Building Science 2 Final Project

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413)

INTEGRATION PROJECT PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT & CALCULATION COMMUNITY LIBRARY

NAME

: Liew Chung Hooi ( Gabriel )

STUDENT ID : 0314126 TUTOR

: Mr. Sivaraman Kuppusamy

Table of Content Content

Page

1.0 LIGHTING 1.1

Day Lighting (Multipurpose Hall)

1

1.2

Day Lighting (Green Reading Space)

4

1.3

Artificial Lighting (Reading Area)

7

1.4

Artificial Lighting (Computer Room)

10

1.5

PSALI (Main Lobby)

13

1.6

PSALI (Kids Audio Visual Room)

17

2.0 ACOUSTIC 2.1

Reverberation Time (Café)

21

2.2

Reverberation Time (Meeting Room)

23

2.3

Sound Reduction Index (Periodical Room)

25

2.4

Sound Reduction Index (Admin Room)

27

2.5

External Noise, SPL (Café)

29

2.6

External Noise, SPL (Admin Room)

32

1.0 LIGHTING 1.1 DAY LIGHTING Daylight (Multipurpose Hall) According to MS 1525, Day Lighting Factor distribution: Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) ďƒ˜ 6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

NOTE : The figures are average daylight factor for windows without glazing.

The selected area (Multipurpose Hall) located at the ground floor level. The hall area are shown in the floor plan below. Wall panel designed for this space is exposed to sunlight. Therefore, minimal artificial lighting is required for this space.

Figure 1 ; MS1525 Standard Requirement, Malaysia Source ; http://www.pioneerlighting.com

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Multipurpose Hall

Figure 2 ; Ground Floor Plan Multipurpose Hall location

Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of 12 glass panel exposed to sunlight (m2) Exposed glass panel and skylight area to floor area / Daylight Factor, DF

79.5 30 30/79.5 =4 = 100% x 4 = 4%

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Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance (lux) 120,000 110,000 20,000 1000-2000 <200 400 40 <1

Condition Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday Extreme darkest storm cloud, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise Extreme darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise

External illuminance, Eext =

DF = Ein / Eext x 100% Ein: inside illuminance at a fixed point Eext: outside horizontal illuminance under an overcast (CIE sky) or uniform sky. E external = 20 000 lux DF

= E in / E ext x 100%

4

= E in / 20 000 x 100

E in

= 4 x 20 000 / 100 = 800 lux

Discussion As from the calculation shows the multipurpose hall has a daylight factor of 4% and internal illumination of 800 lux. The space has sufficient day lighting to make the space bright enough without the use of artificial lighting. According to MS1525, the recommended natural illumination for multipurpose hall is 500 lux. However the natural illumination of the multipurpose hall is at 800 lux, this will create a problem such as glare and thermal discomfort. Hence, Its needed for glazing or shading devices. As for the panels, Double-glazed low e glass or brick wall skin can help to reduce the issue from glares. From the inside space, it may apply blinds to also reduce excessive glares.

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1.2 DAY LIGHTING Daylight (Green Reading Space) According to MS 1525, Day Lighting Factor distribution: Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) ďƒ˜ 6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

NOTE : The figures are average daylight factor for windows without glazing.

The selected area (Green Reading Space) located at the first floor level. The reading area are shown in the floor plan below. The space is designed exposed to sunlight by skylight. Therefore, minimal artificial lighting is required for this space.

Figure 3 ; MS1525 Standard Requirement, Malaysia Source ; http://www.pioneerlighting.com

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Green Reading Space

Figure 4 ; First Floor Plan Green Reading Space location

Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (m2) Area of skylight exposed to daylight Exposed glass panel and skylight area to floor area / Daylight Factor, DF

51.3 51.3 51.3/51.3 =1 = 100% x 1 = 10%

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Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance (lux) 120,000 110,000 20,000 1000-2000 <200 400 40 <1

Condition Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday Extreme darkest storm cloud, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise Extreme darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise

External illuminance, Eext =

DF = Ein / Eext x 100% Ein: inside illuminance at a fixed point Eext: outside horizontal illuminance under an overcast (CIE sky) or uniform sky. E external = 20 000 lux DF

= E in / E ext x 100%

10

= E in / 20 000 x 100

E in

= 10 x 20 000 / 100 = 2000 lux

Discussion As from the calculation shows the green reading space has a daylight factor of 10% and internal illumination of 2000 lux. The space has too much day lighting, and will cause glare issues. According to MS1525, the recommended natural illumination for multipurpose hall is 300 - 500 lux. However the natural illumination of the multipurpose hall is at 2000 lux, this will create a problem such as glare and thermal discomfort. Hence, It’s needed for glazing or shading devices. As for the panels, Double-glazed low e glass can help to reduce the issue from glares.

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1.3 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING Artificial Lighting (Reading Area) Reason: It is best to install artificial lighting in reading area as reading requires comfortable lighting at all time while sun works on its own schedule.

Figure 5 ; First floor level plan Reading Area Location

According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a Library Reading Area is 200 lux. Type of artificial lighting proposed as shown below: Type of light bulb

Modular LED High Bay Light

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No. of LED in an unit Lifespan (hours) Wattage range (W) Color rendering, CRI Color temperature, K Color designation Lumen of lighting fixture (lux) Features

96 57000 311 70 8100 Natural white 18100 Patented thermal management allows -22 ° F to 140 ° F ambient working temperature

1.3.1 Lumen Method Calculation Chosen location dimension Floor area, A Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire Height of work level Height of mounting level,Hm Reflection factor

(10 x 12) m 120m2 18100 lux 4m 0.8m 3.2m Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room index, RI

= [ 10 x 12 / 3.2(10 + 12) ] = 1.7 Utilization factor,UF Maintenance factor, MF Standard of illuminance by MS1525, E No. of light required, N

0.5 0.8 200 lx

= (200 x 120) / (18100 x 0.5 x 0.8) = 3.3 ~ 4 lights

Spacing to height ratio, SHR SHR = 1

120 4

= 3.2 X √ = 1.7 đ?‘†

SHR = 3.2 = 1.7

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S = 5.44

Fitting layout

Fitting required along 10m wall = 10 / 5.44 = 1.8 ~2 rows Therefore, approximately 2x2 = 4 luminaires are required. Spacing along 12m wall = 12 / 2 rows =6m Half spacing = 6/2= 3m

10m

Figure 6 ; Light fitting in the Reading Area.

Figure 7 ; Light contour diagram of Reading Area.

Discussion Through the light contour diagram of Reading area produced from Light Up software, it is deduced that 4 Modular LED High Bay Lights are used to illuminate that area to achieve minimum of 200 lux as stated in MS1525. With sufficient level of illumination, users can read in that area comfortably.

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1.4 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING Artificial Lighting (Computer Room) Reason: It is preferable to provide uniform illumination over the entire workplace, especially computer room by combining both natural and artificial lighting to reduce visual strain and discomfort.

Figure 8 : First floor level plan Computer Room Location

According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a computer room is 200 lux. Type of artificial lighting proposed as shown below: Type of light bulb

RIO LED L4T706

No. of LED in an unit Lifespan (hours) Wattage range (W)

3-Phase LED track light 25000 30

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Color rendering, CRI Color temperature, K Color designation Lumen of lighting fixture (lux) Features

80 90/80 90/80 2700 Warmth white 1850 Matte white color, with Luminus CHM-14 Chip

1.4.1 Lumen Method Calculation Chosen location dimension Floor area, A Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire Height of work level Height of mounting level,Hm Reflection factor

(10 x 3.5) m 35m2 1850 lux 4m 0.8m 3.2m Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room index, RI

= [ 10 x 3.5 / 3.2(10 + 3.5) ] = 0.81 Utilization factor,UF Maintenance factor, MF Standard of illuminance by MS1525, E No. of light required, N

0.5 0.8 200 lx

= (200 x 35) / (1850 x 0.5 x 0.8) = 9.46 ~ 10 lights

Spacing to height ratio, SHR SHR = 1

35

= 3.2 X √10 = 0.58 SHR =

Fitting layout

� 3.2

= 0.58

S = 1.87 Fitting required along 10m wall = 10 / 1.87 = 5.3

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~5 rows Therefore, approximately 5x2 =10 luminaires are required. Spacing along 3.5m wall = 3.5 / 2 rows =1.75 m Half spacing= 1.75/2 = 0.875m

Figure 10 ; Light contour diagram of computer room.

Figure 9 ; Light fitting in the computer room.

Discussion Through the light contour diagram of computer room produced from Light Up software, it is deduced that 10 RIO LED L4T706 are used to illuminate that area to achieve minimum of 200 lux as stated in MS1525. With sufficient level of illumination, users can use computer comfortably.

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1.5 PERMANENT SUPPLEMENTAY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS (PSALI) Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Of interiors (Main Lobby)

Figure 11 : Ground floor level plan Main Lobby Location

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According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for entrance hall/lobby is 150 lux. Type of PSALI lighting system proposed as shown below: Type of light bulb

LED Downlight (ST422B)

No. of LED in an unit Lifespan (hours) Wattage range (W) Color rendering, CRI Color temperature, K Color designation Lumen of lighting fixture (lux) Features

100 50000 40 80 3000 Warm white 5000 Optimized light distribution also enables wider spacing, reliable heat management assures the lifetime of the LED engine and luminaire, eliminating the need for maintenance.

Lumen Method Calculation Chosen location dimension Floor area, A Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire Height of work level Height of mounting level,Hm Reflection factor

(8.7 x 12.4) m 107.88m2 5000 lux 4.0m 0.8m 3.2m Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room index, RI

= [ 8.7 x 12.4 / 3.2(8.7 + 12.4) ] = 1.6 Utilization factor,UF Maintenance factor, MF Standard of illuminance by MS1525, E No. of light required, N

0.5 0.8 150 lx

= (150 x 107.88) / (5000 x 0.5 x 0.8) = 8.1 ~ 8 lights

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Spacing to height ratio, SHR SHR = 1

107.88 8

= 3.2 X √ = 1.15 SHR =

� 3.2

= 1.15

S = 3.7

Fitting layout

Fitting required along 8.7m wall = 8.7 / 3.7 = 2.37 ~2 rows Therefore, approximately 2x4 = 8 luminaires are required. Spacing along 12.4m wall = 12.4 / 4 rows =3.1m Half spacing = 3.1/2= 1.55m

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Figure 12 : Light contour diagram of Main Lobby

Discussion Through the light contour diagram of main lobby produced from Light Up software, it is deduced that 8 LED down light (ST422B) are used to illuminate that area to achieve minimum of 150 lux as stated in MS1525. With sufficient level of illumination, it creates a welcoming entrance for users.

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1.6 PERMANENT SUPPLEMENTAY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS (PSALI) Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Of interiors (Kids Audio Visual Room)

Figure 13: Ground Floor Level Plan Kids Audio Visual Room Location

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According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a theatre is 100 lux. Type of PSALI lighting system proposed as shown below: Type of light bulb

LED Panel Light Fixture

No. of LED in an unit Lifespan (hours) Wattage range (W) Color rendering, CRI Color temperature, K Color designation Lumen of lighting fixture (lux) Features

156 50000 300 83 4000 Natural white 3300 Active color management maintains superior color consistency over time and temperature.

1.5.1 Lumen Method Calculation Chosen location dimension Floor area, A Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire Height of work level Height of mounting level,Hm Reflection factor

(8.7 x 5.3) m 46.11m2 3300 lux 4.9m 0.8m 4.1m Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room index, RI

= [ 8.7 x 5.3 / 4.1(8.7 + 5.3) ] = 0.8 Utilization factor,UF Maintenance factor, MF Standard of illuminance by MS1525, E No. of light required, N

0.5 0.8 100 lx

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= (100 x 46.11) / (3300 x 0.5 x 0.8) = 3.5 ~ 4 lights

Spacing to height ratio, SHR SHR = 1

46.11 4

= 4.1 X √ = 0.83 đ?‘†

SHR = 4.1 = 0.83 S = 3.4

Fitting layout

Fitting required along 8.7m wall = 8.7 / 3.4 = 2.56 ~2 rows Therefore, approximately 2x2 = 4 luminaires are required. Spacing along 5.3m wall = 5.3 / 2 rows =2.65m Half spacing = 2.65/2= 1.3m

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Figure 14: Light contour diagram of Kids Audio Visual Room

Discussion Through the light contour diagram of Kid audio visual room produced from Light Up software, it is deduced that 4 Modular LED Panel Light Fixture are used to illuminate that area to achieve minimum of 100 lux as stated in MS1525. With sufficient level of illumination, users can conduct visual activity in that area comfortably.

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2.0 ACOUSTIC 2.1 Reverberation Time Café

Figure 15; Ground Floor Plan Café Location

Café Space Volume, V = 6m x 7m x 4m = 168 m3

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Material absorption coefficient in 500 Hz at non-peak hour with 5 persons in the space Component

Material

Wall Concrete Brick Wall Wall Glass Floor Timber Ceiling Plaster Door Glass Furniture Metal Table People (non-peak) Total Absorption, A

Absorption Coefficient (500 Hz), S 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.015 0.10 0.22 0.46

Area (m2), A 26.8 64 42 42 7.2 26 5

Sound Absorption (SA) 0.53 6.4 4.2 0.63 0.72 5.72 2.3 20.5

Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 168) / 20.5 = 1.31s

Material absorption coefficient in 2000 Hz at peak hour with 15 persons in the space Component

Material

Wall Concrete Brick Wall Wall Glass Floor Timber Ceiling Plaster Door Glass Furniture Metal Table People (peak) Total Absorption, A

Absorption Coefficient (2000 Hz), S 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.38 0.51

Area (m2), A 26.8 64 42 42 7.2 26 15

Sound Absorption (SA) 1.34 6.4 2.52 1.68 0.72 9.88 7.65 30.19

Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 168) / 30.19 = 0.89 s Discussion The reverberation time calculation shows the amount of RT value, at 500 Hz is 1.31s and 2000 Hz is 0.89s. The recommended reverberation time for cafĂŠ is between 0.8 - 1.5s as according to AUS/NZ acoustic standard requirement. This means the cafĂŠ space has a good reverberation without any needs of materials to absorb noise or loud sound.

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2.2 Reverberation Time Meeting Room

Figure 16; Forth Floor Plan Meeting Room Location

Meeting Room Volume, V = 4m x 7.45m x 4m = 119.2 m3

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Material absorption coefficient in 500 Hz at peak hour with 10 persons in the space Component

Material

Wall Concrete Brick Wall Wall Glass Floor Carpet Ceiling Plaster Door Glass Furniture Timber People (non-peak) Total Absorption, A

Absorption Coefficient (500 Hz), S 0.02 0.10 0.50 0.015 0.10 0.06 0.46

Area (m2), A 40.6 10.5 29.8 29.8 1.89 3 10

Sound Absorption (SA) 0.81 4.2 14.9 0.44 0.19 0.18 4.6 25.32

Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16 x V) / A = (0.16 x 119.2) / 25.32 = 0.75s

Discussion The reverberation time calculation shows the amount of RT value, at 500 Hz is 0.75s. The recommended reverberation time for meeting room is between 0.6s - 1s as according to AUS/NZ acoustic standard requirement. This means the meeting room has a good reverberation without any needs of materials to absorb noise or loud sound.

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2.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) Periodical Room

Figure 17; Ground Floor Plan Periodical Room Location

Building Element Wall Sliding Door Panel

Material Concrete Timber

Surface Area, S/M2 6.2 4.8

SRI 30 28

Transmission Coefficient, T 1 x 10-3 1.58 x 10-3

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Transmission Coefficient of materials

a) Wall – Concrete 1

SRI

= 10 log10 đ?‘‡ đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ąđ?‘’

30

= 10 log10 đ?‘‡ đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ąđ?‘’

103.0

= đ?‘‡ đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ąđ?‘’

T Concrete

= 1 x 10-3

1

1

b) Sliding Door Panel – Timber 1 đ?‘‡ đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; 1 10 log10 đ?‘‡ đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; 1 đ?‘‡ đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x;

SRI

= 10 log10

28

=

102.8

=

T Timber

= 1.58 x 10-3

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials Tav

SRI Overall

= ( 6.2 x 1 x 10-3 ) + ( 4.8 x 1.58 x 10-3 ) / ( 6.2 + 4.8 ) = 5.63 x 10-4

1

= 10 log T av 1

= 10 log 5.63 x 10^−4 = 32.49 dB

60dB - 32.49 dB = 27.51dB Discussion The sound reduction from the periodical room is 32.49dB. Making an assumption that the noise level of periodical area is 60dB. Hence, the total noise level in the library lobby transferred into the periodical room is 60 – 32.49 = 27.51dB. The sound that is transmitted through falls under the category between soft whisper and normal noise. It is considered an ideal value for the library lobby area where people is asking for directions and information.

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2.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) Admin Room

Figure 18; Forth Floor Plan Admin Room Location

Building Element Wall Door

Material Concrete Glass

Surface Area, S/M2 19.1 1.89

SRI 30 26

Transmission Coefficient, T 1 x 10-3 2.51 x 10-3

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Transmission Coefficient of materials

a) Wall – Concrete 1

SRI

= 10 log10 đ?‘‡ đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ąđ?‘’

30

= 10 log10 đ?‘‡ đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ąđ?‘’

103.0

= đ?‘‡ đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ąđ?‘’

T Concrete

= 1 x 10-3

1

1

b) Door – Glass 1 đ?‘‡ đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; 1 10 log10 đ?‘‡ đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; 1 đ?‘‡ đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x;

SRI

= 10 log10

26

=

102.6

=

T Timber

= 2.51 x 10-3

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials Tav

SRI Overall

= (19.1 x 1 x 10-3) + (1.89 x 2.51 x 10-3) / (19.1 + 1.89) = 1.13 x 10-3

1

= 10 log T av 1

= 10 log 1.13 x 10^−3 = 29.46 dB

50dB - 29.46 dB = 20.54dB Discussion The sound reduction from the admin room is 29.54dB. Making an assumption that the noise level of admin room is 50dB. Hence, the total noise level in the discussion area transferred into the admin room is 50 – 29.46 = 20.54dB. The sound that is transmitted through falls under the category between soft whisper and normal noise. It is considered an ideal value for the library lobby area where people is asking for directions and information.

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2.5 External Noise ( Sound Pressure Level )

Figure 19 ; Recommended Noise Criterion by U.S ratings Source ; http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/nc-noise-criterion-d_725.html

Type of Space

Name of Space

Restaurant Office – Private

Cafe Admin Room

Recommended Noise Criterion, NC 40 - 45 30 - 35

Recommended Range of sound level, dB 50 - 55 40 - 45

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Café

Figure 20; Ground Floor Plan External Noise at Café Noise Sources towards the café A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80 dB B) Normal Conversation = 40 dB

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Sound Pressure Level A) Busy Traffic Noise

= 80 dB

80 dB

= 10log (I1 / I0)

Antilog 8

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

1 x 108

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

I1

= 1.0 x 10-4

B) Normal Conversation

= 40 dB

40 dB

= 10log (I1 / I0)

Antilog 4

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

1 x 104

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

I1

= 1.0 x 10-8

Total Intensities, I

= (1.0 x 10-4 ) + (1.0 x 10-8) = 1.0 x 10-4

Combined SPL

= 10log (I1 / I0) = 10log (1.0 x 10-4) / (1.0 x 10-12) = 80 dB

Discussion The external noise with a combined SPL of 80 dB which is generated from the vehicles and street activities which travels into the Café. According to ANSI & recommended noise criterion is NC40 – 45, the acceptable noise level is 50 dB – 55 dB. Hence, the café is suggested to add on exterior skin such as acoustical brick walls, noise filter partition wall or some plantation to reduce down the noise issue around the café.

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2.5 External Noise ( Sound Pressure Level ) Admin Room

v Figure 21; Forth Floor Plan Admin Room Location

Noise Sources towards the Admin Room A) Normal Traffic Noise = 70 dB B) Public Space = 50 dB

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Sound Pressure Level A) Normal Traffic Noise

= 70 dB

70 dB

= 10log (I1 / I0)

Antilog 7

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

1 x 107

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

I1

= 1.0 x 10-5

B) Public Space

= 50 dB

50 dB

= 10log (I1 / I0)

Antilog 5

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

1 x 105

= I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)

I1

= 1.0 x 10-7

Total Intensities, I

= (1.0 x 10-5 ) + (1.0 x 10-7) = 1.0 x 10-5

Combined SPL

= 10log (I1 / I0) = 10log (1.0 x 10-5) / (1.0 x 10-12) = 70 dB

Discussion The external noise with a combined SPL of 70 dB which is generated from the vehicles and street activities which travels into the admin room. According to ANSI & recommended noise criterion is NC30 – 35, the acceptable noise level is 40 dB – 45 dB. Hence, the admin room is suggested to add on exterior skin such as acoustical noise reduction façade or thicken the glass panels, brick walls, noise filter partition wall or some plantation to reduce down the noise issue around the admin room.

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