How can architecture promote light distribution to advance healing ? The Maggie's Centres

Gaelle Mouaykel Université catholique de Louvain Faculté d’architecture, d’ingénierie architecturale, d’urbanisme Année académique (2020-2021)

The Right to Light

How can architecture promote light distribution to advance healing, as demonstrated in the case of Maggie’s Centers?

Proffesors: Letesson Quentin and Anselmo Andrea

Table of Content:

Chapter 1: Introduction:

1. Abstract

2. Framework

...01

Chapter 2: Light between the tangible and intangible

1. What can the evolution of light through history tell us about its important presence in our contemporary architecture?

1.1 Ancient Egypt

1.2 Roman Empire

1.3 Industrial Revolution

2. How are healing and mood affected by Light?

2.1 Light and Health

2.2 Light and Mood

2.3 Placebo effect

Chapter 3: Architecture and Environment

1. Connection to the outisde world

2. View through windows 3. Parameters 4. Methodology

...02

Illustrations

...07

Chapter 4: Maggie’s Center:

1. Glasgow Center by OMA

2. West London Center by Richard Rogers

3. Manchester Center by Foster + Partners

4. Interpretation

Chapter 5: Conclusion

...09

Bibliography List of Illustartions

...13 ...14

...04

...05

...12

“ Never lose the joy of living in the fear of dying.”

- Maggie Jencks

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CHAPTER 1: Introduction

Abstract:

The “right to light” originated as a social law established in the Ancient Roman Em-

pire to protect every citizens’ right to access natural light in their living milieu. Our contemporary society, presumed to be more scientific and refined, has shown no amelioration on this law. Instead, investors along with scientists delved into finding ways to provide an alternative to natural elements by replacing them with modern artificial ones that offer equal effects.

If light were noticeably important enough to establish a law protecting its ac-

cess, does that not entitle it to a deeper understanding of its impact on our health?

If a light-conscious architecture is proven to have healing effects, must architects bear the same responsibility, as physicians, when it comes to our well being? how

Therefore, vance

healing,

can as

architecture demonstrated

promote in

the

light case

distribution of

Maggie’s

to

ad-

Centers?

Born from the curiosity of understanding the nurturing power of light, this dissertation

aims to show the importance of natural elements in our built environment by examining the ways those elements embellish a variety of healing processes. Throughout my dissertation, I will present a series of evidence-based designs that prove the healing properties of light and how Maggie’s Centers utilized it to offer a healing environment to its patients. Hopefully, this dissertation calls for action to manifest a healthier way of living in our modern-day society.

Framework: Chapter 1 introduces the core subject examined in this work along with the aims behind it.

Chapter 2 demonstrates the evolution of the positive effect light has proven to have through time. This chapter also exhibits studies that confirm a correlation between light, mood, and the healing process.

Chapter ute

to

3 healing

covers in

health

the

different

facilities,

notably

elements used

in

that

contrib-

Maggie’s

centers.

Chapter 4 proposes the concept behind Maggie’s Centers and compares three different interpretational methods of the main pillars, explored in the dissertation, in three centers.

Chapter 5 wraps up the dissertation by manifesting the heavy-duty we, as architects, hold in front of this polemic. This chapter questions the ways the explained information hopes to change people’s perception of our built environment.

CHAPTER 2: Light between the tangible and intangible

02

Light and Time

Throughout history, man has always been enthralled by matters that he cannot grasp and

thus attributed godly explanations to them. In Ancient Egypt, men gave the sun a divine aspect, the god of the sun also known as Ra was believed to be the father of all creations. However, this belief did not only influence the Egyptian society on a spiritual level alone but also impacted the city’s town planning. Temples venerating the sun such as Karnak (Fig.1), the solstice temple, is one of the first evidence-based designs that prove how religious belief influenced the built environment. The temple was constructed on an east-west axis to adhere to the sun’s movement throughout the different days of the season while opening its north facade to the ancient Egypt grounds protecting it.1 Ancient Egypt was not the only mythology idolizing the sun where others such as Babylonians, Mayans, Greek, Pharaohs, and many others adopted this same belief.

Our ancestors that relied solely on food and shelter to survive and protect themselves

from enemies, understood their need to be in symbiosis with their environment. The dependence on sunlight was echoed in their dwellings where openings were chiseled in walls, and inner courts were conceived (Fig.2) to allow an utmost volume of sun-rays and heat into their homes, ensuring amenity and wellbeing.2 This innate understanding was showcased internationally; from the carved mountain caves of Cappadocia Turkey, the underground dwelling of Matamata Tunisia, the opening terraces to the winter sun in Machu Pichu, and many others (Fig.3).

Years later, the Roman Empire acknowledged for its avant-garde ideas regarding light, created

primitive glass coverings for openings. After using the glass element to warm homes and baths, and establish a greenhouse to cultivate their agriculture, they realized that the importance of sunlight was an undeniable human right. Therefore, and with an increasing urban density, a legal statement protecting the access to natural light for every citizen was established and later added to the Justinian Code of Law.3

In the early days of the industrial revolution, architects witnessed a booming housing de-

mand overwhelmed by the influx of citizens from rural areas towards the hub. To accommodate the people, unsanitary domicile and ghettos with limited access to sunlight were built. As a result, epidemics such as cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, and others emerged. Those buildings were later classified by a 1998 World Health Organization as SBS “Sick Building Syndrome” that proved that poor design affected the users’ health (Fig.4).

1 Mohamad Boubekri, Daylighting Architecture, and Health: Building Design Strategies (Amsterdam: Architectural Press, 2008), p.10, Google books.

2 Ibid, p.13 3

Ibid, p.25

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Light and Health

Accepting responsibility for the damages done by their practice, some architects demon-

strated a willingness to repair the sanitary corruption caused. With the diseases that cannot be abolished, architects aimed at aiding patients in their recovery process by building healing-oriented facilities. Those evidence based studies and designs inspired and revolutionized the way healthcare facilities are perceived, notably shown in the case study discussed at the end of this dissertation being the Maggie’s centres.

Tuberculosis

In Piamo, Finland, Alvar Aalto built a Tuberculosis Sanatarium that yields a healing en-

vironment to TB patients. Knowing that tuberculosis is a lung affecting disease due to unsanitary ventilatory conditions, Aalto aligned his healthcare center on a Nort-South axis allowing him to forge “sun balconies” that provide the patients with maximum access to sunlight, ventilation, and natural views (Fig.5). Although the disease started acquiring resistance towards Tuberculosis drugs, solar therapy proved effective as patients responded positively to this health-focused environment. As a result, scientists investigated the efficiency of this low-cost prescription through clinical trials. However, it was up until 2006 that Science magazine proved its credibility by explaining that the retention of vitamin D from the UV rays was the key to healing patients. 4 Cardiovascular Diseases

In a 2012 TED talk, Dr. Richard Weller explained his comparative experiment showing that

the ratio of suffering from heart disease between Australian and Scottish natives is 1/3. His study proved that the increase of exposure to the sun resulted in a longer lifespan even when at risk of skin cancer.5 He concluded that vitamin D affects the level of blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and the functioning of the heart muscles, factors that play a role in cardiovascular disease.

Cancer

In 2005, a link between cancer and UV exposure was established by professor Johan Mu-

han and the Institute for Cancer Research in Norway6, where they came to conclude that a colon cancer patient debuting his treatment in summer has a higher survival rate due to his higher exposure to the sun.7 4 Richard Hobday, The Light Revolution: Health Architecture and the Sun (UK: Findhorn press, 2006), p.57 5 Richard Weller, “Could the sun be good for your heart?”, Ted Talk, [Accessed: 21 December 2020] https:// www.ted.com/talks/richard_weller_could_the_sun_be_good_for_your_heart 6 Not only access to natural light during daytime has been proven to prevent cancer but also help the healing process, showing that there is a positive relation between daytime and the development and recovery from cancer.

7 Hobday, The Light Revolution, p.62

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Light and Mood

Light has been proved to have a direct effect on mood and attitude where series of ex-

periments show that a biological explanation is at the basis of this affiliation. One study explains that UV rays emitted by the sun trigger the body to produce vitamin D that signals the bones to absorb calcium and boosts the immune system which results in a speedy recovery.

Another study lays out the importance of the day/night routine on mood. The brain, specifically the hypothalamus, operates as the body’s clock and manages the circadian cycle through a 24 hours interval by the secretion of melatonin, the enzyme responsible to pass on a message in the body.

However, to produce melatonin, the body must secrete serotonin, the enzyme responsible for happiness.8 Experiments concluded that being exposed to a significant level of light during the night, perturbates the body clock and thus the secretion of both enzymes, and when repeated regularly, caused health problems, proving a biological link between health and light.

Placebo Effect

In the early 1800s, the notion of placebo effect surged. “A placebo pill is a sugar pill, a fake

surgery, among many other ‘fake’ treatments that doctors use to make the patient feel better on a psychological and physiological level”9 explained MD Lissa Rankin in a 2012 TED Talk.

In an article published by Harvard Medicine, Ted Kaptchuk defines its biological and psychological mechanism by the release of ‘happy hormones’ like serotonin and dopamine.10 He notes that “Your mind can be a powerful healing tool when given the chance...and thus stimulating healing has been around for millennia”.11 Consequently, both infer that there is an environmental factor in play to harness the brain’s healing power. Therefore, can you give yourself a placebo without taking a pill? What are the surrounding parameters for self-healing?

Basis of the Dissertation

The previous studies explained highlights a positive correlation between light and health.

Therefore, the following chapters aim to unravel the surrounding and architectural parameters that will promote light distribution to supply a curative milieu. A relationship between cancer and light has proven undeniable that led Maggie’s Centre to adopt this discovery to offer their patients a housewarming atmosphere, a placebo, which will nurture their minds to stimulate healing.

8 Ibid, p.28 9 Lisa Rankin, “Is there scietific proof we can heal ourselves?”, TEDed, [Accessed: 18 December 2020] https://ed.ted.com/on/VrVLBxVB%20 10 According to Kaptchuk, the essential part is the nurturing care of a healthcare provider, even more than the mind’s power, for example, the doctor is the placebo.

11 Ted Kaptchuk, “The Power of Placebo Effect.” Harvard Health Publishing,(2019)

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CHAPTER 3: Architecture and Environment

Connection to the Outside World

In Healing Spaces, Esther Sternberg says that Healing is a “turning point of your mind’s

awareness from a focus of your inner self to a focus of the outer world.”12 Therefore, windows pose as a primary element that allows sounds and smells to come through, providing the patient with an awareness of his external surroundings, anticipating healing. This section plan to address the architectural factors that favor the light distribution. To be able to understand why the centers are built the way they are and what are the factors that contribute to its healing charactersitic.

Views Through Windows

In 1984, Roger Ulrich led a study to explore the effect of windows on 23 patients in a Pennsylvanian hospital. His study consisted of dividing his subjects into 2 groups, the first which he called the “wall view group” consisted of patients that had their windows open to a brick wall, and a second called “tree view group” which had their window open to natural scenery (Fig.6).

To reach the objective of his study, Ulrich compared the length of hospitalization and need for pain-relief medications in members of each group post-surgery. The latter showed that the tree view patients had shorter hospitalization stays and were in less need of analgesics. The members of this group also showcased a better mood and attitude throughout their stay where Ulrich noted that “because most natural views elicit positive feelings, reduce fear in stressed subjects, hold interest, and may block or reduce stressful thoughts, they might also foster restoration from anxiety or stress”.13 In conclusion, the study implied that the design process of hospital rooms must take into consideration the quality of the patient window view which provides a positive distraction14.

This conclusion makes views and windows the second and third pilar, with light be-

ing the first, on which Maggie’s centers will base their concept on. Window size, orientation, location and window to wall ratio are all important parameters that define healing spaces.

Orientation

The orientation of roads and cities is a vital parameter in the determination of sun penetration. Historically, it was believed that to characterize a building as healthy, its occupants must be able to watch the sunrise. This reasoning was based on the fact that sun rays dry the damped concrete and brick surfaces during rainy days preventing humid unhealthy outcomes such as asth ma and allergies. To test this theory, William Atkinson formulated a shadow mapping system of 2 12 Esther Sternberg, Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Wellbeing, (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2008) 13 Roger Ulrich, “Effects of Gardens on Health Outcomes: Theory and Research,” in Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations, ed. C.C. Marcus (New York: John Wiley, 2002), 420-1.

14 positive distraction, term used by Ulrich to describe the effect exerted by views on patients

06

squares15, the first of which was aligned to the meridian and the other set at 45 degrees from the meridian (Fig.7). The outcomes revealed that the north facade of the first square did not have access to sun rays from winter till spring, keeping it humid. Whereas in the second square, all facades were hit by sun rays throughout the seasons, concluding that this orientation presents the most favorable light solution in cities.

Window Size

The dimension of the opening designed in our spaces is an influential parameter that quan-

tifies the volume of light a room will receive. Light from windows is dependant on the sky conditions of the outside as well as the height, width, and depth of the window and room. In general, a side-window must be 1.5 times its height to supply effective daylighting.16 Components such as light shelves and mirrored louvers are also applied to further this distribution and diverge light deeper inside compartments (Fig.8).

Window to Wall Ratio

Window to wall ratio is the relation between the openings surface and exterior wall surface

area (Fig.9). This ratio is an important criterion that affects views, lighting, heating, and ventilation that affects wellbeing. Calculating the WWR in therapeutic spaces is essential to understand the level of comfort granted to patients. Therefore, it is generally practiced to keep the WWR below 27% to limit overheating and glare effects which might pose disturbance.17 Methodology

Maggie’s Centre employs all the scientific data and evidence-based design like the

ones exhibited by this thesis to explore the healing architecture notion, becoming one itself.

In the next chapter, a comparative method of three centers will be done based on three criteria deducted from the evidence presented earlier: Orientation, Views, Window to wall ratio.

Due to the sanitary conditions, visiting the centers was not an option, therefore the comparison will be deducted from observation and research based on plans, sections, photos, studies, and personal interpretations.

15 Hobday, The Light Revolution, p.82 16 Boubekri, Daylighting Architecture, and Health, p.114 17 Robert Bean, Overheating Doesn’t Happen in Never Neverland,” Healthy Healing, [Accessed: 5 January 2021] http://www.healthyheating.com/Passive_Cooling.htm#.X_xcpOhKiUk.

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Fig. 1 the main axis of Karnak temple shows alignment with the sun -Tour Guide

Fig. 2 inner court of underground dwelling in Tunisia - The Atlantic

Fig. 3 Machu Pichu terraced settlements -Study.com

Fig. 4 dull unsanitary urban peripheries, Italy’s margins -Cambridge

Fig. 5 sun balconies in tuberculosis sanatarium - Daniella

Fig. 6 tree versus wall window view patient rooms - RS Ulrich

Fig. 7 orientation and shadow diagram for optimum lighting - William Atkinson

Fig. 8. architectural tools and elements for health and sustainability -James Wilson

Fig. 9. Window to Wall Ratio - Healthy Heating

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Fig. 10 infiltrating south sunrays from the detached rooftop - Archdaily

Fig. 11 double-height dining area, the focal point of the house - Archdaily

Fig. 12 three sided glazed interior reading space - Archdaily

Fig. 13 interior terrasse viewed from the exterior - Archdaily

Fig. 14 the ringlike structure around a central courtyard - OMA

Fig. 15 flowing circulation around patio - OMA

Fig. 16 composition of open and closed partitions - OMA

Fig. 17 double-sided greenery, interior, and exterior - OMA

Fig. 18 light perforated wooden structure design - Archdaily

Fig. 19 rooftop sunbathed mezzanine - Archdaily

Fig. 20 cantilevered beam structure crossing from inside to outside - Archdaily

Fig. 21 south-oriented greenhouse - Archdaily

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CHAPTER 4: Maggie’s Centers

Concept

“Maggie’s Centres rely on the fundamental precept, often overlooked, that ex-

ceptional architecture and innovative spaces can make people feel better by kindling the curiosity and imagination fundamental to feeling alive.” - Rem Koolhas.18 Years after overcoming cancer, Maggie Jencks was diagnosed with breast cancer that left her with a few months to live. With the remembrance of windowless dark hospital rooms and cold white clinics in mind, she decided, with the help of her husband, to create a space that was the opposite of the ones she spent her time at. Maggie’s Centres are cancer care facilities designed for patients to retreat and heal outside the hospital environment. The centers are designed with elements, textures, and colors typically found in homes. With the primary concept being the provision of a home-like atmosphere, the kitchen is rethought of as the center’s heart, displaying a positive sense of place.19 Comparing three of Maggie’s Centres allows us to observe the efficiency of light as an architectural tool and evaluate whether its use has met the healing objectives intended.

4.1 MAGGIE’S CENTER WEST LONDON by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners

-2008

1. Architectural Flow and Orientation;

Aligned to the South-East axis, the center detaches its rooftop from the facade to al-

low daylight penetration (Fig.10). The spatial layout recalls a traditional domestic house where the common spaces are open, and facing out to a south direction, offering high levels of light during the day. The double-height ceiling and rampe perching over the kitchen and dining area, (Fig.11) suggests visual connectivity in the center, making them the focal point of the “house”.

The patient becomes an active spectator of the activities happening at the heart of the house all while having more intimate nukes that favor his healing pace and wellbeing. Thus, the spaces are bright, personal, and private but also public and communal adjusting to the patient’s mood.

2. Window to Wall Ratio: (WWR)

The center is designed as a glass box offset from a closed peripheric wall that shields it

from the city’s noise. Therefore, having double glazed windows spanning a double height and with a perforated rooftop, this center’s WWR is deemed to be the highest of three. The patient is sure to access daylight throughout his entire day even when inside the walls of the center.

18 Rem Koolhas, “Maggie’s Centre - Gartnavel,” OMA, [Accessed: 8 January 2021] https://oma.eu/projects/ maggie-s-centre-gartnavel 19 “Our Story,” Maggie’s Centre, [Accessed: 12 December 2020] https://www.maggies.org/about-us/

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3. Views:

The center is built at the corner of a parking lot, juxtaposing the hospital and surrounded by

streets, contrary to the other centers that are built in a green milieu. Nevertheless, the architect blurs the boundary between interior and exterior by creating inside spaces that make part of an exterior landscape (Fig.12) and exterior sitting areas within the peripheral wall of the facility (Fig.13). Elements such as wooden trellis are employed to project forest-like shadows, giving the sense of being in nature, offering an accessible positive distraction to patients. This approach encourages patients to submerge themselves in greenery, and light all while preserving the intimate feel they request for healing. We can deduct that the center’s design promotes the intake of vitamin D, thus advancing healing.

4.2 MAGGIE’S CENTER GLASGOW by OMA

- 2011

1. Architectural Flow and Orientation;

The Glasgow center is designed as a ring of interlocked boxes revolving around

a central courtyard, deviating from the concept of a central kitchen (Fig.14). This disposition allows a 360-degree orientation with the boxes opening to two sides (inner garden and outer surrounding). The boxes, nested one on top of the other, suggests visual connectivity, and a flowing movement (Fig.15) that grants patients freedom and control to heal.

2. Window to Wall Ratio: (WWR)

Each box is parameterized according to the Lux requirements, dimensions, percentage of circulation, and closed surfaces of the functions it holds.20 Therefore, the WWR is personalized to adapt to every box’s needs. When the sun is high during the summer season, the sun rays enter the building from the central patio open to all common spaces. While during the winter solstice, the sun is low in Glasgow, and thus becomes parallel to the outer facades, allowing sun rays to enter horizontally and in a direct form. Whether infiltrating from the inside or the outside, light breaches the entire volume through large glazing systems around the structure (Fig.16). However, the WWR of the entity is very high, the entity is overglazed, which becomes a negative aspect where heat escapes and mechanical heating must be used.

3. Views: Whether looking towards the outside or the inside, patients would find themselves surrounded by green spaces (Fig.17), contrary to the West-London that was built in an urban milthe outside environment simultaneously, providing the patients with a positive sense of place.

20

OMA, “Maggie’s Centre - Gartnavel”.

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4.3 MAGGIE’S CENTER MACHESTER by Foster + Partners

-2016

1. Architectural Flow and Orientation;

The Centre points towards the South with a greenhouse and rectangular rooftop open-

ings that filter natural light inside. The rectangular configuration is based on a light perforated wooden structure ( Fig.18) that holds the roof and partitions to cantilever on the West-East sides, creating a veranda. The roof rises in the middle to allow a mezzanine dedicated to calm reading and support area bathe with sunlight while overlooking the common spaces below (Fig.19).

2. Window to Wall Ratio: (WWR)

The design presents a complex composition of layering openings and partitions. The structure was made to be light and porose, allowing natural light to infiltrate from the peripheral sides of the center as well as the triangular roof openings. Contrary to the Glasgow center by OMA, Foster+ Partners design a slightly cantilevered roof (Fig.20) protecting the glazed facade from overheating. Therefore, the WWR is lower than the other two centers but is adequate to the patient’s healing requirements.

3. Views:

The strategic use of views and access to nature plays an integral part in the architecture of the center. The architect designs a glazed greenhouse in the south to offer warmth and integration with nature during the seasons of the year (Fig.21). The incorporation of nature and architecture helps reduce stress and anxiety in favor of tranquility. Sliding doors allow the easy connection towards the exterior environment, protected by a veranda.

Interpretation: Analaysing the three Maggie’s centres stressed on the importance of Architecture and orientation, Window size, and views that the different architects employed to gain the optimum level of natural light and tranquility. We can notice that even when the site does not offer adequate views, the center’s design becomes a tool in itself to respond by creating spaces like in the case of West London.

The case studies gave us an ‘Avant-gout’ of the infinite ways to deploy the three criteria suggested throughout this study and confirm the effectiveness of a light-conscious architecture.

CHAPTER 5: Conclusion

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To conclude, healing is not about treating physical symptoms as aimed by our contemporary

healthcare facilities. Our ancestors recognized the importance of natural light in our everyday life and aught to discover means to exploit it for a healthy living. With the development of technology and the advancement of man’s intellect, one would assume that there would be a progression on a holistic level. Nevertheless, our clinical spaces show a dismissal of natural light, relying on studies and methods that objectify patients prizing technical efficiency and hygiene over wellbeing and comfort.

This Thesis aimed to set out that clinical spaces, such as Maggie’s Centres,

that translate the importance of light, views, and atmosphere into a unique design approach can offer a better therapeutic environment than clinical spaces lacking in them.

How can architecture promote light distribution to advance healing? To answer the main research question, evidence, and parameters presented have been explained through a medical lens to successfully unveil the architectural tools that initiate a healing milieu. Views of nature have been shown to lower stress and anxiety by acting as a positive distraction, providing patients with an escape from their confined and cold hospital room. Natural light proved to cause biological reactions in the human body, preventing fatal diseases and helping in the curative process of others like tuberculosis, cardiac disease, and cancer. Windows, and other tangible and measurable tools, have been installed at our architectural disposition to expedite natural light inside rooms and facilities.

These variables have proven to contribute to a healing environment like in the three

of Maggie’s Centres compared in this dissertation. This healing-oriented approach declared successful in providing patients with a domestic atmosphere, in a clinical context, endorsing freedom and control, helping patients feel psychologically rooted and ready to heal.

The goal of this dissertation is to confirm the effectiveness of the evidence-based studies

gathered and their successful application in Maggie’s Centres. A revolution for health and happiness must take place to advance our right to a wholesome living just like the Roman Empire invested in the “right to light” law thousands of years ago. This dissertation emphasizes the role of architects in healthcare and calls for action upon all to use those tools in our contemporary clinical spaces, offering an architecture equivalent to a placebo effect, an architecture of hope.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Boubekri, Mohamad. Daylighting, Architecture, and Health: Building Design Strategies. Amsterdam: Architectural Press, 2008.

Bean, Robert. “Overheating Doesn’t Happen in Never Neverland,” Healthy Healing, accessed 5 January 2021, http://www.healthyheating.com/Passive_Cooling.htm#.X_xcpOhKiUk. Hobday, Richard. The Light Revolution: Health Architecture and the Sun. United Kingdom: Findhorn press, 2006.

Kaptchuk, Ted. “The Power of Placebo Effect.” Harvard Health Publishing,(2019) Rankin, Lisa. “Is there scietific proof we can heal ourselves?” TEDed, Md [Video] December 18, 2020, https://ed.ted.com/on/VrVLBxVB%20 Sternberg, Esther. Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Wellbeing. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2008.

Ulrich, Roger. “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 224 (1984): 420-1.

Ulrich, Roger. “Effects of Gardens on Health Outcomes: Theory and Research.” Chap. 2 In Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations, edited by C.C. Marcus, and M. Barnes., 624. New York: John Wiley, 2002.

Weller, Richard. “Could the sun be good for your heart?” Ted Talk, Video, December 21, 2020 https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_weller_could_the_sun_be_good_for_your_heart “Maggie’s Centre - Gartnavel.” OMA, 2007, accessed 2 November 2020, https://oma.eu/projects/ maggie-s-centre-gartnavel.

“Maggie’s West London Centre.” Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, accessed 2 November 2020 https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/maggies-west-london-centre/.

“Maggie’s Manchester.” Foster + Partners, accessed 2 November 2020, https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/maggie-s-manchester/.

“Our Story,” Maggie’s Centre, accessed 12 December 2020, https://www.maggies.org/about-us/

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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Figure 1: Karnak Temple, accessed on 10 December 2020, URL: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/583216220483631836/ Figure 2: The Atlantic, accessed on 6 january 2021, URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/02/the-last-families-living-in-tunisias-underground-houses/554426/ Figure 3: Study, accessed on 6 january 2021, URL: https://study.com/academy/lesson/temple-ofthe-sun-at-machu-picchu-history-facts.html Figure 4: Cambridge Publishing, accessed on 6 january 2021, URL: https://www.cambridge.org/ core/books/italys-margins/urban-peripheries/9567D882A6B51B7DB3E70BB9A8F6546C Figure 5: Daniella on Design, accessed on 8 january 2021, URL: https://www.daniellaondesign. com/blog/alvar-aalto-paimio-sanatorium Figure 6: Science Magazine, “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery.” accessed on 10 December 2020, URL: https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2014/HEN597/ um/47510652/Ulrich_1984.pdf Figure 7: William Atkinson, accessed on 22 December 2020, URL: https://books.google.be/ books/about/The_Orientation_of_Buildings_Or_Planning.html?id=jQxJAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Figure 8: James Wilson, accessed on 10 january 2021, URL: https://www.buildinggreen.com/ feature/lighting-design-health-and-sustainability-guide-architects Figure 10, 11, 12, 13: Archdaily, accessed on 6 january 2021, URL: https://www.archdaily. com/38246/richard-rogers-wins-stirling-prize-for-maggies-centre Figure 14, 15, 16: OMA, accessed on 6 january 2021, URL: https://oma.eu/projects/maggie-s-centre-gartnavel Figure 18, 19, 20, 21: Archdaily, accessed on 4 january 2021, URL: https://www.archdaily. com/786370/maggies-cancer-centre-manchester-foster-plus-partners