CONNECTING CBD TOWERS
VERTICAL RIVER
CONTENTS 1
DESIGN THESIS main intent
3
THESIS STATEMENT 300 words
5
MANIFESTO criticla position and reseraches
11 CASE
1. 2. 3. 4.
19
STUDIES
green skyscraper concept dutch pavilion, mvrdv sidwell friends school urban epicenter
EXPERIMENTS 1. public and private relationship 2. digital exploration 3. material system
CONTENTS SITE RESERACH
60
SITE ANALYSIS
77
CONCEPT DESIGN
97
FINAL DESIGN 132 MODEL 152 BIBLILOGRAPHY 166
DESIGN THESIS
HOW CAN WE PROVIDES MORE POSITIVE CONT
TRIBUTION TO HIGH DENSITY URBAN LIVING? The aim of our project is using living systems to collect, purify and recycle rainwater and grey water from surrounding buildings, at same time able to create a healthy and green social space.
THESIS STATEMENT How can we add value and make positive contribution to existing urban centers in order to create quality living style? Melbourne’s population is forecast to double by 2050 with a rapid increasing of population, a demand for more housing will be built and more people will settle in. It is important that the future development of urban should be focus on inner city that promote people living in city and restrict further urban sprawl effect as it is evident that causing both negative environmental and social issues. It is suggest that with new building design and planning strategies, a compact city living style is much healthier, environmental friendly and socially benefit. The design to explore and search for a new typology that has a relative small footprint which is possible to build within high density area, and it is able to add values within urban centers such as providing open public green outdoor space and recreation areas as well as make positive contributions to the existing building and surrounding environment. The design project is aim to create a sustained and balanced urban condition in combination with social, economy and environment. Search for a new typology which provides quality living condition and lifestyle within urban centers. Investigation will be made on biophilic design which is the concept of design with nature, explore elements which make people feel good, enjoyable and encourage people to engage with nature. Studies will also made regarding on generative digital design tools base on emerging biological systems will be applied. Coding will take into account a range of programmatic and experiential conditions.
4
Manifesto
MANIFESTO - CRITICAL RESEARCH AND POSITION
7
The increasing awareness of green building design and sustainable urban environment leads to a new environmental age with new types of green design and emerging of new urban patterns start to rise. The modern urban development will be shifting from automobile city of sprawl urban form into a much more compact city form, the essay is suggested that with new types of design and infrastructure, it is much more sustainable to live in a high density urban area rather than suburban regions. Sustainable not only in the phase of environmental friendly technology, but more importantly aim to achieve a more sustained and quality living environment that is “socially just, culturally rich and ecologically restorative”. restorative” 1. Urban Urban planning planning evolved evolved throughout throughout the the twentieth twentieth century, century, leading to great variety of urban forms but leading to great variety of urban forms but often often with with little little regard regard for for the the impact impact upon upon the the environment. environment. The The most most common common urban urban from from in in the the Western Western countries countries is is the the rise rise of urban sprawl. By looking at America’s urban of urban sprawl. By looking at America’s urban developdevelopment, ment, after after World World War War 2, 2, people people has has started started to to move move out out of the cities and with the fulfillment of “Great American of the cities and with the fulfillment of “Great American Dreams” Dreams” where where people people dream dream to to have have their their own own house house with gardens and backyards. This then has with gardens and backyards. This then has leaving leaving downtown downtown areas areas empty empty after after working working hours, hours, people people then then live distances from work and travel everywhere live distances from work and travel everywhere by by cars cars on on highway In recent recent years, years, increasing increasing criticism criticism has has been been highway.2. In addressed upon upon sprawl sprawl urban urban forms forms because because its its negative negative addressed impact up on environmental social and economic effects. impact up on environmental social and economic effects. Number of American urban planners such as Jane Jacob, Number of American urban planners such as Jane Jacob, Kevin Lynch and William Whyte start to appear and proKevin Lynch and William Whyte start to appear and proposed a new develop concept which encourages density posed a new develop concept which encourages density city living, mix uses of land and promoting interactions 1.Jason McLennan, Living Future 2010, Viemo 2. C.Y Roan, 7-Eleven City: Poetry, Architecture, New Communities, pg18
city living, mix uses of land and promoting interactions with people. It was until the 1987, the most influential report developed by World Commission on Environment and Development’s Our Common Future, known as the “Brundtland Report”, firstly addressed urban sprawl issues and brought sustainability into the mainstream. Sustainability has then been incorporated in urban planning theories and promotes of compact city model instead of sprawl development.3 With the increase of population, new development should be focus on inner city area that attracts people to settle in city and restrict further increase in urban sprawl pattern. Urban sprawl has a negative impact on infrastructure and sustainability of cities. The relationship between livability and sustainability is questionable. By research into the city of Melbourne for example, according to the latest Economist Intelligence Unit’s Global Livability Survey 4 Melbourne has been rated for the second best city to live in out of 140 other cities around the world. And yet, at same time Melbourne is also on the top list of CO2 emissions per capita, generating almost three times more carbon dioxide a year than Greater London despite Melbourne only has half of the population than London.5 This is all due the result of Melbourne’s urban sprawl, carbon dioxide emits from the vehicles has pay a heavy environmental cost. It has becomes a major reason make our life unsustainable either with the waste of resource, emits of pollution or just time waste on traffic is a major issue. More importantly, a good city should be both livable at same time also sustainable. 3. Erik Swyngedouw and Iran R. Cook 4. Adele Ferguson, “Melbourne Judged World’s Most Livable City”, BusinessDay 5. Lay Lucas and Royce Millar
Urban sprawl pattern also causing problematic issues and produce large wastage on the use of our key resources energy and water. CSIRO project leader Mr. Steven Kenway has indicated that “…water use may increase by 50 per cent if urban sprawl and energy use continue at the same pace.” 6 As urban sprawl pattern of development, resources have to travel in a long distance from where it produce to where it get used such individual household in suburban area. Huge large amount of energy and water are lost in transmission, The Department of the Environment and water Resources estimate the lost for water in transmission is 12-30% and overall lost in water including leakage and evaporations to be 20-40% of the total amount. Energy lost through transport is around 1-9% of the total production.7 It has clearly shows that the current resources of water and energy are being used inefficiently. Compact city living style is a much healthy way of living and minimize the waste of resources from transmissions. The new development of urban structure should encourage on site produce of electricity and water as well as “fit for purpose use of resources”.8 The existing supply and distribution of resources in a linear system are inefficient and wasteful as all of our sources travels from far distance for us to use and then turn into waste straight away without any recycling or reuse strategy. All of our resources are also not well distributed and managed. We use everything with clean portable water which is unnecessary at all. According to Melbourne Water, large proportion of water used in household are for shower, 6. S.J Kenway, G.M Turner, S. Cook, and T. Baynes 7. Dominique Hes, 2007 8. Dominique Hes, 2007
laundry wash and flush straight down in to the toilet. Only 8% of the water are actually used as in cooking and drinking purposed,9 which mean over 90% our portable water are wasted or not being used efficiently. It is evident that the existing linear systems of produce energy cause large amount of wastage, new urban development should be close system and focus on recycle and reuse of existing resources.10 Although there are many new architects and authorization such as Living Future has already starts challenge the fundamental concept of not using any external resources that from power station or water pipes, and start testing into new building designs. Jason McLeannan, the director of Living Building Challenge has argued that a building should sustain itself and able to produce all of its energies on site like a living plants in the natural which has it rooted in the ground and able to capture energy from sun and harvest water from the rain. Building should learn from nature and able to generate energy, clean and renewable of resources. As well as the “Cradle to Cradle” concept promote by William McDonough that all “waste equals food”11. Evidentially, that sustainability and close loop design system starts to rise and increasingly applies to the new building design. However, there are not much attention been made with existing building development and urban structure. The existing city structures are already full of potentials that can be explored. Concentrated level of residential and office buildings located within CBD has already con-
sume a huge amount of resources, which provide a great opportunity to have a structure that is able to generate energy or harvest water onsite that can be supply to the existing building, or a purification system that able to purified the waste water and then resupply again back to the existing office or residential buildings. As the high concentration of city living, it is the perfect location to construct this type of building that is adding value to the urban environment. Looking at a newly developed apartment of Zen Tower, which already accommodates over 400 dwellings with Melbourne CBD average household size of 1.83 in 2011,12 and around 150 liters of water consumption per person per day, it can be easily calculated that in single tower can consume over 40 million litter per year. If a structure can harvest grey water from one or more of these existing buildings it means huge amount of saving in resources. An urban center should be able to fulfill and accommodate all different kinds of human activities, the existing pattern of urban sprawl that most of the recreations are disturbed across suburban area. In order to restrict the growth of urban sprawl and encourage compact urban patterns, it is important to increase green space that benefit out living environment. It serves an aesthetic propose as it is pleasant to look at it and make high density urban area looks less artificial in construct to hard steel and concrete.
9. Melbourne Water, 2012 10. John Tillman Lyle, 1996. 11. City of Melbourne, 2006 Population and household forecasts,2011
12. Key Yeang, Reinventing the Skyscraper: A Vertical Theory of Urban Design, 2002, pg. 58-62
As continues increase in populations and the existing environmental issues, it is important to address these issues. The development of modern cities should be focus on inner city planning and restrict further urban sprawl effect in order to restore negative environmental impacts. A well designed compact city can fulfill all the needs of human activities such as urban recreation and local productions. Green building designs strategies should not be only be interest in new building designs but also exploring alternatives for the existing buildings and urban structure that can be contribute to the overall environment. Buildings should not build only to accommodate people but a favorable environment to live in, urban development should also be focus on improve overall living quality that benefits both social, economic and environmentally. 13. Stephen Kieran,2008, pp.243-252 14. Key Yeang, Reinventing the Skyscraper: A Vertical Theory of Urban Design, 133
MANIFESTO - CRITICAL RESEARCH AND POSITION
Green space also able to provides a social area for public recreation, relaxation and enhance health. Stephen Kellert has also emphasis the importance of human experience and relationship with nature in his published book of Biophilic Design. His research shows that positive experience with natural systems can benefits human health, performance and overall well-being. Building design should implement biophilic design to provide a comfortable and productive space for people.13 Green space is also a part of the urban ecological system and can play an important role in the urban environmental management system as it contruibutes to the urban greening and maintaining positive impacts to the micro climates.14
10
Case Studies
CASE STUDIES 13
CASE STUDY 1 GREEN SKYSCRAPER CONCEPT ATELIER SOA
description
This is a concept design by Architect Pierre Sartoux of Atelier SOA, a design of vertical farming skyscraper within high density urban area. The building is design to attach to the existing skyscrapers and generate green functionality outside of existing building, provide green energy to the old skyscraper which was built centuries ago which are not environmental friendly. It is a new invention in technology that retrofits for existing buildings and at same time providing green and garden spaces for the city.
The modularity of this design system allows for easy configurations and enhances installments. It can be arranged in different manner to match existing buildings such as the height and volume, therefore it is highly adaptable for future use and can be remove and replace according to the need of the structure in lifetime. The bridge connection within high dense area is also interesting that reunite the isolated city blocks. The project is also relevant to my site that the complex geometry structure design has allow the building to have a very small footprint.
CASE STUDIES
key findings structure system: module
14
CASE STUDIES 15
CASE STUDY 2 DUTCH PAVILION 2000 MVRDV
description
The project is design for Dutch Pavilion for the Expo at Hanover in 2000. The building is designed by vertical transform the Dutch landscape into a vertical stacked up pavilion and aim to provide an experiential landscape experimental journey in Holland. The building is divide into six floors and each of them accommodates one type of landscape, visitors will take their start from the top floor which is sea downward to rain garden, forest, pots, agriculture and to the ground level of dunes.
The key finding for the project is creative way of stacking landscape vertically, design and insert nature environment pheromone instead artificial landscape. MVRDV architect group has always develop their theories and argue that high density urban living is the solution for the future as continuously increase in world’s population. This design of pavilion is an real experiment to test out the relationship between nature and dense cities, they also argues that “technology and nature need not be mutually exclusive, they can perfectly well reinforce one another”. A very interesting fact is that they pavilion have been left unoccupied and not maintenance, many of the other pavilions were broken down but except the Dutch Pavilion as it remained as a solitude element within a landscape. Birds such as Squatters starts to inhabit the structure and it became a real park also at same time a mini ecosystem in created.
CASE STUDIES
key findings stacked landscape
16
CASE STUDIES 17
CASE STUDY 3 SIDWELL FRIENDS SCHOOL
description The new technology of rainwater collection is not just going straight down to a water pipe and into a standa rd water tank, instead it retention of rainwater on the green roof and the overflow directed down into a sloped spillway which makes its way to a pond and rain garden. The treatment of waste water is also processing through the con-structed wetland.The design has cleverly combined new technology and aesthetic aspects, provide efficient energy soÂŹlution as well as a beautiful place for human to accommodate.
The tower is cleverly organized into different sectors of private, public, semipublic areas which allow mix use of program and function. It is also designed with the latest technology of water purification system which collects grey water on the top of the roof from residential sector and then purifies downwards with four different stages to the last stage of hydroponic farm to complete the purification cycle. The clean water is then used again within the building.
This design provides an architectural response to urban and social concerns for climate change and urban living issues. Urban agriculture provides a new social infrastructure that link people thought the production of food. CASE STUDY 4 URBAN EPICENTER
CASE STUDIES
key findings: living machine system & fram
18
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERINMENT1
21
EXPLORE
Public and Private RELATIONSHIPS
EXPERINMENT1
23
SITE: VICTORIA STATE LIBRARY
EXPERINMENT1 25
The State Library is very interesting space which has public space and private space. Also these are changing according to some elements such as functions, and events. Relative to the internal library, the space in front of the library is more public, but the space in the library cans also distinction between public and private. All of these make the State Library so interesting for the analysis of public and private space. According to our analysis, some events can change the space from public to more private. Therefore, we used reading, resting and meeting which are more important happened events in the library as some examples to analyze how the event change the space. Also, time is another main element relate to the analysis. We surveyed on Tuesday and Saturday, on each day, there are four times including 9am. 1pm, 5pm and 9pm to find out the change during the open time. All data collected help us to code the library about the public space or private space. At the first, the space of library and the area of it are divided by a grid. And then one small grid means a small space. Secondly, we account the number of people who are doing the events at the survey time, or we can say that we give a value of one space.
EXPERINMENT1 26
EXPERINMENT1
27
EXPERINMENT1
28
EXPERINMENT1
30
EXPERINMENT1 31
EXPERINMENT1
32
EXPERINMENT1 34
public and private realtionships
EXPERINMENT2
35
DIGITAL
GRASSHOPPER EXPLORATIONS
EXPERINMENT2
36
EXPERINMENT2 37
EXPERINMENT2 38
consentrating on high density urban development and experniment with high rise tower structure
EXPERINMENT2
40
EXPERINMENT2 41
EXPERINMENT2
42
EXPERINMENT2
44
45
EXPERINMENT2
46
47
EXPERINMENT2 48
testing circulation and movement
EXPERINMENT2 49
EXPERIMENT 3
Material System
material system 52
testing method 1 - stacking Plain paper strips was used for this experiment, by compress the two strips together it has created an interesting space in between them and make the structure stronger. Stacking more of these together has also created a structure form.
This is the most successful outcome of material testing, start with a circular piece of paper and then fold into triangular shape with three round edges which allow for sticking them together. By sticking them together in one direction, a surface skin has then created. I then start arrange them together in different directions, it then slowly formed a structure that can be stand up. The last experiment is to repeat them in order and eventually a full sphere has formed. As result, many different form of structure can be created with a tiny small piece, just by repeat them together, a much stronger and solid structure can be created.
material system
testing method 2 - repetition
53
material system 54
testing method 1 - combination This experiment was aim to texting other material qualities other than paper texture. However, I found that steel meshes are much difficult to control and hard to create into desired shape by itself. As result of testing, it is easier to use for wrapping which wraps over an existing solid item. Therefore form was then used for the final model.
material system 55
Other Experiments
56
stnemirepxE rehtO
57
Design Project
Site Research
62
SITE RESEARCH
63
SITE RESEARCH 64
65
SITE RESEARCH
PROJECT SITE: WIND ANALYSIS
66
SITE RESEARCH 67
SITE _1 KM ZONE
SITE RESEARCH 69
SITE _ACCRUE 1 KM ZONE
SITE RESEARCH 71
SITE _surrounding programs
SITE RESEARCH
73
RESIDENTIAL
MARKET
CHURCH
RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX
LIBRARY
CARPARK
RETAILS
PARK
HOTEL
UNIVERSITY
RESTURANT
OFFICE
ENTERTAINMENT COMPLEX
SPORTS CENTER
SITE RESEARCH 75
institute for adults
outdoor public space
entertament space
parks
what we have now
place for children
recreation space
sheltered space
water
SITE RESEARCH
what we want to have
76
SITE
Site Analysis 78
79
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
existing site condition
8
6
3
1
5
4 2
7
SITE ANALYSIS
81
SITE ANALYSIS 83
circulation and attractor
analysis
CIRCULATION PATH 1 - VICOTRIA MARKET
CIRCULATION PATH 2 - VICOTRIA MARKET
CIRCULATION PATH 3 - TRAM STOP
CIRCULATION PATH 4 - ON SITE
CIRCULATION PATH 5 - PASSING THOUGH
CIRCULATION PATH 6
CIRCULATION PATH 7 - TRAM STOP
CIRCULATION PATH 8 - TURNING CORNER
SITE ANALYSIS
85
saturday 4pm-5pm
saturday12pm-1pm
saturday 8am-9am
SITE ANALYSIS
87
public and private
88
SPEED ANALYSIS 1
89
SPEED ANALYSIS 2
91
SITE ANALYSIS 93
Site investigation has firstly taken to analysis the circulation pattern of existing site. Data was collect by tracing pedestrian movement on site over two hour observation and mapped out for further studies. As result, it shows that the circulation movements are generally concentrated on the edge of site boundary. The site is mainly used for transition purpose as a stop point at traffic light in order to reach other destinations such as Victoria market on the opposite of the road, tram stop, CBD and University towards North. There is only few people use the site facilities such as benches and visit the shop on site. A more in depth site investigation method of rhythm analysis has been used for the purpose of understanding the sensory profile of the site. “The sensory order is reproduced through sensory engagements in routine practices and the enactment of traditions� as Sarah Pink argues in her writing. This sensory experience demonstrates the activities which occurred on the site and gives an insight to local community and people who use this place.
SITE ANALYSIS 95
Data was collected both on a weekday and on weekend from morning 7am to 5pm. According to the data, the site has been used very differently between weekdays and weekend, it is also very much affect by the trading hours of Queen Victoria Market across the road. During the weekdays, the site is mostly on used as for pedestrian and the level people and is according to the peak hours. In contrast to weekend, more activities happen on the site such as eating and resting which has more value.
97
Design Concept
design concept 99
BUILDING AS ALIVING MACHINE SYSTEM PURIFIY WATER WITH NATURE SYSTEM AND ABLE TO PROVIDE RECREATION SPACE AT SAME TIME TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES WITHIN CBD
M
FRO
Greywater Storage Tank Physical Treatment Fibration Biological Treatment and Reuse Living Machine Disinfection Ultraviolet Rainwater Tank
Rainwater
Biological Treatment and Reuse Biofiber COLLE CT RAIN WA ADJAC ENT BU TER FROM ILIDNG S
Fish Ponds Biological Treatment and Reuse Landscape Irrigation Reuse Storage Tank
Water Pipe and Supply to the Building
design concept
ER WAT S REY G CT G UILIDN E L L CO CENT B A J AD
100
EXISTING CONDITION 101
design concept
FROM SPRAWL TO COMPACT
102
design concept
103
FROM LINEAR WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM TO CIRULAR SYSTEM , AIM TO RECYCLE AND REUSE OF GREY WATER
design concept
104
EXISTING CATCHMENT AREA IN mELBOURNE
105
Rain Water Collection
design concept
FUTURE
107
Grey Water Collection
108
Water Collect From Surrounding Buildings
110
Future Opportunities
design concept
112
MAIN DESIGN CONCEPT VERTICAL RIVER
design concept 113
design concept
114
BUILDING AS PURIFICATION SYSTEM, COLLECTING RAIN AND GREY WATER, CLEAN THOUGH WET LAND, POND, GRASSLAND AND ARICULTURE
Purification System
115
design concept
116
DIFFERENT PROGRAM ALLOCATED ACCORDING TO PURIFY WATER SYSTEM, DEPENDING ON WATER VOLUME, SOUND AND CLEANNESS
PROGRAM
117
design concept
118
CIRCULATION THEN INTERGRATED TO SUPPORT MOVEMENT
CIRCULATION
119
design concept
120
121
design concept
122
PROGRAMS ARE MIXED AND DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT CATEGORIS IN ORDER TO HAVE A HYBRID BUILDING
WATER
123
124
125
126
127
design concept
128
CODE GENERATOR TO ALLOCATED PROGRAM DEPENDING ON WATER VOLUME, SOUND LEVEL AND CLEAN LEVEL
129
design concept
130
PROGRAMS ARE FALL INTO FIVE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES SUCH AS PRODUCTION, PLAY, SPORTS, FOOD AND EDCATION
131
Final Design vertical river 133
Final design
134
Final design 136
DESIGN STRUCTRE
Final design
138
Final design
140
142
145
146
147
148
149
Final design
150
Final design 151
152
Final Design Model scale 1:100
154
final design model
155
156
157
158
final design model 159
160
final design model
161
162
PROGRESS
Model Making
163
164
final design model
165
166
Biblography
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘3222.0 Population Projection Australian 2006 to 2101, 2008. http://www.abs.gov. au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0, (accessed 20th May 2012) Adele Ferguson, “Melbourne Judged World’s Most Livable City”, BusinessDay, August 30, 2011, http://www.smh. com.au/business/melbourne-judged-worlds-most-liveable-city-20110830-1jjaq.html (accessed 25 May 2012). City of Melbourne, 2006 Population and household forecasts, Id. Consulting pty ltd, 2011.
C.Y Roan, 7-Eleven City: Poetry, Architecture, New Communities, Taipei: Garden City Pub, 2009.
Dominique Hes, ‘Opportunities for Semi-Decentralized Water Reuse and Power Production’, Convention Center Melbourne, 21-25 Sep 2007. Donna Goodman, A History of the Future, New York: The Monacelli Press, 2008.
Ecoble, Brilliant Green Architectural Design Concept? Skyscraper Retrofits for Power and Food, ECOBLE, 2008, http://ecobl e.com/2008/03/24/brilliant-green-architectural-design-concept-retrofitting-and-adding-to-skyscrapers-to-provide-food-and-power/, (accessed 05 May 2012).
Erik Swyngedouw and Iran R. Cook, ‘Cities, Social Cohesion and the environment: Towards a future research agenda’, April 2009. Jason McLennan, ‘Living Future 2010’, Viemo, accessed from: http://vimeo.com/17911639, on 08/05/2012.
John Tillman Lyle, Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development, Brisbane, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Lay Lucas and Royce Millar, “Victoria: The Garden State or Greenhouse Capital?”, The Age, March 11, 2008.
Living Building Challenge 2.1, ‘A Visionary Path to a Restorative Future’, International Living Building Institute, April 2010. Mason White & Maya Przybylski, On Framing: Bracket 1, Barcelona: ACTAR, 2010.
Melbourne Water, ‘Water use’, http://www.melbournewater.com.au, (accessed 30 May 2012).
Peter Newman and Jeff Kenworthy, ‘The Ten Myths of Automobile Dependence’ World Transport Policy & Practice, 6, no.3 (2000), 15-25.
S.J Kenway, G.M Turner, S. Cook, and T. Baynes, Water- Energy Futures for Melbourne: The Effect of Water Strategies, Water Use and Urban Form, Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report, CSIRO, 2008 http://www. clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/2008/wfhc-WaterEnergyFuturesMelbourne.pdf, (accessed 28 May 2012). William McDonough, Applying the Principle Engineering of Green to Cradle to Cradle Design, Environmental Science & Technology, 1 Dec 2003, 434-441. Key Yeang, Reinventing the Skyscraper: A Vertical Theory of Urban Design, Great Nritain: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2002.
Stephen Kieran, “Chapter 14: Evolving an Environmental Aesthetic”, in Stephen R. Kellert, Judith H. Heerwage and Martin L. Mador (eds), Biophili Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bring Buildings to Life, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2008.