INGLÉS 2

INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR ‘‘JUAN MONTALVO’’

English Level II

Lic. Maholy Katherine Morocho M. PROFESSOR

Loja- Ecuador 2015

Instituto Tecnológico Superior ‘’Juan Montalvo

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 4 UNIT 1 PRESENT TENSE ………………………………………………………… 5 Simple present ‘’to be’’ ………………………………………………………………7 Simple present other verbs ……………………………………………………….. 13

UIT2 NOUNS …………………………………………………………………………19 Counttable and un-countable nouns………………………………………………..20 Articles a, an and some …………………………………………………………..…29 Quantifiers some, any and a lot of ………………………………………………….33 How many and how much …………………………………………………………..35

UNIT 3 PAST TESE …………………………………………………………………41 Simple past ‘’ to be’’ …………………………………………………………………42 Simple past other verbs ……………………………………………………………..47

UNIT 4 PREPOSITIONS ……………………………………………………………52 Prepositions of place ………………………………………………………………..52 Prepositions of time ………………………………………………………………….61

Anexos ………………………………………………………………………………..67 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………. 70

English – level II

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ENGLISH IMPORTANCE INTRODUTION Communicate with people English is the most commonly used language among foreign language speakers.

Throughout the world, when people from different nationalities want to communicate, they commonly use English language. That is why we like to call it “the language of communication”. Moreover, speaking English will enable you to contact people from all over the world and to travel more easily.

Push your career forward All over the world, speaking English immediately opens up opportunities. Being able to communicate with foreign clients and business partners will provide you a more challenging position in your career.

You will also have the option to apply for jobs requiring English like for instance a Manager position. So get your dream job, start learning English!

Get access to knowledge English is also internationally recognized as the language of science. Most of the knowledge related to computer or health by example is in English. Being able to use English in your researches – especially on the Web - will give you unlimited access to knowledge!

Enjoy art like never before English lets you feel the culture of the world like no other language. Learning it will offer you the opportunity to do wonderful things.

English is the language of the Film industry and learning it means you will no longer have to rely on subtitles or dubbed versions. You will also be able to read books written by English-speaking authors in their original version. Last but not least, music is much better if you can understand the meaning. We are sure that you will be satisfied to enjoy Englishlanguage music more!

Moreover, English is an easy language to learn and to use. It is based on an alphabet and, compared to Chinese, it can be learned fairly quickly. So, learning another language isn't just about communication or professional purposes, it will also give you advantages you had never imagined. Learning English can change your life for the better!

English – level II

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English – level II

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DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT This unit aims to study the English verb tenses. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn the grammatical construction for each tense, know how to use the grammatical structures appropriately in a sentence, recognize the correct tense within a conversation, dialogue or a reading passage. Furthermore, it is pretended that students are able to use both regular and irregular verbs according to the tense they are referring to. For this purpose it is extremely necessary for the students to learn and memorize the verbs in their infinitive, past, past participle forms and their meaning in Spanish.

In this unit you will learn the following topics:  The simple present tense  The present verb to be  The present with other verbs

Statement of the problem: Since tenses are complex structures that require mastery and practice, it is very important to provide exercises and activities for students to learn these tenses in a practical way and making use of real situations. Moreover, it is imperative that students perform a logical analysis when identifying a certain tense within a sentence for it to have coherence and sense.

Expected results: The expected results for this unit are:  Students familiarize well with regular and irregular verbs as well as with their infinitive, past and past participle forms.  Students know by themselves to explain the difference between the English tenses.  Students are able to apply the appropriate tense according to the situation or context to which they are talking about.

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_______________________________________________________________________

Setting the Context

Pre-reading Questions 

How do you usually feel during your first few days at a new school? Share your ideas and experiences while answering these questions about the picture.



Who are these people, and where are they? Describe the two young people in the center of the picture.



What problem does one of the students have?



How will she solve it?

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READ THE CONVERSATION.

The First Day Steve: Sandra: me?

Steve: Sandra: Steve: Sandra: Steve: Sandra: Steve: Sandra: Steve: Sandra: Steve:

Do you need some help? You seem lost.

Thanks, I am lost. I need to find the foreign student office. Can you help Sure, I`m on my way near there right now. Do you want to come with me?

By the way, my name is Steve. What´s yours?

I´m Sandra.

Where do you come from, Sandra?

I come from Colombia. I´m here to study English. Are you from here?

No, I´m not from Madison. I´m from Canada, from Toronto. I started high school in Canada, but I plan to finish my studies here.

What is your field of interest?

I am studying Spanish. I have a lot of grammar courses now. They´re very crowded this year.

Do you live in a dorm?

No, I don´t. I´m here with my parents. We have a house on the other side of town. Where do you live?

I was in a friend´s apartment, but I hope to move into Meyer Dormitory this afternoon.

There´s the foreign student office. Good luck!

Discussing Ideas 1. Where is Sandra from?

2. What is Steve´s field of interest?

3. What are dormitories?

4. Do you live in an apartment, a house or a dormitory?

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The Simple Present Tense ‘’TO BE’’

The verb ‘to be’ is different from the other verbs in this tense.

The verb TO BE in simple present tense has 3 forms. AM, IS, ARE.

AM

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

NEGATIVE STATEMEN TS

Long Forms

I am a student.

She is college.

Contracted Forms

I´m here

She´s here

AM

IS

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ARE at

the We are in the library.

We´re in the library

ARE

Long Forms

I am not a student She is not at the We are not in the college. library.

Contracted Forms

I´m not a teacher

AM YES / NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

IS

Questions

Am I late?

Affirmative Negative

She isn´t here

IS

We aren´t in the library

ARE

Yes,I am.

Is she at college?

Yes, she is.

the Are they in the library?

Yes, they are.

No, I´m not.

No, she isn´t.

No, they aren´t.

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A. Complete : am / is/ are 1. My father _____ a taxi driver.

7.It _____cool in spring .

13.Mr. Beek _____our English teacher.

2. It _____a cute cat.

8.We _____ good friends.

14.David _____our family doctor.

3.She _____your music teacher.

9.They_____at school

15.The kids _____in U.S.A now.

4.This _____my new car.

10.My grandparents _____ old.

16. I and Ben _____ sick.

5.That _____my villa.

11.You _____a bad pupil.

17. The apples _____are red.

6.It _____winter.

12.I _____hungry.

18. My schoolbag _____green.

today.

B. Choose the correct answer: am / is/ are 1. Rita _______ my friend. a. am b. is c. are

7. Sara and I ______ happy. a. am b. is c. are

2. The chair _______ brown. a. am b. is c. are

8. The summer ______ hot. a. am b. is c. are

3. It ________ late. a. am b. is c. are

9 Tami and Rina _______ pupils. a. am b. is c. are

4. Monkeys ______ funny. a. am b. is c. are

10. My jacket______ blue and pink. a. am b. is c. are

5. Dana and I______ teachers. a. am b. is c. are

11. They _______ not at home now. a. am b. is c. are

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6. The sky ______ full of stars. a. am b. is c. are C. Complete the with am / is/ are

12. The weather ______ rainy today. a. am b. is c. are

Today ______ Thursday.

It _____9 o'clock in the morning.

The pupils _____ at school.

Their classroom_____big and nice.

There _____three desks and six chairs.

There _____ a purple door .

The window_____closed.

There _____ four girls and three boys in the classroom.

They _____sitting on the chairs.

Only one boy _____ on the floor. His name _____Roberto.

Roberto _____working with a map.

His bag _____on the green map.

The teacher _____standing next to the desk.

He _____talking now.

The children _____ not listening to him.

They _____drawing.

1. Where is the teacher?

4. What is not open?

a. outside

a. the books

b. on the chair

b. the schoolbag

c. next to the desk

c. the window

2. What day is it today? a. Tuesday

a. on the floor

b. Monday

b. at home

c. Thursday

c. on the chairs

3. How many pupils are there in the classroom? a. six b. seven

English – level II

5. Where are the pupils sitting?

6. What time is it now? a. eight o'clock b. nine o'clock c. ten o'clock

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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY AND OTHER TIME EXPRESSIONS With the simple present, we often use adverbs of frequency to say ‘how often’ we do something. Here’s a list of common adverbs and time expressions:

VOCABULARY

Adverbs of Frequency

100%

0%

Other Time Expressions

Always

Siempre

All the time

Todo el tiempo

Usually

Usualmente

Most of the time

Often

A menudo

In general

La mayoría del tiempo

Generally

Generalmente

As a rule

Frequently

Frecuentemente

Sometimes

A veces

Occasionally

Ocasionalmente

Seldom

Raramente

Rarely

Rara vez

Hardly ever

Casi nunca

Almost never

Casi nunca

never

Nunca

En general Por regla general

Once (twice, etc.) a week Una vez (dos (month, etc.) veces, etc.) a la semana (al mes, etc.)

From time

time

to

(every) now and then De vez en cuando / A ratos Off and on Once in a while

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_______________________________________________________________

READ THE FOLLOWING INTERVIEW Mark: Jennifer: Mark: do?

Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer: Mark: Jennifer:

Hello, Can I ask you some questions for an interview?

Yes, I can answer some questions.

Thank you for taking the time. Now, first question: What do you I work in a library. I'm a librarian.

Are you married?

Yes, I am.

What does your husband do?

He works as a policeman.

Do you usually have dinner together?

Yes, we do.

How often does your husband exercise?

He sometimes exercises four times a week. But, he usually exercises only twice a week.

Where do you like going on holiday?

We rarely go on holiday. However, we like going to the mountains if we can What type of books do you read?

I often read horror stories.

Thank you very much for answering my questions.

You're welcome!

Discussing Ideas 1. What does she do?

2. Is she married?

3. Where does she like going on holiday?

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4. What type of books does she read?

The Simple Present Tense ‘’OTHER VERBS’’

With all other verbs, we make the simple present in the same way. The positive or affirmative is really easy. It's just the verb with an extra –s, -es, -ies (as appropriate) if the subject is ‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’. Let's take the verb ‘play’ as an example:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM I play You play He plays She plays It plays We play You play They play

Yo juego Tú juegas Él juega Ella juega Esto (animal) juega Nosotros jugamos Ustedes juegan Ellos juegan

Simple Present Spelling Exceptions

Verbs that end in 'y' often change 'y' to 'ie' before 's':

Verbs that end in 'y' Verbos que terminan en “y”

Los verbos que terminan en “y” a menudo cambian “y” por “ie” antes de añadir “s”

study becomes studies try becomes tries

(Be careful! 'y' doesn't change to 'ie' if the ending is 'ay', 'ey', 'oy', 'uy'. So, play becomes plays, say becomes says, buy becomes buys, enjoy becomes enjoys, stay becomes stays)

marry becomes marries fly becomes flies

(Cuidado! “y” no cambia a “ie” si la terminación es 'ay', 'ey', 'oy', 'uy'. Así que, play se convierte

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Verbs that end in 'es', 'sh', 'ch', or 'x': Verbos que termina en 'es', 'sh', 'ch', o 'x'

en plays, say se convierte en says, buy se convierte en buys, enjoy se convierte en enjoys, stay se convierte en stays).

cry becomes cries

Verbs that end in 's', 'sh', 'ch' or 'x' often add 'e' before 's':

pass becomes passes

Los verbos que terminan en 's', 'sh', 'ch' or 'x' a menudo se les añade 'e' antes de 's':

wash becomes washes teach becomes teaches

NEGATIVE FORM To make the negative form, you need to use ‘do not’ (don't) or ‘ does not’ (doesn't).

LONG FORM I do not play You do not play He does not play She does not play It does not play

CONTRACTED FORM I don't play You don't play He doesn't play She doesn't play It doesn't play

We do not play

We don't play

They do not play

They don't play

TRANSLATION (Yo) no juego.

(Tu) no juegas.

(El) no juega.

(Ella) no juega.

El (animal) no juega.

(Nosotros) no jugamos.

(Ellos) no juegan.

INTERROGATIVE FORM We use the auxiliaries ‘do’ or ‘does’ before the subject to make the 'yes / no' question:

do I play ? do you play ? does he play ?

Yes / No does she play QUESTIONS ? does it play ? do we play ?

English – level II

(Yo) juego?

(Tú) juegas?

(El) juega?

(Ella) juega?

AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS Yes, I do Yes, I do Yes, he does Yes, she does

(El animal) juega? Yes, it does (Nosotros) Yes, we do

NEGATIVE ANSWERS No, I don´t No, I don´t No, he doesn´t No, she doesn´t No, it doesn´t No, we don´t

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jugamos? do they play ? (Ellos) juegan?

Yes, they do No, they don´t If you'd like to make a ‘wh’ question, you just put the question word (wh/word) at the front: WH/ WORD

QUESTIONS MEANING

MEANING

ANSWERS

where

Dónde

Where do I play ?

¿Dónde juego (yo)?

I play in the park.

what

Qué

What do you play ?

¿Qué juegas (tu)?

I play soccer.

why

Por qué

Why does he play ?

¿Por qué juega (él)?

He plays because he loves to exercise.

Who…with Con quién

Who does she play with ?

¿Con quién juega (ella)?

She plays with her sister.

when

Cuándo

When do we play ?

¿Cuándo jugamos (nosotros)?

We play tomorrow.

How

Cómo

How do they play ?

¿Cómo juegan (ellos)?

They play with intelligence.

Wh QUESTIONS

The other verbs in simple present tense are added -s, -es, -ies at the end for third person singular (he, she , it).

Furthermore, we use the auxiliaries DO/DOES for negative statements and questions.

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A. Choose the correct form of the following verbs:

wake(s) up - open(s) - speak(s) - take(s) - do(es) - cause(s) - live(s) - play(s) - close(s) - live(s) 1. Ann ___________hand ball very well.

2. I never ___________coffee.

3. The swimming pool ___________at 7:00 in the morning.

4. It ___________at 9:00 in the evening.

5. Bad driving ___________many accidents.

6. My parents ___________in a very small flat.

7. The Olympic Games ___________place every four years.

8. They are good students. They always ___________their homework.

9. My students ___________a little English.

10. I always ___________early in the morning.

B. Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form: 1. Jane (not/drink) ______________________tea very often.

2. What time (the banks/open) ______________________in Britain?

3. Where (John/come) ______________________from?

4. It (take) ______________________me an hour to get to work.

5. She (not/wake) ______________________up early on Sundays.

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C. Choose the right verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: write - turn - eat - tell - rise 1. The earth ________around the sun.

2. The sun __________in the east.

3. Vegetarians _________ meat.

4. A liar is someone who _________the truth.

5. A novelist ________ novels.

D. Write the correct form of the verb.

1. They ____________ hockey at school. (to play) 2. She ___________ e-mails. (not/to write) 3. ______ you ___________ English? (to speak) 4. My parents ________ fish. (not/to like) 5. _________Anne __________ any hobbies? (to have) 6. Andy's brother ___________ in an office. (to work) 7. _____ Jim and Joe _____the flowers every week? (to water) 8. Yvonne's mother ____________ a motorbike. (not/to ride) 9. ______ :Elisabeth ______ cola? (to drink)

E. Reading comprehension text with simple present and questions Danny and Lianne live in Los Angeles in California.

Their parents have a house on the beach at Santa Monica. In the summer they are very lazy. They get up at ten o´clock and have breakfast. Then they go swimming. They have lunch on the beach. In the afternoon they often go windsurfing or play ball games Now questions: on theanswer beach.the After dinner they go and meet friends at Tommy´s Beach Café. They sometimes go to a disco in 1) do Danny and Lianne theWhere evening.

They often go to live? bed quite late, at about ______________________________________ ten or eleven o´clock. They like Californian life a lot.

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2) Where is their parents´house? ______________________________________ 1) What time do they get up? ______________________________________ 2) Where do they have lunch? ______________________________________ 3) What do they do in the afternoon? ______________________________________ 4) Where do they go after dinner? ______________________________________

F. Complete the conversation with the simple present form of the verbs in parenthesis. Add verb endings when necessary. The first one is done as an example.

Maria:

Hi, Daniel! How are (be) you? It is (be) good to see you!

Daniel:

Hi, Maria! I ________ (be) fine and you?

Maria:

Great! Daniel, I ________ (want) to introduce you to Isabelle. She ________ (come) from France. She ________ (have) a scholarship to study here. Her brother ________ (live) here too, but he ___________(not have) any other relatives here.

Daniel:

It ________ (be) nice to meet you, Isabelle. ________ you ________ (like) the United States?

Isabelle:

Yes, I ________ (like) New York a lot. It ________ (be) very pretty. I ________ (not know) about other places. I ________ (hope) to visit many places with my brother.

Daniel:

My brother ________ (be) here, too. We ________ (share) an apartment with another student.

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English – level II

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DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT This unit aims to study Nouns and Articles. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn the use and placement of articles and the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. In this unit, it will be studied the use of articles such as: a, an, and some; quantifiers such as: any, some, a lot of, etc. Furthermore, it will be studied the appropriate employment of questions about quantity such as: how much and how many.

Accordingly, it will be given some common units of measurement and the nouns used with them. On the other hand, it will be analyzed some groups of uncountable nouns that include count nouns.

In this unit you will learn the following topics:    

Introduction to count and noncount nouns.

The articles: a, an, and some.

The quantifiers: any, some, a lot of Noncount vs. Count Nouns, How Much vs. How Many

Statement of the problem: First of all, the use of articles is sometimes confusing for some people and it is necessary to know how to use them correctly in English, since in Spanish we do not use them in the same way. Otherwise, it is often difficult to establish the difference between count and noncount nouns since in Spanish we do not have such difference, especially regarding to the formulation of questions. For that reason, it is necessary to distinguish the characteristics of each group of nouns to be able to use the grammatical rules for count and non-count nouns in an appropriate way Expected results: The expected results for this unit are:  Students distinguish well the difference between count (countable) and noncount (uncountable) nouns.  Students know how to ask questions for each group of nouns.  Students are able to apply the appropriate quantifier according to the noun to which they are referring to.

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_________________________________________________________________

Setting the Context

READ THE PASSAGE

In Praise of New York City When people talk about New York City, they usually mean Manhattan. Manhattan is a narrow rock island twelve miles long. Although two million men and women work on this little island, one half a million of those who work there live there. As a result, a million and a half commuters have to get on the island every morning and off it every night. Twenty-eight bridges and tunnels connect Manhattan to the rest of the country. Every day, thousands of cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and bicycles carry residents, workers, and tourists to and from this financial and cultural center of the United States.

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1. What are commuters?

2. Compare the number of commuters and the number of residents in Manhattan.

3. What kinds of problems do the number of commuters cause?

4. Is it true of most of large cities?

Read the conversation Setting up a New Apartment

Ellen: May, after we clean the kitchen, let´s go shopping. There´s no food to eat at all, and we need a little more paint and a few cleaning supplies.

May: And some furniture! So let´s make a list. How much paint o we need, and how much food should we buy?

Ellen: We need another gallon of white paint for the living room and a quart of blue paint to finish the bathroom. As for food, let´s get a few necessities today and wait to do the rest.

May: Okay. Let´s see…A dozen eggs. A pound of butter. Two loaves of bread. A jar of peanut butter. Some orange juice. A few bars of soap. A tube of toothpaste. A few rolls of paper towels. Anything else?

Ellen: Are those what you call necessities? What about milk, cheese,…

May:

Well, just add them to the list.

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VOCABULARY Units of Measurement

Items

Bag

Sugar, potato chips, potatoes

Bar

Candy, hand soap

Bottle

Detergent, ketchup, juice, soda, other liquids

Box

Cereal, detergent

Bunch

Bananas, carrots, grapes, green onions, flowers

Can

Soup, beans, tuna, soda

Carton

Eggs, milk

Cup, tablespoon, teaspoon

All liquid and dry recipe ingredients

Dozen *

Eggs, bakery products, fruit and vegetables

Gallon, quart, pint

All liquids, ice cream

Head

Lettuce, cabbage

Jar

Mayonnaise, peanut butter, jam, mustard, other foods that are spread

Loaf Package Piece Pound, ounce

Bread Potato chips, spaghetti Cake, bread, pie, meat Meat, poultry, fruit, vegetables, cheese Paper towels, toilet paper

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Roll

Beer, soda

Six-pack, twelve-pack, case Butter Stick

Toothpaste

tube

So that, if you want to express the sugar in terms of countable noun you can say: a bag of sugar.

Asi que, siusted quiere expresar el azúcar en términos de sustantivo contable, usted puede decir: una bolsa de azúcar.

More examples: Two bottles of juice One carton of eggs A dozen eggs* One tube of toothpaste

Dos botellas de jugo Un cartón de huevos Una docena de huevos Un tubo de pasta dental.

a) Practice. Complete the following list of products with an appropriate unit of measurement.

Example:

one bunch of grapes

1. ________________________ of ketchup 2. ________________________ of green onions 3. ________________________ of mayonnaise 4. ________________________ of detergent 5. ________________________ of soda

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NONCOUNT (UNCOUNTABLE) VERSUS COUNT (COUNTABLE) NOUNS To begin, a noun can be a person, place, thing, idea, emotion, or quantity. There are two basic noun groups: -

Count nouns – those you can count Noncount nouns – those you cannot count.

Here are some examples of each kind: Noun Groups Noncount Nouns

Count Nouns Singular

air economics furniture love news rice traffic water

book box city class key student

Plural books boxes cities classes keys students

Count Nouns with Irregular Plurals Singular child deer fish foot goose man mouse ox

Plural children deer fish feet geese men mice oxen

Singular person series sheep species tooth woman

Plural people series sheep species teeth women

You need to know the difference between count and non-count nouns in order to:  Use articles (a/an) correctly  Use plurals correctly  Use quantity words or quantifiers (e.g. much or many) correctly In English, there are two kinds of nouns: count nouns and non-count nouns. It is important to understand the difference between them, because they often use different articles, and non-count nouns usually have no plural. Here is a summary of the differences:

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Type of noun

Explanation

Example

Count nouns are things which can be counted. Also, when a count noun is singular and indefinite, the article “a/an” is often used with it. (The real meaning of “a” is “one”.)

Count nouns

“There are two books on the Sustantivos contables son cosas que table.” pueden ser contadas. También, cuando un sustantivo contable es singular e indefinido, “There is an elephant in my car.” a menudo el artículo “un/una” es usado con éste. (El verdadero significado de “un/una” es “uno (1)”

Non-count nouns (or uncounted nouns) are usually things which cannot be counted, such as rice or water. Non-count nouns have a singular form, but when they are indefinite, we either use the word “some” or nothing at all instead of an article.

“Could I have some water Non-count please?”

Los sustantivos no contables usualmente nouns son cosas que no pueden ser contadas, “I'd like rice with my steak.” tales como arroz o agua. Los sustantivos no contables tienen forma singular, pero cuando son indefinidos, no usamos la palabra “algunos” ni nada en absoluto en lugar del artículo.

How to tell whether a noun is count or non-count You can usually work out whether a noun is count or non-count by thinking about it. Count nouns are usually objects which can be counted. Non-count nouns are often substances (such as sand, water or rice) which cannot be easily counted, or they may be large abstract ideas such as “nature”, “space” or “entertainment”. Here are some more examples:

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Count nouns

Non-count nouns

pen table car idea answer student exam shoe table student chair glass apple computer

education intelligence clothing soap air cheese grass literature water milk bread money happiness flour

Since non count nouns are more difficult to identify, here we have some other aspects to take into account when categorizing these nouns: Non count nouns also include the following:     

Ideas (history, knowledge) Emotions or feelings (love, peace) Activities (tennis, swimming) Mass nouns (gasoline, rice) A group together (furniture)

Ideas (historia, conocimiento) Emociones y sentimientos (amor, paz) Actividades (tenis, natación) Sustantivos en masa (gasolina, arroz) Un grupo en conjunto (mobiliario)

a) Fill in the blanks with a C if the noun is countable or with an N if the noun in noncount.

Example: ______N______ love

______C______chair

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1.

____________ egg

2.

____________ money

3.

____________ sand

4.

____________ peace

5.

____________ school

6.

____________ noise

7.

____________ milk

8.

____________ apple

9.

____________ potato

10. ____________happiness

11.

____________student

12.

____________ flour

13.

____________ boy

14.

____________ sugar

15.

____________ homework

16. ____________ employment

17.

____________ sandwich

18.

____________ violence

19.

____________ salt

20.

____________ climates.

b) In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined noun is count or non-count.

1. The board will meet tomorrow to consider your application.

Count ( ) Noncount ( ) 2. The information you gave to the detective was very misleading.

Count ( ) Noncount ( ) 3. I thought it was a strange comment to make.

Count ( ) Noncount ( ) 4. Smoking damages your health.

Count ( ) Noncount ( )

THE ARTICLES

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(A, AN, AND SOME)

A, an, and some show the number of something.  A or An with singular count nouns means “one” or refers to a person or thing that is not specific.  The article “a” comes before a consonant sound.  The article “an” comes before a vowel sound.  Some often appears with plural nouns.

A, an, and some Explanations

Structure

Singular Nouns

Plural Nouns

A or an with singular count noun means “one” or refers to a person or thing that is not specific. The article “a” comes before a consonant sound. The article “an” comes before a vowel sound.

Examples

I have a car.

Is there a house for rent nearby?

There is an apartment above the store.

It takes him an hour to get to work.

They don´t have cars.

Are there some houses for sale Some often appears with plural around here?

There are some apartments next nouns. door.

It sometimes gets hours to get home.

READ AN ARTICLE

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Read the following article. Underline the unknown words and search their meaning INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

Introduction and Definitions.- All around the world, there are international students at institutions of higher education. The definition of an international student is “a postsecondary student from another country”. The meaning of postsecondary is “after high school”. Another phrase for international students is “foreign students”. The word “foreign” means “of a different country or culture”. Even so, some people don´t like the word foreign.

Instead, they use the phrase “international students”. For an institution of higher education, they say “university”, “college”, or “school”.

Where International Students Attend School.- International students leave their home countries. They go to school abroad. One meaning of the word abroad is “in a foreign place”. Probably, the country with the most students from abroad is the United States.

Canada, Great Britain, and some other European countries also have a lot of students from other countries. But more and more, international students attend colleges and universities in the developing nations of Latin America, Asia and Africa. Developing nations are countries without a high level of industrialization or technology.

Why Students Attend School Abroad.- Why do high schools and college graduates go to colleges and universities far from their homes? Undergraduates are postsecondary students without college degrees. Often, undergraduates want the experience of life in new cultures. Maybe they want to learn another language well. Many students want degrees in business, engineering or technology. These subjects are not always available in their home countries. Some governments and companies send their best graduate students and workers to other countries for new knowledge and skills. And some international students from expensive private schools at home save money through study abroad programs, especially in developing nations.

Why Universities Want Foreign Students.- Why do institutions of higher education want international students? Students from other countries and cultures bring internationalism to the classroom and campus. They bring different languages, customs, ideas and opinions

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from many places. Also, educational institutions need money. Tuition is the fee or charge for instruction. Private schools are colleges and universities not supported by government money. They charge high tuition. International students are not citizens or immigrants.

(One definition of citizens and immigrants is “legal members of a nation or country”.)

International students pay full tuition and fees to state or government schools. And all students away from home have to spend money for housing, food, recreation, and other things. For these reasons, many schools and groups of schools want students from other countries.

Conclusion and Summary.- For different reasons, many high schools and college graduates want or need to study abroad. For other reasons, many nations want or need students from other countries and cultures on their college and university campuses.

Source: Kirn,E., Hartmann, P. Interactions 1 – Reading . Pages 5,6

a) Review. Add a, an, or some to the following list.

Example:

a skyscraper

1.

______________ house

2. ______________ apartment

3.

______________ churches

4. ______________ elevator

5.

______________ tunnels

6. ______________ taxis

7.

______________ island

8. ______________ airport

9.

______________ hour

10. ______________ bridge

11.

______________ condominium

12. ______________ shopping mall

13.

______________ museums

14. ______________ art gallery

15.

______________ honest person

16. ______________ offices

17.

______________ commuter

18. ______________ headache

19.

______________ buildings

20. ______________university

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b) Practice. Complete the following passage with a, an, or some.

Getting Settled in a New City

Finding ______________ good place to live in ______________ new city can be difficult. ______________ cities have plenty of reasonably priced apartments and houses, but others don´t. in that case, finding ______________ apartment or ______________ house can be very difficult, unless you have lots of money to spend on rent. Price isn´t the only thing ______________ newcomer should think about, though. ______________ other considerations are finding ______________ safe neighborhood, being close to ______________ bus or ______________ subway line, and having ______________ grocery store or ______________ laundromat nearby.

If you have ______________ friends in the new city, you are ______________ lucky person. Your friends can probably give you ______________ idea of the best places to start looking. If you don´t have friends yet. Get advice from people you can trust.

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______________________________________________________________________

Quantifiers any, some, a lot of

Any, some, and a lot of are often used with count nouns. However, they are also used with noncount nouns.

ANY, SOME AND A LOT OF

Structures

Explanations

Examples

Any can appear with singular count nouns.

Any (alguno / ninguno) puede aparecer con los sustantivos contables singulares.

Singular

Is there any apartment for rent now?

There isn´t any house for

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Nouns

rent nearby.

Any is often used in questions and in negative statements.

Any (algún/a) a menudo es usado en preguntas y en oraciones negativas.

Any can appear with plural count nouns.

Are there any houses for sale nearby?

Any puede aparecer con sustantivos contables plurales.

There aren´t any apartments available now.

Plural Nouns

Some and a lot of can appear with plural count nouns.

Are there some (a lot of) houses for sale around Some (algunos/as) y a lot of (muchos/as) here? puede aparecer con sustantivos contables plurales.

There are some (a lot of) apartments nearby.

HOW MUCH VS HOW MANY

How much and how many are used to ask questions about quantity.

- How much is used with noncount nouns.

-

How many is used with countable nouns.

How many es usado con sustantivos contables.

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How Much versus How Many

Structures

Explanation

Examples Questions

How Much is used to ask questions with noncount nouns. Answers to these questions may include a variety of indefinite adjective or quantifiers such as: a lot (of), lots of, some, much, (a) little, or not…any.

Noncount Nouns

We have a little bread.

Cuánto/a es usado para formular How much bread preguntas con sustantivos no do we have? contables. Las respuestas a este We don´t have any tipo de preguntas podrían incluir bread. cuantificadores como: a lot (of), lots of, some, much, (a) little, or not…any.

How many is used to ask questions with count nouns. Answers to these questions may include a variety of indefinite adjective or quantifiers such as: a lot (of), lots of, some, many, (a) few, or not…any.

Count Nouns

Answers

Don´t but loaves.

many

Cuántos/as es usado para formular How many loaves preguntas con sustantivos of bread should I contables. Las respuestas a este buy?

Buy a few loaves of tipo de preguntas podrían incluir bread. cuantificadores como: a lot (of), lots

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of, some, much, (a) little, or not…any.

IMPORTANT REMINDER Answers to questions with non countable nouns must include: - Much Mucho/a - Little Poco/a - A little Unos pocos/as Answers to questions with countable nouns must include: Las respuestas a preguntas con sustantivos contables deben incluir: - Many Mucho/a - Few Poco/a - A few Unos pocos/a

 Notice that in Spanish the quantifiers are the same, but they change in English even they have the same meaning.

As we know noncount nouns include certain substances, food and products, such as milk, bread, detergent, etc. How could we convert those noncount nouns in countable ones? Is there any means to do that?

Yes, there is. It is possible through express those nouns in terms of units of measurement

a) Practice. In pairs, ask and answer questions about the map of New York City.

Use any in your questions and some or not any in your responses.

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Example:

ferries to Manhattan.

A: B:

Are there any ferries in Manhattan?

Yes, there are some. In fact, there are three.

1.

Tunnels to New Jersey ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

2.

bridges to New Jersey ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

3.

ferries to Brooklyn ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

4.

airports in Manhattan ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

5.

tunnels under the Hudson River ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

6.

museums in Manhattan

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____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 7.

rivers around Manhattan ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

8.

islands in the Hudson River ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

9.

parks in Manhattan ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

10. train stations in Manhattan ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

b) Are these nouns countable or uncountable?

1. water ____________

2. fruit ____________

3. coconut ____________

4. bread ____________

5. DVD ____________

6. meat ____________

7. ball ____________

8. snack____________

9. glasses____________

10. pen ____________

c) `a´ or `an´ ? (Countable Nouns) 1. ____________ uncle

2. ____________ hour

3. ____________ bus

4. ____________ dress

5. ____________ oven

6. ____________ beach

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7. ____________ teacher

8. ____________ insect

9. ____________ taxi

10. ____________umbrella

d) `a / an´, `some´ and `any´ 1. Lisa´s got a / an towel.

2. Ana´s got a / some rucksack.

3. Lucía’s got an / some insect repellent.

4. Javi hasn´t got some / any sunglasses.

5. Antonio´s got a / some swimming costume.

6. Ignacio hasn´t got any / some sandwiches.

7. Angeles has got an / a apple.

8. There aren´t any / some cafés in the city.

9. I haven´t got any / some money.

10. Have you got some / any sun cream?

e) `a / an´, `some´ and `any´ 1. There isn´t _________ electricity at the campsite.

2. There aren´t _________ sunglasses in the shop.

3. I´ve got _________ apple in my bag.

4. There are _________ sandwiches.

5. I´ll buy _________ bottle of water at the beach.

6. I haven´t got _________ radios in my room.

7. Is there _________ internet café in your town?

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8. There aren´t _________ computers in my classroom.

9. Have you got _________ brothers and sisters?

10. My teacher´s got _________ new car. .

f) Find the words

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__________________________________________________________________ ___

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___________________________________________________________________

Setting the Context

READ THE CONVERSATION

How was your vacation?

Don: HI, Celia: How was your vacation?

Don: It was excellent! I went to Howaii with my cousin.

We had a great time Celia: Lucky you. How long were you there?

Don: About a week.

Celia: Fantastic! Was the weather OK? Don: Not really. It was cloudy most of the time.

But we went surfing every day. The waves were amazing.

Celia: So, what was the best thing about the trip?

Don: Well, something incredible happened. You won’t believe it.

AFTER YOU READ: 1. How was his vacation?

2. How long was he there?

3. Was the weather OK? 4.

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THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE VERB ‘’TO BE’’ USE The Simple Past Tense is defined as: The Simple Past Tense describes actions or situations that began and ended in the past.

Time expressions such as these often appear with the simple past tense: -

Yesterday The day before yesterday Three (four, etc) days ago Last week (month, year, etc) A week (month, year,etc.) ago

Ayer Antes de ayer Hace tres (cuatro, etc) días.

La semana (mes, año, etc) pasada/o Hace una semana (mes, año, etc)

The verb TO BE in simple past tense has 2 forms. WAS, WERE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM: Translation

WAS AFFIRMATI VE STATEMEN TS

WERE

I was cold He was in the garden.

She was late It was sunny

(Yo) estuve con frío. (Él) estuvo en el jardín (Ella) estuvo retrasada Estuvo soleado (el día)

You were tired We were OK They were hungry

(Tú) estuviste cansado (Nosotros) estuvimos bien.

(Ellos) estuvieron ambrientos

NEGATIVE FORM:

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To make the negative with 'be', just add 'not': Full Form I was not a carpenter.

You were not on the bus He was not at school She was not beautiful It was not cold We were not at work They were not tired

Contracted Form I wasn't a carpenter.

You weren't on the bus He wasn't at school She wasn't beautiful It wasn't cold We weren't at work They weren't tired

Translation No fui (carpintero) No estuviste en el bus.

No estuvo en la escuela.

No era hermosa.

No estuvo frio.

No estuvimos en el trabajo No estuvieron cansados

INTERROGATIVE FORM To make a question, just like the present simple, we change the position of 'was / were' and the subject.

Here we have the simple past 'yes / no' questions with 'be':

'Yes / No' Questions with 'Be'

Was I a carpenter?

Translation ¿Fui carpintero?

Were you late?

Was he at the cinema?

Was she kind?

Was it hot?

Were we hungry?

Were they at work?

¿Estuviste atrasado? ¿Estuvo él en el cine? ¿Fue ella amable? ¿Estuvo caliente? ¿Estuviste hambriento? ¿Estuvieron en el trabajo?

And the 'wh' questions with 'be' (the question word just goes at the beginning, everything else is the same):

'Wh' Questions with 'Be'

English – level II

Why was I late?

Where were you?

When was he at the cinema?

How was she?

How was it?

Why were we hungry?

When were they at work?

Translation ¿Por qué estuve atrasado? ¿Dónde estuviste? ¿Cuándo estuvo él en el cine? ¿Cómo era ella? ¿Cómo era? ¿Por qué estuvimos hambrientos? ¿Cuándo estuvieron en el trabajo?

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A - Complete the sentences with the Past Tense of ‘to be’.

1) We_______ in Australia.

2) She_______ in the classroom.

3) It_______ my birthday last week.

4) The man_______ in the train.

5) It _______ an apple.

6) You_______ in a bookshop.

7) It _______ a doll.

8) I _______ a good pupil.

9) What _______ this?

10) It _______ a French lesson.

11) London_______ a beautiful city.

12) He _______ my brother.

13) I _______ in London today.

14) We _______ on holiday.

15) The doctors _______ here.

B - Rewrite the sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Then write a negative sentence. Use the short forms. Look at the example below. e.g. I am at home. I was at home. I wasn’t at home.

1)

He is my friend. ____________________________ . ________________________

2) I am a man. ____________________________ . ________________________ 3) It is an umbrella. ____________________________ . ________________________ 4) That is a bird. ____________________________ . ________________________ 5) These are your pens and pencils. ____________________________ . _____________________ 6) They are happy people. ___________________________ . ____________________ 7) This is a kitchen. ____________________________ . ________________________ 8) Those are two bags, a ruler and a rubber. ____________________________ . ______________________

.

9) We are in. ____________________________ . ________________________ 10) You are my brother. __________________________ . ________________________

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C - Rewrite the sentences into the Simple Past. Then write an interrogative sentence. Look at the example below. e.g. Mr Smith is at home. Mr Smith was at home. Was Mr Smith at home?

1)

I am a good teacher. ________________________ . ______________________ . ?

2) Mickey is strong and brave. ______________________ . ____________________ . ?

3) My name is Susan. ________________________ . ________________________ . ?

4) Peter is a boy. _________________________ . ________________________ . ?

5) She is a young woman. ________________________ . ____________________ . ?

6) These are my comics. ________________________ . _____________________ . ?

7) This is a family. ___________________________ . ________________________ . ?

8) This pen is blue. __________________________ . ________________________ . ?

9) We are from Australia. _________________________ . ____________________ . ?

10) You are a stupid girl. _________________________ . ______________________ . ?

D - Change the following sentences into interrogative then give short answers according to the sign. Look at the examples. e.g. Mr Smith was at home. Thumbs Up Was Mr Smith at home? Yes, he was.

Tim and Peter were in the library. Thumbs Down Were Tim and Peter in the library?

No, they weren’t.

1)

I was in the garden. ____________________________? _________________

2) Mum was ill last week. ____________________________? _________________.

3) They were on holiday in May. ____________________________? _________________ 4) You were tired yesterday. ____________________________? _________________ 5) We were in the park at 5 o’clock yesterday. ____________________________? _________________ 6) Jack was too fat two years ago. ____________________________? _________________ 7) The Lees were in the zoo the day before yesterday. ____________________________? _______________

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8) I was always hungry. ____________________________? _________________.

9) Kim and Greg were married . ____________________________? _________________.

10) Frank Sinatra was a famous actor. ____________________________? _________________

______________________________________________________________________

The weekend Chris: So, what did you do this weekend Kate?

Kate: Oh, Diane and I went for a drive in the country on Saturday.

Chris: That sounds nice. Where did you go?

Kate: We drove to the lake and had a picnic. We had a great time! How about you? Did you do anything special?

Chris: Not really. I just worked on my car all day.

Kate: That old thing! Why don´t you just buy a new one?

Chris: But then what would I do every weekend?

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AFTER YOU READ: Where did Kate go on weekend?

What did Chris do on weekend?

THE SIMPLE PAST (OTHER VERBS) ______________________________________________________________________ We make the past simple just like the present simple except we use 'did' instead of 'do / does'. It's really easy because 'did' doesn't change, even with 'he / she / it'.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM: We usually make the affirmative form by adding '-ed' to the infinitive. For example, 'play' becomes 'played'. However, there are some irregular verbs, for example 'go' becomes 'went' and 'run' becomes 'ran' in the past tense.

IMPORTANT REMINDER – RECORDATORIO IMPORTANTE At the back of this document, you will find a list of regular and irregular verbs and their past forms as well as their pronunciation.

Affirmative Form I walked (regular) You played (regular) He cooked (regular) She listened (regular) It rained (regular) We ate (irregular) They drank (irregular) NEGATIVE FORM:

English – level II

Translation Yo trabajé Tú jugaste Él cocinó Ella escuchó Llovió Nosotros comimos Ellos bebieron

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In the negative there aren't any irregular verbs. All verbs use 'did not (didn't) + infinitive': Long Form I did not walk You did not play He did not cook She did not listen It did not rain We did not eat They did not drink

Contracted Form I didn't walk You didn't play He didn't cook She didn't listen It didn't rain We didn't eat They didn't drink

Translation Yo no caminé.

Tú no jugaste.

El no cocinó.

Ella no escuchó.

No llovió.

Nosotros no comimos.

Ellos no bebieron.

INTERROGATIVE FORM: Questions are also very easy. Just put 'did' before the subject.

'Yes / No' Questions

'Wh' Questions

English – level II

Did I walk?

Did you play?

Did he cook?

Did she listen?

Did it rain?

Did we eat?

Did they drink?

Translation ¿(Yo) caminé? ¿(Tú) jugaste? ¿(El) cocinó? ¿(Ella) escuchó? ¿Llovió? ¿(Nosotros) comimos? ¿(Ellos) bebieron?

Where did I go?

What did you play?

What did he cook?

Why did she listen?

When did it rain?

Where did we eat?

Translation ¿Dónde fuimos? ¿Qué jugaste? ¿Qué cocinó (él)? ¿Por qué escuchó (ella)? ¿Cuándo llovió? ¿Dónde comimos?

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A. Complete the sentences Ejemplo: I didn´t watch TV last night.

1. On Saturday I ____________ (play) computer games with my cousins.

2. My mum ____________ (not cook) dinner last night.

3. I ____________ (walk) to school because there weren´t any buses.

4. They ____________ (not dance) at the party.

5. My brother ____________ (travel) to Ireland last summer.

B. Write the past simple of these verbs 1. copy __________ 2. revise __________ 3. cycle __________ 4. listen __________ 5. practice __________

C. Practice. Miguel is a Colombian studying at a large U.S. university. Tell about Miguel´s life by forming complete sentences with the following cues.

Example:



Miguel / grow up in Colombia.

Miguel grew up in Colombia.

His parents / meet each other in Bogotá _______________________________________________

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

They / get married in 1970 _______________________________________________



They / have six children. _______________________________________________



Miguel / go to a bilingual school. _______________________________________________



He / begin university studies in Bogotá _______________________________________________



Miguel / win a scholarship _______________________________________________

D. Complete the conversations.

A:

__________ you __________ (go) out on Friday night?

B:

No, I __________. I __________ (invite) friends over, and I __________ (cook) dinner for them.

A:

What __________ you __________ (do) last night?

B:

I __________ (go) to the new Tom Cruise Film.

I __________ (love) it!

A:

__________ you __________ (do) anything special over the weekend?

B:

Yes, I __________. I __________ (go) shopping.

Unfortunately, I __________ (spend) all my money. Now, I´m broke!

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_________________________________________________________________ _________

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DESCRIPTION OF THIS UNIT This unit aims to study the English prepositions. Thus, the intention of this unit is that students learn how to apply these the prepositions. in their everyday conversations.

Furthermore, it is pretended that students are able to use the different linking words according to the situation they are referring to. For this purpose it is extremely necessary for the students to think logically to use the correct modal.

In this unit you will learn the following topics:  Prepositions of place  Prepositions of time Statement of the problem: Since requests, asking for permissions, expressing preference or giving advices are part of our daily speech, it is really important for the students to know how to express them in a correct way. Many of our requests need to be polite because we always are in touch with strangers, even our friends need us to be polite when we ask something or give them some advice. Thus we need to know the appropriate form to address those people.

For that reason, the students will apply the prepositions. in real situations, conversations, dialogues, etc. Moreover, it is imperative that students perform a logical analysis when identifying a certain modal within a sentence for it to have coherence and sense.

Expected results: The expected results for this unit are:  Students familiarize well with the prepositions. and their uses.  Students are able to apply the appropriate prepositions. according to the situation or context to which they are talking about.

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__________________

Setting the Context

Whath’s in your office?

David: I've got a new office now…

Maria: That's great! Congratulations.

David: I'll need a desk and some cabinets. How many cabinets are there in your office?

Maria: I think there are four cabinets in my office.

David: And do you have any furniture in your office? I mean other than the chair at your desk.

Maria: Oh yes, I've got a sofa and two comfortable armchairs.

David: Are there any tables in your office?

Maria: Yes, I've got a table in front of the sofa.

David: Is there a computer in your office?

Maria: Oh yes, I keep a laptop on my desk next to the phone.

David: Are there any flowers or plants in your office?

Maria: Yes, there are a few plants near the window.

David: Where's your sofa?

Maria: The sofa is in front of the window, between the two armchairs.

David: Thanks a lot for your help Janet. This gives me a good idea of how to arrange my office.

Maria: My pleasure. Good luck with your decorating!

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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE Prepositions can be used to show where something is located. - See more at: Preposition of place

Explanation 

inside

Example    

in

  

used to show an exact position or particular place table events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)







attached next to or along the side of (river) used to show that something is in a position above something else and touching it. left, right a floor in a house used for showing some methods of traveling television, radio



not far away in distance





at

on

  

  

  

by, next to, beside, near

English – level II

  

      

I watch TV in the living-room I live in New York Look at the picture in the book She looks at herself in the mirror.

She is in the car.

Look at the girl in the picture This is the best team in the world I met her at the entrance, at the bus stop She sat at the table at a concert, at the party at the movies, at university, atwork

Look at the picture on the wall Cambridge is on the River Cam. The book is on the desk A smile on his face The shop is on the left My apartment is on the first floor I love traveling on trains /on the bus / on a plane My favorite program on TV, on the radio The girl who is by / next

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to /beside the house. between



in or into the space which separates two places, people or objects



The town lies halfway betweenRome and Florence.

behind



at the back (of)



I hung my coat behind the door.

in front of



further forward than someone or something else



She started talking to the man in front of her

under



lower than (or covered by) something else



the cat is under the chair.

below



lower than something else.



the plane is just below the the cloud

above



higher than something else, but not directly over it



a path above the lake

across



from one side to the other of something with clear limits / getting to the other side

 

She walked across the field/road.

He sailed across the Atlantic

in the direction of bed

 

We went to Prague last year.

I go to bed at ten.



to

 

a. Complete the exercise according to the picture.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

___ the picture, I can see a woman.

The woman is sitting __ a table.

She is sitting _____ a chair.

There is another chair ____ the woman.

Her feet are the table The woman is holding a cup ___ her hands.

English – level II

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7. ____the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin.

8. The woman is looking ____ her laptop.

9. The woman's bag is _____ the table.

b. Choose the right preposition of place: 1. the picture, I can see a family _____ a kitchen.

2. There is a dish full of fruits _____ the worktop.

3. The mother is standing _____ her son and daughter.

4. She is holding a vase ______ in her hand.

5. The son and the daughter are sitting _____ the worktop smiling each other.

6. There are beautiful cupbords _____ the wall.

7. There is a window ____ the mother.

8. The woman is looking ______ her daughter. c. Circle the correct answer.

1) The picture is ____ the wall. a) in b) under c) on 2) The desks are ____ the blackboard in the classroom. a) opposite b) between c) above 3) The cat always sleeps ____ my bed. a) under b) above c) between 4) The lamp is ____ the table. a) in b) above c) on 5) The book is ____ the mug and the pen.

English – level II

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a) in b) between c) on

6) There is a bench ____ my house. a) under b) on c) in front of 7) There are apple trees ____ the house. a) behind b) in c) on 8) The bookshop is ____ the bank. a) between b) above c) next to 9) There is a museum ____ the school. a) in b) opposite c) under 10) There is a bed ____ my room. a) in b) on c) under

English – level II

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We use them: 

at for a PRECISE TIME



in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS



on for DAYS and DATES

at PRECISE TIME

in MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS

on DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock

in May

on Sunday

at 10.30am

in summer

on Tuesdays

at noon

in the summer

on 6 March

English – level II

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at dinnertime

in 1990

on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime

in the 1990s

on Christmas Day

at sunrise

in the next century

on Independence Day

at sunset

in the Ice Age

on my birthday

at the moment

in the past/future

on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples: 

I have a meeting at 9am.



The shop closes at midnight.



Jane went home at lunchtime.



In England, it often snows in December.



Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?



There should be a lot of progress in the next century.



Do you work on Mondays?



Her birthday is on 20 November.



Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression

Example

at night

The stars shine at night.

English – level II

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at the weekend*

I don't usually work at the weekend.

at Christmas*/Easter

I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time

We finished the test at the same time.

at present

He's not home at present. Try later.

*Note that in some varieties of English people say "on the weekend" and "on Christmas".

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in

on

in the morning

on Tuesday morning

in the mornings

on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s)

on Sunday afternoon(s)

in the evening(s)

on Monday evening(s)

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on. 

I went to London last June. (not in last June)



He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)

English – level II

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

I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)



We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

OTHER PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE DURING We use during + noun to say when something happens during the film - during our holiday - during the night We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.

I fell asleep during the film.

FOR We use for + a period of time expressing duration for six years - for two hours - for a week I’ve lived in this house for six years.

They have been watching TV for two hours.

SINCE

UNTIL

FROM - TO

We use until/till to say how long a situation continues Let’s wait until it stops raining. I stayed in bed until half past nine.

We use from - to + beginning and end of a period

We use since + a starting point, a specific time since April - since 1992 - since 8 o’ clock It has been raining since one o’ clock. They’ve known each other since they were at school.

Last evening we watched TV from 5 to 8 o’ clock.

A.- Choose the correct preposition from the dropdown menu and form correct time phases.

1. _____Do you need help?

2. _____Prepositions in expressions of time 3. _____12 o'clock English – level II

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4. _____winter 5. _____Easter Monday 6. _____4th July, 1776 7. _____Christmas 8. _____Tuesday 9. _____the weekend 10. _____my birthday 11. _____the end of the week B.- Fill in the correct prepositions.

1. Peter is playing tennis _____ Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is _____ the 5th of November.

3. My birthday is _____ May. 4. We are going to see my parents _____ the weekend.

5. _____1666, a great fire broke out in London.

6. I don't like walking alone in the streets _____night.

7. What are you doing_____ the afternoon?

8. My friend has been living in Canada_____ two years.

9. I have been waiting for you _____ seven o'clock.

10. I will have finished this essay _____ Friday.

C.- Choose the correct preposition Q1-My birthday's ...... May in on at

Q2 - She'll be away ...... next week since at until

Q3 - The exam is ...... the tenth of December in on at

Q4 - I always have dinner with my family ..... Christmas Day in at on

English – level II

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Q5 - In Spain, they give each other presents ..... Christmas Eve in on at

Q6 - The lecture finished ..... five thirty at on in

Q7 - I hate it when people telephone .........

I'm having dinner during while for

Q8 - I like to go to a party ....... New Year's Eve in on at

Q9 - The term is from September ......

December at for to

Q10 - He hasn't worked ....... he lost his job since for by

English – level II

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English – level II

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LIST OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive (Base Form) be become begin bring buy choose come do drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget get give go have hear keep know leave lend let loose make meet pay put read run

English – level II

Simple Past

Past Participle

was / were became began brought bought chose came did drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot got gave went had heard kept knew left lent let lost made met paid put read (pronounced /red/) ran

been become begun brought bought chosen come done drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown forgotten got (gotten in USA) given gone had heard kept known left lent let lost made met paid put read (pronounced /red/) run

Spanish Meaning ser / estar hacerse / ponerse comenzar / empezar traer comprar escoger / elegir venir hacer beber conducir comer caer sentir encontrar / hallar volar olvidar conseguir dar ir tener oír guardar saber / conocer dejar / salir / abandonar prestar permitir / dejar perder hacer / fabricar conocer / reunirse pagar poner / colocar leer correr

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say see sell send sing sit sleep speak stand swim take teach tell think understand wear write

said saw sold sent sang sat slept spoke stood swam took taught told thought understood wore wrote

said seen sold sent sung sat slept spoken stood swum taken taught told thought understood worn written

decir ver vender enviar cantar sentarse dormir hablar mantenerse (de pie) nadar tomar / coger enseñar decir / contar pensar entender vestir / ponerse escribir

PRONUNCIATION OF REGULAR PAST FORMS with /d / with /t / with /id/ ______________________________________________________________ studied

worked

invited

stayed

watched

visited

English – level II

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GENERAL REFERENCES BOOKS: Kirn, E., & Hartmann, P. (2007). Interactions 1 – Reading (Silver Edition).

McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore Richards, J., Hull, J., & Proctor, S. (2002). New Interchange . Student´s Book. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Smith, C., Bermejo, M., & Chang, E. (1979). Collins – Diccionario Español – Inglés / English – Spanish.

Barcelona- España: Ediciones

Grijalbo Summers, D. (2005). Longman – Dictionary of Contemporary English.

England: Pearson Education Limited Tanka, J., & Baker, L. (2007). Interactions 2 – Listening and Speaking (Silver Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore Werner, P., & Nelson, J. (2007). Interactions 2 – Grammar (Silver Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies. Singapore

WEB SITES: Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com Retrieved from http://www.wikipedia.org Retrieved from http://www.ego4u.com Retrieved from http://www.grammar-monster.com Retrieved from http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca Retrieved from http://www.eslcafe.com Retrieved from http://www.chompchomp.com English – level II

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Retrieved from http://www.engvid.com Retrieved from http://www.englishbaby.com Retrieved from http://www.antimoon.com Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com Retrieved from http://www.grammaring.com Retrieved from http://www.ompersonal.com Retrieved from http://www.allposters.com.ar Retrieved from http://my.opera.com Retrieved from http://www.quemellevodeviaje.com Retrieved from http://www.curso-ingles.com/ Retrieved from http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca Retrieved from http://www.lyriczz.com/lyrics Retrieved from http://spanish.about.com Retrieved from http://www.usingenglish.com Retrieved from http://www.englishpage.com Retrieved from http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com Retrieved from http://www.lyrics007.com Retrieved from http://www.answers.com Retrieved from http://www.schmoozd.com Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org

English – level II

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Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com Retrieved from http://www.englishpage.com Retrieved from http://esl.about.com Retrieved from http://www.hablamejoringles.com

English – level II

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