f=dks.k jkf'k dU;k esa nsrk gSA
viuh mPp jkf'k feFkqu esa Hkh e`R;qnj de gSA
dsrq dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 171·32, Significance < ·1%
jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
vkSlr & 77 90 161 114 65 131 85 46 61 51 87 41
xzkQ 4-3-9
jkgq ds foijhr jkf'k ds xkspj ij dsrq dh e`R;qnj gSA tSls jkgq dh èkuq jkf'k ij
lokZfèkd 161 e`R;qnj gS rks dsrq dh feFkqu jkf'k ij lokZfèkd e`R;qnj gSA
lHkh xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
4-3-2 xzgksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
D;k xzg fdlh izHkko esa tkdj e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrk gS ;g tkapus ds fy, fuEu rkfydk nh x;h gS %
lw;Z dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·15, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-10
lw;Z dk uoe Hkko ij xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gS rFkk v"Ve Hkko ij de e`R;qnj
nsrk gSA
panzek dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 7·38, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-11
panzek tc iape Hkko ij xkspj djs rks lokZfèkd e`R;q nj] izFke] "k"B o lIre Hkko ij Hkh e`R;qnj vfèkd gSA f}rh;] prqFkZ o prqFkZ Hkko ij e`R;qnj de gSA
eaxy dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·86, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-12
eaxy xkspj esa tc] izFke] prqFkZ o n'ke Hkko ij gksrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o
r`rh;] lIre] v"Ve o }kn'k Hkko ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
cqèk dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·31, Significance No
cqèk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj de o r`rh;] "k"B o ,dkn'k Hkko esa
e`R;qnj vfèkd gSA
xq# dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·26, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-14
xq# tc ,dkn'k Hkko ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o tc og f}rh; Hkko
ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
'kqØ dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 12·50, Significance <30%
xzkQ 4-3-15
'kqØ dk xkspj "k"B] v"Ve] n'ke o ,dkn'k Hkko ij vfèkd e`R;qnj o uoe] lIre]
iape o prqFkZ ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
'kfu dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 14·59, Significance <30%
xzkQ 4-3-16
'kfu dk xkspj n'ke ls r`rh; Hkko rd vfèkd e`R;qnj o prqFkZ ls uoe rd de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
jkgq dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·40, Significance <50%
jkgq dk xkspj izFke] iape] "k"B o lIre ij vfèkd e`R;qnj o n'ke] ,dkn'k ij
de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
dsrq dk }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·40, Significance <50%
dsrq dk xkspj izFke] lIre] ,dkn'k o }kn'k Hkko ij e`R;qnj vfèkd o r`rh;]
prqFkZ] iape esa e`R;qnj de nsrk gSA
lHkh xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkkoh ugha jgk gSA Chi2 -Test ds vuqlkj
dsoy 'kqØ] 'kfu] jkgq o dsrq dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
4-2-3 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj
tc dksbZ xzg xkspj djrk gqvk tUe yXu fLFkr xzg ij igqaprk gS rks D;k og
e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrk gS\ ;g tkapus ds fy, izR;sd xzg dk izR;sd xzg ij
xkspj dk ifj.kke fuEu izdkj ls gS %
lw;Z xzgksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·22, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-19
lw;Z dk xkspj tc 'kqØ o jkgq ij ls gksrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o tc xq# vkSj
dsrq ij ls gksrk gS rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
panzek dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
panzek dh lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh fLFkfr 1490 Fkh tks vkSlr esa izR;sd xzg
ij 165 gSA
Chi2 -Test 7·64, Significance <50%
4-3-20
panzek dk 'kfu ij xkspj lokZfèkd o lw;Z vkSj 'kqØ ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
eaxy dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·88, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-21
eaxy dk Lo;a ij o panz ij e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk tc eaxy lw;Z ij xkspj djrk
gS rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
cqèk dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 7·97, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-22
cqèk dk xkspj jkgq ij vfèkd o xq# ij ls xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xq# dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·15, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-23
xq# tc panz] 'kqØ o Lo;a ij xkspj djrk gS rks vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
'kqØ dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 4·28, Significance No
4-3-24
'kqØ dk xkspj tc lw;Z] cqèk ;k Lo;a ij gksrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o tc c`gLifr]
'kfu] panz ij ls gksrk gS rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
'kfu dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 4·93, Significance No
lw;Z
'kfu dk xkspj jkgq] dsrq ;k Lo;a ij gks rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o panz ij ls xkspj esa
e`R;qnj de gSA
jkgq dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·71, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-26
jkgq dk xkspj eaxy] 'kfu] jkgq ij vfèkd o panz] lw;Z ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
dsrq dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Chi2 -Test 7·42, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-27
dsrq dk xkspj lw;Z ij lokZfèkd rFkk panz] xq#] 'kqØ ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgkas dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj Hkh dksbZ e`R;qnj dks fo'ks"k izHkkfor ugha djrk gSA
4-2-4 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
xzg tc Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj djrk gS rks D;k og e`R;q nj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g
tkuus ds fy, fuEu rkfydk nh x;h gS %
lw;Z dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·99, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-28
lw;Z tc yXus'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj lokZfèkd gksrh gS rFkk tc og prqFksZ'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj de gksrh gSA
panzek dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 11·95, Significance <50%
1 2 3 4 5 6
xzkQ 4-3-29
panzek tc n'kes'k o uoes'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj vfèkd gksrh gS rFkk
tc og }kn'ks'k o ,dkn'ks'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj de gksrh gSA
eaxy dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·87, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-30
eaxy dk xkspj yXus'k ij gks rks lokZfèkd e`R;q nj rFkk tc og iapes'k] v"Ves'k o "k"Bs'k ij ls xkspj djrk gS rks Hkh e`R;q nj vfèkd gksrh gS o prqFksZ'k ij eaxy dk xkspj e`R;q nj de nsrk gSA
cqèk dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·53, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-31
cqèk dk xkspj tc yXus'k ij gksrk gS rks e`R;q nj vfèkd o prqFksZ'k ij e`R;q nj de gksrh gSA
c`gLifr dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 12·50, Significance <50%
c`gLifr tc lIres'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj lokZfèkd gksrh gS rFkk 'ks"k
Hkkos'kksa ij c`gLifr ds xkspj dk e`R;q nj ij dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA
'kqØ dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 12·50, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-33
'kqØ yXus'k] f}rh;s'k o }kn'ks'k ij tc xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj vfèkd gksrh
gS rFkk v"Ves'k] uoes'k o n'kes'k ij 'kqØ ds xkspj ls e`R;q nj de gksrh gSA
'kfu dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·46, Significance No
Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4
xzkQ 4-3-34
'kfu tc "k"Bs'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj lokZfèkd gksrh gS rFkk iapes'k o v"Ves'k ij Hkh e`R;q nj vfèkd gksrh gS rFkk 'kfu tc f}rh;s'k o r`rh;s'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj de gksrh gSA
jkgq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 7·52, Significance No
Hkkos'k
4-3-35
jkgq tc "k"Bs'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;q nj vfèkd o tc og }kn'ks'k ij xkspj djrh gS rks e`R;q nj de gksrh gSA
xzkQ
dsrq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 2·33, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-36
dsrq dk xkspj prqFksZ'k] lIres'k o n'kes'k ij gks rks e`R;q nj vfèkd o iapes'k o
"k"Bs'k ij gks rks e`R;q nj de nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj e`R;q nj dks vfèkd izHkkfor ugha djrkA
4-2-5 Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
}kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokfe;ksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj e`R;q nj dks izHkkfor djrk gS
rFkk og Chi2-Test ij Hkh [kjk ik;k x;k gSA dqy 2025 o vkSlr 169A
yXus'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 14·71, Significance <20%
es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
xzkQ 4-3-37
yXus'k tc dU;k] flag o o`"k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o es"k] feFkqu]
rqyk o edj ij ls xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 23·08, Significance <2% es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
xzkQ 4-3-38
f}rh;s'k dU;k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o o`f'pd ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 25·7, Significance <1%
4-3-39
r`rh;s'k Hkh dU;k ij vfèkd o o`f'pd esa de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
prqFksZ'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 34·05, Significance < ·1%
prqFksZ'k dk xkspj dU;k jkf'k ij vfèkd e`R;qnj o o`f'pd esa de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
prqFksZ'k tc ddZ ls rqyk rd pkj jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o tc og o`f'pd ls dqaHk pkj jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
iapes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 44·42, Significance < ·1%
es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
xzkQ 4-3-41
iapes'k Hkh iwoZ Hkkos'kksa ds vuqlkj gh dU;k jkf'k ij vfèkd o o`f'pd jkf'k ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
"k"Bs'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 21·20, Significance <5%
es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
xzkQ 4-3-42
"k"Bs'k dk xkspj dU;k ij vfèkd o o`f'pd esa de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA "k"Bs'k ds
xkspj dh es"k] èkuq] edj o dqaHk jkf'k ij Hkh e`R;qnj de gSA
lIres'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 23·79, Significance <2% es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu
xzkQ 4-3-43
lIres'k Hkh yxHkx "k"Bs'k o lIres'k ds vuq:i gh Qy nsrk gSA
v"Ves'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 32·6, Significance < ·1%
xzkQ 4-3-44
v"Ves'k dk ifj.kke Hkh "k"Bs'k o lIres'k ds vuq:i gh gSA
uoes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 16·52, Significance <20%
xzkQ 4-3-45
uoes'k Hkh v"Ves'k ds vuqlkj gh e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
n'kes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·48, Significance <50%
4-3-46
n'kes'k dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj f}rh;s'k ,oa r`rh;s'k ds vuq:i dU;k esa vfèkd o
o`f'pd esa de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 17·83, Significance <10%
,dkn'ks'k dk xkspj o`"k vkSj dU;k esa e`R;qnj vfèkd o o`f'pd ls dqaHk esa de
e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
}kn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa dk xkspj
Chi2 -Test 16·14, Significance <20% es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ
xzkQ 4-3-48
}kn'ks'k dk xkspj dU;k jkf'k ij vfèkd e`R;qnj o rqyk vkSj o`f'pd jkf'k ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
yxHkx lHkh Hkkos'kksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij ls xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj o o`f'pd ij ls
xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
4-2-6 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Hkkos'k tc fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k Hkko ij xkspj djrk gS rks og e`R;qnj dks fdruk
izHkkfor djrk gS ;g fuEu rkfydk esa fn;k x;k gSA
yXus'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 22·18, Significance <2·5%
xzkQ 4-3-49
yXus'k dk xkspj prqFkZ o "k"B Hkko ij vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 22·65, Significance <2%
xzkQ 4-3-50
f}rh;s'k dk xkspj n'ke o ,dkn'k esa vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gS rFkk r`rh; o }kn'k
Hkko ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 42·4, Significance < ·1%
4-3-51
r`rh;s'k dk xkspj uoe o n'ke Hkko ij e`R;qnj vfèkd o f}rh;] prqFkZ rFkk iape
Hkko ij xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
prqFkZs'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 31·55, Significance < ·1%
prqFkZs'k dk xkspj f}rh; o v"Ve Hkko ij de e`R;qnj o uoe vkSj }kn'k Hkko
ij vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
iapes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 27·7, Significance < ·1%
xzkQ 4-3-53
iapes'k dk xkspj yxHkx prqFksZ'k ds vuq:i f}rh; Hkko ls uoe Hkko rd de e`R;qnj o n'ke ls yXu rd ds Hkkoksa esa e`R;qnj vfèkd nsrk gSA
"k"Bs'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 27·91, Significance <1%
xzkQ 4-3-54
"k"Bs'k yxHkx iapes'k ds vuq:i r`rh; Hkko ls v"Ve Hkko rd de rFkk ,dkn'k ls f}rh; Hkko rd vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
lIres'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 13·88, Significance <30%
xzkQ 4-3-55
lIres'k dk xkspj prqFkZ Hkko ls uoe Hkko rd de e`R;qnj o ,dkn'k Hkko ls f}rh; Hkko rd vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
v"Ves'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 43·09, Significance < ·1%
xzkQ 4-3-56
v"Ves'k tc izFke Hkko Hkko ls prqFkZ Hkko rd xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd
rFkk tc og prqFkZ ls }kn'k Hkko rd xkspj djrk gS rks de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
uoes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 31·03, Significance <1%
uoes'k dk xkspj f}rh; Hkko ls "k"B Hkko rd vfèkd o 'ks"k Hkkoksa esa de e`R;qnj
nsrk gSA
n'kes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 24·11, Significance <2%
4-3-58
n'kes'k dk xkspj "k"B Hkko esa vfèkd o ,dkn'k Hkko ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 11·83, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-59
,dkn'ks'k "k"B Hkko esa vfèkd o ,dkn'k Hkko ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
}kn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 14·07, Significance <30%
xzkQ 4-3-60
}kn'ks'k lIre Hkko esa xkspj djus ij lokZfèkd e`R;qnj o yXu esa xkspj djus ij
lcls de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
4-2-7 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj
Hkkos'k tc xzgksa ij xkspj djrs gSa rks D;k os e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ;g
fuEu rkfydk ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
yXus'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·76, Significance < 30%
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu jkgq dsrq vkSlr
xzkQ 4-3-61
yXus'k tc jkgq o eaxy ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk tc yXus'k
panz ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
f}rh;s'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 7·18, Significance No
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu jkgq dsrq vkSlr f}rh;s'k 91 93 82 81 30 89 92 96 76 85
xzkQ 4-3-62
f}rh;s'k tc xq# ij xkspj djrk gS rks de e`R;qnj o tc og jkgq ij xkspj
djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
r`rh;s'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 20·65, Significance <1% Hkkos'k lw;Z
xzkQ 4-3-63
r`rh;s'k dk f}rh;s'k ds vuq:i jkgq ij vfèkd rFkk xq# ij xkspj djrk gS rks
e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
prqFksZ'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 9·62, Significance <30%
Hkkos'k
prqFksZ'k dk xkspj jkgq o cqèk ij vfèkd o panzek ij xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
iapes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 3·96, Significance No
Hkkos'k
4-3-65
iapes'k dk xkspj cqèk ij vfèkd o jkgq ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
"k"Bss'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 7·72, Significance <50% Hkkos'k
xzkQ 4-3-66
"k"Bs'k dk xkspj eaxy o jkgq ij vfèkd o cqèk ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
lIres'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 11·84, Significance <20%
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy
xzkQ 4-3-67
lIres'k dk xkspj panzek ij de rFkk 'kfu ij xkspj ls vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
v"Ves'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 6·0, Significance No
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy
xzkQ 4-3-68
v"Ves'k dk xkspj eaxy ij vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
uoes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 4·25, Significance No
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy
xzkQ 4-3-69
uoes'k dk xkspj jkgq ij vfèkd o cqèk ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
n'kes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 3·8, Significance No
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy
xzkQ 4-3-70
n'kes'k dk xkspj lw;Z o xq# ij de rFkk panz] eaxy o cqèk ij vfèkd e`R;qnj
nsrk gSA
,dkn'ks'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 2·7, Significance No
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy
xzkQ 4-3-71
,dkn'ks'k dk xkspj lw;Z] cqèk ij de o dsrq ij vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
}kn'ks'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 2·83, Significance No
Hkkos'k lw;Z pUnz eaxy
xzkQ 4-3-72
}kn'ks'k dk xkspj eaxy o xq# ij de rFkk 'kqØ o jkgq ij vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
4-2-8 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
yXus'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·4, Significance < 50%
xzkQ 4-3-73
yXus'k dk yXus'k] "k"Bs'k o uoes'k ij vfèkd rFkk f}rh;s'k o r`rh;s'k ij de
e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
f}rh;s'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 4·3, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-74
f}rh;s'k dk xkspj prqFksZ'k o ,dkn'ks'k ij de rFkk uoes'k ij vfèkd e`R;q nsrk gSA
r`rh;s'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 12·69, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-75
r`rh;s'k tc "k"Bs'k o f}rh;s'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o prqFksZ'k o uoes'k ij tc xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
prqFksZ'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·34, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-76
prqFksZ'k tc yXus'k o iapes'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o uoes'k ij
xkspj ls e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
iapes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·98, Significance No Hkkos'k
4-3-77
iapes'k dk xkspj f}rh;s'k ij vfèkd o r`rh;s'k] v"Ves'k ij e`R;qnj de nsrk gSA
"k"Bs'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 14·57, Significance < 30%
xzkQ 4-3-78
"k"Bs'k dk xkspj yXus'k o f}rh;s'k ij vfèkd o prqFksZ'k ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
lIres'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 14·66, Significance <20%
xzkQ 4-3-79
lIres'k dk xkspj "k"Bs'k o lIres'k ij vfèkd rFkk r`rh;s'k] prqFksZ'k o ,dkn'ks'k ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
v"Ves'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·62, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-80
v"Ves'k dk xkspj prqFksZ'k o n'kes'k ij de rFkk }kn'ks'k ij vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk
gSA
uoes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 6·13, Significance No
Hkkos'k
xzkQ 4-3-81
uoes'k dk xkspj f}rh;s'k ij vfèkd o prqFksZ'k ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
n'kes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 12·24, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-82
n'kes'k dk xkspj "k"Bs'k ij vfèkd o r`rh;s'k vkSj }kn'ks'k ij de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
,dkn'ks'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 11·13, Significance <50%
xzkQ 4-3-83
,dkn'ks'k tc yXus'k] lIres'k o }kn'ks'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks e`R;qnj vfèkd o uoes'k] n'kes'k rFkk ,dkn'ks'k ij xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
}kn'ks'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·73, Significance No
Hkkos'k
xzkQ 4-3-84
}kn'ks'k tc lIres'k o yXus'k ij xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk ,dkn'ks'k
ij xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
4-2-9 Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
Hkkos'kksa dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·71, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-85
es"k jkf'k ij tc "k"Bs'k o lIres'k xkspj djrs gSa rks e`R;qnj de rFkk es"k jkf'k ij ,dkn'ks'k xkspj djs rks e`R;q vfèkd gksrh gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 11·78, Significance <50%
Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
xzkQ 4-3-86
o`"k jkf'k ij r`rh;s'k o uoes'k dk xkspj e`R;qnj de o ,dkn'ks'k vkSj yXus'k dk
o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj e`R;qnj vfèkd nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·9, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-87
feFkqu jkf'k ij f}rh;s'k o r`rh;s'k dk xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj o ,dkn'ks'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 6·86, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-88
ddZ jkf'k ij prqFksZ'k dk xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj rFkk }kn'ks'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj
nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 9·71, Significance No
4-3-89
flag jkf'k ij v"Ves'k xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk n'kes'k o ,dkn'ks'k xkspj
djs rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 9·76, Significance No Hkkos'k
xzkQ 4-3-90
dU;k jkf'k ij e`R;qnj lHkh Hkkos'kksa dk 'ks"k vU; jkf'k;ksa ij ds xkspj ls vfèkd
e`R;qnj nsrk gSA }kn'kak'k dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 11·91, Significance <50%
Hkkos'k 1 2 3
xzkQ 4-3-91
rqyk jkf'k ij prqFksZ'k xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj vfèkd] r`rh;s'k xkspj djs rks e`R;qnj de gksrh gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 8·14, Significance No
xzkQ 4-3-92
o`f'pd jkf'k ij v"Ves'k dk xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj o r`rh;s'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 10·11, Significance No Hkkos'k 1 2 3
xzkQ 4-3-93
èkuq jkf'k ij }kn'kka'k dk xkspj vfèkd o prqFksZ'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 6·49, Significance No Hkkos'k 1 2 3
xzkQ 4-3-94
edj jkf'k ij lIres'k o }kn'ks'k dk xkspj e`R;qnj vfèkd o v"Ves'k rFkk
,dkn'ks'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 9·87, Significance No Hkkos'k 1 2 3
xzkQ 4-3-95
dqaHk jkf'k ij prqFksZ'k o iapes'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj o yXus'k vkSj }kn'kka'k dk
xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
Hkkos'kksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 5·38, Significance No
Hkkos'k 1 2 3
ehu jkf'k ij }kn'kka'k] f}rh;s'k o iapes'k dk xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj o n'kes'k vkSj
v"Ves'k dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
4-2-10 xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
xzgksa dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 15·58, Significance <5%
xzg lw;Z panz eaaxy
xzkQ 4-3-97
es"k jkf'k ij tc panz o eaxy xkspj djrs gSa rks e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk es"k ij 'kqØ o 'kfu dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 34·82, Significance < ·1%
xzg lw;Z panz eaaxy
xzkQ 4-3-98
o`"k jkf'k ij tc lw;Z] xq# o 'kqØ xkspj djrs gSa rks vfèkd e`R;qnj o jkgq ds
xkspj ls de e`R;qnj gksrh gSA
xzgksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 81·43, Significance < ·1%
xzg lw;Z panz eaaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu jkgq dsrq vkSlr la[;k 101 87 74 73 67 87 108 61 161 91
xzkQ 4-3-99
feFkqu jkf'k ij dsrq dk xkspj lokZfèkd e`R;qnj o jkgq dk xkspj e`R;qnj de nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 74·07, Significance < ·1% xzg lw;Z
xzkQ 4-3-100
ddZ jkf'k ij 'kfu] eaxy vfèkd e`R;qnj o jkgq o xq# tc ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj
djs rks de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 42·04, Significance < ·1%
xzg lw;Z
flag jkf'k ij 'kfu dk xkspj vfèkd o dsrq dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 213·47, Significance < ·1%
xzg
xzkQ 4-3-102
dU;k jkf'k ij 'kfu dk xkspj vfèkd o jkgq dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 16·76, Significance <5%
4-103
rqyk jkf'k ij 'kfu dk xkspj vfèkd o cqèk rFkk dsrq dk xkspj de e`R;qnj o dsrq
dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 29·06, Significance < ·1%
4-3-104
o`f'pd jkf'k ij jkgq dk xkspj vfèkd e`R;qnj o dsrq dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 149·18, Significance < ·1% xzg lw;Z
xzkQ 4-3-105
èkuq jkf'k ij jkgq dk xkspj vfèkd o dsrq dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 93·66, Significance < ·1%
xzg
edj jkf'k ij jkgq dk xkspj vfèkd o 'kfu dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 49·45, Significance < ·1%
xzkQ 4-3-107
dqaHk jkf'k ij xq# dk xkspj vfèkd o 'kfu dk xkspj de e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
xzgksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj
Chi2 -Test 94·73, Significance < ·1% xzg lw;Z
xzkQ 4-3-108
ehu jkf'k ij jkgq] xq# o 'kqØ dk xkspj vfèkd o 'kfu rFkk dsrq dk xkspj de
e`R;qnj nsrk gSA
4.3 Chi2-Test ¼xkspj½
fofHkUu xzgksa o Hkkos'kksa ds vU; xzgksa o Hkkoksa ij xkspj fdrus izHkkoh gksrs gSa ;g
tkuus ds fy, Chi2-Test fd;s x;s gSa tks fuEu izdkj ls gSa &
4-3-1 xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua-
4-3-1 lw;Z dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-2 pUnzek dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-3 eaxy dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-4 cqèk dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-5 c`gLifr dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-6 'kqØ dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-7 'kfu dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-8 jkgq dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-9 dsrq dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
rkfydk & 4-2
tks xzg èkheh xfr ds gSa tSls& 'kfu] c`gLifr] jkgq o dsrq os e`R;qnj dks vR;fèkd izHkkfor djrs gSa rFkk 'kh?kzxkeh xzg e`R;qnj dks muls de izHkkfor djrs gSaA panzek vfr'kh?kzxkeh gksus ls e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor ugha djrkA
4-3-2 xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj %
xzkQ ua- fooj.k Chi2-Test
4-3-10 lw;Z dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 08·15 12 No
4-3-11 pUnzek dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 07·38 12 No
4-3-12 eaxy dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 08·86 12 No
4-3-13 cqèk dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 05·31 12 No
4-3-14 c`gLifr dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 08·26 12 No
4-3-15 'kqØ dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-3-16 'kfu dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-3-17 jkgq dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-3-18 dsrq dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
rkfydk & 4-3
D· F· = Degree of Freedom, Signi = Significance
xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj e`R;qnj dks cgqr de izHkkfor djrk gS fdarq dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV
ds vuqlkj ;g ekU; ugha gSaA
4-3-3 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj %
xzkQ ua-
4-3-19 lw;Z dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
4-3-20 pUnzek dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
9
4-3-21 eaxy dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 5·88 9 No
4-3-22 cqèk dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
4-3-23 c`gLifr dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
9
4-3-24 'kqØ dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 4·28 9 No
4-3-25 'kfu dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 4·93 9 No
4-3-26 jkgq dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 5·71 9 No
4-3-27 dsrq dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
9 <50% rkfydk & 4-4 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj e`R;q ds le; izHkkoghu fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA
4-3-4 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj %
4-3-28 lw;Z dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-3-29
4-3-30 eaxy dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 08·87 12 No
4-3-31 cqèk dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 08·53 12 No
4-3-32 c`gLifr dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 12·50 12 <50%
4-3-33 'kqØ dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 12·50 12 <50%
4-3-34 'kfu dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 05·46 12 No
4-3-35 jkgq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 07·32 12 No
4-3-36 dsrq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 02·33 12 No rkfydk & 4-5
D· F· = Degree of Freedom, Signi = Significance
xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Hkh e`R;q ds le; izHkkoghu jgk gSA
4-3-5 Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj %
4-3-37 yXus'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-38
r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-40 prqFksZ'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
ij
4-3-42 "k"Bs'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij
4-3-44 v"Ves'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij
4-3-45 uoes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij
4-3-46 n'kes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-47 ,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
4-3-48 }kn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj
rkfydk & 4-6
Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij ls xkspj esa prqFksZ'k] iapes'k o v"Ves'k dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj vfèkd rFkk r`rh;s'k] "k"Bs'k o lIres'k dk xkspj e`R;qnj dks de izHkkfor djrk gSA r`rh; Hkko ls v"Ve Hkko rd ds Lokeh e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
4-3-6 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh Hkkoksa ij xkspj %
xzkQ ua-
4-3-50 f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij
4-3-52 prqFksZ'k dk
4-3-56 v"Ves'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-3-57 uoes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-3-59 ,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
4-3-60 }kn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj
rkfydk & 4-7
lIres'k] ,dkn'ks'k o }kn'ks'k dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj
fo'ks"k izHkko'kkyh fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA
4-3-7 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj %
4-3-61 yXus'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj
4-3-62 f}rh;s'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 07·18 9 No
4-3-63 r`rh;s'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 20·65 9 <1%
4-3-64 prqFksZ'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 09·62 9 <30%
4-3-65 iapes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 03·96 9 No
4-3-66 "k"Bs'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 07·72 9 <50%
4-3-67 lIres'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 11·84 9 <20%
4-3-68 v"Ves'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 06·00 9 No
4-3-69 uoes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 04·25 9 No
4-3-70 n'kes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 03·08 9 No
4-3-71 ,dkn'ks'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 02·07 9 No
4-3-72 }kn'ks'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 02·83 9 No rkfydk & 4-8 r`rh;s'k ds vfrfjDr lHkh Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj e`R;qdky esa fu"izHkkoh fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA
4-3-8 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua- fooj.k Chi2-Test
4-3-73 yXus'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 10·04 12 <50%
4-3-74 f}rh;s'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 04·03 12 No
4-3-75 r`rh;s'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 12·69
4-3-76 prqFksZ'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 05·34 12 No
4-3-77 iapes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 05·98 12 No
4-3-78 "k"Bs'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-3-79 lIres'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-3-80 v"Ves'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 08·62 12 No
4-3-81 uoes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 06·13 12 No
4-3-82 n'kes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-3-83 ,dkn'ks'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj
4-3-84 }kn'ks'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 05·73 12 No
rkfydk & 4-9
Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Hkh e`R;qdky esa fu"izHkkoh jgk gSA
4-3-9 Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;kas ij xkspj %
4-3-85 Hkkos'kksa dk es"k jkf'k ij
No 4-3-86 Hkkos'kksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-87 Hkkos'kksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-88 Hkkos'kksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-89 Hkkos'kksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-90 Hkkos'kksa dk dU;k
4-3-91
4-3-92 Hkkos'kksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-93 Hkkos'kksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj 10·11
4-3-94 Hkkos'kksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-95 Hkkos'kksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj 09·87
4-3-96 Hkkos'kksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj 05·38
No
No
No rkfydk & 4-10
Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Hkh e`R;qdky esa fu"izHkkoh jgk gS tcfd xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj e`R;qdky ds le; fo'ks"k izHkkoh jgk gSA
4-3-10 xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;kas ij xkspj %
xzgksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij
xzgksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-104 xzgksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-107 xzgksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj
4-3-108 xzgksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj
rkfydk & 4-11
lHkh xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;kas ij xkspj e`R;qdky esa fo'ks"k izHkko'kkyh fn[kkbZ
fn;k gSA
fu"d"kZ % lHkh izdkj dh xkspj dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd
xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj e`R;qdky dh x.kuk esa lokZfèkd izHkkoh gS ijarq
;g x.kuk lHkh tkrdksa ds fy, gksrh gS rFkk bl x.kuk dks fdlh tkrd fo'ks"k ij ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blls ;g Li"V gS fd e`R;qnj dHkh fdlh fo'ks"k
le; esa vfèkd o fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k le; esa de gksrh gSA tkrd dh vk;q ds fy, Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k jkf'k o }kn'k Hkkoksa ij ls xkspj gh fu.kkZ;d gSA Hkkos'kksa dk
xzgksa ij ;k jkf'k;ksa ij o Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj e`R;qdky esa fu.kkZ;d ugha gSA e`R;qdky
tkuus ds fy, Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa o Hkkoksa ij xkspj gh mi;ksxh o lkFkZd gSA
4-4 n'kkUrnZ'kk }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k
4-4-1 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q nj
Chi2 -Test 22·42, Significance <2·5%
xzkQ 4-4-1
bl fl)kar dk voyksdu djus fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa esa xzgksa dh fLFkfr dh x.kuk
djus ij ik;k fd e`R;q ds le; Hkkoksa esa xzgksa dh la[;k de ;k vfèkd gksrh gSA
Hkkoksa esa xzgksa dh fLFkfr ds dqy ;ksx 1805 gSaA izR;sd Hkko vkSlr ls ;g la[;k
150 gksrh gS fdarq f}rh;] n'ke o ,dkn'k Hkko esa ;g la[;k Øe'k% 169] 169 o
179 gSA vr% Hkkoksa esa xzgksa dh fLFkfr e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
4-4-2 }kn'k Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk eas e`R;q nj
Chi2 -Test 16·26, Significance <20%
Hkkonz"Vk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 204 184 211 214 239 204 205 239 192 221 200 190
4-4-2
mijksDr fl)kar Hkh e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA bl ;ksx dh dqy la[;k 2503
rFkk vkSlr la[;k 208 gSA tks xzg iape o uoe Hkko dks ns[krs gSa mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk
esa e`R;qnj vfèkd gS rFkk f}rh; Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj de gSA
4-4-3 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q nj
Chi2 -Test 10·08, Significance No
Hkkos'kkas dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk e`R;qnj dks dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkkfor ugha djrhA ,dek= prqFksZ'k dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj fo'ks"k :i ls vfèkd gksrh gSA
4-4-4 Hkkos'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q nj
Chi2 -Test 7·6, Significance No
xzkQ 4-4-4
Hkkos'kksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk e`R;q dks dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkkfor ugha
djrhA }kn'ks'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj vo'; dqN vfèkd gksrh gSA
4-4-5 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj
Chi2 -Test 27·12, Significance <1%
4-4-5
Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q dk fl)kar e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor
djrk gSA n'ke ls r`rh; rd ds Hkkos'kksa ls n`"V xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj
fuEu gksrh gS rFkk prqFkZ ls uoe rd ds Hkkos'kksa ls n`"V xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
4-4-6 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj
Chi2 -Test 23·197, Significance <2%
xzkQ 4-4-6
mijksDr fl)kar e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA r`rh; ls lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzg dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk v"Ve ls f}rh; Hkko fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzg dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj de gSA
4-4-7 }kn'k Hkkos'k ;qr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj
Chi2 -Test 5·45, Significance No Hkko 1
xzkQ 4-4-7
Hkkos'k ;qr xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q dk fl)kar e`R;qnj dks vfèkd izHkkfor ugha djrkA r`rh;s'k ls lIres'k ;qr xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj de o v"Ves'k ls yXus'k rd ds Hkkos'kksa ls ;qr xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
4-4-8 xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj
Chi2 -Test 36·44 Significance < ·1%
lw;Z panz eaxy
4-4-8
xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;q dk fl)kar e`R;qnj dks fo'ks"k izHkkfor djrk gSA panzek fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa de e`R;qnj rFkk 'kqØ o jkgq fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
4-4-9 lHkh xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj
Chi2 -Test 309·45, Significance < ·1%
egkn'kk
xzkQ 4-4-9
cqèk dh egkn'kk esa e`R;qnj lokZfèkd rFkk jkgq dh egkn'kk esa e`R;qnj U;wure jgh
gSA
vUrnZ'kk
xzkQ 4-4-10
eaxy dh varnZ'kk esa lokZfèkd e`R;qnj gksrh gS rFkk cqèk dh varnZ'kk esa U;wure
e`R;qnj jgh gSA
n'kkUrnZ'kk xzg lw;Z
xzkQ 4-4-11
cqèk dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj vfèkd rFkk jkgq dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa e`R;qnj U;wure gksrh gSA
4-4-1 Chi2 -Test ¼n'kkUrnZ'kk½
n'kkUrnZ'kk }kjk vk;qfu.kZ; %
xzkQ ua- fooj.k Chi2-Test D· F· Signi·
4.1.1 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 22·42 12 <2·5%
4.1.2 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 10·08 12 No
4.1.3 }kn'k Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 16·26 12 <20%
4.1.4 Hkkos'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 07·06 12 No
4.1.5 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 27·12 12 <1%
4.1.6 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 23·02 12 <2%
4.1.7 }kn'k Hkkos'k ;qr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 05·45 12 No
4.1.8 xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 36·44 9 < ·1% rkfydk & 4-12
fu"d"kZ % ftl u{k= esa 'kqØ o jkgw fLFkr gS ml u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk
e`R;qdky dks vR;fèkd izHkkfor djrh gSA iapes'k ls uoes'k rd ds Hkkos'k
ftl xzg dks ns[krs gSa ml xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa Hkh e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA f}rh;] prqFkZ] uoe~] n'ke o ,dkn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk rFkk
r`rh; ls lIre Hkko esa fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa Hkh e`R;qnj vfèkd gksrh gSA
Hkkos'k] Hkkos'k ;qDr xzg rFkk Hkko ;k Hkkos'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk
e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gSA
5
vè;;u dk if.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko
5-1 vè;;u dk ifj.kke
T;ksfr"k esa vk;qfu.kZ; dh pkj fof/k;ka nh xbZ gSa %
1- ;ksxt vk;q fu.kZ; 2- xf.krxr vk;q fu.kZ;
3- xkspj }kjk vk;q fu.kZ;
4- n'kk }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; pkjksa fof/k;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kke fuEu izdkj ls gSa &
5-1-1 ;ksxt vk;q fu.kZ; %
vk;qfu/kkZj.k esa ;ksx iw.kZ:i ls vleFkZ jgs gSaA buds }kjk vk;q voLFkk tSls & iw.kkZ;q] e/;k;q o vYik;q dk Hkh Kku ;ksxksa }kjk laHko ugha gSA
5-1-2 xf.krxr vk;q fu.kZ; %
-xf.krxr vk;q dsoy xf.kr vH;kl izrhr gqvk gSA 25 izdkj dh vk;q x.kuk esa ls ,d Hkh xf.krxr vk;q dh fof/k dk okLrfod vk;q ls lg&lEca/k fn[kkbZ ugha fn;k gSA
5-1-3 xkspj }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; %
vk;q fu.kZ; dh ;g fof/k lcls vf/kd izHkkoh jgh gSA xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj vR;f/kd izHkkoh fn[kkbZ fn;k tcfd xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj rFkk xzgkas dk xzgksa ;k Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj dk vk;qfu.kZ; ij fo'ks"k izHkko fn[kkbZ ugha fn;k gSA
blh izdkj] Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij o Hkkoksa ij ls xkspj izHkko'kkyh jgk gS rFkk
Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij o Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj izHkkoghu jgkA Hkkos'kksa dk izHkko xzgksa dh
vis{kk de fn[kkbZ fn;kA
5-1-4 n'kk }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; %
bl fof/k esa Hkko fLFkr xzg ,oa xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk fo'ks"k izHkko'kkyh jgh gS tks fd vk;qfu.kZ; esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA Hkkos'k] Hkkos'k ;qr
xzg rFkk Hkkos'k }kjk n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk e`R;q dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gSA
5-2 fu"d"kZ (Conclusions)
;ksxksa }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; rFkk xf.krxr vk;q }kjk vk;q fu.kZ; ugha fd;k tk ldrkA xkspj rFkk n'kkUrnZ'kk ds }kjk gh e`R;q fu.kZ; djus dh laHkkouk,a fn[kkbZ nh gSaA bu nksuksa esa Hkh xkspj dk izHkko e`R;qnj ij vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu nksuksa dks
feykdj e`R;q dh laHkkouk dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu bldks dsoy ,d laHkkouk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dk vk;q fu.kZ; djus ds fy, izLrqr 'kks/k iw.kZr;k leFkZ ugha gSA
5-3 lq>ko (Suggestions)
1- iq#"k tkrdksa o L=h tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk vyx&vyx fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2- Hkkos'kksa dh izfrc)rk dks nwj djus ds fy, vyx&vyx yXukuqlkj tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- fofHkUu izdkj dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkvksa ¼v"VksŸkjh] ;ksfxuh] dkypØ] pjn'kk vkfn½ ls Hkh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4- izkphu T;ksfr"k lkfgR; ¼T;ksfr"k xzUFk vkfn½ dh ekU;rkvksa dk Hkh iqu% vkdyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
1 M 19/08/1918 6:10 Bhopal 26/12/1999
2 M 2/10/1904 6:20 Mughal Sarai 11/1/1966
3 M 17/12/1955 17:55 Patna 30/06/2004
4 M 2/7/1973 22:15 Delhi 3/11/2005
5 M 2/7/1978 23:40 Muzaffarnagar 1/7/2005
6 M 14/11/1889 23:06 Allahabad 27/05/1964
7 M 29/11/1870 19:00 Strasbourg 23/03/1940
8 M 9/12/1919 10:32 Cleveland 14/04/2011
9 M 11/04/1893 2:30 Scarperia* 24/11/1975
10 M 01/02/1801 10:00 Paris 02/06/1881
11 M 03/06/1873 10:00 Frankfurt 25/12/1961
12 F 8/7/1926 22:45 Zurich 24/08/2004
13 M 24/11/1946 22:35 Burlington 24/01/1989 14 M 28/02/1960 2:07 El paso 7/6/2013
15 F 7/2/1965 17:15 Ollioules* 6/11/1992
M 26/05/1928 22:10 Pontiac 3/6/2011
F 2/3/1919 22:10 Tulsa 17/12/2009
19 M 16/03/1911 22:10 Gunzburg 7/2/1979 20 M 02/07/1877 22:10 Calw 9/8/1962 21 F 14/04/1923 9:00 Cleveland 4/7/1954
22 F 13/10/1925 9:00 Grantham 8/3/2013
23 M 19/05/1925 9:00 Nebraska 21/02/1965 24 F 4/4/1943 9:00 Quanah 30/05/1998
25 M 18/03/1909 19:15 Jackson 6/3/2007
26 M 12/7/1988 19:15 Anaheim 10/8/1994
27 F 08/12/1542 19:15 Linlithgow 08/02/1587
28 F 22/07/1890 19:15 Boston 22/01/1995
29 M 27/11/1942 10:15 Seattle 18/09/1970
30 M 14/01/1919 7:00 Rome 6/5/2013
31 M 7/3/1918 14:00 Michigan 4/2/2013
32 M 14/03/1951 2:30 Paris 26/05/2013
33 M 12/7/1934 11:45 Shreveport 27/02/2013
34 F 29/04/1948 11:20 Paris 7/3/2013
35 M 22/01/1916 6:30 Angers 22/03/2013
36 M 30/03/1921 22:30 Paris 17/03/2013
37 M 5/3/1931 3:30 Paris 2/4/2013
38 F 22/10/1942 22:10 Utica 8/4/2013
39 M 1/4/1927 20:00 Munich 4/1/2013
40 M 17/06/1920 20:00 Nancy 19/04/2013
41 M 29/08/1920 7:30 Mulhouse 3/6/2013
42 M 2/5/1930 1:00 Tel Aviv-Jaffa 8/6/2013
43 M 1/11/1942 1:00 Alberta 29/03/2013
44 M 12/12/1924 3:00 Bronx 1/2/2013
45 M 19/05/1926 3:00 Ploesti 21/04/2013
M 22/11/1949 3:30 Champ-Haut 17/03/2013
M 1/1/1921 3:30 Telagh 27/06/2013
M 3/5/1934 7:00 Alexandria 23/05/2013
M 21/11/1920 7:00 Donora 19/01/2013
M 30/11/1994 11:20 Brest 5/6/2013
46 M 12/2/1939 3:30 Chicago 20/05/2013 47 M 5/7/1928 3:30 Cartignies 7/6/2013 48 M 31/12/1924 3:30 Grosse Pointe 8/5/2013
M 4/2/1936 15:00 Territet 10/1/2013
F 23/12/1925 11:45 Paris 19/01/2013
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
93 F 25/07/1930 7:30 Montreal 16/06/2010
94 M 20/04/1914 23:00 Lorain 18/06/2010
95 M 6/4/1934 15:10 Utrecht 27/08/2010
96 M 18/03/1926 15:10 Minneapolis 14/03/2010
97 M 17/12/1930 13:30 Brooklyn 20/10/2010
98 M 26/09/1914 13:30 Padova 26/04/2010 99 M 9/1/1926 10:00 Saarbrucken 6/2/2010
100 M 22/09/1943 21:01 San francisco 8/2/2010
101 M 30/01/1925 21:01 Memphis 15/04/2010 102 M 9/6/1937 21:01 Youngstown 26/07/2010 103 M 18/06/1949 2:45 Warsaw 10/4/2010
F 21/12/1925 8:00 Cincinnati 17/05/2010 105 M 31/03/1932 8:00 Eagle Rock 9/5/2010 106 F 11/1/1921 8:00 Lynch 5/7/2010 107 F 30/11/1916 8:00 Marseille 19/05/2010 108 M 12/5/1923 17:05 Edinburgh 21/06/2010 109 M 11/2/1931 17:05 Massie 22/05/2010 110 M 6/12/1938 17:05 St Johns Wood 30/08/2010
17:05 Ely 14/10/2010
F 6/2/1946 0:30 Montreal 18/01/2010
M 17/03/1969 0:30 Lewisham 11/2/2010 115 M 27/01/1931 0:30 Tiffin 30/12/2010
8:50 Sacramento 22/01/2010
M 16/05/1915 17:45 Rome 29/11/2010
M 19/09/1944 7:10 Angouleme 22/08/2010
119 M 10/4/1924 5:00 Asheville 5/1/2010 120 M 12/5/1978 1:00 Angers 12/5/2010 121 M 16/07/1942 1:10 Dayton 28/03/2010
122 M 16/07/1939 8:00 London 6/4/2010
123 F 8/3/1943 8:15 London 2/5/2010
124 M 30/09/1926 11:45 Springfield 6/5/2010
125 M 21/03/1920 11:45 Tulle 11/1/2010
126 M 18/11/1925 11:45 Annecy 5/10/2010
127 M 25/03/1932 13:00 Ashland 14/11/2010
128 M 16/06/1937 13:00 Brooklyn 17/01/2010
129 M 21/06/1921 13:57 Dayton 15/11/2010
130 M 10/2/1923 12:00 Milan 5/7/2010
131 F 12/5/1910 12:00 Forli 5/5/2010
132 M 4/7/1930 12:00 Rocky River 13/07/2010
133 F 7/11/1926 17:30 Sydney 10/10/2010
134 M 18/11/1948 17:30 Cherryville 27/07/2010
135 F 15/05/1924 21:00 Hamburg 19/06/2010
136 F 5/9/1922 19:15 Dortmund 5/4/2010 137 M 15/04/1931 19:15 Lang Son 31/01/2010
138 F 31/05/1931 19:15 New Orleans 5/11/2010
139 M 28/11/1926 6:00 Berlin 7/9/2010
140 M 24/02/1919 22:40 Oakland 17/04/2010 141 M 25/11/1933 22:40 Lancaster 16/02/2010
142 M 9/6/1929 1:10 Zurich 21/04/2010
143 M 15/09/1916 1:10 Arbuckle 10/2/2010
144 M 1/6/1933 3:35 Trinity 10/2/2010 145 M 16/10/1921 3:35 Champigny 3/2/2010
146 F 24/04/1922 3:35 Torino 15/05/2009 147 F 25/01/1933 3:35 Paniqui 1/8/2009 148 F 7/5/1948 3:35 San Gabriel 24/09/2009 149 F 18/04/1919 3:35 Fort Barnwell 18/07/2009
M 24/04/1923 12:13 Alliance 18/12/2009
M 5/12/1933 12:13 Geneva 24/04/2009
M 16/03/1911 12:13 Uccle 15/11/2009
F 4/9/1925 12:13 Steubenville 7/2/2009
M 29/06/1931 12:13 Akron 9/3/2009
M 17/01/1962 12:13 North Tawton 16/03/2009
M 24/04/1933 12:13 Fairport 25/12/2009
M 13/09/1924 13:00 Lyons 28/03/2009
M 22/09/1932 8:20 Trelleborg 30/01/2009
M 17/07/1932 3:15 Chicago 26/02/2009
M 28/06/1925 18:00 Mannheim 5/10/2009
F 2/5/1950 10:26 Dayton 12/4/2009
M 1/8/1921 10:26 Las Vegas 12/9/2009
M 10/5/1932 23:00 Reims 17/12/2009
M 26/06/1927 5:20 Clermont 3/2/2009
SrNo Sex
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
185 M 28/11/1908 1:00 Brussels 30/10/2009
186 M 21/07/1918 1:00 Glasgow 30/04/2009
187 M 18/11/1915 15:00 Roanne 22/12/2009
188 F 7/2/1925 6:34 Chicago 9/10/2009
189 M 21/05/1918 6:00 Angouleme 21/10/2009
190 M 13/10/1938 23:15 Cincinnati 2/11/2009
191 M 29/06/1921 23:15 New Orleans 10/11/2009
192 F 3/8/1945 23:15 Koln-Deutz 12/2/2009
193 M 3/8/1945 23:15 Koln-Deutz 13/08/2009
194 M 25/11/1917 4:45 Cleveland 24/01/2009
195 F 8/4/1939 4:45 Red Bank 15/10/2009
196 M 14/02/1979 9:55 Dijon 15/11/2009
197 F 11/5/1963 17:00 London 18/03/2009
198 M 11/9/1944 17:00 Gallipolis 9/1/2009
199 M 24/01/1918 17:00 Ada 15/12/2009
200 M 21/10/1926 9:20 San francisco 14/05/2009
201 F 27/07/1958 9:20 Dayton 2/4/2009
202 M 23/08/1954 9:20 Derby 5/1/2009
203 F 10/7/1921 9:20 Brookline 11/8/2009
204 M 7/4/1924 9:20 Wien 1/9/2009
205 M 19/10/1929 9:20 Lisboa 8/8/2009
206 M 8/1/1926 9:20 Franklinton 23/10/2009
207 F 24/08/1926 9:20 Cleveland 18/10/2009
208 F 5/4/1922 11:00 Bloomington 27/06/2009
209 M 25/04/1926 10:11 El Franco 11/4/2009
210 M 20/09/1946 7:00 Haifa 20/08/2009
211 F 9/11/1936 7:00 Louisville 16/09/2009
212 M 19/04/1992 7:00 Daytona Beach 2/1/2009
213 M 02/10/1869 7:11 Porbandar 30/01/1948
214 M 12/05/1895 0:30 Madanapalle 17/02/1986
215 F 2/10/1948 4:15 Bombay 18/08/1998
216 M 05/01/1893 20:28 Gorakhpur 7/3/1952
217 M 23/01/1897 12:15 Cuttack 22/08/1945
218 M 20/08/1944 8:50 Mumbai 21/05/1991
219 M 12/01/1863 6:33 Calcutta 4/7/1902
220 M 15/08/1872 5:00 Calcutta 5/12/1950
221 F 19/11/1917 23:11 Allahabad 31/10/1984
222 M 12/1/1917 12:00 Jabalpur 5/2/2008
223 M 05/07/1882 23:28 Baroda 5/2/1927
224 M 23/11/1926 23:28 Puttaparthi 24/04/2011
225 M 25/02/1894 5:00 Poona 30/01/1969
226 M 18/02/1836 5:00 Karmara 16/08/1886
227 M 17/02/1892 8:01 Hooghly 6/12/1982
228 M 08/09/1887 8:01 Pattamundai 14/07/1963
229 M 08/11/1888 8:01 Trichinopoly 21/11/1970
230 M 22/12/1887 18:20 Erode 26/04/1920
231 M 14/12/1946 9:15 Delhi 23/06/1980
232 M 01/12/1751 8:00 Bangalore 04/05/1799
233 M 07/05/1861 4:02 Calcutta 7/8/1941
234 M 30/12/1879 4:02 Madurai 14/04/1950
235 F 27/02/1932 2:30 London 23/03/2011
236 M 11/10/1902 0:42 Sitab-Diara 8/10/1979
237 M 12/5/1934 0:42 Haridwar 20/08/1999
238 F 10/8/1963 12:00 Gorakhpur 25/07/2001
239 F 1/7/1961 12:00 Karnal 1/2/2003
240 M 21/09/1849 3:00 Amritsar 26/03/1905
241 F 13/06/1863 7:00 Calcutta 13/11/1963
242 M 25/06/1903 11:30 Motihari 21/01/1950
243 M 29/05/1906 15:30 Bombay 17/01/1964
244 M 18/07/1811 14:00 Calcutta 24/12/1863
245 M 12/02/1856 12:09 Chicacole 14/03/1937
246 M 16/08/1864 12:09 Maini 26/11/1917
247 M 16/05/1908 5:11 Dharmasthala 2/10/1982
248 M 06/10/1885 1:36 Ahmedabad 11/5/1943
249 M 1/1/1912 14:30 Ambala 11/5/1988
250 F 26/08/1910 14:25 Skopje 5/9/1997
251 M 9/7/1925 12:00 Bangalore 10/10/1964
252 F 1/8/1932 11:55 Mumbai 31/03/1972
253 M 9/7/1938 12:00 Mumbai 6/11/1985
254 M 19/07/1954 10:30 Bombay 31/12/2001
255 M 26/09/1923 9:30 Gurdaspur 3/12/2011
256 M 29/12/1942 17:45 Amritsar 18/07/2012
257 M 12/02/1809 6:54 Hodgenville 15/04/1865
258 M 28/01/1865 12:00 Dhudike 17/11/1928
259 M 24/08/1908 8:30 Rajgurunagar 23/03/1931
260 M 23/07/1856 6:59 Ratnagiri 1/8/1920
261 M 28/05/1883 21:25 Nasik 26/02/1966
262 M 09/05/1866 17:15 Ratnagiri 19/02/1915
263 M 16/01/1920 0:45 Navsari 11/12/2002
264 M 28/12/1932 6:37 Chorwad 6/7/2002
265 M 1/3/1930 8:45 Calcutta 14/04/2013
266 M 5/11/1930 22:00 Satna 4/3/2011
267 M 23/01/1926 7:00 Poona 17/11/2012
268 M 26/08/1927 6:00 Bhiwani 28/03/2006
269 M 6/10/1930 17:40 Hissar 3/6/2011
270 M 16/12/1914 12:00 Sirsa 6/4/2001
271 M 8/7/1914 11:00 Calcutta 17/01/2010
272 M 5/7/1918 12:00 Kannur 23/12/2010
273 M 27/10/1920 17:00 Cochin 5/11/2005
274 M 12/4/1932 7:30 Abohar 9/10/2006
275 M 10/3/1945 23:45 Mumbai 30/09/2001
276 M 27/12/1927 10:40 Narnaul 12/12/2012
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
277 M 30/10/1949 21:30 Hyderabad 3/5/2006
278 M 29/08/1926 12:15 Bangalore 12/1/2004
279 M 14/07/1920 5:30 Paithan 26/02/2004
280 M 20/10/1920 9:31 Calcutta 6/11/2010
281 M 21/08/1934 20:30 Pusad 10/5/2001
282 M 2/8/1927 19:15 Raipur 11/6/2013
283 M 18/05/1837 20:21 Pathri 15/10/1918
284 M 25/06/1931 7:05 Allahabad 27/11/2008
285 M 2/5/1921 4:36 Calcutta 23/04/1992
286 M 7/4/1920 6:00 Varranasi 11/12/2012
287 M 10/04/1894 3:21 Pilani 11/6/1983
288 F 13/05/1918 17:00 Madras 9/2/1984
289 M 15/02/1921 12:00 Deoghar 15/03/1985
290 M 5/4/1908 6:00 Bhojpur 6/7/1986
291 M 4/8/1929 16:00 Khandwa 13/10/1987
292 M 10/7/1923 16:00 Examba 11/12/1987
293 F 27/02/1912 7:15 Jalandhar 7/11/1990
294 M 4/1/1924 12:00 Kodikulam 30/11/1993
295 M 27/06/1939 11:00 Calcutta 4/1/1994
296 M 5/5/1916 12:00 Sandhwan 25/12/1994
297 M 29/02/1896 13:00 Valsad 10/4/1995
298 M 19/02/1922 11:25 Patiala 31/08/1995
299 M 28/05/1923 16:45 Gudiwada 18/01/1996
300 F 30/11/1923 14:25 Vaikam 19/05/1996
301 M 04/07/1898 12:00 Sialkot 15/01/1998
302 F 21/09/1926 12:00 Kasur 23/12/2000
303 M 1/10/1928 17:30 Villupuram 21/07/2001
304 M 13/10/1911 14:55 Bhagalpur 10/12/2001
305 F 7/3/1922 17:30 Amreli 11/10/2002
306 F 25/07/1908 22:30 Thanjavur 31/10/2003
307 M 22/01/1934 16:30 Gurdaspur 23/02/2004
308 F 18/07/1972 12:00 Mulbagal 17/04/2004
309 M 6/9/1929 12:00 Mumbai 26/06/2004
310 M 29/09/1932 20:00 Mumbai 23/07/2007
311 M 18/01/1952 8:41 Chennai 18/10/2004
312 F 16/09/1916 8:50 Madurai 11/12/2004
313 M 22/06/1932 12:00 Nawanshahr 12/1/2005
314 M 2/3/1944 13:00 Karimpur 26/03/2006
315 M 24/04/1929 13:00 Madras 12/4/2006
316 M 25/12/1919 20:00 Lucknow 5/5/2006
317 M 21/03/1916 10:00 Dumraon 21/08/2006
318 M 30/09/1922 12:36 Calcutta 27/08/2006
319 F 16/05/1926 21:30 Pune 10/11/1996
320 F 26/05/1907 21:30 Farrukhabad 11/9/1987
321 F 30/08/1903 14:59 Unnao 5/10/1981
322 M 9/7/1918 12:00 Machilipatnam 22/03/2007
323 M 8/6/1930 12:00 Thrissur 3/10/2007
324 M 3/7/1912 7:45 Amritsar 25/02/2008
325 M 14/01/1937 8:25 Nandigama 20/03/2008
326 M 6/1/1928 17:30 Kolhapur 19/05/2008
327 M 3/4/1914 17:30 Amritsar 27/06/2008
328 F 2/9/1988 12:00 Ludhiana 29/07/2008
329 M 23/03/1916 17:10 Noida 1/8/2008
330 M 9/1/1934 12:00 Amritsar 27/09/2008
331 M 4/12/1910 12:00 Thanjavur 27/01/2009
332 M 27/09/1933 12:00 Dharapuram 31/01/2009
333 M 25/09/1939 12:00 Bangalore 27/04/2009
334 M 2/3/1931 12:00 Achalpur 3/5/2009
335 M 10/5/1955 12:00 Chalakudy 28/06/2009
336 M 8/7/1949 10:15 Pulivendla 2/9/2009
337 M 22/04/1947 12:00 Sialkot 24/05/2010
338 M 3/9/1939 12:00 Calcutta 24/05/2010
339 M 8/3/1931 11:30 Calcutta 13/07/2010 340 M 30/11/1967 12:30 Aligarh 30/11/2010
341 M 10/6/1956 9:25 Korumamidi 21/01/2011 342 M 4/2/1922 12:00 Gadag 24/01/2011 343 M 17/09/1929 12:00 Karkal 24/02/2011 344 M 24/12/1924 8:00 Varanasi 4/3/2011
345 M 3/3/1955 10:15 Tawang 4/5/2011 346 M 31/03/1923 10:15 Bali 7/6/2011 347 M 17/09/1915 7:24 Pandharpur 9/6/2011
348 M 21/10/1931 22:30 Mumbai 14/08/2011
349 M 8/2/1941 8:00 Sri Ganganagar 10/10/2011 350 M 8/9/1926 9:15 Sadiya 5/11/2011 351 M 15/04/1940 12:00 Sikar 27/11/2011 352 M 26/11/1921 8:25 Kozhikonde 9/9/2012 353 M 27/09/1932 12:00 Lahore 21/10/2012
M 15/03/1943 7:28 Delhi 30/06/2007 355 F 10/8/1926 20:30 Germaine 26/02/2013 356 M 25/06/1896 11:30 Dundee 21/11/2005 357 M 1/10/1939 23:05 San francisco 25/09/2005 358 M 17/11/1928 15:00 Nice 22/10/2005 359 M 25/05/1944 11:10 Paris 15/02/2005
360 M 25/09/1929 14:00 Bedford 3/10/2005 361 M 6/7/1935 4:00 Edna 30/12/2005
362 M 10/6/1915 16:24 Lachine 5/4/2005
363 F 20/11/1944 4:03 Liege 6/1/2005 364 M 2/7/1906 20:45 Strasbourg 6/3/2005 365 F 15/01/1929 13:50 Big Spring 7/3/2005
366 M 16/06/1929 6:30 Broken Hill 25/01/2005
367 F 10/5/1928 22:00 Paris 3/8/2005
368 M 11/3/1934 10:40 Aberdeen 29/06/2005
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
369 M 4/10/1926 3:00 Tacoma 8/11/2005
370 M 27/03/1912 16:20 Portsmouth 26/03/2005
371 M 6/8/1928 23:00 Nimes 8/5/2005
372 M 23/12/1945 23:00 Castiglione 1/3/2005
373 M 17/05/1915 22:00 Ussel 4/10/2005
374 M 24/05/1989 19:00 Westminster 21/10/2005
375 M 26/12/1924 6:40 Claremont 9/3/2005
376 F 25/06/1913 12:55 Chicago 9/2/2005
377 F 23/04/1942 5:35 Bayonne 20/02/2005
378 M 6/1/1925 12:00 Datroit 19/03/2005
379 M 8/6/1926 0:50 Weehawken 26/12/2005
380 F 4/4/1913 1:57 Mansfield 5/6/2005
381 M 14/03/1924 21:00 Cleveland 13/07/2005
382 M 19/02/1914 2:00 Begles 25/08/2005
383 F 26/09/1946 17:03 Camden 9/4/2005
384 F 7/7/1923 6:00 Detroit 1/6/2005
385 M 21/06/1919 22:30 San francisco 15/06/2005
386 F 25/08/1908 17:00 San Luis Rey 1/11/2005
387 M 18/12/1907 6:30 Bristol 30/06/2005
388 M 12/8/1978 17:34 Springfield 26/01/2005
389 M 3/11/1917 0:30 Lorain 30/08/2005
390 M 24/10/1927 16:00 Dayton 5/8/2005
391 M 4/7/1919 5:05 Brescia 15/11/2005
392 M 8/7/1906 15:00 Cleveland 25/01/2005
393 F 10/2/1924 4:20 Liverpool 10/1/2005
394 M 9/2/1922 11:38 Hamburg 7/9/2005
395 M 23/10/1927 10:00 San francisco 7/3/2005
396 M 13/11/1914 6:30 Milan 3/7/2005
397 M 27/09/1923 4:00 Sabres 3/6/2005
398 M 18/06/1924 13:00 Joliet 1/6/2005
399 M 17/10/1915 5:12 New york 10/2/2005
400 M 3/6/1959 8:27 Neptune 18/04/2005
401 F 17/05/1918 14:45 Svenstad 25/12/2005
402 M 12/8/1929 5:00 Sherman 25/03/2005
403 M 27/02/1921 6:30 Naples 15/12/2005
404 M 11/11/1928 14:19 Minneapolis 17/07/2005
405 M 24/09/1916 23:15 Chicago 6/11/2005
406 M 27/02/1913 4:00 Valence 20/05/2005
407 M 8/12/1908 2:00 Argelliers 22/06/2005
408 M 9/6/1928 20:00 Antibes 6/5/2005
409 F 22/03/1907 20:00 Aljustrel 13/02/2005
410 F 5/1/1926 18:55 Vienna 26/04/2005
411 M 23/02/1915 16:00 Recklinghausen 4/7/2005
412 M 28/09/1905 10:50 Prenzlau 2/2/2005
413 M 10/10/1913 3:56 Antananarivo 6/7/2005
414 F 23/04/1911 2:00 Marseille 22/02/2005
415 M 4/4/1927 17:10 Marion 28/03/2005
416 F 4/6/1936 14:15 Mumbai 21/02/1991
417 M 14/12/1924 22:00 Peshawar 2/6/1988
418 M 6/6/1929 11:30 Jhelum 25/05/2005
419 M 17/07/1978 8:30 Jalandhar 20/09/2006
420 M 6/9/1987 9:46 Ludhiana 27/12/2009
421 M 5/11/1959 22:00 Ludhiana 5/9/2011
422 M 10/4/1959 10:55 Ludhiana 17/08/2011
423 M 12/9/1979 14:20 Khanna 27/08/2011
424 M 10/2/1943 3:30 Hoshiarpur 26/02/2012
425 M 11/2/1973 2:42 Ludhiana 24/02/2012
426 F 2/6/1967 9:05 Ludhiana 2/6/2012
427 M 16/05/1974 11:00 Ludhiana 19/08/2010
428 M 20/06/1981 4:32 Ludhiana 8/10/2011
429 M 14/06/1943 8:15 Kamalia 3/10/2011
430 M 22/12/1943 23:15 Malerkotla 13/10/2011
431 M 14/02/1933 7:00 Delhi 23/02/1969
432 M 18/05/1933 10:09 Hassan 21/04/1997
433 M 12/5/1952 12:00 Thiruvann thapura 23/08/2000
434 M 18/10/1901 10:53 Hazara 19/04/1974 435 M 5/12/1901 12:30 Chicago 15/12/1966 436 M 28/06/1902 2:30 New York 30/12/1979
437 M 25/09/1902 4:30 London 3/6/1989
438 M 2/7/1903 4:20 London 9/10/1995
439 M 21/09/1906 5:57 Colombo 1/11/1996
440 F 19/12/1906 21:18 Kam'yans'ke 10/11/1982
441 M 27/08/1908 4:19 Texas City 22/01/1973 442 M 9/1/1913 21:30 California City 22/04/1994
443 F 16/04/1916 17:30 Colombo 10/10/2000
444 M 26/10/1916 7:40 Jarnac 8/1/1996
445 M 27/08/1918 12:30 Cootamundra 25/02/2001
446 M 11/12/1918 8:59 Kislovodsk 3/8/2008
447 M 21/07/1919 12:30 Auckland 11/1/2008
448 M 26/10/1919 23:11 Tehran 27/07/1980
449 M 17/03/1920 22:38 Fakirpur 15/08/1975
450 F 1/6/1926 9:23 Los angeles 5/8/1962
451 M 5/1/1928 17:26 Larkana 4/4/1979
452 M 15/01/1929 11:21 Atlanta 4/4/1968
453 M 29/08/1929 2:00 Cairo 11/11/2004
454 M 13/05/1931 22:00 Indianapolis 18/11/1978
455 F 21/06/1953 19:43 Karachi 27/12/2007
456 M 15/08/1898 23:55 Bannu 3/5/2002
457 M 18/11/1901 9:30 Kolhapur 31/10/1990
458 M 15/07/1903 6:11 Virudunagar 2/10/1975
459 M 18/04/1904 6:05 Darbhanga 5/10/1991
460 M 29/07/1904 12:39 Paris 29/11/1993
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
461 M 13/05/1905 12:00 Delhi 11/2/1977
462 M 29/08/1905 2:00 Allahabad 3/12/1979
463 M 12/12/1905 3:45 Peshawar 28/09/2004
464 M 19/02/1906 4:34 Nagpur 5/6/1973
465 M 3/10/1906 23:30 Raypur 9/12/2014
466 M 10/10/1906 4:30 Chennai 13/05/2001
467 M 28/09/1909 16:00 Lyallpur 23/03/1931
468 M 23/03/1910 16:00 Akbarpur 12/10/1967
469 M 19/05/1910 8:29 Uksan 15/11/1949
470 M 3/1/1912 2:00 Agra 27/10/1977
471 M 8/8/1912 19:42 Bangalore 20/12/1998
472 M 19/05/1913 21:48 Anantapur 1/6/1996
473 M 1/6/1914 6:30 Kathmandu 9/5/1986
474 M 5/3/1916 10:15 Cuttack 17/04/1997
475 M 8/5/1916 19:30 Ernakulam 3/8/1993
476 F 25/09/1916 14:17 Jaipur 11/2/1968
477 M 17/01/1917 9:15 Kandy 24/12/1987
478 M 18/07/1919 18:13 Mysore 23/09/1974
479 M 28/06/1921 13:00 Karimnagar 23/12/2004
480 M 11/2/1923 21:00 Puri 11/6/2003
481 M 1/7/1927 6:15 Ghazipur 8/7/2007
482 F 1/6/1929 4:15 Allahabad 3/5/1981
483 F 15/06/1929 10:30 Lahore 31/01/2004
484 M 11/12/1931 17:32 Raisen 19/01/1990
485 F 25/02/1972 23:00 Mumbai 5/4/1993
486 M 1/4/1932 17:49 El paso 28/12/2016
487 M 21/10/1956 12:49 Los angeles 27/12/2016
488 M 25/06/1963 6:00 London 25/12/2016
489 M 2/2/1923 23:30 Scunthorpe 24/12/2016
490 M 5/8/1930 0:31 Wapakoneta 25/08/2012
491 M 6/2/1917 20:08 Budapest 18/12/2016
492 M 28/06/1954 19:55 Edinburgh 10/12/2016
493 M 7/4/1930 9:00 Berlin 23/11/2016
494 M 14/02/1934 5:00 Dale* 24/11/2016
495 M 27/03/1924 21:45 Newark 3/4/1990
496 M 21/09/1934 6:45 Westmount 7/11/2016
497 M 7/9/1922 11:15 Sand Banks 27/09/2011
498 M 5/8/1959 11:30 Cheshire 23/10/2016
499 M 26/02/1932 7:30 Kingsland 21/10/2016
500 M 24/02/1926 3:00 Liverpool 14/10/2016
501 M 10/9/1929 5:30 Latrobe 25/09/2016
502 M 11/6/1933 3:50 Milwaukee 29/08/2016
503 M 11/3/1989 12:00 Petersburg 19/06/2016
504 M 18/01/1942 18:30 Louisville 3/6/2016
505 M 7/6/1958 18:17 Chanhassen 21/04/2016
506 M 4/12/1930 21:40 Edinburgh 31/03/2016
507 M 29/11/1949 12:00 Chicago 24/03/2016
508 M 25/04/1947 13:10 Amsterdam 24/03/2016
509 M 6/4/1938 4:38 Middlesbrough 17/03/2016
510 M 15/08/1929 12:00 New york 8/3/2016
511 M 6/7/1921 13:18 New york 6/3/2016
512 M 29/05/1917 15:00 Brookline 22/11/1963
513 M 28/04/1926 17:25 Monroeville 19/02/2016
514 M 19/12/1941 8:28 Los angeles 4/2/2016
515 M 8/1/1947 9:00 Brixton 10/1/2016
516 M 9/12/1916 10:15 Amsterdam 18/08/2017
517 M 8/8/1926 10:15 Long Branch 31/08/2017
518 M 22/04/1936 20:14 Delight 8/8/2017
519 M 16/03/1926 12:15 Newark 20/08/2017
520 M 5/11/1943 15:45 Fort Sheridan 27/07/2017
521 M 23/01/1928 11:15 Paris 31/07/2017
522 M 7/3/1945 12:05 Washington 21/07/2017
523 M 20/03/1976 22:41 Phoenix 20/07/2017
524 M 20/06/1931 12:01 Brooklyn Heights* 15/07/2017
525 M 13/03/1955 9:02 New london 8/6/2017
526 M 18/12/1932 2:56 South Gate 4/6/2017
527 M 8/12/1947 3:23 Nashville 27/05/2017
528 M 9/12/1925 7:18 New york 22/05/2017
529 M 14/10/1927 0:45 Stockwell 23/05/2017
530 M 18/10/1926 6:59 St louis 18/03/2017
531 M 22/01/1940 17:30 Shirebrook 25/01/2017
532 M 22/12/1936 10:45 Brooklyn Heights* 25/01/2017
533 M 7/2/1955 1:33 Los angeles 19/01/2017
534 M 7/1/1928 4:00 New york 12/1/2017
535 M 26/03/1931 20:30 Boston 27/02/2015
536 M 20/05/1908 12:10 Indiana 2/7/1997
537 M 16/09/1925 16:30 Berclair 14/05/2015
538 M 27/05/1922 14:45 London 7/6/2015
539 M 25/10/1944 14:58 Chester 15/01/2002
540 M 9/12/1928 20:00 New york 23/06/2015
541 M 10/4/1932 17:30 Alexandria 10/7/2015
542 M 2/5/1924 3:45 Vienna 21/07/2015
543 M 16/08/1930 2:10 Santa Monica 9/8/2015
544 M 12/5/1925 2:00 St louis 22/09/2015
545 M 17/08/1920 23:50 Dublin 24/10/2015
546 M 13/05/1928 1:00 Bordeaux 7/12/2013
547 M 24/07/1897 23:30 Atchison 2/7/1937
548 M 31/10/1936 12:12 Jaamaica* 1/7/1991
549 M 17/06/1900 22:45 Halberstadt 2/5/1945
550 M 26/04/1894 10:00 Alexandria 17/08/1987
551 M 7/10/1900 15:30 Munich 23/05/1945
552 M 6/2/1950 18:07 Los angeles 31/12/2015
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
553 M 18/05/1872 17:45 Monmouth 2/2/1970
554 M 23/07/1967 2:39 Fairport 2/2/2014
555 M 10/11/1925 15:00 Wales 5/8/1984
556 M 23/04/1928 21:00 Santa Monica 10/2/2014
557 M 23/09/1920 11:55 Brooklyn 6/4/2014
558 M 4/4/1928 14:10 Saint Louis 28/05/2014
559 M 3/5/1926 6:20 Schenectady 1/6/2014
560 M 27/04/1932 5:30 Detroit 15/06/2014
561 M 7/4/1928 18:00 Norman 19/07/2014
562 M 21/07/1951 13:34 Chicago 11/8/2014
563 M 16/09/1924 2:00 New york 12/8/2014
564 M 29/08/1923 22:00 Cambridge 24/08/2014
565 M 8/6/1933 2:00 Brooklyn** 4/9/2014
566 M 1/8/1930 9:15 Port of Spain 5/10/2014
567 M 17/12/1939 16:00 Biloxi 9/12/2014
568 M 8/11/1927 8:13 Claremore 1/1/2013
569 F 4/2/1923 6:20 Lethbridge 14/01/2013
570 M 21/11/1920 7:28 Donora 19/01/2013
571 M 16/02/1918 9:50 Minneapolis 30/01/2013
572 M 6/1/1944 15:43 Santa Monica 1/3/2013
573 M 18/06/1942 12:00 Urbana 4/4/2013
574 M 13/10/1925 9:00 Grantham 8/4/2013
575 M 11/11/1925 20:23 Dayton 11/4/2013
576 M 14/03/1923 1:30 New york 26/07/1971
577 M 20/10/1928 18:21 New york 13/05/2013
578 M 8/8/1921 9:39 Los angeles 6/6/2013
579 M 18/09/1961 10:00 Englewood 19/06/2013
580 M 11/5/1982 12:00 Calgary 13/07/2013
581 M 3/9/1932 9:12 Los angeles 28/07/2013
582 M 1/7/1939 5:00 Chicago 8/8/2013
583 M 7/4/1939 10:30 Tenterden 31/08/2013
584 M 12/9/1973 5:59 Glendale 30/11/2013
585 M 18/07/1918 14:54 Mvezo 5/12/2013
586 M 2/8/1932 12:15 Wicklow 14/12/2013
587 M 22/10/1917 6:00 Tokyo 15/12/2013
588 M 18/03/1923 9:45 Dallas 29/12/2013
589 M 25/01/1938 21:50 Los angeles 20/01/2012
590 M 8/2/1931 9:00 Marion 30/09/1955
591 M 9/8/1963 20:55 Newark 11/2/2012
592 M 9/5/1918 3:30 Brookline 7/4/2012
593 M 30/11/1929 4:50 Bronx Ville 18/04/2012
594 M 31/12/1948 21:00 Boston 17/05/2012
595 M 22/12/1949 3:15 Douglas 20/05/2012
596 M 1/6/1926 15:00 Mount Airy 3/7/2012
597 M 29/04/1917 6:00 New york 15/07/2012
598 M 11/6/1937 22:20 South Bend 24/07/2012
599 M 17/07/1917 1:00 Lima 20/08/2012
600 M 3/12/1927 6:00 Wall Lake 25/09/2012
601 M 30/04/1938 10:50 Venice* 13/10/2012
602 M 19/07/1922 3:00 Avon 21/10/2012
603 M 21/09/1931 16:20 Fort Worth 23/11/2012
604 M 16/09/1930 9:15 Ossining 2/1/2011
605 M 8/5/1940 13:25 Teaneck 31/12/1985
606 M 9/1/1939 10:15 London 15/01/2011
607 M 23/05/1919 7:00 Saint Joseph 12/2/2011
608 M 21/06/1921 6:15 Bemidji 28/02/2011
609 M 17/07/1950 6:00 New york 26/04/2011
610 M 15/09/1922 12:35 Los angeles 3/5/2011
611 M 27/09/1929 15:30 Des moines 4/5/2011
612 M 5/10/1950 10:05 New york 27/05/2011
613 M 26/05/1923 1:26 Minneapolis 3/6/2011 614 M 8/4/1918 15:45 Chicago 8/7/2011
615 M 5/5/1914 17:30 Cincinnati 15/11/1958
616 M 14/09/1983 22:25 England 23/07/2011
617 M 9/9/1923 9:38 Los angeles 10/9/2011
618 M 24/02/1955 19:15 San francisco 5/10/2011
619 M 31/01/1929 20:00 Church Hill 22/01/2010
620 M 9/2/1922 13:30 Winston-Salem 17/02/2010
621 M 15/09/1940 1:30 Logan 11/3/2010
622 M 16/08/1930 23:16 Oakland 14/03/2010
623 M 25/05/1939 8:16 McLemoresville 24/03/2010
624 M 8/3/1943 8:15 London 10/4/2010
625 M 30/06/1917 23:45 Brooklyn Heights* 9/5/2010
626 M 17/07/1912 4:38 Moose Jaw 26/05/2010
627 M 17/05/1936 20:45 Dodge City 29/05/2010
628 F 21/02/1934 19:00 Healdton 3/6/2010
629 M 20/11/1917 14:00 Wilkesbora 28/06/2010
630 F 20/01/1926 4:40 Gatliff* 8/8/2010
631 M 15/02/1914 4:00 Seattle 11/9/2010
632 M 10/8/1928 7:42 Philadelphia 22/09/2010
633 M 3/6/1925 9:00 New york 29/09/2010
634 M 5/2/1941 14:39 Los angeles 30/09/2010
635 M 1/10/1927 12:36 Chicago 19/10/2010
636 M 10/10/1900 3:25 Washington 17/03/1993
637 M 11/2/1926 5:00 Regina 28/11/2010
638 M 18/03/1932 15:45 Shillington 27/01/2009
639 M 19/03/1928 4:30 Queens 13/01/2009
640 M 1/10/1921 8:30 White Plains 6/2/2009
641 M 11/5/1963 17:00 London 18/03/2009
642 M 13/07/1935 3:15 Los angeles 2/5/2009
643 M 8/12/1936 12:00 Hollywood Beach* 3/6/2009
644 M 6/3/1923 14:23 Detroit 23/06/2009
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
645 M 2/2/1947 15:10 Corpus Christi 25/06/2009
646 M 28/08/1958 5:30 Gary 25/06/2009
647 M 22/03/1912 17:00 Chicago Heights 1/7/2009
648 M 4/11/1916 6:00 Saint Joseph 17/07/2009
649 M 10/7/1921 11:00 Brookline 11/8/2009
650 M 22/02/1932 3:58 Dorchester 25/08/2009
651 M 18/08/1952 8:10 Houston 14/09/2009
652 M 8/1/1926 15:00 Franklinton 22/10/2009
653 M 10/11/1977 12:18 Atlanta 20/12/2009
654 M 31/01/1937 22:24 Brooklyn 19/01/2008
655 M 4/4/1979 6:30 Perth 22/01/2008
656 M 4/10/1923 7:55 Evanston 5/4/2008
657 M 24/09/1921 19:40 New york 7/6/2008
658 M 7/5/1950 12:00 New york 13/06/2008
659 M 12/5/1937 11:45 Manhattan* 22/06/2008
660 M 20/08/1942 4:00 Covington 10/8/2008
661 M 26/01/1925 6:30 Shaker Heights 26/09/2008
662 M 22/04/1923 3:00 Nashville 11/12/2008
663 M 3/1/1902 19:30 Acireale 19/03/1959
664 M 28/11/1967 3:15 Mexia 8/2/2007
665 M 1/2/1931 14:00 Butka 23/04/2007
666 M 17/10/1921 21:40 Columbus 30/04/2007
667 M 12/3/1923 16:55 Hackensack 3/5/2007
668 M 11/8/1933 12:01 Lynchburg 15/05/2007
669 M 25/05/1929 1:00 Brooklyn 2/7/2007
670 M 22/12/1912 5:32 Karnack 11/7/2007
671 M 7/4/1942 3:27 International 20/07/2007
672 M 12/5/1936 5:30 Milwaukee 29/07/2007
673 M 12/10/1935 1:40 Modena 6/9/2007
674 M 4/1/1914 1:00 Saint Joseph* 10/9/2007
675 M 19/06/1924 21:00 Liberty 22/03/2010
676 M 18/08/1920 12:00 Saint Louis 14/01/2006
677 M 27/04/1927 16:00 Marion 30/01/2006
678 M 4/2/1921 4:00 Peoria 4/2/2006
679 M 1/6/1926 15:00 Mount Airy 3/7/2012
680 M 4/6/1924 8:00 Joplin 24/02/2006
681 M 22/04/1923 12:30 Dallas 23/06/2006
682 M 29/12/1956 14:00 Parkersburg 24/06/2006
683 M 12/1/1944 7:00 Beaufort 7/11/2011
684 M 25/09/1944 10:30 New Brunswick 11/8/2006
685 M 1/5/1916 12:00 Portneuf 30/08/2006
686 M 22/02/1962 4:18 Victoria 4/9/2006
687 M 19/03/1848 8:30 Monmouth 13/01/1929
688 M 14/07/1913 12:43 Omaha 26/12/2006
689 M 23/10/1925 7:15 Corning 23/01/2005
690 M 27/10/1922 10:21 Cleveland 11/6/2014
691 M 3/10/1938 4:15 Albert Lea 17/04/1960
692 M 18/05/1920 17:30 Wadowice 2/4/2005
693 M 31/05/1923 6:00 Monaco 6/4/2005
694 M 22/04/1908 11:30 Rock island 26/05/2005
695 F 17/09/1931 11:50 Bronx 6/6/2005
696 F 10/6/1926 21:12 Rock island 4/7/2005
697 M 4/1/1920 17:52 Saint Paul 27/04/1996
698 M 29/07/1938 5:00 Toronto 7/8/2005
699 M 9/1/1935 16:50 New Rochelle 2/9/2005
700 M 1/10/1924 11:32 Milwaukee 3/9/2005
701 M 4/2/1913 5:12 Tuskegee 24/10/2005
702 M 1/12/1940 13:02 Peoria Heights 10/12/2005
703 M 29/03/1916 4:00 Watkins 10/12/2005
704 M 16/04/1921 11:00 London 28/03/2004
705 M 6/11/1976 9:39 Fremont 22/04/2004 706 M 26/02/1920 21:00 Tulsa 17/05/2004
707 M 6/2/1911 4:16 Tampico 5/6/2004 708 M 3/4/1924 23:00 Omaha* 1/7/2004
709 M 6/7/1927 14:15 Merced 3/10/2004
710 M 6/3/1927 17:00 Shawnee 4/10/2004
711 M 25/09/1952 3:12 New york 10/10/2004 712 M 27/08/1929 2:00 Cairo 10/11/2004
713 M 22/12/1949 3:50 Douglas 12/1/2003 714 M 30/11/1926 16:14 Los angeles 17/01/2003
715 M 20/03/1928 8:20 Latrobe 27/02/2003
716 M 10/7/1920 4:30 Wilmington 11/6/2003
717 M 12/5/1907 17:47 Hartfordord 29/06/2003
718 M 29/05/1903 15:36 Eltham 27/07/2003
719 M 17/09/1948 7:59 Burbank Junction 11/9/2003
720 M 4/11/1918 17:35 Mount Vernon 9/11/2003
721 M 13/04/1976 20:00 Danbury 12/11/2003
722 M 21/08/1930 21:22 Glaims 9/2/2002
723 M 15/06/1937 10:30 Littlefield 13/02/2002
724 M 19/12/1946 21:40 Toronto 16/04/2002
725 M 30/08/1918 12:20 San Diego 5/7/2002
726 M 26/05/1920 12:45 Jamestown 21/01/2002
727 M 5/11/1911 12:15 Cincinnati 6/7/1998
728 M 2/11/1914 5:15 Laurel 1/1/2001
729 M 20/11/1911 20:00 New york 9/7/1993
730 M 2/4/1914 5:45 London 5/8/2000
731 M 22/05/1938 11:30 New york 21/01/1999
732 M 18/10/1927 23:30 Wise 22/09/1999
733 M 16/02/1935 21:21 Detroit 5/1/1998
734 M 30/12/1920 23:42 New york 21/01/1998
735 M 15/01/1913 10:45 San Leandro 10/3/1998
736 M 12/12/1915 3:00 Hoboken 14/05/1998
SrNo
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
737 M 29/09/1907 4:30 Tioga 2/10/1998
738 M 22/05/1859 4:55 Edinburgh 7/7/1930
739 M 14/11/1921 2:00 Bayonne 24/06/1997
740 M 6/8/1917 6:00 Bridgeportort 1/7/1997
741 F 1/7/1961 19:45 Sandringham 31/08/1997
742 M 15/04/1969 0:28 Los angeles 16/01/1997
743 M 26/06/1909 23:00 Breda 21/01/1997
744 M 5/1/1904 14:00 Medford 25/01/1997
745 M 22/08/1904 3:34 Guang'an 19/02/1997
746 M 11/11/1929 22:55 Chicago 10/3/1997
747 M 11/6/1910 13:15 St. Malo 25/06/1997
748 M 10/9/1934 21:00 Wilmington 4/7/1997
749 M 16/11/1907 2:00 Cleveland Heights 9/9/1997
750 M 30/12/1943 15:55 Rosewell 12/10/1997
751 M 15/02/1964 15:34 Madison 18/10/1997
752 M 21/12/1946 10:48 Los angeles 6/2/1998
753 M 2/5/1903 2:00 New haven 15/03/1998
754 M 11/7/1924 10:45 Holbrook 1/4/1998
755 M 5/5/1942 1:20 Red Bay 6/4/1998
756 M 12/8/1926 13:20 Hollywood 22/05/1998
757 M 24/09/1948 17:00 Brantford 28/05/1998
758 M 1/1/1909 3:00 Phoenix 29/05/1998
759 M 22/02/1907 12:00 Chicago 21/07/1998
760 M 26/02/1846 8:00 North Plate 10/1/1917
761 M 17/01/1933 22:57 New york 2/8/1998
762 M 25/08/1919 3:30 Clio 13/09/1998
763 M 17/09/1928 21:00 Herne Hill 3/10/1998
764 M 8/12/1933 21:27 Jersey City 25/11/1998
765 M 13/09/1922 4:00 Port Louis 21/01/1999
766 M 19/09/1889 19:30 Lynch Station 25/01/1999
767 M 3/6/1917 8:00 Minneapolis 29/01/1999
768 M 24/03/1855 13:40 Pittsburgh 26/08/1937
769 M 14/11/1935 2:30 Amman 7/2/1999
770 M 17/06/1910 14:00 London 11/8/2003
771 M 20/03/1925 23:35 Tacoma 14/02/1999
772 M 20/07/1933 4:05 Happy 14/02/1999
773 M 31/03/1922 17:45 Chicago 5/3/1999
774 M 26/07/1928 13:41 Bronx 7/3/1999
775 M 25/11/1914 7:00 Martinez 8/3/1999
776 M 21/07/1899 8:00 Oak Park 2/7/1961
777 M 24/09/1931 10:00 Hackney 14/04/1999
778 M 20/02/1921 12:00 Olathe 26/06/1992
779 M 8/8/1922 1:30 Los angeles 28/04/1999
780 F 25/11/1960 12:22 Washington 16/07/1999
781 M 13/02/1938 1:00 Wimbledon 2/5/1999
782 M 2/6/1930 16:16 Philadelphia 8/7/1999
783 M 7/1/1966 8:45 New york 16/07/1999
784 M 7/1/1966 8:45 Rabat 23/07/1999
785 M 29/01/1913 18:00 Louisville 4/8/1999
786 M 18/02/1914 4:15 Milwaukee 7/3/2000
787 M 6/8/1926 23:35 New Bedford 23/08/1999
788 M 21/09/1922 10:50 Long Beach 25/08/1999
789 M 26/07/1921 20:50 Chicago 16/10/1999
790 M 29/09/1942 18:07 Chelsea 3/12/1999
791 M 29/12/1943 5:31 Simcoe 10/12/1999
792 M 03/12/1857 15:30 Berdychiv 3/8/1924
793 M 31/12/1920 10:00 Willcox 17/12/1999
794 M 29/11/1920 14:35 San francisco 2/1/2000
795 M 9/11/1914 19:30 Vienna 19/01/2000
796 M 5/8/1923 15:30 Winslow 2/2/2000
797 M 04/04/1877 17:30 Bern 22/05/1959 798 M 26/01/1928 21:00 Paris 11/2/2000 799 M 26/11/1922 12:00 Minneapolis 12/2/2000 800 M 10/12/1928 4:30 Toronto 6/3/2000
801 M 21/01/1926 8:00 Glasgow 1/5/2000 802 M 9/12/1909 4:15 New york 7/5/2000 803 M 9/7/1901 23:40 Birmingham 21/05/2000
804 M 14/04/1904 1:00 London 21/05/2000
805 M 4/1/1912 12:30 San Juan 16/01/1964
806 M 6/1/1913 15:30 Salt Lake City 12/8/2000
807 M 26/05/1907 9:56 Winterset 11/6/1979
808 M 06/01/1878 12:05 Galesburg 22/07/1967
809 M 18/10/1919 7:03 Outermount 28/09/2000
810 M 21/05/1945 6:30 Santa Monica 7/2/2017
811 M 13/01/1925 9:57 Culver City 19/10/2000
812 M 26/09/1926 18:00 Santa Rosa 19/10/2000
813 M 26/12/1921 7:00 New york 30/10/2000
814 M 19/08/1915 15:30 Chicago 31/10/2000
815 M 14/05/1885 15:00 Breslauer 6/7/1973
816 M 28/09/1916 9:00 Brady 12/12/2000
817 M 24/11/1921 7:00 Manhattan* 19/12/2000
818 M 3/1/1909 10:30 Copenhagen 23/12/2000
819 M 26/07/1922 23:22 Chicago Heights 26/12/2000
820 M 23/12/1918 21:00 Monzatorio 31/12/2000
821 M 19/06/1914 7:00 Palo alto 31/12/2000
822 M 3/5/1933 12:10 Barnwell 4/1/2001
823 M 22/06/1906 11:15 Englewood 7/2/2001
824 M 27/12/1915 19:20 Cleveland 16/02/2001
825 M 29/04/1951 13:07 Concord 18/02/2001
826 M 14/11/1910 5:30 Prescott Valley 20/12/2001
827 M 13/04/1907 4:00 West St. Paul 4/3/2001
828 M 22/01/1909 11:45 Valley City 15/03/2001
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
829 M 19/12/1964 22:25 Brest 7/4/2001
830 M 28/11/1938 18:40 Waubeka 16/04/2001
831 M 30/09/1927 7:40 Helensburgh 16/10/2007
832 M 11/3/1952 11:10 Cambridge 11/5/2001
833 M 14/03/1920 23:11 Seattle 1/6/2001
834 M 23/04/1915 11:00 Chihuahua 3/6/2001
835 M 8/2/1925 14:00 Waltham 27/06/2001
836 M 20/06/1924 2:00 Luttrell 30/06/2001
837 M 4/1/1941 3:21 Los angeles 8/8/2001
838 M 8/11/1922 20:00 Beaufort West 2/9/2001
839 M 21/07/1920 4:00 Kremenskoye 22/09/2001
840 M 8/6/1944 12:00 San diego 27/06/2012
841 M 19/04/1933 9:11 Springfield 29/06/1967
842 M 17/09/1935 16:24 La Junta Gardens 10/11/2001
843 M 24/02/1943 23:42 Liverpool 29/11/2001
844 M 12/7/1908 6:26 New york 27/03/2002
845 M 19/04/1935 18:30 Dagenham 27/03/2002
846 M 6/10/1914 16:40 Larvik 18/04/2002
847 M 10/1/1949 6:23 Bronx 22/04/2002
848 M 27/05/1912 3:00 Hot Springs 23/05/2002
849 M 4/7/1918 9:52 Sioux 22/06/2002
850 M 9/10/1944 18:00 London 27/06/2002
851 M 23/05/1928 2:30 Maysville 29/06/2002
852 M 13/03/1908 13:30 Milwaukee 1/10/2002
853 M 1/10/1930 11:20 Limerick 25/10/2002
854 M 31/08/1928 20:15 Laurel 18/11/2002
855 M 20/12/1921 9:58 Minneapolis 27/12/2002
856 M 12/7/1948 11:18 New Orleans 11/1/2003
857 M 12/5/1939 6:56 Birmingham 10/2/2003
858 M 31/05/1938 2:30 Greenfield 19/02/2003
859 M 16/03/1927 9:46 Tulsa 26/03/2003
860 M 15/12/1892 8:43 Minneapolis 6/6/1976
861 M 21/02/1933 6:00 Tryon 21/04/2003
862 M 13/01/1919 16:40 Los angeles 15/05/2003
863 M 21/12/1918 17:00 Cambridge 10/6/2003
864 M 5/4/1916 8:00 La Jolla Amago 11/6/2003
865 M 23/03/1938 3:00 Dallas 23/06/2003
866 M 12/9/1944 16:42 Galveston 4/7/2003
867 M 3/11/1921 11:00 Ehrenfeld 30/08/2003
868 M 10/1/1927 11:46 Winnipeg 5/9/2003
869 M 4/7/1925 13:15 Santa Paula 28/09/1966
870 M 1/4/1932 0:04 Dayton 23/09/2003
871 M 18/03/1927 22:00 New york 26/09/2003
872 M 28/08/1925 7:10 Chicago 27/09/2003
873 M 25/08/1927 9:00 Silver 28/09/2003
874 M 7/9/1909 10:00 Istanbul 28/09/2003
875 M 22/02/1944 4:14 Los angeles 30/09/2003
876 M 19/08/1931 1:30 Fabens 12/10/2003
877 M 15/08/1931 5:15 Norwood 17/10/2003
878 M 13/11/1920 23:00 Miami 20/10/2003
879 M 20/11/1949 23:36 Salem 21/10/2003
880 M 10/8/1940 2:15 Beaver Dam 5/11/2003
881 M 25/05/1925 17:00 Barstow 14/12/2003
882 M 28/11/1933 5:25 Redding Ridge 19/12/2003
883 M 25/05/1932 8:00 Hartford 30/12/2003
884 M 5/6/1941 1:51 Providence 10/1/2004
885 M 3/10/1915 19:30 New york 17/01/2004
886 M 31/08/1931 21:40 Mineola 17/01/2004
887 M 22/04/1923 7:00 Chireno 22/01/2004
888 M 1/5/1918 23:55 Canton Road 27/01/2004
889 M 17/03/1918 5:00 Joliet 2/3/2004
890 M 24/01/1778 11:15 Versailles 14/02/1820
891 M 26/04/1785 12:00 Les Anglais 27/01/1851
892 M 27/10/1946 1:52 Park Ridge 1/4/2004
893 M 27/02/1925 22:20 Camden 29/05/2004
894 M 23/09/1930 11:58 Albany* 10/6/2004
895 M 10/2/1929 7:40 Los angeles 21/07/2004
896 M 15/08/1912 23:30 Pasadena 12/8/2004
897 M 30/12/1931 8:00 Sparta 19/09/2004
898 M 14/06/1925 16:30 San francisco 16/10/2004
899 M 26/12/1917 15:00 Sebring 22/01/2005
900 M 27/03/1909 12:02 Kansas City 20/09/1973
901 M 18/07/1937 22:00 Louisville 20/02/2005
902 M 29/01/1917 13:00 Santa Ana 20/02/2005
903 M 6/1/1925 12:00 Detroit 19/03/2005
904 M 15/09/1924 22:30 Danville 21/03/2005
905 M 24/02/1968 3:47 St Croix Beach 3/3/2005
906 M 22/02/1908 2:00 Norfolk 23/04/2005
907 M 5/4/1933 22:15 Pittsburgh 17/05/2005
908 M 18/06/1924 13:00 Joliet 1/6/2005
909 M 17/04/1923 21:45 Los angeles 11/6/2005
910 M 5/8/1950 11:03 Los angeles 27/06/2005
911 M 19/01/1918 0:15 Arkansas 8/8/2005
912 M 31/12/1908 23:30 Bug 20/09/2005
913 M 13/01/1913 9:00 Merino 16/11/2005
914 M 28/06/1932 18:00 Berkeley 24/11/2005
915 M 15/09/1958 8:07 Los angeles 29/11/2005
916 M 19/10/1922 22:18 Long Beach 17/12/2005
917 M 25/10/1928 6:00 New york 19/01/2006
918 M 20/08/1941 21:58 Pozarikha 11/3/2006
919 M 21/06/1925 11:30 Troy 13/03/2006
920 M 12/8/1929 5:15 Sherman 26/03/2006
Sample data of 1009 cases with their date of death
921 M 18/08/1917 15:10 San francisco 28/03/2006
922 M 4/1/1935 14:30 Waco 11/5/2006
923 M 11/2/1921 2:30 Mission 23/05/2006
924 M 4/5/1944 12:00 Jersey City 27/05/2006
925 M 15/04/1942 18:00 Tyrone 5/7/2006
926 M 9/3/1918 0:10 Brooklyn** 17/07/2006
927 M 18/09/1920 17:00 Newark 19/07/2006
928 M 24/02/1919 23:21 Austin 1/9/2006
929 M 17/11/1930 7:47 Austin 2/9/2006
930 M 1/9/1933 6:00 Lake view 13/09/2006
931 M 23/01/1964 5:58 Santa Monica 14/09/2006
932 M 20/02/1951 12:39 Los angeles 22/09/2006
933 M 18/09/1927 12:20 Syracuse 20/10/2006
934 M 1/4/1929 17:10 Barberton 17/11/2006
935 M 20/02/1925 0:01 Kansas City 21/11/2006
936 M 28/04/1937 8:15 Al Aziziyah 30/12/2006
937 M 1/9/1922 23:00 Vancouver 8/1/2007
938 M 11/12/1912 13:00 Magenta 10/1/2007
939 M 20/10/1925 13:00 Mount Vernon 17/01/2007
940 M 15/10/1917 1:55 Columbus 28/02/2007
941 M 4/9/1929 2:50 St louis 4/3/2007
942 M 12/6/1951 6:00 Peabody 9/3/2007
943 M 29/09/1758 9:30 Burnham Thorpe 21/10/1805
944 M 11/11/1922 8:00 Indianapolis 11/4/2007
945 M 13/08/1930 1:00 Honolulu 14/04/2007
946 M 5/9/1921 20:30 Houston 26/04/2007
947 M 7/7/1943 8:46 Hollywood Beach* 29/06/2007
948 M 14/07/1918 13:00 Uppsala 30/07/2007
949 M 6/7/1925 4:45 San Mateo 12/8/2007
950 M 4/7/1920 6:00 Marbletown 20/08/2007
951 M 22/03/1923 8:00 Strasbourg 22/09/2007
952 M 26/11/1933 12:15 Strasbourg 30/10/2007
953 M 30/01/1923 9:05 Long Branch 10/11/2007
954 M 26/09/1927 22:40 San Antonio 27/11/2007
955 M 17/10/1938 14:40 Butte 30/11/2007
956 F 21/06/1953 20:30 Karachi 27/12/2007
957 F 9/3/1943 14:39 Chicago 17/01/2008
958 F 11/5/1958 19:36 Los angeles 26/01/2008
959 F 10/6/1918 6:00 London 2/2/2008
960 F 25/08/1916 5:10 Newport 12/2/2008
961 F 24/11/1925 17:45 New york 27/02/2008
962 M 26/12/1914 12:45 Sunflower 24/03/2008
963 M 30/01/1922 23:00 Battle Creek 24/05/2008
964 M 1/7/1934 16:30 Lafayette 26/05/2008
965 M 15/02/1927 5:56 Chicago 29/05/2008
966 F 8/3/1922 4:30 Amarillo 17/06/2008
967 M 18/10/1921 11:00 Monroe 4/7/2008
968 M 1/6/1955 18:10 Berea 12/7/2008
969 M 20/03/1937 4:56 Atlanta 1/9/2008
970 M 29/08/1922 1:30 Brooklyn 19/10/2008
971 F 17/01/1927 4:00 North 25/12/2008
972 M 13/04/1992 0:33 Daytona Beach 2/1/2009
973 M 30/08/1893 4:15 Winfield 10/9/1935
974 F 5/4/1922 11:00 Bloomington 27/06/2009
975 M 9/6/1916 5:45 Oakland 6/7/2009
976 M 9/6/1915 2:00 Waukesha 13/08/2009
977 M 30/03/1519 6:00 Saint-Germain 10/07/1559
978 F 13/11/1936 2:13 Louisville 16/09/2009
979 M 15/05/1918 12:00 Montreal 19/10/2009
980 M 24/01/1918 11:30 Pontotoc 15/12/2009
981 M 19/01/1939 19:30 Chicagogo 3/1/2014 982 M 1/6/1933 3:35 Trinity 10/2/2010 983 F 3/9/1918 11:58 Lubbock 1/5/2010
984 M 10/8/1928 6:30 Olton 13/06/2010 985 M 4/7/1930 21:00 Rocky River 13/07/2010 986 M 8/8/1919 3:30 Torre Annunziata 10/11/2010
987 M 10/4/1938 21:30 Mount Vernon 5/12/2010
988 M 16/04/1947 10:55 Paisley 4/1/2011
989 F 26/08/1935 21:00 Newburgh 26/03/2011
990 M 1/7/1985 23:35 San Jose 27/03/2011
991 M 11/6/1977 18:14 Medina 20/06/2011
992 F 27/02/1960 9:00 Bronx 16/09/2011
993 F 6/11/1935 8:15 Venice* 25/11/2011
994 M 05/08/1878 7:15 Castelmezzano 30/06/1946
995 M 24/07/1929 13:00 East Gulf 2/6/1951
996 M 24/02/1940 21:58 Louisville 8/3/2012
997 M 22/08/1920 16:50 Waukegan 5/6/2012
998 M 31/08/1945 15:03 Los angeles 7/6/2012
999 M 1/8/1942 12:05 San francisco 25/10/2008
1000 M 02/10/1452 9:02 Fotheringhay 22/08/1485
1001 M 13/12/1934 6:15 Los angeles 13/07/2012
1002 F 26/05/1951 8:11 Los angeles 23/07/2012
1003 M 25/12/1913 22:10 San francisco 27/07/2012
1004 M 3/10/1925 10:00 West Point 31/07/2012
1005 F 18/02/1922 3:00 Green Forest 13/08/2012
1006 M 15/02/1916 2:45 Fort Worth 13/12/2012
1007 M 7/9/1924 11:00 Honolulu 17/12/2012
1008 M 22/08/1934 4:45 Trenton 27/12/2012
1009 M 16/05/1921 5:00 Saunders Place 27/12/2012
lanHkZ lwph
1- eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] Hkwfedk] i`- 10
2- Mk- jkepUnz 'kekZ] nSfud lEkL;k,a ,oa laLd`r lkfgR; esa mudk lekèkku] i`- 84
3- gfjnRr'kekZ] T;ksfr"k fo'o dks"k] i`- 220
4- O;k[;kdkj txnh'k pUnz feJ] ikLdjx`g~;lw=e~] Hkwfedk] i`- 1
5- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'k pUnz feJ] osnkax T;ksfr"ke~] i`- 48
6- eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] Hkwfedk] i`- 10
7- egkHkkjr&fojkV ioZ] 52@3&4
8- dY;k.k] mikluk fo'ks"kkad] uoxzg mikluk] tuojh 1968] i`- 532
9- osnkax T;ksfr"k] Mk- vkj 'kke 'kkL=h] Hkwfedk] eSlwj ljdkj }kjk izdkf'kr] 1936
10-&11- laLd`r lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] okpLifr xSjksyk] i`- 678] 682
12- MkW- nkeksnj >k] nSfud lEkL;k,a ,oa laLd`r lkfgR; esa mudk lekèkku] ¼'kksèk&i=&laxzg½] i`- 60
13-&14- dY;k.k] mikluk fo'ks"kkad] uoxzg mikluk] tuojh 1968] i`- 499&500
15- HkfV~VdkO;&6@59
16- eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] Hkwfedk] i`- 11
17-&21- usfepUnz 'kkL=h] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`- 19] 20
22- Vhdkdkj] iùukHk 'kekZ c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~] i`- 18
23- Vhdkdkj] in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gr~ikjk’kjgksjk'kkL=e~ i`- 208
24-&26- fiz;ozr 'kekZ] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] ekŸkZ.M iapkax i`- 288A
27- 28- eqdqUn nSoK ^ioZrh;*] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] vk;qjfèkdkj] fo"k;kuqØe.kh] i`- 88
29- Vhdkdkj] in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kL=e~ i`- 213&214
30- O;k[;kdkj] xksis'k dqekj vks>k] Qynhfidk] i`- 252
31- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'k pUnz feJ] lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k] i`- 331
32- 33- O;k[;kdkj] ia- dsnkj nŸk tks'kh] c`gTtkrde~] i`- 110&111
34- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'k pUnz feJ] ^tkrd Hkw"k.ka*] i`- 194
35- 36- O;k[;kdkj] ia- in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kL=e~ i`- 213&214
37- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs'k pUnz feJ] ewy xzUFkdkj nSoK u`flag] tkrd lkjnhi] i`- 588&596
38- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs'k pUnz feJ] ewy xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k] i`- 350&375
39- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs'k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 98
40- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] Hkwfedk i`- 13&14
41- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj Jh osadVs’k] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 329
42- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;] Hkwfedk i`- 99&100
43- O;k[;kdkj] 'kqdnso prqosZnh] iz’uekxZ izFke [kaM] i`- 145
44- 45- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 102
46- O;k[;kdkj xksis’k dqekj vks>k] xzUFkdkj cS|ukFk] tkrd ikfjtkr] izFke Hkkx i`- 272
47- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 102
48- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj u``flax nSoK] tkrd lkjnhi Hkkx nks i`- 590
49- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj x.ks’k dfo] tkrdkyadkj i`- 130
50-&52- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 103&104
53- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj osadVs’k ’kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 345
54- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 105
55- 56- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 105&106
57- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj x.ks’k dfo] tkrdkyadkj i`- 126
58- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj x.ks’k dfo] tkrdkyadkj i`- 118
59-&61- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 107] 109]
110
62- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZfparkef.k] f}rh; [kaM i`- 355
63-&65] O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 111] 112
66- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 356
67- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 112
68- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 356
69- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 115
70- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 358
71- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 117
72- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 358
73- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 118
74- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 358
75- 76- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 119] 120
77- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj osadVs’k ’kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 360
78- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 122
79- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj osadVs’k ’kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 362
80- O;k[;kdkj in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gr~ikjk'kj gksjk'kkL=e~ i`- 213
81- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 362
82- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 124
83- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 132
84- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 135
85- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZ fparkef.k i`- 363
86- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] u`flag nSoK] tkrd lkjnhi i`- 593
87- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 136
88- O;k[;kdkj 'kqdnso prqosZnh] iz'uekxZ i`- 132] 135] 145
89- Vhdkdkj] ia- in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= i`- 217&218
90- 91- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 143
92- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj u`flag nSoK] tkrd lkjnhi i`- 593&594
93- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj Jh osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZfparkef.k i`- 370
94- Vhdkdkj] ia- in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= i`- 216
95- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj] eqdqan nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ; i`- 148
96- O;k[;kdkj lqjs'kpUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj Jh osadVs'k 'kekZ] lokZFkZfparkef.k i`- 373
97- Vhdkdkj] ia- in~eukHk 'kekZ] c`gRikjk'kj gksjk'kkL= i`- 216
98-&100- Hkk"kkdkj] dk'khukFk 'kekZ] ekulkxjh] i`- 54] 76] 83
101- 'kkfyuh èkLekuk] vk;q fu.kZ;] i`- 58
102- O;k[;k lqjs'k pUnz feJ] eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;%] i`- 363
103-] 104- 'kkfyuh èkLekuk] vk;q fu.kZ;] i`- 59
105- ,l- lh- dqjlhtk] ljy v"VdoxZ fl)kar] i`- 109
106- 'kkfyuh èkLekuk] vk;q fu.kZ;] i`- 32
107-&112- O;k[;k lqjs'k pUnz feJ] eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;%] i`- 338] 339] 340] 334]
337] 340
113-&116- oh- ih- xks;y] vk;q jgL;] i`- 43] 40] 35] 39] 39
117-&123- O;k[;k lqjs'k pUnz feJ] eqdqUn nSoK] vk;qfuZ.kZ;%] i`- 281] 331] 332] 309] 310] 311] 320
124- 'kkfyuh èkLekuk] ^vk;q fu.kZ;* i`- 70
125- O;k[;kdkj egf"kZ vHk; dkR;k;u] ine~ukfHklkse;kftfojfpr% ^tkrdkns'kekxZ%* i`- 95&98
126- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] ^vk;qfuZ.kZ;*] i`- 397&406
127- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] ^y?kqikjk'kjh* i`- 84] 85] 86&91
128- usfepUnz 'kkL=h] ^Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k* i`- 307
129- MkW- lw;ZdkUr >k] ^lkjkoyh*] i`- 84] 85
130- O;k[;kdkj lqjs’k pUnz feJ] ^c`gRijk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~* i`- 322&324
131- O;k[;kdkj] lqjs’k pUnz feJ] xzUFkdkj eqdqUn nSoK] ^vk;qfuZ.kZ;*] i`- 397&406
lanHkZ xzUFk&lwph
1- vjfoUn dqekj] dqlqe dqekj] ^lgt lekUrj dks"k*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
2- mik/;k; Jh cYnso] laL—r okM~-e; dk c`gn~ bfrgkl] f}rh; [k.M] mŸkjizns'k laL—r laLFkku] y[kuÅA
3- vks>k xksis'k dqekj] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrd ikfjtkr*] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyhA
4- vks>k xksis'k dqekj] O;k[;kdkj] ^Qynhfidk*] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyhA
5- —".k dqekj] ^"kM~oxZ Qye~*] ,YQk ifCyds'kUl] fnYyhA
6- diwj nhid] ^[kxksy ,oa xf.kr T;ksfr"k*] fouhr diwj] ifCy'klZ ,aM cqd lSylZ] ubZ fnYyhA
7- diwj MkW- xkSjh 'kadj] ^u{k= Qy niZ.k*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
8- —".k dqekj] ^"kM~cy jgL;*] ,YQk ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
9- dkR;k;u vHk;] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrdkns'kekxZ*] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku] okjk.klhA
10- xqIr jkes'oj izlkn] ^T;ksfr"krRokad*] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqjA
11- xks;y oh- ih- ] ^vk;q jgL;*] lkxj ifCyds'ku] fnYyhA
12- prqosZnh MkW- 'kqdnso izlkn] ^T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa jksx fopkj*] eksrhyky cukljh nkl] fnYyhA
13- prqosZnh MkW- 'kqdnso] O;k[;kdkj] iz'uekxZ] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
14- tks'kh ia- dsnkjnŸk] O;k[;kdkj] *c`gTtkrde~*] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyhA
15- >k Jh lhrkjke] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrdkHkj.ke~*] Bkdqj izlkn ,.M lUl cqd lsyj]
okjk.klhA
16- >k ia- Jh lhrkjke] O;k[;kdkj] ^ekulkxjh*] Jh Bkdqj izlkn iqLrd Hk.Mkj
okjk.klhA
17- >k nkeksnj ¼laiknd½] ^nSfud leL;k,a ,oa laL—r lkfgR; esa mudk lekèkku* ¼'kksèki=&laxzg½] xq# ukud nso fo'ofo|ky;] ve`rljA
18- >kj[k.Mh f'koukFk] ^Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k* mŸkj izns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅA
19- MkW- xkxhZ] ^"kM~cy*] lkxj ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
20- Fkify;ky iou cYyHk ^fookg ,d T;ksfr"kh; foospu*] eqfnr izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
21- f}osnh MkW- Hkkstjkt] ^vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dk T;ksfr"k esa ;ksxnku*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
22- nSoK vkpk;Z eqdqUn ioZrh;] ^vk;qfuZ.kZ;*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
23- èkLekuk 'kkfyuh] ^vk;q fu.kZ;*] vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk la?k] fnYyhA
24- ikBd MkW- gfj'kadj] O;k[;kdkj] Qynhfidk] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku okjk.klhA
25- ik.Ms; jktcyh] ^fgUnw /keZdks"k*] mŸkjizns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅA
26- Hklhu txUukFk] ^Qfyr lw=*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] fnYyhA
27- Hklhu txUukFk] O;k[;kdkj] ^mŸkjdkyke`r*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] fnYyhA
28- feJ eqdqUn oYyHk ^Qfyr ekŸkZ.M*] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] fnYyhA
29- feJ MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
30- feJ MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^c`gRikj'kjgksjk'kkL=e~*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
31- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrdrRoe~*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
32- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrdHkw"k.ke~*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
33- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^osnkaxT;ksfr"ke~*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
34- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrd lkjnhi*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
35- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^lkjkoyh*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
36- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] ^oSfnd u{k= T;ksfr"k*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
37- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^tSfeuh lw=e~*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
38- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^c`gr~ lafgrk*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
39- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^tkrdkyadkj*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
40- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^y?kqikjk'kjh*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
41- feJ] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz] O;k[;kdkj] ^o`);ou tkrde~*] jatu ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
42- esgrk ,e- ,l-] O;k[;kdkj] ^dq.Myh foospu rFkk Qfyr fl)kar*] lkxj ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
43- 'kgklus lqjs'k] ^—".kewfrZ T;ksfr"k jgL;*] Jh x.ks'k izdk'ku] eqEcbZA
44- 'kekZ in~eukHk] ^c`gRikj'kjgksjk'kkL=e~*] pkS[kEck lqHkkjrh izdk'ku okjk.klhA
45- 'kekZ fiz;ozr] ^vk;qfuZ.k; ekŸkZ.M iapkax*] dqjkyh iatkcA
46- 'kkL=h MkW- fxfjtk 'kadj] ^T;ksfr"k Qfyrk.kZo*] T;ksfr"k] deZdk.M ,oa v/;kRe 'kks/k laLFkku] bykgkcknA
47- 'kkL=h usfepUnz] ^Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k*] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] fnYyhA
48- 'kkL=h vkj 'kke] O;k[;kdkj] ^osnkaxT;ksfr"k*] eSlwj ljdkj }kjk izdkf'kr
49- 'kqHkkdju~ ds- Vh-] ^u{k= Qye~*] lkxj ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyhA
50- Jh vfu:)kpk;Z th] ^dY;k.k*] laLdkj vad xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqjA
51- lDlsuk lqjsUnzukFk] O;k[;kdkj] ^euqLe`fr*] eukst ifCyds'kUl fnYyhA
52- gfjnŸk] ^T;ksfr"k fo'odks"k*] lqcks/k ifCyds'kUl fnYyhA
53- f=osnh izk'k] ^u{k= fopkj*] ,YQk ifCyds'kUl] fnYyhA
ckykfj"V ;ksx ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½ ckykfj"V ;ksx ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½ ckykfj"V ;ksx ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½
ckykfj"V ;ksx ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½ ckykfj"V ;ksx ¼vk;q fu.kZ;½
izks- jkepUnz ik.Ms;] izksQslj] T;ksfr"k foHkkx] esokM+ fo'ofo|ky;] fpÙkkSM+x<+] jktLFkku
v#.k dqekj caly] 'kks/kkFkhZ] esokM+ fo'ofo|ky;] fpÙkkSM+x<+] jktLFkku
cPps rFkk mlds ekrk&firk }kjk fd, x, iwoZ tUe ds nq"ÑR;ksa ls lafpr f'k'kq dh tUedkfyd Øwj xzg fLFkfr vkfn dks fj"V ;k vfj"V dgk x;k gSA fj"V rFkk vfj"V dk vFkZ 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk gS] fdarq vk;q fu.kZ; esa bldk vFkZ v'kqHk ;ksx gh gSA bu fj"V ;ksxksa esa ls dqN fj"V ;ksx dsoy f'k'kq dks] dqN f'k'kq dh ekrk dks] dqN firk dks] dqN firk vkSj f'k'kq nksuksa dks] dqN ekrk&firk vkSj f'k'kq rhuksa ds fy, d"Vdkjd ;k ej.kizn ekus x;s gSaA dqN ,sls Hkh fj"V ;ksx gSa tks f'k'kq ds HkkbZ&cgu] nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh] ekek&ekeh] lkl&llqj] lkyk] nsoj&nsojkuh vkfn ds lkFk vU; caèkqvksa ds lkFk Hkh tkrddkjksa us v'kqHk ekus gSaA tkrddkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd f'k'kq viuh dkf;d vkSj ekufld ije dkseyrk ;k nqcZyrk ds dkj.k e`R;q izo.k izk.kh gSA vr% blds rhu o"kks± esa fcuk vfj"V ds Hkh og ej ldrk gSA vr% f'k'kq dh vk;q ds izFke rhu o"kks± dks f'k'kq ds fy, nqLrj ekuk gSA mudk er gS fd mldh tUedkyhu xzgfLFkR;kfn ls mldh thoukofèk dks rhu o"kZ dh vk;q rd ^bnfeRFke* fuf'pr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl izdkj mUgksaus rhu o"kZ dh vk;q gks tkus ij gh f'k'kq dh tUei=h cukus dk nSoK dks ijke'kZ fn;k gSA viuh tkrd i)fr esa vkpk;Z ds'ko us bls bl izdkj fy[kk gS % ftosRDokfi foHkaxfj"Vt&f'k'kwfj"Ve~ foukeh;rs·FkkèkksCn% f'k'kqnqLrjks·fi p ijkS dk;SZ"kq uks if=dkAA f'k'kq dh vk;q ds igys rhu o"kZ cgqr ladViw.kZ gksrs gSaA ;s o"kZ fj"Vt ;ksxksa ds dqizHkko ls 'kh?kz izHkkfor gksus okys gSaA oS|ukFk ds vuqlkj & izFke pkj o"kks± esa ekrk ds ikiksa ¼iwoZtUeÑr nq"ÑR;ksa½ rnuarj pkj o"kks± esa firk ds ikiksa rFkk vkxs f'k'kq vius ikiksa ls gh e`R;q dks izkIr djrk gSA
vk|s prq"ds tuuh Ñrk|S% eè;s rq fi=kftZrikilap;S% ckyLrnU;klq prq%'kjRlq Lodh; nkS"kS% leqiSfruk'k;sAA
ckjg o"kZ dh voLFkk rd ekrk&firk ds nks"kksa ls vFkkZr~ ykyu ikyu esa vlkoèkkuh] ckykoLFkk esa laHkkO; jksxksa ls cpko ,oa mls Hkjiwj lqj{kk iznku u dj ldus dh voLFkk esa fu'p; gh ckyd dk vfu"V gks ldrk gSA izkphu le; esa fpfdRlkfn lqfoèkkvksa dk i;kZIr izpkj o izlkj u gksus ds dkj.k tkrdksa dh e`R;q nj vfèkd FkhA vr% izkphu le; esa ckykfj"V dk izHkko vfèkd gksrk Fkk fdarq vkèkqfud ;qx esa vk;q dk fu.kZ; djrs le; ckykfj"V ds lkFk&lkFk f'k'kq ds ifjos'k dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A ea=s'oj] oS|ukFk rFkk osadVs'k 'kekZ ds vuqlkj ckjg o"kZ rd ;ksxksa dk izHkko gksus ls rFkk vkRej{kk ds foosd dh deh gksus ls ckyd dh vU;Fkk Kkr vk;q esa la'k; gks ldrk gSA vr% vPNh vk;q izrhr gksus ij Hkh rc rd ckyd dks fdlh laHkkfor nq?kZVuk o jksx ls cpkus ds iz;Ru] fpfdRlk] lkoèkkuh] bZ'ojkèkuk o ti] ;K] nkukfn djrs jguk pkfg,A ;Fkk&
vk}kn'kkCnTtUrwukek;q KkZrqa u 'kD;rsA ti gkse fpfdRlk|S cfyj{kka rq dkj;sr~AA rn~nks"k'kkUR;S izfr tUerkjek }kn'kkCna ti gkse iwoZeA vk;q"dja deZ foèkk; rkrks ckya fpfdRlkfnfHkjso j{ksr~AA tkrd xzaFkksa esa fj"Vtud xzg fLFkfr;ka Hkkjh la[;k esa nh xbZ gSa ftuesa ls dqN dk ;gka mYys[k fd;k tk jgk gS ;Fkk&
f'k'kq dk rRdky e`R;q ;ksx pØL; iwokZij Hkkxxs"kq Øwjs"kq lkSE;s"kq p dhVyXusA f{kiza fouk'ka leqiSfr tkr% ikiSfoZyXukLre;kfHkr';AA
okjkgfefgj us mi;qZDr 'yksd esa dgk gS fd tUedqaMyh ds iwokZèkZ esa ¼n'ke ls prqFkZ rd½ vFkkZr iwoZ diky esa fo|eku iki xzgksa ls rFkk yXu dqaMyh ds ijkèkZ if'pe diky
¼prqFkZ Hkko ls n'ke Hkko rd½ esa 'kqHk xzgksa dh fLFkfr esa Hkh tkrd dh 'kh?kz e`R;q gksrh gS rFkk yXu vkSj lIre ls f}rh; LFkku fLFkr iki xzgksa ls Hkh tkrd dk 'kh?kz ej.k gksrk gSA ;Fkk
ikikoqn;kLr xrkS Øwjs.k ;qr'p 'k'khA n`"V'p 'kqHkSuZ ;nk e`R;q'p HkosnfpjkrAA
vFkkZr~ yXu lIreLFk iki xzgksa ls rFkk iki;qDr panzek ij 'kqHk xzg n`f"V ugha gksus ls Hkh tkrd dh 'kh?kz e`R;q gksrh gSA
f'k'kq dk lIrkg vk;q ;ksx % Jh dY;k.k oekZ us lkjkoyh esa vfj"V ;ksx crk;k gS fd ;fn panzek lIre Hkko esa eaxy vkSj lw;Z ds lkFk ;qfr djs rks tkrd dh vk;q ,d lIrkg gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
lfgrkS pUnztkfe=s ;L;kaxkjd&HkkLdjkSA
tkrL; rL; gh rnk HkosRlIrkgthfore~AA
,d ekl esa gh f'k'kq e`R;q ;ksx % eqdqan nSoK ^ioZrh;* ds vuqlkj dqN vfj"V ;ksxksa esa tkrd dh vk;q ekl i;±r gks tkrh gS tSls f}rh;] r`rh; o uoe LFkku esa eaxy gks rFkk lw;Z o 'kfu ,d gh jkf'k esa gksa rks nl fnu ls igys gh tkrd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS ;Fkk& eaxys eaxys foÙksokuqts fe= eUn;ksA ,d jkf'kx;kse`ZR;q% ikdL; izkXn'kkgr%AA
tkrd lkjnhi esa Jh u`flag nSoK us bls bl izdkj dgk gS&
"k"Bk"Vxk ofØrikin`"Vk gU;q% 'kqHkkekfl 'kqHkSjn`"Vk%A gksjkifr% ikiftr%LejLFkkseklsu ra ekj;fr izlwreAA ;fn v"Ve LFkku esa edj ;k dqaHk jkf'k dk c`gLifr gks rFkk iki xzgksa ls n`"V gks rks X;kjgosa fnu tkrd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ;Fkk&
leUnHks·P;sZ e`frxsMaglsf{krA -,dkn'kkgs·R;;esrh 'kkod%AA prqFkZ LFkku esa jkgq rFkk "k"B o v"Ve esa panzek gks] panzek ls f=dks.k LFkkuksa esa lw;Z gks] bu ;ksxksa esa mRiUu tkrd chl fnu dh vk;q ysdj vkrk gSA
Hkksxh'ojs·EHkks Hkous Hkuk;ds·rfj{krs ok·e`rjf'erksjokSA iq=sifFkO;kfèkHk;kfNZrks·HkZdLrnk u[kkgs·UrdekZUnja oztsrAA
N% ekl i;ZUr vk;q % lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k esa osadVs'k 'kekZ ds vuqlkj ;fn lHkh xzg vkiksfDye esa x, gksa vkSj fucZy gksa rks nks ekl ;k vfèkdre N% ekl vk;q gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
vkiksfDyesfLFkrk% losZ xzgk cyfookftZrk%A
"k.ekla ok f}ekla ok rL;k;q% leqnkâre~AA
,d o"kZ i;ZUr vk;q % panzek ls dsanz esa iki xzg gksa vkSj 'kqHk xzg u gksa rks ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj e`R;q gksrh gSA ;Fkk& dsUnzS'pUnzkRiki;qDrSj lkSE;S%A Lox±;kfr izksP;rs oRljs.kAA nks o"kZ i;±r e`R;q % oØh 'kfuHkkSZe x`gs dsUnzs "k"Bs v"Ves·fi okA dqtsu cfyuk n`"Vs gfUr o"kZ};s f'k'kqe~AA
f'k'kq&ekr` e`R;q ;ksx % yXu ls 7osa] 8osa Hkkoksa esa dbZ iki xzg ;fn panzek dks ns[ksa rks ekrk o iq= nksuksa dh e`R;q gksrh gSA ;fn 'kqHk n`f"V Hkh gks rks lR;kpk;Z ds er ls jksx dkjd gksrk gSA ;Fkk&
yXukRlIrk"VHkxS% ikiSjfHkohf{kr'pUnz lgtuU;kA
fHkz;rs 'kqHklan`"VS% lR;erkn~onsn O;kfèke~AA
f'k'kq&fir` e`R;q ;ksx % u`flag nSoK ds vuqlkj prqFkZ esa jkgq gks rks iq= dh] uoe esa gksa rks firk dh e`R;q gksrh gSA ;fn iki xzg dh n`f"V Hkh gks rks rhu fnuksa esa gh ,slk gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&
jkgq'prqFkZx% iq=a uoes firja rFkkA
gU;kRdsrq'prn~oL;kr~ iki n`"Vksfnu=;sAA
f'k'kq ,oa rRlacafèk;ksa dks 'kh?kz e`R;q ;ksx % oS|ukFk ds vuqlkj ;fn yXu ls ikaposa o uosa ?kj esa iki xzg dh jkf'k gks vkSj iki xzg dh jkf'k esa lw;Z gks rks HkkbZ dh] cqèk gks rks ekek dh] c`gLifr gks rks ukuh dh] 'kqØ gks rks ukuk dh] 'kfu gks rks Lo;a ckyd dh e`R;q gksrh gSA rkrkafcdklksnj&ekrqyk'p ekrkegh ekr`&firk p cky%A lw;kZfndS% iape&èkeZ;krS% Øwj{kZxS% vk'kqgrk Øes.kAA blh rjg ls vHkqDr ewy] Hknzk] ;e?kaV] nXèk] e`R;q ;ksx] O;frikr] oSèk`fr] otz;ksx] xzg.kdky] lw;Z laØkafr] vekoL;k] Ñ".k prqnZ'kh] u{k=&frfFk] fo"k ?kfV panz ,oa yXu dk jkf'k e`R;q va'k vkfn vusdkusd vU; v'kqHk dky tkrd eqgwrZ xzaFkksa esa of.kZr gSa ftuesa tUe f'k'kq rFkk mlds lacafèk;ksa ds fy, d"V ,oa e`R;q dkjd crk;k x;k gSA bu dkyksa dks Hkh fj"V dh dksfV esa ekuk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr tUedkyhu otzikr] okR;k] mYdkikr] Hkwdai] èkwedsrq mn; vkfn vla[; vi'kdqu Hkh fj"V ekus x;s gSa ftuesa tUe ysuk f'k'kq ds fy, vfj"V cryk;k x;k gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vfj"V ;ksx dk Qykns'k djus ls igys tkrd xzaFkksa esa ¼c`gTtkrd vkfn½ vfj"V ;ksxksa ds Hkax ¼ifjgkj½ dk Hkh iwjh rjg ls euu dj ysaA
