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January............. Wastewater Treatment February ........... Water Supply; Alternative Sources March................ Energy Efficiency; Environmental Stewardship April .................. Conservation and Reuse May ................... Operations and Utilities Management June .................. Biosolids Management and Bioenergy Production July ................... Stormwater Management; Emerging Technologies August .............. Disinfection; Water Quality September........ Emerging Issues; Water Resources Management October............. New Facilities, Expansions, and Upgrades November......... Water Treatment December ......... Distribution and Collection

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AWWA Free Trial Membership............................................................ 43 2022 Florida Water Resources Conference .................................10-19 American Water ................................................................................... 58 AWWA ACE22 ...................................................................................... 27 Blue Planet Environmental Systems ................................................. 63 Carollo .................................................................................................. 37 Data Flow ............................................................................................... 6 FSAWWA Conference Call for Papers ............................................... 33 FSAWWA Conference Exhibitor Registration ................................... 32 FSAWWA Roy Likins Scholarship Fund ............................................ 34 FWPCOA Region IV Short School ..................................................... 55 FWPCOA Training Calendar ............................................................... 57 Gerber Pumps ....................................................................................... 9 Heyward ................................................................................................. 2 Hudson Pump and Equipment ........................................................... 51 Hydro International ............................................................................... 5 InfoSense ............................................................................................. 61 Kamstrup ............................................................................................. 49 Lakeside Equipment Corporation ........................................................ 7 Mission Communications ................................................................... 58 PolyProcessing ................................................................................... 45 UF TREEO Center Training ................................................................. 56 Violia ..................................................................................................... 21 Xylem .................................................................................................... 64 YSI ........................................................................................................ 35 From page 20

1. B) cyanobacteria.

Per the Protecting Florida Together website, Education Center – BlueGreen Algae, “Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, occur frequently in Florida’s freshwater environments. Blue-green algae are microorganisms that function like plants in that they use light energy from the sun and nutrients acquired from the environment to help them grow.”

2. C) nutrients.

Per the Protecting Florida Together website, Education Center – Blue-Green Algae, “some environmental factors that contribute to blue-green algae blooms are sunny days, warm water temperatures, still water conditions, and a plentiful supply of nutrients. Reducing the supply of nutrients, nitrogen, and phosphorus in particular, can help decrease the intensity and duration of blue-green algal blooms.”

3. D) Toxins

Per the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website, Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) in Water Bodies, “Blooms with the potential to harm human health or aquatic ecosystems are referred to as harmful algal blooms, or HABs. In freshwater systems, cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae) are microorganisms that can produce HABs. Some cyanobacterial HABs, or cyanoHABs, can produce toxins. CyanoHABs and their toxins can harm people, animals, aquatic ecosystems, the economy, drinking water supplies, property values, and recreational activities, including swimming and commercial and recreational fishing.”

4. C) Cylindrospermopsin and

microcystin

Per EPA Fact Sheet, “Cyanotoxins Drinking Water Advisories”: “The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published national drinking water health advisories for the cyanotoxins microcystins and cylindrospermopsin.”

5. D) 10 days

Per EPA Fact Sheet, “Cyanotoxins Drinking Water Advisories”: “The health advisories provide the cyanotoxins levels in drinking water less than or equal to adverse human health impacts are unlikely to occur over a 10-day period of time. Health advisories are developed to help states and water systems assess local situations, and during emergency situations and spills. They are not a federally enforceable, regulatory limit.”

6. B) Conducting a system-

specific evaluation for vulnerability to blooms.

Per the EPA “Recommendations for Public Water Systems to Manage Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water,” in the executive summary, “The stepwise approach includes the following five steps: • Step one involves conducting a systemspecific evaluation for vulnerability to blooms; • Step two suggests activities for preparing and observing potential blooms; • Step three describes monitoring activities to determine whether cyanotoxins are present in the raw water, and recommended communication and treatment activities if cyanotoxins are found in the raw water; • Step four describes monitoring activities to determine whether cyanotoxins are present in finished water and recommended communication and treatment activities if cyanotoxins are found; and • Step five describes continued finished water monitoring (confirming the initial finished water sample in step four) and treatment and communication activities if cyanotoxins are found in the finished water above acceptable levels.”

7. D) Karenia brevis

Per FDEP Fact Sheet, “Harmful Algal Blooms,”: “In Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, the species that causes most red tides is Karenia brevis, often abbreviated as K. brevis.”

8. C) freshwater systems.

Per the Protecting Florida Together website, Education Center – Red Tide, “Blue-green algae blooms occur primarily in freshwater water systems, whereas red tides tend to originate 10 to 40 miles offshore. Although wind and currents can push red tides into nearshore waters, including bays and estuaries, the algae that cause red tides cannot survive in freshwater systems.”

9. C) diatoms.

Per FWC Fact Sheet, “Pseudo-nitzschia spp,”: “Pseudo-nitzschia is a singlecelled, naturally occurring organism belonging to a group of microscopic algae called diatoms. Diatoms can bloom when cells divide rapidly, resulting in high cell concentrations.”

10. D) Water quality dashboard

Per the Protecting Florida Together website, Education Center – Harmful Algal Blooms, “The Protecting Florida Together water quality dashboard delivers relevant water quality information statewide, including blue-green algae, red tide, and nutrient monitoring data. [This] map helps to ensure transparency and accountability with respect to our water quality data and its exchange with the public. Information for [this] map is provided by FDEP and FWC.”