CONTROLLING HEAT Elements: conducted through building envelope, radiant heat elements, thermal mass Strategies: - Thermal insulation - Thermal breaks-‐decrease conduction with materials - Double-‐glazing – decrease transfer of heat CONTROLLING RADITATION Strategies: - Reflective surfaces - Shading systems - Thermal mass: masonry, concrete, water bodies CONTROLLING AIR LEAKAGE Strategies: - Wrapping building in polyethylene - Reflective foil sarkin à air proofing and water stripping
WEEK 7: ACTIVITY Construction workshop: Destructive testing phrase Process of construction: Materials: Ply wood: strong in tension, week in compression. Pine: strong in compression and tension, however splitting and shear can be present
Cut pine length at 150mm length. Attached by nailing through top, along the length of the timber. Where the point load would occur, reinforcements were added to create stability.
Finally adding another length on top of the cut pine. Design: When coming up with design concept it is evident that consideration of material properties and tendencies was not considered. The use of the darker material in that manner is clearly using in its weakest form. In all this an extremely flexible structure.
Testing: Knowing its weakness, it was tested with a smaller weight. Start: 25kg -‐ 201-‐265 length of pressure – 64mm deflection 30kg – failure noises, extreme bowing 40kg –fixture failures-‐ 390p pressure – 200m deflection
Lift of column (joint failing)
Reasons of failure: The flexibility of the structure allowed a greater amount of weight than expect to be load. Its flexibility allowed the structure to withstand the load. The failure points were in the joints. Comparison to others bridges: 238kg – bowing – 40mm deflection 375kg-‐ sign of cracking 450kg -‐failure
162mm-‐ 205mm length of pressure – 42mm deflection 114kg –slight bowing, deflecting 350kg -‐failure 140mm pressure-‐ 80mm deflection 268kg ply wood deflection, buckling 458kg-‐ material failure, (perhaps weal piece of timber) 500kg failure Conclusion: use of materials was very considerate in terms of how they are best used, joint could have been applied better for a better result. From the construction it shows how certain structures reaction to load depending on materials used.
WEEK 8: DOORS AND WINDOWS DOORS
Door leaf
WINDOWS Aluminum – commercial + residential Steel – one off designs Curtin walls – cladding, carry’s own load à transfers to concrete structure, enclosure system. Define moment of inertia: sum of the products of each elements of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. How the cross section of the member is distributed. Deformation: Deviation in shape Eg) Rectangular beams à bend and deflection
WEEK 8: ACTIVITY “IN DEATAIL” Element: FUNCTION ROOM ROOF NORTH Due to the details location of the top of the roof and the concealed elements by the fascia, it is difficult to see the detail from ground level. My detail is located above the function room hallway.
Fascia
Parapet roof Details present: 1. AL-‐06 FLASHING Function: To cover connection between to materials from water and moisture. Flashing removes water away from the area through a slight slope Use: the point where to materials meet or are joined Material: sheet metal, rubber materials 2. RFS-‐01 METAL DECK ROOF Function: to provide external barrier to weather and forces imposed on building Use: roofing system Material: galvanized steel, strong, light weight 3. INS-‐03 THERMAL INSULATION (ROOF) Function: regulates the flow of heat into the building Use: reduce amount of energy used, decreasing carbon footprint Material: natural and man made wools 4. INS-‐08 ACOUSTIC INSULATION (ROOF) Function: cuts out harmful noises and regulates them though the building Use: padded through the walls to minimize echoes and loud noises Material: natural and man made wools
5. AL-‐01 ALLUMINUM FASCIA Function: to protect and cover drainage, insulation and internal components from weather. Use: to create a clean, low maintenance finish over multiple components Material: aluminum – lightweight, low maintenance 6. VAPOUR BARRIER Function: regulate and protect insulation and internal walls from external moisture and water that may be present Use: damp proofing, resisting moisture through walls Material: unknown specific type 7. TIM-‐05 EXTERNAL TIMBER LINING Function: lining to cover services within the walls Use: aesthetic qualities. Material: stressed timber 8. Il-‐03 IMPACT AND FIRE RESISTANT PLASTERBOARD Function: to line the internal walls and protect from internal building from fire Use: presence of kitchen creates potential for over heating in cavities, fire resistance prevents fire for a certain amount of time before spreading. Material: plasterboard 9. INS-‐04 THERMAL INSULATION (EXTERNAL WALLS) Function: insulted, protective decorative barrier Use: type of cladding Materials: mineral wool
WEEK 9: DETAILING STRATEGIES STRESS +STRUCTURAL MEMBERS Columns – axial loads Kern area: central area of horizontal section Internal stresses caused by external forces
(Ching, 2008) pg. 2.13
Effective length: inflection points in a column subject to buckling
CONSTRICTION DETAILING MOVEMENT JOINTS HEALTH AND SAFETY Balustrade-‐ fit certain standards Material selection-‐ risk of fire, building context Users: fire insulation Disability codes AGING OVER TIME Choosing correct materials depending on building location. Eg ) sea Deteriorating over age eg) glossy surfaces Attractive over time eg) timber greys REPAIRABLE SURFACES Eg) skirting – prevent quick damage to plasterboard MAINTENCE ACESS Material selection Suspended ceiling – access for cleaning, repair CONSTRUCTIONABLITY Available materials Local expertise TYPES OF MATERIAL FINISHES - Metal loath - Rib lath - Self-‐furring - Paperback - Gypsum lath
WEEK 9: ACTIVITY “OFF-‐CAMPUS” Site: QUENNSBERY ST Type of construction: residential apartments Key parts of building: 3 floors, basement, elevator/light shaft, and rooftop garden. Key elements: pre-‐cast concrete slabs, carport rotator, suspended ceilings, steel stud framing. 95% panel work. Construction process: 1. Planning: floor layout plans (internal/external) Pink markings for panels Black lines: off sett or direction placing, datum points for heights. 2. Use of colour for identification Black-‐cold water Red-‐ h ot w ater Yellow-‐ gas PARTS OF BUILDING 1. Roof system Full concrete structure, difference in thickness across roof 250 (high traffic areas), 200 (external corners). Dealing with water: Use of absorption crystals in concrete Waterproof screwed Run off points
Problem area with water Space where 30m-‐tower crane was present. Space of penetration. = Can cause future leakage if not correctly sealed Resolution: Formwork with steal reinforcements and construction joints, to allow stopping and starting, poured concrete overlay to fill space. 2. Light well Ventilation point for entire building Construction: 4 insitu panels, suspended slabs and steel columns Stairwell: timber formwork, insitu casted concrete pouring, reinforced with metal rebar. 3. Internal levels Key elements: suspended ceilings, balcony areas, set down showers Set down shower Timber reinforcements (temporary) for corner connecting to tower infill.
4. Wall system Metal stud framing Reasons for choice: specifications, cost, more efficient process, supplier prefer, less time straightening walls. Gridlines set for framings and boundary lines - Timber door in fills - No skirting or architraves – architectural decision for contemporary look Timber noggins - 30mm Plasterboard suspended ceiling.
5. External finishes Front façade – corrugated concrete (enclosure system) Why: blend in with suburb expectation “industrial concrete jungle” Bottom floor – metal cladding Why: combination of materials for structural difference Large windows/foyer – glass panels Why: open look over city
6. Car park Reinforced concrete columns transferring loads to foundations. Sprayed concrete: Transporting: use of beveled edges à avoids cracking or corners, increased quality Space restrictions: block work infill. Use of columns in least structural form Why: allows for clearance height. TRADES ON SITE - Electricians - Elevator shaft installers - Architects - Builders
DETAILS WHERE MATERIALS MEET
2 x precast concrete panels Joining where another is loaded next to it. Unfinished: either filled in with aggregate or covered over with plasterboard. Not exposed joint: no need for detailing Precast column and corrugated façade. Load bearing elements meets enclosure system. Rebate joint Surface rough and joint with concrete! minimize shear movement
LOAD PATHS
Forces (red) don’t travel through façade, as it is not load bearing
Basement Dynamic load forces, transfer loads along beams and down columns into foundation of building.
Dynamic forces acting upon the building Reaction forces acting on each balcony The load bearing columns stop, loads are transfer long alternate route
WEEK 10: WHEN THINGS GO WRONG LATEREAL SUPPORTS Designing for resistance against dynamic loads Indicative of shear forces = diagonal failures - Movement in base and foundation, upper part rigid and braced to accommodate forces Diaphragms: resist and collect lateral forces and loads and transfer to foundations Shear wall: acts to stiffen building against lateral loads Considerations: Stiffness of building, strength of foundation and reliability HEROS AND VILLIAN OF MATERIALS Consider health, waste, use, pollution, and disposal. IEQ – indoor environment quality Source – locally Waste – minimize LCA Minimize embodied energy
Villains
Heroes
Plastic ( lyno)
Cork
Concrete
Timber
Steel
bamboo
TABLE OF CORROSION Galvanic corrosion Copper (shining) à oxidize à dulls à copper oxide (green) - Remove with acid - Eg) statue of liberty STOP CONTACT: wrap iron members shellac asbestos cloth. Porous over time Now: Teflon à problem free MAJOR CONTRSUCTION MATERIALS 1. Cement 2. Steel reinforcement 3. Brick 4. Concrete masonry 5. Stone 6. Wood 7. Glass PAINTS AND COATINGS BRICK CONCRETE MASONRY CONCRETE GYPSYM BOARD PLASTER +STUCCO WOOD FERROUS MATERIALS
WEEK 10: ACTIVITY ‘DETAILING VOLUME’ FINISHED DETAIL IMAGE: EXTRAPOLTED VIEW IMAGE:
DETAIL ON OVAL PAVILLION Visible details: External timber lining Fascia
EAST FACING: NOT EXACT DETAIL BUT SIMILAR TO
WEST FACING: CLOSE TO DETAIL Visible details Fascia External timber lining External thermal insulation Parapet roof
DETAILING DESCISION AND PURPOSE: My detail is a structural detail where decision is based on functionality rather than aesthetic. Each element has a specific role in the process of minimizing heat and moisture into the building and to regulate these for the future. The elements that are aesthetic based are the fascia, providing a clean covering over the detail and the parapet wall to provide structural differentiation. The most important detail is the flashing and capillary space that creates an impossible flow for water to travel through, eliminating water entering the building. WATERPROOFING ELMENTS: WHERE THINGS GO WRONG: - Crevices where two materials join –point of weakness, potential gaps for water penetration. - Wrong selection of materials-‐ future implications eg) rusting, deterioration WHY THEY GO WRONG: - Unclear design concept and planning - No consideration of future problems associated with material choice ECONOMIC IMPLICATION High maintenanceà continuously services and repairing materials, joints