SoSe2020 - IUDD - Belgium Project - Urban Vision
Verviers Limbourg Eupen
Rediscovery for Reactivation
In the core of Euregio Maas-Rhine Integrated Regional Development Strategies through Sustainable Tourism
Zhu Yuchi | Gabrielly de Souza Lima Bauhaus-Universität Weimar
Contents
Page
Topic 04 06 08 10 12 13 14 15 17 18
Introduction Network of Cities Location Demography Landscape Nature landmarks and attractions Mobility Tourism in Wallonia Accommodation in the Region Local Tourism and Attractions
20 Culture 22 History 24 Visions 31 32 33 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Vision: Rediscover for Reactivation Strategic Objectives Methodology Pathway: Culture Culture Actions Pathway: Nature Nature Actions Pathway: Economy Economy Actions Integrated Project: Microadventure
52 Precedents
The content of this booklet reflects the summary of questions that emerge when relating the future of Tourism Industry, Sustainability, Development and Urban Renewal. The main research and project question is: To what extent tourism can be an approach to have sustainable cultural and economic development? How this can work for the specific context of Limbourg Region? Of course in such approach is also containing the following derivative questions: _How Cultural and Economic aspects of a place can support sustainable development? _Can tourism development become a regenerative driver for regional development? _Which aspects can help developing more local based strategy in order to avoid external dependencies? _How to have higher positive impact while promoting less changes on the environment? Those were the guidelines we took to develop the project, from understanding what is the conditions of place, then the local expectations and visions and lastly propose a concept that could lead the Limbourg Region to a sustainable development.
4
About the Region_Rediscover for Reactivation
Introduction
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
5
The Network of Cities
Verviers. With around 80 thousand inhabitants, it is
the biggest city on the network. Water has played an important role in the town’s economy, notably in the development first of its textile and later tourist industries. As a result, many fountains have been built in Verviers, leading it to be named Wallonia’s “Water Capital”. In the past the city had a significant role in the industrial backbone of belgium. Today The City’s fundamental objective is to restore Verviers to its role as the leading hub of economic activity in the borough and to position Verviers as a friendly shopping destination. For that they have a non-profit organization organizing the development process, connecting many sectors such as shopping,gastronomy and services Verviers has around 20,000 salaried jobs in companies present on the municipal territory and distributed as follows within the 3 main activity sectors: Tertiary (Services): 81.1%;Primary: 0.1%; Secondary: 18.8%. 6
About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Source of image: www.letourenprovincedeliege.be/
About the Region Limbourg is the geographical core of the city net-
work, the smallest city (could be more accurately called town-village) have its development today attached to the tourism and entertainment industry. The cultural unity and development of today’s Euregio - has its historical basis in the cultural unity of the old Duchy of Limburg. The history of the Euregio is also the history of the Duchy of Limbourg. The ambassade is therefore a means of stimulating historical awareness and cultural similarities in our region.
Source of image (left): www.paysdevesdre.be/ Source of image (right): www.ostbelgien.eu/
Eupen is the capital of the Meuse-Rhine region. Due
to the seat of parliament and government of the German-speaking community of Belgium, there is a proximity to a wealth of national and international institutions and therefore short distances for decision-makers. Eupen is considered a high-quality location for industry and retail in the border region with Germany and the Netherlands. The focus of economic activity is mainly in the industrial and commercial sector - strongly represented sectors are metal processing, cable manufacturing, the food sector, transport and logistics, as well as trade and services. Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
7
Location One of the most crucial part of preparing the regional planning strategy, is to understand why this arrangement of cities can form a strong region geographically. The Limbourg region is mainly characterised by its historical development of the territory. Limbourg region is placed between other key clusters of Western-Europe, and its strategic location represents not only a specific flow of people, additionally it represents many layers of administrative and political influence. In this sense, from the smallest to the biggest, Limbourg region is under the influence of: Liège province, eastern Belgium (German speaking belgium), MeuseRhine Region and surrounding countries, such as Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and France. Still, the definition of the Wallony with its French language and socioeconomic features, and of course the major condition of the European Union. On the closest scale, the network of cities is close to the cluster of western German cities, such as Cologne, Bonn, Dusseldorf, Essen. Limbourg region is also less than two hours from other capitals such as Brussels and Luxembourg. Its closest reference cities are on the verge of Germany, Netherlands and Belgium, being Liège, Aachen and Maastricht.
8
About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region NETHERLANDS BELGIUM
WALLONIE LIÈGE FRANCE
LUXEMBURG
Maastricht
Aachen
Liège
Limbourg Verviers
GERMANY
Eupen
Source of image: Google Maps 2020.
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
9
Demography Demography is one of the main aspects that help us to understand the scale and proportion of this region. Since using the data from the whole region of Liège can create some deformation of the understanding, it is relevant to observe the demographic profile of each city. From this more detailed analysis we can observe where the numbers from the first diagram came from. Verviers is a great example of population balance due to migration, while Limbourg stays behind with negative demographic balance. Also regarding the age distribution, most of people follow the European trend of having its majority on adult-senior population,however in detail there are slight differences inside the group of cities. From the age average, the youngest city is Verviers, followed by Limbourg and lastly Eupen, which is an odd result considering that Limbourg is a much smaller city, and this approximates Eupen to the German demographic context. Eupen is the only city on this group that is above Belgian average of seniors divided by children.
10 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
11
Landscape The landscape contributes to social well-being and constitutes a resource favourable to economic activity, through tourism in particular. Component of the living environment, support of the memory and the identity of the inhabitants, witness of the cultural and ecological diversity of the territories. At the scale of the Walloon Region, although no legislation is specifically devoted to the landscape, the concern for its management has long been present in regulatory texts relating to heritage or land use planning. The Regional Space Development Scheme includes an objective entitled “Valuing heritage and protecting resources” and an option “Integrating the landscape dimension into planning practices”. Specially in the city network scale, there are three main landscape types that characterizes the region: the meadows & rural landscape and heritage urban. The city network is located in between the “Le Pays de Herve” and “L’Ardenne” belgium landscape classification The Vesdre (Weser) river is one of the main natural landscape elements that is present on the cities.
12 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
The Hohes Venn nature park, which crosses national borders, connects North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland Palatinate and eastern Belgium . The nature park is dominated by dark blue lakes and rivers, bubbling streams and wide dams, as well as densely forested mountain ranges.
Source of image: Stadt Eupen/
About the Region Nature landmarks and attractions
Source of image: Group work based on Open Street Map, data from Google/Tripadvisor
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
13
Mobility Mobility is a key aspect for keeping higher living standards and to develop any industry. Especially in the meso-region, the region counts with developed infrastructure that includes airports, train and highways. Travel time distance from the smaller city to main metropolitan areas varies between 2 to 3 hours, which creates a prospective catchment area. The predominant transportation mode in the region is car-based, specially on smaller cities that have limited public transport offers.
Source of image: Group work based on Open Street Map, additional data from Google.
14 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
There is a highlight in recent projects on the micro-scale, in Limbourg, towards reducing the impact of car-based transportation and fostering tourist friendly modes such as cable car, which is also adequate to the region’s topography. Currently bike infrastructure is present, however not included into major circuit networks on the Wallonia or Ost-Belgien schemes.
About the Region Tourism in Wallonia Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors in the world economy. It plays a key role in job creation, export revenue and domestic value added, and directly contributes, on average, 4.2% of GDP, 6.9% of employment and 21.7% of service exports in OECD countries. In Belgium, the economic contribution of tourism is approximately 2.8% to Flanders, 6.1% to Wallonia, and 4.2% to Brussels. In 2014, Belgium received a record 6.4 million international tourists in hotels and similar establishments, of which 48% (3.1 million) visited Flanders, 40% (2.5 million) Brussels and 12% (800,000) Wallonia. In Wallonia, tourism is the responsibility of the Minister of Agriculture, Nature, Rurality, Tourism, Heritage and Delegate to the Greater Region.
The Tourism Department of Wallonia is composed of the Walloon Ministry of tourism (CGT) and Wallonia-Belgium Tourism (WBT). The CGT and WBT work closely together with professional organisations in the sector – such as Gîtes de Wallonie, Accueil Champêtre en Wallonie, Walcamp (camping sites), Vilvac (holiday villages), Auberges de Jeunesse (youth hostels), Attractions et Tourisme, Musées et Société en Wallonie, and Horeca Wallonie – to develop creative and innovative tourism policies to meet the needs of industry stakeholders. The Regional Policy Declaration for 2014-2019 recommended focusing on two tourism objectives:
Source of diagram: OECD,2018.
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
15
Creating an outstanding tourist destination.
The approach involves building on the region’s key strengths, including natural and heritage sites, gastronomy and major events and anniversaries. Priorities include reviewing the tourism strategy, developing commercial packages for specific markets, and improving the quality of hospitality, services and products. Another priority is to address accessibility at the main tourism sites in terms of opening hours, languages spoken, access for people with reduced mobility, and those arriving by public transport etc.
Geography
Maximising capacity
and resources to support tourism. Priorities include: involving professional associations in implementing tourism policy; improving the training of tourism personnel; improving financial tools; adopting a more cohesive regional development policy; creating two or three new resorts using public-private partnerships to develop and enhance government-owned assets; developing high performance statistical tools; simplifying standards for tourist establishments, redirected towards quality, accessibility and security; simplifying the institutional organisation of tourism;restructuring and streamlining the Wallonia-Belgium Tourism Bureau (through the Sixth State reform which confers more responsibility for tourism to the regions).
Source of statistics: OECD,2018.
16 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Low number of international visitors in Wallonia
Increasing domestic tourism market
Main inbound tourism origin: neighbouring countries
Accommodation in the region Generally the tourism infrastructure in this area is based on small-medium sized hotel/ and guest houses. Additionally there are some slight variations on the percentages of such business along the three cities. The profile of the accommodations is out from competition with strong existing clusters of high profile such as around the city of Spa. This justifies a demand for shorter trips and a relatively low budget, which is considered a business opportunity for more accessible tourism development. Also camping sites infrastructure is present, however disconnected from the tourism routes for this type of accommodation, except around Eupen.
Source of image: Group work based on Open Street Map, data from booking.com/airbnb/Google/Tripadvisor
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
17
Local tourism and Attractions The tourism in the region is already developed, individually in the cities and specially through the Wallonian approach as a larger territory, however in this smaller region there is still space for improvement and a more specific approach. Culturally, the three cities provide an image of a cultural melting point of different European cultures, through language and history. Along the time as the borders went backward and further, this territory changed from Netherlands,France, Belgium and Germany, and its community adapted to this reality, becoming multicultural.
Source of image: Group work based on Open Street Map, data from booking.com/airbnb/Google/Tripadvisor
18 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region Highlights
Shopping at Verviers
Chocolate museum at Verviers
Source of image: letourenprovincedeliege.be
Source of image: Wallonia tourism portal
Vesdre river at Limbourg
Discovering Limbourg history
Source of image: Jean-Pol Grandmont
Source of image: leichtathletik-alemannia.de
Source of image: Anonymous source at wikipedia
Ost-Belgien Gastronomie at Eupen
Trekking at Eupen
Weser Dam at Eupen
Source of image: ostbelgieninfo.be
Source of image: ostbelgien.net
Source of image: Alamy
Rice pie - Verviers Gastronomy Source of image: goza.ca
Limbourg Castle
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
19
Culture The network of cities formed by Verviers, Limbourg and Eupen cannot be simply be defined by Wallonia, Meuse-Rhine or Liège, it is a mix of all this three realms in a much more specific context. Eupen is the centre point of German-speaking Belgium. Meanwhile, Verviers and Limbourg with its French speaking Belgian border. Physically the three cities together offer a blend of “medieval urban village” and natural landscape, and its people and history offer a glance on the contemporary challenges and privileges of multicultural living. There is already a strong potential to bring people together to experiment and learn from the cultural differences.
The Saint Georges Square and Church Limbourg 20 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
architecture
L’Arvô - Limbroug
Verviers’ Fountains
Local ways of producing
About the Region
Events
Musée d’Archéologie et de Folklore
Fiesta City - Spirit of 66 verviers - live music
Der Karneval von Dolhain und von Goé
Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Céramique Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
21
History The Duchy of Limburg or Limbourg was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire. Its chief town was Limbourg-sur-Vesdre, is today located within the Belgian province of Liège, with a small part in the neighbouring province of Belgian Limburg.
Brabant in personal union, eventually being grouped together with the Brabantian “Overmaas” territories bordering it (including Dalhem, Valkenburg, and Hertogenrade), to be one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands.
The Duchy evolved from a county which was first assembled under the lordship of a junior member of the House of Ardenne-Luxembourg, Frederick. He and his successors built and apparently named the fortified town which the county, and later the Duchy, were named after.
Unlike other parts of this province, the lands of the duchy stayed intact within the Southern Netherlands, under Habsburg control, after the divisions caused by the Eighty Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession. However finally, after the failed Brabant Revolution in 1789, the duchy’s history was terminated with the occupation by French Revolutionary troops in 1793. These lands were reunited within modern Belgium only after World War I. The duchy was multilingual, being the place where Dutch, French, and German dialects border upon each other and coexist at their geographical extremes, both now and in medieval times. Its northern and eastern borders are the approximate boundaries of the modern state of Belgium with the Netherlands and Germany, at their “tripoint”. The eastern part, which includes Eupen, is the administrative capital and northernmost part of the modern Belgian German-speaking Ostkantonen.
The extinction of the line of Frederick’s grandson Henry in 1283 sparked the War of the Limburg Succession, where after Limburg was ruled by the Dukes of
22 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
23
Visions Regional economic divergence has become a threat to economic progress, social cohesion and political stability in Europe. Market processes and policies that are supposed to spread prosperity and opportunity are no longer sufficiently effective. Regional economic divergence has become a threat to economic progress, social cohesion and political stability in Europe. And political stability. Market processes and policies that were supposed to spread prosperity and opportunities are no longer effective enough. As is is visible on map, Limburg is a region whose GDP per head and GDP per head growth are both low. They are in a relatively backward position. So from the EU level, Regional economic rebalancing is particularly important. For this, many regional plans in Wallonia have been introduced.
24 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region Visions: Keywords for regional development
Soft factors Integration
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
25
The ERDF Programme for Wallonia aims to boost GDP growth per capita and to contribute to achieving the Europe 2020 targets for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The Programme will focus on the following priorities: - Strengthening research, technological development and innovation. Improving research and innovation infrastructure and creating synergies between businesses, R&D centres and Higher Education sector - Enhancing creation and competitiveness of SMEs’ - Investing in education, training, vocational training and lifelong learning by upgrading infrastructure and equipment. - Fostering low carbon economy through the use of renewable energies, energy efficiency in buildings and sustainable multimodal urban mobility. URBACT III is a European Territorial Cooperation programme jointly financed by the ERDF, nearly 75 million euro. It is a huge plan involving many countries, mainly focus on the these parts 26 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region
At the heart of the programme is the objective of a facilitated access to the cross-border labour market through different labour mobility initiatives, including those linked to transport, education and training.
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
27
Geography
In 2015, the Walloon government adopted the “Marshall Plan 4.0� under the auspices of the Council of Ministers. Wallonia’s Marshall Plan is more focused on industrial and innovation policy, including through clusters (competitiveness poles). The federal government does maintain a national policy for urban development, focused on social cohesion and housing. This means that it will strengthen actions to promote a context favourable to the creation of jobs and activities, consolidate the priority given to training, research and its development, continue work to mobilise the region so as to boost the economic fabric and focus its support on the energy transition. The extension 4.0 symbolizes the fourth industrial revolution, that is, digitization.
28 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
About the Region
Digital Wallonia is a comprehensive project designed to transform the region, the economy and society to boost its appeal, its competitiveness and the wellbeing of everyone, based on values including a cross-disciplinary approach, transparency, coherence, openness and flexibility.
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
29
30 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
Developing place’s potential through sustainable tourism industry and Integrated Regional Development Strategies The approach is to assimilate their own to visions, rich history and various cultural heritage and connect to tourism. Which is based on local culture and conditions, can not only gradually evolves into development and prosperity, retaining people, and even attracting people who have left.
In the previous chapters, we found that the this region has had two glorious times in history, which were the Duchy of Limburg and the boom after the Industrial Revolution. Although since modern times it has gradually lost its once prominent status, those two periods of time still leave various rich and valuable cultural heritage, whether tangible or intangible. But with the development of Euregio, we believe that the importance and charm of this land is being rediscovered. Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
31
Overall goal Integrated Regional Development Strategies for Sustainable Tourism
Specific goals
So the strategic objectives is to rediscover the charm of this region, as the core of Euregio Meuse-Rhine, then reactivate it with the help of sustainable tourism. While making limbourg one node of the existing tourist network, it should also create its own identity to provide diverse possibilities to residents from surrounding cities. And it also should follow the sustainable development goals, however within the local framework.
Rediscover the charm of Limbourg region the core of Meuse-Rhine Reactivate the Limbourg Region through tourism industry
32 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision An effective methodology is necessary to reach the planning goals and for that it is applied the concept of acupuncture, regional acupuncture. It is not intended that the area will be vigorously modified. Instead, it should slowly restore its vitality through moderate stimulation at the right point. Which means, precise actions should be implemented to transform the larger regional context, to make big changes through small interventions. By selecting the most culturally or industrially iconic elements of the local region, and recognizing public functions as the cause, the area could be accessed in similar approach as the concept of “acupuncture”.
Precise interventions to transform the regional context
> Rural Acupuncture Use� �� r��i��l��e �h���k��� ru��� l���s�a��s
> Regional Acupuncture
to ����ta���� un���d��e��l��e� r���o�
>Urban Acupuncture Use� �� r��i��l��e ��g���ed ����n �a�d���p�
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
33
Based on the previous research it was possible to identify the key strengths of each city, and in this proposal they are enhanced and connected, therefore the city network can work in a cooperative framework. Economy, Culture and Nature are chosen as main pathways to foster tourism and sustainable development.
34 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
And based on the idea of acupuncture, we tried to find integrated actions, which benefit not only just one aspect, but two even three aspects. In this way it is possible to have a more sustainable planning, tailored according to local conditions.
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
35
Culture
36 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
37
Culture: Actions
38 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
>> Revitalising public space through cultural activities and community engagement
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
39
Nature
40 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
41
Nature: actions
42 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
>> Connecting community, tourists and nature
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
43
Economy
44 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
45
Economy: Actions
46 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
>> Regional integration and cooperation for projects
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
47
The integrated action: Microadventure
The term Microadventure is defined as an adventure that is “small and achievable, for normal people with real lives”. The concept of a weekend trip, as get away from the big cities, in a more unplanned, inexpensive and frequent style is a suitable approach for Limbourg’s tourism development because it attracts closer target groups geographically, which can support more local economy and less dependency on global target groups. The focus on geographically close target groups also means that exchange between culture, values and language is one more positive asset instead of a barrier.
48 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
49
The integrated project: Microadventure
Let’s see in 2025 what a microadventure of this region could be: A regular weekend after 5 days work, three young residents in Maastricht decided to have a little trip to small towns. They found Limbourg Region Portal, reserved their hotel and everything. They set off on Saturday morning, arrived ar Verviers very soon, before lunch they had enough time to make chocolate at the Chocolate Museum and walk around the city.
50 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
Vision
The vitality and regional characteristics of these activities targeted the acupuncture to give different functional attributes in different cities, thereby driving the systematic and sustainable circular development of the entire region and activating the vitality of the area.
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
51
Hydrangeas Region RegiĂŁo das HortĂŞnsias - Rio Grande do Sul Regional Tourism Planning in Brazil The Tourism Regionalization Program works on the convergence and interaction of all actions performed by tourism ministry within the Brazilian states, regions and municipalities. Its main objective is to support the structuring of destinations, management and the promotion of tourism in the country. It works under the perspective that even a municipality that does not have a clear vocation for tourism - it can still benefit from it, if that municipality plays a role as a provider or supplier of hand- labor or products designed to serve the tourist. Regionalized work thus allows gains not only for the municipality that receives the visitor, but for the entire region. The main interesting feature from this planning structure is the clustering of regions and municipalities according to their cultural, or landscaping common features. Region of HortĂŞnsias would predominate the sector of accommodation, that is, the cluster of hotels and inns. Several other sectors of activity revolve around this cluster, such as means of food (restaurants and cafeterias), commercial establishments (shops selling crafts and clothing) and agency services, transport and tourist guides.
52 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
They grown prosperity for the region, while fostering local tourism and economy. It is estimated that 40% of visitors come from other states in Brazil and around 2% from latin america countries. Even though the remaining 58% come from the same state. So with this there is less risk of gentrifying or predatory tourism development, because the visitors are the locals. Also some of the challenges they face may be common with the Limbourg region.
Precedents
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
53
Songyang Region Tourism as regenerative driver in rural areas Regional Tourism Development in China “Social, economic and ecological changes are achieved through small steps and active participation. Planners and architects play an important role in this process.”
villages and rural regions and are tailored to the complexity of regional heritage and context. Each building becomes a public space for nature, the village and the community.
Songyang, with over 1800 years of history, is the oldest county located in Zhejiang Province. There are more than one hundred traditional villages, whose original planning remains intact within in this old county.
These small-scale reconstructions or new buildings scattered in different villages are all through in-depth research and analysis of the historical and traditional crafts and life needs of each village, selecting the most representative local cultural or industrial elements, and using the village public function as the carrier , Intervene in the countryside in a similar way to Chinese medicine “acupuncture”.
There are four hundred villages in the area, and valleys are scattered along the Songyin River and the surrounding mountains. This special landscape can be seen in traditional Chinese literature and many paintings, with undulating mountains, craggy rocks, rice fields and tea gardens. The rise of tourism has given Songyang a new opportunity for development in recent years. To further encourage villagers to return, in cooperation with local villagers, the government, and artisans, Xu Tiantian chose to carry out extensive architectural interventions at the micro level. The project includes Brown Sugar Workshop, Pingtian Farming Museum, Songyang Bamboo Pavilion, etc., while creating a collective memory public space, it has revived the cultural and historical awareness of the area. With a minimalist intervention approach, multi-functional public programs are introduced to different 54 About the Region_ Rediscover for Reactivation
The Program will build on inspiring practices implemented in the rural Songyang County to showcase how rural areas can achieve innovative and sustainable modes of development through the enhancement of local technology, finance, and culture while protecting the environment. Such innovative and sustainable development initiatives are expected to significantly improve rural areas and their connection with cities, relieve the demographic pressure of urban areas, and extensively contribute to the overall prosperity of human settlements.
Precedents
Rediscover for Reactivation_ About the Region
55
