Anuario by Alexandra Romero Barrios

O EK RG E A B O e O EP N I Sa p p ek r g I N C ee a G lv o ad a r t u p n i i c n R an é m P o r G d R n it ng: O d U y ete a i ies th S s Eu te lri V r rib k er co r o f a n c h a n G ä ay s p un B B da n , O Sw e a n o g r o e m e z , t r A rg T ie d a ke , u U i s t a n he st ra M in zer nio nov r, i c ex l ia id Eu l a n n w te d l ro d < i ld n U /N e B p < SA e c o t of ac A E a e< w l le or f r st kg an Z L at d e A ic a < ct ga ro i n C a l si < io n i H un n c e A an an a< d: R a r ag r v m d Th e s ea r i é M er ad a < B F c ex i c < e s e u o a S a a l a n ore O rc t a ic < nd t u u a A r g h, n w o< d g r F e be i n i R an e da S E ord F e n A m b IC i c x te r d C fr a n ore pa f e A O o A n s s a St d wo l te i o n a t M s t r i c c k m u I e d a rn n IT FO rd a r re < A St s l ck at an eg up ke s< C an f S A r iv d i s p t s M om da e A pon now l o < t a r bb s rd fo a tio r t< O F O l iB r A in n s, rg re or s e d rg O L a ge c vi P an f r i ng < K rga at ic < m O n ic D e r t i ro d ic e i a n e n e o y < ve f ic uc n g As A A i n R c In ts s gr T K ia S l o at i t io ec d i Ag u ic Su he en ca r i ul Co pm on n & Ov ng 201 I A m Wo ti to cu t u l l en & er W 0 Pr m rl m r s lt u re a b t re M v i a O od ar d po a n re i o c g a e i T RG uc y of r t N n A r a t h a l u l a r ke w d 2 .H O O HE AN t io a n u n r io le t i t s Le 01 N o n m n td e n el r g g n ad 1: O R E IC an g da ev Da eni is k es: O a in R SU A i ta r e l r b a 1 ey W c G G g t h ga L o A A a R C in 2 ill g e n K n T p H N ou I 8 er r i i ey d IC S O C U H me y a n › O elg Fi B c A c o nt D i u i n n s pe st t a L/ g L F om A r ie › l O r T t r G T U ur r g E e L e t it u r at o r y s s c o Sh a g a n W i l I FO ic u R H R e a n x s t g i t i or le A lt IC E i u r › 2 c E e i s p u s o r n G 01 ic o c m l a n G M s U a r t W › r r of g r 1: LT LO O Su e W D A g r t m a t io s › Ot ow y or ic u rk n ev r i U B R r v or › O W i l he r t h g a lt u R R A L LD el c u a r k et l e d o ec E d y o p lt e or f n i ra › w r SU W e Y in m u t ca l id › F u g a n c ol g a t he d e nt i u hu C e n r e e R I DE l ly la n › L D o r t he ic le c n ic or V – ve m i Q hin t d m EY : Th › A a n m e r o p ro t io a r g a lo p o i a a an e › P r a d s t i p e d u n a e a n ic a P r H pm r t a n o R s u ge › e bl s c m r a c nd ag es od i s en t d r ic › La r m e l e a a tor ers b ul uc to ts ag ts ul e m O r g n d a n e a n d n d r ke t y a n e e k t io r y r of i u t t d p c n c e u a › n ro v a e s o e p ul ra D erg n i s e t c th i t p lu at i n c i n ro l u la e r ng d a es r a fa t p G g a nd c o m r m he s ll op ta T LO an l le a i n re er A h e BA d c t r ke g g i at m G by io t s i n o n ›1 a l L or o n › 2 I n r jit b a M A s d t re yp on ev gi › 3 E t ro S a l M R e e on o s lo › 4 N u ro d u ho a K E r 20 ga pi an › 5 A o r p e c t t a r ke T n 0 n t d io g 9 tf ic › O sia h A n an or a › 7 6 O ce gr m d O a ic er tr C t he n i rg ul an ic on r a S an tu a si cl Re ic St TA r t io e u Fo s i g io B an ND w n o e d o o n co G at a A R ns s r d l dw un › O b at e H rd s D & i tr D S i w rg N ub a n d ie r A e in si or l a n ap er d : s N ba t u d ic o , R D k an at w i l - B O t e g R c d kg io de eg it to u in n ro :C i s l a n S l a t E G u i c t U a u r t i em h on L nd m s A re on id nt s T IO , N S

w ie A rv IC ve nn O a ER n m M a u s s A r ic H a e nt le H e h a s T m tc m t R A Fi o p O h a el uc s t N o r t a r ev o n o d r t or N a r b y d c t i p r e f fo u e s ep R B Ke d u n i c c y i s s y ro a a s s a rd › n tr n se › P r g o c a rd u e r w g: u n a n ly v s p an › O d d i s fo i n o m p i d n t su › A ta er ng rea s: C au e ris d › S th k i r te H t ion K iv n e h e a l a at › O o o t h S t i tc a r k u c t s n au rn P › L u r e d a F m o d nd t io lte d › F n it a r ic p r t re i n u c A an D ic U r b a n ic er w o d a l, a i l el B r g n m ng r a p EA an a i r h H rg g › O r g n s u el ng s t i tc A O n u i › O o ab d i l M d A n E S he PE › C S a n ok r e a i n ra G :T t io O re d a g › U x p lo r R lt u w E E N ce i n a n r y f ic ut e h › EU c u ie r A m ex s t t i O rt e L L en v r l r I i l u u › A id N F g r er i l n Fa , A d C e n H v › A A v W t io r s ic n i d C lE E ic : O ga uc to e t on C n ne e n h a i D ca e s O ga y t s a n p e el d r a u s k f N ti r n r r g ro H P ro p e d i ng t a A tis O s W e o a rd te O Eu m E a O a n m or ex El iz d t D St L S a r p he d a n e t ic f in p A h k › t s r c u f t et an M g ›S a e n i t s l o a r k ch m h S ou › M D o l ic y a rc c e s T hr r s ga en ia or n m e nt ic m s e a i n k g › Po s e e n E N er T e r › e o n e r ot n e L i n s , f nd EM w z d a n v p ga R o ad le ›R e n l n l io G o n d or re a b p e EV P be ›R la a t I a 09 at n r l ro el s y ng r er d a H t A i ul t r a lt u e r b a 20 t h te E u a d 9 en pe AC rea kus eg t u u c d re n ur ela in e P 20 0 10 m ro R u l ic d u l a n a io r F r C t n 0 R a e o p Eu r i c a g r o a l by d : r e g EX M ke a n i n 2 d EU el ag tal of p tur ted lan er r N s a r s et i n t r a e s ev l e c N M Su r k d s a l nc D A abl ani f to ber icu sor ral es p ultu ic nd M a e n o n ere N T rg e o m gr 9, ltu tri ric 9, an a n Tr ati ef IO s e a r t O R n a rg r, a nu c 0 0 c u u n g 0 0 EG a s e O i l le o p e er s h nd a n i y 2 g r i c o ic a y 2 e R p d l ie s e r nt a n n tr g W i a N : U ug end s: a rg t r c a Th g a Eu O oun ani p te rg un ent d. ic top on E A io n a P t r u le el e a r d i g o f o c o rc l a n a n e c N g t g r H Th at A e iz an rt O h e r e o by p e r a l o r g T h in D k, R R at r t s p o et ne n T i a d by t u f d : ac e l E R ea , P ec i m m ut Sh l l a n e d c u l e o l a n er ha A I T r a n i ch a s p U al n o a r t r i t ag a l s p Sc E IC n a ED er te al nu : a s o f ag e n t u r r ie na E R b e ro M d i t e B t u r n ew an n ia o e rc c u l nt 0 9 M b e d e n c D N ea P r i ou 2 0 A a r i ud a n d M ei u e A n l c e R St r f t h ag n c o n O r ra IN C s c te s o t h ie M e T t he s E n i ie n m t t r te gi h di in a es LA d ore rga or yste por h re 5t e ng re , M e M a n F l o r t s p rc le tu ar a ia i n po ee su e a e s t h he al u l it r i c r i c s e ex n t t a l e s n c o r t m t ic l B ch n e r e a a t gr A f ro h i m P a r e n l y a r e n d fe r e p r e n g nd A a s c A a d nc ai gu m an Re y R bar lin n I ic L i n s ht a r r m ic er n n, e tin an ig s e an t ie nt e c a a b t io r s hl e i l l n v io L a s, ni rg st rg a G o en s ig i c r ou R L duc ato et O tu i n ga s r H t t n O g U or : C o nd o er rk t x e ke ga l e i l l a P r o p m a r ke r t in o t pp , a o 4 ar or hi u n m r n r c O r be C E g at io m g io he s t i t m p p 9 Fa o r in at ic ot e or s u t 1 i f a l a f ic at ic , R uc an d m p y o r fe r s Pi ti o t ig a n ay rg er Ed a n D E x ol i c e p z o u c e ie s rg ib es O C rs P y R o A o d nc r s O ar nv o t G ce r rt r e ›I u n t b e p a g e s s r ke t V. od ou Ro and ng roc ma por d or Pr i n l x P a y ad :C a t ic E n a n a t re i f lv ic A er t es Sa io io r R C at t p o s l it u p g i n st su i C

Foreword from

ITC and SECO

One of the world’s greatest challenges is to guarantee food security for the world’s growing population whilst also ensuring greater sustainability of food production, trade, and consumption. Agriculture has made many technological advances, increasing its level of productivity and thus creating wealth in rural areas and lowering the price of food. However, the successful growth of the sector has been accompanied by widespread concern over food safety scares, damage to workers’ health and the loss of biodiversity from intensified agriculture.

Organic agriculture also has a role in achieving development objectives with developing countries exporting premium price tropical and counterseasonal crops to developed countries. There is still considerable potential for organic agriculture to grow but it requires a more favourable policy environment. For this to happen, policy makers, civic society, and the private sector rely upon credible information to support their decision-making.

The successful transformation of organic agriculture from a series of scientific experiments in the 1950s to a US$ 55 billion industry today can be partially attributed to these concerns: consumers are willing pay more for a way of farming that promotes healthy agroecosystems and avoids the use of agrochemicals. Policymakers similarly see the social and economic value of a production system that generates environmental benefits, like agrobiodiversity and carbon sequestration, avoids the need for workers to handle pesticides and does not impose environmental costs on the taxpayer, like cleaning up water pollution.

The World of Organic Agriculture 2011 serves this need with an overview of the production and trade of organic products across the globe and an analysis of regulations, standards, policies, and market trends. This type of information is difficult to find but is crucially important to help support the sector’s development. The World of Organic Agriculture 2011 provides a unique global service in this regard and so makes an important contribution to bringing about greater sustainability in trade and agriculture in both the developed and developing world.

Hans-Peter Egler Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economi Affairs (SECO) Bern, Switzerland

Patricia Francis Executive Director International Trade Centre (ITC) Geneva, Switzerland

Acknowledgements Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this book. We are very grateful to all those listed below, without whom it would not have been possible to produce this global statistical yearbook: Gyorgyi Acs Feketene, Program Manager, Control Union Certifications, AD Zwolle, The Netherlands; O.O. AdeOluwa, University of Ibadan, Department of Agronomy, Ibadan, Nigeria; Raymond Aendekerk, Biolabel - Verenegung fir Biologesche Landbau Letzebuerg, Oikopolis, Munsbach, Luxemburg; Lina AL Bitar, Postgraduate Course on Mediterranean Organic Agriculture, c/o Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo IAMB, c/o Mediterranean Institute of Agriculture Bari IAMB, Valenzano (BA), Italy; Stoilko Apostolov, Manager, Bioselena: Foundation for organic agriculture, Headoffice, Karlovo, bulgaria; Markus Arbenz, Executive Director, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM, Bonn, Germany. Lidya Ariesusanty, Indonesia Organic Alliance, Bogor, Indonesia; Roberto Azofeifa,

Andrew Bayliss, Soil Association Certification Ltd (SA Cert), Bristol BS1 6BY, UK; Milena Belli, Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale (ICEA), ICEA Foreign Office, Bologna, Italy; Mohamed Ben Kheder, Centre Technique de l’Agriculture Biologique, Sousse, Tunesia; Marian Blom, Biologica, LC Utrecht, The Netherlands, Nathalie Boes, Certisys, Walhain, Belgium; Stefan Bogdanov, www.bee-hexagon.net; Hervé Bouagnimbeck, IFOAM Africa Office, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Bonn, Germany, Thavisithe Bounyasouk, Department of Agriculture (DOA), Vientiane, Laos; Ulrich Bröker, APICON, Egglham, germany; Trevor Brown, Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movement JOAM, Kingston 6, Jamaica; Marie Reine Bteich, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Organic Agriculture Unit, Bari, Italy; Klaus Büchel, Klaus Büchel Anstalt, In-

Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Departamento de Producción Sostenible; Dirección Nacional de Extensión Agropecuaria, 10094-1000 San José, Costa Rica; Lea Bauer, Biokontroll Hungária, Budapest, Hungary;

genieurbüro für Agrar- und Umweltberatung, Mauren, Liechtenstein; Jeanne Bulté, Certisys, Walhain, Belgium;: Andreas Bürkert, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Organic Plant Production and Agroeceosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Witzen hausen, Germany; Ian Campbell, Agricultural Advisor, Department of Agriculture, Stanley, Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Mauricio Xavier Carcache Vega, Jefe, Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal MAGFOR, Agricultura orgánica y autoridad competente, Managua, Nicaragua; Debashish Chanda, Asst General Manager, Hortex Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Jennifer Chang, Senior Manager, Korean Federation of Sustainable Agriculture Organizations (KFSA) /Secretariat of the 2011 IFOAM OWC Korea Organizing Committee, International Relations, Korea; Stanley Chidaya, Malawi Organic Growers Association (MOGA), Liliongwe, Malawi; Munshimbwe Chitalu, Chief Executive Officer, Bioinstitut,o.p.s., Institute for Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Landscape Development, Olomouc, Czech Republic;

International Trade Centre (ITC) Geneva, Switzerland www.intracen.org/organics Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) Economic Development and Cooperation (within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries) Bern, Switzerland www.seco.admin.ch

Current status of organic agriculture

1 Dr. Helga Willer, Communication, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse, 5070 Frick, Internet www.fibl.org

The World of Organic Agriculture 2011: Summary

HELGA WILLER1 Organic agricultural land and farms as well as the global market continued to grow in many countries during 2009.

According to the latest FiBL/IFOAM survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide (data as of end of 2009, see page 33), statistical information on organic agriculture is now available from 160 countries, an increase of six countries since the last survey. There are 37.2 million hectares of organic agricultural land (including in-conversion areas). The regions with the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania (12.2 million hectares), Europe (9.3 million hectares), and Latin America (8.6 million hectares). The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia, Argentina, and the United States.

Currently 0.9 percent of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agricultural land is organic. However, some countries reach far higher shares: Falkland Islands (35.7 percent), Liechtenstein (26.9 percent), and Austria (18.5 percent). Seven countries have more than ten percent organic land. Compared with the previous survey, organic land increased by two million hectares or six percent. Growth was strongest in Europe, where the area increased by almost one million hectares. The countries with the largest increases were Argentina, Turkey, and Spain. Apart from agricultural land, there are further organic areas, most of these being areas for wild collection. These areas constitute 41.9 million hectares and have increased by 10 million hectares since 2008.

1 Dr. Helga Willer, Communication, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse, 5070 Frick, Internet www.fibl.org

There were 1.8 million producers in 2009, an increase of 31 percent since 2008, mainly due to a large increase in India. Forty percent of the world’s organic producers are in Asia, followed by Africa (28 percent), and Latin America (16 percent). The countries with the most producers are India (677’257), Uganda (187’893), and Mexico (128’862). Almost two-thirds of the organic agricultural land of 37.2 million hectares in 2009 was grassland/grazing areas (23 million hectares).

With a total of at least 5.5 million hectares, arable land constitutes 15 percent of the organic agricultural land. An increase of 13.2 percent compared with 2008 was reported. Most of this category of land is used for cereals including rice (2.5 million hectares), followed by green fodder from arable land (1.8 million hectares), and vegetables (0.22 million hectares). Permanent crops account for approx imately six percent of the organic agricultural land, amounting to 2.4 million hectares. Compared with the previous survey, almost half a million hectares more were reported. The most important crops are coffee (with 0.54 million hectares reported, constituting one-fifth of the organic permanent cropland), followed by olives (0.49 million hectares), cocoa (0.26 million hectares), nuts (0.2 million hectares).

[

Organic Agriculture 2011: Key Indicators and Leading Countries

[ [ [ [ [ [ [

Australia (12 million ha Argentina (4.4 million ha), US (1.9 million ha)

Falkland Islands Liechtenstein 26.9 %), Austria (18.5 %)

Finland (7.8 million ha), Brazil (6.2 million ha ) Cameroon 16 H

India (677’257), Uganda (187’893) Mexico (128’826)

US (17.8 billion euros , Germany (5.8 billion France 3 b. euros)

) Japan, USA,

Germany: 98 affiliates United States: 45 affiliates India: 44 affiliates

Global market

According to Organic Monitor, the global market for organic food and drink is recovering from the re percussions of the economic crisis. Single-digitmarketgrowthwasobserved for the first time in 2009 because of the economic slowdown reducing industry investment and consumer spending power. Organic food and drink sales expanded by roughly five percent to 54.9 billion US dollars1 in 2009. Global revenues have increased over three-foldfrom18billionUSdollars in 2000 and double-digit growth rates were observed each year, except in 2009.

Africa there are slightly more than one million hectares of certified organic agricultural land. This constitutes about three percent of the world’s organic agricultural land. There were 500’000 producers reported. The countries with the most organic land are Uganda (226’954 hectares), Tunisia (167’302 hectares), and Ethiopia (122’727 hectares). The highest shares of organic land are in Sao Tome and Prince Sierra Leone (1.8 percent), and Uganda (1.7 percent). The majority of certified organic produce in Africa is destined for export markets; in Uganda the export value for organic products was 37 million US dollars in 2009/2010 (see article by Charity Namuwoza and Hedwig Tushemerirwe, page 117).

A The total organic agricultural area in Asia is nearly 3.6 million hectares. This constitutes ten percent of the world’s organic agricultural land. There were 731’315 producers reported. The leading countries by area are China (1.9 million hectares) and India (1.2 million hectares).

As of the end of 2009, 9.3 million hectares of agricultural land in Europeweremanagedorganicallyby morethan250’000farms.InEurope, 1.9 percent of the agricultural area, and in the European Union 4.7percentoftheagriculturalareais organic. Twenty-five percent of the world’s organic land is in Europe. Compared to 2008, organic land increased by nearly one million hectares. The countries with the

Timor-Leste has the most organic agricultural area as a proportion of total agricultural land (almost seven percent). The region hosts a wide range of organic sector development scenarios, from early development to highly regulated. Far from the marginal position it held previously, organic is now an accepted

r largest organic agricultural area are Spain (1.3 million hectares), Italy (1.1 million hectares) and Germany (0.95millionhectares).

i a concept and growing market trend in the region. Whilst export remains the dominant feature of sector development in the majority of developing countries in the region, local markets have emerged and are gaining ground. Primarily a market driven sect or, government policy is an emerging and significant sector.

o TherearefivecountriesnowinEurope with more than ten percent organicagriculturalland:Liechtenstein (26.9 percent), Austria (18.5 percent), Sweden (12.6), Switzerland (10.8 percent), and Estonia (10.5 percent). Sales of organic products were approximately 18’400 million eurosin2009.Themarketgrewat smaller rates than in previous years eventhoughsomecountries.

Although domestic market size is still relatively small, the high value and profile associated with organic has led to civil society (consumer) calls and governments’ interest to regulate the sector. Seven markets have implemented organic labeling regulations (i.e., China, India, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, and Malaysia).

like France and Sweden showed strong growth. The largest market for organic products in 2009 was Germany with a turnover of 5’800 million euros, followed by France (3’041 million euros) and the UK (2’065 million euros). As a portion of the total market share, the highest levels have been reached in Denmark

Latin America

North America

In Latin America, more than 280’000 producers managed 8.6 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2009. This constitutes 23 percent of the world’s organic land and 1.4 percent of the regions agricultural land.

percent), and Uruguay (6.3 percent). Most organic products from Latin American countries are sold on the European, North American or Japanese markets.

The leading countries are Argentina (4.4 million hectares), Brazil (1.8 million hectares), and Uruguay (930’965 hectares). The highest shares of organic agricultural land are in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas (35.7 percent), the Dominican Republic (8.3

In North America, almost 2.7 million hectares are managed organically, of these nearly two million in the United States and 0.7 million in Canada, representing approximately 0.7 percent of the total agricultural area in the region and 7 percent of the world’s organic agricultural land. US sales of organic products continued to grow during 2009 despite the distressed state of the economy. In fact, organic product sales in 2009 grew by 5.3 percent overall, to reach 26.6 billion US dollars.1 Of that figure, 24.8 billion US dollars represented organic

food or 3.7 percent of the food market. The remaining 1.8 billion were sales of organic non-foods.

Standards and regulations The year 2010 has been a year of consolidation in the field of standards and regulations.3 The new EU regulation on organic production as well as the Canadian organic standard have been implemented, and the details for Canada and the USâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first fully reciprocal agreement between regulated organic systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;have been clarified. Regulations in new countries have only been adopted in Malaysia, but a fair amount of countries especially in Africa are in the process of elaborating legislations on organic agriculture. According to the FiBL survey on organic rules and regulations, the number of countries with organic standards has increased to 74, and there are 27 countries that are in the process of drafting a legislation (see article by Huber et al.