Celebrate Gannon 2021

April 23, 2021 Engagement | Fine Arts | Healthcare | Research | Scholarship

Welcome from Dr. Iwanenko Today we celebrate the research, scholarship, engagement and fine arts collaborations between our students and our faculty and staff through our annual Celebrate Gannon event.

This year, we have combined our Erie campus and Ruskin campus celebrations to create academic continuity and share accomplishments with our whole Gannon Family from a distance.

Celebrate Gannon represents an incredible milestone for many of our students who have been diligently pursuing these scholarly and creative projects throughout the academic year, and it is a testament to the work of our faculty who teach, mentor and encourage them along the way.

Please join us in celebrating these incredible achievements as we Celebrate Gannon.

Thank you, and God bless.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Erie Undergraduate Engagement Poster Presentations

Page 2

Erie Graduate Engagement Poster Presentations

Page 12

Erie Undergraduate Research & Scholarship Poster Presentations

Page 16

Erie Undergraduate Research & Scholarship Platform Presentations

Page 94

Erie Graduate Research & Scholarship Poster Presentations

Page 99

Erie Graduate Research & Scholarship Platform Presentations

Page 115

Ruskin Graduate Research & Scholarship Poster Presentation

Page 118

Ruskin Graduate Research & Scholarship Platform Presentation

Page 125

Ruskin Graduate Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement Poster Presentation

Page 127

Ruskin Graduate Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement Platform Presentation

Page 131

The following categories are used to describe the area under which each presentation falls.

ERIE Research & Scholarship eligible projects could include research studies, case studies, and independent study projects completed with a mentor, the analysis of literature or scholarly texts, or scholarly exposition that is typical within a particular discipline.

Engagement projects share students’ significant learning in activities outside of the classroom, such as public service in and around Erie as well as service-learning trips. “Engagement” presentations must cite and make explicit connections to outside research that informed the student learning (i.e. Catholic Social Teaching, leadership theory, etc.).

Fine Arts projects are creative works in the written, visual and performance arts. Student presentations will be in the format of a platform presentation focused upon their inspiration, process, and product. Eligible projects could include course-related writing, visual, and performing arts (performance, design, and direction).

RUSKIN Research & Scholarship projects are based on academic inquiry in a discipline or among disciplines.

Eligible projects could include research studies, case studies, independent study projects completed with a mentor, the analysis of literature or scholarly texts, or scholarly exposition that is typical within a particular discipline.

Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement projects share students’ significant learning in activities outside of the classroom, such as public service in and around the community as well as service-learning trips. “Engagement” presentations must cite and make explicit connections to outside research that informed the student learning.

1

ERIE UNDERGRADUATE ENGAGEMENT POSTER PRESENTATION

2

Acid Mine Drainage Remediation at Big Run Site

Brad Nagy & Emily Poach Advisor: Varun Kasaraneni, Ph. D. Gannon University Department of Environmental Science & Engineering Erie, PA 16509 Site Photos

Abstract: Acid mine drainage is a major issue across the world but is especially detrimental within the Appalachian region encompassing western Pennsylvania. This project will look at revitalizing an acid mine drainage remediation site within Indiana County, PA. The proposed site already has a system in place consisting of a limestone bed, a stilling pond and a cattail pond. However, the system has not been as effective as is necessary within the removal of metals from the water for discharge into the local creek. An analysis of the current process will be completed in order to create a multistep system to meet Pennsylvania EPA standard removal of metals from the mine drainage. The newly implemented passive system will include multiple organic materials focused towards removal of heavy metals from the water while still utilizing the lime and vegetation currently in place.

One of the constraints for design is using natural and readily available materials. With this, the materials being considered for design have been narrowed down to mussel shells, activated carbon, and clays. By using a system of these materials, the removal of metal will exceed that of the current system.

Results: Important Metals in Solution

Figure 3. Stilling Pond

Figure 2. Lime Bed

Table 2. Important Metals in Water Solution

Introduction:

Project Statement: The focus of this project is to examine an existing acid mine drainage remediation site and to engineer a way to improve metal removal in the system through the use of different organic materials.

Goals: •Find a new material or apply an already discovered material(s) to reduce metals in acid mine drainage to proper EPA restricted levels.

•Improve upon already built acid mine drainage remediation site Objectives: •Find at least 3 different materials to test for cleaning acid mine drainage water •Take water and sediment samples from site •Analyze water samples for pH, alkalinity, sulfur, and metal concentrations •Analyze sediment samples for metal concentrations

Figure 4. Cattail Pond

Figure 5. Discharge Point

Methods: 1. Practice water sampling techniques

• 10 samples taken (2 at each sampling site) • Last 2 samples taken at point ~ ½ mile downstream of discharge point

2. Analyse water samples for pH

Background:

• Fisher Scientific Accumet portable pH meter model AP110

• Site originally constructed in mid 2000s

• Mine has not been actively used since

mid-20th

century

• Consists of 1 large lime bed, a stilling pond, a cattail pond, and a discharge point that flows into Big Run Creek

3. Analyse water samples for metal concentrations • 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions for each sample • 20% nitric acid

4. Analyse water samples for alkalinity • Titrations using methyl orange

mine site

Stilling pond

old lime tower→

discharge point→

Figure 1. Google Maps image of Big Run Creek Site

5. Analyse sediment samples for metal concentrations

• pH values range from 3.64 at mine drainage site to 5.8 at downstream point • Ineffectiveness of lime to raise pH means that metals cannot precipitate out of solution in an effective manner • Alkalinity values were found to be consistent with average alkalinity in the region.

• Soil samples were found to have been more concentrated in iron and aluminum than in water samples • Chosen metals to focus on removal from water are: Iron(Fe), Calcium (Ca), Aluminum (Al), Magnesium (Mg), and Sodium (NA)

Future: • Determine effectiveness in metal removal of chosen materials.

• Engineer a system plan to aid existing system in improving water quality

• Only able to get samples in stilling pond and downstream point due to high volume of algae and a lack of proper sampling equipment

• Acid digestion procedure

Acknowledgements:

6. Create mock AMD solutions at 2 pH’s (3.7 and 5.6) for testing

Gannon University Environmental Science & Engineering Department

7. Test activated carbon, bentonite, and mussel shells for metal adsorption through incubation and ICP analysis

Blackleggs Watershed Association

Title: Acid Mine Drainage Remediation at Big Run Site Abstract: This project will look at revitalizing an acid mine drainage remediation site within Indiana County, PA. The proposed site already has a system in place consisting of a limestone bed, a stilling pond and a cattail pond. However, the system has not been as effective as is necessary within the removal of metals from the water for discharge into the local creek. An analysis of the current process was completed in order to create a multi-step system to meet Pennsylvania EPA standard removal of metals from the mine drainage. The newly implemented passive system will include multiple organic materials focused towards removal of heavy metals from the water while still utilizing the lime and vegetation currently in place. The materials being considered for design have been narrowed down to mussel shells, activated carbon, and bentonite clay. By using a system of these materials, the removal of metal will exceed that of the current system.

Presenter(s): Emily Poach, Brad Nagy Sponsoring Department: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Project Mentor: Varun Kasaraneni

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

3

Ar t as the Business of Community

Natalee Stinebiser, Dr. Bruce Kibler, PhD. stinebis001@gannon.edu, kibler006@gannon.edu

Overview

Benchmark Cities

The Importance of the Arts

Humans naturally desire to engage in artistic expression in one form or another. This has been especially exemplified during the pandemic as lockdown mandates and closure of “non-essential” businesses have kept everyone indoors. Beyond ourselves, art has great influence over community and economic development. According to a joint study done by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the National Endowment for the Arts, the arts generate approximately $763.8 billion annually. It serves as the catalyst of civic pride, improves a city’s appeal, and attracts tourists and workers.

For this research, we analyzed ten benchmark cities around the United States, including: Allentown, PA; Boston, MA; Boulder, CO; Charlottesville, VA; Cleveland, OH; Columbus, OH; Delray Beach, FL; Ithaca, NY; Erie, PA; Philadelphia, PA. By benchmarking these cities through evaluating KPIs, we are able to understand how these communities have been successful and assist others who are looking to strengthen their arts culture and thereby strengthen community and the economy.

Even though we may not initially recognize it, the arts is the core of all of our systems and is intrinsically correlated with all that we do. It helps to nourish the minds of humans, promote civic pride and community engagement, and support economic development around the world. It is an essential aspect within our education system, business world, and society.

After evaluating these cities, we found that communities that are heavily arts-vibrant have a large presence of businesses and skilled workers, thereby supporting its population and economy. With that, the tourism industries within these locations blossomed as art organizations held events thereby attracting residents and non-residents within the city to spend money at the event and on other event-related activities (i.e., dinner, taxis, etc.).

Working with a local art studio, 1020 Collective, this research stretches across all three categories: fine arts, engagement, and research. This was done through the benchmarking of cities and analyzing the correlation between the arts and economic development. From this, strategic suggestions were formulated for 1020 Collective to increase its sphere of influence and measure positive outcomes.

As the French saying goes, “L’art pour l’art,” which translates to “Art for art’s sake”, a phrase coined in the early 19th century by the French philosopher Victor Cousin which expresses the philosophy that the intrinsic value of art, and that the only 'true' art, is divorced from any didactic, moral, political, or utilitarian function…this is where humans thrive as Kant, an 18th century German moral philosopher would also agree. The creativity which is derived when the mind is freed from the constraints of the supposedly known and expected is when we create new knowledge.

(SUM DataArts, 2020).

Community

Personal Development •

(Erie Arts & Culture, 2019).

•

•

National Findings •

According to the Arts and Economic Prosperity 5 published

by Americans for the Arts: •

•

•

• •

Art industries represent more than 4% of the United State’s GDP.

•

The arts generated a little more than $166 million in total direct expenditures.

4.6 million full-time equivalent jobs were created by the arts.

Nearly $28 billion was sent to the government by the arts.

Spending by art audiences sent over $102 billion to local businesses.

•

Access to and participation in the arts helps us to develop socially, mentally, and emotionally (Destination Erie, n.d.).

•

Creativity is an innate need for humans (Cook, 2020).

The arts allows us to escape the stress of the daily routine of life and connect to a world where anything is possible.

Participating in the arts allows individuals to be self-expressive, learn new skills, and promote health and well-being (Sung, 2015).

Studies have shown that engagement in the arts is essential for developing skills in critical thinking, problem solving, et cetera. Creativity fosters innovative minds, preparing students for future jobs in the workforce (Geisler, 2020).

Engagement with the arts improves participating in communities and performance in other subjects (Geisler, 2020).

•

•

•

•

The arts create and preserve place by activating both public and underutilized spaces while also creates opportunities for a community to come together (Destination Erie, n.d.).

The arts acts as an engine of community development and cohesion by encouraging civic engagement and community pride (SUM DataArts, 2020).

Investment in the arts is a cost-effective tool for communities that are looking to revitalize (Americans for the Arts, 2015).

When communities are very arts-vibrant, they become more attractive places to visit and live in (Americans for the Arts, 2015). With that, the arts help to make a city feel more safe and unified to its residents (SUM DataArts, 2019).

Having an active arts environment entices businesses and skilled workers to relocate within a community (Americans for the Arts, 2015).

Economy •

•

•

•

•

Both the non-profit cultural sector and for -profit creative sector are major contributors to the economy, through direct expenditures and indirect multipliers (Destination Erie, n.d.).

The arts does not only impact its own industry. It induces event-related spending by its audiences throughout many different sectors (Americans for the Arts, 2015).

Art organizations employ workers locally and support local businesses (Americans for the Arts, 2015).

The arts drives tourism, encouraging visitors to stay longer and spend more (Americans for the Arts, 2015).

Investment in the arts gives companies a competitive advantage as it diversifies the organization, strengthens employees’ skills, and improves the company’s bottom line (The pARTnership Movement, n.d.).

References Americans for the Arts. (2015). Arts & Economic Prosperity 5. Americans for the Arts. https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/ reports-and-data/research-studies-publications/arts-economic-prosperity-5 Americans for the Arts. (2015). The Economic Impact of Nonprofit Arts and Cultural Organizations and their Audience in Erie County, PA. Arts & Economic Prosperity 5. https://www.erieartsandculture.org/assets/pdfs/Research/c67eb32d61/ PA_ErieCounty_AEP5_OnePageSummary_FINAL.pdf Cook, S. (2020). The essential role of art has been exhibited during the COVID-19 shutdowns. Rice Kinder Institute for Urban Research. https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2020/06/18/essential-role-art-has-been-exhibited-during-covid-19-shutdowns Creative City Network of Canada. (2005). Arts and Positive Change in Communities. https://www.creativecity.ca/database/files/library arts_positive_change(1).pdf.

Destination Erie. (n.d.). Arts, Culture, & Recreation. Destination Erie. http://emerge2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/DE-Arts.pdf Downtown Ithaca. (2016). Downtown Ithaca Downtown Revitalization Initiative. Downtown Ithaca. https://www.ny.gov/sites/ny.gov/files/ atoms/files/Ithaca.pdf Geisler, J. (2020). Pandemic shows worth of fine arts education. Erie Times News. https://www.goerie.com/story/news/2020/10/18/pandemictakes-swipe-fine-arts-but-might-just-prove-its-worth/5871193002/’ Lopes, K. (n.d.). The results are in. The arts are good for society (and business). Americans for the Arts. https://www.americansforthearts.org/ blog-feed/the-results-are-in-the-arts-are-good-for-society-and-business#:~:text=The%20study%20shows%20that%20of,agreed% 20that%20the%20arts%20can Marrone, J., Resetar, S., & Schwam, D. (2020). The pandemic is a disaster for artists. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/07/ the-pandemic-is-a-disaster-for-artists.html National Endowment for the Arts. (2020). During Economic Highs and Laws, the Arts are Key Segment of U.S. Economy. National Endow ment for the Arts. https://www.arts.gov/about/news/2020/during-economic-highs-and-lows-arts-are-key-segment-us-economy Project for Public Spaces. (2008). How Art Economically Benefits Cities. Project for Public Spaces. https://www.pps.org/article/how-arteconomically-benefits-cities PwC (2017). 21st CEO Survey. PwC. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-survey/2018/pwc-ceo-survey-report-2018.pdf SMU DataArts. (2019). The Top 40 Most Arts-Vibrant Communities in the U.S. (2019). Arts Vibrancy Index. https://www.culturaldata.org/ pages/arts-vibrancy-index-2019/ SMU DataArts. (2020). The Top 40 Most Arts-Vibrant Communities in the U.S. (2020). Arts Vibrancy Index. https://culturaldata.org/artsvibrancy-2020/executive-summary/ The pARTnership Movement. (n.d.). 8 reasons to partner with the arts. The pARTnership Movement. https://www.partnershipmovement.org/8reasons-partner-arts

Title: Art as the Business of Community Abstract: Humans naturally desire to engage in artistic expression in one form or another. This has been especially exemplified during the pandemic as lockdown mandates and the closure of non-essential businesses have kept everyone indoors. Beyond ourselves, art has great influence over community and economic development. According to a joint study done by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the National Endowment for the Arts, the arts generate approximately $763.8 billion annually. It serves as the catalyst of civic pride, improves a city’s appeal, and attracts tourists and workers. Working with a local art studio, 1020 Collective, this research stretches across all three categories: fine arts, engagement, and research. This was done through the benchmarking of cities and analyzing the correlation between the arts and economic development. From this, strategic suggestions were formulated for 1020 Collective to increase its sphere of influence and measure positive outcomes.

Presenter(s): Natalee Stinebiser Sponsoring Department: Dahlkemper School of Business, Management Concentration Project Mentor: Bruce Kibler

4

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

Emma Oas oas002@gannon.edu Gregory Ford gford@beaconcommunitiesllc.com

Beacon Communities, LLC and the CSCGE-

Virtual Travel Program

Gannon University Public Health Department Mary Jean Taylor taylor035@gannon.edu

Abstract

Living Well By Design

The purpose of this service-learning project is to design and implement a Virtual Travel Program for identified residents of affordable housing units in which the program offers special attention to issues of social isolation and loneliness. These residential facilities, Richford Arms and Highpoint Towers, are operated by Beacon Communities, LLC, Boston, MA. In collaboration with the Center for Social Concerns and Global Exploration, we are looking to provide residents with the means to travel comfortably from their own home, alongside students, faculty and staff from Gannon University.

Work To Date

• Brainstorming • Logistics • Collaborations and Interdisciplinary Approach Gannon University

Focuses on maintaining strong communities and the well-being of the individuals who reside within their affordable housing units.

Erie, PA Residencies: 1

Richford Arms- 515 State St #1129 Erie, PA 16501

• Richford Arms (Left) • Highpoint Towers(Right) • MidCity Towers

ABST

T.R.A.V.E.L.

Resident Service Coordinators

Social Work Dept.

TechOwl

Angelica Ortiz

Dr. Parris Baker

Highpoint Towers- 2314 Sassafras St #2722 Erie, PA. 16502.

Beacon Communities, LLC

Public Health Dept

CSCGE

International Hispanic Association

The work of the Virtual Travel Program aims to target the factors that contribute to social decline in older adults within the affordable housing setting in efforts to increase the health and well-being of these too often marginalized individuals, especially in the presence of COVID-19.

Social determinants of health outline how specific environments affect health outcomes related to a wide range of contributing factors.2 In the affordable housing setting, there are multiple social determinants that have the capacity to give rise to health disparities within the population.

• Pair Gannon Students, Faculty, and Staff with residents from Richford Arms and Highpoint Towers • Alternative Break Service Trips (ABST) • Transforming Residents Abroad via Engaged Learning (T.R.A.V.E.L.) • Using virtual means to integrate, interact, and observe group travels dynamics both domestically and abroad • Building relationships • Cultural experiences • Students and Campus Colleagues • Local and Global Communities • Purposeful service, exploration, and action for the common good • Local service and community engagement opportunities • Advocacy and awareness building • Group service • Cultural Immersion

Age Education

Economic Stability

Access to Services

Needs Assessment/Interest Survey How often do you feel that you are no longer close to anyone?

How often do you feel isolated from others?

6

7

3

10 5

10

12

Never Sometimes

Rarely Always

Never Sometimes

7

Rarely Always

• Christmas Basket Fundraiser • Resident/Trip Match Ups

Research and Service–Learning Potential

Utilize survey data to determine the significance of changes in feelings of loneliness in older adults before and after the duration of the program.

Eventually can expand to additional Beacon Residencies and Universities to implement and collect data.

Built Environment

•

Understanding the impacts on not only older adults, but the students involved as well.

References 1The

"Loneliness Epidemic". Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration. https://www.hrsa.gov/enews/past-issues/2019/january-17/loneliness-epidemic.

Published January 10, 2019. Accessed March 26, 2021.

2Social

Determinants of Health. Social Determinants of Health | Healthy People 2020. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health.

Published October 8, 2020. Accessed March 26, 2021.

Title: Beacon Communities, LLC and CSCGE - Virtual Travel Program Abstract: The purpose of this service-learning project is to design and implement a virtual travel program for identified residents of affordable housing units in which the program offers special attention to issues of social isolation and loneliness. These Erie residential facilities, Richford Arms and Highpoint Towers, are operated by Beacon Communities, LLC, Boston, MA. In collaboration with the Center for Social Concerns and Global Exploration, we are looking to provide residents with the means to travel comfortably from their own home, alongside students, faculty, and staff from Gannon University.

Presenter(s): Emma Oas Sponsoring Department: Public Health Department Project Mentor: Gregory Ford

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

5

Designing Rear-Leg Prosthetics for a Dog Emily Schweitzer1,2, Julia Baumgarner1, Noah Cardella2 , Samantha Moretti1,2 , Dr. Scott Steinbrink1 1 Biomedical, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Gannon University 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Gannon University Abstract:

Development of the Prosthetic:

Boone is a special needs dog missing both of his rear legs. Currently, Boone utilizes a wheelchair for comfort and mobility and has tried to use a set of rear-leg prosthetics in the past. However, both of these solutions were ill-fitting and uncomfortable, and Boone abandoned the prosthetics completely.

A leg prosthetic has 3 main elements: a foot, a pylon, and a cup. For Boone’s safety and comfort, a harness was added. All of these elements are highlighted in figure 2. 3 prototypes were fitted and adjusted prior to finalization of the design. The details of each of the prototypes are shown below:

The Selected Design:

First Prototype: • Printed using Prusa fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers and polyactic acid (PLA) for cheap and effective prototyping.

• Pylon -Secured to the cup using a 5 mm screw -Octagonal and glued to foot • Cup -scaled up version of laser scans of Boone’s remaining nubs -lined with foam and a sock for Boone’s comfort.

• Harness -Connected to protrusions on the cup - Purchased from Walkin’ Pets The customers requested an additional solid piece be connected to the harness on Boone’s back to provide a more secure attachment between the harness and the cup.

Harness

Cup

Pylon

Foot and Tread

Figure 2: The first prototype with each component of the prosthetic identified.

Second & Third Prototypes:

Figure 1: Boone is missing both of his rear legs.

Goal: The goal of this project is to design a set of rear-leg prosthetics for Boone that are durable, safe and comfortable to wear in place of his wheelchair. Our prosthetics will be 3D printed to reduce the overall cost and weight of the prosthetic.

The second prototype was similar to the first except for the following changes: • Adjustable pylon to find the proper length for Boone’s height • A curved plate was placed on Boone’s back to accomplish the more secure attachment requested as seen in figure 3 A third prototype was used for the specific purpose of ensuring each of the cups fit Boone properly, which were recurring problems in the previous prototype. The straps in figure 3 were cut to the proper length to fit.

Figure 3: The back plate introduced in the second prototype.

The tread was printed using the Polyjet printer and was made out of agilus 30 resin. The foot was printed using PLA on the Prusa FDM printers.

The pylon was printed using a MarkForged Mark 2 printer with nylon inlaid with carbon fibers for enhanced strength.

The cup and the pylon could be printed from multiple materials and multiple printers. These materials vary in physical properties and printing costs. PLA printed using a Prusa FDM printer is the cheapest option and was similar to the cups and backplate used in the prototyping process. Resins from both the Form 2 and Form 3 stereolithography printers or the Polyjet Figure 4: A CAD printer could also be used drawing of the final to print these components design. to increase the smoothness of the surface finish and increase the flexibility of the cups and backplate.

Figure 5: The CAD drawing of the back plate.

Title: Designing Rear-Leg Prosthetics for a Dog Abstract: Boone is a special needs dog missing both of his rear legs. Currently, Boone utilizes a wheelchair for comfort and mobility and has tried to use a set of rear-leg prosthetics in the past. However, both of these solutions were ill-fitting and uncomfortable, and Boone abandoned the prosthetics completely. The goal of this project is to design a set of rear-leg prosthetics for Boone that are durable, safe and comfortable to wear in place of his wheelchair.

Presenter(s): Emily Schweitzer, Julia Baumgarner, Noah Cardella, Samantha Moretti Sponsoring Department: Department of Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Scott Steinbrink

6

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

Justin Johnson johnson187@gannon.edu Emily Muntean muntean001 @gannon.edu

Metanoia Retreat Change of Heart: Six Feet Apart Preparation and Formation

2 RETREATS

1. Leader formation – TRUST THE PROCESS

REFLECTION:

An 8 week long process that prepares former Metanoia participants to switch roles and take on the responsibilities of leading the retreat.

The student leaders seek to become a resource to the retreatants, serving as small group leaders and prayer leaders.

Metanoia is a great opportunity to take a weekend away in order to step out of the hectic college schedule. We try to provide a safe space for students to explore their personal lives and spirituality through both self and group reflection.

Servant leadership! The goal is to put aside personal expectations in order to build a retreat experience that best serves the participants.

Leaders are encouraged to be creative in the planning process to facilitate a unique experience, rather than attempt to duplicate their own retreat.

Student leaders invite participants to reflect upon important themes of student/daily life by sharing their own stories. Students are able to apply these themes to their own lives through small group discussion and individual reflection.

1/2 day retreat: Community building within the team is important to the process. This time includes team building activities, sharing a meal, an in-depth examination of the underlying philosophy and theology of the retreat framework, and of course, prayer.

Change of Heart

• Intentional word of mouth invitation • Leaders, previous participants, campus ministers • Why Metanoia video social media campaign • Posters hung throughout campus • Mass announcements and hosting hospitality after Masses

Six Feet Apart

Shared understanding of our

Our COVID plan involved testing

capacity to give and receive

students prior to the trip, daily

the gifts of love and

temperature checks, mask wearing,

acceptance, uniquely

eating in pods, daily paper wellness

connected to each student’s

2. Advertising

“Live The Fourth”

lived reality, leaving them

survey, regular sanitation, and limited physical contact.

with a call to action.

COMMUNITY:

Live The Fourth = the call to carry on the graces

received during the retreat and to maintain and strengthen the relationships and lessons of the retreat.

HOW? 1. Sacramentals (Medals and Shirts) 2. Personal commitment to the ongoing journey of “Metanoia” with community support 3. Metanoia Mondays 4. Monthly LT4 gatherings 5. Reconnect with Spotify playlist 6. Small group reunions 7. Becoming a leader

It is 4:24pm… and YOU ARE SO LOVED!!

Students are able to form deep, meaningful connections with a diverse group of students in the short span of one weekend.

This connection is fostered through small group discussions and a spirit of vulnerability. The student leaders make a point to create a comfortable and trusting environment among the group.

Title: Metanoia Retreat Change of Heart: Six Feet Apart Abstract: Metanoia is a student-led, weekend retreat offered through Campus Ministry that brings together a diverse group of Gannon students. Throughout the weekend, leaders presented talks and facilitated small group reflections that encouraged retreatants to take a deeper look at their lives within the context of faith and spirituality. Metanoia means “change of heart.” Members of this Metanoia family want to share what this transformational “change of heart” has meant for their lives and how they have lived it out back on campus. Students would like to share their experiences with the Gannon family.

Presenter(s): Justin Johnson Sponsoring Department: Campus Ministry Project Mentor: Emily Muntean

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

7

Por t.Flo: Making Online Por tfolios Simple for Students

Port.Flo Competitor Analysis

Port.Flo Project Abstract Many college students struggle to differentiate their job applications from thousands of others. The easiest solution is to provide a place to showcase all their accomplishments on an online portfolio. Port.Flo is a system created by four Computer and Information Systems students and one Entrepreneurship student. It’s designed to help a student create their own online portfolio on a simple platform, and in the easiest way possible – by just filling out a form. In order to keep the cost minimal for students, we aim to offer Port.Flo to colleges for them to provide to their students for free.

Port.Flo Revenue Estimate

Travis Newcamp Joo In Han Mary Kutschke Chemaar Barnes Jacob Mertz Port.Flo Technology Stack

Port.Flo Data Flow Diagram

Port.Flo Mission Statement To help colleges provide career assistance for every student through effective online portfolio creation and management.

Port.Flo Use Case Diagram

Port.Flo Website Homepage

Port.Flo Context Diagram

Port.Flo Entity Relationship Diagram

Title: Port.Flo: Making Online Portfolios Simple for Students Abstract: Many college students struggle to differentiate their job applications from thousands of others. The easiest solution is to provide a place to showcase all their accomplishments on an online portfolio. Port.Flo is a system created by four Computer and Information Systems students and one Entrepreneurship student. It is designed to help a student create their own online portfolio on a simple platform, and in the easiest way possible by just filling out a form. In order to keep the cost minimal for students, we aim to offer Port.Flo to colleges for them to provide to their students for free.

Presenter(s): Joo In Han, Travis Newcamp, Mary Kutschke, Chemaar Barnes, Jacob Mertz Sponsoring Department: Department of Computer and Information Science Project Mentor: Stephen Frezza

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

TPU Impact Protector

Joel Leise, Evan Mangan, Kasra Ghahremani leise002@gannon.edu mangan003@gannon.edu ghahrema001@gannon.edu Discussion

Background •

•

•

•

Materials and Methods

A common incident that occurs in many storage warehouses is the accidental impact of a forklift truck to storage rack columns resulting in unrepairable damage.

It is time consuming and costly to replace the entire storage rack after the impact of a single column. The purpose of utilizing the impact guard is to prevent deformation of the column upon the impact of the forklift tine.

The current design is based upon Dr. Michael’s solid rubber extruded RAMGuard

•

To model our design for the Impact Guard, we used Creo Parametric 3.0. There were two models that were chosen out of multiple designs. These two designs have identical exterior dimensions while the interiors have different geometries.

•

The internal geometry consists of walls that create cavities going through the length of the guard. To add more stiffness to the guard, there are cross-sections at different depths in each cavity, otherwise the cavities would be hollow all the way through. Where the walls are placed and what the shapes of the cavities are is what differentiates the two chosen designs.

•

These designs were imported to ANSYS where analysis could be done to find the resulting stiffness when a force acts on the guards, thus mimicking the impact of a forklift on the guard. To do this, the properties of TPU had to be applied to the model.

•

TPU has a Young’s Modulus of 1000 psi and a Poisson’s Ratio of 0.38. These properties were attained through a tensile test of a TPU specimen using the an Instron Machine.

•

The guard is to be molded from Thermoplastic Polyurethane. The new interior design and TPU provide a lighter and a more cost-effective guard compared with the prior design.

Results lb/in when a half inch displacement is applied to the outside of the guard. In ANSYS we applied a 0.5” displacement to various

Of the impact guard currently on the market, the majority are either made of rubber (RAMGuard) or a form of plastic. The material that we are using is an elastomer known as thermoplastic urethane, or TPU. Elastomers are ideal for our purposes because they are very effective in dissipating energy due to their high impact strength and elasticity, as well as being a cost-effective material. To make an effective guard we can develop an internal design for the guard to provide stiffness and impact deflection from a forklift collision.

Future Work •

The last step of this project is to prototype the current models for fit and stiffness testing. Corry Rubber is one of potential manufacturers taking steps toward molding the guard.

•

Will also make guards made here at Gannon. We are currently working on 3D printing molds for both guard designs

•

Once the molds have been printed, we can pour urethane into them giving us a fully functional guard

•

Down the road, there are two potential methods that can be used to increase stiffness.

•

One of the designs is intended to have a foam inserts into the front three cavities to improve the stiffness of the guard..

•

Another method we can use is to plug the cavities of the guard and the plugs themselves will be hollow. This will create pockets of air in each cavity that will act as air springs resulting in more stiffness.

Once a mold for the design has been made, we can use Plastic Injection Molding to manufacture the guard. TPU can be produced in a variety of customer determined colors including high visibility yellow

The main result we are looking for while using ANSYS is the stiffness at 0.5” displacement. The stiffness should be around 400

Goal

It is hard to tell when a forklift can cause unrepairable damage to a storage rack. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has no regulation for how fast forklifts can travel inside warehouses, but a general speed would range from 3 to 8 mph depending on whether there are pedestrians or not.2 We can derive from the results of our analysis that our guard should be able to withstand the impact of a forklift when it is traveling at a reasonable speed and only displaces the guard 0.5”. There are still steps we can take to alter the designs to improve the stiffness but as of now we moving forward with the current designs to make the prototypes.

places around the outside of the guard. The reaction force due to these displacements ranged from 100 lbs to 300 lbs with an average of 200 lbs. Using the formula k=F/x where F is the average force of 200 lbs and x is the displacement of 0.5”, the resulting k stiffness is 400 lb/in.

References

1. “Complete Guide on Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPU) $Neo(Document).Ready($Neo(Function () { $Neo('.StarAvg').Rating(); $Neo('.StarAvg').Rating('Select’, ‘3.5’); $Neo('.StarAvg').Rating('ReadOnly', True); }));” Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Material: Properties & Applications, Omnexus, omnexus.specialchem.com/selectionguide/thermoplastic-polyurethanes-tpu.

2. Gates, Mark. “6 Simple Ways to Make Your Forklifts Safer.”

Toyota Material Handling Northern California, Toyota, 27 June 2019, www.tmhnc.com/blog/forklift-safetyaccessories-and-oshacompliance#:~:text=The%20Material%20Handling%20Equipm ent%20Distributors,areas%20where%20pedestrians%20are%2 0present.

Title: TPU Impact Protector Abstract: The TPU Impact Protector Project was created in order to improve upon the design of a current storage rack protecting guard on the market, the RAMGuard designed by Dr. Michael. The purpose of the impact guard is to prevent the collision between forklift tines and storage rack columns in warehouses. In the event this collision took place, it would be required that the storage rack be replaced entirely, costing the responsible company both time and money. The RAMGuard is a solid rubber extruded guard that has proven to be effective in applicable settings. The goal of our guard is to improve upon or sustain the fundamental effectiveness and success of the RAMGuard, while being produced at a more profitable margin. This will be achieved by molding our guard out of thermoplastic urethane (TPU) and designing an internal geometry that replicates the stiffness and energy dissipation of the RAMGuard. Through repetitive design iteration, material testing, consulting, and prototype failure analysis, the TPU impact guard is on pace to be designed and tested by the beginning of May 2021.

Presenter(s): Joel Leise, Evan Mangan, Kasra Ghahremani Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Robert Michael

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

9

Underwater Exploration Vehicle

Kenleigh Dickinson, David Kuhar, Elizabeth Schumacher, Joshua Wolf Kuhar011@gannon.edu External Search

Introduction To explore underwater worlds, humans need specialized equipment to make the journey possible. This equipment usually requires significant resources and training. On top of this, the amount of time a person can spend under water is limited by the amount of oxygen they take with them.

Our goal is to create an unmanned underwater exploration vehicle that can last underwater longer than a human diver can. It will be able to explore shipwrecks 210 feet below the surface of Lake Erie, so that diving crews can scout out diving sites without having to go down to do so. This will allow divers to reduce the amount of time they have to spend underwater by reducing, or eliminating, dives to figure out where things are underwater. This will leave greater resources for exploring, studying, and cataloging the verified location of wrecks.

Customer Needs Assessment Table 1: Hierarchal Customer Needs List 1. Portable (0.10) 1.1 Easy to carry to boat or dock (0.05) 1.2 Light (0.05) 2. User-Friendly (0.70) 2.1 Movement is controlled (0.175) 2.2 Signal is reliable (0.175) 2.3 Able to recall sub (0.13125) 2.4 Camera provides clear view (0.0875) 2.5 Able to handle pressures up to 210 ft

Research was performed to find some benchmarks the design of our drone. The parameters analyzed were cost, diving depth, and camera capabilities. Digitalcameraworld.com organized a list of the top underwater drones for 2021, and three of them are shown below.

• • • • • • • • • • •

Concept Selection

Figure 2: 3D Modeled Prototype The body of the ROV is a PVC pipe, fitted with a threaded end cap for easy access to the rechargeable battery and electronics. The front end of the drone has a PVC cap with a clear plastic insert to provide the camera with a view. Each of the blushless motors is fitted with a 3D printed propeller, shown in yellow, and is mounted to the PVC pipe via 3D printed frames and propellers ducts, shown above in blue and green respectively.

Conclusion

To compete with these drones, our drone would have to have to be sold for $750. Our drone could have a less impressive camera display than the 1080p seen in the PowerVision drone, but it would be able to go deeper, approaching the dive depths of the other two drones.

Business Opportunity: In the market of underwater exploration vehicle many of the options on the market fall into two categories, a great product with a price tag of $1600 or a glorified pool toy that the average person could easily afford. For those who do not want to shell out over a grand for a functioning product our underwater exploration vehicle is here to suit this customer’s needs. Our product is expected to cost $600, in order to gain at least a 20% profit margin, the selling price must be around $750 dollars making our product the cheapest on the market with even more functionality than the cheapest high end ROV we researched in section 3.1. This means that as a long as the market is stable and continues to grow, we will have a strong product that can outlast its competitors in terms of price and functionality collectively.

3. Durable (0.20) 3.1 Easy maintenance (0.13) 3.2 Relatively maintenance-free (0.02) 3.3 Long battery life (0.025) 3.4 Reliably waterproof (0.025) C.1 Retails at $750

Target Specifications Applicable Constraints: Budget of $600 for construction Camera Live Stream Video Lights to illuminate environment 3D printed or premade parts on market Under 10 pounds Limited to 12 volt battery Must be waterproof Withstand a pressure of a depth of 210 ft Tether to recall vehicle Must have positive buoyancy as failsafe Sell for a market price of $750 to make 20% Profit

Figure 1: Electronic Component Layout The electronics for this drone utilizes the Ardupilot program, an open-source drone project. The required code is put onto a micro SD card that goes into the raspberry pi. The raspberry pi is connected to an autopilot board that controls the four motors via an electronic speed controller. The raspberry pi is controlled by a program on a laptop and an Xbox One controller. These two devices are connected via ethernet cable that acts as a tether for the drone. The user can navigate using the raspberry pi camera that is connected to the raspberry pi. The whole device is powered by a 12 volt battery.

It is important to the customer that the ROV is the highest preforming while also having the lowest cost possible. In order to keep the cost low, affordable components were sourced when necessary such as the raspberry pi, and brushless motors that cannot easily be produced by the team. However, components that were expensive to buy on the market but easily manufactured either by 3D printing or other means were designed and produced in house. By doing this we hope to make the Underwater Exploration Vehicle a top scoring product in terms of customer values.

Resources

Ardusub and the Ardupilot Project. Ardusub.com. http://www.ardusub.com/ Juniper, Alex. (2021, January 19th). The best underwater drones and ROVs in 2021. DigitalCameraWorld.com. https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/

Title: Underwater Exploration Vehicle Abstract: Our goal is to create an unmanned underwater exploration vehicle that can last underwater longer than a human diver can. It will be able to explore shipwrecks 210 feet below the surface of Lake Erie so that diving crews can scout out diving sites without having to go down to do so. This will allow divers to reduce the amount of time they have to spend underwater by reducing or eliminating dives to figure out where things are underwater. This will leave greater resources for exploring, studying, and cataloging the verified location of wrecks.

Presenter(s): Kenleigh Dickinson, David Kuhar, Elizabeth Schumacher, Joshua Wolf Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineer Project Mentor: Scott Steinbrink

10

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

DO MINH CUONG “ KURT” IDABOR CHIDERA LAURA ALSHILI ARAM

Wandr The Travelling App

ABSTRACT

DO006@GANNON.EDU IDABOR001@GANNON.EDU ALSHILI001@GANNON.EDU BACK-END DOCUMENTATION

FEATURES

The number of people travelling alone is on the rise and applications

The back end of the system includes a documentation page, detailing

such as TripAdvisor and Meetup compete to improve this experience.

definition, parameters and test environment of different types of data and

However, the need for solo travelers to meet people with other like-

API calls that developers can use to send/receive data from the system.

minds in events is not met. Wandr is created to meet this demand as a Mobile Application aimed at allowing people to join pre-existing events at a city, and to plan their own events with users connected through the App. Wandr allows users to find events through the filter of selected city, location type (Malls, Restaurants etc.), and other criteria (days and time to meet).

VISION STATEMENT Our vision is that the Wandr application will have the best multipurpose online travelling system in its field. This system will create a platform to connect travelers and tour guides together to experience an eventful vacation. The system will delight the Wandr app’s stakeholders by allowing them to look for interesting places at a certain location of their choosing, and plan or attend events available in that place.

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

The above diagrams show the process of one of our Key features- Joining an Event at a specific location. In this case, the user is interested in looking for someone to go grocery shopping with at Erie Pennsylvania . Figure 4 shows that once a location is specified, the user can filter his/her search on

ERD DIAGRAM

what they prefer. Currently, we have only two cities in our database – Tokyo and Erie and our users are able to make a search on those place to find out the places in the specified cities we have in our database.

FEATURES

USE CASE DIAGRAM

Fig. 1.

Fig.2

The system will allow our stakeholders to either start an event or join existing events planned in the selected place. Our users will be able to communicate with other users in the same event that they are

interested in attending and be able to create their own private group chat derived from the event group. With security as one of our biggest priorities, we will incorporate a registration form, a database management system, a secure chat room system and a secure internal network, the Wandr application can guarantee a safe, exciting and

Fig.7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

The above program shows the process of communicating with other users. In this case, the user has joined an event and want to meet with others planning to participate in the same event. User can chat with either individual user (Fig. 9) or in a group (Fig. 10) . Figure 11 shows that user can also create a new private group consist of any specific users from the event group. User can also look at a profile of self or any other users in a group as shown in Figure 8.

stress-free travel.

Title: Wandr: The Traveling App Abstract: The number of people travel alone is on the rise, and applications such as TripAdvisor and MeetUp compete to improve this experience. However, the need for solo travelers to join together with other like-minded individuals in events is not met. Wandr is created to meet this demand as a mobile application aimed at allowing people to join pre-existing events at a city, and to plan their own events with users connected through the app. Wandr allows users to find events through the filter of selected city, location type (malls, restaurants, etc.), and other criteria (days and time to meet).

Presenter(s): Minh Cuong Do, Chidera Idabor, Aram Alsihli Sponsoring Department: College Of Engineering and Business Project Mentor: Joshua Nwokeji

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Engagement

11

ERIE UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP POSTER PRESENTATION

12

6 Degrees of Freedom Flight Simulator 2

Kaden Conley , Connor Byers3,Mike Eckles1, Keefer Gregorie1, Dr. Xaioxu Ji2, Dr. Davide Piovesan2 Electrical Engineering1, Biomedical Engineering2, Industrial Engineering3

Background The main goal for the flight simulator is for STEM outreach for various ages of students. Our hope is that this project shows some of the possibilities in the STEM field. The simulator consists of the 6-DOF Stewart Platform, Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020 software, a virtual reality headset, custom made controls and a custom made seating area for the user. Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020 is a very realistic, flight simulation software that can be used with a virtual reality headset for a more immersive experience [1]. The custom made seating area needed to be made as safe and as comfortable as possible for the user while also making sure to provide ample storage space for the wiring for the simulator. One of the main end goals for this simulator is for it to be certified as a Basic Aviation Training Device (BATD) for flight training [2]. As long as certain criteria are met, our simulator could be certified and be a great example of one of the endless possibilities in the STEM field.

Materials

The Materials required for this project includes:

Discussion The main concern for the design of the platform was the safety of the user. To keep the user safe we needed to eliminate as much risk as possible.

To do this we carefully selected the material used on the platform as well as the apparatuses that the user would interact with. The design of the platform went through man changes until we reached the current design which we deemed the safest.

Future Works 

 Marketing for the School of Engineering  Basic Aviation Training Device (BATD)  Adapted into other vehicle simulators  Rehabilitation Device  Research on the body

 6-DOF Stewart Platform  Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020  Virtual Reality Headset  Computer  Custom-made Platform  Aluminum Sheet  Coverings for Wires  Seat  4-Point Harness  Custom-made Control System

The future works for this project Include:

References [1]“Flight Training With Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020.” Learn To Fly Melbourne | Professional Flight Training School, 18 Aug. 2020, learntofly.edu.au/flight-training-withmicrosoft-flight-simulator-2020/.

[2]“ FAA Approval of Aviation Training Devices and Their Use for Training and Experience.” Federal Aviation Administration, www.faa.gov/documentlibrary/media/ advisory_circular/ac_61-136a.pdf.

Title: 6 Degrees of Freedom Flight Simulator Abstract: As technology around us becomes increasingly more developed, the need for young students to enter into the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math raises significantly. The main goal of this proposal is to provide an interactive experience to show how STEM can be used to impact many people’s lives. This proposal involves the creation of an interactive Flight Simulator design with the use of Microsoft Flight Simulator software, and a six-degree-of-freedom Stewart Platform. On top of the platform, a chassis for the user must be created so that it is safe, easy to access, and comfortable for the user.

Presenter(s): Connor Byers, Kaden Conley Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Department Project Mentor: Xiaoxu Ji

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

13

A College Student’s Least Favorite Chore: The Writing Assignment

Introduction Writing assignments are one of the most common forms of assessments in modern day academia and have been in place for many decades of schooling. Since these assignments are such a staple in the development of academics, most people would assume that writing assignments are the most efficient way for a student to get their ideas across to the professor in a way that accurately reflects their knowledge and passion about a certain topic.

However, that is far from the case with writing assignments. This project explores the reasoning behind the dislike of writing assignments, the effects grading has on students, as well as different ways that the education system can combat this problem.

By examining studies of students from the classroom, it can be observed that assigning grades hinders passion in writing, it results in a lack of motivation and creativity in academic writing.

Significance Research in topics such as this are very important because they affect so much more than students’ attitudes toward their education. The biases that students form on graded assignments and the grading system in general are rooted in a deeper problem of how society values the importance of letter grades and how that plays into what is labeled “success” within society.

By understanding these biases and combatting the problem starting at a young age, students will no longer form those biases, have a better relationship with their peers and educators which will give them a better education in turn, and provide them with a gateway to a better future.

Methods In order to gather this information, many different scholarly journals and articles were researched and the information was synthesized in a manner that groups together different author’s ideas and tactics that prove to be beneficial in terms of the topic and questions at hand. This method of research lays a foundation for primary research to be built upon, and provides a good sense of the problem at hand as well as multiple ways it can be solved.

Why Do Students Dislike Writing?

Findings

Driven by the desire to get a good grade, students see writing as conforming rather than something to have creativity, passion, and genuine interest in.

• Most of the writing done in schools are mandatory writing assignments about a specific topic, so students are taught that writing is not about creativity or passion, but rather just about reporting on the topics at hand in a timely manner in order to get a good grade. (Applebee et al., 2013) • Students feel as though they have to match their ideas to that of their professor’s, because an environment is often created where a student feels that if they do not match the professors ideas, the differing opinion will taint the paper, and the student will receive a lower grade because of it. (Applebee et al., 2013) • Since the passion is taken out of writing assignments, students have no motivation to do said assignments because they no longer have a genuine interest in the topics at hand, and they are no longer able to implement their own ideas and thoughts. (Kohn, 2013)

Hannah Peck

peck017@gannon.edu

Solutions In an ideal world, the education system would focus on teaching beneficial developmental skills in order to help kids succeed in life without the pressure of assessment, but it is unrealistic that success is not measured by some form of assessment. Researchers acknowledge that getting rid of grades completely may be disadvantageous because it might not adequately prepare students for college and the real world.

Each of the scholarly authors provided an alternative solution to combat the issue of grading in the academic system.

Testing progress but not reporting on said measurements is beneficial because students can grow and learn without the pressure. (Kohn, 2013) Another tactic is to include creativity into assignments. Allowing students to put their ideas and passions on paper will bring back motivation for writing assignments. (Sullivan, 2016) Implementing more feedback-based grading systems will help bridge the divide between students and teachers, allowing students to learn from their mistakes and improve on their writing skills. (Quinn, 2011) •

•

What Issues Within the Grading System Contribute to This Dislike?

Standardized tests and their inaccuracy, lack of focus on feedback, and narrow field of tested skills all result in students focusing on the grade alone, rather than what they are learning.

• Schooling systems are centered around standardized tests, which, in turn, leaves no room in the yearly curriculum for teachers to teach other core ideas that help to develop a student’s creativity because they are so busy preparing students to take these standardized tests so they will “succeed” in the eye of the academic system. The fact that the modern curriculum is entirely based on the timeline that the standardized tests set in order to help the students pass these exams means that the education system values passing grades rather than creativity and other developing factors within a student’s education. (Applebee et al., 2013) • Although these standardized tests are important, producing more grades and data will only teach students that the purpose of school is more to receive grades rather than learn information and develop skills. (Applebee et al., 2013) • Achievement tests are used to measure the traits required for success in school or life, but they do not always accurately represent a child’s knowledge because of the multitude of factors that could be affecting a child’s performance (ex: family issues, attention disorders, test taking skills).

(Washor 2018) • The type of grading that is used by teachers gives the students little to no feedback, so students don’t know if they are improving or how they can fix their mistakes, so assignments are no longer about growing and expanding. (Quinn, 2011) • Schools are too focused on certifying students with an academic career or some other accomplishment, but this ignores the vast amounts of learning that people do outside of school. (Washor, 2018) • Testing to assess skills out of the classroom are unattainable so they cannot see the true potential of students. (Washor, 2018) • Kids might never unlock their true potential because they get discouraged by low test grades because they aren’t built for that type of schooling. For example: children who excel in the trades type of field have a higher drop out rate because they don’t have available resources at school to develop their skills. (Washor 2018) • Classroom is not a democratic setting and students feel as though they cannot steer away from the professor’s opinion for fear of a lower grade (Sasson, 2014)

How Does Grading Impact Students?

Creativity is necessary in the natural world, and humans thrive on creativity, but it is being hindered in the world of academia. (Sullivan, 2016) • What students do and don’t do in the classroom shapes the physical structure of their brains by strengthening neural pathways. (Sullivan, 2016) • The type of creativity used in the classroom shapes the way people think about the world and solve problems. (Sullivan, 2016) Students are trained to perform only for those grades, and they lose the motivation to produce original thoughts. (Kohn, 2013) • Assigning grades takes the motivation out of the assignments for students, because they need to spend their time most efficiently, so they pick a way to do the assignment with the least amount of work. (Kohn, 2013) • Assigning grades makes the assignments more about the success of it than actually learning the information and expressing ideas. (Kohn, 2013) • Kids are taught to reproduce and repeat preexisting knowledge about a certain topic rather than adding their own thoughts and opinions. (Sullivan, 2016) Grades can create a barrier between a teacher and their students. (Sasson, 2014) • Grades become the sole focus of students and sometimes the parents due to pressure about college. (Quinn, 2011) • Students are sometimes unaware of their attachment to their grades. (Sasson, 2014)

•

These examples, and many others, will help to solve the issue of the grading system within the modern academic system.

Conclusion After researching the extent of the problem of grading within the education system, the next step in my research is the primary research. In order to further enhance the factual information given by scholarly studies, the use of primary research will give a raw perspective of what going through the education system with these grading biases is like for students on a present day college campus.

This primary research will involve interviews conducted on Gannon University’s campus with current students about their views and opinions on this issue, as well as their input on how the education system can help combat the problem of the bias that students have against assignments due to the lack of passion and creativity.

References Applebee, A. N., Langer, J. A., & Wilcox, K. C. (2013). In writing instruction that works: proven methods for middle and high school classrooms. (pp. 16–20). essay, Teachers College, Columbia University.

Borghans, L., Golsteyn, B. B., Heckman, J. J., & Humphries, J. E. (2016). What grades and achievement tests measure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(47), 13354–13359. doi: 10.1073/1601135113 Inoue, A. B. (2019). Problematizing Grading and the White Habitus of the Writing Classroom. In D. Donahue (Ed.), Labor based grading contracts: Building equity and inclusion in the compassionate writing classroom (pp. 21–48). WAC Clearinghouse.

Kohn, A. (2013). The case against grades. Counterpoints, 451, 143–153.

Quinn, T. (2011). A crash course on giving grades. Phi Delta Kappan, 93(4), 57–59. doi:10.1177/003172171109300414 Sasson, V. R. (2014). Roundtable on pedagogy: Power in the classroom: A rejoinder. Journal of American Academy of Religion, 82(2), 365–370. doi:10.1093jaarellfu009 Sullivan, P. (2015). The unEssay: Making room for creativity in the composition classroom. College Composition and Communication, 67, 6–34.

Washor, E. (2018). A wider version of learning. The Phi Delta Kappan, 99(7), 67–7

Title: A College Student’s Least Favorite Chore: The Writing Assignment Abstract: Although college requires a variety of writing courses, students struggle putting passion into their writing assignments for fear of retaliation. Students can receive lower grades for differing opinions than the professor, teaching them to cater their papers to what the professor wants to hear rather than their true ideas. Hindering passion in academia is detrimental to education. In this paper, I use primary research conducted on a present-day college campus coupled with research from published scholars to better understand of why students substitute passion for a passing grade, and what the education system can change to combat this issue.

Presenter(s): Hannah Peck Sponsoring Department: English Department Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

14

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

A Computational Study of the Reaction of Ferulic Acid with the Hydroperoxy Free Radical

Advisor: Timothy Laher

Tyler Mattocks

LAHER001@gannon.edu

mattocks008@gannon.edu Figure 2: Figure 2 shows

2a.

2b.

values for site 1 and 3 attack throughout the process. Site 2 is not represented due to the lack of information for it.

the three transition states that we researched. 2a shows the attack of the hydroperoxy free radical on the phenol group, 2b shows the attack on the hydrogen from the carboxylic acid tail, and 2c shows the attack on the carbon involved in the double bond.

2c.

145

molecules of our research.

Figure 1a is the ferulic acid molecule, and Figure 1b is the hydroperoxy free radical.

130 125Start 120

126 TS

124 122 120 118 116

Start

At various times, molecules would want to kick away from the compound, and we would have to correct the problem and freeze the molecules to proceed.

Products Location 1

structures of the final products. 3a shows the first reaction site, 3b is the second site, and 3c shows the third reaction site

Starting Materials

• Hartree Fock 6-31 G*: Start with this to get a basis set for the d orbitals of heavier atoms.

• Hartree Fock 6-31G**: Much like the 6-31G*, this basis set is used to establish a basis set of the heavier atoms and a p orbital for the hydrogens.

• wB97X-D Density Functional: This is a basis density functional calculation that allows us to map out the electron density.

• M11 Density Functional: The M11 will build on the wB97X-D to show more accuracy due to it being a long-range-corrected hybrid meta-GGA which is supposed to work well on transition states.

• M11 Density Functional with IR: This is the same as the calculation above, but it should give us an imaginary point to help us determine the accuracy.

Location 1

130

112 Location 3

Location 3

Figure 5: The graph in figure 4 represents the enthalpy values for site 1 and 3 attack throughout the process. Site 2 is not represented due to the lack of information for it.

Symbols Key

White: Hydrogen Red: Oxygen Grey: Carbon 3b.)

Conclusion

3c.)

Table 1: Thermodynamic variables of the starting molecules obtained after the M11 density functional calculation

Methods

Products

115

128

Figure 3: Figures 3a-3c represent the

3a.)

1b.

TS

135

114

Figure 1: Starting

Figure 4: Total enthalpy over time of reaction

140

Figure 5: Entropy over the Reaction Total Entropy (cal/mol*K)

Starting Products

1a.

Figure 4: The graph in figure 4 represents the enthalpy

Transition States

Ferulic acid is one of several antioxidants found in grapes that has potential health benefits including eliminating harmful free radicals. The exact mechanism how ferulic acid accomplishes this antioxidant activity is to be determined. Using Spartan software, various possible sites within the ferulic acid molecular structure were evaluated to find the most likely site of reaction between the hydroperoxyl free radical and ferulic acid. An advanced density functional computational algorithm was used to determine the energies of the reactants, the various possible transition states, and the products. From these energy values the most likely reaction mechanism acid can be deduced.

Total Enthalpy (Kcal/mol)

Abstract

Total Enthalpy (Kcal/mol)

Total Entropy (cal/mol*K)

Gibbs Free Energy (Kcal/mol)

Ferulic Acid

127.421

117.445

92.405

Hydroperoxy Free Radical

11.550

53.248

-4.326

Table 2: Thermodynamic Variables of the transition states, values were obtained after a M11 density functional calculation.

Transition States

Total Enthalpy (Kcal/mol)

Total Entropy (cal/mol*K)

Gibbs Free Energy (Kcal/mol)

Transition State 1

139.183

128.211

100.957

Transition State 2

Research in Progress

Research in Progress

Research in Progress

Transition State 3

138.567

125.958

101.006

Table 3: Values for the Final Products, including the enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs Free energy, and the change in Gibbs free energy from the starting molecule to the final product.

Final Products

Total Enthalpy (Kcal/mol)

Total Entropy (cal/mol*K)

Gibbs Free Energy

ΔG

Product 1

117.985

114.510

83.844

-8.561

Product 2

117.637

114.431

83.519

-8.886

Product 3

124.325

114.806

90.096

2.209

At this time, we cannot come to a certain conclusion as we do not have data for the transition state of the second site of attack. From the information that we have, we can make a theory as to which one would be the most and least stable.

As seen in table 3, and in figure 4, the total enthalpy for the product three is higher than both product 1 and 2. Also, the total change in Gibbs Free Energy is not as high, which leads to the conclusion that site three is the least stable and therefore least favorable of the three possible sites. Without knowing the energy needed to overcome the transition state in addition two, it is hard to determine whether the phenol site (site 1) or the carboxylic site (site 2) is most favorable.

After receiving this information, we would be able to draw a better conclusion.

Software Used and References The molecules and calculations were performed using Spartan software.

Irikura K. K. ”Computational Thermochemistry: Prediction and Estimation of Molecular Thermodynamics.” (ACS Symposium Series 677). American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. 1998. Accessed from https://cccbdb.nist.gov/glossary.asp#MBS

Title: A Computational Study of the Reaction of Ferulic Acid with the Hydroperoxy Free Radical Abstract: Ferulic acid is one of several antioxidants found in grapes that has potential health benefits including eliminating harmful free radicals. The exact mechanism how ferulic acid accomplishes this antioxidant activity is to be determined. Using Spartan software, various possible sites within the ferulic acid molecular structure were evaluated to find the most likely site of reaction between the hydroperoxyl free radical and ferulic acid. An advanced density functional computational algorithm was used to determine the energies of the reactants, the various possible transition states, and the products. From these energy values the most likely reaction mechanism acid can be deduced.

Presenter(s): Tyler Mattocks Sponsoring Department: Chemistry Project Mentor: Timothy Laher

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

15

Agricultural Land Use and Impaired Waterways

Advisor: Christopher Magno magno001@gannon.edu

Katie Dybowski dybowski002@gannon.edu Abstract Previous studies suggest that pollutants and waste water from agricultural industries are the leading cause of change in water quality. As a result of agricultural runoff, the health of waterways are being impaired. Using ArcGIS, the research maps the locations of impaired waterways, primarily streams, in Pennsylvania and examines how they correlate with the locations of agriculturally cultivated land. The research examines the intersection between these streams and agricultural land areas.

Conclusion and Recommendations After mapping this data, it became relevant that although agriculture tends to congregate in certain areas more than others, agriculturally impaired streams tend to spread farther than the agricultural areas. The areas with the most agriculturally impaired streams tend to be the same areas with the most impaired streams by all sources showing that agriculture is a large contributor to impairing Pennsylvania streams. Waterways are effected by many factors but by changing the practices of farming that tend to pollute our waters. we can reduce the amount of pollutants entering our waterways because they tend to be difficult to extract once they enter the waters.

Map 1 Map 1 illustrates how much of Pennsylvania is agriculturally cultivated as well as showing the areas of Pennsylvania that are cultivated by other aspects of life such as urban commercial, non Ag related land use, etc. Cities are shown as a reference of location.

Map 2

References Agriculture cultivated areas. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://hub.arcgis.com/datasets/27914c55e0af4d7c94c38fe05c2d9e80_0 Data summary. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.pasda.psu.edu/uci/DataSummary.aspx?dataset=1670 Dep, P. (n.d.). 2018 pennsylvania INTEGRATED water quality monitoring and assessment report. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https:// gis.dep.pa.gov/2018_integrated_report/index.html

Map 3

Map 2 shows the amount of farm easements in Pennsylvania by county with Berks and Lancaster counties showing the heaviest congregation of farm land. Map 3 shows the plots of land of the farm easements throughout Pennsylvania. This shows a more accurate representation of the locations of farmland in the state of Pennsylvania. The majority of farm easements in Pennsylvania tends to gather in the southeast area of the state.

Map 4 Map 4 Illustrates the streams in Pennsylvania that are impaired by agricultural sources. The map shows different types of agricultural practices and agriculture in general in order to visualize the certain practices that impaired that certain stream or streams.

Map 5

Map 6

Map 5 illustrates the amount of Pennsylvania streams that are impaired by the source of Agriculture based on county, with Lancaster and Chester county having the largest congregation of Agriculturally impaired streams. Map 6 however, shows the amount of impaired streams in Pennsylvania by all sources of impairment, also categorized by county. There is a relationship between the southeast area of Pennsylvania having a larger number of impaired streams (Map 6) , agriculturally impaired streams (Map 5), and farm easements (Maps 2 & 3).

Title: Agricultural Land Use and Impaired Waterways Abstract: Previous studies suggest that pollutants and wastewater from agricultural industries are the leading cause of change in water quality. As a result of agricultural runoff, the health of waterways are being impaired. Using ArcGIS, the research maps the locations of impaired waterways in Pennsylvania and examines how they correlate with the locations of agriculturally cultivated land.

The research examines the intersection between waterways and agricultural land areas.

Presenter(s): Katie Dybowski Sponsoring Department: Environmental Science and Engineering Project Mentor: Chris Magno

16

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Airborne Fungal Spore Dispersion across Presque Isle Bay

Isaac Buterbaugh, Allison Walbridge, Alex Schroeck, Gary Vanderlaan, and Matthew D. Gacura.

Contact: gacura001@gannon.edu

Biology Department, Gannon University, Erie Pennsylvania 16541 Introduction • Many fungal species are prolific spore producers.

• Some of the ways spores are dispersed include water, insects, and wind.

• Viable fungal air spora can travel at long distances which can account for the same fungal species in different land types.

• Wind is a very important factor in air spora transportation and Lake Erie often has strong winds over the bay area.

• We will be addressing the limitations of wind distribution for spores produced on Presque Isle State Park from various fungal species.

• Spore distribution across PI Bay will be tested by collecting viable spores at corresponding locations.

• We hypothesize that C1 and C2 will have the most similar morphologies due to the shortest distance between plates. Conversely, B1 and B2 are expected to have the least similar fungal morphologies because they Figure 1. Fungal species releasing are the farthest apart. spores (Utah State University).

Figure 2. The bay between Presque Isle and Erie, PA’s north shore

Morphotype Descriptions and Occurrences Table 1. Average number of colonies and diversity of morphotypes per sample plate. TNTC = Too Numerous to Count. N = 3.

Site

Average Conlony Counts

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

48.67 TNTC 73.33 27.33 18.33 7.67

Average Diversity of Colony Morphology 4.67 8 7.33 7.67 9.33 3.67

• For each of the 3 plates at each site, the number of colonies was counted as well as the number of different types of morphologies (table 3).

• We then took averages between the two data sets for each of the 3 plates to summarize the data for each site.

• We found that sites A2 and B1 had the largest number of colonies and plates A2 and C1 were the most diverse based on morphologies (table 3).

• There was no obvious correlation between the distance across the bay and the number of colonies and diversity of fungal species .

Table 2. Most common morphotypes, their description, and their occurrence.

Morphotype 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 4. Sampling sites used in this study. Sites A1 and A2 are separated by 500m. Sites B1 and B2 are separated by 2500m. Sites C1 and C2 are separated by 150m. Image taken from Google Earth.

Results of Aerobiome Plate after Incubation

Methods • In order to test what fungal spores were traveling across the we had 3 sites on both PI and the Erie shore (figure 3 and 4).

• A1, B1, and C1 were located on PI. A2, B2, and C2 were located on the Erie Shore (figure 4).

• The sites were chosen so that each set were directly across the bay, this gives us a direct flight line from PI to Erie shore.

• We used 3 Potato Dextrose Agar plates at each site that were exposed for 10 minutes. We had the plates set on a box with a test tube rack to support it from falling over.

• We decided that setting the plates at an angle will capture more spores in a shorter amount of time than laying flat on the ground.

• Plates were also faced into the wind to increase the amount of spores that were captured.

• We determined that 10 minutes was the maximum time we could leave the plates exposed and still accurately take inventory of the results without receiving too much growth on the plate.

• To take inventory of the colonies that grew and the diversity among the colonies, we counted the colonies and document the different morphotypes that grew.

• We took an initial inventory on 3-10-21, 4 days after exposure. A second inventory was taken on 3-15-21, 9 days after exposure.

• We chose to do 2 inventories due to the chance that different morphotypes could develop given more time to grow.

Presque Isle and North Erie Shore

Figure 5.1. A1 & A2 site plates

Figure 5.2. B1 & B2 site plates

Description Green and white filamentus surface, black base Filamentus white/yellow surface, red base, large colony (unique to C) Tiny yellow, smooth/shiny round Tiny orange round colonies, sh iny/round Yellow medium sized, rhizoid (unique to B) Brown base, yellow/green filamentus surface, large colony (unique to C)

• As see in table 2, the plates from sites B and C, the most abundant morphotypes were described and counted for each plate. Morphotypes 1 and 3 were found on almost all of the C and B plates .

• There were two morphotypes, 2 and 6, that were seen only on C plates, but across both sites.

• There was also one morphotype, 5, that was unique to B, but across both sites.

• This data could indicate a relationship between fungal dispersion directly across the bay.

Conclusions and Future work

• Based on the morphological data, we saw a pattern that plates from C1 and C2 had the most related species that were unique to the C sites. This data indicates that the shortest distance traveled by spores had the most similar morphotypes compared to sites A1 and A2 or B1 and B2.

• While no clear patterns could be observed for dispersal, this experiment demonstrated that is large amount of spores in the air of both Presque isle and surrounding areas. Not only this, but the large amount of colony morphotypes shows that these spores originate from a diverse array of fungi.

• One issue that arouse was that plates from site A were too speciose to count compared to the plates at the other sites. It is unknown why this occurred, but it could be due to the more forested environment found at 9.this location.of In to prevent this in(B)the future, we could Figure Concentration soilorder phosphorus (A) and potassium against years organic.

Soilthe depth is indicated by color, to 0 cmspores - 15 cm =orange 15 cm – 30 cm = blue). longer after reduce the amount of time agar is exposed and letandthe plates incubate spore collection.

• Using this technique that we developed during the experiment, we would like to expand this into the upper levels of the atmosphere. As a team we have thought of using a drone or possible an airplane in order to collect fungal samples from higher parts in the air column. Higher altitudes and changes in temperature can account for airborne spore variety across the different altitudes.

• Increasing the distance was also another possible way to expand this project. Using larger bodies of water or open areas so that we can see if air spora have the ability to send spores over very large distances or if they are limited to smaller distances.

• We will also be expanding this spore collection technique in forested and farmland areas in order to compare the species from each. This experiment could determine the environmental effects of farm fungicide use .

• In addition the use of molecular techniques (polymerase chain reaction and sequencing) for determining microbial species composition may be a more accurate means to investigate these communities.

Acknowledgements

Figure 5.3. C1 & C2 site plates Figures 3 Sampling set up

Plate (colony count) C1₁ (9); C1₂(3); C1₃(5); C2₂(1); C2₃(1); B1₁ (5); B1₂(1); B2₁(2); B2₂(4); B2₃(2) C1₁ (1); C1₃(1); C2₂(1); C2₃(2) C1₁ (1); C1₂(2); C1₃(2); C2₁(2) C2₂(1); B1₁ (3); B1₂(4); B1₃(3) B2₁(5); B2₂(2); B2₃(2) C1₃(4); C2₁(2) C2₂(1); B1₁ (6); B1₂(4); B2₁(3); B2₂(6); B2₃(3) B1₂(1); B2₁(2); B2₃(2) C1₂(1); C2₁(1); C2₂(1);

• •

Funding was provided by the Gannon University, Department of Biological Sciences.

Utah State University. (n.d.). Dispersal. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/dispersal

Title: Airborne Fungal Spore Dispersion across Presque Isle Bay Abstract: Many fungal species are prolific spore producers that depend upon various dispersal mechanisms. Some of the ways spores are dispersed include water, insects, and wind. Viable fungal air spora can travel at long distances which can account for the same fungal species in different land types. Wind is a very important factor in air spora transportation and Lake Erie often has strong winds over the bay area. We will be addressing the limitations of wind distribution for spores produced on Presque Isle State Park from various fungal species. Spore distribution across PI Bay will be tested by collecting viable spores at corresponding locations. We hypothesize that C1 and C2 will have the most similar morphologies due to the shortest distance between plates. Conversely, B1 and B2 are expected to have the least similar fungal morphologies because they are the farthest apart.

Presenter(s): Isaac Buterbaugh, Allison Walbridge, Alex Schroeck Sponsoring Department: Biology Department Project Mentor: Matthew Gacura

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

17

An Analysis of Perceived Efficacity: The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and the Development of False Memories Introduction Many, if not most, people are prone to developing false memories (Scoboria et al., 2017), but are more efficacious individuals less susceptible? College students especially take pride in their impressive memory capability when it comes to preparing for exams, and those who demonstrate high selfefficacy tend to perform well on tasks of a cognitive nature (Bouffard-Bouchard, 1990). However, on some tasks, selfefficacy and corresponding beliefs about personal memory recollection have the ability to either enhance or hinder performance, depending on the individual (Bandura, 1989).

Because of conflicting evidence regarding the nature of selfefficacy and memory-related cognitive tasks, the purpose of this study is to further examine the relationship between college students’ self-efficacy and performance on an image identification test with the ability to prime false memories.

Unlike previous research, the current study will experimentally manipulate self-efficacy via randomly assigned feedback.

Results A one-way between-subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare the difference in self-efficacy pretest and posttest scores for all three groups: positive feedback, negative feedback, and no feedback regarding performance on an image identification test. Because of the large p-value, this data was statistically insignificant, F(2, 47) = 0.211, p = 0.81.

To ascertain whether high baseline self-efficacy correlates with higher scores on the image identification test (showing a reduced tendency to develop false memories), a Pearson’s correlation was run between pretest self-efficacy scores and number of images correctly identified. These data were found to be statistically insignificant due to the high p-value and relatively low Pearson’s r, which leans towards a slight negative correlation, r(48) = -0.14, p = 0.3338. Other Pearson’s correlations were also run to compare subjects’ average familiarity and average confidence to both the number of images correctly identified in their “Household Item Familiarity Quiz” and to the difference between their pretest and posttest selfefficacy scores. Gender of subjects was analyzed for these variables as well using a one-way between-subjects ANOVA. However, these results were also insignificant.

Olivia Kelly kelly058@gannon.edu

Discussion This study examined two basic questions: what is the relationship between self-efficacy and performance on a false-memory test, and what role does feedback play in self-efficacy? It was found that subjects with higher self-efficacy performed equally as well on an image identification test as subjects with lower scores of selfefficacy. As such, they were equally likely to develop false memories.

Interestingly, no calculated correlations were significant. This demonstrates that self-efficacy, confidence, familiarity, and gender are not reliable predictors of performance on an image identification test based on memory.

Even with no statistically significant analyses, real-world implications of this study are vast. Generally, one may assume that people with more confidence in their abilities would outperform people with less self-efficacy, but the study findings imply that everyone is equally likely to fall victim to false memory development.

Methods Participants The survey was completed by 50 participants (36 females).

The average age was 19. Participants were recruited from Introduction to Psychology courses.

Materials and Procedure The procedure was as follows: 1. Subjects completed an online informed consent form.

2. Subjects completed optional demographics questions (e.g., age, sex, gender).

3. Subjects completed an 8-question “New General Self-Efficacy Scale” pretest (Chen et al., 2001).

4. Subjects completed a “Household Item Familiarity Quiz” assessing their ability to correctly identify an image out of two possible options (repeating with 20 images). Confidence of each choice and familiarity with each image was also indicated.

5. Subjects were randomly assigned feedback on their image identification test performance. One-third of participants received (randomly generated) positive feedback, one-third received negative feedback, and one-third received no feedback.

6. Subjects completed an 8-question “New General Self-Efficacy Scale” posttest (Chen et al., 2001).

7. Subjects were debriefed.

Hypothesis If the development of false memories depends on selfefficacy, then subjects with high pretest self-efficacy scores should perform better on the image identification test than subjects who have low pretest self-efficacy scores. Positive feedback will increase self-efficacy and negative feedback will lower self-efficacy.

References • Bakkila, B. (2019). 40 Mandela Effect Examples That Will Blow Your Mind. https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/g28438966/mandelaeffect-examples/ • Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived selfefficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 729–735. doi:10.1037/00121649.25.5.729 • Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-83. doi:10.1177/109442810141004 • Scoboria, A., Wade, K. A., Lindsay, D. S., Azad, T., Strange, D., Ost, J., & Hyman, I. E. (2016). A mega-analysis of memory reports from eight peer-reviewed false memory implantation studies. Memory, 25(2), 146-163. doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1260747 • Sona Systems, Ltd. (2021). Bethesda, Maryland, USA. https://www.sonasystems.com • SurveyMonkey Inc. (2021). San Mateo, California, USA. www.surveymonkey.com • Therese Bouffard-Bouchard (1990) Influence of Self-Efficacy on Performance in a Cognitive Task, The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(3), 353-363. doi:10.1080/00224545.1990.9924591

Title: An Analysis of Perceived Efficacity: The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and the Development of False Memories Abstract: What is the relationship between self-efficacy and performance on a false memory test, and what role does feedback play in self-efficacy? Subjects took a pretest (Chen et al., 2001) to assess their baseline self-efficacy. A false memory test comprised of altered images was given to all subjects. Afterward, subjects were randomly assigned feedback regardless of their performance: positive, negative, or no feedback. A second self-efficacy test was distributed to all subjects. Analysis determined if individuals with higher self-efficacy perform better on a false memory test; self-efficacy pretest and posttest scores were also compared to see if feedback impacted perceived self-efficacy.

Presenter(s): Olivia Kelly Sponsoring Department: Psychology Project Mentor: Luke Rosielle

18

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

An Excluded Culture: How and Why Native American Rhetoric Should be Included in the College Composition Classroom Gannon University sits on the ancestral homelands of the Erie, Mississauga, and Haudenosaunee people.

For more information, please visit https://native-land.ca/.

Introduction Rhetoric, which originally focused on persuasion techniques and speeches, is simply how we choose to communicate in everyday life. According to Lyons, it encompasses the “goals, modes, styles, and languages” used (449). As Native Americans have been conveniently excluded in America, Native American rhetoric should be included more regularly within the American College Composition Classroom due to the many resulting discovered and anticipated benefits.

Historical Exclusion of the Past Aside from a brief mention of the horrific treatment of Native Americans resulting from broken treaties in history class, Native Americans have been basically excluded from all American aspects, including colleges. This exclusion goes back far in history, from the very arrival of the Europeans.

• By the time the Europeans had discovered America, the Native Americans had formed their own culture and religion, their own communities and traditions. However, despite all of this, Washington still ended up comparing them to a wolf, saying they were both beasts of prey that “differed in shape” (Brandt 36).

• This contempt and fear of the bizarre, unfamiliar ways of the Native Americans discovered on the new land certainly aided the settlers into thinking that by giving them God and teaching them their ways, that they were doing them a favor. Brandt suggests that that they were viewed as “the archenemies of progress and enlightenment” (36).

• Often, the portrayal of the American Indian in movies or as a mascot is marbled with double stereotypes; for example, First Nations Developmental Institute (FNDI) states that these can include the idea that they both live in poverty but are rich from casinos, are a noble warrior but yet a savage warrior. These stereotypes exist for multiple reasons, such as ignorance and, obviously, to oppress the Native American people and their culture as our ancestors have done from day one.

• The oppression of Native Americans is still occurring currently, which can be seen on August of 2016 with the protest of the Dakota Access pipeline that was going to be placed on the land of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Because the pipeline could potentially poison the tribe’s drinking water, historic treaty lands, and sacred sites, it “forced a new conversation around values, identity and [the] collective connection to the Earth…” (FNDI).

Figure 1 shows Chief Arvol Looking Horse praying near the pipeline.

Examples and Ideas of How Their Rhetoric Could be Included

wouldn’t actually teach as he is retired – and focuses on his privilege as a white middle-class male. While the others mentioned above focus on readings that help to explain and include Native American rhetoric, his theoretical class focused on the Cherokee Removal Debate of the 1820s, Cole created a reading focuses on ideas such as restorative justice, race, white privilege, and factuality list for his class that compared a variety Native American writing with whiteauthored texts: these texts were not simple essays but rather other forms such as over self-blame.

• Usage of Themes: Changing the Narrative Supreme Court rulings, pro-Indian About Native Americans: A Guide For Allies is advocacy statements, and official written by those of Native American descent and pronouncements. He had his students provides a simple but passionate explanation of participate in class discussions and how awareness of their issues can be included in writing assignments, encouraging them every aspect of life − and thus applied to a class. to “recognize ways the various texts This source seeks to rewrite the inaccurate, were debating each other and then to negative dominant narrative that has been trace out and analyze the interplay of encouraged by whites using four key themes that include values, history, visibility, and a call to the argument” (123). action. These themes were applied to examples • Graduate Level Seminar: Mukavetz such as the need to uphold treaties and sovereignty, and Powell are of Native American the importance of continuing the Indian Child descent and collaboratively taught a Welfare Act, and banning Native-based mascots graduate level seminar on American (13). This idea is demonstrated by Figure 2, which Indian rhetorics. In order to have their offers an equation of sorts.

Figure 2: Chart focusing on the correct application of the four themes (FNDI). students be more aware of the • Culturally Responsive Teaching: Gay, a teacher historical events that occurred in their who believes in teaching ethnically diverse students such as African, Latino, specific area and break the idea that Native Americans only exist in the West, and Native Americans in a way that is relevant to them, relies upon culturally they focused on writings and even museums from their area, Michigan. I responsive teaching. She defines it as “using the cultural knowledge, prior originally thought that graduate students would be better prepared for a class on experiences, frames of reference, and performance styles of ethnically diverse students to make learning encounters more relevant to and effective for new rhetoric, but they have perhaps changed my mind as they had a strong them” (49). point: graduate students are skeptical to use indigenous methodologies because they are using their training of deconstructing arguments as a “scholarly

The Many Benefits of the Inclusion

Theoretical First-Year Writing Class: Because Elbow did not actually teach this class, his benefits were more inferred from his experience as a teacher and as a Not only is it a step in the direction of restitution for Native Americans, including white privileged male: their rhetoric could have many other benefits, not just for students, but for • Because whites will probably feel guilty or have discomfort about some of these teachers as well. topics, Elbow says his course could teach them to face the facts instead of First-Year Composition Class: By contrasting student’s early work to their older wallowing in guilt; for example, even though white students are not the ones work, Cole was able to pinpoint the following benefits: who stole Native American land, they are still benefiting from it.

• After analyzing a few excerpts of his Usage of Themes: The writers of this guide created a students’ writing, Cole writes that they “new narrative” (Figure 3) based on the history of “[were] on their way to becoming critical Native Americans and surveyed 2,000 adults across thinkers, insightful readers, and more the U.S. −they discovered that it boosted people’s proficient writers” (142). support of the narrative and the issues discussed • Students had to stretch their minds and

accommodate various perspectives positions and modes of analysis as they analyzed something as complex as the Cherokee Removal Debate.

Figure 1: Chief Arvol Looking Horse praying near the pipeline. (FNDI).

practice for survival” (149).

• Theoretical First-Year Writing Class: Elbow designed a class that he

• First –Year Composition Class: Creating a first-year composition class that

within:

• Although only 34% agreed at the beginning that

Native Americans face a great deal of discrimination, after the narrative was introduced, 55% agreed, and 81% agreed overall with the statement.

Graduate-Level Seminar: Mukavetz and • Culturally Responsive Teaching: Gay has found Powell learned a lot about their students Figure 3: Narrative statement based on the history of Native Americans using that, after years of finessing her strategy, this change the four themes (FNDI). and themselves, and although they had is helpful for both students and teachers. some difficulties within the class, they thought it was very worthwhile: • This style can improve the achievement and learning opportunities for • After a student cried while reading a poem, Powell realized that those types of ethnically diverse students by teaching them through their own cultural filters, moments are important for students to be like a relative to the Native improving knowledge of cultural diversity.

Americans, through shared experiences and emotions.

• Because teachers are presented as having all the answers and thus not needing • They learned that they need to pay attention to what the whole class needs and to modify their ways, a class such as this could challenge them to “build their not just focus on pushing their agenda or syllabus, which shifts the student/ capacities to recognize, analyze, circumvent, and/or overcome opposition to and teacher roles. anxiety about ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity” (58).

Morgan Shelhamer shelhame001@gannon.edu Rewriting the Future Lyons (Figure 4), who takes Gay’s idea of culturally responsive teaching a bit further, calls for an idea known as rhetorical sovereignty. He states that this is “the inherent right and ability of peoples to determine their own communicative needs and desires (449). As a Native American man and English professor at the University of Michigan who specializes in Native American literature and culture, he believes that rhetorical sovereignty is their highest hope, that it is their strategy to “best recover their losses from the ravages of colonization,” which includes their lands, languages, culture, and self-respect (449).

Figure 4: Portrait of Scott Lyons (University of Michigan).

Conclusion With rhetorical sovereignty in mind, along with all of these examples of how their rhetoric could be or has been included within universities and all of the varying benefits for both students and teachers, universities should consider offering a class on the topic. First Nations Development Institute believes that once many people, organizations, or movements start to use the new accurate, positive narratives about Native Americans, then this will become the story people are used to hearing. It is time white people began to move past their guilt or ignorance of the atrocities committed by their ancestors. While giving them back all the land that has been stolen is perhaps not a job for the universities, I challenge them to make this inclusion. Although we cannot change the past, we can most certainly rewrite the future.

Works Cited Brandt, Stefan L. “The American Revolution and Its Other: Indigenous Resistance Writing from William Apess to Sherman Alexie.” AAA: Arbeiten Aus Anglistik Und Amerikanistik, vol. 42, no. 1, 2017, pp. 35–56. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26379457.

Cole, Daniel. “Writing Removal and Resistance: Native American Rhetoric in the Composition Classroom.” College Composition and Communication, vol. 63, no. 1, 2011, pp. 122-144.

JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23006900.

First Nations Development Institute and Echo Hawk Consulting. Changing the Narrative About Native Americans: A Guide for Allies. 2018. https://illuminatives.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/04/MessageGuide-Allies-screen-spreads.pdf Gay, Geneva. “Teaching to and Through Cultural Diversity.” Curriculum Inquiry, vol. 43, no. 1, 2013, pp. 48–70., www.jstor.org/stable/23524357.

Lyons, Scott Richard. “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?” College Composition and Communication, vol. 51, no. 3, 2000, pp. 447– 468. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/358744.

McNeal, Reanae, and Peter Elbow. “Decolonizing the Classroom: An Essay in Two Parts.” Writing on the Edge, vol. 28, no. 1, 2017, pp. 19–32. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44647497.

Portrait of Scott Lyons. University of Michigan, https://lsa.umich.edu/english/people/faculty/ lyonssr.html Riley-Mukavetz, Andrea, and Malea Powell. “Making Native Space for Graduate Students.”

Survivance, Sovereignty, and Story: Teaching American Indian Rhetorics, edited by Lisa King, University Press of Colorado, 2015, pp. 138–159.

Title: An Excluded Culture: How and Why Native American Rhetoric Should Be Included in the College Composition Classroom Abstract: In America, we teach on stolen ground, excluding the people from which the land was taken. By privileging sources written

by Native Americans, my project is a mouthpiece for necessary change, arguing that universities should include Native American rhetoric in their writing classrooms. I provide a background of Western teaching’s limitations, how instructors could go about including the rhetoric in a respectful way based on the successes and difficulties professors have faced, and why now is the perfect time to make this inclusion. My story, according to Malea Powell, has the power to remake the world or the classroom.

Presenter(s): Morgan Shelhamer Sponsoring Department: English Department Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

19

Analysis of Bio-heat Transfer in Breast Cancer Cells Alexa Littman1,2, Kyle Shank1,2, Dr. Saeed Tiari1

1

Biomedical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department

2

Introduction 

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Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women, effecting 1 in 8 women in the United States1.

Malignant cancer cells, or tumor, in the breast produce a larger amount of thermal energy than regular tissue.

Heat transfer applications with temperature distribution models can be used to help detect cancer cells in patients.

ANSYS fluent will be used to model 3D breasts with and without a tumor to help in the early detection of cancer.

The models will then be used to determine the effectiveness of magnetic hyperthermiamediated cancer therapy (MHCT) MHCT is a non-invasive cancer treatment which involves increasing the temperature of tumors to kill cancer cells by injecting magnetic material into the tumor and placing it in an alternating magnetic field2.

Physical Model 

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The healthy breast geometry was created in ANSYS fluent as a hemisphere with a radius of 9 cm which is similar to existing breast models.

A multizone meshing with 4741 elements was created for the geometry.

A preliminary test was run to verify the model with existing models.

A tumor, modeled as a sphere with a radius of 3 cm, was then inserted into the model centrally at a depth of 4.5 cm from the surface of the breast.

A multizone meshing was created with 5274 elements for the geometry.







Results and Conclusion As shown by the temperature distributions the insertion of the tumor into the breast model caused a change in the temperature of the breast surrounding the tumor.

Further tests need to be run in order to check the quality of the meshing used in the experiment.

After the model is perfected, this tool could be used in the early detection of breast cancer in patients.

Figure 2: Healthy Breast Model Meshing Isometr ic

Numerical Methods Heat transfer properties of breast tissue are modeled after Himanshu et al. in order to have an accurate comparison of the healthy breast geometry to the existing models. (Shown in Table 1) Heat transfer properties of the malignant cancer cells, or tumor, are given

by Chanmugam, Arjun et al. (Shown in Table 1) Conductive heat transfer is assumed inside the breast and heat transfer is transient.

Free convective heat transfer is assumed for the outer surface of the breast with a coefficient of hf = 100 W/m2K . 

Figure 4: Healthy Breast Model Temper ature Distr ibution







Figure 3: Healthy Breast Model Meshing Cross Section

Table 1: Heat Tr ansfer Proper ties Figure 1: Healthy Breast Model

Figure 5: Breast Model with Tumor Temper ature Distr ibution References 1. “How Common Is Breast Cancer?: Breast Cancer Statistics.” Cancer, A merican Cancer Society, 12 Jan. 2021, www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/howcommon-is-breast-cancer.html#:~:text=Breast%20cancer%20is%20the% 20most,she%20will%20develop%20breast%20cancer.

2. Liu, Xiaoli et al. “Comprehensive understanding of magnetic hyperthermia for improving antitumor therapeutic efficacy.” Theranostics vol. 10,8 3793-3815. 19 Feb. 2020, doi:10.7150/thno.40805 3. Himanshu Madhukar Patil, Ranjith Maniyeri, “Finite difference method based analysis of bio-heat transfer in human breast cyst”, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Volume 10, 2019, 42-47, ISSN 2451-9049, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tsep.2019.01.009.

4. Chanmugam, Arjun et al. “Thermal analysis of cancerous breast model.” International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition : [proceedings].

International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition vol. 2012 (2012): 134-143. doi:10.1115/IMECE2012-88244

Title: Analysis of Bio-Heat Transfer in Breast Cancer Cells Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. Malignant cancer cells produce a larger amount of thermal energy than regular tissue. Heat transfer applications with temperature distribution models can be used to help detect cancer cells in patients. In this project, ANSYS will be used to model 3-D breasts with and without malignant cancer cells to help in the early detection of cancer. Further studies will assess the effectiveness of magnetic hyperthermia-mediated cancer therapy, which involves increasing the temperature of tumors to kill cancer cells, through the use of the heat transfer models of the breast.

Presenter(s): Kyle Shank, Alexa Littman Sponsoring Department: Biomedical, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

20

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Analysis of predicting the temperature of skin thermoreceptors as age increases Spencer N Miller, Zainab Alqassab Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gannon University

Background

Multisegmented skin models have been developed to monitor body thermoregulation systems and predict body temperature. Several models were developed in the past 30 years that predict the temperature of thermoreceptors under the skin. The model being tested in this study was generated by Negin Khiavi, Mehdi Maerefat, and Seyed Zolfaghari (1). These researchers developed a multisegmented model divided into 16 different segments each with 5 layers of skin used to determine the reaction to different environments with the thermoreceptors. The aim of this study is to test this model using data from people who are 18 and 80 years old to see if the model can still accurately determine the thermoreceptor temperature in these people. The model was created in ANSYS to see the skin behavior of the different ages.

Materials and Methods

ANSYS was used to create and test the model in two different ages 18 and 80. The model contained five layers: epidermis, dermis, fat, muscle and core. Two different models were tested, each with different skin dimensions and basal metabolic rate for the different ages. The metabolic rate found to be 1793 Kcal/day and 1434 Kcal/day for 18 years and 80 years, respectively. The thermal properties of the skin layers are summarized in table 1.

Layer of skin

Heat Capacity (J/kgC)

Heat conduction coefficient (W/mC)

Epidermis

3390

0.75

Dermis

3789

0.42

Fat

2512

0.16

Muscle

3790

0.47

Core

3790

0.47

Table 1: Properties of layers of skin in the chest of the human body Results are still being calculated for the following models made in Ansys. The model shown below was generated to show each layer in the chest of a human. The outermost layer is the epidermis, followed by the dermis, fat layer, muscle layer, and finally the core of the chest. The model was then extruded to the length of the average chest length in men shown in image 2. After being extruded to size, the model is fitted with a mesh containing nodes that will be used for calculation. Once mesh is completed the thermal properties of each layer of the skin is inputted into the software along with boundary conditions like the clothes each person is wearing, so calculations can be made accurately. The environment for the experiment is a room set to 20 degrees Celsius over a time of 12 hours to see the difference in temperature for each layer of skin.

These temperature differences will be compared between two models, one of an 18-year-old male and the other of an 80-year-old man to test if the model created accurately predicts these heat changes depending on the age of the subject. The values used were national averages (2).

Discussion

It is expected that the model for the 80-year-old male will finish the experiment at a lower average temperature compared to the 18-year-old model since heat is not being generated as fast in the older model. The heat transfer rate will be the same between the two models since the thermal properties do not change between the two models. The only other factor that could change the results would be the ratio of fat to muscle. The older model has more fat than the younger model and the younger model has much more muscle than the older model which could also be a factor in the results. The environment between the two models is the exact same including the clothes the two models will be wearing so even the heat that is kept in from the insulation of clothing is the same. This experiment was done to test the previous model generated by Khiavi et all. The software used is slightly different, however the values and proportions used are from the previous model. The experiments were also completed on still models so there is no added heat generation due to movement and no energy lost due to this.

References

Image 1:

Image 2:

Abstract

The thermal response of the human body to its surroundings has been a major subject for thermal comfort. This research created a model that will predict the temperature of skin thermoreceptors in individual body tissues for the average human being. The aim of this research is to test the model that was produced to analyze if changing the age of the human will still produce accurate results from the model. This test will be conducted on the torso only since that is where the vital parts of the human body are located.

[1] Khiavi, Negin, et al. “Journal of Thermal Biology.” Elsevier, Journal of Thermal Biology, 2018, www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-ofthermal-biology.

[2] Zakaria, Norsaadah. “Chest Girth.” Chest Girth - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, 2016, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/chest-girth.

Title: Analysis of Predicting the Temperature of Skin Thermoreceptors as Age Increases Abstract: The thermal response of the human body to its surroundings have been a major subject for thermal comfort. This research created a model that will predict the temperature of skin thermoreceptors in individual body tissues for the average human being. The aim of this research is to test the model that was produced to analyze if changing the age of the human will still produce accurate results from the model. This test will be conducted on the torso only since that is where the vital parts of the human body are located.

Presenter(s): Spencer Miller, Zainab Alqassab Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

21

Antifungal Resistance Comparison Between Farm and Forest Alex Schroeck, Michaela Smith, Gary Vanderlaan, and Matthew Gacura Department of Biology, Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences, Gannon University, Erie, PA, USA Antifungals and Effect on Isolates

Introduction

Conclusion

Figure 3. Original isolates with zones of inhibition

• A recently discovered fungus Candida Albican was discovered in 2009. C. Albican is best known for its often-multidrug resistant strains which has caught the attention of the WHO, CDC, and other global health watch-groups.

• An aspect that was of surprise was seeing a zone of inhibition being created by the experimental control (EtOH 70%). This is noteworthy, but the average zones created were minimal and had little impact on the trend data.

• C. Albican infections often found in healthcare settings occur at their highest rate with immuno-compromised individuals and in geriatrics. The fungus can cause infections on the skin, in mucous membranes, or travel via bloodstream leading to potential harm to the kidneys, heart, lungs ect.

• Comparing effectiveness between antifungal, medications concentrated with miconazole nitrate 2% and terbinafine hydrochloride 1% were the most effective at creating larger zones of inhibition. The least effective antifungal was clotrimazole 1%.

• Both medicinal antifungals and agricultural fungicides display only minor discrepancies between chemical compounds used and approaches to inhibiting fungal growth.

• Trends seen in figures 5 and figure 6 with isolates 2 and isolate 3 demonstrates support for our original hypothesis. This is supported as a smaller average zone of inhibition of farm isolates 2 and 3 represent a potential indication of antifungal resistance.

• Many geographical areas have traditionally been heavily influenced by agriculture fungicides which protect crops. However, until recently there has been little regulation leading to the hypothesis C. Albican came from an agricultural setting where it was able to develop an initial resistance to fungicides and eventually antifungal medications.

Antifungal

Methods

Commonly Treats

Action Mechanisms

Experimental Key

tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis

Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a major component of fungal cell membranes.

Terbinafine hydrochloride 1% Lamisil

tinea cruris, and tinea pedis

Inhibiting the enzyme squalene monooxygenase which is involved in the synthesis of sterol in fungi.

TB

Tolnaftate 1%

Tinactin

tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and ringworm

Distorts hyphae and stunts mycelial growth in susceptible fungi result in fungal death.

TO

clotrimazole 1%

Lotrimin

tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and ringworm

Clotrimazole exerts its action primarily by damaging the permeability barrier in the fungal cytoplasmic membrane.

Ethanol (70%)

EtOH

Monistat

M

• A limitation of this experiment was testing only a few isolates with four antifungal medications. There are a multitude of antifungals available with unique action mechanism. The medications used were selected as they were easily obtainable, affordable and commonly used to treat everyday fungal infection.

C

• In conclusion, initial results support our hypothesis that farm isolates have a higher resistance to antifungal medications. Further research is required; however, we have successfully developed a method for screening antifungal resistance for environmental fungal isolates.

X

Results and Analysis Figure 4. Isolate 1 Average Zones of Inhibition

• After one week of growth, based on phenotypic expression, similar fungal colonies found at both farm and forest locations were isolated using aseptic techniques.

45.00

45.00

40.00

40.00

40.00

35.00

30.00

27.33 23.00 23.00

25.00

19.33

20.00

15.00

15.00

10.00

8.33

7.67

10.00

5.33

5.00 0.00

TB

M

ANTIFUNGAL

• Diffusion disks were placed in a ratio of 1.0 mL of ethanol to 1.0 g antifungals and left to dry for 15 minutes. The medications used were miconazole nitrate 2%, terbinafine hydrochloride 1%, tolnaftate 1%, and clotrimazole 1% (table 1).

C

29.67

32.33

22.67

25.00 20.00

17.00

24.67

18.33

17.67 14.00

15.00

12.33

10.00

TO

0.00

19.00

Future Work

41.67 35.33

35.00

30.00

5.00

0.00 X

ZONE OF INHIBITION (MM)

ZONE OF INHIBITION (MM)

35.00

Figure 1. Erie Bluffs State Forest.

(Ganger et al. 2016)

Figure 6. Isolate 3 Average Zones of Inhibition

Figure 5. Isolate 2 Average Zones of Inhibition

45.00

ZONE OF INHIBITION (MM)

• Fungal isolates were collected using 12 potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates placed in both agricultural and forest locations, ~ 400 meters apart for one hour at ground level, in Erie Bluff State Park (figure 1).

• One disk of each sample and control was placed in an inoculated PDA dish of the pure culture and left under normal conditions for two days (figure 2). This trial was replicated three times.

Brand name

Miconazole nitrate 2%

• We hypothesized the fungal isolates on a farm will be more resistive to antifungal medications than fungal isolates in a forest setting.

• To obtain pure cultures from both locations. the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used. Four commercial antifungals and a control of 70% ethanol were placed onto the pure cultures.

• In comparison figure 4 with isolate 1 does not display similar data trends. A potential reasoning of error is testing isolate samples with similar phenotypes. In the case of isolate 1, although phenotypically similar, a genetic difference may be present which would help explain the difference in data values.

Table 1. Experimental antifungals

• In this study, we analyzed the zone of inhibition created by a variety of antifungal medications using the Kirby-Bauer method.

31.33

30.00

23.00

20.00

• Future work will also consist of direct screening for resistant isolates in the environment itself. This will first be performed by the development of media that is selective for the growth of antifungal resistant isolates.

16.00 13.67

15.00 10.00

• Using more sampling locations, antifungals, and isolates may lead to clearer patterns being observed in this assay.

26.67

25.00

11.00

9.33

8.33

• The selective media will consist of amending potato dextrose agar with amphotericin B (to select for antifungal resistant isolates) and ampicillin (to control for bacterial growth). These can then be deployed directly into various environments.

5.00 X

TB

M

C

TO

ANTIFUNGALS

Farm

Forest

0.00

X

TB

M

C

TO

ANTIFUNGALS

• Another possible avenue of research may be the detection of genes related to antifungal resistance in the environment. This can be done using metagenomic sequencing and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

• Looking at Figure 4 farm isolate 1 displayed larger zones of inhibition in four out of five experimental encounters. For the control, the zone of inhibition average difference was 2.33 mm, and the standard deviation was 1.65. Observing antifungal TB, the average zone difference was 8.00 mm with a standard deviation of 5.66. Antifungal M displayed no difference between isolate 1 sites in zone averages or in standard deviation. Comparing zone of inhibitions using antifungal C displayed an average difference of 8.33 mm and a standard deviation of 5.89. Lastly, antifungal TO created an average inhibition difference of 9.67 mm with a standard deviation of 6.84

Figure 2. Kirby-Bauer method

• Zones of inhibitions were then observed, measured, and analyzed after day 2 (figure 3).

• Contrary to isolate 1, Figure 5 showcases forest isolate 2 exhibiting a larger average zone of inhibition in four out of five tests. For the control, the zone of inhibition average difference was 1.33 mm with a standard deviation of 0.94. Observing TB, the average zone difference was 2.66 mm with a standard deviation of 1.88. Antifungal M displayed a zonal average difference of 2.00 and standard deviation of 1.41. Comparing average zone of inhibitions using antifungal C displayed a 1.67 mm difference in sites with a standard deviation of 1.18. Looking at TO, the average inhibition difference of 1.33 mm was observed with a standard deviation of 0.94.

• Figure 6 demonstrates that forest isolate 3 had a larger average zone of inhibition in four out of five experiments. For the control, the zone of inhibition average difference was 4.34 mm with a standard deviation of 3.07. Observing TB, the average zone difference was 6.34 mm with a standard deviation of 4.48. Antifungal M displayed a zonal average difference of 4.66 and standard deviation of 3.30. Comparing the average zone of inhibitions utilizing antifungal C displayed a 2.67 mm difference in sites with a standard deviation of 1.89. To finish, TO had an average inhibition difference of 7.00 mm with a standard deviation of 4.95.

Acknowledgement 1

• Funding was provided by the Gannon University, Department of Biological Sciences.

• References: • Ganger M.T., Zimmerman E.A., Grund S.P., and Bissel J.K. 2016. The Vascular Plant Flora and Plant Communities of Erie Bluffs State Park, Erie County, Pennsylvania. Rhodora, Vol 118: pg 148-188.

Title: Antifungal Resistance Comparison Between Farm and Forest Abstract: Candida auris, initially discovered in 2009, is an emergent fungus with global health complications. Concerned by C. auris often having multidrug resistance, the World Health Organization (WHO), Center for Disease Control, and various global health watch groups have called upon further research investigating treatments and origins. Leading the hypothesizes of origin is C. auris came from an agricultural setting where often unregulated fungicide practices occur. Further research into both medicinal antifungals and agricultural fungicides display only minor discrepancies between chemical compounds used and approaches to inhibiting fungal growth.

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has come a long way with fungicide regulations. However, even with the EPA efforts along with improving treatments, sporadic outbreaks in a healthcare setting still occur. It is hypothesized that the fungal isolates on a farm will be more resistive to antifungal medications than fungal isolates in a forest setting.

Presenter(s): Alex Schroeck, Michaela Smith Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Matthew Gacura

22

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Assessing Stream Sediment and Industrial Runoff Sources in Erie Streams Wesley Wohlford Gannon University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering The “Residences and Businesses” map shows that within Cascade Creek’s watershed zone, there exists a densely populated urban environment. Most of the ground surrounding the stream is made of impermeable surfaces like concrete and asphalt, which encourages pollutants to be washed into the stream rather than be absorbed and filtered by soil. The heavy concentration of roads and civilian residences provides a source for roadside pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides mainly originating from vehicle exhaust fumes that settle on the roadside. This map shows the viability that Cascade Creek’s surroundings are a prime environment for urban watershed pollution.

The “Sampling Sites” map displays the three sites from which sediment was collected. Sediment along the stream’s bottom varies from rocky to clay-like and the latter is observed to absorb heavy metals. When exposed to a leaching agent, such as the sodium chloride found across Erie roads during the winter, the clay substrate may release heavy metal molecules back into the water where they will become bioavailable.

ABSTRACT:

This is the continued study from the previous assessment of the impact of urbanization and non-point source pollution on heavy metals deposits on sediment around Cascade Creek. This study uses field data, open-source data, and laboratory analyses to create a representation of the possible origin, transport, settling, and leaching of heavy metal-containing runoff from past and present-use industrial sites. This project provides a new snapshot of the area to maintain current data on the ecosystem and its health to better adapt policy and public land use.

The “Industrial Zones” map highlights both light and heavy industrial production facilities near Cascade Creek. These properties are mainly metal fabrication, automotive maintenance, and plastics production facilities. From the manufacturing processes, waste products, particularly heavy metals, are produced. Due to their location within the Cascade Creek watershed, it was hypothesized that these sites would contribute to heavy metal runoff and accumulation in the stream’s sediment. Metals from industrial manufacturing include lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, and mercury. Once deposited in streams, they may bioaccumulate and cause harm to invertebrate and vertebrate species alike.

REFERENCES: Harry R. Diz; An assessment of sediment contamination in Presque Isle Bay, PA, with historical comparisons. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 1 January 2005; 8 (1): 21–31.

The “Presque Isle Bay” map depicts the tributary flow of Cascade Creek into Erie’s bay. The bay’s unique and fragile ecosystem may be the potential receptor of heavy metal drainage from Cascade Creek, of course, further study is necessary to draw this conclusion. However, it is critical to note their proximity.

Title: Assessing Stream Sediment and Industrial Runoff Sources in Erie Streams Abstract: Using Geographic Information System, open source data, and field data, the project creates a visual representation of the possible origin, transport, and settling of heavy metal containing-industrial runoff in Cascade Creek. A previous study conducted by Harry R. Diz, Ph.D., concluded that the stream suffers from the typical problems associated with urbanization and non-point source pollution. This project provides a new snapshot of the area to maintain current data on the ecosystem and its health to better adapt policy and public land use.

Presenter(s): Wesley Wohlford Sponsoring Department: Environmental Science and Engineering Project Mentor: Christopher Magno

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

23

Benefits to Collaborative Assignments In Danger Gwendeline Pimentel & Kamerun Snell pimentel001@gannon.edu snell004@gannon.edu

Abstract

The goal of this study is to highlight the effects that COVID-19 has had on collaborative assignments for college students. COVID-19 has encouraged students to work in silos instead of collaboratively. We plan on analyzing data and finding studies that focus on the effects that COVID-19 has had on college students in different aspects, spanning from mental health to collaborative assignments. Through this study, we aim to highlight the lasting effects that COVID-19 is indirectly having on college students and their learning experience. Additionally, we aim to better our collaborative skills by studying topic.

Benefits to Collaborative Assignments Ø Break down complex tasks Ø Develop time management skills Ø Give and receive peer feedback Ø Strengthen communication skills Ø Find new approaches to solving problems

Disconnect Between College Students

How Remote Learning is Affecting College Students

“I currently feel connected to other students at this college or university” Strong

Collaborative Assignments Ø Study conducted with students from 21 universities nationwide.

Disagree Somewhat Disagree

Group Projects and/or Presentations

Neither Agree nor Disagree Somewhat Agree Strong Agree

Total % of students

Ø About 2 out of every 3 students who participated in this study found collaborative assignments to be difficult during remote learning.

% of students rated difficult

Ø 40

50

60

Percentage

70

Burnout Syndrome Ø 1 out of every 3 of students experiencing mental health problems from burnout syndrome in October of the previous year reported it becoming worse in 2020. Ø Definition: A state of physical and mental exhaustion. It is a state of mind that comes with long-term affects due to unresolved stress. Ø Symptoms: Feeling Unfulfilled, Overwhelmed, Irritability, Disengaged, Loss of Motivation, and more

More than half of the students that participated in this study do not feel connected to their peers.

Conclusion

Ø It has become difficult to do group projects when members are not able to collaborate with one another. Ø Students are being forced to work in silos thus defeating the purpose and benefits of collaborating in groups. Ø The fundamental benefits of gathering ideas and learning from each other is not being transmitted. Ø Research highlights that remote learning is also affecting the mental and emotional aspects of students’ lives due to isolation. Ø People are suffering from burnout syndrome at a higher rate due to the pandemic and quarantine.

Title: Benefits to Collaborative Assignments in Danger Abstract: The goal of this study is to highlight the effects that COVID-19 has had on collaborative assignments for college students.

COVID-19 has encouraged students to work in silos instead of collaboratively. We plan on analyzing data and finding studies that focus on the effects that COVID-19 has had on college students in different aspects, spanning from mental health to collaborative assignments. Through this study, we aim to inform the reader about the lasting effects that COVID-19 is indirectly having on college students and their learning experience. Additionally, we aim to better our collaborative skills through the analyzation of this topic.

Presenter(s): Gwendeline Pimentel, Kamerun Snel, Sponsoring Department: McNair Scholars Program Project Mentor: David Gee

24

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Capturing Micro- & Meso- Plastics in Presque Isle Bay using an Active System Alexa Howard*, Olivia Graham*, Zachary Mansour**, and Arvin Sharifbaev*** *Environmental Engineering, **Electrical Engineering, ***Mechanical Engineering Abstract:

Design Specifications:

Our project collaborates ideas from environmental, mechanical, and electrical engineering in order to design an active plastics removal system. This system is designed to remove microplastics from Presque Isle Bay. Our solution to this problem was to use a clarifier design that will allow less dense plastics to rise and collect on a mesh screen. The water will be pumped into the system and it will be powered by a battery that is charged with solar energy.

Controller Centrifugal Pump: draws into clarifier 12VDC Lead-Acid Battery: Supplies power to pump and sensors

Collection Method: Inspired by clarifiers used in

wastewater treatment plants, our system separates plastic from other material 1 like algae, microbes, and sand based on their settling velocities.

4

large + denser = high velocity small + light = low velocity

Stainless Steel #40 Mesh: Strains plastic PVC 2” Draw Up Pipe: Runs from surroundings to pump to clarifier

Problem:

3

3D Printed Clarifier: collects non-plastics in conical section

Microplastics impact aquatic life from the smallest phytoplankton up to the largest predators Harmful chemicals can bind to the surface of MPs and make their way into organisms; chemicals concentrate in organisms over time (bioaccumulation) and as you move up the food chain (biomagnification)

plastic other material

2

5

Plexiglass Outer Container 3D Printed Support: centers and stabilizes clarifier

PVC 2” Outlet: lets clean water exit the system

MPs interfere with digestion; They fill the bellies of organisms, leaving little room for nutritious food

Control:

Power: Micro and Meso Plastic Characteristics:

Plexiglass Housing: protects electronics for water and weathering

Collection of Sensor Data UV light, Collection, Panel Current, and Battery Voltage Automatic Control DC Pumps speed and direction control System Conserves Power Sensors detect the amount of sunlight Based on data system goes through power cycles conserving energy

1. Contaminated water enters the system 2. Dense particles settle to the bottom 3. Less dense particles (like MPs) move with the flowing water 4. They collect on the surrounding mesh 5. Clean water exits the system

Testing: Plastic captured by the system will be classified by:

Size - Using Sieve Analysis Type (PET, PP, etc.) - based on the color of samples

This data can be compared to our target plastic characteristics.

Test at varying pump speeds will allow us to adjust for maximum collection

12VDC Lead-Acid Battery and 100W 12VDC Solar Panel

Range from 50 to 5000 um Primary MPs are intentionally manufactured to be small Secondary MPs are created from mechanical and photochemical degradation of larger debris

Acknowledgements:

Project Advisor: Dr. Varun K. Kasaraneni, Environmental Science & Engineering, Gannon University

Title: Capturing Micro- & Meso-Plastics in Presque Isle Bay using an Active System Abstract: The purpose of this project is to create a device that can be utilized in Presque Isle Bay to capture and remove microplastics from the water. Microplastics are something dangerous to all life on earth. They have been found all over the world in most water sources. Specifically, this device will be used in Presque Isle Bay where it is known to have high levels of microplastics. Although it is known there are high levels of microplastics in the Bay, there is not yet a system in place to help the problem. Our overall goal is to create a system that can be implemented effectively in Presque Isle Bay that will help make an environmental difference.

Presenter(s): Zachary Mansour, Olivia Graham, Alexa Howard, Arvin Sharifbaev Sponsoring Department: Gannon Engineering Project Mentor: Varun Kasaraneni

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

25

City of Erie Solar Panel Implementation Chad Studvick studvick001@gannon.edu Map 1: Target Area Building Description Map 2 shows the amount of sunlight that hits a certain census tract in the target area. The target area contains census tracts 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13. Areas that receive more sunlight would be better areas for solar panels to be implemented.

Yearly averages were taken from project sunroof1. The area that receives the most amount of sunlight seems to be the census tract north of 20th street and east of Cranberry street, which has a lot of heavy industry. The areas with the least amount of sunlight seem to be census tracts where there is a lot of business and medium density residential living.

Analysis of Map 1:

Many studies provide information showing that implementing solar panels in a city can lead to a reduced carbon footprint and a better environment overall.

Using GIS and the information provided from Project Sunroof, the research provides information on the best locations to implement solar panels in the Erie2030 target area. The target area extends northward from 20th street to the bay and from Cranberry Street eastwards to Parade Street. Information can also be gathered from the US Census to find out how much energy a certain area uses.

This information can be used to show the potential changes in energy usage before and after solar panels are placed in the area. The research aims to make Erie rely less on fossil fuels to reduce carbon emissions and lessen the effects of climate change in this area.

Map 1 shows the description of certain buildings in the target area for Erie 2030. The target area extends northward from 20th street to the bay and from Cranberry Street eastwards to Parade Street. Industry was divided between heavy and light and residency was divided between high, medium, and low density to emphasize the difference in energy use.

Commercial and business buildings are also shown on the map. The purpose of this map is to compare to the other two maps to determine the most impactful areas to implement solar panels. It seems that commercial buildings are concentrated in the north end and industry is concentrated in the southern end of the target area.

Dr. Chris Magno Magno001@gannon.edu Map 3: Target Area Total Number of Energy Users

Analysis of Map 2:

Abstract:

Advisor:

Analysis of Map 3: Map 3 shows the total number of energy users in the census tracts in the target area. The information for this map was obtained from the house heating fuel data in the US census2.

The target area extends northward from 20th street to the bay and from Cranberry Street eastwards to Parade Street. The number of energy users can be misleading though, because it does not give detail on how much energy they are using. So areas with a lot of industry might be using more energy than low density residential areas, which is not depicted on the map.

Conclusion and Recommendation: The data provided by project sunroof and the house heating fuel from the US census show the areas that solar panels would have the biggest impact. The building descriptions in Map 1 help to explain the differences in the amount of energy users Map 3. I believe the best area for solar panels seems to be the census tract directly north of 20th street and east of Cranberry street. This is because there is a lot of heavy industry as well as a lot of sunlight that hits that area. Despite the number of energy users being low in that area, I suspect that is only because there are not a lot of homes there. If solar panels are implemented in that area of Erie, we can reduce the amount of carbon emissions comings from those industries and potentially improve the climate of Erie country as a whole.

Bibliography / Data Sources: [1] Project Sunroof. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/get/sunroof [2] United State Census Bureau. House Heating Fuel. Retrieved from https:// data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=fuel&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B25040&hidePreview=false

Map 2: Target Area Yearly Sunlight in Kilowatt Hours

Title: City of Erie Solar Panel Implementation Abstract: Many studies provide information showing that implementing solar panels in a city can lead to a reduced carbon footprint and a better environment overall (Arif, 2013). Using GIS and the information provided from Project Sunroof, the research will provide information on the best locations to implement solar panels in Our West Bayfront Area. Information was also gathered from the US Census to find out how much energy a certain area uses. The research aims to make Erie rely less on fossil fuels to reduce carbon emissions and lessen the effects of climate change in this area.

Presenter(s): Chad Studvick Sponsoring Department: Chemistry Project Mentor: Chris Magno

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Conflict Resolutions Within Teams Chrinesse Mpunga (Legal Studies) Jenna Sins (Biology) Gannon Students’ Experiences with Team Conflict

Abstract Conflict is a possibility in any human interaction, and it is common in situations requiring teamwork. Conflict can lead to negative or positive outcomes based on how it is addressed and managed within the group.

Our research focuses on the question, “What are the best ways teams can overcome conflict?” To address the question, we examined studies and articles to understand the sources of conflict and various resolution tactics. We also conducted a survey to compare how effective the recommended tactics are to the realistic application of conflict solutions that Gannon students use.

Students Who Experienced Team Conflict

95% Experienced Conflict

Definition

Conflict involves tension or disagreement between two or more opposing forces. It is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another.

Types of Conflict

70% Resolved Conflict

55% Best Resolution Method Used

Consequences of Conflict Experienced by Gannon Students Negative Impact of Conflict Positive Impact of Resolution • • • • •

Intergroup

Students Who Believe They Resolved Conflict the Best Way

Because so many students are exposed to conflict, it is a prevalent concern they need to face. Although many students are faced with conflict, not all of them were able to resolve their conflict. Students need to be aware of the consequences of ignoring conflict as well as resolution methods they may use. Of the students who were able to resolve conflict, almost half of them believe there were better actions to take to maximize the positive consequences and reduce the negative consequences they experienced.

Task Based- arises from differences in the ideas and viewpoints of how to complete the task.

Relationship Based- arises from disagreements of values, tastes, or personal norms.

Interpersonal

Students Who Resolved Conflict

Increase levels of stress Affect the team’s ability to perform effectively Time consuming Poor work content Unsatisfactory product/ grades

• • • • •

Reduce levels of stress Provide higher quality of work Promotes creativity Promotes observation of details Promotes interpersonal skills

Intrapersonal

Student Survey We used Select Survey to learn about conflict experiences from a selection of Gannon students from different majors, class standings, and genders. The survey questions addressed causes of conflict, how conflict is identified, and methods used by students to resolve conflict.

Resolution Methods Gannon Students’ Methods: Other Suggested Methods: • • • •

Outline responsibilities Follow chain of command Conversation and confrontation Ignore the conflict

• • • •

Mediation Compromise Collaboration Avoidance

Results Our survey results emphasized the recurrent experience of conflict for college students. The students were thorough in recognizing the positive and negative impacts these experiences promote as they gave more points than the literature. However, they did not respond with all the resolution methods provided in literature and did not always resolve conflict with the best methods possible. Therefore, the students were not familiarized with all resolution methods and unable to choose the best method for their situation.

Conclusion Conflict is inevitable when working with others either in a team or an organization. Well-resolved conflict produces positive results that help to improve the team, resulting in satisfactory outcomes. Furthermore, mishandled conflict leads to delinquency in accomplishing the task. Being able to identify conflict, its consequences, and being familiar with resolution methods will better prepare students to resolve conflict and maximize the positive consequences.

References Drench, M. & Noonan, A. & Sharby, N. & Ventura, S. (2012). CONFLICT. PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH CARE (3rd ed.). Pearson Health Science. https://www-r2librarycom.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/Resource/detail/01313 92182/ch0005s0089 Eggert, M., & Falzon, W. (2018). Resolving conflict pocketbook. Alresford, Hampshire: Management Pocketbooks. Retrieved February 17, 2021, from https://books.google.com/books?id=gNjwCgAAQBAJ& printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad =0#v=onepage&q&f=false Haun, L., & Yazdanifard, R. (2012). The Difference of Conflict Management Styles and Conflict Resolution in Workplace. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1), 141-155. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/BEJ/Vol%201_1_9. pdf

Title: Conflict Resolutions within Teams Abstract: Conflict is a possibility in any human interaction, and it is common in situations requiring teamwork. Conflict can lead to negative or positive outcomes based on how it is addressed and managed within the group. Our research focuses on the question, “What are the best ways teams can overcome conflict?” To address the question, we will examine studies and articles to understand the sources of conflict and various resolution tactics. We will also conduct a survey to compare how effective the recommended tactics are to the realistic application of conflict solutions that Gannon students use.

Presenter(s): Chrinesse Mpunga, Jenna Sins Sponsoring Department: McNair Scholars Program Project Mentor: Greg Andraso

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

27

Covid-19 and Pover ty in Pennsylvania Rahul Nimmagadda nimmagad005@gannon.edu

Adviser: Dr. Chris Magno magno00@gannon.edu

Abstract

Covid-19 Death

For nearly 12 months, Covid-19 has affected almost every aspect of our life and disrupted the way many live. A couple of months into the pandemic, many researchers recognized that those that live in poverty are being abnormally affected.

With the poverty and COVID data collected from the Pennsylvania Department of Health and US Census Bureau, the research analyzes the intersection between the rate of Covid-19 cases and deaths to percentage of poverty by county in Pennsylvania.

Figure 5 is the rate of Covid-19 deaths. Figure 6 is the hotspots of the rate. The map shows very high rates of death, about 2 per 1000 people, in similar counties that have higher than average poverty rates, 12%. The hotspot data does not directly match the poverty hotspots, but shows very high death rates in counties with higher than average poverty rates, still matching the prediction.

Poverty in Pennsylvania Poverty is presented as a percentage in Figure 1. Poverty hotspots are shown in Figure 2. With both these maps, there is a large and high concentration of poverty in counties towards the center of Pennsylvania. For example, 12 out of 67 counties have a poverty rate between 15% to 24%. Furthermore, majority of the counties, 35 out of 67, have a poverty rate higher than the national average of about 12%.

Figure 1 — Percentage in Poverty by County in Pennsylvania

Figure 3 — Covid-19 Rate of Cases by County in Pennsylvania

Figure 2 — Poverty Hospots by County in Pennsylvania

Figure 4 — Covid-19 Rate of Cases Hotspot by County in Pennsylvania

Covid-19 Cases Figure 3 represent the rate of cases by county.

Figure 4 shows the hotspot data based on the rate. As seen in the maps, Figure 4, many of the counties with high rates of Covid-19 cases, occurred in the same counties with relatively high poverty rates. Counties with a rate higher than about 70 cases per 1000, match with most of the counties with a poverty rate greater than 12%.

Figure 5 — Covid-19 Rate of Deaths by County in Pennsylvania

Figure 6 — Covid-19 Rate of Deaths Hotspot by County in Pennsylvania

Analysis/Conclusion From these 6 maps, the poverty rate, Covid-19 case statistic, and Covid-19 death statistics can be visualized for comparisons. Initially, the maps show a connection between poverty and number of cases and deaths. After looking at the numbers, many of the counties with abnormally high poverty rates, like Forest, Jefferson, Clinton and many of the surrounding counties, had higher than normal Covid-19 rates for deaths and cases.

With the visual data, there appears to be a connection.

From the analysis, their should be greater funding and attention to not only deal with Covid-19 in these counties that were unproportionally affected, but also with long-term plans. They should focus on increasing the efficiency of vaccine distribution in these counties. In the long run, the local and state governments should focus on placing increased healthcare spending or access for those living in counties with high poverty rates to decrease the number of illness in general.

Work Cited 1. U.S. Census Bureau (2019). 2019: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables.

2. U.S. Census Bureau (2019). 2019 TIGER/Line Shapefiles.

Title: COVID-19 and Poverty in Pennsylvania Abstract: For nearly 12 months, COVID-19 has affected almost every aspect of our life and disrupted the way many live. A couple of months into the pandemic, many researchers recognized that those that live in poverty are being abnormally affected. With the poverty and COVID data collected from the Pennsylvania Department of Health and US Census Bureau, the research analyzes the intersection between the rate of COVID-19 cases and deaths to percentage of poverty by county in Pennsylvania.

Presenter(s): Rahul Nimmagadda Sponsoring Department: Biology Department Project Mentor: Chris Magno

28

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

COVID-19 Death Rate Vs. Obesity Emmett Caskey caskey005@gannon.edu

Advisor: Dr. Chris Magno magno001@gannon.edu

Map 1: This map shows the COVID-19 death rate by Pennsylvania county. This includes the COVID-19 deaths divided by the current population of that county. This map is used with graduated colors meaning that the higher death rate will be in the darker shaded areas. This map is showing a higher death rate in the counties on the eastern side of Pennsylvania and slightly elevated in the central southern portion. These higher death rate areas are mostly around the counties by Philadelphia.

Map 2: This map shows the hotspot of the COVID-19 death rate. Hotpot shows the areas on the map where there is common high occurrence of COVID-19 death and a low occurrence of COVID-19 death. This map is showing a hotspot around the southeastern portion of Pennsylvania. It also shows a cool spot around the northwestern portion of Pennsylvania.

This hotspot seems to be radiating from the city of Philadelphia.

Map 3: This map is showing the percentage of the population that is obese in each county. This map is used with graduated colors meaning that the higher obesity rate will be in the darker shaded areas. This map shows that there are higher obesity percentages in central Pennsylvania and southwestern Pennsylvania. Using this map it seems that the more populated and urban areas are less obese and the more rural areas are more obese.

Map 4: This map shows the hotspot of the Pennsylvania obesity rate by county. Hotpot shows the areas on the map where there is common high rate of obesity and a low rate of obesity. This data is showing a hotspot in the entire western portion of Pennsylvania and a cool spot on the eastern portion of Pennsylvania. This hotspot map is recommending less obesity around the areas of Philadelphia and more obesity in central Pennsylvania and the counties between Erie and Allegany.

Abstract: This project looks to determine the correlation of obesity to the death rate per county from COVID-19. The data found is shown by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) through maps. The research being compared is the COVID-19 death rate per population compared by county as of March 23rd 2021. The second set of data is the percentage of people who are obese compared by county from 2019. This data is being compared because it has been shown that Obesity is a predisposing condition that could greater cause death in patient’s who contract the COVID-19 virus (CDC 2020). It has also been shown that around 78% of patients that were admitted to a hospital for complications with COVID-19 were overweight or obese (CNBC 2021). This project looks to see if counties that have a higher percentage of obesity are the counties that have a higher death rate from COVID-19.

Bibliography: Christensen, T. (2020, November 17). COVID-19 patients of all ages with OBESITY face higher risk of COMPLICATIONS, DEATH. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.heart.org/ en/news/2020/11/17/covid-19-patients-of-all-ages-with-obesity-face-higher-risk-ofcomplications-death CDC updates, EXPANDS list of people at risk of Severe COVID-19 illness. (2020, June 25). Retrieved March 28, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0625-updateexpands-covid-19.html#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20risk%20related,disease%2C%20or% 20cardiomyopathies.

Health, D. (2021, February 25). COVID-19 aggregate Death data current Daily COUNTY HEALTH: PA open data portal. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://data.pa.gov/Health/ COVID-19-Aggregate-Death-Data-Current-Daily-County/fbgu-sqgp Informatics, D. (2019). Pennsylvania County health profiles. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/HealthStatistics/VitalStatistics/CountyHealthProfiles/ Documents/current/maps-behavior.aspx#obese Lovelace, B., Jr. (2021, March 09). CDC study finds about 78% of people hospitalized for Covid were overweight or obese. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from https:// www.cnbc.com/2021/03/08/covid-cdc-study-finds-roughly-78percent-of-people-hospitalizedwere-overweight-or-obese.html The New York Times. (2020, April 01). Pennsylvania coronavirus map and case count. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/pennsylvania-coronavirus -cases.html

Conclusion: When starting this project I would have guess that the Pennsylvania counties that had a higher percentage of obesity would be the counties that had a higher death rate from COVID-19. These maps show the exact opposite as the COVID19 death rate has a hotspot surrounding Philadelphia and the Obesity Percentage has a hotspot around western Pennsylvania.

This suggests that a county that has a population that is more obese is a county that is not dying as much as the counties that are less obese. I believe this is so because COVID-19 is an airborne virus that spreads easily within people in close proximities.

This map shows a COVID-19 hotspot in Philadelphia which is an area that is dense with people living close to one another. From this map it looks as though the COVID-19 death rate is higher in areas that have are larger, more dense population.

Title: COVID-19 Death Rate Vs. Obesity Abstract: The project examines the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 death and infection in Pennsylvania. A previous study has shown that being obese predisposes a person to more complications if infected with COVID-19. The research identified the locations where COVID death and obesity clustered.

Presenter(s): Emmett Caskey Sponsoring Department: Applied Exercise Science Project Mentor: Chris Magno

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

29

Deletion of Skn7 and Yap1 Reduces Delayed Oxidative Stress Responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

Zoe Snyder, Ilyaz Veysalov, Ammar Krso, Quyen Aoh, Ph.D. Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16501

Abstract Oxidative stress is a result of oxygen metabolism and the buildup of reactive oxygen species, which can damage important biological processes by oxidizing lipids, DNA proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This damage causes a decrease in enzyme efficiency, protein function, fluidity of membranes, reduced gene expression, and inhibits anabolic processes in the cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae, reactive oxygen species activate two pathways required for defending against oxidative stress, on. One pathway, which utilizes Yap1 and Skn7, is essential for immediate oxidative stress response, the other, which utilizes Gcn4, is essential for delayed oxidative stress response. These pathways are thought to function in independently of each other. In this study, we test whether activation of the Gcn4 pathway is dependent on the Yap1-Skn7 pathway using a transcriptional reporter assay in yeast mutants that do not have Yap1 or Skn7. Our preliminary suggest that the Yap1 pathway may have an effect on delayed oxidative stress response regulated by Gcn4, and they are not as independent as they seem.

Introduction

H202

Rationale: Gcn4 and Yap1 are thought to function as two separate pathways that work parallel to each other in the oxidative stress response. Therefore, deletions of the Skn7 and Yap1 genes therefore should not affect the Gcn4-induced expression of anti-oxidant genes

Reactive Oxygen Species Balance

References: 1. Perrone GG, Tan SX, Dawes IW. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 2. Mascarenhas C, Edwards-Ingram LC, Zeef L, Shenton D, Ashe MP, Grant CM. Mol Biol Cell. 2008;19(7):2995-3007. 3. Anda S, Zach R, Grallert B. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 3;12(8) 4.

Toone WM, Morgan BA, Jones N. Oncogene. 2001 Apr 30;20(19):2336-46 5. Wiatrowski HA, Carlson M. Eukaryot Cell. 2003 Feb;2(1):19-26

(Left) Transcriptional Activation of Gcn4 in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide.

(Right) Fold change in transcriptional response in presence vs. Absence of hydrogen peroxide. Our preliminary results show that that these gene deletions individually and in combination reduced Gcn4’s ability to activate gene expression

Spring 2021 data

Yap1 regulated genes

Gcn4- regulated genes (Left) Transcriptional Activation of Gcn4 in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide.

(Right) Fold change in transcriptional response in presence vs. Absence of hydrogen peroxide. A repeat of our experiments show similar trends with gene deletions individually and in combination reducing Gcn4’s ability to activate gene expression

Materials and Methods

Yap1 oxidative stress pathway

Expression of additional antioxidant genes during extended period of oxidative stress requires inhibition of all other non-essential protein synthesis. To facilitate this repression, a second pathway mediated by the Gcn2 kinase and Gcn4 transcripton factor is upregulated. [1,4,5]

In the Genetics lab (BIOL266), we constructed yeast mutants that were deleted of Yap1 only, Skn7 only, or both. We then tested the effects on these gene deletions on Gcn4’s ability to respond to oxidative stress. In this assay, our yeast cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide as a form of oxidative stress. We then measured the ability of Gcn4 to activate gene expression, and hence induce a response to oxidative stress.

Fall 2020 data

Reactive oxygen species are a byproduct of oxygen metabolism and environmental stressors and play an important role in cell signaling in yeast Sacchromyces cerevisiae. At a low levels reactive oxygen species cells will adapt strengthen them to stronger and lethal exposures, however their balance is crucial. As reactive oxygen increase oxidative stress occurs and antioxidant pathways are activated by transcription factors Yap1p and Msn2,4p. One an acute initial response involving Yap1 and Skn7 the other a delayed response involving Gcn4. Cells will stop all nonessential functions and focus primarily on a reduction of reactive oxygen species delaying cell division. At extremely high levels cells will undergo apoptosis and damage to lipids, fatty tissues, proteins DNA will occur contributing to many diseases. Sacchromyces cerevisiae has an innate ability to react to changes in in environment to prevent lethal levels of reactive oxygen species.

When reactive oxygen species are elevated the early response sub-pathway regulated by YAP1, is activated. Yap1 undergoes a subcellular localization in response to oxidative stress moving from the cytoplasm to accumulate in the nucleus. This increases transcriptional activity of essential oxidative stress defensive genes including GSH1, GLR1, GPX2, TRX2,SSA1 and TRR1. Skn7 will also interact with Yap1 aiding in some of the gene transcription including TRX2 and TRR1.

Results

Gcn2-Gcn4 oxidative stress pathway In response to oxidative stress, the Gcn2 kinase inhibits global protein synthesis but upregulates expression of the Gcn4, a transcription factor that induces expression of amino acids and limited set of antioxidant genes [2,3]

Reporter Assay. Reporter gene assays are used to examine the amount of expression of a particular gene, in this case the LacZ gene which produces the enzyme b-galactosidase. In our experiment, the expression of this gene is regulated by the transcription factor, Gcn4, which activates the delayed oxidative stress pathway when cells are incubated with hydrogen peroxide. To perform our experiment, we will subject our unaffected and mutant yeast strains (yap1D, skn7 D, and yap1 D skn7D), which contain the reporter gene, to levels of hydrogen peroxide that are known to activate this transcription factor. After the incubation, the cells will be collected, lysed, b-galactosidase levels will be measured using a standard spectrophotometric LacZ assay. The experiments will be performed in triplicate and the results will be average and compared to the unaffected control.

Discussion Our preliminary and repeated results suggests that the Yap1-regulated pathway may affect transcription of the Gcn4-regulated pathway, in contrast what was previously thought.

Thus, the Gcn4 and Yap1 pathways may not be as independent as we thought, and that the early and late reactions to oxidative stress must somehow be related.

Table 1. Strains used for this Study Strain BY4743

Name Wild-type yap1∆

Genotype MatA/ Mat a hisD1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15D0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0

MatA/ Mat a hisD1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15D0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0 yap1∆:KanMX skn7∆ MatA/ Mat a hisD1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15D0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0 skn7∆:KanMX yap1∆skn7∆ MatA/ Mat a hisD1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15D0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0 yap1∆:KanMX skn7∆KanMx

Reference Open Biosysrems This Study This Study This Study

Impact and Significance The results in our research will help develop a new understanding of the innerworkings of oxidative stress pathways yeast and may impact similar pathways found in humans that cause a myriad of pathologies, including aging, and Parkinson’s disease, caused by elevated reactive oxygen species.

Title: Deletion of Skn7 and Yap1 Reduces Delayed Oxidative Stress Responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abstract: Oxidative stress is a result of oxygen metabolism and the buildup of reactive oxygen species, which can damage important biological processes by oxidizing lipids, DNA proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This damage causes a decrease in enzyme efficiency, protein function, fluidity of membranes, reduced gene expression, and inhibits anabolic processes in the cells. In yeast, reactive oxygen species activate two pathways required for defending against oxidative stress, on. One pathway, which utilizes Yap1 and Skn7, is essential for immediate oxidative stress response, the other, which utilizes Gcn4, is essential for delayed oxidative stress response.

These pathways are thought to function in independently of each other. In this study, we test whether activation of the Gcn4 pathway is dependent on the Yap1-Skn7 pathway using a transcriptional reporter assay in yeast mutants that do not have Yap1 or Skn7. Our preliminary research suggests that the Yap1 pathway may have an effect on delayed oxidative stress response regulated by Gcn4, and they are not as independent as they seem.

Presenter(s): Zoe Snyder, Ilyaz Veysalov Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Quyen Aoh

30

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Demanding Digital: The Transformation from Print to Digital Composition

Brandon Sumney Sumney004@gannon.edu

Introduction

Benefits of Digital Composition

Whether it is checking social media, watching a television program, or just chatting with a friend over the phone over the last decades there has been an increase in demand for technology. Technology is a prevalent part of everybody's life and is progressively infiltrating every aspect of society including composition. There is an increasing number of students and teachers who are demanding a transition from traditional print to digital composition in order to reap the benefits (Decuypere, 2014). However, this movement is met with some criticism by some scholars (Hart-Davidson, 2014) in the field who are working to preserve traditional composition because of its antiqueness. However incorporating digital composition inside classroom would prove to be beneficial in order for students to evolve with the technology dominated society.

Multiple affordances are gained from utilizing digital composition, whether it is helping students engage more with the text, or providing them access to a different form of multimodal composition. Schools need to find a way to embrace digital composition in the classrooms. This would allow students of all ages to reap the benefits of digital composition, so they can evolve with composition instead of being left behind in the new digital age.

Defining Multimodality Multimodality is the connecting idea behind any form of communication. All types of composition are multimodal, this includes traditional print composition, digital composition, movies, or even social media. So what exactly is multimodality? According to Gagich (2020) multimodal text is just combinations of various modes of communication.

Arola et al. (2018) makes it simpler by breaking up the word in to multiple modes of communication. Fig 1 includes all five modes of communication.

•

• • • •

Linguistic (Written Language) Visual (Visual Resources) Gestural (Body Expression) Spatial (Design of Space) Aural (Spoken Language)

Humphery (2015) agrees with Gagich but includes a sixth option in which he combines multiple modes of communication to form new hybrid forms of communication. With the combination of multiple modes students can discover numerous other ways to communicate their ideas.

Though the implications of digital composition have proven to be beneficial when incorporated in the classroom there are still scholars in the writing field who are resisting the transition to digital writing in order to preserve traditional print composition.

In a study done by Åkerfeldt, students were monitored using both traditional print composition as well as digital composition mediums.

Process Work Monitored Keystrokes/Pen movements Editing Pauses

Figure 2: Digital Medium (Åkerfeldt, 201 4)

•

•

•

What was Found Significantly less pauses Editing more frequently Editing is more dispersed

•

•

•

The “expensive” cost of going digital Ruining the identity of the writing field There is already to much to do in a composition class (Hart-Davidson, 2014)

• •

Figure 3: Traditional Medium (Åkerfeldt, 201 4)

Final Thoughts

Why is this Important When comparing fig 2 to fig 3 we can see the significant changes in pausing and editing. This shows that on the digital medium that the students were given it is easier to edit their writing compared to a traditional medium. This makes sense because in order to edit in a traditional manner the writer would have to go back and eraser different things which are more time-consuming than just pressing a delete button on a computer. So why is this beneficial? When a student does little editing when composing a paper it is like just raw thoughts coming out of their head, however, when accompanied by plenty of editing this allows the student to form a deeper understanding of text and themselves. This helps them identify reputable mistakes in their writing, and identify these mistakes, as well as revise them and prevent themselves from making them in the future. (Åkerfeldt, 2014)

Even though we are transitioning into a digital composition age traditional composition will not go away. As stated earlier even traditional composition is multimodal, and instead of arguing to prevent the inevitable transition to digital composition everyone should embrace it without having to worry that traditional composition will fade. The different modes of communication that are presented in traditional composition still provide a unique way of communicating an idea.

Multimodal Benefits

Unlike Åkerfeldt Mills et. al analyzes the multimodal affordances that come from utilizing digital mediums. Comics were used as the digital medium for elementary school students. The students were asked to compose digital comics with the help of their teachers.

This gives students a hands on multimodal composition experience that uses more modes of communication than just traditional composition. Overall the findings of the study came from teacher reports on how the students improved. “The research is significant because it demonstrates the potentials for augmenting students’ linguistic and visual semiotic resources to convey multimodal attitudinal meanings in contemporary communication”. (Mills, 2020). This means that students are connecting more with the text and are able to communicate efficiently in new ways.

Future of Digital Composition Evolution of Digital Composition

Technology in the Classroom

Figure 1. Five Modes of Communication (Arola et al.,2018)

Reasons for Resisting

•

“Never before have the technologies of writing contributed so quickly to the creation of new genres” (Yancey, 2004). As technology continues to develop the writing field will transform as the world around us transforms. Students will not only be able to express themselves on a page, but be able to access more complex ideas. As Yancey expressed the access to new forms of composition has started to generate a plethora of new genres to explore. As technology continues to evolve students will have more options to formulate something totally unique to them. They would be able to express their ideas so clearly and not just be limited to a page.

Further evolution of digital composition, could not just help students express themselves better, but possibly lead to the discovery of other modes to add to the five in fig 1.

Five Core Modes of Communication

Voice to Resistors

Process Work Benefits

“It has been argued that many facets of the professional life of academics are increasingly rooted in digital technologies nowadays.” (Decuypere, 2014). Technology is going to continue to take root in everyone's lives, instead of resisting this change it should be embraced, and analyzed to see what types of benefits can be derived from it. As technology becomes less expensive and easier to access, more schools will incorporate it into their curriculums, making it easier for students to learn, and not get left behind in the new digital era. It will adapt just as it already has. If you look at a college composition class in the early 2000s there would be significantly less technology in the classroom. Now when you walk into a class the majority if not all students have some piece of technology that they use. Overall given the evolution of technology so far, and the effects of digital mediums on composition, this type of composition will continue to evolve, and bring new more creative and possibly more effective forms of communication to the classroom.

References Åkerfeldt, A. (2014). Re-shaping of writing in the digital age: A study of pupils’ writing with different resources. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 9(2), 172-193.

Arola, K. L., Sheppard, J., & Ball, C. E. (2018). Writer/designer: A guide to making multimodal projects. In Writer/Designer: a guide to making multimodal projects (pp. 1–4). Langara College.

Decuypere, M., & Simons, M. (2014). On the composition of academic work in digital times. European Educational Research Journal, 13(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.2304/ eerj.2014.13.1.89 Gagich, M.(2020). An introduction to and strategies for multimodal composing. Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing, 3(1), 65-85.

Hart-Davidson, B., Cushman, E., Grabill, J., DeVoss, D.,& Porter, J. (2014). Why teach digital writing? The WIDE Research Center Collective. Kairos, 10(1). https://kairos.technorhetoric.net/10.1/coverweb/wide/index.html Humphrey, A., & Carvajal, J. (2015). Visual and spatial language: the silent voice of Woodstock. Composition Studies, 43(1), 1930.

Mills, A. K., Stone, G. B., Unsworth, L.,& Friend, L. (2020).

Multimodal language of attitude in digital composition. Written Communications, 37(2), 135-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088319897978 Walter, J. (2020). There's more to technophobia than the fear of technology. Discover. www.discovermagazine.com/technology/ theres-more-to-technophobia-than-the-fear-of-technology.

Yancey, K. B. (2004). Made not only in words: Composition in a new key. CCC, 56(2), 297-328. https://doi.org/10.2307/4140651

Title: Demanding Digital: The Transformation from Print to Digital Composition Abstract: More writing scholars are transitioning from traditional print composition to digital composition because of the prevalence of technology in society. As research continues appearing, it is becoming clearer that there is an impact on the writing process when utilizing digital composition. This comes from studying students of all ages and giving them platforms to engage on. Here I investigate the benefits of digital composition over traditional in regards to the writing process, and how students develop a deeper connection with their writing. Compared to traditional print composition, utilizing digital composition gives students an ability to express themselves, and take risks with writing.

Presenter(s): Brandon Sumney Sponsoring Department: English Department Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

31

Density of Alcohol Outlets and Crime within Erie Neighborhoods Collin Askins

askins005@gannon.edu

Abstract:

2020 Erie Crime by Buffer Zone:

Previous studies suggest that areas with higher alcohol establishment density are more likely to have higher violent crime rates (Toomey et, al 2012). Using Geographic Information System as a tool for analysis, the research analyzes the relationship between the locations of alcohol establishment (bars, restaurant, liquor store and convenience store) and violent crime in Erie, Pennsylvania. The research uses crime data from Erie Police Department and alcohol permit data from Erie Health Department.

This map shows the Bars in Erie and a buffer zone around them at intervals of 500ft.(yellow), 1000ft.(orange), and 2500ft(brown). Then it plots the amount of crime in those surrounding zones in general intervals. The yellow zone generally has 1691 crimes that occur in them. The orange zone generally has anywhere from 1692 to 2141 crimes that occur in the vicinity. Finally, the brown zone has anywhere from 2142 to 3161 crimes that occur in them.

Conclusion and Recommendation: In Conclusion, based off the findings of these maps I can confidently assume that Bars in Erie are in close proximity to the hotspots of crime. While there is quite a bit of violent crime, there is a lot more nonviolent crime that occurs . The only recommendation I can make off these findings is possibly an increased number of patrol units and bouncers at bars to report and intervene on potential criminal activity.

2020 Violent Crime Surrounding Bars: This map shows the amount of violent crime within a 1000ft buffer zone. The orange dots are arson. The yellow dots are assault which is the highest amount. The green dots are murders. The light blue dots are rapes. The dark blue dots are robberies. The bars are at the center of the purple circles. There is not a lot of violent crimes that occur on the west side of Erie. As it heads east the amount of violent crime dramatically increases.

Bars and Crime Density by Block 2020: This map shows the relation of the number of bars per block around Erie with the amount of crime that occurs in the block. The darker the color of the block the more bars there are on the block, bright yellow being 1 bar to dark brown being 6 to 10. The larger the red circle is, the more crime has occurred from intervals of 10 crimes being small, 50 crimes being medium, and 100 crimes being the largest. For the most part, the more bars in the block, the more crime there is surrounding in the block.

Adviser: Dr. Chris Magno magno001@gannon.edu

2020 Non-Violent Crime Surrounding Bars: This map shows the amount of non-violent crime within a 1000ft buffer zone. Most crime is theft represented by green symbol. The light blue dots are disorderly conduct. The dark blue dots are harassment which seems to be strung across the State St. buffer zone. Orange dots are loitering and prowling. This map is interesting because in every buffer zone there is at least one green dot (theft), however it may be coincidental.

Bibliography: Toomey, T. L., Erickson, D. J., Carlin, B. P., Lenk, K. M., Quick, H. S., Jones, A. M., & Harwood, E. M. (2012, August). The association between density of alcohol establishments and violent crime within urban neighborhoods. Retrieved from https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3412911/

Title: Density of Alcohol Outlets and Crime within Erie Neighborhoods Abstract: Previous studies suggest that areas with higher alcohol establishment density are more likely to have higher violent crime rates (Toomey et al., 2012). Using the Geographic Information System as a tool for analysis, the research analyzes the relationship between the locations of alcohol establishments (bars, restaurants, liquor stores, and convenience stores) and violent crime in Erie, Pennsylvania. The research uses crime data from the Erie Police Department and alcohol permit data from the Erie Health Department.

Presenter(s): Collin Askins Sponsoring Department: Criminal Justice Project Mentor: Chris Magno

32

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Design and Constr uction of a Buoy to Extend Data Collection Period in Lake Erie Molly Burke1, Nikoly Dos Santos2&5, Sydney Hanratty4, Kaylee Hatfield3, Daniel Hughes3, Lydia Nemeth3, Jacob Rudy5, Morgan Schreck1 Biomedical Engineering1, Computer Science2, Electrical Engineering3, Environmental Engineering4, Software Engineering5 Gannon University, Erie, PA

Introduction

Figure 1. Floating buoy on Lake Erie

In Lake Erie, there are growing levels of algae. At high levels, it disrupts wildlife and harms humans who swim in the lake. The current buoys track the algae's growth, but they only remain in the water from May – October because Lake Erie freezes. This prevents the recording of six months of data needed for research to limit the algae’s growth and protect the lake. The Scholars of Excellence in Engineering and Computer Sciences (SEECS), a multi-semester program at Gannon University supported by a S-STEM grant from the National Science Foundation, has partnered with the Regional Science Consortium to engineer a submerged device that extends the data collection timeline and stores water quality data from Lake Erie.

Both figures were taken from the Regional Science Consortium website. In figure 1, the current datacollecting buoy is shown on the water during weather-permitting months. In figure 2, the location of these buoys around Presque Isle State Park are mapped with a satellite image of Lake Erie.

Figure 2. Location of Buoys on Presque Isle.

Conclusion

Method– Students divided into three separate groups, so multiple tasks of the project could be researched at once.

Electrical Components 



• Arduino Pro Mini: Controller, controls all functions within the buoy and stores data.

• Atlas RTD EZO: Thermistor Probe, reads temperature and relays it to the Arduino

• DS3231 RTC: -Real Time Clock, allows controller to run functions at specific times and dates.



Containment Design

Anchorage

The container will be built using Gannon University's 3D printers

· The anchorage system has not yet been finalized.

allowing for a custom build.

· The chain material options are either a stainless steel chain or a polyethylene rope due to their affordability and sustainability.

Containment must follow specific criteria: •

•

•

•

• DO Meter : Measures dissolved oxygen, temperature and pressure •

Figure 3. Raspberry Pi vs. Arduino Pro Mini 





Waterproof to protect electric circuits Durable to withstand water pressure and possible damage Encase electrical components

· Because of its weight and density, the anchor will be made of concrete.

Single Chain vs. Multi-chain Anchorage Set-up Single Chain

Buoyant to remain in place

place with only one chain

One chain is more affordable

More likely to restrain the buoy keeping it in one spot.

Less affordable

Testing

Spherical Pill-shaped •

•

As shown in the table above, the Raspberry Pi consumes 10 times more power than the Arduino Pro Mini, which means the battery will not last as long; there, the Arduino Pro Mini Is the main source for coding.

Multi-Chain

With a single chain system, only With a multi-chain system, mulone chain connects the buoy to tiple chains connect the buoy to its concrete anchor. multiple evenly spaced out concrete anchors.

The buoy is unlikely to stay in

To get the most benefits out of the buoy, choosing a good shape is important to promote certain features that will enhance its performance. We are looking into three shape options:

Box-like

Because the project is a multisemester learning experience, most tasks are still inprocess. The biggest concern is constructing containment that could withstand the full deployment. By next September, the goal is to have a complete, successfully tested model. Ideally, the submerged device will enter the water in October and extend the data collection timeline.

Watertight— To mimic the lake’s underwater conditions, we plan to utilize Gannon’s swimming pool to ensure that the containment can withstand the water pressure without leaking.

Temperature— To mimic the lake’s winter temperature, components will be tested in a refrigerator to confirm their function in frigid conditions.

Acknowledgements •

Regional Science Consortium Erie, PA

•

Dr. Karina Vernaza

•

Dr. Scott Steinbrink

•

Dr. Saeed Tiari

•

Dr. Lin Zhao

•

Figure 4. The images represent the various shapes for containment.

•

Dr. Varun Kasaraneni Gannon University

Title: Design and Construction of a Buoy to Extend Data Collection Period in Lake Erie Abstract: As harmful algae levels continue to rise in Lake Erie, people and wildlife are at risk. To prevent the water from becoming too dangerous, we have partnered with the Tom Ridge Environmental Center to engineer a submerged device that extends the data collection timeline and stores water quality data of Lake Erie. This device will record dissolved oxygen levels and water temperature at fixed intervals. By extending the collection timeline, the conditions under which algae is produced should become clearer and a solution for this problem could be created to save the lake.

Presenter(s): Molly Burke, Nikoly Dos Santos, Morgan Schreck, Daniel Hughes, Jacob Rudy, Lydia Nemeth, Kaylee Hatfield Sponsoring Department: Scholars of Excellence in Engineering and Computer Sciences (SEECS) Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

33

Design of a Terrain-Capable Walker-Wheelchair with Torso Support Gabriel Simon Sosa1, 2, James Manzer 1, D. Piovesan 1 Biomedical Engineering1, Mechanical Engineering2

Is there a Low-Cost Universal Mobility Solution?

Globally, nearly 1 in every 10 people are disabled. An unmet need in the medical industry was found for an ideal mobility device.

• This person has the comfort of a wheelchair, but can’t walk

This is a person falling without the device, taking under 2 seconds to hit the ground.

Our Solution: All-in-One, For Less What if all of these needs could be met in one product? What if a lever offered an easy connection between sitting and standing? As well as offering an easy sit to stand lever?

Step One: Does it work indoors?

• The closest competitor, the Litegait walker, costs a fortune but has no wheelchair and can’t go outdoors.

The most fundamental test is for stability failure.

This is a person prevented from falling because of the device. The person’s center of mass only sways up to 5 cm from that of the device.

Connection Max Force per Bolt (N) Type (Safety Factor=2)

Casters to 10000 Frame Bike 28,060 Wheel to Frame

This is what this design accomplishes.

The design was then tested for performance and safety.

• This person can walk, but cannot sit to rest, and is required to have arm strength

• Results for the connections between wheel and the frame are shown Bolt Material Strength (N)

14,190 128,100

Step Two: Does it work outdoors?

Test for stress failure in rough terrain.

Next Steps Litegait 75 Pediatric Walker

Our Product

$2,794.60

<$700

• Device tested for impact resistance when driving over a large bump • Force in significant part connections were measured in SimWise 4D

• Results were compared with material strength limits

The next design step is to order parts based on material safety calculations and build the prototype. If time allowed several regulation tests would be applied including multi-drum tests and curb drop tests for impact and fatigue testing.

Title: Design of a Terrain-Capable Walker-Wheelchair with Torso Support Abstract: Immobility is a global issue, as 19.4 million, or 7.8% of adults are unable to do basic tasks due to mobility restraints caused by disease or physical trauma (CDC, 2018). This immobility deteriorates a person’s health, enjoyment of life, and ability to contribute to society. Unmet needs were identified in the medical industry for low cost assistive devices such as walkers, gait trainers, and wheelchairs with features such as terrain versatility, torso support, and easy maintenance. The device design proposed in this paper addresses these needs in a single product with high performance and cost-effective design choices.

Presenter(s): Gabriel Simon Sosa, James Manzer Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Davide Piovesan

34

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Designing a Bone Scaffold Using Common Materials Used in Base Model 3-D Printers Alexa Littman1,2, Kyle Shank1,2, Dr. Saeed Tiari1 1

Introduction •

•

•

•

•

•

Bone transplantation is the second most common type of tissue transplantation1.

Bone scaffolding is an important method used in bone transplantations.

A bone scaffold is a structure, which can be 3D printed, that is implanted with cells which grow in the shape of the scaffold.

When 3-D printing a scaffold, cells are placed onto predefined structures, allowing for porous materials of which can be customized to the bone2.

Different plastics have varying biomaterial properties that could make it useful for bone tissue engineering.

In this project, we plan to test 3 materials that can be used to 3D print a bone scaffold in order to determine the most effective material.

Methods •

•

•

•

A benchmark structure of a bone scaffold was determined, acting as the control in the experiment.

Porosity for each material will be equal because of the benchmark structure.

The materials being tested are polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polylacticco-glycolic acid (PLGA). PLA, PCL, and PLGA are very compatible with the human body as they are biodegradable, porous, and have excellent mechanical properties. PCL and PLGA are also approved for use in clinical practice3.

The structure used for each material will have a cross-sectional area of 1 square inch and a height of 1 inch.

Fig. 2. The Prussa 3-D Printer •

Fig. 1. The Creo Parametric Software

Biomedical Engineering Department, 2Mechanical Engineering Department

•

•

•

Fig. 3. The front view of the scaffold design.

The CAD software, Creo Parametric (Figure 1), will be used in order to create a design to 3D print and test (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

After a final design has been established, it will be 3D printed using a Prussa 3-Dimensional printer (Figure 2), ensuring that the structure’s cross-section meets the correct benchmark values.

Three different scaffolds will be printed, each one using a different material.

The scaffolds will be tested in compression on an MTI-10k machine (Figure 4) and results will be compared to determine the most effective material.

Fig. 4. The isometric view of the scaffold design.

Fig. 5. MTI-10k Universal Testing Machine.

References 1.Chocholata, Petra et al. “Fabrication of Scaffolds for BoneTissue Regeneration.” Materials (Basel, Switzerland) vol.

12,4 568. 14 Feb. 2019, doi:10.3390/ma12040568 2. Su, Xin, et al. “Applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in the stem cell field", Regenerative Therapy, Volume 16, 2021, Pages 63-72, ISSN 23523204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2021.01.007.

3.Zhang, Lei, et al. “Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Scaffold and Material Selection for Bone Repair.” Acta Biomaterialia, vol.

84, 2019, pp. 16–33., doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.039.

Title: Designing a Bone Scaffold Using Common Materials Used in Base Model 3-D Printers Abstract: Bone transplantation, the second most common type of tissue transplantation, can be accomplished effectively through bone scaffolding. A bone scaffold is a structure that can be designed to fit a certain structure in the body and is implanted with cells that will grow into the shape of the scaffold. Designing a scaffold made of completely biocompatible material is necessary for successful recovery. To make this process more feasible, it will be important to design a scaffold using common materials used in everyday, base model, 3-D printers. A series of tasks will be completed to determine the effectiveness of the scaffold.

Presenter(s): Alexa Littman, Kyle Shank Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Department Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

35

Designing a raised garden bed for the Pennsylvania Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home (PASSH) 1

Abstract:

1 Jackie Sandquist, 2Katie Sidare, 3Scott Fennell, 1Hunter Telford, 4Andrew Snowdy Mechanical Engineering, 2Biomedical Engineering, 3Computer Science, 4Electrical Engineering

Project Statement: Engineer raised and wheelchair accessible garden beds to positively stimulate PASSH Alzheimer residents through outdoor active opportunities

Design:

Pennsylvania Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home (PASSH) in Erie is a nursing home dedicated to helping the veterans of Erie. It rests on 26 acres of land by the lake and gives a home to veterans as well as pays tribute to their sacrifices. The leaders of the PASSH have decided to implement two raised garden beds for the residents to use and enjoy while they live there in order to positively stimulate the residents through outdoor activities. This SEECS freshmen group has taken on the challenge to engineer and build a pair of raised garden beds that are wheelchair accessible to install at the courtyard of the home, while the other group developing a garden bed watering system with rain water storage and distribution.

Taking requirements and constraints into account we have proposed two design options for the garden bed. Both designs are wheelchair accessible, structurally safe and will fit in the space we were given. We are in the process of combining the two options into one optimum design, considering dimensions, construction, and function. The goal of this semester is to finalize the design and create a detailed bill of materials (BOM) file.

The purchase of the materials and the construction of the garden beds will take place in fall of 2021. We also need to pick plants that can provide positive stimuli to the residents and are most appropriate for the space provided as well as the weather. We are expecting to have the garden beds built by spring of 2022. As we continue in the SEECS program we look forward to building this garden in order to positively impact the members of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ home.

About PASSH: The Pennsylvania Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home (PASSH) in Erie is the oldest of the six veterans homes, having served as an important historic marker throughout Erie County since it opened in 1886. Residents at the PASSH enjoy an active lifestyle with a full schedule of organized programs from holiday parties to billiards tournaments to bingo. Located on 560 E 3rd Street Erie, PA 16507

Requirements:

Materials: The bed will be made from wood treated wood, steel brackets and screws. There will be a liner between the soil and the wood in order to protect the wood from rotting.

Plants: • Flowers in the bed that gets more shade • Herbs in the bed that gets more sun • From left to right for herbs: parsley, basil, rosemary,

Soil: • For the dimensions of the bed (7ft x 4ft x 7 ½ in) the ideal soil mixture is: • 2x 18 cubic feet of soil • approximately 3 cups of all-purpose fertilizer (½ cup per 5 square feet of soil)

chives, green onion, thyme • Flowers: perennial, mixed cosmos, wildflowers

• Provide outdoor activities for PASSH Alzheimer residents through gardening • Safe, solid, and stable (No sharp points/edges) • Alzheimer resident friendly (Simple activities) • Soil for planting (Replaced over years) • Longevity • Hardy Plants (Color and scent) • Relatively lightweight main structure • Proper sizing for accessibility of movement • Food safe wood treatment

Constraints: • Budget: $1000 • Must fit within desired location (15’ by 15’ with wheelchair access) • Weather/Survivability (Harsh winters & amount of sunlight) • Max height/width of wheelchair • Planter width to "wingspan" of residents • Time • Types of plants (need to fit the bed, and not be over stimulating) • The amount of room each plant/vegetable/flower will have to grow (What space

Timeline: End of semester: Finalize design and order materials.

Next fall and spring: Construction, testing and delivery to the home.

Title: Designing a raised garden bed for the Pennsylvania Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home (PASSH) Abstract: Pennsylvania Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home in Erie is a nursing home dedicated to helping the veterans of Erie. As the SEECS freshmen class, we have been assigned to engineer and build a pair of raised garden beds that are wheelchair accessible, structurally safe, and to provide positive stimuli to the home residents through outdoor activities. The plan is to order materials and construct the bed as well as pick plants that are the most appropriate for the space provided as well as the weather. We are expecting to have the garden beds built by spring of 2022.

Presenter(s): Jacqueline Sandquist, Lindsay Steis, Katie Sidare, Scott Fennell, Hunter Telford, Andrew Snowdy Sponsoring Department: SEECS Project Mentor: Lin Zhao

36

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Designing Hydroponic Garden Systems for the Homes of L’Arche Erie Clara Almeter* , Olivia Graham*, Justice Jones**, Spencer Miller***, Andrew Mottola***, Ashlynn Uzl**** *Environmental Engineering, **Electrical Engineering, ***Biomedical Engineering, ****Mechanical Engineering Abstract

The Gannon University Scholars of Excellence in Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) Program has been tasked with developing and implementing an efficient hydroponics gardening system for the L’Arche Erie community. The SEECS class was divided into three groups, each assigned a different L’Arche home and each system has been designed according to the specific location.

Nutrient Film Technique ● Nutrient rich water is pumped from a reservoir into a

larger tube/pipe ● The gentle slope of the pipes use gravity to allow a thin layer of water to continuously run across the plant’s bare roots ● The water returns to the reservoir to be cycled through the system again

Drip System

● Nutrient rich water is pumped from a reservoir and

distributed to the base of each plant through individual tubes

● The water drains through the plant roots, collecting

in the tray and uses gravity to drain into another tube to be individually distributed to the plants on the next tray ● The water returns to the reservoir to be cycled through the system again

L’Arche Erie is a faith-based community that provides unity and growth to those with intellectual disabilities. L’Arche Erie owns various homes where their core members can live and are given the opportunity to personally and professionally develop.

Nutrient Film Designs

Requirements ● Easy to use and access for the core members of L’Arche

● Minimal maintenance ● Efficiency to maximize production rate ● Proper nutrition and lighting conditions

Rose Home • Adequate natural lighting • Growing only herbs

Drip System Design

Oasis Home ● Not adequate lighting: requires built in lighting ● Larger design: requires larger pump size ● Growing lettuce and herbs

Constraints ● Size (dependent on home) ○ Cannot fit and maintain a large, complicated hydroponic system

● Cost relating to: ○ Energy use (pump size and amount of lighting) ○ Building materials ($200 budget per system) ○ Maintenance over time (replenishing nutrients and water supply)

Operational Cost Analysis Nutrient Film

Drip System

Power of pump (kW) 0.025

0.1

Operating time (hours)

8,760

8,760

Electricity cost (KWh)

$0.1136

$0.1136

Cost per year

$24.89

$99.51

Hearts Garden Home ● Adequate natural lighting ● Growing spinach and herbs

Future Plans ● Finish construction ● Compiling a user/operation manual for each home

● Purchase/grow plants ● Implement final products into the homes

Title: Designing Hydroponic Garden Systems for the Homes of L’Arche Erie Abstract: The Gannon University Scholars of Excellence in Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) program has been tasked with developing and implementing a hydroponics gardening system for the L’Arche Erie community. L’Arche Erie is a faith-based community that provides unity and growth to those with intellectual disabilities, and owns various homes where their core members live and are given the opportunity to develop personally and professionally. SEECS students have done extensive research into the various types of hydroponic garden systems and produce types that will work best for each system. The SEECS class was divided into three groups, each assigned a different L’Arche home. Each system has been designed according to their specific home, ensuring cost and energy efficiency as well as minimal maintenance requirements, all while maintaining proper safety conditions.

Presenter(s): Ashlynn Uzl, Clara Almeter, Spencer Miller, Olivia Graham, Andrew Mottola, Justice Jones Sponsoring Department: Engineering Department, SEECS Project Mentor: Scott Steinbrink

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

37

Detroit Serious Crimes Zachar y Werstler werstler001@gannon.edu

Abstract Crime rates and gang violence in Detroit have been a problem for years. Many people around the country have seen the violence escalate.

Leading to Detroit being marked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. Using GIS ArcMap, I have created multiple maps showing the various crimes that are most prevalent, the heaviest gang affiliated areas, and map solutions that I may see to some of these problems. Using data files from the detroitmi.gov site I have been able to map the data and find valid sources confirming my data. Detroit has gone through hard times and I think this project may help. Not only do I think it will help the governments of Detroit and the federal level but the citizens and visitors of the city. The maps show where you should or shouldn’t tour in the city of Detroit.

Scout Car Coverage of DPD The Scout car coverage of the Detroit Police Department protects most of Detroit despite the High amount of crime that is seen throughout the city.

Homicides and Shootings Homicides and gun violence may be the largest problem facing Detroit. Many of the areas on the maps are covered with data showing many homicides taking place. The number of non-fatal shootings has also been increasing and far exceeds the number of homicides. 275 homicides occurred in 2019, a 53% increase from increase from the 2018 data. There were also 1173 non-fatal shootings that occurred in 2019. Some of the violence is gang related and many have blamed a lot of Detroit’s problems on the rising amounts of gang violence. Higher police presence may be needed to mitigate the issues that they are having with this problem. The top left map shows 2019 homicides in Detroit. The top right map shows the homicide hotspots which shows that south Detroit is the most dangerous area in Detroit when it comes to homicide. The bottom left map shows the homicides by block in Detroit, as you can see in the map southeast Detroit blocks are the most dangerous. Finally, the map on the bottom right shows the non-fatal shootings in Detroit. The non-fatal shootings are all over and common.

Carjacking in Detroit Carjacking in Detroit is a common problem.

For visitors are residents of the area, everyone is a target. The best way to avoid this is to make sure your car is locked. You may also want to keep all of your personal belongings out of your vehicle just in case there is a scenario where your car is taken.

Conclusion In conclusion, I think we need to be paying more attention to these issues. Homicide and shootings in Detroit are getting worse and becoming a problem that is almost uncontrollable. If you are visiting the area make sure to avoid the blocks and areas that are the most dangerous. Lock your car and hold on to your belongings. The Detroit Police need to keep scouting the area and may need to add to their force. The problem will only get batter when we start the dialogues we need to.

Title: Detroit Serious Crimes Abstract: Crime rates and gang violence in Detroit have been a problem for years, leading to Detroit being marked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. Using GIS ArcMap, I have created multiple maps showing the various crimes that are most prevalent, the heaviest gang affiliated areas, and map solutions to some of these problems. Using data files from the detroitmi.gov site I was able to map the data and find valid sources confirming my data. The maps show where you should or should not go and gives a good guide to getting through Detroit.

Presenter(s): Zach Werstler Sponsoring Department: Dahlkemper School of Business Project Mentor: Chris Magno

38

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Does the Social-Influence Model Play a Role in a Person's Judgement and Decision-Making?

Caitlin Shaner Jocelyn Caldaroni

Introduction

Discussion

Social influence can be defined as the ways people affect one another’s attitudes, beliefs, feelings and behaviors resulting from the comments, actions or presence of others (Gilovich et al., 2018). This study will focus on the Social Influence Model, which posits individuals will evaluate different social information based on the opinions of other decision makers (Sweet & Adhikari, 2020).

Petty and Cacioppo created the The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) to demonstrate how individuals change their attitudes in a social situation due to persuasive messages (Gilovich et al., 2018; Cacioppo & Petty, 1986). The (ELM) is a model of persuasion maintaining that there are two different routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route (Gilovich et al., 2018). This study will focus on the peripheral route in which individuals attend to superficial cues related to a persuasive message, such as the length of the message or the expertise or the attractiveness of the source of the message (Gilovich et al., 2018; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).

In our study, we were interested in investigating whether superficial social influence information, in this case fabricated percentages of how many people previously “chose” a particular item.

Results We conducted an independent samples t-test to investigate if the average number of times the desired answer was chosen is higher in the experimental group (M=4.389, SD=1.459) than in the control group (M=3.250, SD=0.926). There was a significant difference in the average scores between the two groups, with the experimental group choosing the desired answer more than the control; t(106) = -4.777, p=<.001.

We measured the likelihood of an individual choosing an answer because of a higher chosen percentage. We found the experimental group was more likely to choosing the most “popular” answers, compared to the control group. In addition this supports our original hypothesis of the Social Influence Model, allowing for further insight into why individuals tend to follow the leader.

These findings may help to understand the social effect on individuals connected with mass opinions. The results of this experiment help to emphasize the importance of subject-experimenter relationship and the subject-subject relationship in regards to experimental design.

This occurs due to an added pressure created when a subject is involved within the experiment, as the subject may alter their answers to best fit the experimenters' hope. This is important as it re-evaluates a subject's answer in response to the popularity of an answered question (Shulman, 1967).

EXAMPLE MEASURES

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants

Hypothesis: We predicted that the average times the primed answer was chosen will be higher in the experimental group than the control group.

Methodology

Materials • A demographics inventory (age, year, and gender) • 15 multiple choice questions regarding the student’s satisfaction with their education (Studying/homework habits, stress associated with taking an exam, educational goals, course workload along with extracurricular activities). Half of the participants received fabricated information about which was the “most chosen” answer among the students.

CONTROL

One hundred and six participants completed the survey, (51 female, 49 male). Participants were primarily recruited from Introductory Psychology classes. The participants are separated among two different groups: the control group and the experimental group. The experimental group was given the same 15 multiple choice survey, but each question included fabricated percentages next to each option telling them how many participants have chosen a particular answer. The control group was given a relatively easy 15 multiple choice survey with no social influences. Thus, determining whether the participants will choose the most “popular” option. Participants were contacted through social media or private messaging.

References

Gilovich, T., Keltner, D., Chen, S., & Nisbett, R. E . (2018). Social Psychology (5th ed.). W. W. Norton & Company Petty, E., & Cacioppo, T., (1984). The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 69-81).

Petty, E., & Cacioppo, T., (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.

In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123205). New York: Academic Press.

Sweet, T., & Adhikari, S. (2020). A Latent Space Network Model for Social Influence. Psychometrika (Vol. 85, pp. 251-274).

Gary I. Schulman. (1967). Asch Conformity Studies: Conformity to the Experimenter and/or to the Group? Sociometry, 30(1), 26–40. https://

Title: Does the Social-influence Model Play a Role in a Person’s Judgement and Decision-making?

Abstract: The social-influence model demonstrates individuals will evaluate factual information based on the opinions of other decision makers (Sweet and Adhikari, 2020). This study will examine the extent to which participants will abandon factually correct judgments in favor of socially acceptable answers. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. The control group then answered fifteen easy multiple-choice questions without any social influences. The experimental group was given the same 15 questions but included fabricated social influence information. We are interested in determining if misleading social information influences participant’s willingness to select obviously incorrect answers.

Presenter(s): Jocelyn Caldaroni, Caitlin Shaner Sponsoring Department: Gannon University Psychology Department Project Mentor: Luke Rosielle

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

39

Effects of Procrastination: On the Writer and Quality of Writing

Logan Nicklas nicklas001@gannon.edu

Overview

Effects on Writing

Effects on the Writer

How procrastination effects the writer and the quality of writing?

• estimated that around three fourths of college students have been found to procrastinate on tasks (Grunchel & Patrzek & Fries, 2013).

Based upon a study done by Zarick and Stonebraker they tested a populated of 200 students and each were asked the following questions 1. If procrastination ever lowered the quality of their assignment 2. Caused them to turn in the assignment late or not at all 3. Lowered exam scores Results:

• Majority of college students have the idea that “ I’ll do it tomorrow” will save them stress, but in reality it only causes them more. Students would rather cram all their work into an “all nighter” instead of getting ahead.

What is Procrastination?

Nowadays, college students attending Universities, are placed in a more stressful environment of trying to attend school during a national pandemic and this does pose some problems. There is expected to be higher rates of mental health issues and stress related issues. These rising stress rates have been found to be avoidable through, procrastination. Kingsieck defines procrastination as, “ the voluntary delay of an intended and necessary and/or (personally) important activity, despite expecting potential negative consequences that outweigh the positive consequences of the delay” (Kingsieck, 2013).

Procrastination has been found to been tied with negative consequences of higher rates of stress anxiety, and depression, and a poorer academic performance (Beutel & Klein, 2016). However, this is an issue that can be resolved. We simply cant let procrastination hinder our growth as both a student and a person.

Who?

•

• 1/200 students stated that they were never affected by any of the above • 42% said they experienced at least one of the three

• 1/3 of the students claimed that the quality of their papers had suffered (Zarick & Stonebraker, 2009)

Key Points

• Waiting until the last minute to turn in an assignment can lead to a.) loss of inspiration b.) being less engaged with your writing c.) unmotivated due to fear of failure.

Since, we are low on time we lack inspiration in our piece and just writing down whatever comes to mind just to get the paper done. We are more fearful of turning in nothing by the deadline instead of turning in a horrible paper (Davis, 2019). Instead, if we allow for more time to develop ideas more inspiration will stem out. The main key to writing is to not doubt the process or think that a blank piece of paper is a bad thing. However, It is an opportunity for our ideas to grow into what we consider to be our “perfect” paper.

• In a study done by Zarick and Stonebraker they tested a population of 200 students and 82 faculty members and asked them procrastination related questions. They grouped theses members in groups by: gender, major, school year, athletes, and employment (Zarick & Stonebraker, 2009).

• Results showed that males tended to procrastinate more than women. Also, that it is common for athletes and the employed to procrastinate simply because of their obligations towards their other activity.

Mental Health

Professors at the University of Case Western Reserve provided their findings on the examination of the effect of procrastination on students. Procrastination has a correlation to depression, irrational beliefs, low self-esteem, anxiety, and poorer study habits (Tice & Baumeister, 1997). Procrastinators feel the benefit in the short run, but this is because stress and illness is suffered late in the tasks and this outweighs the initial benefits. In the graph below, we can see that procrastinators don’t suffer at the beginning of the semester, but at the end of the semester they end up suffering and performing worse than non-procrastinators.

Why do we do it?

• We fear that we have to finish an assignment and making it good enough for our teachers which can lead to us continuously putting off the task.

• We worry about not knowing what to write this can lead to an unnecessary lack of inspiration and motivation.

• Focus too much on being perfect when all we need is just an idea of what to write • Procrastination is very much avoidable, but for others it is our way to avoid writing. It is also our defense mechanism to cope with feelings of fear and anxiety (Davis, 2019).

(Zarick & Stonebraker, 2009)

Solutions • Set deadlines for ourselvest • found to procrastinate less • better control over our tasks • Instead of giving up when tasked with a writing prompt instead just try to fool around with words.

Having an active mind, provides motivation to create work and put words to paper.

Sources Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Aufenanger, S., Brähler, E., Dreier, M., Müller, K. W., … Wölfling, K. (2016). Procrastination, Distress and Life Satisfaction across the Age Range – A German Representative Community Study. PLOS ONE, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148054 Davis, A. (2019, March 26). Why writers procrastinate. https:// writersedit.com/fiction-writing/writers-procrastinate/.

Ellis, A., and W. J Knaus 1977. Overcoming procrastination. New York . Singet Grunschel, C., Patrzek, J., & Fries, S. (2013). Exploring reasons and conse quences of academicprocrastination: An interview study. European Jour nal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 841-861. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23581525 Klingsieck KB. Procrastination When Good Things Don't Come to Those Who Wait. EuropeanPsychologist. 2013;18(1):24–34 Tice, D., & Baumeister, R. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, pe rformance, stress, andhealth: the costs and benefits of daw dling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063233 Zarick, L., & Stonebraker, R. (2009). I'LL DO IT TOMORROW: THE LOG IC OF PROCRASTINATION. College Teaching, 57(4), 211-215. Re trieved March 10, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25763397

Title: Effects of Procrastination: On the Writer and Quality of Writing Abstract: Procrastination hinders our ability to grow as both people and writers. Although, researchers claim cramming to finish an assignment allows for writers to get their ideas on paper much easier. However, this inhibits the creativity and the individuality of the writer’s work. Procrastination proves our inability to regulate time which leads to a much poorer performance on assignments. When we wait until the last minute to complete an assignment we are becoming less engage with our work and more focused on the deadline. If we spend more time to engage with our writing we may try new things to grow as a writer instead of stressing to turn it in.

Presenter(s): Logan Nicklas Sponsoring Department: Literature Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

40

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Efficiency Analysis of Fin Ar rangements in Latent Heat Ther mal Energy Storage System 1

Background •

•

•

•

•

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has many alternative energy applications.

LHTES uses a phase change material (PCM) that melts and solidifies as it stores and releases heat respectively.

Common PCMs have low thermal conductivity Using thermal conductivity enhancement techniques such as including metallic foam, metallic nanoparticles, a heat pipe network, and metallic fins can increase the thermal conductivity and efficiency of the system.

The current study uses an experimental apparatus to investigate the change in efficiency of a LHTES system seen when annular and radial fins are introduced as a thermal conductivity enhancement method.

Addison Hockins2, Samantha Moretti1,2, Kyle Shank1,2. Dr. Saeed Tiari1 Biomedical, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Gannon University 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Gannon University Configuration 2

Materials and Methods •

•

•

•

•

•

•

Acrylic cylindrical tank used to contain the PCM, Rubitherm RT-55.

A copper pipe is placed in the center of the acrylic tank to pump the heat transfer fluid, water, through the system.

First, a benchmark case with no fins was tested.

Then two configurations with 10 and 20 annular, equidistant fins were inserted.

Finally, configurations with 4 and 8 radial fins at 90 and 45 degrees around the pipe respectively were tested.

12 k-type thermal couples were used to measure temperature using National Instruments LabVIEW. Images and thermal images were taken over the course of the charging process for each trial.

Total Charging Time: 8.23 hours Figure 7: Temperatures for configuration 2.

Configuration 3

Total Charging Time: 8.63 hours

Figure 2: The experimental apparatus with all components identified.

Experimental Results: Benchmark Case

Figure 8: Temperatures for configuration 3.

Configuration 4

Total Charging Time: 47.87 hours

Total Charging Time: 6.43 hours

Figure 3: The four fin configurations tested.

Figure 5: Temperatures for control.

Configuration 1

Figure 1: Common thermal conductivity enhancers include heat pipes (top left), metallic fins (top right), metallic nanoparticles (bottom left) and metallic foam (bottom right).

Figure 9: Temperatures for configuration 4.

Total Charging Time: 9.8 hours

Conclusions: •

•

The inclusion of fins drastically reduced the charging time of a LHTES. Radial fins are more effective because they promote natural convection.

References:

Figure 4: The thermal and regular images taken for the 0-fin case.

Figure 6: Temperatures for configuration 1.

1. Tiari, Saeed and Mahdavi, Mahboobe. “Computational study of a latent heat thermal energy storage system enhanced by highly conductive metal foams and heat pipes.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry An International Forum for Thermal Studies Vol. 141 No. 5 (2020): pp. 1741–1751. DOI 10.1007/s10973-020-09357-9

Title: Efficiency Analysis of Fin Arrangements in Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System Abstract: Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has applications in waste heat recovery and alternative energy systems. LHTES utilizes a phase change material (PCM) that melts and solidifies to charge and discharge energy; however, this process can take a long time. To increase the efficiency, heat transfer enhancement techniques are used to make the process faster. Our study uses an experimental apparatus to evaluate different fin arrangements’ effects on the thermal performance of a LHTES unit. Through the study, it was found that the addition of fins decreased the charging and discharging times when compared to the case with no fins.

Presenter(s): Addison Hockins, Samantha Moretti, Kyle Shank Sponsoring Department: Biomedical, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

41

Erie Crime by Season 2020

Adviser: Dr. Chris Magno

Hill Leonard Leonard014@gannon.edu

Winter 2020

Abstract: In an American Psychology Association study done, changes in temperature such as the distinct sea3000 sons are shown to have effects on the crime rates. Erie, PA has quickly be2500 come my home since coming to school at Gannon and this is my way of giving 2000 back to the community. For my research project I will be showing the cor1500 relation between the seasons and the crime rate in Erie, PA. The project will show which season has the highest 1000 crime rate and what type of crime is the highest at the points during the year.

500 The data I am using is 2016-2020 Erie Crime Data as well as data from the 0 US census. There will be four GIS maps, one for each season, as well as graphs to fully present and explain my data.

Densest crime clusters appear between 3rd and 12th street and Sassafras, McKinley and 28, and Cascade and 20th.

Criminal Justice

Summer 2020

Erie Crime by Season

Winter

Spring

Summer

Fall

The fluctuation of crime throughout the year is shown in the maps and graph above. In the spring and fall map, you see paler colors compared to winter and summer. The condensed areas shown a higher crime rate around 3rd to 14th street and Sassafras . The maps also shown during a specific season which areas are more affected by crime.

Kernell mapping, as you see, shows the crimes of the seasons in a way that is easy to spot patterns. Looking at all the maps, you can see that crime clusters in the streets between 3rd and 12th street and Sassafras. Just by looking at the seasons, you can see hot spots of crime that appear in Erie.

Spring 2020

Densest crime clusters appear between 3rd and 12th street and Sassafras, German and 9th, and 23 and Holland.

Fall 2020

The spread of crime is different for each season, you can see that based on the shapes of the kernel maps.

Conclusion: The responsibility of the community is to aid where they can. To help soften the maps and reduce crimes, the community must face the circumstances of the seasons. For example, during the harsher months, shelter should be readily available for those who need it to use. The stress of not having a permanent residences has been shown to lead to criminal activity.

References and Data Source: Crime 2020. Erie Police Department: Burton B., Pollio D.E., North C.S., (November 30, 2018). A longitudinal study of housing status and crime in homeless population. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30372505/#:~:text=Over%20the%202%2Dyear% 20followup,behavior%20through%20homeless%20status%20offenses.

Densest crime clusters appear between 3rd and 12th street and Sassafras, the rest of crime is evenly spread over Erie.

Price, M. (December 2009). New insights on homelessness and violence. Retrieved fromhttps://www.apa.org/ monitor/2009/12/violence#:~:text=They%20found%20that%20homeless%20people,such%20as%20robbery%20and% 20assault.

Weiss, G. (January 26, 2017). Erie’s homeless population to be counted Friday. Retrieved fromhttps://www.goerie.com/ news/20170126/eries-homeless-population-to-be-counted-friday

Densest crime clusters appear between 3rd and 12th street and Sassafras, 23 and Holland, 9th and German.

Title: Erie Crime by Season 2020 Abstract: Previous studies suggest that changes in temperature, such as the distinct seasons, have shown effects on crime rates. My research examines relationship between seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter) and crime rates in Erie, PA. The project identifies the season with the highest crime rate and what type of crime peak in the specific weather within the year. The research use the 2016-2020 Erie Crime Data from Erie Police Department and Climate Data from NOAA (National Centers for Environmental Information).

Presenter(s): Hill Leonard Sponsoring Department: Criminal Justice Project Mentor: Chris Magno

42

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Erie Crime, Pover ty and Refugee Fatuma Nuhow Nuhow001@gannon.edu

Adviser: Dr. Chris Magno magno001@gannon.edu

Abstract Although the overall number of refugees entering the United States has decreased since 2016. The influx of refugees in the United States continues. In 2018 alone, more than 20,000 refugees entered the United States. Understandably, there is a lot of anxiety surrounding the idea of accepting a large number of refugees and immigrants into the United States. A number of politicians believe refugees and immigrants are responsible for the crime in the area in which they reside. My research project examines this claim by examining the refugee neighborhoods in Erie, Pennsylvania. Using GIS, I map and analyze the rates of crime and poverty in refugee neighborhood within the city of Erie and compared them to the overall crime and poverty rates in the city of Erie.

Refugee country of origin- This map illustrates the top 10 refugee countries of origin represented in Erie, Pennsylvania. There are a lot of red pins, and those pins represent Bhutan. According to this Map and the data provided, Erie gets the majority of its refugees from Bhutan. Although refugees are scattered in Erie, Pennsylvania, the largest refugee population is in the center of town and near the Bay area are represented here.

Erie Crime by Block - Map two illustrates crime by block, with the darker blocks indicating high crime levels and the lighter blocks showing lower crime levels. There is little to no crime. Towards the city's outskirts, as you move towards the center Northwestern region of Erie, crime increases. The Bay Front, Dobbins, Bay, 3rd street on the northwestern Erie has a high crime concentration. Towards the Northeastern part of Erie, the blocks East, 10th, 12th, and 18th also indicate high crime levels. However, the highest rates of crime are in the blocks towards the center-west of Erie, Pennsylvania. The outer parts of the city, including Schaper Avenue, are shown with a lower crime level. This map illustrates the section shown as the darkest red (222-386) as having the highest crime levels. According to the data used to create this map, those streets are West 16th, 15th, 18th, Plum, and Cascade create one block, the block furthest on the west.

Cherry, 17th, 16th, Huron, and Sassafras create the center block. The east block has the streets, state, east 19th, 20th, 16th, French, and Holland. The last dark strip is the slim horizontal line which has in it 8th street.

Poverty rate - Map three illustrates the poverty rate in Erie, Pennsylvania. The darkest area represents the more impoverished areas. The map's legend presents those areas from 0% -56.69%, with a red color, ranging from light pink to dark burgundy. 0%-7.88% are the light pinks, and 41.08-56.69% representing the darker areas. Using map two we can tell that the highest impoverished area covers 10th and 12 street, the streets before the lakeside block.

Refugee by block— Map four illustrates refugees by block. Most refugees are located on the east side of Erie 10th and 12 street. As shown by the refugee pin map of refugees, many refugees are also located in the center of Erie, PA. Schaper avenue also has a significant population, and although it has the second largest population of Erie, PA. It is listed as a cold block on the crime hotspot map.

Crime by Hotspot - Map five illustrates the crime hotspots by block in Erie, Pennsylvania. This map shows that the North (Bay, Bay Front, Dobbins, and 3rd) of Erie, with the biggest and most significant hotspot in Erie. It also shows the southwestern region of Erie is a cold spot with little to no crime. As the other maps have also illustrated, this map shows Erie's outskirts as having lower crime levels. According to our refugee by hotspot and refugee by block maps, there is little to no refugees in the Bay Front, Bay, and Dobbins area of Erie, Pennsylvania. However, there is a significant presence of crime in those areas, according to this map. There is a considerable number of refugees living in the outskirts in the southwest parts of Erie, but there is no significant amount of crime in that area.

Poverty rate Hotspot by Block -Map six illustrates the poverty hotspots of Erie, Pennsylvania. It also shows areas in Erie, Pennsylvania, that are cold spots. The northeastern part of Erie is the most impoverished, according to this map. According to this map, the outskirts of Erie, Pennsylvania, are either a cold spot or have no significance. The Bay and 3rd are represented in this map as a 99% confidence of poverty. Lakeside, 10th, and 12th of Erie are represented as 95% confidence for poverty.

Refugee hotspot by Block - This map illustrates the refugee hotspots by block. This map shows a significant number of refugees living on the blocks East, 18th, Ash, and east 8th. The refugees are concentrated in the center section east of the map. The number of refugees starts to decrease as you move down the southwest of Erie until you get to the bottom of the southwestern area where Schaper Avenue is located. Even that area shows no significant number of refugees.

•In conclusion, there is no significant evidence in these Map to show that refugees create dangerous neighborhoods or bring crime to communities in which they reside. Crime in these Maps is illustrated to be concentrated in the center of town. The maps show that refugees live in the impoverished parts of Erie, Pennsylvania. The maps also show the crime hotspots are located in the poor regions of Erie. Refugee's however, only make up a small percent of the crime hotspot.

There are other parts of the Map where refugees live with little to no crime. Therefore we can conclude that refugees do not bring crime to a neighborhood.

•There is a closer link between poverty and crime more than refugees and crime. Politicians and local and nonlocal governments must put more research, attention, and resources into ending poverty.

References • All Crime Provided by the Erie police department • Fact sheet: U.s. refugee resettlement. (2020, November 05). Retrieved April 02, 2021, from https://immigrationforum.org/article/fact-sheet-u-s-refugee-resettlement/ • •Neighborhoods and violent Crime: Hud user. (2016). Retrieved April 03, 2021, from https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/summer16/highlight2.html

Title: Erie Crime, Poverty and Refugee Abstract: Although the overall number of refugees entering the United States has decreased since 2016, the influx of refugees in the US continues. In 2018 alone, more than 20,000 refugees entered the United States. Understandably, there is a lot of anxiety surrounding the idea of accepting a large number of refugees and immigrants into the United States. A number of politicians believe refugees and immigrants are responsible for the crime in the area in which they reside. My research project examines this claim by examining the refugee neighborhoods in Erie, Pennsylvania. Using GIS, I mapped and analyzed the rates of crime and poverty in refugee neighborhood within the city of Erie and compared them to the overall crime and poverty rates in Erie County.

Presenter(s): Fatuma Nuhow Sponsoring Department: Criminal justice Project Mentor: Chris Magno

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

43

Title: Evaluating the Joint Capability of Common Healthcare Movements Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are widespread in many occupations. MSDs can develop through activities that are frequent and repetitive or have awkward postures. Digital human model technology can be used to aid in injury prevention programs.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the strength capability of each anatomical joint during typical healthcare movements.

With the integration of Xsens MVN in JACK, the strength capability for each anatomical joint can be evaluated for the three performed tasks. This research can aid ergonomists and engineers in further development for injury prevention programs to help improve workplace safety.

Presenter(s): Justo Hernandez, Emily Schweitzer Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Industrial and Systems Engineering Project Mentor: Xiaoxu Ji

44

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Examining Putative Mantel Correlations Between Granular COVID-19 Burden and Election Polling Data, Jan-Oct 2020 USA

Mughiara Qadeer, Julia Danko, Taylor Roberts, Allison Ahl, Matt Gacura, Prasad Dalvi and Gary Vanderlaan Department of Biology, Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences, Gannon University, Erie, PA, USA

COVID Burden & Key Inflection Points

Stay-at-Home Orders: Initial Start Dates

Datasets and Proposed Analyses

Relative Proportions of Initial "Stay-at-Home" Orders by Gubernatorial-Partisan Affiliation Relative Amount of States (%)

Abstract It is well known that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted nearly every aspect of personal and public life from changes in daily habits to changes in political affiliation. Prior research has identified key dates throughout 2020 that act as inflection points in COVID-19 morbidity, mortality, test positivity, and testing rates in states governed by Democratic or Republican leaders. By May 30, 2020 Republican-governed states exhibited higher COVID-test positivity rates compared to their Democratic counterparts. Similarly, Republican-led states eclipsed Democratic-governed ones for COVID-morbidity (June 3, 2020) and COVID-mortality (July 4, 2020) rates. By September 30, 2020 states under Republican leadership exhibited lower testing rates while Democratic-governed states continued at relatively high testing levels. It can be inferred that these changes could influence approval ratings of incumbent partisan leaders as the effects of the pandemic grew in 2020. This research seeks to measure the changes in partisan loyalty at every level of government throughout the course of the pandemic stretching from January to October 2020. Statistical analyses, specifically the Mantel test, will be used to seek putative correlations amongst state-specific morbidity and mortality rates against metapolling data for the gubernatorial, house, senate, and presidential races. To gain a better understanding of partisan changes, special attention will be given to the incumbent leaders and how they faired in their respective 2020 races.

50 US States

100% 90%

COVID-19 Morbidity Data (CDC)

Republican-governed states

80%

Democrat-governed states

70%

SAH Order Inflection

60%

COVID-19 Mortality Data (CDC)

50%

Gubernatorial Polling Data (435 Polls, FiveThirtyEight)

40% 30%

House Polling Data (784 Polls, FiveThirtyEight)

20% 10% 0% 12-Mar

24-Mar

26-Mar

30-Mar

Senate Polling Data (1,873 Polls, FiveThirtyEight)

2-Apr

“Stay-at-Home” Order Start Date

Presidential Polling Data (11,282 Polls, FiveThirtyEight)

Percentile-transformations for each of five initial SAH order dates reveal the relative proportions of partisan affiliation. An inflection point is seen clearly following March 30, 2020 whereby Republican-governed states surpass Democratic-lead states in SAH order adoption.

Average Daily COVID-19 Morbidity Burden in the U.S. (22 JAN 2020 – 13 OCT 2020) Mean COVID-19 cases in U.S.

140000

3 JUN 2020 Morbidity Inflection

120000 100000 80000 60000 40000

4 JUL 2020 Mortality Inflection

30 MAY 2020 COVID Test Positivity Rate Inflection

JAN 2020

OCT 2020

Using the R-programming environment, we are currently generating data matrices with temporally-aligned elements derived from two data sources: 1) a public-use CDC database regarding COVID-19 morbidity and mortality measurements in all 50 American states from January 22 through October 3, 2020, and 2) a public-use FiveThirtyEight database containing over 14 thousand polls conducted in the same time interval at four different governmental levels (gubernatorial, house, senate, and presidential polls). As many polls spanned numerous days, we are currently calculating average meta-polling aggregate values for each day using custom R scripts.

Once all databases are temporally aligned, our dataframe objects will be suitable for carrying out statistical correlation tests, including the Mantel test from within the R-programming environment. Our initial hypothesis is that we might see polling sentiment inflections in heavily-burdened electoral races near dates of known inflection points (i.e., 9 MAR, 30 MAY, 3 JUN, 4 JULY 2020).

9 MAR 2020 Public Concern Inflection

References

20000 0

et al., 2020. Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing During the Coronavirus Pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series.

WP 26946: 1-51.

1Allcott

Average Daily COVID-19 Mortality Burden in the U.S. (22 JAN 2020 – 13 OCT 2020)

16

Number of States

14

Republican-governed states

12

Democrat-governed states

10 8 6 4 2

Mean COVID-19 deaths in U.S.

Adapted from Allcott et al., 2020

Initial "Stay-at-Home" Orders by Gubernatorial-Partisan Affiliation

4000

3 JUN 2020 Morbidity Inflection

3500 3000

2000 1500 1000

9 MAR 2020 Public Concern Inflection

24-Mar

26-Mar

30-Mar

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as statewide closures accompanied by Stay-at-Home (SAH) orders were deployed nationally in early 2020 at five different start times. The earliest SAH order was given on 12 MARCH 2020, and the latest was on 2 APRIL 2020. We mapped the SAH start-date heatmap (adapted from Allcott et al., 2020) against party affiliation (Democrat or Republican) at the state-level. Doing so reveals a trend that Democrat-governed states adopted SAH orders very early during the pandemic, with Republican-led states adopting SAH orders with considerable delay.

5Kreps

and Kriner. Model Uncertainty, political contestation, and public trust in science: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances. 6: eabd4563.

et al., 2021. Counties with High COVID-19 Incidence and Relatively Large Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the United States, April 1–December 22, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Vol 70. 24 MAR 2021: 1-7.

500

7Neelon et al., 2021.

Associations between governor political affiliation and COVID-19 cases, deaths, and testing in the United States. medRxiv. 2020.10.08.20209619.

0

2-Apr

“Stay-at-Home” Order Start Date

et al., 2020. Declines in SARS-CoV-2 Transmission, Hospitalizations, and Mortality After Implementation of Mitigation Measures: Delaware, March–June 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Vol 69. 6 NOV 2020: 1-4.

4Kanu

6Lee

0 12-Mar

1942. How Important is Public Opinion in Time of War? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 85(5): 440-444.

et al., 2007. Public health interventions (PHI) and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104(18): 7582-7587.

3Hatchett

4 JUL 2020 Mortality Inflection

30 MAY 2020 COVID Test Positivity Rate Inflection

2500

2Gallup

2020 Timeline Public-use COVID data from the CDC was plotted to illustrate average daily COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates for a 10-month timeframe of 2020. Inflection points were then mapped onto COVID burden plots based on published work (Allcott et al., 2020; Neelon et al., 2021). For each inflection point, Democratic-governed states lead the metric prior to the given date while Republican-governed states surpassed Democratic-governed states after the listed date.

For example, Republican-governed states surpassed Democratic-governed states in terms of mean daily morbidity and mortality incidence starting on June 3 and July 4, respectively.

8Rossen et al., 2020. Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19, by Age and Race and Ethnicity in the United States, January 26–October 3, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Vol 69. 20 OCT 2020: 1-6.

9Safran. 2006. Public Opinion as a Constraint against War: Democracies’ Responses to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Foreign Policy Analysis. 2: 137-156.

10Warshaw et al., 2020. Fatalities from COVID-19 are reducing Americans’ support for Republicans at every level of federal office. Science Advances. 6: eabd8564.

Title: Examining Putative Mantel Correlations Between Granular COVID-19 Burden and Election Polling Data, Jan-Oct 2020 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed public perception of elected U.S. officials. Using the R-programming language, we will perform Mantel Tests to examine if any correlations exist between COVID-19 burden as measured via morbidity and mortality datasets to that of meta-polling data regarding all gubernatorial, house, senate, and presidential races. The data comprises a total of 266 days of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in the year 2020 extracted from the Centers of Disease Control (CDC). The polling data contains a total of 435 governor-level, 784 House-level, 1,873 Senator-level, and 11,282 presidential-level polling results for the same ten-month timeframe across the country Presenter(s): Mughiara Qadeer, Taylor Roberts, Julia Danko, Allison Ahl Sponsoring Department: Biology Department Project Mentor: Prasad Dalvi

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

45

Experimental investigation on the ther mal perfor mance of a vapor chamber with a copper foam wick Dr. Mahboobe Mahdavi, Paul Kummannoor Benny Mechanical Engineering Department, Gannon University, Erie, PA

ABSTRACT Vapor chambers are efficient, two-phase heat transfer devices that utilize cyclic evaporation and condensation. They are composed of a vacuum-sealed, plate-shaped container, a working fluid, and a wick. The wick structure is used to provide the required pressure for working fluid circulation. The key parameters in the performance of vapor chambers are the structure of the wick and its characteristics, the selection of working fluid, and the structure of the vapor path. In this project, the goal is to experimentally study the effects of these parameters on the performance of the vapor chambers using a novel design for the wick.

The wick structure is used to provide the required pressure for working fluid circulation. The heat from the heat source or electronic chip evaporates the liquid in the vapor chamber, which then travels to the other sections of the vapor chamber. The heat is then removed by forced or natural convection in the condenser. The liquid returns back to the evaporator side due to the capillary pressure provided by the wick.

This process continues and an effective heat transfer process takes place. Vapor chambers have other added advantages including its non-sensitivity to gravity thus enabling it to be placed in any direction. They also have the ability to be isothermal to 1-2°C, they can be used to cool multiple components, they can be made as thin as 3mm, and they have a low thermal resistance.

Gene Davis Sales, a local metal fabricator, used water jet cutting capabilities to prepare the wicks out of copper foam.

The wick consists of two circular discs and an 8-spoked, starlike geometry. The vapor chamber has outer dimensions of 85 mm diameter and a 9 mm thickness and inner dimensions of 60 mm diameter and a 4 mm thickness. A cylindrical cartridge heater fitted to a copper rod with a diameter of 19 mm is used to mimic the heat generation in electronic chips.

The condenser side is in contact with a finned heat sink to increase the heat dissipation capabilities. The vapor chamber parts, the lid and the base were manufactured at the Mechanical Engineering Machine Shop with the help of mechanical engineering laboratory managers.

Figure 7 : Vacuum station

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 1: Vapor Chamber working [1]

BACKGROUND Overheating in electronic appliances reduces their performance and life. Due to the rapid development of high heat flux devices in electronic cooling, a need for a novel heat spreader has arisen. Heat pipes and vapor chambers are some of the latest innovations in this field that have made heat transfer rates increase by several times as compared to a traditional fintype cooling method. Vapor chambers, or planar heat pipes, are two-phase heat transfer devices that utilize cyclic evaporation and condensation. They are composed of a vacuum-sealed, plate-shaped container, a working fluid, and a wick.

Vapor chambers use evaporation and condensation of a working fluid in a sealed vacuum container to spread the heat effectively. When a heat source is in contact with the vapor chamber, it vaporizes the liquid working fluid, which travels to the other side of the vapor chamber. The vapor condenses at the condenser and releases its heat to a heat sink.

Porous structures are used to provide the capillary pressure required for the circulation of the liquid working fluid inside the vapor chamber. The goal of this project is to study the effects of various wick designs, working fluid types, and the charge ratio on the performance of the vapor chamber under various inclination angles.

Figure 5 : Evaporator wick samples

Figure 8 : Vapor Chamber Assembly for different orientations

OBJECTIVES AND FUTURE WORKS Figure 6 : Cartridge Heater Setup

Figure 2 : Vapor Chamber Prototype

Figure 4 : Vapor Chamber Base technical drawing Figure 3 : Copper foam wick

In the current design, a three-layer copper foam is used as the wick for the copper vapor chamber.

The heat sink was also manufactured using EDM at an outside facility, given the technical limitations of the labs. The test module consists of both a cooling fan and a variable transformer to adjust the heat. Thermocouples are used to read the surface temperature of the vapor chamber. A specific structure is designed to be able to hold the vapor chamber at a specific angle. The effect of orientation of the vapor chamber on the thermal performance will be studied. A rotary vacuum pump is used to evacuate the vapor chamber and fill it with the appropriate amount of working fluid. Cleaning of the vapor chamber is crucial as it affects its performance.

It will be performed in the Environmental Engineering labs as corrosive chemicals, like Sulphuric Acid, will be used for the cleaning.

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Study the feasibility of using copper foams as the wick Study the effects of various wick designs and types Study the effects of various working fluids Study the effect of filling ratio of the liquid on the thermal performance Validating the developed numerical model

REFERENCES [1] “Home.” Advance Cooling Technologies, www.1-act.com/resources/heat -pipe-fundamentals/different-types-of-heat-pipes/vapor-chambers/.

Title: Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Performance of a Vapor Chamber with a Copper Foam Wick Abstract: Vapor chambers are efficient, two-phase heat transfer devices that utilize cyclic evaporation and condensation. They are composed of a vacuum-sealed, plate-shaped container, a working fluid, and a wick. The wick structure is used to provide the required pressure for working fluid circulation. The key parameters in the performance of vapor chambers are the structure of the wick and its characteristics, the selection of working fluid, and the structure of the vapor path. In this project, the goal is to experimentally study the effects of these parameters on the performance of the vapor chambers using a novel design for the wick.

Presenter(s): Paul Kummannoor Benny Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Mahboobe Mahdavi

46

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Experimental Study of a Custom Designed 3D Printed Bone Scaffold Andrew Mottola12, Marshall Murray1, Dr. Saeed Tiari1 1

INTRODUCTION • Bone scaffolds are one of the most

fast growing technologies in the modern era.

• 3D printing bone scaffolds allows for the devices to be manufactured and designed for much cheaper than other techniques [1].

• The design for our bone scaffold will take place in the CAD software Creo Parametric.

• With current treatments for bone loss, the structure frequently fails at accurately replacing the necessary structure [2].

• Our study will compare the strategic results of the bone scaffold using three different designs that were produced from different shapes.

• The three different shapes are squares, circles, and octagons.

Biomedical Engineering Program, 2Mechanical Engineering Department

RESEARCH METHODS • The bone scaffold will be made in the CAD software Creo Parametric with the

general requirements that included being a 1’ x 1’ x 1’ cube and being designed out of three different shapes.

•Each design will have a porosity of around 80% allowing for a lightweight and cost effective scaffold which can be seen in Fig. 2, 3, and 4.

•The material that the 3D print will be made out of is Prusament PETG. • Each design will be tested on the MTI-10k machine for compression to find out which design is the best to be manufactured.

Fig. 2: CAD software Creo Parametric

Fig. 2: Square Bone Scaffold Design

Fig. 6: MTI-10k Machine

References

Fig. 1: Original Prusa i3 MK3S 3D Printer

Fig. 3: Circle Bone Scaffold Design

Fig. 4: Octagon Bone Scaffold Design

[1] An, Jia, et al. "Design and 3D printing of scaffolds and tissues." Engineering 1.2 (2015): 261-268 [2} “Bone Scaffold.” ICOI, 18 Mar. 2019, www.icoi.org/glossary/bone-scaffold/.

Title: Experimental Study of a Custom Designed 3D Printed Bone Scaffold Abstract: The objective of this study is to design and 3-D print a bone scaffold that will be able to improve a person’s quality of life after an implantation. Creating this scaffold using Creo Parametric will allow us to ensure the custom design to work as proposed. The design will be tested within the MTI-10k Universal Testing Machine which will examine the mechanical properties of the material such as ultimate stress and strain. This will ensure the design is safe and efficient for implantation.

Presenter(s): Andrew Mottola, Marshall Murray Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Department Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

47

Experimental study of a solar-powered cooling system Paul Kummannoor Benny, Saujan Siwakoti, Mark Kurchena, Joshua Charlery, Dr. David Gee Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gannon University, Erie, PA

ABSTRACT

COMPRESSOR

A prototype solar-powered air conditioning system was developed and analyzed to study the feasibility of powering the cooling system for a typical length workday using only a renewable energy source. The off-the-shelf cooling system components were taken from a residential R134a refrigeration system and then reassembled onto a custom enclosure which was designed to serve as the climate-controlled compartment. Further modifications are currently being performed in order to make the system more robust and to meet specified design parameters.

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PROJECT DETAILS

COOLING BACKGROUND •

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For refrigeration, the main source of heat is the refrigerator’s contents; and opening/closing the door.

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For air conditioning, the main source of heat is environmental.

Heat transfer to a working fluid (i.e., the refrigerant) removes heat from the enclosed space is in order to achieve the desired temperature.

Heat is then transferred from the refrigerant to the external environment in order to complete a thermodynamics cycle. A compressor is required in order to enable this process.

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~5 ft (2 x 2 x 1.5) rectangular enclosure made of plexiglass and plywood •

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Wheels are fastened to the bottom to allow for mobility Plexiglas front face is hinged for access to interior space

1. Check the oil level in the compressor; 2. Check for proper operating temperatures/pressures;

115 V AC compressor Evaporator (heat exchanger)

3. Check for proper suction superheat; •

Condenser (heat exchanger)

Expansion valve

2 100W solar panels are used to supply energy to a 100 Ah Lithium-ion 12 V battery An inverter is used to convert the batteries stored DC power to alternating current (AC) which is required by the compressor.

The failure of the previous installment of the same venture was due to the failure of the compressor. Hence, the main goal of our journey this time is to make sure this does not happen. The main reasons for compressor failures are: dirty coils, blocked suction lines, low refrigerant charge, incorrect suction line size, too much refrigerant, electrical discharges, contaminants like a lubricant leakage and inadequate oil lubricant.

The following steps will be prechecked and confirmed before running the system:

Components are re-attached to the enclosure. The main cooling system components include: •

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Cooling components taken from a residential R134a refrigeration system.

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The primary components of a cooling system are indicated in the accompanying schematic.

Moderately insulated and airtight

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Image above shows original enclosure in construction phase; front face was closed with Plexiglas. In the new enclosure, all sides –except the back and base– will be formed with Plexiglas panels.

Front Plexiglas face will be attached with hinges and will provide both visual and physical access to the interior space.

An interior mounted thermostat can be programmed with the desired setpoint temperature to trigger the cooling system.

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The Honda Accord is approximately 106 cubic feet. Given the car’s volume and the heat input due to solar irradiation, a thermodynamic analysis will be performed in order to determine how much heat must be removed by the solar-powered cooling system.

The overall project goal is to design an efficient cooling system to control this type of volume.

OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS To provide power for this off-grid application, we use a pair of 100W monocrystalline solar panels, to convert incoming solar radiation to electricity via the photoelectric effect.

The current is passed through a charge controller which regulates the flow of electricity to the battery (used to store energy). When electrical power is needed, electricity, in the form of direct current (DC) is drawn from the dry-cell battery and passed through an inverter which inverts direct current to alternating current (DC → AC).

4. Check contact points on the compressor contactor for abnormal wear;

5. Check for proper supply voltage; 6. Confirm the unit’s controls are not short-cycling the compressor; 7. Perform an oil analysis from the compressor to look for contamination in the oil; and 8. Check for proper operation of all safety devices on the system.

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Perform a failure analysis of the compressor Design a cooling system for the ~106ft3 enclosure and size the required energy storage for the system.

Perform testing and analysis.

Title: Experimental study of a solar-powered cooling system Abstract: A prototype solar powered air conditioning system was developed and analyzed to study the feasibility of powering the cooling system for a typical length workday using only a renewable energy source. The off-the-shelf cooling system components were taken from a residential R134a refrigeration system and then reassembled onto a custom enclosure which was designed to serve as the climate-controlled compartment. Further modifications are being performed in order to make the system more robust and to meet certain specified design parameter Presenter(s): Paul Kummannoor Benny, Saujan Siwakoti, Joshua Charlery, Mark Kurchena Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Dr. David Gee

48

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Faking the News: Fighting the Spread of Misinformation in the Media Overview

By researching the methods and capacities of media literacy, I seek to answer the following questions regarding undergraduate students and their interactions with social media: • How do students initially perceive source credibility?

• How do students perceive source credibility after a more in-depth investigation?

• What information do students use to determine source credibility online?

The findings can be used to develop and implement effective media literacy interventions that combat the spread of misinformation in a society that is exponentially becoming more reliant on social media as a source of constant information.

Literacy and Misinformation

Literacy: reader’s interaction with a source to determine its credibility.

Types include media, information, news, digital (Jones-Jang et al.).

Rhetorical triangle (see fig. 1): dynamic interaction(s) between the author, text, and reader.

Literacy is pertinent to the current state of the world. For example, information regarding COVID-19, the US presidential election, and vaccines flood the internet, which makes it difficult to discern truth from untruth (Abrams). Also, most people use social media as their only news outlet; therefore, if the sources they follow are not credible, they are propagating misinformation. If individuals can detect a source’s faults by way of specialized intervention methods, they will be less susceptible to the deception caused by misinformation.

Figure 2. Part One of Survey

Media Literacy and the Rhetorical Triangle Author

Pickard et al.’s research indicates that authorship is of least interest to students (age 13 to age 19) when they are evaluating a website, whereas grammar and spelling errors are of most interest. Similarly, Silva et al. discovered that undergraduate students pay less attention to the author’s credentials of a website or journal article when evaluating its trustworthiness.

Findings

The findings in these studies add to our understanding of the rhetorical triangle (see fig. 1) as it pertains to literacy. By recognizing the shift in what aspects are used to determine credibility of an online source, the rhetorical triangle is no longer equilateral with each point equidistant from one another. Rather, based on these preliminary findings, the reader and the text share a closer relationship than the author does to determination of source credibility.

Text

A study conducted by Silva et al. explored the way a source’s textual structure impacts its overall perceived credibility among undergraduate students. The researchers found a positive correlation between the number of citations and hyperlinks with increased trust in the source.

In a study conducted by Vosoughi et al., false news had a higher spread rate in all categories of information (i.e. politics, business, entertainment, etc.) on Twitter. Therefore, false information is spread faster than sources with true information. This indicates that people are susceptible to misinformation and are willing to share this kind of information without fact-checking it.

Reader

Brem coined the term “collective intuition,” which is a concept that explains how everyone has a unique set of beliefs that develop as a result of their experiences; a person’s experiences impact the way they perceive the world, which can skew their perception of truth. Like confirmation bias, an individual seeks to find information that agrees with their own beliefs and disregard information that causes dissonance. Brem emphasizes the role one's collective intuition has on the types of sources they deem credible.

Figure 1. Rhetorical Triangle

Anna Betler betler001@gannon.edu

Further Research Methods

In my research, I will be researching whether undergraduate students rely more on the author, information, or preconceived notions of a source to determine its credibility, specifically on social media.

Part One of Survey (see fig. 2) • Participants asked to rank initial perceived credibility of each source (only post appears in this section of the survey) • Allows for a baseline of credibility (without any influences) Part Two of Survey (see fig. 3) • Participants given the link to Instagram post which allows them to do further investigation of the post and the account • This section serves as an experimental investigation (answers the question: how does their perceived credibility change?)

Part Three of Survey (see fig. 4) • Participants asked to rank how each aspect of a source (i.e., author credentials, content, layout and design, grammar and spelling, etc.) was used to determine its credibility • Indicates what undergraduate students use to determine credibility

Figure 4. Part Three of Survey

Conclusion and Application

Current literacy research indicates that students rely on grammar and spelling but do not consider an author’s credentials as a prominent way to determine a source’s credibility (Pickard et al.). Another conclusion made by current studies is that literacy interventions decrease the rate at which misinformation is spread. Through the further research explained in the previous section, specialized intervention methods can be developed to restore the rhetorical triangle to its original state and to inoculate people against the spread of misinformation.

Works Cited Abrams, Zara. “Controlling the Spread of Misinformation.” Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2021. www.apa.org/monitor/2021/03/controlling-misinformation#.

Figure 3. Part Two of Survey

Brem, Sarah K. “What's Worthwhile on the World Wide Web?” Kairos, vol. 7, no. 1, 2001. kairos.technorhetoric.net/7.1/features/brem/whatsworthwhile.htm.

Jones-Jang, S. Mo, et al. “Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don’t.” American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 65, no. 2, 2019, pp. 371–388. doi:10.1177/0002764219869406.

Pickard, Alison J., et al. “Young People and the Evaluation of Information on the World Wide Web: Principles, Practice and Beliefs.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, vol. 46, no. 1, 2012, pp. 3–20. doi:10.1177/0961000612467813.

Silva, Elise, et al. “What Do First-Year Students Find Reliable in Online Sources?” Kairos, vol. 25, no. 2, 2021. http:/​/​kairos.technorhetoric.net/​25.2/​topoi/​silva-et-al/​index.html.

Vosoughi, Soroush, et al. “The Spread of True and False News Online.” Science, vol. 359, no. 6380, 2018, pp. 1146–1151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559.

Title: Faking the News: Fighting the Spread of Misinformation in the Media Abstract: The internet has changed the way we view the rhetorical triangle (reader, author, and text) as it pertains to credibility. Online media has made it difficult to deem a source reliable, especially with the spread of misinformation. This project argues how college students view credibility on social media in regards to author credentials, source information, and reader perception. I identify common tactics students use to find trustworthiness in a source. After reading this project, the audience will understand the effect of online misinformation on the rhetorical triangle as it relates to an author’s credibility, source information, and personal viewpoints.

Presenter(s): Anna Betler Sponsoring Department: Department of English Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

49

Adviser: Dr. Chris Magno Intro to Crime Mapping Spring 2021

Felonies in Manhattan Gabriela Romero Gutierrez Romerog001@gannon.edu Abstract: Using Geographic Information System (GIS), these research maps examine the felonies in Manhattan, New York. Using the recent crime data from the New York Police Department (NYPD), the research organizes and identifies serious offenses that occur between 2019 to 2020. The project also identifies neighborhoods with high violent offenses and illustrates the type of offenses happening in those neighborhoods.

This map shows Manhattan’s 2020 crime rate by block. The darkest green areas are where most of the crime occurred (5th Avenue, Central Park). The lighter green areas mean that less crime took place.

This map shows the hotspots of felonies in Manhattan distributed by streets. Most of the felonies happen in the Northern-Central and Western-Central part of Manhattan.

This map shows Manhattan’s poverty by block that occurred in 2019. The most affected areas are the ones in darker brown. Successively, we have the lighter brown, orange, and beige areas are the least affected by poverty.

This map shows the poverty hotspots in Manhattan. Most of the crime occurred in the Northern and Eastern-Southern part.

Conclusion: Most of the felonies in Manhattan occur in the Northern-Central (Harlem and Upper Manhattan) and in the Southern-Central (8th and 7th Avenue).

Some areas in poverty have felony related issues, for example, Harlem and Upper Manhattan. On the contrary, the Western-Central part does not show correlation between poverty and crime. It can be due to the fact that there are no neighborhoods in that area, but stores and parks.

Bibliography: Bureau, U. (2020, December 14). Tiger/line shapefiles. United States Census Bureau, from https://www.census.gov/geographies/mappingfiles/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html Bureau, U. (n.d.). Data. United States Census Bureau, from https:// www.census.gov/data.html Crime statistics. (n.d.).New York Police Department, from https:// www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/stats/crime-statistics/crime-statisticslanding.page

Title: Felonies in Manhattan Abstract: Using GIS, the research maps and examines the felonies in Manhattan, New York. Using the recent NYPD crime data, the research organizes and identifies serious offenses that occurred between 2019 to 2020. The project also identifies neighborhoods with high violent offenses and illustrates the type of offenses happening in those neighborhoods.

Presenter(s): Gabriela Romero Sponsoring Department: Criminal Justice Department Project Mentor: Chris Magno

50

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Fluidic VGT Concept Harley Stoughton, Anna Zito, Brandon Aller, Karim Yousef, Dr. Scott Steinbrink Mechanical Engineering Program, Gannon University, Erie, PA

Abstract In large radial turbocharger design, a nozzle is often used to direct exhaust gas flow within the turbine inlet scroll; the nozzle is between the inlet scroll and exhaust exit passage. An effective concept for direction of flow is the fluidic VGT (variable geometry turbocharger). Fluidic blocking at the end of each nozzle vane can be introduced to reduce the throat area through which exhaust gas flows. This is accomplished by injecting air through a slot at the end of the vane where the flow paths around the vane converge. Thus, exhaust gas velocity is effectively increased by reducing the throat area between two vanes. This concept can be applied to existing turbine case platforms and modular turbine design can be established. Effective design includes integration of the fluidic VGT with the NT1-05 turbine case. With that, the shroud that is integrated with the VGT will be designed such that the profile will align with that of the turbine case, where the components meet. Moreover, the nozzle will be brought in line with the turbine inlet flow. The vanes will contact the adjoining face of the turbine case. The modular design will overall be reflected in maintaining discharge flange location and bolt pattern the same as the baseline (NT1-05). This retrofitted fluidic VGT concept will ensure effective manufacturability for the NT1-05 architecture while being able to accommodate different nozzle ring designs, namely the fluidic VGT.

Design Requirements

Design Constraints

The basic NT1-05 architecture was initially designed to be able to retrofit nozzle variants. The aim is a platform approach and modular turbine design. That is, starting with a nozzle ring design concept, and a baseline turbine case design, an alternate configuration can be established. In general, there are three primary design requirements: 1) VGT concept must integrate with the NT1-05 turbocharger architecture [2] 2) Turbine discharge flange location and bolt pattern must remain [2] 3) The nozzle (vane tips [1]) must brought in line with the turbine inlet flow path

1. Design should be focused on the VGT shroud [3]to emphasize platform approach 2. Maintain discharge flange location [4] 3. Maintain turbine case bolt pattern [4] 4. Maintain existing (baseline) turbine case design [2]

Figure 4: Fluidic VGT model complete with airfeed fittings, flange, and bolts

Discussion

Figure 1: Single nozzle vane geometry

Figure 2: NT1-05 turbine case showing flange bolt location

Figure 3: Fluidic VGT plenum (left) and turbine orientation relative to fluidic VGT nozzle with shroud (right)

This concept can be applied to existing turbine case platforms, such as the NT1-05 turbine case, and modular turbine design can be established. That is, for the same turbine case, multiple different nozzle designs can be implemented while maintaining the same basic setup and application. From a platform standpoint, this is especially useful when considering long-term application of the turbocharger.

The VGT nozzle ring is a much more effective design in terms of overall turbocharger performance, so being able to retrofit new technology, like the fluidic VGT, into existing turbine architecture ensures effective and lasting design.

Title: Fluidic VGT Concept Abstract: In large radial turbocharger design, a nozzle is often used to direct exhaust gas flow within the turbine inlet scroll. The nozzle is between the inlet scroll and exhaust exit passage. An effective concept for direction of flow is the fluidic VGT (variable geometry turbocharger). Fluidic blocking at the end of each nozzle vane can be introduced to reduce the throat area through which exhaust gas flows. This is accomplished by injecting air through a slot at the end of the vane where the flow paths around the vane converge. Thus, exhaust gas velocity is effectively increased by reducing the throat area between two vanes. This concept can be applied to existing turbine case platforms and modular turbine design can be established. Effective design includes integration of the fluidic VGT with the NT1-05 turbine case. With that, the shroud that is integrated with the VGT will be designed such that the profile will align with that of the turbine case, where the components meet. Moreover, the nozzle will be brought in line with the turbine inlet flow. The vanes will contact the adjoining face of the turbine case. The modular design will overall be reflected in maintaining discharge flange location and bolt pattern the same as the baseline (NT1-05). This retrofitted fluidic VGT concept will ensure effective manufacturability for the NT105 architecture while being able to accommodate different nozzle ring designs, namely the fluidic VGT. Presenter(s): Harley Stoughton, Anna Zito, Brandon Aller, Karim Yousef Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Scott Steinbrink

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

51

Funding Inequalities within the American School System

Natalee Stinebiser, Soleil Rosenzweig stinebis001@gannon.edu, rosenzwe001@gannon.edu

Abstract Overview

Solutions to this Issue

Who is Affected

Education is the foundation of our society as it is interconnected with everything in our lives. Not having adequate access to funding can create a very limiting learning environment for students, especially those who are already living in poor neighborhoods. On top of that, there are also farreaching implications that affect our entire system. This research will investigate the issue of inequality of school funding to socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in the United States. An analysis of literature will be done to understand the problems regarding school funding as well as what can be done to alleviate this issue.

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Students from a lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be affected by a lack of school funding than students who come from affluent backgrounds (Lynch, 2018).

Students that live in high poverty areas do not have adequate resources at home or in their school districts. These students often suffer from problems at home and within school (Lynch, 2018).

Without taking action, future generations of students will not have access to quality education. To do this, we must: 1. Invest in students and school districts with greater needs.

Title-I schools are institutions that have a large concentration of low-income students and receive supplemental funds to give extra support to its students in achieving goals. However, “Funding to low income Title-I schools has decreased since 2010” (Lynch, 2018).

2. Understand how money is necessary for student achievement in the long-run.

This issues also impacts students of color significantly. According to a study from the nonprofit EdBuild, “For every student enrolled, the average nonwhite school district receives $2,226 less than a white school district” (Lombardo, 2019).

3. Support human resources in order to provide students with quality teachers and better learning environments.

“Researchers found that high-poverty districts serving mostly students of color receive about $1,600 less per student than the national average. That's while school districts that are predominately white and poor receive about $130 less” (Lombardo, 2019).

4. Reform the school financing system so it equally supports all students and faculty, regardless of demographics.

(National Center for Education Statistics, 2010).

(Education Week, 2013).

(Baker 2016).

Funding in American Schools

Effects on Student Outcomes

Funding Differences over Time

References Baker, B. D. (2016). Does money matter in education? Washington, DC: Albert Shanker Institute.

Baker, B. D. (2018). How money matters for schools (research brief). Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.

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On average, school districts receive 48% of their funding from state governments, 44% locally, and 8% federally (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2010).

Funding varies amongst all school districts, meaning that there is no schools that have the same funding system (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2010).

Funds are distributed to school districts on a per-pupil basis and categorically. By doing this, it is ensuring that there is enough money to cover each child’s education and every department (Park, 2007).

To provide equal educational opportunities, systems need to be providing higher resources for higher need (Baker, 2018).

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Over the past two decades, the gap between state and federal funding of schools has decreased significantly (PEW, 2019).

“In 1990, state per student funding was almost 140 percent more than that of the federal government... a result, the gap has narrowed considerably, and state funding per student in 2015 was only 12 percent above federal levels” (PEW, 2019).

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“Federal and state funding, together, continue to make up a substantial share of public college and university budgets, at 34 percent of public schools’ total revenue in 2017 “ (PEW, 2019).

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School districts that receive more funding are able to offer more competitive teacher compensation, thereby attracting teachers with higher qualifications. Studies have shown that these teachers generate stronger achievement scores amongst students (Ferguson, 1991).

Better-funding schools have the ability to reduce class sizes which improves student achievement rates and reduces gaps amongst students (Baker, 2016).

Poor school conditions (i.e., bad lighting, noisiness) have a negative impacts on student learning (Schneider, 2002).

Without adequate funding, schools are unable to hire specialized pupil support personnel at recommended ratios to alleviate mental health issues that would impact performance negatively (Weir, 2012).

Ferguson, R. (1991). Paying for public education: New evidence on how and why money matters. Harvard Journal on Legislation 28, 465–498.

Lombardo, C. (2019). Why White School Districts Have So Much More Money. NPR. https:// www.npr.org/2019/02/26/696794821/why-white-school-districts-have-so-much-more-money.

Lynch, M. (2016). Poverty and School Funding: Why low-income students often suffer. The EdVocate. https://www.theedadvocate.org/poverty-and-school-funding-why-low-income-students-oftensuffer/.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2010). Revenues and expenditures for public elementary and secondary education: School year 2007-2008. United States Department of Education. https:// nces.ed.gov/pubs2010/2010326.pdf Park, J. (2007). School Finance. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/schoolfinance/2007/12.

PEW. (2019). Two Decades of Change in Federal and State Higher Education Funding. PEW. https:// www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2019/10/two-decades-of-change-infederal-and-state-higher-education-funding Schneider, M. (2002). Do school facilities affect academic outcomes? Washington: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. http://www.ncef.org/pubs/outcomes.pdf Weir, K. (2012). School psychologists feel the squeeze. Monitor on Psychology. http://www.apa.org/ monitor/2012/09/squeeze.aspx

Title: Funding Inequalities within the American School System Abstract: Education is the foundation of our society as it is interconnected with everything in our lives. Not having adequate access to educational funding limits the learning environment for students, especially for individuals living in poor neighborhoods. On top of that, there are also far-reaching implications that affect our entire system. This research will investigate the issue of inequality of school funding to socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in the United States. An analysis of literature will be done to understand the problems regarding school funding as well as what can be done to alleviate this issue.

Presenter(s): Natalee Stinebiser, Soleil Rosenzweig Sponsoring Department: McNair Scholars Program Project Mentor: Davide Piovesan

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Fur ther Fun with Flat Physics 2-D Physics in Flowing Soap Film

Lily Zheng Dr. David Horne Gannon University: Dept of Physics

Introduction

Equipment consists of a soap reservoir in a holding tank at the top of the frame:

Updated results from the 2-dimensional soap film generating apparatus are presented.

• Machine produces long lived flowing soap films for analysis of 2-dimensional flow • Turbulence patterns around obstructions inserted into the film are studied.

• Enhancements to the machine now produce longer lived films, allowing long-term observations of flow patterns • Data can be used to create models of weather patterns, cloud formation, vortex-vortex interactions, and chaotic flow.

• Forms part of a project to better characterize 2-D vortex interactions and create mathematical models of vortex behavior

Making of a Soap Film

Experiment Design

Experimental Method

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Fig. 2 Current Equipment Setup

Soap solution runs down the monofilament lines Soap film is extruded Forms a long-lived 2-D flowing soap film Experiments conducted by introducing obstructions to the film.

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Development

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The flow is started by opening the tank valve Soap solution runs down the monofilament lines Lines are brought into contact and then slowly separated A flowing soap film is produced Obstructions are introduced to generate desired vortices Patterns in the soap film are imaged using a 546.1 nm filtered lens or polarization filter Still images and movies are recorded and analyzed

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Conclusions

Nature of a Soap Film •

Examples of 2-D flow can be seen in a large number of natural systems including: Vortices in planetary atmospheres (storms) Boat wakes Laminar flow over aircraft wings Spiral arms of galaxies Chaotic flow patterns Using this equipment, many of these environments and their effects can be simulated. This data will aid in the formation of a mathematical model of 2-D flow and turbulence patterns.

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Fig. 6. New 3-D Printed Film Obstructions

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Fig 1a. 2-D Turbulence Around an Island Chain

Fig. 4. Visual Image of Soap Film Showing All 3 Zones

A 20:1:0.001 (water: soap : glycerin) soap solution is most stable 3-D printed obstructions introduced to the soap film proved effective in generating vortices Soap solution temperatures between 25-30°C improved film resilience and longevity Polarization imaging produced high quality results

Further Work

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Fig. 3. Soap film divided into 3 zones: I : Expansion Zone II : Test Zone III : Contraction Zone

1

Modified tank, injectors, and lines Added immersion heater for soap mix Utilized custom 3-D printed obstructions Deduced optimal temperature relationship to maximize film longevity and resilience Enhanced studio lighting Used visual polarization and 546.1 nm filters to produce greater detail in soap film imaging Created black out environment with diffuse lighting for enhanced film photography More accurately deduced operational lifespan of soap mix

Fig. 7. Introducing a Cylinder to the Film

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Development of mathematical model of 2-D vortices More accurate flow control Film thickness determination Chemical analysis of soap mix

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1 Fig. 1b. Turbulence in Jupiter’s Atmosphere

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Fig. 5. Green 546.1 nm Filtered Image of Soap Film. Note the interference patterns present in the filtered image

Fig. 8. Schematics of New References: Obstructions 1 NASA, JPL 2 Scientific American (Aug.31, 1998)

Title: Further Fun with Flat Physics: 2-D Physics in Flowing Soap Film Abstract: I will present an updated status of the 2-D soap film research project including new data acquired and new modifications made. The purpose of the project is to study 2-dimensional flow and turbulence patterns by introducing obstructions to the film which will form a part of a bigger project to better model 2-D vortex interactions and turbulent flow.

Presenter(s): Lily Zheng Sponsoring Department: Physics Project Mentor: David Horne

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Green Infrastructure for an Urban Campus

Michael Bender, Justin Groshek, Advisor: Dr. Varun Kasaraneni Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gannon University Abstract:

Results:

- Green infrastructure creates a landscape that helps with the management of stormwater by restoring or mimicking the natural water cycle. It would allow the water to be naturally filtered by infiltrating the ground or through a treatment system that helped with the removal of some pollutants. Within the urban landscape though, there are multiple complications that come up however, since there is not much green landscape available.

- There is a total of 29 different site locations that are being investigated for green infrastructure at Gannon University. These locations consist of all main buildings and parking lots owned by Gannon.

- In Figure 3 is a map of all the current locations.

- We will be communicating with the physical plant at Gannon University to conduct many green infrastructure implementations.

- In the various Figures labeled and shown contains some examples/spots that Green Infrastructure can be implemented and utilized at Gannon University - Figures: 4,5,&6 show runoff data differences with GI.

Introduction: - Within Gannon’s campus it was broken up into 29 different site locations that the university owns.

- With an overall acreage total of 63 acres.

- Goal is to create a green infrastructure master plan for Gannon University which will help eliminate pollutants that are in storm water and, decrease the amount of water that ultimately reach the stormwater system.

Figure 3: Map of Urban Campus

Figure 4: Results of Using Permeable Pavement In Finnegan Parking Lot

Figure 1: Rain Garden

Examples: - Rain Gardens

Figure 2: Rain Barrel

- Discontinued Downspouts Figure 5: Results of Using A Rain Garden at the Rec/Wellness Center

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Bioswales

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Trees

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Rain Barrels

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Permeable Pavements

Overall Master Plan/Conclusion:

- Green Parking

Figure 6: Results of Using Rain Cisterns at Morosky

-We are not constructing anything this year; however, the main goal is to use this master plan in the future as the baseline for future design. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcityofredlod ge.net%2Frain%2F&psig=AOvVaw0C5IcWY5HF2RNHWs2y5ufR& ust=1604023539294000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxq FwoTCPjGlbzb2OwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

-The main design can slowly become implemented at Gannon as cost will be a huge part of this.

Acknowledgements: Gannon Physical Plant

Title: Green Infrastructure for an Urban Campus Abstract: Green infrastructure creates a landscape that helps with the management of stormwater by restoring or mimicking the natural water cycle. It would allow the water to be naturally filtered by infiltrating the ground or through a treatment system that helped with the removal of some pollutants. Within the urban landscape though, there are multiple complications that come up however, since there is not much green landscape available Presenter(s): Michael Bender, Justin Groshek Sponsoring Department: Environmental Science and Engineering Project Mentor: Varun Kasaraneni

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

How Low Engagement Affects Collaborative Success Background • When engaged, team members are committed to the project mission and are willing to go the extra mile on a project. The key to engagement is to find a way to include all ideas and involve others in order to promote team members' investment.

Top 3 Working Personalities: 1. Conscientiousness • A person who is more organized and a goal-driven worker that has a high level of thoughtfulness in their work.

Janyssa Berrios & Nikoly Dos Santos Berrios001@gannon.edu Dossanto001@gannon.edu Tips for Project Success: • Recognize the value of peers and the project.

• Communicate the appropriate things at the right time.

• Have regular meetings and engage in effective communication.

2. Extraversion: • This person is very sociable and has contagious energy to spread influence over a group setting to help motivate the team.

3. Neuroticism: • This trait is expressed in a person who associates more of their emotions and feelings when working on a task rather than logic.

Re-defining Low Engagement: • General: The state of having little to no passion about a given task.

• Our definition: The state of finding a motive or common ground when disinterested to successfully complete a task.

Motivating the Team or the Project?

• Motivating the team as been more effective versus motivating the project itself according to research.

• Allowing team cooperation and collaboration helps enhance the work ethic of the overall team atmosphere.

What to avoid: • “Assigning” V.S “Asking.”

• Relying on friendship connection instead of professional collaboration.

• Limiting leadership.

Sources: Durmic, N. (2020). Factors Influencing Project Success: A Qualitative Research. TEM Journal, 9(3), 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM93-24 Gallup, I. (2021, March 22). How to Improve Employee Engagement in the Workplace. Gallup.com. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/285674/improveemployee-engagement-workplace.aspx.

Gleeson, B. (2017, October 16). 5 Powerful Steps To Improve Employee Engagement. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2017/10/15/5powerful-steps-to-improve-employee-engagement/?sh=3b21e104341d.

engaged employee data 2015 - Google Search: Management infographic, Business leadership, Business analyst. Pinterest. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.com/pin/751397519063624582/.

Title: How Low Engagement Affects Collaborative Success Abstract: Low engagement is a prominent issue student colleagues face when working to complete a project in a collaborative environment. The key to engagement is to find a way to include multiple ideas and involve ‘others in order to promote team members’ investment. Through exploring research studies that assess personality differences and effective team engagement, this project will provide a potential solution to working environment obstacles. This research may contribute to solving the problem of low engagement in hopes of creating more successful group work experience and therefore positive results in overall group collaboration.

Presenter(s): Janyssa Berrios, Nikoly Dos Santos Sponsoring Department: Engineering Project Mentor: Luke Rosielle

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

55

Humpback W hales and Shipping Routes in the Nor ther n Pacific Helen Livingston and Gabriella Goodwill livingst007@gannon.edu goodwill004@gannon.edu

Dr. Chris Magno magno001@gannon.edu

Map 2 Map two is showing the shipping routes through the pacific ocean along the North American Coast. The blue and green lines signify the routes not commonly taken while the yellow shows the most commonly used routes.

Map 3 The most commonly used shipping ports are shown in map three.

This is to further represent were there is likely to be heavy traffic on the water. The kernel density tool was used to show the density of ports.

Abstract This study suggests that the whale populations and their migration patterns are greatly affected by foreign trade and ocean pollutants/ contaminants. Using Geographic Information Systems (Arcmap), we found the impact that common shipping routes in the pacific ocean have on whales. Using data depicting the most commonly used trade routes we can identify places where the whales are most affected by these human disruptions.

Conclusion It can be determined that the shipping routes do have an impact on where Humpback whales are found. Its seems that when whales are migrating in the pacific ocean they avoid areas where boats frequently travel and high density ports. There might be a discrepancy in our findings however, as areas with higher populations have more people to see and report whale sightings. This might make it seem that whales congregate in these areas which is not necessarily true.

Map 1 This map shows the location of humpback whales along the North American West Coast. Each point shows a group of whales. These groups can vary greatly in number and are given a color to represent how many whales are in that group.

References and Data Sources Sea Map “Species Profile: Humpback Whales” Retrieved March 4th 2021 from https://seamap.env.duke.edu/species/180530 ArcGIS “Global Shipping Routes” Retrieved March 5th 2021 from https:// www.marineregions.org/maps.php?album=3264

Title: Humpback Whales and Shipping Routes in the Northern Pacific Abstract: Our study suggests that the whale populations and their migration patterns are greatly affected by foreign trade and ocean pollutants and contaminants. Using Geographic Information Systems (Arcmap) as a tool for mapping and analysis, we found the impact of common shipping routes in the Pacific Ocean on whales’ migration routes. Using data depicting the most commonly used trade routes, we identified places where the whales are most affected by these human disruptions.

Presenter(s): Gabriella Goodwill, Helen Livingston Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Chris Magno

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Identification of orthologous genes in ferns that are implicated in the development of moss rhizoids and grass root hairs.

John Vieira, Jenna Sins, Mike Ganger, and Gary Vanderlaan Department of Biology, Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences, Gannon University, Erie, PA, USA

Abstract

Alternation of Generations

Putative fern orthologous genes

Adapted from Salazar-Henao et al., 2016

Plant Phylogeny

Adapted from Jones & Dolan, 2012

The evolution of terrestrial plants is an approximately 500-million-year story.

Although all land plants execute an alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte stage, the amount of time spent and dominance of each generation varies across clades. For instance, the bryophytes typified by Physcomitrella patens, are gametophyte-dominant and produce gametophyte structures known as rhizoids for anchoring to substrates as well as for nutrient absorption. Moss sporophytes are dependent on the moss gametophyte, and are diminutive in size, entirely lacking roots. In contrast, anthophytes like Arabidopsis thaliana are characterized by sporophyte-dominant stages with an exceptional spatiotemporal reduction in gametophyte structures. Such is the reduction that flowering plants rely on sporophyte root systems for anchorage and nutrient absorption, forgoing any production of rhizoids. In the middle of this plant evolutionary saga lies Ceratopteris richardii, a fern capable of not only producing gametophyte rhizoids but also sporophyte root systems. Great strides have been made in the elucidation of the genes required in the specification and development of sporophyte root hairs in Arabidopsis as well as for the development of Physcomitrella gametophyte rhizoids, but little is known of the specific genes utilized in ferns for similar processes. Recent advances in genomics and transcriptomics for Ceratopteris richardii permits orthologous gene-function searches. Here we showcase novel fern genes that are expressed in gametophyte and sporophyte stages that share predicted-peptide conservation with known moss and cress genes that are key molecular players in rhizoid and root hair development, respectively.

Land plants are embryophytes that descended with modification from an ancestral charophyte. Bryophytes are non-vascular plants with a dominant gametophyte life-cycle stage. All Bryophytes rely on haploid rhizoids for nutrient assimilation. Vascular plants in contrast exhibit a sporophytedominated life-cycle, and all vascular plants contain lignified tissue that permits xylem and phloem to conduct water and food, respectively. Some vascular plants are seedless (e.g. ferns of Monilophyta) while others evolved seeds (e.g. gymnosperms and angiosperms).

The flowering plants (angiosperms) lack rhizoids and assimilate nutrients via diploid root hairs.

Ferns are a transition organism: gametophyte-stage ferns are bryophyte-like and have rhizoids; sporophyte-stage ferns are angiosperm-like with root hairs.

Bioinformatics Methodology: tBLASTn tBLASTn results are shown using known genes (as ptn queries) for root hair development in the angiosperm, Arabidopsis thaliana against existing sporophyte and gametophyte transcriptome databases (as 6-ORF predicated peptides). Our search yields ~25 fern orthologues (not all are shown above) with e-values < 10-10 significance.

References and Dolan, 2012. The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids. Annals of Botany. 110: 205-212. et al., 2016. The regulation and plasticity of root hair patterning and morphogenesis. The Company of Biologists | Development. 143: 1848-1858.

3Menand et al., 2007. An ancient mechanism controls the development of cells with a rooting function in land plants.

Science. 316 (5830): 1477-1480.

4Plackett et al., 2018. LEAFY maintains apical stem cell activity during shoot development in the fern Ceratopteris richardii. eLIFE. 7: e39625: 1-34.

5Shibata & Sugimoto, 2019. A gene regulatory network for root hair development. Journal of Plant Research. 132: 301309.

6Marzec et al., 2015. Root hair development in the grasses: what we already know and what we still need to know. Plant Physiology. 168: 407-414.

7Rodriguez et al., 2019. Systems biology of plant-microbiome interactions. Molecular Plant. 12: 804-821.

8Jang et al., 2011. RSL genes are sufficient for rhizoid system development in early diverging land plants. Development.

138: 2273-2281.

9Proust et al., 2016. RSL class I genes controlled the development of epidermal structures in the common ancestor of land plants. Current Biology. 26(1): 93-99.

10Tam et al., 2015. Conserved regulatory mechanism controls the development of cells with rooting functions in land plants.

PNAS. 10.1073: e3959-e3968.

1Jones

2Salazar-Henao

All plant lifecycles execute alternation of generations. Briefly, a haploid spore germinates into a multicellular gametophyte. Flagellated sperm fertilize eggs in archegonial chambers found on gametophytes to form a diploid zygote. Mitoses yield a mature, diploid sporophyte capable of producing haploid spores via meiosis. Ferns are uniquely capable of producing both haploid rhizoids during gametophyte stages and diploid root hairs as sporophytes.

The tBLASTn method aligns peptide sequences. As such, the algorithm tolerates synonymous mutations (i.e. of redundancy in the genetic code).

Over evolutionary time, as nucleic acids change, conserved protein domains and motifs of essential processes remain constant at the amino acid level.

Title: Identification of Orthologous Genes in Ferns that are Implicated in the Development of Moss Rhizoids and Grass Root Hairs Abstract: The evolution of terrestrial plants is an approximately 500-million-year story. Land plants execute an alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte stage. Ceratopteris richardii is a fern capable of not only producing gametophyte rhizoids but also sporophyte root systems. Little is known of the genes utilized in ferns for sporophyte and gametophyte processes. Recent advances in genomics and transcriptomics for Ceratopteris richardii permits orthologous gene-function searches. Here, we showcase fern genes expressed in gametophyte and sporophyte stages that share predicted-peptide conservation with known moss and cress genes which are players in rhizoid and root hair development.

Presenter(s): John Vieira, Jenna Sins Sponsoring Department: Department of Biology Project Mentor: Gary Vanderlaan

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Improving Memor y with Words and Images

Cheyenne Jess Ryan Slater

Discussion In our study, we measured students’ memory recall

Introduction College students are often not prepared for the rigors of advanced academics that higher education classes demand. 41% of students entering community college and 29% of all students entering college are underprepared (McCabe, 2000). The College Board, an organization that represents over 6000 schools and other educational organizations, found half of the students polled said that college courses were much more difficult than anticipated (see Sanchez, 2019). Therefore, there is a real and obvious need to improve students’ study skills.

by having them study and test either words and pictures. We found that people who study pictures had far better memory on tests than those who studied words, regardless of test type. This means

The picture superiority effect (PSE) is the basic finding that people have the ability to remember images far better than words (Paivio, 1971). For example, Standing et al., (1970) showed that people can remember more than 2,000 pictures with at least 90% accuracy in recognition tests over a period of several days, even with short presentation times during learning.

The PSE might be a useful tactic to implement into study skills.

that if students were to use pictures in their exam studying, they will have a better test score because of it.

In this study, we aimed to see whether the picture superiority effect could be used to help students study. By using images as a way of presenting material, students might better remember the content compared to presenting the same content with only words. Too many words stress students’ cognitive loads and one way to lighten up the loads is to use less demanding ways of method.

We tested this by randomly assigning students to study test stimuli that were either 35 random words gathered from the Snodgrass normed picture set (Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980) or 35 images from the same paper.

Students were then given a memory test that was either in the same format they studied (studied pictures, tested pictures) or in a different format (studied pictures, tested words). We predict that we will see the best memory recall results from people who studied pictures and tested with pictures over any other study/test condition.

References McCabe, R. H. (2000). No one to waste: A report to public decision-makers and community college leaders. Washington, DC: Community College Press.

Methods Participants Participants were recruited online from Introductory Psychology classes. Participants were compensated with course credit. Forty -seven participants signed up for the survey and forty-four completed the survey. Of the 44 participants, 16 were male.

Materials and Procedure

Participants completed the survey online. Our study included one survey with questions based on memory recall.

Survey Included: · Demographics (gender, identifying gender, age, year in school, service in military, marital status, employment status, and persons in household)

Results We conducted a 2x2 Factorial ANOVA with study stimuli (words versus pictures) and test stimuli (words ver-

sus pictures) as the two IVs. We found there is a large effect of how people study; people who study the pictures do better than those who study the words, F(1,40) = 19.33., p<.001. There is no main effect of test format, F(1,40)= 0.033, ns. There is also no interaction meaning the effect of test format does not depend on study format, F(1,40), ns <1.0.

· Pictures and words from Snodgrass and Vanderwart’s (1980) normed picture set Airplane

Sun

Kangaroo

Duck

Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Sanchez, Jasmyn. (2019). High school students discover they are not prepared for college. Mountaineer. https:// shsnews.org/23233/opinion/high-school-studentsdiscover-they-are-not-prepared-for-college/ Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A stand ardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agree ment, image agreement, familiarity, and visual com plexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learn ing Memory, and Cognition, 6, 174–215.

Standing, L., Conezio, J. & Haber, R.N. Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli. Psychon Sci 19, 73–74 (1970). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03337426

Title: Improving Memory with Words and Images Abstract: People have the ability to remember images far better than words (Grady, 1998). This is known as the Picture Superiority Effect (Paivio, 1971). The goal of our study is to investigate whether the picture superiority effect can be used to help improve students’ memories. Words and pictures for the study come from Snodgrass and Vanderwart’s (1980) normed picture set. Our participants were presented with word or picture stimuli and tested using a 2x2 (study pictures then test pictures, study pictures then test words, study words then test pictures, and study words then test words) factorial design to obtain our data. We predict that we will see the best memory recall results from people who studied pictures and tested with pictures over any other study or test method.

Presenter(s): Cheyenne Jess, Ryan Slater Sponsoring Department: Psychology Project Mentor: Luke Rosielle

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Increasing Student Par ticipation in College Classes

Kabila Kabrole & Rin Lutz kabarole001@gannon.edu lutz012@gannon.edu

Classroom participation is a vital part of the college experience.

However, there are many factors that will impair the ability of a student to become involved and engaged with what they are being taught. Some of these factors are associated solely with the student and personal life. Others relate to the learning environment that they are learning in, from class size to teaching methods. The aim of our research was to read the findings of experts regarding low participation and devise an easy way to inform readers on the variety of factors that impede and improve the academic experience of college students.

Introduction: For the purposes of our research, engagement was best defined as participation due to the latter being a measurable and narrower aspect of the quality. Whether or not a student participates during class time is something that can be measured and observed, whereas a student’s personal engagement could manifest in a variety of ways. This makes the broad category of possible engagement extremely subjective: it could relate to something as biased as whether a university student enjoys the lectures, or to something as clear as whether a student participated in a classroom discussion. The goal of this project was to find ways that showcase how a student’s academic experience in college could be improved. Through our reading, this project has yielded information that has shown the three most important factors in education are always the student, the professor, and the environment. The ways that engagement have been found to thrive and boost the academic success of university students is through a complex – but entirely manageable interplay – of inclassroom behavior and habits formed outside of the lecture.

S ources Ci ted an d I mage Cr edits: Ballen, C. J., Aguillon, S. M., Awwad, A., Bjune, A. E., Challou, D., Drake, A. G., Driessen, M., Ellozy, A., Ferry, V. E.,Goldberg, E. E., Harcombe, W., Jensen, S., Jørgensen, C., Koth, Z., McGaugh, S., Mitry, C., Mosher, B., Mostafa, H.,Petipas, R. H., & Soneral, P. A. G. (2019). Smaller Classes Promote Equitable Student Participation in STEM. BioScience, 69(8), 669–680. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz069.

Cheruvalath, R. (2017). Does attending classes help foster human values in college students? Active Learning in Higher Education, 18(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787417707616.

Dallimore, E.J., Hertenstien, J.H., and Platt, M.B. Classroom Participation and Discussion Effectiveness: Student-Generated Strategies. (2004) Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Communication Education. Vol. 53, no. 1. Pp. 103115.

Markiewicz, K. MEDIATORS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROCRASTINATION AND NEUROTICISM. (2017) Maria Curie-Skidowska University Institute of Psychology. ACTA Neuropsychologica. Vol. 15, No. 3. Pp. 303-313.

Rassuli, A. (2012). Engagement in Classroom Learning: Creating Temporal Participation Incentives for Extrinsically Motivated Students Through Bonus Credits. Journal of Education for Business, 87(2), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.570808.

Schweinle, A., Reietter, M., and Stokes, V. Elements of Engagement for Successful Learning. The Qualitative Report. Volume 14, Number 4. December 2009. Pages 774-806. http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR14-4/schweinle.pdf.

The Professor:

T h e S t u d e n t: • First-generation college students express higher feelings of alienation, contribute less to discussions, and are less likely to utilize campus resources. They are also not as likely to connect material learned in other classes together or interact with faculty. Increasing faculty-student interaction in and out of class produced positive outcomes and lasting relationships.

• Students who attended over 70% their classes were shown to express human values (listed as “self-efficacy, nondiscrimination, respecting others’ views, respect for the environment, caring the well-being of others, loyalty, good manners, politeness, altruism”” in both digital and physical environments when interacting with staff and peers.

• It was usually reported by students that their interest in a class was binary: they would feel either totally engaged or entirely unengaged. Students who said that they were “engaged” included non-class involvements as part of their consideration while those who did not saw “engagement” exclusively as being involved in extracurricular organizations.

• The portrait of the highly engaged student was given as one who made their own friends, took charge of arranging faculty meetings, and more. Having a strong sense of goals and making use of their advising resources offered.

• Those who demonstrated that they were highly engaged had important studying strategies: finding low-distraction locations, completing practice tests, prioritizing grades, maintaining contact with professors, and starting structured study groups or schedules.

• Procrastination among students had a complex background with multiple contributing causes, including a relationship with behaviors like neuroticism, anxiety, and issues with impulse control.

• Self-affirmation was the most effective in breaking down the psychological barriers of students – something that impacted their desire to participate more than technological or instructional issues did. Doing so increased student retention of material.

• Higher activity in video games inhibited a student’s ability to perform academically.

Soria, K., & Stebleton, M. (2012). First-generation students’ academic engagement and retention. Teaching in Higher Education, 17(6), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2012.666735.

Vail-Smith, K., Blumell, C. & Elmore, B. (2006) Using a “Classroom Response System” to Improve Active Student Participation in a Large Sexual Health Class, American Journal of Sexuality Education, 1:2, 47-54, DOI: 10.1300/J455v01n02_04.

• Faculty goals that aimed at making sure that students felt like they belonged were the most likely to help students graduate.

• Extended time during test-taking was not found to be greatly motivating to students to work longer or harder. Opportunities to earn bonus points and extra-credit assignments increase the time a student will spend participating and motivation to get higher grades.

• Increase in the importance of human values is noted. The best ways to foster these values (given as “creativity, respect to others, respect to environment, caring others and loyalty”) was for professors to acknowledge the importance of their role in acknowledging the importance of these qualities.

• Professors who emphasized expertise and passion for a subject made students want to participate more in class.

• Instructors who made an effort to show that they knew students –were more appreciated than those who did not do the same.

• To minimize psychological barriers and maximize participation among all student demographics, a professor can change how a large classes function. The chief method highlighted was having small group discussions become a major implement in the class, though other diverse teaching strategies are possible, such as cold-calling and persuasion.

• Teachers are advised to appear attentive about a student’s possible problems with video game or electronic addictions.

The Environment: • The most effective ways to increasing the sense of belonging and usage of resources in first-generation students were: first-year seminars, writing intensive courses, capstone projects, and a McNair Scholars program chapter. The presence of career counselors, multicultural affairs staff, and residence hall staff is described as “critical” in the development of students.

• Facilities involving undergraduate research and similar programs that foster experiences of “multi-dimensional student mentoring” and careerbuilding are some of the most promising things for students who do not feel engaged.

• Introductory classes with large amounts of students (defined as over one hundred and fifty) were shown to not promote equity among students and whether they felt that their voices and ideas would be heard. This leads to students who are minority demographics (within and outside of the classroom) becoming less likely to ask any questions that can shape a learning experience – something that can become a formative experience in postsecondary and professional endeavors.

• Classroom response systems (sometimes known as CRS or as clickers) were shown to be a relatively inexpensive way to positively engage students in classes of varying sizes.

Image of a Man Sleeping by Tony Tran via Unsplash People Gathered Around Computer by Mimi Thian via Unsplash

Title: Increasing Student Participation in College Classes Abstract: Classroom participation is a vital part of the college experience. However, there are many factors that will impair the ability of a student to become involved and engaged with what they are being taught. Some of these factors are associated solely with the student and personal life. Others relate to the learning environment that they are learning in, from class size to teaching methods. The aim of our research was to read the findings of experts regarding low participation and devise an easy way to inform readers on the variety of factors that impede and improve the academic experience of college students.

Presenter(s): Rin Lutz, Kabila Kabrole Sponsoring Department: Chemistry Project Mentor: Lisa Nogaj

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Advisor: Chris Magno

Magno001@gannon.edu

Knight Safety and Security: The GU Call Boxes and On Campus Crime Madison Harrier & Brynn Driscoll Harrier001@gannon.edu & Driscoll011@gannon.edu

Abstract

Gannon University does not have the typical campus layout where each building on campus belongs to the university. Since downtown Erie is incorporated into every block, the campus sees crime within its limits that is not necessarily from the students or faculty. The deterrence theory in criminal justice proposes that less crime will occur if the criminals believe that they will be caught. On college campuses, the Emergency Call Boxes are claimed to act as a deterrent to crime.

Our research will examine this claim by mapping the locations of crime compared to locations of Emergency Call Boxes. If Emergency Call Boxes are a deterrent to crime, we will propose more locations for these boxes to increase safety on campus.

The Deterrence Theory

In criminal justice, the theory of deterrence states that the threat of punishment discourages people from participating in illegal behavior.

According to the National Institute of Justice, deterrence occurs by increasing people’s perception that criminals will be caught (U.S. Department of Justice). On college campuses, it is believed that Emergency Call Boxes act as a crime deterrent. Therefore, it is presumed that less crime would occur around an Emergency Call Box. By mapping crime around Gannon University and the locations of its Emergency Call Boxes, we could see if the assumption that these boxes are crime deterrents is true.

Map #2: Gannon University Crime 2019 This map displays all crime data on Gannon’s campus from 2019. This was before students were sent home due to the pandemic, so it is a more accurate depiction of the amount of crime Gannon sees during a school year. As you can see, while crime certainly takes place on Gannon’s campus, there appears to be more clusters further away from most of the call boxes on campus, particularly far from the ones located in the 4th – 6th street block.

Map #4: Gannon University Crime By Block This map illustrates the amount of crime by block throughout Gannon’s campus. The darkest blue represents the areas with the least amount of crime, while red represents the most. Fortunately, most of Gannon’s campus is in the dark to light blue range. However, not all of campus is. Notice again how the central part of campus, which has the highest amount of call boxes in close proximity to each other, also sees the lowest amount of crime. Crime increases towards the edge of the campus especially out near 9th and 10th street. This is a commonly visited part of campus as it includes the Palumbo, Morosky, and Business buildings.

Conclusion

Map #1: Gannon University Campus and Call Boxes Map 1 simply shows where all of the Emergency Call boxes are located on and around Gannon University’s campus. Notice there is a much higher density of call boxes located around the more central parts of campus, including 4th, 5th, and 6th street, especially where these intersect with Sassafras and Peach street.

Map #3: Gannon University Sex Related Offenses

This map narrows down the 2019 crime data to sex related offenses that took place on Gannon’s campus. It plainly shows that almost none of these types of offenses took place in the 4th – 6th street block of campus where call boxes are closer together, but as you examine areas closer to the outskirts of campus with less frequent call box locations, the number of these crimes increases.

In conclusion, our investigation into the ratio of crime to GU call boxes has shown that these emergency call boxes do have an impact on reducing crime on campus. Even though crime does still happen within the campus borders, it appears that in the places where call boxes are placed more frequently, crime happens less.

This is especially true when it comes to sex related offenses. While there are multiple factors to examine, including finances, Gannon University should consider adding more call boxes to the more remote areas of their campus in order to make the entire area safer for all students.

Citations U.S. Department of Justice. (2016, May). National Institute of Justice Five Things About Deterrence. Five Things About Deterrence (ojp.gov)

Title: Knight Safety and Security: The GU Call Boxes and On Campus Crime Abstract: Since Downtown Erie is incorporated into every block of Gannon University, the campus sees crime within its limits that is not necessarily from the students or faculty. The deterrence theory in criminal justice proposes that less crime will occur if the criminals believe that they will be caught. On college campuses, the Emergency Call Boxes are claimed to act as a deterrent to crime.

Our research will examine this claim by mapping the locations of crime compared to locations of Emergency Call Boxes. If our research determines that Emergency Call Boxes are a deterrent to crime, we will propose more locations for these boxes to increase safety on campus.

Presenter(s): Madison Harrier, Brynn Driscoll Sponsoring Department: Chemistry Project Mentor: Chris Magno

60

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Literature Review of the Interaction between Intestinal Serotonin and the Gut Microbiome

Aaron Brown

Biology Department, Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences, Gannon University, Erie, PA

Abstract Greater than 90% of serotonin (5-HT) in the human body is derived from enterochromaffin cells (EC) located within the most distal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Inside of the large intestine can be found a population of trillions of symbiotic microbes. Current evidence shows that these microbes influence host physiology through communication with the nervous system via metabolic byproducts. In the colonic environment, 5-HT is an important signaling molecule for peristalsis, enteric motor and secretory reflexes, and immune responses. 5-HT synthesis within the colon is regulated by host microbiota through stimulation of EC from their short chain fatty acid byproducts. EC have been shown to release 5 -HT into the colonic lumen after stimulation from various non-microbially produced products such as bile acids, allyl isothiocyanate, catecholamines, and tryptamine. Irregular 5-HT signaling has been shown to influence microbial colonization of the colon. Further exploration is necessary to understand the complete mechanism of microbial signaling and colonic 5-HT production.

He Liu

Gut Microbiome Acting on Serotonin The gut microbiome stimulates 5-HT production in EC through the production of metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). SCFA are produced by the gut microbiome through the process of fermentation utilizing incomplete carbohydrates such as starch and fiber (Figure 1). The majority of SCFA produced in the intestinal lumen are acetate, propionate, and butyrate [18,19]. SCFA have been shown to upregulate expression of the rate limiting enzyme in EC 5 -HT production, TpH1 [16]. In fact, one study [8] showed that when an in vitro human model of EC was treated with 10-50 mM sodium acetate and 0.5-1.0 mM sodium butyrate TpH1 expression was upregulated. Butyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor, which allows larger transcription factors to gain access to DNA promoter regions. ZBP-89 is one such transcription factor found in colonic EC that is a butyrate-induced zinc finger which binds GC-rich DNA elements [20]. It was found that ZBP-89 directly binds mouse TpH1 DNA promoter regions, thus promoting increased production of TpH1 mRNA (Figure 1) [8,21,20].

Acetate and Propionate are known to stimulate GPR43, which is found in colonic epithelial cells, to secrete Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Peptide YY (PYY) [14,21]. GLP-1 and PYY bind receptors on EC surfaces to stimulate the release of 5-HT into the colonic lumen (Figure 1) [14].

Two bacterial species, Clostridium sporogenes and Ruminococcus gnavus, were found capable of decarboxylating tryptophan to produce tryptamine which is known to stimulate the release of 5-HT form EC [23]. It was also found that allyl isothiocyanate, catecholamine’s, and bile acids can stimulate EC to release 5-HT [24, 25].

Figure 1: The release of 5-HT and upregulation of TpH1 mRNA via short chain fatty acid signaling from the gut microbiome

Serotonin acting on the Gut Microbiome

Introduction The human gut microbiome consists of a collection of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, present in the most distal portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

These microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, are estimated to outnumber human cells by a ratio of 1014 [1]. Factors such as a child’s mode of birth, consumption of breast milk or formula, social and outdoor exposure, diet, and lifestyle, as well as antibiotic use can affect the development of a healthy gut microbiome [1,2,4].

The gut is known to interact with the brain via the enteric nervous system, the hypothalamus-pituitary (HPA) axis, and the central nervous system [3].In general, through the bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain via multiple systems such as the spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system, and the endocrine system, the gut microbiome regulates many physiological and psychiatric processes in the body [1, 2, 5, 6].

Greater than 90% of serotonin, or 5-HT, is produced via enterochromaffin cells (EC) in the distal gut lumen. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TpH1) is the main rate limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis found in the EC [7]. The gut microbiome has been shown to upregulate TpH1 synthesis, and thus 5-HT production from their SCFA metabolites: Acetate, Butyrate, & Propionate [8].

Serotonin transporter deficient (SERT+/-) mice had increased intestinal 5-HT concentrations by 1.7-fold. These same mice exhibited increased concentrations of the spore forming bacteria Clostridiaceae and Turbicibacteraceae from a collective 0.9 +/- 0.3% to 13.7 +/- 5.5% when compared to the wild type (Figure 3). Interestingly it was also found that these same spore-forming bacteria account for 50% of the 5-HT production within the colon [17].

Figure 3: Increased presence of Clostr idiaceae and Tur icibacter aceae with increased 5-HT concentrations (WT = SERT+/+, HET = SERT +/-, KO = SERT -/-) [17].

Conclusion The microbial organisms found in the colon play a pivotal role in human health, and specifically 5-HT production. One of the main ways in which the gut microbiome can influence 5-HT production is through the synthesis of SCFA metabolites from fiber and starch fermentation. Butyrate specifically has been identified has one SCFA that promotes the upregulation of the 5-HT rate limiting enzyme, TpH1. Interestingly it was also identified that increased 5-HT concentrations in the gut lumen promote the growth of spore-forming bacteria, and these same spore-forming bacteria produce metabolites that promote further synthesis of 5-HT.

References An in vitro study (Figure 4) of bacterial strains representing major phyla found within the gut (Bacteroidetes, Firmucutes, and Proteobacteria) demonstrates that increasing concentrations of 5-HT significantly decreases growth of certain bacterial species. Anaerobic Bacteroides were the most sensitive to increasing 5-HT concentrations. 0.01 mg/L of 5-HT is the most accurate representation of the gut lumens 5-HT concentration, therefore this value was used as the control [16].

Figure 4: Increased concentr ations of 5-HT [16].

Serotonin Serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT, is a neurotransmitter derived from the essential amino acid tryptophan with diverse physiological functions. More than 90% of serotonin in the body is produced in the peripheral systems via the EC, which are specialized endocrine cells in the intestinal epithelia [9, 10]. The rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the EC is TpH1, converting L-tryptophan to L-5hydroxytryptophan, which is further converted by L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) into 5-HT (Figure 2)[11, 12]. 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 are two prominent serotoninergic receptors found within the GI tract. 5HT3 is a ligand-gated Na+ and K+ cation channel and is highly expressed in afferent vagal neurons, which are known to innervate the intestinal mucosa [13, 14]. While 5-HT4 is a metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), known to regulate GI motility, visceral pain, immune regulation, and epithelial secretions [13, 15]. A host of physiological processes are regulated by 5-HT including depression, sleep patterns, food appetite, libido, and temperature homeostasis [3]. 5-HT has been shown to modulate gastrointestinal motility, platelet function, enteric motor and secretory reflexes, immune responses, bone development, and cardiac functionality.

Figure 2: Synthesis of 5-HT from L-tryptophan [22].

1. Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med 2017; 15(1): 73.

2. Peirce JM, Alvina K. The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97(10): 1223-41.

3. Szoke H, Kovacs Z, Bokkon I et al. Gut dysbiosis and serotonin: intestinal 5-HT as a ubiquitous membrane permeability regulator in host tissues, organs, and the brain. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31(4): 415-25.

4. Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med 2016; 22(3): 250-3.

5. O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Borre YE, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 27732-48.

6. Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wesselingh S. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21(6): 738-48.

7. Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP et al. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015; 161(2): 264 -76.

8. Reigstad CS, Salmonson CE, Rainey JF, 3rd et al. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. FASEB J 2015; 29(4): 1395-403.

9. Gershon MD. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20(1): 14-21.

10. Gershon MD, Tack J. The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(1): 397-414.

11. Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J et al. Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106(10): 3698-703.

12. Hoglund E, Overli O, Winberg S. Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Brain Serotonergic Activity: A Comparative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10158.

13. Nichols DE, Nichols CD. Serotonin receptors. Chem Rev 2008; 108(5): 1614-41.

14. Lund ML, Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS et al. Enterochromaffin 5-HT cells - A major target for GLP-1 and gut microbial metabolites. Mol Metab 2018; 1170-83.

15. Bhattarai Y, Williams BB, Battaglioli EJ et al. Gut Microbiota-Produced Tryptamine Activates an Epithelial G-Protein-Coupled Receptor to Increase Colonic Secretion. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23(6): 775-85 e5.

16. Kwon YH, Wang H, Denou E et al. Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition by Serotonin Signaling Influences Intestinal Immune Response and Susceptibility to Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7(4): 709-28.

17. Fung TC, Vuong HE, Luna CDG et al. Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4(12): 2064-73.

18. Yang NJ, Chiu IM. Bacterial Signaling to the Nervous System through Toxins and Metabolites. J Mol Biol 2017; 429(5): 587-605.

19. Topping DL, Clifton PM. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 2001; 81(3): 1031-64.

20. Essien BE, Grasberger H, Romain RD et al. ZBP-89 regulates expression of tryptophan hydroxylase I and mucosal defense against Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144(7): 1466-77, 77 e1-9.

21. Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Backhed F. From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites. Cell 2016; 165(6): 1332-45.

22. Loer, CM & Rand, JB (2016). The Evidence for Classical Neurotransmitters in Caenorhabditis elegans, in WormA tlas. Doi:10.3908/ wormatlas.5.200 23. Williams BB, Van Benschoten AH, Cimermancic P et al. Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16(4): 495-503.

24. Bellono NW, Bayrer JR, Leitch DB et al. Enterochromaffin Cells Are Gut Chemosensors that Couple to Sensory Neural Pathways. Cell 2017; 170(1): 185-98 e16.

25. Ge X, Pan J, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhou W, Wang X. Intestinal Crosstalk between Microbiota and Serotonin and its Impact on Gut Motility. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 19(3): 190-95.

Title: Literature Review of the Interaction between Intestinal Serotonin and the Gut Microbiome Abstract: More than 90% of serotonin (5-HT) in the human body is derived from enterochromaffin cells (EC) located within the most distal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Inside of the large intestine can be found a population of trillions of symbiotic microbes.

Current evidence shows that these microbes influence host physiology through communication with the nervous system via metabolic byproducts. In the colonic environment, 5-HT is an important signaling molecule for peristalsis, enteric motor and secretory reflexes, and immune responses. 5-HT synthesis within the colon is regulated by host microbiota through stimulation of EC from their shortchain fatty acid byproducts. EC have been shown to release 5-HT into the colonic lumen after stimulation from various non-microbially produced products such as bile acids, allyl isothiocyanate, catecholamines, and tryptamine. Irregular 5-HT signaling has been shown to influence microbial colonization of the colon. Further exploration is necessary to understand the complete mechanism of microbial signaling and colonic 5-HT production.

Presenter(s): Aaron Brown Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: He Liu

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

61

Lower back analysis of caretaker tasks using JACK By: Emily Schweitzer1, Justo Hernandez1, Dr. Xiaoux Ji1 1

Introduction •

•

•

•

•

Gannon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering Analysis in JACK

Xsens Motion Capture

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are extremely common in healthcare providers [1]

Each subjects’ body segments were measured to be later used in JACK • The subject’s height and foot size were entered in Xsens to properly size the mannequin to the subject •

This is due to the types of tasks they typically perform throughout their workday To study and prevent MSDs, ergonomists are turning to digital human models (DHM) [2] JACK Siemens software is a reliable analysis tool and can be paired with Xsens MVN (an internal-magnetic wearable motion tracking system) and used to understand what tasks lead to MSDs In this study, subjects were recorded by Xsens motion tracking system to focus on the spinal forces asking on the lower back as they performed three typical caretaker tasks

Task 1 Subject reached across a bed and pulled the mannequin towards them • Simulates a common two-person patient lateral transfer •

Task 2

Figure 2: Subject performing Task 1 Figure 5: Lower lumbar forces generated by subject

Subject squatted and lifted mannequin with an underhand grip • Patient mannequin was located on a spine board from the floor level •

Task 3

Forces should be below 3400N, as stated

by NIOSH standards to prevent injuries • If any generated forces are above this limit, the action can be considered unsafe •

Figure 3: Subject performing Task 2

Conclusion

Results are ongoing, but it is expected that Tasks 1, 2 and 3 will generate forces above the NIOSH limit • Xsens and JACK should be used further to work towards a method to prevent lower back injuries in healthcare providers •

Subject repositioned the mannequin from a reclining posture to a sitting posture on the bed • Task involves dragging and rotating the feet and repositioning the mannequin on the edge of the bed and supporting the mannequin under the arms •

Figure 1: Mannequin of subject in Xsens

The L4/L5 lower lumbar was analyzed in JACK Lower Back Analysis • Outcomes were impacted by the DHM postures and the magnitude and direction of applied forces • This study focused on compressive forces and the anterior/posterior and lateral shear forces •

References [1] Ibrahim,M.I., Zubair,I.U., Yaacob,N.M., Ahmad,M.I., and Shafei,M.N. (2019) 'Low Back Pain and Its Associated Factors among Nurses in Public Hospitals of Penang, Malaysia', International journal of environmental research and public health, Vol. 16 No.21, pp.4254.

Figure 4: Subject performing Task 3

[2] Maurya,C.M., Karmakar,S., and Das,A.K. (2019) 'Digital human modeling (DHM) for improving work environment for specially-abled and elderly', SN Applied Sciences, Vol. 1 No.11,

Title: Lower Back Analysis of Caretaker Tasks Using JACK Abstract: The most common occupation health problem in the world are musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). These disorders are extremely prevalent in the healthcare sector because of healthcare providers’ daily activities. In order to help prevent MSDs in healthcare providers, ergonomists are turning to digital human modeling technology. JACK Siemens software is a popular choice for these studies for injury prevention. JACK can then be combined with Xsens MVN to create full-body human motion simulations. In particular, the Low Back Analysis in JACK can be used to assess the spinal forces acting on the lower back. In this study, the L4/L5 lumbar forces were analyzed during tasks in which healthcare providers are likely to develop MSDs. Presenter(s): Emily Schweitzer, Justo Hernandez Sponsoring Department: Department of Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Xiaoxu Ji

62

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Marvelous Microbes: Fungal and Bacterial Identification Dr. Matthew D. Gacura, Kianna Mullen, and Lily Zheng Contact: gacura001@gannon.edu Biology Department, Gannon University, Erie Pennsylvania 16541

Fungal and Bacterial Isolates

Introduction • In terms of disease and environmental function, the Earth is full of a diverse array of microorganisms that can be beneficial or harmful.

• Many of these microbes interact with other much more complex organisms and can cause morphology changes to their tissues.

• These interactions can especially be seen in root morphology changes found in plants as they interact with various unknown soil microbes (figure 1).

• The identification of these microbes is extremely important to understand the mechanisms that these organisms are utilizing to influence neighboring organisms and hosts.

• To help with this identification, there is a vast array of information stored in molecular databases that is available to researchers.

• In this project, seven cultures of fungi and three cultures of bacteria taken from environmental samples and found to cause morphology changes in fern rhizoids from previous research projects will have their DNA extracted and sequenced to determine their identity.

Figure 1. Ceratopteris richardii grown without (A) and with (B) Pseudomonas nitroreductans.

Microbes

A

B

C

Figure 3. Images of the 3 bacterial isolates that change the morphology of C. richardii. Isolate 1 is a gram-positive streptobacillus. Isolate 2 is a grampositive streptobacillus. Isolate 3 is a gram-negative bacillus.

The Bacterial 16s rRNA gene and the Fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer region. rRNA genes • Ribosomes are created from both protein and rRNA. rRNA is coded in rRNA genes. The products of these genes can fold into a complex, stable secondary structure, consisting of stems and loops, and the sequences of some the loops are conservative across many species.

Methods • Seven fungal isolates and three bacterial samples were isolated and sub- cultured using potato dextrose agar for fungi and Luria-Bertani agar for bacteria (figure 2 and figure 3).

• Sequencing will be performed on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) region for fungal isolates (figure 4) and the 16S ribosomal gene (figure 5) for bacterial isolates and compared to databases for identification.

• After DNA extraction the work flow found in figure 6 will be utilized for analysis.

• The following steps were used to extract the DNA from the fungi: • Cut tissue (<25 mg) and placed into a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. Added 180 ul of ATL buffer and 20 uL proteinase K • Vortexed for 15 sec and incubated at 56 C until completely lysed • Add 200 ul Buffer Al, vortexed, and incubated all samples at 56 C for 10 minutes • Added 200 uL ethanol (96-100%) and vortexed • Pipetted the mixture into a Dneasy Mini spin column and centrifuged for 1 minute. Discarded the flow-through and collection tube.

• Placed the spin column in a new 2 ml collection tube and added 500 ul Buffer AW1 and centrifuged for 1 minute. Discarded the flow-through and collection tube • Placed the spin column in a new 2 ml collection tube and added 500 ul Buffer AW2 and centrifuged for 4 min. Discarded the flow-through and collection tube • Transferred the spin column to a new 2 ml microcentrifuge tube and eluted the DNA by adding 200 ul Buffer AE and incubated for 1 min at room temperature then centrifuged for 1 min

Phylogenetics and Cladistics

Figure 2. Images of fungal isolates that change the morphology of C. richardii.

Figure 4. The bacterial 16s rRNA gene’s location and associated primers for its amplification. Variable regions are indicated as V1-V9 (Fukuda et al. 2016).

16S rRNA Gene • In prokaryotes, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes (figure 4) are highly conserved occurring in at least one copy in a bacterial genome and are present in all mitochondrial genomes which make them an ideal target for phylogenetic studies and taxonomic classification.

ITS Region Stands for internal transcribed spacer (figure 5).

A spacer region that separates genes coding for ribosomal subunits in fungi.

Most commonly used sequence for barcoding in fungi How? This region can be used to distinguish unknown fungi by sequencing the type of material on which the species originally came from

Figure 6. Typical workflow to identify microorganisms with molecular based approaches (Jo et al. 2016).

Results • We will continue to analyze each of these isolates to identify and understand how these microorganisms are able to change the morphology of fern rhizoids.

• The three bacterial isolates were successfully sequenced and identified.

• The first isolate (Figure 3A) was identified as Bacillus megaterium which is gram-positive rod bacteria that is typically found in soil. Rhizobacterial species like B. megaterium can increase bacterial fitness and plant growth (Ortiz-Castro et al. 2008).

Figure 9. Concentration of soil phosphorus (A) and potassium (B) against years organic.

• The second isolateSoil (Figure wasbyidentified ascm Lysinibacillus which is an depth is 3B) indicated color, 0 cm - 15 =orange and 15 macrolides cm – 30 cm = blue). immobile, gram-positive, and short rod bacteria that is typically found in soil. This bacteria can degrade chlorinated and non-chlorinated aromatic chemicals which help to aid in determining natural biodegradation procedures (Samadi et al. 2019).

• The third isolate (Figure 3C) was identified as Pantoea agglomerans which is a gramnegative bacteria that is commonly found on plant surfaces, seeds, fruits, and animal/human feces. P. agglomerans can develop a beneficial relationship with host plants such as wheat by producing phytohormones which fix atmospheric nitrogen and reduce nitrate (Morin et al. 1999).

•

•

Figure 5. Internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) as found in the fungal genome. The location of fungal specific primers can be seen (Gacura et al. 2009).

•

•

Acknowledgements

• Funding was provided by the Gannon University, Department of Biological Sciences.

Citations • Fukuda K. and Saito M. 2016. Molecular Approaches to Studying Microbial Communities: Targeting the 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene. J UOEH. Vol. 3: pg. 223-232.

• Gacura M.D. 2009. Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on Bioremediation of PAH contaminated River Sediment. Youngstown State University School of Graduate Studies and Research. Pg. 1-57.

• Jo J.H. Kennedy E.A., and Kong H.H. 2016. Research Techniques Made Simple: Bacterial 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing in Cutaneous Research. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Vol. 136: 23-27.

• Morin A. and Parveen Z. 1999. Pantoea. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, pg. 1623-1630.

• Ortiz-Castro R., Valemcia-Cantero E., and Lopez-Bucio J. 2008. Plant growth promotion by Bacillus megaterium involves cytokinin signaling.

Plant Signaling & Behavior. Vo 4: 263-265.

• Samadi A., Sharifi H., Nejad Z.G., and Yaghmaei S. 2019. Biodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Lysinibacillus macrolids and Bacillus firmus Isolated from Contaminated Soil. International Journal of Engineering, Vol. 32: 628-633.

Title: Marvelous Microbes: Fungal and Bacterial Identification Abstract: In terms of disease and environmental function, the Earth is full of a diverse array of microorganisms that can be beneficial or harmful. Many of these microbes interact with other much more complex organisms and can cause morphology changes to their tissues. These interactions can especially be seen in root morphology changes found in plants as they interact with various unknown soil microbes. The identification of these microbes is extremely important to understand the mechanisms that these organisms are utilizing to influence neighboring organisms and hosts. To help with this identification, there is a vast array of information stored in molecular databases that is available to researchers. In this project, seven cultures of fungi and twelve cultures of bacteria taken from environmental samples and found to cause morphology changes in fern rhizoids from previous research projects will have their DNA extracted and sequenced to determine their identity.

Presenter(s): Kianna Mullen, Lily Zheng Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Matt Gacura

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

63

Mechanical Testing of a 3D Printed Bone Scaffold Gena Caldwell, Ruba Alshaeri, Spencer Miller, Dr. Saeed Tiari.

Biomedical Engineering Program ,Gannon University, Erie, PA

Background

Methods

Materials

Bone grafts have been used for small scale bone defects or jaw surgery. However, engineers have had trouble implementing these same bone grafts into larger scale bone repairs. With access to 3D printing, there are now opportunities to change the graft depending on the size and shape of the bone being repaired as well as being able to test these grafts in a cost-effective way. 3D printing, also, makes customizing the bone grafts for individual patients much easier by allowing size to scale down for smaller patients, and up for larger patients. The overall goal of the study is to create a bone scaffold design that can withstand maximum compressive strength.

[7] In this research, percent porosity is the variable tested. Testing the scaffold designs will be done by exposing the 3D printed designs to a maximum compressive strength. The scaffold designs will be printed using Prusa 3D printer shown in Figure 8. The scaffold designs aids as an adhesion substrate for the surrounded cells which means emphasize on the importance of the 3D printed design [5 The pore size of the scaffold design is important since it can determine its mechanical strength [5]. Moreover, the internal structure efficiency can be determined using the 3D printed designs which helps in conducting its performance and ability to fabricate [2,4]. The mechanical properties of the scaffold design should depend on the porosity of the scaffold designs [5]. The direction of the loading should encourage the pore size and the distribution of the cells [3]. To test the mechanical properties, the universal testing machine shown in Figure 9 will be used.

To test the efficiency of the design with different porosity, the same design with three different porosities were designed using CREO shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. The dimensions of each one are recorded in Table 1. The scaffold designs were 3D printed using Prusa 3D printer shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7. After that, the scaffold designs will be tested using the universal testing machine shown in Figure 8.

The material used for printing is Prusament PETG. PETG is polyethylene terephthalate with added glycol. This material is a very tough material and has good thermal resistance.

Porosity Percent

Length (in)

Width (in)

Height (in)

80

1

1

1

85

1

1

1

90

1

1

1

Each design was printed four times and will undergo a compression test using a universal testing machine.

This machine will test to see how much compression load each design can withstand before failure. Once testing is complete, data from each test design will be analyzed and compared to see which design was able to hold the maximum compression force.

Table 1: Porosity Percent and Dimensions of the Designs

- Modify the design in order to increase its mechanical properties

References [1] B.-S. Kim, and D.J. Mooney, Development of biocompatible synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering, Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 16 (1998), 224230.

[2] B.C. Tellis, J.A. Szivek, C.L. Bliss, D.S. Margolis, R.K. Vaidyanathan, and P. Calvert, Trabecular scaffolds created using micro-CT guided fused deposition modeling, Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 28 (2008), 171178.

[3] C. Qu, Q.-H. Qin, and Y. Kang, A hypothetical mechanism of bone remodeling and modeling under electromagnetic loads, Biomaterials, vol. 27 (2006), 40504057.

Figure 2: 80% Porosity Creo Model

[4] G.E. Ryan, A.S. Pandit, and D.P. Apatsidis, Porous titanium scaffolds fabricated using a rapid prototyping and powder metallurgy technique, Biomaterials, vol. 29 (2008), 3625-3635.

Figure 5: 3D Printed Design 80% Porosity

Figure 8: Prusa 3D printer

Figure 9: The Universal Testing machine

Discussion Figure 3: 85% Porosity Creo Model

Figure 6: 3D Printed Design 85% Porosity

Figure 1: Function of Osteoconductive Scaffold. [6]

Aim: To design a bone scaffold that could treat bone defects. Each design will be 3D printed and the mechanical properties will be examined using the MTI testing machine. The same scaffold bone design with two different porosity precents will be examined.

The bone scaffold will be tested and redesigned until optimal compression strength is reached.

Results

Future Work

Figure 4: 90% Porosity Creo Model

Figure 7: 3D Printed Design 90% Porosity

The results of the compression test will show which design, porosity, and material will work best as a bone scaffold. It is expected that the higher the porosity, the less pressure the part can withstand since the columns that are supporting the piece are thinner. The main difference will be with the other groups performing tests which have completely different designs with very similar porosities. With these different designs it can also be seen which design works best for compressive strength. The compression test is being performed to test the mechanical properties of the material used and of the design that is being implemented.

[5] Lipowiecki, M., & Brabazon, D. (2010). Design of bone scaffolds structures for rapid prototyping with increased strength and osteoconductivity. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 83, pp. 914-922). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. [6] Li, J. J., Kaplan, D. L., & Zreiqat, H. (2014). Scaffoldbased regeneration of skeletal tissues to meet clinical challenges. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2(42), 72727306.

[7] Zhang L, Yang G, Johnson BN, Jia X. Three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffold and material selection for bone repair. Acta Biomater. 2019 Jan 15;84:16-33. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.039. Epub 2018 Nov 24. PMID: 30481607.

Title: Mechanical Testing of a 3D Printed Bone Scaffold Abstract: Bone grafts and bone substitute materials have been tested and used to treat bone defects. In this research project, the aim is to design a bone scaffold that could treat bone defects. Each design will be 3-D printed and the mechanical properties will be examined using the MTI testing machine. The bone scaffold will be tested and redesigned until optimal compression strength is reached. Moreover, the limitations in this research will be discussed in order to help future research.

Presenter(s): Ruba Alshaeri, Gena Caldwell, Spencer Miller Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Dr. Saeed Tiari

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

[

Nurse J.O.I.

]

Max Servick, Asyah Ziyadi, Mahesh Shrestha, Siman Shrivastwa, Marc Lama Computer Science and Information Systems

Project Overview

Introduction After the onset of the COVID-19, the world health system are now exposed to a new problem. Management of high number of patients with a limited number of hospital staff as well as the time it takes to get a patient into the Emergency room. As it stands right now it takes an average of 28 minutes for a patient to reach the E.R. in America. And after a patient gets to E.R. it takes a doctor about 40 minutes to do their documentation. In this process, when a doctor goes to examine his patients, he must wear his Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and take his chart to do patient documentation. After that he goes back to office opens his PPE, fills out chart in computer and wears PPE and goes to see another patient

This project aims at creating a prototype replacement for speech-to-text applications suitable for medical jargon-based voice assistants suitable for doctors and nurses in developing reports. The system envisions an integrated, AWS-supported web device that can learn from speech-to-text corrections and consistently improve on speech-to-text accuracy in a highly contextualized setting that employs significant jargon. The main purpose and focused reporting are the doctor and nurse charts.

Mock Up Chart

Methods and Materials Build Alexa by AWS with Alexa Skills Create our database with the DynamoDBS System envisions an integrated, AWS-supported web device

Title: Nurse J.O.I. (The hands free charting system) Abstract: Nurse J.O.I is a hands-free medical charting system, utilizing the power of AWS and Alexa to expedite and streamline the current charting sequence. These charts are meant for continual updates on patient condition. With AWS Transcribe Medical, Nurse J.O.I will receive spoken word input from doctors and nurses, add them to a virtual chart, and then place the chart into a hospital database. They can also ask Nurse J.O.I for information from any chart within the database and have that information read aloud to them.

Presenter(s): Maxwell Servick, Siman Shrivastwa, Marc Lama, Mahesh Shrestha, Asyah Ziyadi Sponsoring Department: CIS Project Mentor: Mark Blair

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Optimization of Material Stiffness of an AFO to be Used in Athletic and Clinical Settings Brandon Richardson1, Aaron Koch1, Daniel Schell1

Biomedical Engineering Program1, Gannon University, Erie, PA

Background

12 million people suffer from spasticity worldwide and many sports affect the stress on the ankle joint.

Such a neurological impairment, as well as potential injuries at the ankle, can alter the normal gait cycle of a patient and therefore hinder the stability to walk. Both medically impaired patients and athletes require a device with a large material stiffness for support. A stiff ankle foot orthotic made of carbon fiber would provide the support needed to walk and would correct common abnormalities in a gait cycle. An AFO or ankle foot orthotic is a device that is used to support the lower extremities of the human body. An AFO helps improve the lives of patients with certain diseases or help patients to move better during their recovery after traumatic situations.

Methods and Materials To determine optimal stiffness ranges of the carbon fiber AFO, different experiments were conducted. These experiments include studying the gait cycle with a pre-built AFO, measuring the force applied on a forceplate without an AFO, measuring the force applied on the AFO during a gait cycle, and conducting ASTM-designated tests on carbon fiber specimens. Gait cycles are captured in the Tracker software, the resulting data of which is processed through MATLAB. The results of these studies are factored into the design of the carbon-fiber AFO.

Figure 2: Gait cycle recorded, with four points of interest measuring the movement of the AFO.

Results

Figure 4: Final MATLAB calculations focused on the stiffness at the ankle and ball in AFO use.

Discussion

To create a design of an AFO, Autodesk Fusion 360 CAD software was used. The model was scaled to a leg model to create the design. The design consists of multiple parts that are connected with dovetail joints. To print the device a Markforged carbon fiber 3D printer will be used. Based on experimental data from the ASTM testing, the stiffness of the material can be obtained. This will vary for each part and create a design that is comfortable for the user.

Future Work

After the construction of the prototype AFO, further tests will be required to reassess the force exerted on the AFO and the resulting angles created. As previously mentioned, modifications may be required to optimize the stiffness of the AFO while still maintaining comfort for the user.

References [1] Roniger, L. (2016, December 31). AFO stiffness can help OPTIMIZE Patient function: Lower Extremity Review magazine. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://lermagazine.com/article/afostiffness-can-help-optimize-patientfunction

Figure 1: Ankle-foot orthotic brace Figure 3: Point-Loading Test

Figure 5: Dovetail Joints

Title: Optimization of Material Stiffness of an AFO to be Used in Athletic and Clinical Settings Abstract: 12 million people suffer from spasticity worldwide, and many sports affect the stress on the ankle joint. Such a neurological impairment, as well as potential injuries at the ankle, can alter the normal gait cycle of a patient and therefore hinder the ability to walk.

Both medically impaired patients and athletes require a device with a large material stiffness for support. A stiff ankle foot orthotic made of carbon fiber would provide the support needed to walk and would correct common abnormalities in a gait cycle.

Presenter(s): Brandon Richardson, Aaron Koch, Daniel Schell Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Ikechukwu Ohu

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Our West Bayfront Proper ty Conditions and Neighborhood Crimes Sinde R. Urbieta & Zaakiyah Boyd

reyes009@gannon.edu, boyd044@gannon.edu

Crime Mapping and Analysis Dr. Chris Magno Spring 2021

Abstract: The research analyzes the intersection between crime, property conditions, and poverty in Our West Bayfront. Using GIS

as a tool for mapping and analysis, the research examines correlation between 2020 crime data from the Erie Police Department, property data from City of Erie Planning Office, and Poverty Data from the US Census. This project will assist Our West Bayfront and the City of Erie officials addresses the crime and housing problems within the City of Erie.

Map 3: Map 1: The map above represents the property crimes committed in the Our West Bayfront neighborhood in Erie. There appears to be a large quantity of motor vehicle thefts indicated by the purple vehicle symbols, while accidental property damage is less likely to occur when specific property items are targeted. This map can be compared to the property crime by block, to look at the overall trends in property crime within the blocks of the Our West Bayfront.

Illustrates graduated colors to identify the poverty rates by block in Our West Bayfront in the year of 2020.

As the graduated colors go from darkest to lightest it is representing the percentages of the poverty rate in each block.

Map 5 & 6: Shows the overall property conditions which are rated from graduated colors, dark red being the worst (unsound) property conditions and bright green being the best (excellent) property conditions. In comparison to the hotspot of the property conditions it shows the nicer neighborhoods with less crimes and the worst neighborhoods with more crimes.

Conclusion/ Recommendations: Due to the large amount of motor vehicle crimes taking place in the Our West Bayfront, along with the other property crimes, I believe that police omnipresence within these blocks could decrease the amount of property crimes that occur or stop perpetrators in their tracks. The Our West Bayfront organizations and the Erie Police Department can work together and find ways in which residents can protect their property from further crimes taking place in their neighborhood.

Bibliography:

Map 2 This map illustrates the 2020 property crimes by block in the Our West Bayfront neighborhood. The graduated colors represent the areas where high levels of property crimes occur. An abundant of property crime takes place in the northern blocks, indicating that property crime is less likely to occur in the southern part of the Our West Bayfront.

Map 4: The map above is an optimized hotspot of property crimes in the Our West Bayfront. The red areas represent the hotspot of property crimes, while the blue areas indicate little to no property crimes. This map can be utilized to compare the data and overall trends within the overall 2020 property crime data, and property crimes by block.

Erie Police Department 2020 Crime Data Our West Bayfront Field Survey retrieved from City of Erie Planning Department

Bureau, U. (2020, December 14). Tiger/line shapefiles. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tigerline-file.html

Title: Our West Bayfront Property Conditions and Neighborhood Crimes Abstract: This research analyzes the intersection between crime, property conditions, and poverty in Erie, Pennsylvania. Using GIS as tool for mapping and analysis, the research examines correlation between 2020 crime data from the Erie Police Department, property data from City of Erie Planning Office, and Poverty Data from the US Census.

Presenter(s): Sinde Reyes Urbieta, Zaakiyah Boyd Sponsoring Department: Criminal Justice Project Mentor: Chris Magno

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

67

Our West Bayfront Vacant Proper ties and Crime Qusai Abdelwahab abdelwa001@gannon.edu

Major: Criminal Justice Advisor: Dr. Chris Magno

Abstract: Vacant properties continue to be a persistent problem in Erie. When foreclosures escalated during the financial crisis in 2007, many homes have been neglected. Previous studies suggest (Jack and Mandel 2017), “clusters of vacant homes can sometimes become an unguarded location for illicit activity, or a signal of social disorder and vulnerability to potential criminals.”

This research analyzes the relationship between vacant properties and crime in Our West Bayfront. My study suggests that those areas with high vacant properties are the same areas where crimes mostly congregate.

This map shows the hotspots of vacant properties and how much crime occurs around them. Most vacant properties are in the northwest part of OWB around Front, 2nd, 3rd and Front Streets. On the other hand the majority of crime are happening in South East part of Our West Bayfront, around the blocks of 7th, 8th and 9th streets.

Conclusion: Based on the maps, vacant properties attract crimes.

They also lower the standard of living in the neighborhood. Vacant lots and buildings could potentially offer safe haven for illegal activity of the criminal. Crime and other illegal activities are both neighborhood disorder that deteriorates the standard of living of the neighborhood.

This map locates all the vacant properties in the Our West Bayfront area. Most abandoned properties are mid and eeast section of OWB. Notice that the majority of the abandoned properties are clustering and close proximity to each other. Most of these vacant properties are located in the same blocks or neighborhood.

Recommendation: If property owners abandoned their properties, they should be reminded that their negligence contributes to the deterioration of the neighborhood. Fixing or demolition of vacant properties could lead to the reduction of crime. Restoration of deteriorating neighborhoods and sealing or removing vacant buildings need participation and cooperation of the entire community members in Our West Bayfront.

The crime hotspots and vacant properties maps show how there is a crime hotspot in every block with vacant properties. Crime clusters in blocks with one (1) or more vacant properties. Crime clusters around 7th, 9th and 8th streets where there is around 1 vacant properties in every block. It also noticeable that there are fewer crimes in blocks around 7 and Japan streets where there is zero vacant properties. The vacant properties and crimes also clusters in around block in 3rd, 4th and Plum streets.

Reference and Data Source: Erie 2020 Crime Data. Erie Police Department, City of Erie Office of Policy Development (2014). Vacant and Abandoned Properties: Turning Liabilities Into Assets. Retrieved from https:// www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/winter14/ highlight1.html#:~:text=Vacant%20and%20abandoned% 20properties%20are,vacancy%20to%20neighborhood%20market% 20conditions.

Title: Our West Bayfront Vacant Properties and Crime Abstract: Vacant properties continue to be a persistent problem in Erie. When foreclosures escalated during the financial crisis in 2007, many homes have been neglected. Previous studies suggest (Jack and Mandel 2017), “clusters of vacant homes can sometimes become an unguarded location for illicit activity, or a signal of social disorder and vulnerability to potential criminals.” This research analyzes the relationship between vacant properties and crime in Our West Bayfront. My study suggests that those areas with high vacant properties are the same areas where crimes mostly congregate.

Presenter(s): Qusai Abdelwahab Sponsoring Department: Criminal Justice Project Mentor: Chris Magno

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Passive System for Removal of Micro- & Meso- Plastics from Presque Isle Bay Tyler Emick, Cristian Cicchinelli, Advisor: Varun K. Kasaraneni emick002@gannon.edu, cicchine002@gannon.edu, kasarane001@gannon.edu Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gannon University, Erie PA 16541 Abstract:

Design:

Microplastics pose a growing problem in all bodies of water around the world. They can degrade from different forms of plastic such as polystyrene, pellets, fragments, and intact or nearintact debris1. Although a global issue, the focus of this project is Presque Isle Bay in Erie, PA. Presque Isle Bay is the most plastic-polluted area within Lake Erie according to Zbyszewski et al.

(2014). The goal of this project is to provide remediation to this issue of plastic pollution by providing a design that can be constructed to filter microplastics from the bay. The design will be constructed as a passive, natural, floating wetland system. This structure will be deployed onto the bay and utilize both mechanical filtration and root adsorption, to then later be analyzed. It is expected to see a high quantity of microplastic removal given the information about Presque Isle Bay’s high microplastic concentration.

• • • • • • •

Solution: Floating wetland (passive system) for microplastic removal Mechanisms of removal: Mechanical filtration and root adsorption Switchgrass grown hydroponically as main vegetation source Construction of wooden frame with flotation to hold switchgrass Obtain a permit to deploy structure onto the bay Collection/filtration period during spring Lab analysis for microplastics removed

Figure 1. Plastics found in fish.

Sourced from Algalita Marine Research and Education

Results:

•Switchgrass acclimated to hydroponic environment (Figure 2) •Structure completed (Figure 6) •Switchgrass added to structure •Testing to be completed Figure 2. Switchgrass.

Background:

•Area of interest: Presque Isle Bay Erie, PA (Figure 3) •Large quantities of plastic pollution leading to high microplastic concentration •Sources: cosmetics, paint, tire abrasion, shirt fibers, etc.

•Micro (≤ 5 mm), meso (5 mm to 2.5 cm) •Plastics being ingested by organisms and bioaccumulating through food-chain (Figure 1)

Figure 3. Presque Isle Bay in Erie, PA.

Figure 4. Early Stages of Structure.

Figure 6.

Completed Structure.

References: 1. Zbyszewski, M., Corcoran, P., & Hockin, A. (2014, March 17). Comparison of the distribution and degradation of plastic debris along shorelines of the Great Lakes, North America. Retrieved September 21, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S038013301400046X

Figure 5. Mechanisms of removal .

2. https://algalita.org/

Title: Passive System for Removal of Micro- & Meso-Plastics from Presque Isle Bay Abstract: More than 7,800 million metric tons of plastic have been produced from 1950-2017 (Schmaltz et al., 2020). These plastics are used to make products such as water bottles, shopping bags, pipes, paint, and even cosmetics. This surge in plastic use led to inevitable plastic pollution, not only on a macroscale, but on a microscale as well. Plastics over time will degrade into what are known as microand meso-plastics (MPs) 5mm and 5-20mm, respectively. These MPs cause great harm to the environment, especially to aquatic ecosystems. The goal of this project is to find a system mimicking natural processes to remove MPs from Presque Isle Bay. Presenter(s): Tyler Emick, Cristian Cicchinelli Sponsoring Department: Environmental Science and Engineering Project Mentor: Varun Kasaraneni

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

69

Portable Cooling Cap to Reduce Chemotherapy Induced Alopecia Effects 1

Alyssa Monohon1, Evan Fisler1, Justo Hernandez1, and Bryan Zehe2 Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Systems Engineering , 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Introduction Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs with an estimated incidence of 65% [1]. Hair loss occurs because the chemotherapy targets all rapidly dividing cells—healthy and cancerous cells. In Figure 1 below, the effect of chemotherapy induced alopecia is shown.

Figure 1: An example of a women who is experiencing chemotherapy induced alopecia [2] Chemotherapy induced hair loss has been proven to be limited through vasoconstriction in the scalp.

Vasoconstriction helps prevent the chemotherapy drugs from targeting the rapidly dividing hair cells. For vasoconstriction to occur without damage to the scalp - the temperature range is 40 - 50 degrees Fahrenheit.

The current designs to combat hair loss include the following methods: cryogel, ice water, and dry ice. A major drawback in each of the current designs is the lack of portability due to the need of a power source or quick access to a freezer. This lack of portability restricts the consumer’s access to the cooling device, which limits the effectiveness of the device since the longer it is worn and contributing to vasoconstriction the less chemotherapy will access the hair cells in the scalp. Therefore, the purpose of our research is to design a chemotherapy cap that is portable and lightweight. However, the success of both ours and current designs are limited by the hair layer thickness, the chemotherapy drugs used, the dosage of the chemotherapy drug, and the tightness of the device around the head.

The customer's needs were determined after discussing necessary safety requirements and analyzing the shortcomings of existing chemotherapy caps. Our determined customer needs are the following: comfort, lightweight, low cost, efficiency, reliability, cleanliness, skin compatibility, intuitiveness, portability, and aesthetics. These customers' needs are our utmost priority when designing our chemotherapy cooling cap. Of our customer needs, portability holds precedence as most existing chemotherapy cooling caps lack practical portability.

During concept generation, multiple designs were created based on the customer needs. In Figure 2, an example of a previous design of the chemotherapy cooling cap is shown. This design consists of a battery powering the peltier chips, thus allowing the head to reach vasoconstriction. Although this product design fits our customer’s needs it was determined unfeasible. After speaking with electrical engineers, it was stated the peltier chip layout on the cooling cap was not feasible due to the complexity of circuiting.

The current product design consists of a water cooling loop to achieve vasoconstriction. In Figure 3, a schematic of the water cooling loop through a liquid cooling block can be observed. The cold side of the peltier is directly against the liquid cooling block - reducing the water temperature to achieve vasoconstriction. Attached on the hot side of the peltier chip is a heatsink with a fan to dissipate the heat generated. After the water passes through the liquid cooling block, the water will be pumped to the cooling cap. In Figure 4, a general idea of the intended design of the cooling cap is provided. After passing through the cooling cap, the water will be circulated back to the liquid cooling block. It is important to note the success of these chemotherapy cooling cap designs is subjective as the following variables play an integral role: hair layer thickness, type of chemotherapy drug, and dosage of chemotherapy drug.

Methods Figure 2: Previous design

Figure 3: Final design

Continued Testing

Testing

In Figure 5 and Figure 6, two experiments were set-up and have been tested for their water cooling ability. It is important to note these experiments were not tested with the chemotherapy cap and can yield discrepancies with respect to the minimum cooling temperature. These two systems measured the peltier chips and liquid cooling blocks abilities to reduce the overall temperature of the system.

Maximum power of fans and pump - ⅓ power peltier chips with an open reservoir •

Maximum power of fans and pump - ½ power peltier chips with a closed reservoir

•

Other tests will include bigger heat sinks and fans, 80mm x 80mm, varying reservoirs, and varying powers.

•

Arduino will be programmed to ensure device runs as efficiently as possible

•

**The pump and fans will always be ran at maximum power**

References

Objectives

[1] Trüeb RM. Chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Skin Therapy Lett. 2010 Jul-Aug;15(7):5-7. PMID: 20700552.

To minimize the side effects of headaches/ migraines that have occurred in other models To have an effective and efficient, portable device

Experimental setups include: Maximum power of fans, pump, and peltier chips with an open reservoir •

Figure 4: Serpentine water pathway for cooling cap

To minimize CIA in patients

To minimize any skin irritation and cold damage

Conclusion & Acknowledgments The goal of our research is to design a chemotherapy cap that is portable and lightweight. determined after discussing necessary safety requirements and analyzing the shortcomings of existing chemotherapy caps. After multiple designs based on the customer needs, the water cooling loop with the liquid cooling part was determined to be the most feasible. From the two experimental set-ups, the lowest temperature reached was 17.7 degrees Celsius. This temperature does not meet the range for vasoconstriction to occur. Further design improvements will be needed in order to reach vasoconstriction range. Future tests will include an insulated reservoir and improved heat dissipation. We would like to acknowledge the College of Engineering and Business at Gannon University, specifically the mechanical and biomedical engineering departments for their guidance and financial support.

Figure 5: Initial testing conditions with open reservoir and pump inside the reservoir.

Figure 6: Testing method that insulates reservoir from ambient air temperature and pump is outside reservoir to minimize its heat transfer to the water, two cooling blocks are used.

[2] https://www.jaad.org/cms/ attachment/2005426440/2023614961/gr2.jpg

Title: Portable Cooling Cap to Reduce Chemotherapy Induced Alopecia Effects Abstract: Chemotherapy induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the most traumatic experiences cancer patients go through. CIA has been shown to be limited through creating vasoconstriction in the scalp so that large amounts of chemotherapy do not travel to the hair follicles and therefore limit their cell production. There are existing designs that use cryogels, ice water, and dry ice. These designs have had numerous problems with their portability due to the product’s need to remain cool, and patients have experienced side effects of headaches. Our design takes into consideration portability and vasoconstriction without causing headaches or migraines from extreme cooling.

Presenter(s): Alyssa Monohon, Evan Fisler, Justo Hernandez, Bryan Zehe Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Rape and Poverty in Erie, Pennsylvania Iacovos Antoniou antoniou001@gannon.edu

Abstract A previous study (Wesbter and Kingston 2014) suggests that poverty is a necessary but not sufficient reason or condition why an individual engages in criminal activity. Living in poverty on its own is unlikely to lead to engagement in criminality (Carlsen 1998).

Other previous studies suggest the relationship between household income that was below the federal poverty level and violent victimization, including rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. A research by the Bureau of Justice statistics showed that in the US, people living in households below the poverty line, as was determined by the Federal government, have more than double the rates of violent victimization compared to people in high-income households.

Using GIS and Erie’s crime and poverty data, the research examines the relationship between crime and poverty in every borough in the City of Erie.

Adviser: Dr. Chris Magno Crime Mapping and Analysis Spring 2021 Around 28.5% of Erie’s population live under the poverty line as for 2019. Poverty by Block map shows that the highest percentage of people under the poverty line are located in the Northern part of the city, in the center and in the northeastern. Also one more block can be observed on the map n the southeastern part of Erie. This rate is well above the poverty level of the whole state (Pennsylvania), with 12%.

The rape is the sex crime ranking on the first place from data collected the last 5 years , with sexual assault 2nd, sex offenses 3rd and abuse of children last but not least. Most of the sex related crimes were reported in the north central blocks of the City with the Sex Crimes by Block in Erie map showing the total number of crimes reported as defined on the map legend.

Conclusion: The correlation between sex crimes (rape, sex offenses, sex assault

The pin map above, presenting the sex crimes in Erie, shows that in the north central of the city, that the poverty rate is high, sex crimes are also most likely to happen. However, it can be observed that in the east side where poverty rate is high, the sex crimes are less likely to occur, compared to the north central where poverty rate is the same, at a high level. This is due to the high activity in the north central side of the city, with most of the bars, restaurants and nightclubs located there. The same conclusion can be drawn by looking on the Sex Crimes Hotspots and Sex Crimes by Block maps, where high crime activity is observed on the same location where there is high poverty rate.

and child abuse) can be observed from just a look on the maps.

Research shows an undeniable link between poverty and sexual violence. Sexual violence can jeopardize a person’s economic wellbeing, often leading to homelessness, unemployment, interrupted education and health, mental health, and other daily stressors and struggles. In turn, living without one’s basic needs met can increase a person’s risk for sexual victimization. The social disadvantaged people are both more likely to victimize or be victimized.

Recommendation: Erie Police Department could use my maps and focus on specific locations to increase their patrol and surveillance checks. The identification of different locations with people living in poverty should not just bother the EPD, but government agencies, like Administration for Children and Families who are responsible for supporting those people who live without even the bare necessities or a job.

Data Source and Bibliography: Erie Police Department Crime Data 2015-2020 Erie Poverty Rates from US Census 2015-2020, from: https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table? q=poverty&g=0500000US42049.150000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B17010&hidePreview=false Poverty and Sexual Violence, Building Prevention and Intervention Responses, from: https://pcar.org/sites/default/ files/resource-pdfs/poverty_and_sexual_violence-_building_prevention_and_intervention_responses.pdf

Title: Rape and Poverty in Erie, Pennsylvania Abstract: A previous study (Wesbter and Kingston, 2014) suggests that poverty is a necessary but not sufficient reason or condition why an individual engages in criminal activity. Living in poverty on its own is unlikely to lead to engagement in criminality (Carlsen, 1998). Other previous studies suggest the relationship between household income that was below the federal poverty level and violent victimization, including rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Research by the Bureau of Justice statistics showed that in the US, people living in households below the poverty line, as was determined by the Federal government, have more than double the rates of violent victimization compared to people in high-income households. Using GIS and Erie’s crime and poverty data in 2019, the research examines the relationship between crime and poverty in every borough in the City of Erie with data on income inequality and unemployment also contributing on the map to prove this relationship.

Presenter(s): Iacovos Antoniou Sponsoring Department: Criminal Justice Project Mentor: Chris Magno

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Relationship Between Consumer Behavior and Self-reported Wellbeing Abstract: Looking at the climate crisis and the overwhelming body of research that supports global warming, one response individuals take to combat the environmental effects of consumerism is to lead a voluntary simple life. A voluntary simple life is one in which an individual chooses to reduce their material consumption to seek satisfaction in non-material ways (Iwata, 2006). Using multivariate regression, this study will examine the relationship between a voluntary simple lifestyle and measures of loneliness and self-esteem. Previously validated scales were used to measure Voluntary Simple Lifestyle (Iwata, 2006), Loneliness (Russell, 1980), and SelfEsteem (Rosenberg, 1965). Our research is aimed to add to these findings, predicting a positive relationship between a voluntary simple life and self-esteem and a negative relationship between a voluntary simple life and loneliness. Findings and future directions for research will be discussed.

Introduction Companies advertise that by consuming their products, an individual can live a more fulfilling and happier life. However, previous research demonstrates the strong environmental impact of consumerism, suggesting that household expenditure contributes to over 60% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with wealthier countries contributing more per capita (Ivanova et al., 2015). We predict that this consumption does not lead to fulfilment and happiness as promised. Research suggests that when individuals believe that money leads to happiness, they have lower levels of life satisfaction, happiness and vitality, and higher levels of depression and anxiety (Dittmar et al., 2014).

A voluntary simple life (VSL), one in which an individual chooses to reduce their material consumption to seek satisfaction in non-material ways, might be the key to unlocking this happiness (Iwata, 2006). However, little research has explored this correlation between happiness and consumption. Therefore, we predict that leading a voluntary simple life will be associated with reduced levels of loneliness and increased self-esteem.

Figure 1. Relationship Between a Voluntary Simple Life and Loneliness

Melissa Bronder, bronder002@gannon.edu Brandon Boyce boyce009@gannon.edu

Results The results of these studies were analyzed using multivariate regression to examine the relationship between VSL and self-esteem and loneliness. The relationship between a Voluntary Simple Life (M=4.70, SD= .61) and Loneliness (M=2.02, SD= .44) is positive and nonsignificant (p=.27, r=.172, slope =.23). The relationship between a Voluntary Simple Life and Self-Esteem (M= 1.99, SD=.60) is positive and nonsignificant (p=.48, r=.11, slope =.23).

Discussion A voluntary simple life, one in which an individual reduces consumption to seek satisfaction in nonmaterial ways was correlated with loneliness and self-esteem (Iwata, 2006). Our results indicate that no relationship exists between a Voluntary Simple Life and Loneliness or Selfesteem due to the p-values being greater than the .05 level of significance in all scenarios. Furthermore, the positive relationship between a Voluntary Simple Life and Loneliness is contrary to our expectations of a negative relationship, and therefore we cannot suggest that living a simple life decreases loneliness. The positive relationship between a Voluntary Simple Life and Self Esteem does align with our hypothesis that living a simple life is related to higher self-esteem, but our results are still not significant. These results indicate that we lack the evidence to suggest that living simply is associated with a decrease in loneliness and increase in selfesteem. This suggests that changes in individual consumerism is not associated with loneliness and self-esteem scores as predicted.

Figure 2. Relationship Between a Voluntary Simple Life and Self-Esteem

The results of this survey could be improved by using individuals beyond the college aged years. A wider age variety would provide perspectives from an older age where participants would have more life experience to draw on when making decisions. Furthermore, the results of this survey could be correlated with socioeconomic status to determine how the average wealth of participants affects their opinions on a voluntary simple life.

References Iwata, O. (2006). An evaluation of consumerism and lif

Methods Participants 44 participants (26 women, 15 men) were recruited from Gannon University undergraduate psychology courses and were compensated one-half credit hour for their participation. Their ages ranged from 18-23 and they were from various majors. Three participants data were excluded for nonconsent and attention check questions.

Materials and Procedure To complete this study, the previously validated scales measuring VSL (Iwata, 2006), Loneliness (Russell, 1980), and Self-Esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) were randomly ordered.

This survey was then distributed to undergraduate students using the Survey Monkey.

style as correlates of a voluntary simplicity lifestyle. So cial Behavior and Personality, an international journal 34 (5), 557-56. 10.2224/sbp.2006.34.5.557 Rosenberg. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image.

Princeton University Press. https://backend.fetzer.org/ sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/ Self_Measures_for_Self-Esteem_ROSENBERG_SELFESTEEM.pdf Russell, D., Peplau, L., Cutrona, C. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant va lidity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 39(3), 472-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472

Title: Relationship between Consumer Behavior and Self-reported Wellbeing Abstract: Looking at the climate crisis and the body of research supporting global warming, one response individuals take to combat the environmental effects of consumerism is to lead a voluntary simple life (VSL). A VSL is when an individual reduces their material consumption to seek satisfaction in non-material ways (Iwata, 2006). This study will examine the relationship between a VSL and measures of loneliness (Russell, 1980) and self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965). We predict a positive relationship between a voluntary simple life and self-esteem and a negative relationship between a voluntary simple life and loneliness.

Presenter(s): Melissa Bronder, Brandon Boyce Sponsoring Department: Psychology Department Project Mentor: Luke Rosielle

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Role of SCAMP3 Regulating CXCR4 Trafficking Angelika Chiang, Samantha Valaitis, Dr. Quyen Aoh Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16501

Abstract The CXC-Chemokine Receptor Type 4, CXCR4 is a G-protein coupled receptor that regulates cell growth and division, differentiation, and migration. Overexpression of CXCR4 has been linked to metastasis in cancer and promotes HIV infection. Decreased trafficking of CXCR4 to the lysosome can promote its overexpression. Upon binding to its ligand, CXCL12, CXCR4 is endocytosed. At the early endosomes, CXCR4 is ubiquitinated by the ubiquitin ligase Itch and then sorted into multivesicular bodies by the ubiquitin adaptor protein Hrs. It is then targeted for degradation in the lysosomes. We are interested in whether Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein (SCAMP) 3, which is known to interact with Hrs, also regulates CXCR4 trafficking. To test whether SCAMP3 regulates CXCR4 trafficking to the lysosome, we will use RNA interference to knockdown SCAMP3 and we will then monitor CXCR4’s localization relative to markers of the early endosome and lysosomes. We have optimized the immunofluorescence assay to examine CXCR4 localization. We have found that staining for the lysosomes and early endosomes independently of CXCR4 reduces non-specific cross-reactivity between the antibodies and increases labeling specificity. Also, permeabilizing the cells before fixing them increases specific labeling of CXCR4. Our next step will now be to perform the immunofluorescence assay in the presence or absence of SCAMP3 to determine the role of SCAMP3 in CXCR4 trafficking.

Introduction CXCR4 is downregulated through ubiquitylation and the ESCRT system CXCR4 is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been linked to metastatic growth in cancer cells. In the presence of its agonist, the chemokine CXCL12, CXCR4 activates signaling pathways involved in chemotaxis, cell adhesion, and cell growth [4]. Subsequently, CXCR4 is downregulated after interacting with its agonist [1,2].

Downregulation of CXCR4 is mediated by ubiquitylation, followed by endocytosis and endosomal sorting of the receptor into multivesicular bodies [2]. CXCR4 is ubiquitinated by the ubiquitin ligase ITCH, allowing it to be endocytosed into the cell. The receptors are then transported to early endosomes where they are sorted into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transports (ESCRTs). Just prior to sorting, the receptors are deubiquitinated by the deubiquitinase, UBPY [5]. The MVBs then bud from the early endosome and fuse with the lysosome

SCAMPS are transmembrane proteins that regulate membrane traffic The SCAMP family consists of five isoforms, SCAMPs 1-5. SCAMPs have four transmembrane domains with cytoplasmic N- and C-termini that facilitate interactions with other proteins. SCAMPs 1-3 are ubiquitously expressed and SCAMPs4 and 5 are neuronally expressed [3].

SCAMPs are found in many places including the transGolgi network (TGN), endosomes, and plasma membrane. They function in the recycling and degradative process of cell surface receptors [3].

SCAMP3 specifically has been shown to regulate degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by interacting with and opposing the function of the ESCRT protein Hrs [3].

Hypothesis

Results

SCAMP3 may promote or inhibit CXCR4 trafficking to the lysosome (A) SCAMP3 promotes CXCR4 trafficking

then, knockdown of SCAMP3 will:

↓ traffic of

CXCR4 to lysosome

(B) SCAMP3 inhibits CXCR4 trafficking

CXCR4 is transported to lysosomes after 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 180 minutes time course

then, knockdown of SCAMP3 will:

↑ traffic of CXCR4 to lysosome

Experimental Design Knockdown SCAMP3

HeLa cells are transfected with SCAMP3 –specific or control siRNA for two days to knockdown SCAMP3 expression

Stimulate endocytosis

The cells will be stimulated with CXCL12 for up to 3 hours to induce endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4

Determine localization of CXCR4 relative to endosomes and lysosomes

CXCR4 and markers for proteins found in early endosomes (EEA1) and lysosomes (LAMP1/2) will be labeled with different fluorophores for immunofluorescence microscopy.

Colocalization between CXCR4 and the organelle will be indicated by overlap of the fluorescent signals.

Possible outcomes of fluorescence studies In SCAMP3 knocked-down cells, HA-tagged CXCR4 will be labeled with a green fluorophore while the early endosomal marker EEA1 or the lysosomal marker Lamp1/2 will be labeled with a red fluorophore.

Colocalization between the CXCR4 and organelle markers will result in overlap of the red and green signals to produce yellow.

Result SCAMP3 promotes the degradation of CXCR4

SCAMP3 inhibits the degradation of CXCR4

Effect of SCAMP3 Knockdown

CXCR4 will be retained in the early endosome

More CXCR4 will be trafficked to the lysosome

References [1] Marchese, A. (2006). Assessment of Degradation and Ubiquitination of CXCR4, a GPCR Regulated by EGFR Family Members. Epidermal Growth Factor, 327, 139-146. [2] Mines, M. A., Goodwin, J. S., Limbird, L. E., Cui, F. F., & Fan, G. H. (2009). Deubiquitination of CXCR4 by USP14 is critical for both CXCL12-induced CXCR4 degradation and chemotaxis but not ERK activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(9), 5742-5752. [3] Aoh, Q. L., Castle, A. M., Hubbard, C. H., Katsumata, O., & Castle, J. D. (2009). SCAMP3 negatively regulates epidermal growth factor receptor degradation and promotes receptor recycling. Molecular biology of the cell,20(6), 1816-1832. [4] Busillo, J. M., & Benovic, J. L. (2007). Regulation of CXCR4 signaling.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1768(4), 952-963.[5] Berlin, I., Higginbotham, K. M., Dise, R. S., Sierra, M. I., & Nash, P. D. (2010). The Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP8 Promotes Trafficking and Degradation of the Chemokine Receptor 4 at the Sorting Endosome. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(48), 37895–37908.

Localization relative to early endosomes

Localization relative to lysosomes

HeLa cells incubated with CXCL12 for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 180 minutes to induce endocytosis and lysosomal sorting of CXCR4. CXCR4 and the early endosomal marker EEA1 or the lysosomal marker Lamp1/2 were labeled through immunofluorescence. To avoid crossreactivity between the rat CXCR4 and mouse EEA1 and Lamp1/2 antibodies, the fluorescence labeling was done sequentially. Colocalization is indicated by the presence of yellow. The cells were then mounted and observed using fluorescence microscopy.

Conclusions and Next Steps

Based on our results we determined that SCAMP3 is ubiquitinated by ITCH, deubiquitinated

by UBPY. Staining CXCR4 and organelle markers separately improved specificity of signal in the immunofluorescence. Also, using LAMP1 and LAMP2 together increased the colocalization of CXCR4 with the lysomoses. Our preliminary results show that CXCR4 is correctly trafficked to the lysosomes after three hours of stimulation. In future studies we will perform a knockdown of SCAMP3 using siRNA interference and used immunofluorescence assay to examine CXCR4 localization. We will perform the experiment in the same way by using EEA1 and LAMP1/2 organelle markers to observed CXCR4 localization when SCAMP3 is knockdown. We will also observe what effect the knockdown of SCAMP3 has in comparison to the control cells.

Title: Role of SCAMP3 Regulating CXCR4 Trafficking Abstract: The CXC-Chemokine Receptor Type 4, CXCR4 is a G-protein coupled receptor involved in the metastasis of cancerous tissue. Dysfunctions in trafficking of CXCR4 may contribute to its overexpression in cancer. In this study, we are examining the role of the Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein (SCAMP3) in regulating CXCR4 trafficking. Using RNA interference and a well characterized immunofluorescence, we are examining CXCR4 trafficking in the presence and absence of SCAMP3. We predict that SCAMP3 could promote or inhibit degradation of CXCR4. If correct, then our studies will reveal that SCAMP3 is a novel regulator of CXCR expression.

Presenter(s): Samantha Valaitis, Angelika Chiang Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Quyen Aoh

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

73

Runnability, Walkability and Safety of Erie Streets Around Gannon University Lauren Holdren, Ryan Garich, and Maria Lohmann holdren001@gannon.edu; garich003@gannon.edu; lohmann001@gannon.edu

Abstract:

Walkability/runnability focuses on environmental features or means of walkable and runnable environments, including well maintained, less congested, and safe areas. Colleges, in particular Gannon University, pride their institutions with being safe for their students to go to and from class as they please. However, institutions fail to recognize the need for students to get off campus and explore their environments, which aren’t included in the safety of campus. Using traffic crime data from Erie Police Department the research assesses the runnability, walkability and safety of the routes frequently used by students who walk and run around Erie.

Crime data includes violent offenses and traffic incidents. The research proposes the safest routes for students to walk or run, especially those who are members of the Gannon Cross Country Team.

Crime by Road Map Discussion:

Conclusion:

This map shows the clustering of roads with high traffic violation rates and accidents between 2016 and 2020. The same crimes analyzed in the pin point map were included in this map. Streets with the highest number of traffic accidents and crime are centered around downtown Erie where Gannon is located. The streets within and around Gannon University's campus had a high rate of traffic crime over the past 5 years. Those with the highest rates include State Street, 7th Street, and 9th Street.

In conclusion, we found that the highest rates of traffic violations and accidents occurred around and within the streets of Gannon University’s campus. Other high rates of traffic crime were seen in the surrounding and within the downtown Erie area. Therefore, the safety of students walking or running in these areas could potentially be dangerous.

Recommendation: Based on the data and our findings we suggest that students should maintain a constant awareness of their surroundings when walking or running on the streets in the City of Erie. We recommend that students travel in groups or with another person when possible. We also recommend that students try to avoid the high traffic crime areas and use the streets with low traffic crime rates when possible.

Pin Point Map Discussion: This map shows selected traffic crimes over the past 5 years from 2016 to 2020, including car accidents, DUIs, hit and runs, and traffic violations. These traffic crimes are taken from the Erie Police Department Data Files. The most common traffic related crimes were reckless driving resulting in car accidents and DUIs. Each crime is represented by a unique color as shown by the legend.

Advisor: Dr. Chris Magno Geographic Information System and Spatial Justice

Bibliography: Hotspot Map Discussion: This map uses hotspots to show areas with the highest rates of traffic accidents and violations in the City of Erie. The places with the highest rate of traffic crimes are represented by a red line, as shown in the legend. A cluster of red is seen on the roads surrounding Gannon University and downtown Erie.

Ettema, Dick. (2015). Runnable Cities How Does the Running Environment Influence Perceived Attractiveness, Restorativeness, and Running Frequency?. Environment and Behavior. 48.

10.1177/0013916515596364.

Gelinne, Dan. (2018). Walk Friendly Communities. June 2018. 26 February 2021. http://walkfriendly.org/about/ NPR Staff. (2012). What Makes A City 'Walkable' And Why It Matters, 17 Nov. 2012, www.npr.org/2012/11/17/165239291/ what-makes-a-city-walkable-and-why-itmatters#:~:text=Interview: Jeff Speck, Author Of 'Walkable City' :

Title: Runnability, Walkability and Safety of Erie Streets around Gannon University Abstract: Walkability and runnability focuses on environmental features of walkable and runnable environments, including wellmaintained, less congested, and safe areas. Colleges, in particular Gannon University, pride their institutions with being safe for their students to go to and from class as they please. Using traffic crime data from Erie Police Department, the research assesses the runnability, walkability and safety of the routes frequently used by student who walk and run around Erie. Crime data includes violent offenses and traffic incidents. The research proposes the safest routes for students to walk or run, especially members of the Gannon Cross Country Team.

Presenter(s): Ryan Garich, Maria Lohmann, Lauren Holdren Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Chris Magno

74

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

SAE AeroDesign Challenge 2021 Paul Kummannoor Benny, Peter Caulfield, Christopher Devine, Kenleigh Dickinson, David Gee, Kenzie Lasher, Mahboobe Mahdavi, Alexandra Pannemann, Saujan Siwakoti Department of Mechanical Engineering¹, Gannon University

Background

Design

SAE Collegiate Design Series The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AeroDesign Challenge is a part of the SAE Collegiate Design Series (CDS). The CDS is intended to engage students in 21stcentury mobility-related industries, exposing them to the aspects of project management, budgeting, and communication which are inherent in a real-world project.

Participants collaborate with their team to design, build, and test a vehicle, preparing technical documentation along the way. The CDS attracts participants from around the globe each year.

AeroDesign Challenge The AeroDesign Challenge has been part of the CDS since 1986. It involves the design, analysis, and construction of an RC plane to meet rigorous specifications.

The competition comprises three classes: Regular, Advanced, and Micro. The Regular Class is an all-electric class intended to develop a fundamental understanding of aircraft design. The plane design is limited to 10-ft wingspan and 50 pounds, and is scored based on its ability to successfully take off and land while maximizing its cargo. This consists of both spherical and boxed payload, comprised of standard soccer balls and metal plates.

Golden Knights Aerosports Team The Golden Knights Aerosports team represented Gannon University and the College of Engineering and Business in the 2021 virtual Knowledge Event of the AeroDesign Challenge. The team is a sub-set of the Gannon University Chapter of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

Figure 1 shows the final aircraft design as modeled in Creo Parametric. It has a 7-foot wingspan and 6-foot total length, with a maximum fuselage width of 12 inches and a 20-inch cargo bay. The frame consists of aluminum bar and square extrusion which will be welded together. The volume of the fuselage and wings are formed of laser-cut balsa wood sections, and the surface made by wrapping this skeleton in monokote.

The CH10 and NACA0012 airfoils were used for the wing and horizontal stabilizer cross-sections, respectively. The control surfaces of the plane include ailerons and elevators on the wing and horizontal stabilizer, as well as a rudder on the vertical stabilizer. These are operated by servos connected with control rods to the surfaces.

A 16/8 propeller provides thrust, and is attached directly to the motor on the nose of the plane.

Requirements In addition to the constraints on the wingspan and total weight, the physical properties and performance of the aircraft were restricted. It must achieve liftoff within a 100-foot runway distance, travel 400 feet, then turn and successfully land, using one motor and a 1000-watt power limiter. Fiber-reinforced polymer is prohibited. The equation for the score of a successful flight drives the maximization of number of spherical payloads and weight of boxed payload, while minimizing wingspan and length of cargo bay. Numerous minor requirements are made on the visual characteristics and mechanical safeties of the design.

Robust analysis of the plane is required for the Technical Report. This primarily necessitates the complete modeling of the design using Computer Aided Design (CAD) packages and the development of the lift and drag performance to understand its dynamics in flight.

The landing supports were modeled as cantilevers and the maximum loading scenario approximated to estimate the maximum stress and deformation. This yielded a factor of safety of 2 and 0.277 inches of deflection.

The latter is extremely important, as it spreads the impact of landing over a greater time, thus decreasing the maximum force experienced.

Each half of the wing spar was considered a cantilever, giving a factor of safety of 5 and maximum deflection of 0.378 inches. This deformation is tolerable.

Figure 2. Lift performance of plane.

The drag performance was determined by analyzing each of the main components, including the wing, fuselage, horizontal and vertical stabilizers, and landing gear. The drag characteristics of each were found and combined to calculate an overall drag coefficient for the entire plane. This was used to find the total drag force based on angle of attack and velocity. The dynamic thrust was also found based on angle of attack and adjusted to find the net thrust, which is shown in Figure 3.

Due to its complex geometry, the motor mount was analyzed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in ANSYS Workbench. The stress map produced is shown in Figure 4. The factor of safety was found to be about 30.

This is acceptable because the motor mount is a highly critical component. Moreover, its weight is not prohibitive.

Figure 4. Motor mount stress distribution.

References

Figure 1. Completed Creo model without monokote; insert is exterior.

1.L. M. Nicolai, “Estimating R/C Model Aerodynamics and Performance”, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Company, 2009

Analysis Performance The material properties of each component were included in the CAD model, and from this, the mass properties of the plane were obtained. Placement of minor components, such as the battery and motor controllers, was optimized to locate the center of gravity as near as possible to the aerodynamic center. This aids in aircraft stability.

The lift performance was analyzed using the method of Reference 1. The 3D wing lift coefficient was found using the 2D sectional coefficient and the wing geometry to account for finite-wing effects. From this coefficient, the total lift force generated by the wing was found for varying angles of attack and velocities, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 3. Net thrust found by adjusting dynamic thrust for drag

Based on the lift performance and empty plane weight, it was determined the plane could carry two spherical payloads and a 4-lb boxed payload while still reaching liftoff velocity in 82.5 feet, safely within the 100-foot limit.

Structural

2.Gabriel Staples. “Propeller Static & Dynamic Thrust Calculation - Part 1 of 2.” Electric RC Aircraft Guy, LLC. https:// www.electricrcaircraftguy.com/2013/09/propeller-static-dynamicthrust-equation.html (accessed February 2, 2021).

3.R. Mott, Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 5th ed. London, UK: Pearson, Inc., 2014, pp. 720, 741.

4.“CH10 (smoothed).” Airfoil Tools. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/ details?airfoil=ch10sm-il (accessed January 25, 2021).

5.“NACA 0012 Airfoils.” Airfoil Tools. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/ details?airfoil=n0012-il (accessed January 25, 2021).

The structural analysis focused on determining whether the loading applied to the structural members would cause excessive deformation or stress. The components analyzed include the main wing spar, the landing gear, and the motor mount.

Title: SAE AeroDesign Challenge 2021 Abstract: The Golden Knights Aerosports team represented Gannon University in the 2021 Society of Automotive Engineers AeroDesign Challenge. The team researched, developed, and analyzed a design of a radio-controlled airplane with a 7-ft wingspan and 6-ft length to meet the constraints of the Regular Class of the competition. Multiple design aspects, processes, and technologies that underlie the function and functioning of a real-world aircraft were studied and utilized in this process, including the development of the lift and drag characteristics of the plane as primarily affected by the angle of attack and velocity.

Presenter(s): Peter Caulfield, Paul Kummannoor Benny, Kenzie Lasher, Alexandra Pannemann, Kenleigh Dickinson, Saujan Siwakoti Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: David Gee

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

75

Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 3’s (SCAMP3) Role in β-Amyloid Production and Secretion Alexandria Zarilla, Daniel Oar, Dr. Quyen Aoh Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16501

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease associated with loss of memory and cognitive function. The aggregation of extracellular plaques containing β-amyloid is related to the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The degradation of APP is regulated by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) and disruption of ESCRT function leads to accumulation of β-amyloid. Previous studies have shown that secretory carrier membrane protein 3 (SCAMP3) interacts with ESCRTs that function in APP processing. We hypothesize then that SCAMP3 functions in trafficking of APP. We will test this hypothesis by examining the effects of RNA interference of SCAMP3 in two assays: (1) an immunofluorescence colocalization assay with full length APP and (2) and ELISA assay to measure β-amyloid levels. Both assays will use H4 neuroglioma cells that have been stably transfected with APP-EGFP.

Hypothesis We hypothesize that SCAMP3 regulates trafficking of APP at the early endosome. We propose that SCAMP3 could perform this function by either (A) promoting trafficking of APP to the lysosome, thus increasing β-amyloid production or (B) inhibiting trafficking of APP to the lysosome, thus decreasing β-amyloid production. Therefore, the knock-down of SCAMP3 should result in colocalization of APP with either the lysosomes or the early endosomes.

(A) SCAMP3 promotes APP trafficking to lysosome

(B) SCAMP3 inhibits APP trafficking to lysosome

Introduction

SCAMPS are transmembrane proteins that regulate membrane traffic

The SCAMP family consists of five isoforms , SCAMPs 1-5. SCAMPs have four transmembrane domains with cytoplasmic N- and C-termini that facilitate interactions with other proteins.

SCAMPs are found in many places including the TGN, endosomes, and plasma membranes [1]. They function in the recycling and degradative process of cell surface receptors [1,2]. SCAMP3 specifically has been shown to regulate degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by interacting with and opposing the function of the ESCRT proteins Hrs and Tsg101 [1]. Because SCAMP3 is ubiquitously expressed in many cell types including neurons, it likely plays a role in regulating the trafficking of many other proteins [1,2].

In cells with a SCAMP3 knock-down, APP will be labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The early endosomal marker, EEA1, or the lysosomal marker, LAMP1/2, will be labeled with a red fluorophore.

Colocalization between APP-GFP and organelle markers will result in overlap of the red and green signals to produce yellow. If there is no colocalization, the red and green will appear separately.

Hypothesis

Effect of SCAMP3 Knock-down

SCAMP3 promotes APP trafficking to the lysosome

APP trafficking to the lysosome will decrease

SCAMP3 inhibits APP trafficking to the lysosome

Production of b-amyloid is regulated by membrane trafficking Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. Experts suggest that more than 5 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Disease is caused by the aggregation of extracellular plaques containing β-amyloid which is related to the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) [3]. The degradation of APP is regulated by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) and disruption of ESCRT function leads to transport of APP to the TGN where it is cleaved to b-amyloid. This results in accumulation of β-amyloid [3]. Previous studies have shown that secretory carrier membrane protein 3 (SCAMP3) interacts with ESCRTs that function in APP processing [1].

Potential Outcomes: Immunofluorescence Assay

APP trafficking to the lysosome will increase

Localization Relative to Early Endosome Lysosome

Localization Relative to Lysosome Lysosome

Early Endosome

Lysosome Early Endosome

Early Endosome

Lysosome Early Endosome

Results

Then, knockdown of SCAMP3 will:

Then, knockdown of SCAMP3 will:

↓ trafficking of APP to lysosome ↑ β-amyloid production

↑ trafficking of APP to lysosome ↓ β-amyloid production

Colocalization of transiently transfected APP with SCAMP3, EEA1, and LAMP1/2 SCAMP3

Experimental Design Immunofluorescence: Knockdown SCAMP3

Transfect APP

Transfect siRNA

Examine Localization

EEA1

ELISA:

H4 cells are transfected with SCAMP3–specific or control siRNA for two days to knockdown SCAMP3 expression

The control and SCAMP3 knockdown cells are transfected with a plasmid to express Amyloid Precursor Protein, which will be tagged with GFP

24 hours after APP transfection, the cells are transfected with siRNA to knock down SCAMP3 expression

EEA1 or LAMP1/2 are tagged with red fluorophore, then imaged.

These images are superimposed onto images showing APP-GFP expression and analyzed to determine colocalization

The culture media is collected. Cells are scraped and lysed in 1% Triton X100 lysis buffer with protease inhibitors Total protein levels in lysates and media are quantitated using the Thermo Scientific™ Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay

Quantitate and compare secreted and internal bamyloid levels in control and SCAMP3 KD cells

Merge

APP-GFP

Merge

APP-GFP

Merge

Knockdown SCAMP3 LAMP1/2

The control and SCAMP3 knockdown cells are transfected with a plasmid to express Amyloid Precursor Protein

APP-GFP

Express APP

Collect Cells and Media Measure Total Protein Concentrations

Measure βamyloid levels using an ELISA

The images above show three different cells, separated into different rows. The images were taken after culturing to allow expression of APP-GFP and either SCAMP3, EEA1, or LAMP1/2 (marked with red fluorophore). Images were taken to show expression of each marker, then colored and superimposed to show colocalization. From the merged images, there is colocalization of APP with SCAMP3, EEA1, and LAMP1/2 within normal H4 cells. However, the least colocalization is seen between APP and EEA1.

Conclusions and Next Steps The results show that APP-GFP is colocalized with LAMP1/2 which fits our second hypothesis, that SCAMP3 inhibits trafficking of APP to the lysosome. This could imply that greater expression of SCAMP3 within neurons could lead to greater production of β-amyloid, and thus earlier or more severe onset of Alzheimer’s Disease. More testing needs to be done, and with positive results the experiment could move on to testing in neuronal cells. If there are still significant results from there, the potential could be development of potential treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease. Further confirmation of experimental results are needed by measuring β-amyloid levels with the ELISA assay.

References [1] Aoh, Q. L., Castle, A. M., Hubbard, C.H, Katsumata, O., Castle, J. D. Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Mar; 20 (6); [2] Castle, A., and Castle, D. J Cell Sci. 2005 Aug 15 (16); [3]. Edgar, J. R., K. Willen, G. K. Gouras, and C. E. Futter. "ESCRTs Regulate Amyloid Precursor Protein Sorting in Multivescular Bodies and Intracellular Amyloid- Accumulation." Journal of Cell Science 128.14 (2015): 2520-528. [4] Fernandez-Chacon R., Sudhof T. C. J Neurosci. 2000 Nov 1; 20 (21; [5]Hubbard, C., Singleton, D., Rauch, M., Jayasinghe, S., Cafison, D., Castle, D. Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Sep 11 (9) [6]. Raiborg, Camilla, and Harald Stenmark. "The ESCRT machinery in endosomal sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins." Nature 458.7237 (2009): 445-452. [7]. 2017 Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., http://www.enzolifesciences.com/ADI-EKS-446/nfkappab-p65-elisa-kit/

http://www.enzolifesciences.com/

Title: Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 3’s (SCAMP3) Role in beta-Amyloid Production and Secretion Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease is associated with loss of memory and cognitive function. The aggregation of extracellular plaques containing beta-amyloid is related to the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP will either be degraded by the lysosome or sent back to the trans-Golgi network. We predict that if SCAMP3 promotes APP trafficking to the lysosome, then a knockdown will result in decreased colocalization of APP in our immunofluorescence assay and increased intracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid in our ELISA assay. If SCAMP3 inhibits APP trafficking to the lysosome, we expect increased colocalization on the lysosome and decreased beta-amyloid accumulation.

Presenter(s): Alexandria Zarilla, Daniel Oar Sponsoring Department: Biology Department Project Mentor: Quyen Aoh

76

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Silicone 3D Printer Mohammed Ashmouni1, Amani Ibrahim2, Anamol Koirala3, Sam Rubaker1,3, Dr. Davide Piovesan1, Dr. Scott Steinbrink3 Biomedical Engineering Program1, Industrial and Robotics Engineering Program2 and Mechanical Engineering Program3 Gannon University, Erie, PA

Abstract

Methods

Results

Discussion

The goal of this project is to create a silicone mixture that sets in a few minutes and can be used by a 3D Printer to create soft robotics. Soft robotics is an emerging field within the bio-mechanical industry with many different applications such as superior prosthetics. The project studies different silicone mixtures with glycerin and water to decrease the silicone’s setting time from 24-48 hours down to less than 10 minutes. By decreasing the setting time, objects printed with this mixture will have less deformities and the printer will have the capability of building larger and more complex structures.

The silicone used in this study was Clear Silicone 1 caulking (Figure 1). The silicone cures in 24-48 hours without the presence of a catalyst such as glycerin which can accelerates the curing time by trapping moisture in the silicone which causes it to cure evenly throughout instead of out outside-in.

Several different concentrations of glycerin-water in silicone were Figure 1: Clear silicone caulking used in the tested and shown in Figure 4. experiment.

The glycerin-water solution was premixed with a ratio of 2 parts glycerin and 1 part water. This solution was then added to differing amounts of silicone and mixed thoroughly for 1 minute and allowed to cure until it was no longer sticky. A 10 parts silicone to 1 part glycerin-water mixture was chosen as the optimal concentration because of its setting time of 500 seconds.

After several trials of mixing different ratios of glycerin and water component with silicone, we noticed that when adding 4 parts of silicone to 1 part of glycerin diluted in water, a very soft solution is generated. Figure 4 depicts the relationship between the setting time and the glycerin component. From the following curve, we conclude that there’s an inverse relationship between the time and the concentration, as the mixture concentration increases the time decreases.

In this project our main goal as a team was to find a suitable mixture of silicone to be used in the 3D silicone printer, that is cheap, easy to clean, and to cure in time. However, there were a few setbacks in terms of making the actual 3D printer to work and to find the perfect mixture to use. The first thing we did as a group was to organize ourselves and work step by step to try and make our project work. As of now we have come a long way and we have a very solid mixture of silicone and glycerin that works somewhat efficient. We are doing some tensile strength test on several samples as well to see how stiff and strong it is. On the other hand, we are also working on building a static mixer that would be cheap and easy to use and clean. We have a design we are working on to mix the materials together smoothly.

This design would be put in a tube so when the materials interact with each other they mix. However, the challenge is to make the silicone mixture not cure in this process because that will make the mixture stuck in the static mixer. In addition, as for making the 3D printer to actually work, we do not think we are going to be able to do so, but we will do our best.

Introduction The main purpose of this project was to find a suitable mixture of silicone to be used in a 3D printer, that is cheap, easy to clean, and fast curing. However, there were a few setbacks in terms of making the actual 3D printer to work and to find the perfect mixture to use. The first thing we did as a group was to organize ourselves and work step by step to try and make our project work. As of now we have come a long way and we have a very solid mixture of silicone and glycerin that works somewhat efficient. We are doing some tensile strength test on several samples as well to see how stiff and strong it is. On the other hand, we are also working on building a static mixer that would be cheap and easy to use and clean. We have a design we are working on to mix the materials together smoothly.

This design would be put in a tube so when the materials interact with each other they mix. However, the challenge is to make the silicone mixture not cure in this process because that will make the mixture stuck in the static mixer. In addition, as for making the 3D printer to actually work, we do not think we are going to be able to do so, but we will do our best.

Figure 2: ASTM D412 Mold for silicone to be used in tensile tests.

A mold was 3D printed (Figure 2) to comply with the ASTM D412 standard for tensile testing. The silicone mixture was pressed into the mold with a flat glass surface and allowed to set for 10 minutes before removal.

The specimen then were allowed to fully cure for 24 hours prior to the tenFigure 3: Instron 3400 Table model tensile tester. sile test done by the machine in Figure 3. A Shore A durometer was used to measure the hardness of the silicone.

Figure 4: Setting time for different concentrations of M (2 parts glycerin 1 part water) in silicone.

A tension test was performed on multiple samples of the same material ratio 10:1, with different crosssectional area for each sample. Seven different specimens were tested, and the following stressstrain curves were generated in Figure 5. There are several factors for the slight discrepancies, such as air bubbles in the mixture as well as variations in the exact concentrations of the mixtures. The hardness of the silicone was found to be 10-12 HA.

Future Wor k In future work, a mixer needs to be designed so that it is positioned immediately before the extruder. This mixer needs to be able to thoroughly mix the silicone and glycerin-water together while minimizing air bubbles. This unit needs to be as physically close as possible to the extruder so that the silicone does not build up as quickly so the unit does not need to be replaced as often. The mixing unit also needs to be able to provide enough pressure to push as much of the mixture out as possible to also minimize build up in the mixer as well.

An appropriate extruder needs to be selected or designed as well to accommodate the unique properties of silicone such as its extreme softness and stickiness prior to curing.

Figure 5: Tensile test results for 10 parts silicone to 1 part mixture of 2 parts glycerin to 1 part water.

Title: Silicone 3D Printer Abstract: This project seeks to create a silicone mixture that cures in a few minutes and can be used by a 3-D printer to create soft robotics. The printer that is being used for this study was built by Gannon graduate student, Nicholas Devine, for his master’s thesis.

The main goal of this project is to decrease the setting time of the silicone from 24-48 hours to a few minutes by adding glycerin. By decreasing the setting time, objects printed with this mixture will have less deformities and the printer will have the capability of building larger and more complex structures.

Presenter(s): Amani Ibrahim, Joseph Rubaker, Mohammad Ashmouni, Anamol Koirala Sponsoring Department: School of Engineering and Computing Project Mentor: Nicholas Devine

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Spinning to Energy: Har vest, Store and Distribute Energy Produced by Human Perfor mance Machines Noah Cardella4, Justin Groshek3 Emily Poach3, Kassi Tofani1

Biomedical Engineering1, Environmental Engineering3, Mechanical Engineering4 Abstract

Project Statement

Renewable energy is an issue striking many universities around the country, including the Gannon University campus. The Recreation and Wellness Center utilized by Gannon University is pairing with the SEECS program to develop a conservative source of energy to bring awareness to this issue and improve upon it.

To engineer a device that will harness mechanical energy produced by exercise bikes to store, convert, and distribute electrical energy to an external source.

ning bikes that will charge a battery and power a small display device with educational messages. Energy will be produced

through the use of the bike. The design phase is currently being completed on a trial bike based upon the design of a DC motor belt driven off of the bike wheel and anchored to a steel plate for stability.

With this project, we hope to create a trend of conservative and renewable energy around the Gannon University campus. This project will help members of the Gannon community become educated on this topic and other ways

Figure 1: original bike no modifications

Figure 4. Final Bike Design

Progress/Obstacles

Our project has been narrowed to focus on creating an attachable device for the spin-

Progress

3 major design changes • Matching power output to power needed to charge battery • Keeping design minimal and non-impeding to the workout of the user • Switching to a larger DC motor/generator to produce a higher voltage • Customizing a steel plate to properly and securely strap down the generator

Next Steps

Create manual for use and maintenance • Deliver bike to RWC

•

•

Acknowledgements Figure 2: Original generator design

to be environmentally friendly and support the

SEECS, Scholars of Excellence in Engineering and Computer Science, program funded by a National Science Foundation S-STEM Award.

Gannon University Mechanical Engineering Lab Technicians

renewable energy movement.

Figure 3: Modified generator design

Title: Spinning to Energy: Harvest, Store and Distribute Energy Produced by Human Performance Machines Abstract: Renewable energy is an issue striking many universities around the country, including the Gannon University campus. The Recreation and Wellness Center utilized by Gannon University is pairing with the Scholars of Excellence in Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS) program to develop a conservative source of energy to bring awareness to this issue and improve upon it. Our project has been narrowed to focus on creating an attachable device for the spinning bikes that will charge a battery and power a small display device with educational messages. Energy will be produced through the use of the bike. The design phase has been completed on a trial bike based upon the design of a DC motor belt driven off of the bike wheel and anchored to a steel plate for stability. With this project, we hope to create a trend of conservative and renewable energy around the Gannon University campus. This project will help members of the Gannon community become educated on this topic and other ways to be environmentally friendly and support the renewable energy movement.

Presenter(s): Emily Poach, Noah Cardella, Kassi Tofani, Justin Groshek Sponsoring Department: SEECS Project Mentor: Varun Kasaraneni

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

STEM Outreach Through the Use of an Interactive Flight Simulator

Effectiveness of STEM Outreach Engaging youth in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math is pivotal to the further development of society as our core infrastructure becomes increasingly advanced. Without a proper understanding and introduction into these fields, many young adults and students can be left confused and uninformed about the various opportunities in the STEM fields. This proposal provides a means by which STEM outreach can be an enjoyable, informative, and engaging experience for many young-adults and students. This proposal presents an interactive Flight Simulator design. The goal of the intended design is to create an extensible foundation for future engineering contributions. The intended approach utilizes two core technologies for providing a visual and physical experience to the user: The Microsoft Flight Simulator (visual) and a six-degree-of-freedom (Six-DOF) Stewart Platform (physical). Utilizing these tools, the end-user will experience a simulated piloting experience in which realistic forces map directly to the visuals provided through a virtual reality headset. The design focuses heavily on providing reliable and extensible APIs for platform control. This provides abstraction for future engineers who will utilize the platform APIs for various types of simulators (e.g., automobile, ATV, or novel transportation inventions).

Objectives / Purpose This project encompasses a simple four step process.

Develop, Target, Show and Expand. This process aims to simplify the methods in which STEM is presented, providing a simple and effective delivery.

To ensure proper reception of the STEM activities using the simulator, the proper age group and audience must be considered. Shown below in Fig. 1 is the effectiveness of STEM through multiple age groups. According to the study [1], there is almost a linear increase in effectiveness prom Pre-K up to grades 9-12. After this, the effectiveness drastically decreases. This data tells us that our audience should be within grades 9-12 in order to achieve max potential and reception. Furthermore, Fig. 2 shows the average interest in STEM related fields before an outreach event, after, and one year later [2]. The overall attitude of STEM fields did not increase by and extraordinary amount, however it did increases across the board, aside from the “Technology” venue. It is also interesting to note that 1 year later students still had a generally positive attitude of STEM, further proving the positive influence of the outreach.

Keefer Gregoire Michael Eckels Kaden Conley Connor Byers Steven Rowland Xiaoxu Ji Software Architecture The overall software control architecture works in a four step process. This process can be seen in the simplified diagram below in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Simplified Software Control Architecture Shown in Table 1 below are the inputs and outputs of the control structure.

Table 1: Input and Output Definitions of Figure 5 Figure 1: Effectiveness of STEM Throughout Different Ages [1]

Figure 2: STEM Interest before, after, and 1 Year Later [2]

Initial Approach

Second Approach

Our Initial approach to the simulator design revolved around an actual helicopter frame. Sensors were affixed to the control surfaces, and a projected image of the simulation environment was projected through the windshield. This worked well and attracted a lot of interest, however this solution did not provide a lot of room for future development.

After realizing the potential of the project, and the need for future expandability, our team chose to move the simulator away from an actual helicopter frame and instead use a 6-DOF Stewart platform. This enables the simulator to move along three translational axis (X, Y, Z), as well as three rotational axis (Roll, Pitch, Yaw).

Using the above control structure, the user can accurately and safely control both the visual simulator (Microsoft Flight Sim 2020) and the physical Stewart platform.

References

[1] Influencing Factors in Identifying the Optimal Age for Conducting STEM Outreach - IEEE Conference Publication, IEEE, 21 Apr. 2016. Available: ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7457517.

[2] Comparing Effectiveness of STEM Outreach Venues Utilizing Engineering Challenges - IEEE Conference Publication, IEEE, 19 Apr. 2018. Available: ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8340505.

Figure 3: Initial Simulator Design Approach

Figure 4: Second Simulator Design Approach

Title: STEM Outreach through the Use of an Interactive Flight Simulator Abstract: Engaging youth in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math is pivotal to the further development of society as our core infrastructure becomes increasingly advanced. Without a proper understanding and introduction into these fields, many young adults and students can be left confused and uninformed about the various opportunities in the STEM fields. This proposal provides a means by which STEM outreach can be an enjoyable, informative, and engaging experience for many young adults and students. This proposal presents an interactive Flight Simulator design. The goal of the intended design is to create an extensible foundation for future engineering contributions. The intended approach utilizes two core technologies for providing a visual and physical experience to the user: the Microsoft Flight Simulator (visual) and a six-degree-of-freedom Stewart Platform (physical). Utilizing these tools, the end-user will experience a simulated piloting experience in which realistic forces map directly to the visuals provided through a virtual reality headset. The design focuses heavily on providing reliable and extensible APIs for platform control. This provides abstraction for future engineers who will utilize the platform APIs for various types of simulators (e.g., automobile, ATV, or novel transportation inventions).

Presenter(s): Michael Eckels, Keefer Gregoire, Kaden Conley, Connor Byers Sponsoring Department: Electrical Engineering Project Mentor: Steven Rowland

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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Target Mar kets for Leverage4Data in Erie County Advisor: Dr. Chris Magno

Jacob Mertz mertz001@gannon.edu

Abstract:

L4D Target Clients: Revenue

Technology plays a key role in the manufacturing industry as it ensures quality as well as precision in the manufacturing processes. Leverage4Data, a software solutions company focused on helping small manufacturing companies access to emerging technology. Leverage4Data wants to expand their service to Erie County. Using GIS, the research map and identified potential customers of Leverage4Data. The research project focuses on mapping heavier industrial sections of Erie County and show where Leverage4Data should be marketing their technology. The research highlights a strategic marketing plan for the company. The research suggests that Leverage4Data should be creating a marketing strategy around a certain cluster of manufacturing zones within Erie County.

Similar to the analysis before, there is a cluster around 12th Street and Greengarden Road. The potential client with the greatest revenue stream is Railpower, LLC. This company is primarily engaged in manufacturing vehicular lighting equipment and is located within the cluster. Within the cluster, there are 4 companies that are making $20,000,000 to $31,000,000 in revenue. Furthermore, target companies that have large amounts of revenue, might be willing to spend some money onto software solutions that Leverage4Data can provide to these companies.

L4D Target Clients: Type of Manufacturing Defined by the Dun and Bradstreet type of Industry's list, Leverage4Data will be targeting Manufacturing industries of: (1) Aircraft Engine & Parts Manufacturing, (2) Machinery & Equipment Manufacturing, (3) Metal Products Manufacturing, (4) Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing. The data shows that there are 16 Metal Products Manufacturing companies, this is by far the most within a single industry. However, there is only 1 Aircraft Engine & Parts Manufacturing company within Erie, County. The map shows that there is a cluster of different companies with similar industries around 12th Street and Greengarden Road. The Dark Orange represents the Heavier Industrial Areas of Erie and the Light Orange represents the Lighter Industrial Zones of Erie.

L4D Target Client: Number of Employees Mapping the number of employees that L4D’s target clients have can demonstrate the amount of people that are exposed to advertising within a certain area. The area that holds the cluster of employees is around the area of 12th Street and Greengarden Road. The company with the most amount of employees is Lord Corporation who is located near upper Peach Street area. The average number of employees for each of the target clients is 55. Also, each of the companies within the 12th and Greengarden Road cluster is a part of a Heavier Industrial Zone.

Conclusion/Recommendation: In order for Leverage4Data to market their product effectively, they must find the clusters within this data. As defined in map analysis, there is a cluster of target manufacturing industries of: (1) Aircraft Engine & Parts Manufacturing, (2) Machinery & Equipment Manufacturing, (3) Metal Products Manufacturing, (4) Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing. This cluster is located around the intersection of 12th Street and Greengarden Road, which is very close to the entrance for the I-79. This cluster contains a high amount of employees per company, high revenues earned by the target clients, and each of these potential clients are located within a higher industrialized zone of Erie County. With this data, there are a few recommendations that can be made for a potential marketing campaign. I recommend that L4D uses a form of location-based marketing implemented with search engine optimization for the clustered area. This will enable L4D to gain data about how effective the search engine optimization can be for when employees of these companies will have exposure to the name of Leverage4Data.

Bibliography: Leverage4Data Potential Clients List (2021), Leverage4Data Erie County Parcel (2021), City of Erie Planning Erie, PA Erie County Zoning Descriptions (2021), City of Erie Planning, PA

Title: Target Markets for Leverage4Data in Erie County Abstract: Technology plays a key role in the manufacturing industry as it ensures quality as well as precision in the manufacturing processes. Leverage4Data is a manufacturing technology company focused on helping small manufacturing companies access emerging technology. Leverage4Data wants to expand its service to Erie County. The research project focuses on mapping heavy industrial sections of Erie County and shows where Leverage4Data should be marketing its technology. The research highlights a strategic marketing plan for the company. The research suggests that Leverage4Data should be creating a marketing strategy around a certain cluster of manufacturing zones within Erie County.

Presenter(s): Jacob Mertz Sponsoring Department: Business Department Project Mentor: Chris Magno

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

The effects of porous inserts on the hydrodynamics and the thermal characteristics of internal pipe flow David Kuhar1, Joseph Rubaker1, Joshua Wolf 1, Dr. Mahboobe Mahdavi1 1

Mechanical Engineering Department

kuhar011@gannon.edu, rubaker001@gannon.edu, wolf026@gannon.edu, mahdavi001@gannon,edu

Abstract The increasing cost of energy has led to a need for more efficient heat exchangers commonly found in industrial applications. This study examines the effects of porous inserts on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure-drop across a pipe. Implementing porous inserts can increase the heat transfer rate, while also increasing the pressure drop, which leads to an increase in the power requirements for the pump. Therefore, the optimal configuration should be determined with respect to these two competing parameters. This study uses Ansys-Fluent software to study the effects of porous inserts on heat transfer and pressure drop ratios.

Introduction Energy and material costs can consume a considerable part of a system’s budget. This has lead to research being done on ways to create more efficient and cost-effective designs when creating a heat exchanger.

By introducing porous inserts to the surface of a pipe, the area involved in the heat transfer process increases, and their introduction into the fluid flow can cause disruptions in the flow that increases the heat transfer coefficient of the fluid.

While the disruption of the flow can increase the efficiency of the heat exchanger, it can also increase your energy costs from the increased power needed for pump operation.

Problem Description

number of the inserts.

The system uses 10 porous inserts that alternate along the axis and the wall of a pipe that is 0.25m long and 0.01m in diameter. The temperature of the wall is kept at a temperature of 350K and the fluid flowing through the pipe is laminar flow with a Reynolds number of 100 and an inlet velocity of 0.005m/s. The porosity of the inserts is 0.95 and the permeability is 4e-9m2.

constant Darcy number, Rp/R0, and Rk values.

Numerical Analysis

The effect of the Darcy number on the h/h0 and p/p0 can be seen in Figure 6 in which all other parameters were held constant.

The simulation was performed with the computer software ANSYS-FLUENT. The geometry of the pipe was made with Design Modeler in ANSYS Workbench as a 2D cross sectional view of the top half of the pipe to decrease the computational cost of the simulation. The mesh was created with a mapped face meshing and edge sizing of element size 0.25 mm (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Close-up view of the mesh used in the simulation with an element size of 0.25mm.

Figure 6: Effect of the Darcy number on the (a) heat transfer coefficient ratio and (b) pressure drop ratios.

The results shown in Figure 7 depict the velocity, static temperature and pressure contours for one of the cases. The velocity contour shows that a

Results and Discussion The effects of the thermal conductivity ratio (keff/kf = Rk), is shown in Figure 4, while the porous insert thickness and the Darcy number were held constant (Figure 4).

Figure 1 shows the schematic of the pipe modeled in the simulation. The purpose of this simulation is to study how the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop ratios are related to the thermal conductivity, thickness, and the Darcy

Figure 1: Pipe schematic with alternating porous inserts

Figure 5: Effect of porous insert thickness on the (a) heat transfer coefficient ratio and (b) pressure drop ratio.

b

the velocity of the water through the pipe increases when it passes through an area where the inserts are on the wall and stalls when the inserts are in the center. The temperature contour shows that the temperature of water increases throughout the length of the pipe. The pressure also drops significantly from the inlet to the exit with the most significant drops occurring at the point where the water encounters inserts on the wall side.

Conclusions This study was conducted to analyze the effect of porous inserts on the hydrodynamics and thermal characteristics of internal pipe flow. ANSYS Fluent CFD software was used to perform the simulation. The effects of various parameters such as porous insert thickness, radius and material were investigated. The results showed that increasing the effective thermal conductivity and porous insert thickness increased the heat transfer coefficient. However, changing the Darcy number showed no clear correlation. The results showed that decreasing the Darcy number in the studied range first decreased the heat transfer coefficient then increased it. It was also concluded that the thermal conductivity ratio is one of the most important parameters to consider. The radius of the porous inserts is another important parameter that needs to be carefully considered. As the radius of the inserts increased, so did the heat transfer coefficient, but at a significant operating cost due to the increase in pressure drop.

References c

Figure 4: Effects of thermal conductivity on (a) heat transfer coefficient and (b) pressure drop ratios

The effect of porous insert thickness on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop ratios can be seen in Figure 5 in which the simulation had

Figure 7: Contours of (a) velocity (b) temperature and (c) pressure Results are from the simulation with t/R0=0.5, Rp/R0=0.7, Rk=13.25, and Darcy number = 4*10-5

[1] Baicun Wang et al. Numerical configuration design and investigation of heat transfer enhancement in pipes filled with gradient porous materials. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. 206-215 [2] N. Targui, H. Kahalerras. Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in a double pipe heat exchanger with porous structures. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. 3217-3229

Title: The Effects of Porous Inserts on the Hydrodynamics and the Thermal Characteristics of Internal Pipe Flow Abstract: The increasing cost of energy has led to a need for more efficient heat exchangers commonly found in industrial applications.

This study examines the effects of porous inserts on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure-drop across a pipe. Implementing porous inserts can increase the heat transfer, while also increasing pressure drop, which leads to an increase in the power requirements for the pump. Therefore, the optimal configuration should be determined with respect to these two competing parameters. This study uses Ansys-Fluent software to study the effects of porous insert configuration and their characteristics on heat transfer and pressure drop.

Presenter(s): Joseph Rubaker, David Kuhar, Joshua Wolf Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Mahboobe Mahdavi

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

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The Five-Paragraph Essay and Development of New Techniques to Introduce Creativity and Julianne Ryan ryan031@gannon.edu Expression of Thought Overview

Walker’s Rules

History

How does the five-paragraph essay affect creativity and expression of thought in writing?

“The creation of the five-paragraph essay cannot clearly attribute to a particular year, place, or group, its origins are much deeper than current-traditionalism” (Nunes, 2013, p.299)

Throughout grade school students are taught to utilize the five-paragraph format for writing assignments, leading to a lack of individual and creative development. Tending to focus on the finished product instead of the construction and content of their writing. When transitioning to the collegiate level, the previous method of writing taught to students does not always suffice the requirements of professors or depth expected at this level. In response to this problem the history, structure, limitations, and alterations of the five-paragraph essay are explored.

What is the current-traditional time period?

The five-paragraph essay and other formulaic writing styles prevent the expression of creativity and original thought while other techniques may boost development of stronger and more interesting arguments among students.

Structure Organized into an introduction with a thesis statement, which identifies the main ideas of the text, then body paragraphs including details and support towards the thesis statement, and ends off with a conclusion to summarize the text (Seo 2007) Thesis Statement

• “Your thesis statement should guide your reader to the three supporting examples that will make up the body of your paragraph” (Duxbury, 2008, p.16)

• Presents an argument • Developed to pull reader in, need for sense of

interest and desire Main Ideas

• Focus on academic writing with persistence in grammar, punctuation, and organizational method • Developed late 19th century The five paragraph-essay contains concepts developed long before the current-traditional period most associate it with, revolving around the purpose of learning the basic skills for writing involving rule-based formatting (Nunes 2013) Maintenance of the five-paragraph essay or theme today persists because of its usefulness in teaching the basic writing skills to students however seems to be over expressed in today’s classroom.

1627, Brinsley describes his theme writing utilizing five parts drawn from the classical rhetoric time period, “exordium, narratio, confirmatio, confutatio, and conclusio” (Nunes, 2013, p.308).

17th Century

1853, Armstrong hits on importance of themes in writing used to prepare early writers for the complexity of future writing skills, similar to the intent of the five-paragraph essay (Nunes 2013).

18th Century

1801, Walker’s rules for writing themes, “A theme is the proving of some truth. After the Theme or Truth is laid down, the proof consists of the following parts” (Nunes, 2013, p.306-307).

19th Century

James Berlin identifying the rise of the currenttraditional rhetoric period, and its involvement in the American education system. Movement towards learning and free inquiry (Nunes 2013).

20th Century

1890, William Williams writes on an outline writing theme which resembles what we know today as the five-paragraph essay in his book Composition and Rhetoric (Nunes 2013).

Limitations The five-paragraph essay is a technique originally produced in order to teach the basics of writing structure and provide the foundational skills for students to develop, to be used later when expanding upon other organizational structures and techniques.

Misuse in Classroom Settings

• Kitzhaber (1953) claimed, “‘They represent an unrealistic view of the writing process, a view that assumes writing is done by

formula and in a social vacuum. They turn the attention of both teacher and student toward an academic exercise instead of toward a meaningful act of communication in a social context’ (119)” (as cited in Brannon 2008, p.16).

• Includes specific evidence (quote, paraphrase, etc.)

• Followed by explanation and analysis of said

evidence Conclusion

• Leaves reader without question and a full sense of your argument

• Development of essays should project the way a writer sees and experiences their world around them (Dean 2000).

• Mixing other genres into the structure of the fiveparagraph essay students have come to learn

• Including, “lists, want ads, dialogues, short

stories, or diaries as evidence of the point we are trying to make” (Dean, 2000, p.55).

Multimodal Approach

• Development of assignments that allow for creativity and collaboration (Miller 2010).

• Allow students to find new and creative ways to implement information (blog, poster, art, etc.)

References

• The five-paragraph essay seems to only be beneficial towards teachers “because it is easy to teach—it’s a formula. And it’s easy

Brannon, L., Courtney, J., Urabnski, C., Woodward, S., Reynolds, J., Iannone, A., Haag, K., Mach, K., Manship, L. & Kendrick, M. (2008). The five-paragraph essay and the deficit model of education. The English Journal, 98(2), 16-21. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/40503377

to grade. It’s fast. It’s predictable. The problem is that it’s also often boring, both to write and to read” (Dean, 2000, p.54).

“Myth that the five-paragraph theme is an actual ‘form,’ and the ’forming’ in writing is simply slotting information into prefabricated formulas rather than a complex process of meaning-making and negotiation between a writer’s purposes and audiences’ needs” (Brannon, 2008, p.16).

• Students are limited to the amount of information they can include, narrowing down to only three main points needing to pro-

• Restatement of thesis and main ideas

Alterations “It has been suggested that one way to make writing interesting is to create the expectation of the genre in the mind of the reader and then tweak one or two of these aspects or boundaries a little, just enough to surprise and delight” (Dean, 2000, p.53).

Multidimensional Approach

• Lead towards lack of student creativity and individuality as they are filled with simple skills to fill in a defined format and simply follow instructions given by their teachers

• Support of argument

The idea for formulaic writing is not new. In 18th Century, Walker proposed “rules” for how to structure writing.

1st, The Proposition, or Narrative; show the meaning of the Theme 2nd, The Reason; prove the truth of the Theme by reason or argument 3rd, The Confirmation; show unreasonableness of the contrary opinion 4th, The Simile; bring some in Nature or Art similar to what is affirmed in out Theme, for illustrating the truth of it 5th, The Examples; bring instances from History for the Theme 6th, The Testimony, or Quotation; bring in proverbial sentences, or passages from good authors 7th, The Conclusion; sum up the whole, and show practical use of Theme

vide support to the thesis statement

• “These rules deny the literacy practices the children bring with them to the classroom and deny students avenues to think criti-

cally under the guise of ’helping.’ The reality is that students are taught this formula year after year, and few, if any, ever escape it” (Brannon, 2008, p.20).

Dean, D. (2000). Muddying boundaries: Mixing genres with five paragraphs. The English Journal, 90(1), 53-56. https://www.jsstor.org/stable/821731 Duxbury, A. (2008). Speaking my mind: The tyranny of the thesis statement. The English Journal, 97(4), 16-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30047240 Miller, J. (2010). Speaking my mind: Persistence of the five-paragraph essay. The English Journal, 99(3), 99-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40503494 Nunes, M. (2013). The five-paragraph essay: Its evolution and roots in themewriting. Rhetoric Review, 32(3), 295-313. https://www.jstor.org/stale/42003457 Seo, B. (2007). Speaking my mind: Defending the five-paragraph essay. The English Journal, 97(2), 15-16. htttps://www.jstor.org/stable/30046782

Title: The Five-Paragraph Essay and Development of New Techniques to Introduce Creativity and Expression of Thought Abstract: Students entering the collegiate level are faced with implications surrounding the transition from high school writing courses to in depth analysis and explanation of resources. The five-paragraph format has dominated the English world consisting of an introduction, three supporting body paragraphs, and a conclusion leaving no room for individual expression. Through analyzing multiple perspectives on the five-paragraph essay, it can be concluded structured writing formats are detrimental towards original thoughts developed by writers. Issues surrounding the constricting format of this essay are argued in this paper as well as the ways to implement newer and more relevant writing styles to develop students’ skills further and more effectively.

Presenter(s): Julianne Ryan Sponsoring Department: English Department Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

The Psychological Effect of the Education System: The Influence of Labor-Based Grading on Students

Haley Williams williams187@gannon.edu

Introduction As the world ages around us and we advance the way we live, we tend to forget about the education system’s development and how it’s affected people today. Sticking with the same standardized system of learning, specifically the system of grading, students are struggling through the learning system, gaining a lot of mental health problems from how stressful it is.

Asao Inoue (2019) argues, “It is often believed falsely that grading is just an institutional necessity, something we can ask students to ignore, at least while they are learning. But to attempt to do that is to ignore the way grades work in classrooms, how they shape many aspects of the entire ecology, how they influence students’ and teachers’ actions” (p. 3). The writing classroom is not only affecting students but also teachers as they are trying to find ways for their students to enjoy learning.

This is where I bring up one of the successful ways of learning called Labor-Based Grading Contracts (LBGCs), With learning through labor-based grading contracts in the writing classrooms, one may learn better, feel better mentally, and feel as if they have more power in the classroom; this is of great importance because of how the traditional system is letting down students in the education system, making it hard for them to learn and enjoy it.

Traditional System Failure With a pandemic going on, people have been looking at the education system more frequently as students are becoming even more stressed doing their schooling online at home.

All Students One main detail that teachers have seen in their students is how they don’t have the motivation to learn or get too stressed out from classes.

“Scholarship on grading is almost unanimous about the unreliability (inconsistency) and subjectivity (in the bad sense) of grades (Starch and Elliot; Bowman; Charnley; Dudek and Shelby; Elbow, “Taking Time”; and Tchudi), and just as much research shows how grades and other kinds of rewards and punishments de-motivate and harm students, hampering their abilities to learn anything (Kohn, Punished and Schools; Elbow, “Ranking”; and Pulfrey, Buchs, and Butera)” (Inoue, 2014a, p. 80) Alfie Kohn argues, “The research quite clearly shows that kids who are graded - and have been encouraged to try to improve their grades - tend to lose interest in the learning itself, avoid challenging tasks whenever possible (in order to maximize the chance of getting an A), and think less deeply than kids who aren't graded” (Long, 2015).

Letter-Based Grading •

•

It can be defined as grading the quality of the work in itself.

My definition of it would be grading a student’s work based on more what the teacher wants and not based on the creativity or effort you as a student puts into it.

Labor-Based Grading •

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•

•

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Asao Inoue (2019) defines labor-based grading contracts as completeness of the set-out conditions and criteria.

There may be a default grade of a “B”, for example, and laboring more or less will raise or lower that grade. Labor could include homework, participation/attendance, drafts and revisions on time, and specific page-requirement for each assignment (Navickas, n.d.).

Von Bergen and Miller explain how as a part of labor-based grading they work one-on-one with students. They are very open with feedback they give to the students and the students give back to them (Wood, 2019).

As a student who is in her second writing course using laborbased grading, I see labor-based grading as being graded on the effort you put into your work and not just the quality of it.

Overall, labor-based grading can be seen as giving students room for creativity and freedom in their writing. Feedback is given to them, but they’re only graded on the completeness of the conditions given to them by their teachers.

I argue that labor-based grading contracts are the solution we need for the writing classrooms and here’s why:

Equal Power

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The main goal of the education system is to educate students, not control them and the way they learn subjects. Giving them power to experiment in writing and to express themselves will give them greater opportunities and have them wanting to learn more.

•

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Neurodivergent Students

Definitions

Solutions As we see that letter-based grading is failing our students for they lose interest in learning and become excessively stressed out about their work, we need to find a solution to making their experience better.

Now thinking on other reasons of changing the traditional system, we need to see how it affects every student and their way of working.

Kryger and Zimmerman (2020) explain in their own research on neurodivergent students (mentally ill students) that because of letter-based grading, these students see their grades as a way of living and will have trouble switching to a whole new grading system, even though it will be better off for them.

Through this article we can see how it has affected neurodivergent students as it becomes more of an identity for them for they need to get that A; they need to have a grade even if it’s not the outcome they desire. 



Diverse Students

Inoue stresses the way each student learns differently and one need to take that into consideration when one teaches them.

He then explains how the traditional system is very biased towards white American students.

Not only do classrooms control and rank their students in the traditional grading system, but also more diverse (or people of color) students tend to have trouble learning in these systems (Inoue, 2019, p. 5).

Diverse students struggle with it because the system is only focusing on how to teach white students according to white standards and not trying to adapt and teach all students that come into the American schooling system (Inoue, 2019, p. 5).

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As students gain more power over their work, such as what they can write and how they can write it, they start to come less stressed and more thrilled to learn about specific topics (Pippin, 2014).

Teachers are also affected as they feel a weight being taken off their shoulders, for they do not have to grade as much and get to see their students in a happier spot (Pippin, 2014).

Von Bergen discusses how when creating rubrics for her students she doesn’t want them trying to guess what’s on her mind. So through getting rid of specific wording in the rubric, they don’t feel the need to please the teacher (Wood, 2019) .

Mental Health & Diversity

Through labor-based grading, neurodivergent students can express themselves and gain independence in their writing.

Although it’s going to take time for some students to adjust to a completely different grading system, they will benefit more from it than from letter-based grading (Kryger & Zimmerman, 2020).

In many of Inoue’s pieces, he goes into detail about how the traditional grading system is racist against diverse students as it doesn’t give them a good chance of learning that other students get.

• He believes that through laborbased grading contracts, students can be graded on the effort they put into their work and not based on the quality of it.

• Inoue (2014b) explains how he accepts his students and the languages they speak. He makes it known in his classrooms that their language is not below or above any others.

• Through LBGCs it’s understood that each student needs to be treated equally.

Conclusion Learning is supposed to be something you enjoy, not something that is forced upon you. Through labor-based grading, we can see that it’s help improve students writing and not to judge it. We need to improve the writing classrooms and the way students learn how to write, because it should not be based on pleasing your teacher. Writing should be a way of not only expressing yourself, but not being afraid to do so, and through labor-based grading, we can see that students will enjoy learning writing skills.

References Inoue, A. (2014a). A grade-less writing course that focuses on labor and assessing. In D. Teague & R. Lunsford (Eds.) FirstYear Composition: From Theory to Practice (pp. 71-110). Parlor Press.

Inoue, A. (2014b). Theorizing failure in US writing assessments. Research in the Teaching of English, 48(3), 330352.

Inoue, A. B. (2019). Labor-based grading contracts: Building equity and inclusion in the compassionate writing classroom.

The WAC Clearinghouse.

Kryger, K., & Zimmerman, G. X. (2020). neurodivergence and intersectionality in labor-based grading contracts. The Journal of Writing Assessment, 13(2). http:// journalofwritingassessment.org/article.php?article=156.

Long, C. (2015). Are Letter Grades Failing Our Students? NEA. https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/new-from-nea/areletter-grades-failing-our-students.

Navickas, K. (n.d.) Grading contracts 101. SUNY Cortland Pippin, T. (2014). Roundtable on pedagogy: Response renounce grading? Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 82(2), 348-355. Retrieved March 1, 2021, from http:// www.jstor.org/stable/24488154. .

Wood, S. (Host). (2019a). Episode 10: Megan Von Bergen and Liz Miller [Audio podcast]. The Pedagogue.

Wood, S. (Host). (2019b). Episode 12: Asao B. Inoue [Audio podcast]. The Pedagogue

Title: The Psychological Effect of the Education System: The Influence of Labor-Based Grading on Students Abstract: Labor-based grading contracts (LBGC) is a way of grading without pushing so much stress on the students and teachers by not asking them to ignore an important piece to their schooling, but to be able to have something graded without consequence of trying new things. Through this, students and teachers agree on a contract between one another where the grading is based on the labor done with some feedback on the actual writing. The writing itself is not graded, but the labor put into it is. LBGC is known for giving students more space for creativity when it comes to their writings for, they do not have to worry about meeting the best expectations for quality, but just for the effort and labor they put into the writings. In this piece, I argue how LBGC helps a student’s mental health more than the traditional letter-based grading system, particularly with regards to creativity, neurodivergence, and equality. I believe that shifting the power in the classroom, so students feel more comfortable with their writing projects because it is their writing projects and not the teacher’s. Through LBGCs a student shows an increase of learning and more enjoyment in their writings for they have control over it, which gives relief from the stress of pleasing their teacher or getting that “perfect” grade.

Presenter(s): Haley Williams Sponsoring Department: Literature Department Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

83

The Role of trans-Golgi Network and Endosomal Adaptors in Nitrogen-Regulated Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rachel Stubler, Ellen Madden, Quyen Aoh, Ph.D. Department of Biology, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16501

Abstract

Introduction

Nitrogen is necessary for the synthesis of amino and nucleic acids and is taken in from the environment by nitrogen permeases. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these permeases are trafficked throughout the cell in a process involving the endosomal clathrin adaptors Gga1, Gga2, AP-1, Ent3, and Ent5. Evidence suggests that the trafficking of some permeases are more highly regulated by these clathrin adaptors than others. To discern the role of clathrin adaptors in the trafficking of nitrogen permeases, we have constructed clathrin adaptor deletion mutants. Single deletion mutants were constructed via homologous recombination to knockout and replace the genes of clathrin adaptors with a selectable marker in haploid yeast. Cells were mated, sporulated, and dissected to create double and triple delete mutants. Growth assays can be used to determine the effects of adaptor protein deletion on cell growth. A GloMAX® Microplate Reader will be used to measure the OD600 of cell cultures in different nitrogen media every 30 minutes for 30 hours. Growth curves are plotted to visualize the differences in growth rate for the mutant cells compared to wild-type cells. Previous results showed that deletion of either ent3Δ or ent5Δ did not impact cell growth in either nitrogen environment, but a double deletion reduced growth in cells grown under the preferred nitrogen sources ammonia and glutamine but not in the non-preferred nitrogen source proline. This supports our hypothesis that clathrin adaptors differentially regulate the localization of nitrogen permeases when cells are grown in preferred and nonpreferred nitrogen sources. Our current experiments are investigating the effect of deleting apl2 in combination with ent3 and ent5 mutants. We are testing the growth of apl2∆ and ent5∆∆ ent3∆∆ mutants.

If our hypothesis is correct, we expect growth defects in cell lines lacking more than one clathrin adaptor protein.

Materials and Methods

Cell growth is regulated by nitrogen source Nitrogen is essential for cell growth and metabolism of other important molecules such as DNA and protein. All cells require some form of nitrogen, but the source and abundance of nitrogen in the environment can vary and each can affect cell growth and homeostasis differentially. For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nitrogen metabolism converges on the amino acids glutamine and glutamate, thus cell growth is most robust when these amino acids are provided as the sole nitrogen source. Ammonium, which can be easily assimilated into glutamine, also stimulates robust cell growth though not as well as glutamine. Most lab strains of S. cerevisiae are maintained in ammonium. Proline would be considered a non-preferred nitrogen source because its ring structure is difficult to metabolize and convert to glutamine; thus cell growth in proline is markedly reduced compared to glutamine or ammonium [1].

Trafficking pathways of amino acid permeases To optimize cell growth, yeast regulate the gene expression and transport of nitrogen permeases to selectively take up more preferred nitrogen sources such as glutamine and ammonium before taking up the less preferred nitrogen source proline. Post-transcriptionally, cell signaling pathways modulate the expression of these permeases by regulating their trafficking to, from, and between the trans-Golgi Network (TGN), plasma membrane, endosomes, and vacuole [1]

Clathrin adaptor proteins regulate cargo sorting and vesicle formation

Growth Assay. Yeast strains were grown overnight in SD with 0.5% NH4. The cells were then diluted to an OD600 of ~0.2 in SD with 0.5% NH4, 0.1% glutamine (Gln), or 0.1% proline (Pro) and plated in triplicate. SD without yeast were used as a blank. The OD600 was then measured every 30 min for 30 hrs in a Promega GLOMax plate reader.

Clathrin adaptors such as ENT3 and ENT5 concentrate cargo and facilitate vesicle formation [4, 7].

Table 1. Strains used for this Study Strain QAY 685 QAY1422

Name Wildtype apl2∆∆

QAY1423

apl2DD

QAY1394

ent3DD ent5DD

QAY1395

ent3DD ent5DD

Genotype MatA/ Mat a hisD1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15D0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0 MatA/Mat a his3∆1/his3∆1 met15∆0/MET15 LYS2+/lys2∆0 apl2∆::Nat/apl2∆::Nat MatA/Mat a his3∆1/his3∆1 met15∆0/MET15 LYS2+/lys2∆0 apl2∆::Nat/apl2∆::Nat MatA/ Mat a his3D1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15DD0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0 ent3D::KanMX/ent3D::KanMX ent5D::His3MX/ent5D::His3MX MatA/ Mat a his3D1/his3D1 leu2D0/leu2D0 met15DD0/MET15+ LYS2+/lys2D0 ura3D0/ura3D0 ent3D::KanMX/ent3D::KanMX ent5D::His3MX/ent5D::His3MX

Reference Open Biosystems This Study This Study This Study

At the TGN and endosomes, the clathrin adaptors ENT3, GGA2, AP-1, and ENT5 have distinct but overlapping functions [5, 7].

This Study

Acknowledgements. Support for this work was provided by a Research Initiation Award sponsored by Gannon University’s TRANSFORM program (NSF ADVANCE-PAID initiative) and faculty research grants awarded to Q.A.; a Gannon University Student Government Association Research Grant awarded to A.M.; and a grant sponsored by the STARTUP Program (NASA Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium ) awarded to Q.A. and O.H. References: 1. Magasanik, B., and Kaiser, C.A. Gene. 2002 May; 290 (1-2) 2. Donaton M.C., Holsbeeks, I., Lagatie O., Van Zeebroeck, G., Crauwels, M., Winderickx, J. Molecular Biology. 2003 Nov; 50(3) 3. Roberg K.J., Bickel S., Rowley N, Kaiser, CA. Genetics. 1997 Dec; 147(4) 4. Chidambaram, S., Zimmerman, J., and von Mollard, G.F. Journal of Cell Science. 2008 Feb; 121(1) 5. Copic A., Starr T.L., and Schekman, R. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2007 May; 18 (5) 6. De Craene, J.O., Soetens, O., and Andre, B. The Journal on Biological Chemistry. 2001 Nov; 276 (47). 7. Costaguta, G. Duncan, M.C., Fernandex, G.E., Huang, G.H., and Payne G.S. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2006 Sep; 17(9).

Results Double deletion mutants showed growth defects in preferred nitrogen sources only Previous results found that deleting Ent3 or Ent5 alone had no effect on cell growth in preferred (ammonia or glutamine) or non-preferred (proline) nitrogen sources. These results are consistent with previously published data showing that Ent3 and Ent5 have redundant functions and that deletion of one alone does not affect growth [7]. A double deletion of Ent3 and Ent5 had no effect on cell fitness in proline.

However, we found a small, but significant defect in cell growth in both glutamine and ammonia. This suggests that Ent3 and Ent5 play an important role in the uptake of preferred sources of nitrogen and no significant role in the uptake of non-preferred sources.

Our current work is investigating the role of Apl2 in trafficking of nitrogen permease. We have constructed an Apl2 mutant. We mated this strain with our Ent3, Ent5, and Ent3 Ent5 deletions to produce double and triple deletion mutants. We have begun testing for growth defects via growth assays. So far, we have tested our Apl2 mutant in conjunction with wildtype cells and Ent3 Ent5 double deletion mutants in ammonia. As hypothesized, we found no growth defects in Apl2 mutants in comparison to the wildtype.

A growth defect was visible for Ent3 Ent5 mutants, which is consistent with previous results.

Future Studies In future studies we will look at the effects of different combinations of apl2∆ mutants. We plan to investigate the effect of deleting apl2 in combination with ent3 and ent5 mutants.

We will test the growth of apl2ΔΔ, apl2ΔΔ ent3ΔΔ, apl2ΔΔ ent5ΔΔ, and apl2ΔΔ ent3ΔΔ ent5ΔΔ mutants in preferred and nonpreferred nitrogen sources. If our hypothesis is correct, we expect growth defects in cell lines lacking more than one clathrin adaptor protein.

Table 2. Previous and Future Experimental Data Previous Experimental Data Mutants apl2∆∆ ent3∆∆ ent5∆∆ ent3∆∆ ent5∆∆

Preferred Nitrogen Sources Ammonia Glutamine No effect No effect No effect No effect No effect No effect Reduces cell growth Reduces cell growth

Non-Preferred Proline No effect No effect No effect No effect

Hypothesized Results for Future Experiment Mutants apl2∆∆ ent3∆∆ apl2∆∆ ent5∆∆ apl2∆∆ ent3∆∆ ent5∆∆

Preferred Nitrogen Sources Ammonia Glutamine Reduces cell growth Reduces cell growth Reduces cell growth Reduces cell growth Reduces cell growth Reduces cell growth

Non-Preferred Proline No effect No effect No effect

Impact and Significance Rationale: Clathrin adaptor proteins regulate cargo sorting at the TGN, therefore deletion of these proteins may affect trafficking of nitrogen permeases and therefore cell growth

The results of this study will add to a growing body of knowledge on how cell membrane trafficking, in particular clathrin adaptors, affect the overall fitness of the cell. In addition, our study will reveal how membrane traffic is differentially regulated depending on environmental conditions.

Title: The Role of trans-Golgi Network and Endosomal Adaptors in Nitrogen-Regulated Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abstract: Nitrogen is necessary for the synthesis of amino and nucleic acids and is taken in from the environment by nitrogen permeases. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these permeases are trafficked throughout the cell in a process involving clathrin adaptors.

To discern the role of these adaptors, we constructed clathrin adaptor deletion mutants. Growth assays are used to determine the effects of adaptor protein deletion on cell growth by comparing growth curves of mutant and wild-type cells. We hypothesize that little impact will occur in mutants containing single adaptor deletions, but growth defects will be seen in mutants containing multiple adaptor deletions.

Presenter(s): Rachel Stubler, Ellen Madden Sponsoring Department: Biology Department Project Mentor: Quyen Aoh

84

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

The Socioeconomic Effects of Clostridium perfringens Lauren Lambert, Garett Matley, Olivia Wirfel, Ruqaya Kareem, Dr. Gary Vanderlaan Dr. Matthew D. Gacura

Department of Microbiology

Results

Introduction

The dilutions of the countable plates were the same for the two qualities of meat. The three dilutions used for the meat qualities of 96% lean ground beef and 73% lean ground beef include 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1,000 in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This indicates that there should be a higher number of microbial colonies from the lower meat quality since it has a lower percentage of lean ground beef.

All of the meat samples for this experiment were from the center of the ground beef.

This experiment will be using aerobic and anaerobic incubation in order to gain a well-rounded set of data on the many different types of pathogenic microbes present.

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, rod shaped, anaerobic bacterium. C. perfringens is able to survive in oxygen for a short period of time but must be kept in anaerobic conditions to fully thrive. Infections of this bacterium have a mortality rate of 27-44% (NIH).

The USA has relatively low rates of infection due to the regulations enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but it is impossible to provide 100% pathogen-free food products. Food pathogens are most commonly found when foods are cooked in large batches. Outbreaks tend to happen in large group serving settings such as hospitals, cafeterias or holiday dinners. Although, there are also nonpathogenic microbes that can be found in ground beef.

This is why we will be using a special SPS-agar which is selective for C. perfringens.

Figure 5.

This study in unique, as there is little to no literature on this subject specific for the Erie, PA region. Our study will help determine if higher quality meat and higher socioeconomic status play a role in the pathogenicity of ground meat.

After the SPC and the normalized SPC of the four countable plates with either 96% lean ground beef or 73% lean ground beef from store 1 or store 2 were calculated using the formulas provided in the methods section, it was evident that in both store 1 and store 2 the lower quality of ground beef contained more aerobic bacterial colonies. As shown in table 1, the normalized SPC of the 73% lean ground beef is a lot more abundant than the number of microbial colonies in the 97% lean ground beef. This shows that there is a difference in the number of microbial colonies found on higher quality ground beef and lower quality ground beef. As the quality of meat increases (and price), the number of microbial colonies decreases. This data indicates that the price of meat and the number of microbial colonies have a negative correlation.

Figure 6.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Methods ▪ Ground beef of two different qualities (73% lean and 96% lean) collected from two stores in Erie, PA. ▪ Four serial dilutions of each of the four meat samples were-1made-2 (including the cumulative dilution of 10 , 10 , 10-3, 10-4).

▪ The inoculation of the agar plates was done using the spread-plate method.

▪ The plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.

▪ A“countable plate” was chosen from each treatment from the serial dilutions. A countable plate is determined by qualitatively observing which of the plates have bacterial colony counts between 30 to 300 colonies.

▪ The number of colony forming units (CFU) were then counted on all countable plates (as shown in table 1).

▪ The standard plate count (SPC) is then calculated by using: ▪ SPC = CFU/(cumulative dilution*volume plated).

▪ Then, the normalized SPC is calculated using: ▪ Normalized SPC = SPC/original beef sample aliquot.

Populations of lower incomes or of lower socioeconomic status typically will buy cheaper, lower quality meats. Even though lower quality meats are cheaper, they typically host more microbial colonies and therefore can be more detrimental to persons health causing health concerns such as foodborne illness. In order to improve the well-being and health of those who are disadvantaged, we must consider this data and take into account those who cannot afford to purchase high quality meat.

Discussion and Future Work Figure 3.

Figure 4.

This study focused on providing additional literature to a gap in research by determining how the percentage of fat effects the number of bacterial colonies present in ground meat. Rather than focusing on the types of bacterial colonies, we made note of quantity. It is relevant to the consumer as it presents information pertaining to common foodborne illnesses.

Future research will focus on expanding the region of testing, by analyzing meat from several additional grocery stores. It may also utilize an intermediate quality of meat.

Additionally, the use of Clostridium spp. specific agar will allow some identification and differentiation of colonies.

Acknowledgements 1.

Figure 1. Ground Beef Figure 2. Plates being inoculated Figure 3. Anaerobic chamber Figure 4. Colonies on plates Figure 5. Microbial Counts of Ground Beef Figure 6. Log Transformed Microbial Counts of Ground Beef

2.

3.

Krebs, A. 2019. Popular and Versatile – Ground Beef Reigns. PerishableNews.com, Phoenix Media Network, accessed 1 April 2021. <https://www.perishablenews.com/meatpoultry/popular-andversatile-ground-beef-reigns/> Fankhauser, A. 1983. Spreading Technique for Plating Bacteria. WordPress.com, David Fankhauser, accessed 1 April 2021. <https://fankhauserblog.wordpress.com/1983/02/21/spreading-technique-forplating-bacteria/> BD GasPak EZ Gas Generating Systems, digital photograph of container system, 2018. BD Diagnostics, accessed 1 April 2021. <https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bd.com%2Fdocuments%2Fbrochu res%2Fmicrobiology-solutions%2FDS_ES_GasPak-EZ-gas-generatingsystem_BR_EN.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3htViVKM6mqtsr__QivlNS&ust=1617389493872000&source=im ages&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjhxqFwoTCPjhtq3b3e8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAF>

Title: The Socioeconomic Effects of Clostridium Perfringens Abstract: With the advent of modern sanitation methods, ground beef is seen as a largely safe food source, however, sporadic outbreaks still occur. Clostridium perfringens bacteria is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness, with an estimated 1 and 6 Americans getting sick from foodborne diseases each year resulting in 3,000 deaths (CDC). In addition, the connection between poverty and food safety is largely overlooked in the United States. The intent of this study is to determine a correlation between socioeconomic regions, quality of meat, and provide evidence to ensure the wellness of the consumer. In addition, there is little literature available for the Erie, Pennsylvania region, and sampling will give a better look into the incidence of Clostridium genus of the ground beef found at local grocery stores. We hypothesize that ground beef of lower quality (i.e., lower % lean and lower cost) will have a higher occurrence microbial contamination. Additionally, we hypothesize that the varying socioeconomic regions will yield similarly varying incidence of pathogenic microbes. For analysis, ground beef samples, of three different qualities, will be sampled from two stores and two locations in Erie PA. Locations were selected based upon the overall socioeconomics of the surrounding area. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria will be quantified through the use of a serial dilution and spread plate inoculation. For aerobic bacteria, LB (Luria-Bretani) agar will be used for culturing under aerobic conditions. While for anaerobic bacteria, SPS (sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine) agar plates will be used and incubation will occur in anerobic growth chambers. Afterwards colonies will be counted and cfu/g of sample will be calculated.

Statistical analyses will be used to determine if quality, location, and store impact the overall concentration of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria per sample.

Presenter(s): Lauren Lambert, Garett Matley, Olivia Wirfel Sponsoring Department: Biology Department Project Mentor: Mathew Gacura

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

85

Title: Thievery, Stealth, and Cash: The Use of Plagiarism Software and its Reliability Abstract: Examining a student handbook points to plagiarism being regarded as a serious offense in universities; thus, plagiarism checker software emerged in an effort to mitigate that plagiarism. However, users may misunderstand the risks associated with these plagiarism software and the obscurities these companies hide. After examining the purposes for and attitudes towards these software, I developed a criterion to analyze the plagiarism software SafeAssign to make a recommendation of whether instructors and universities should utilize it. This study uncovers flaws behind plagiarism software and creates a criterion for instructors and universities to use when deciding whether to adopt plagiarism software.

Presenter(s): Ryan Popovich Sponsoring Department: English Project Mentor: Lauren Garskie

86

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

UVC Face Mask Arnon Ashkenazi, Kassi Tofani, Albaraa Hawalah, Dr. Ki-Hwan Bae, and Dr. Davide Piovesan Biomedical Engineering Department, Gannon University, Erie, PA Abstract During the current pandemic, health and sanitary conditions became a major concern in our day to day lives. The effort to effectively control infection has increased. This study aims to design and develop a self-sanitizing mask to provide protection for those in the medical field and the general public.

The main goal is to incorporate UVC lights into the mask to exterminate microbes before they reach the orifices, while elevating a comfort level of wearing.

Our innovative mask design is expected to facilitate containing virus transmissions since most infections occur through touching a contaminated mask or inhalation of particles.

Coronavirus passing through a normal face mask is trapped by an N95 [1]

How Does It Work?

• The mask will be worn with ear loops, so the mask portion completely covers the nose and mouth • UVC light kills pathogens by denaturing proteins and genetic material • The mask layers from outer to inner are: • A breathable cloth to cover/hold in the working components • An N95 filter to trap microbes • Small UVC lights attached to a battery and an activation button.

• A bamboo mask to protect the user.

• When the button is pressed, the UVC lights will turn on to sanitize the inner layer of the mask • An indicator LED shows that the lights are on and working

Bamboo fiber mask (left) and NK95 respirator (right) used in the prototype [2,3]

UVC Experiment • Experimentation was conducted to test the effectiveness of the UVC lights.

• An aluminum lined box was used to provide a reflective and unchanging environment • A UV sensor was placed across from the lights at various measured distances • Time taken to reach the proper amount of radiation was recorded • Proper radiation amounts were found to be between 1020 mJ/cm2 in literature [4, 5] • Time results varied greatly depending on the distance of the lights, and generally more lights were more effective.

Around two minutes was generally effective

Table produced in the latest experiment which describes the amount of radiation vs time in different positions of the sensor

Future Work At the current moment we are focusing on the tasks ahead with regards to: • Ordering parts for the construction of an initial prototype • Testing of the design for flaws, potential hazards, and improvements • Improving upon the design for future production • Thinking about the logistics of mass production and advertisement • Discussing steps for FDA approval

References

Experimental set-up with a series of UVC lights (orange strip) and the UVC sensor (purple)

1. Lifesaver or false protection: Do face masks stop coronavirus? (2020, April 3). Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/64ac8848-a005466a-bc93-fb1e38b19182 2. Amazon.com. (n.d.).

Amazon.com. https://www.amazon.com/TRAVLEISURE-ADJUSTABLEREUSABLE-WASHABLEFACE/dp/B08793KQ18/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&keywords=bamboo+mask&qi d=1615229158&sr=8-5 3. Disposable N95 respirator. (n.d.). Xtreme Lashes by Jo Mousselli Eyelash Extensions and Training. https://www.xtremelashes.com/personal-protectiveequipment/disposable-N95-respirator-masks 4. Ultraviolet irradiation doses for coronavirus inactivation – review and analysis of coronavirus photoinactivation studies. (n.d.). PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7273323/ 5. https://media.ies.org/docs/standards/IES-CR-2-20-V1-6d.pdf

Title: UVC Face Mask Abstract: Due to the current pandemic, health and sanitary conditions have become a major concern in our day to day lives. The demand for an effective way to combat infection has increased. This study aims to design and develop a self-sanitizing mask to provide protection for those in the medical field and the public. The main goal is to incorporate UVC lights into the mask to exterminate microbes before they reach the orifices, while maximizing the customer’s comfort. This design will help prevent the virus transmission since most infections occur through touching a contaminated mask or inhalation of particles.

Presenter(s): Kassianne Tofani, Arnon Ashkenazi, Albaraa Hawalah Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Ki-Hwan Bae

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

87

Validating Jack Siemens Software Through Controlled Tests In Task Simulation Builder and Xsens Motion Capture System for Injury Prevention

Dr. Xiaoxu Ji Alexa Littman

Biomedical Engineering Department, Gannon University

Introduction The daily tasks accomplished by workers in either healthcare or industry can put much stress on the body and lead to musculoskeletal injuries. A very large number of workers have already experienced this [1]. Digital human model (DHM) technology has been used to prevent future injuries and improve the workplace in many industries [2], however, the accuracy of the posture prediction algorithm in these DHM technologies has not been considered nor evaluated. To replicate the forces that are imposed on workers throughout their everyday activities, ergonomists and engineers use control inputs in simulation. In order to successfully prevent workers from injury, a strong ergonomic analysis due to accurate posture is needed. Accordingly, the objective of our study is to validate the posture accuracy within a classis ergonomic software, Jack (Siemens PLM Software) (Figure 1), in comparison to the real human movement recorded by Xsens motion tracking system (Enschede, Netherlands) (Figure 2).

Materials and Methods Throughout this study, a DHM was created in Jack for six participants based on their anthropometrics. This experiment required each subject to perform three tasks, as shown in Figure 3. The tasks were as follows: 1) Lift: picking up a 5 kg weight and placing it at a 22-inch height location. 2) Push: pushing a 40 kg weight on a 30inch height table. 3) Walk: carrying a 5 kg weight while walking two meters. Figure 1 shows the three tasks that were completed, as these tasks were completed three times each to ensure validity in the results. The joint angles were then analyzed and then recorded to allow for the data to be imported into Jack. This then results in the DHM in Jack to perform real human movement. Figure 4 shows an example of the comparison of the joint angles between the Xsens DHM (red shirt) and the Task Simulation Builder (TSB) DHM (purple shirt).

ji001@gannon.edu littman001@gannon.edu

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Figure 3. These three pictures show a sucject wearing an Xsens Suit and performing the necessary tasks. After these tasks are completed, the posture and joint angles will be analyzed in the Jack Siemens Software.

Results and Discussion It is evident in Figure 1 that there is a difference of joint angles between the two DHMs while performing the three tasks. The greatest difference of angles while performing the Lift task is 45.79ᵒ and 52.19ᵒ, which is during trunk flexion and knee flexion. The Xsens DHM has a larger knee flexion and a smaller trunk flexion than the TSB DHM. The xsens DHM has a smaller hip flexion and smaller elbow flexion that that of the TSB DHM. This is the greatest difference while performing the push task and is 34.11ᵒ and 21.86ᵒ.

Finally, for the Walking task, the difference between the elbow flexion is 29.55ᵒ, which is larger in the TSB DHM than the Xsens DHM. Conclusions By obtaining the posture prediction algorithm within the Jack TSB dynamics simulation in comparison to actual movements recorded by Xsens motion capture system, the study was able to be validated. This study can result in injury prevention and workstation improvement as the ergonomic analysis can be analyzed by ergonomics and engineers to understand the kinematic variability in simulation. This study can also help improve the accuracy of postures in the simulation of manufacturers by enhancing their data base.

Figure 1: This figure shows the Jack Siemens PLM Software.

References [1] Hartvigsen J, et al. The Lancet 391, 23562367. 2018.

[2] Fletcher SR, et al. Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, 90-98, 2018

Figure 2: This figure shows the Xsens Motion Capture System.

Figure 4. The posture comparison between the TSB DHM (purple shirt) and the Xsens DHM (red shirt) during three activities. (a) Lift. (b) Push (c) Walk.

Title: Validating Jack Siemens Software through Controlled Tests in Task Simulation Builder and Xsens Motion Capture System for Injury Prevention Abstract: There are many implications of digital human model (DHM) technology into different applications, however, none of these accomplish the task of evaluating the accuracy of the posture prediction algorithm within the DHM technology. This evaluation is necessary as many workers, in both industry and healthcare, have been reported to have musculoskeletal injuries due to poor posture in everyday activities they perform on a daily basis. Through a study consisting of three different tasks, the ergonomic software, Jack Siemens, was compared with Xsens motion capture system, projecting real life human movements, to improve the accuracy of the simulation system.

Presenter(s): Alexa Littman Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Department Project Mentor: Xiaoxu Ji

88

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Vibration of Continuous Systems

Methods:

Background:

This research is focused on the investigation of string vibrations with an attached mass. The governing equation of motion is in the form of a partial differential equation (PDE). The PDE is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE), one temporal and the other spatial.

The spatial ODE, along with the boundary conditions, is used to derive the characteristic equation and the string's mode shapes. The characteristic equation is solved using MATLAB. This research will serve as our future study's framework on the vibration of beams carrying an inertial load and axial force.

Methods:

Mathematical Modeling: A model of the string with a concentrated mass within its interval length is shown in Figure 1. In PDE analysis the string is considered to be separated into two parts that are connected at the concentrated mass and each part behave independently.

Figure 1. String with a concentrated mass

Mathematical Modeling: A model of the string with a concentrated mass within its interval length is shown in Figure 1. In PDE analysis the string is considered to be separated into two parts that are connected at the concentrated mass and each part behave independently.

Consider a tightly stretched elastic string of length L with a mass m with an axial force P applied at its end points, the Newton’s second law of motion leads to: −𝑷𝑷

𝝏𝝏𝝎𝝎𝟏𝟏

| 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 $𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏

+ 𝑷𝑷

𝝏𝝏𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐

| 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 $𝟎𝟎

= 𝒎𝒎

𝝏𝝏𝟐𝟐 𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 𝝏𝝏𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐

|𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐$𝟎𝟎 *

Using the method of separation of variables, the governing equations are for each set of coordinate system are:

𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 = 𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 (𝒙𝒙)𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 (𝒕𝒕) 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 = 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙)𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 (𝒕𝒕) 𝝎𝝎𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝝎𝝎𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 + 𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 = 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝝎𝝎𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝝎𝝎𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 ∗→ 𝝎𝝎 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 + 𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 − 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷 −𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 = −𝒎𝒎𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐

The governing boundary conditions that were used to derive the PDE are:

𝟏𝟏) 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐) 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 = 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 , 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑)𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 = 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 , 𝒕𝒕 = 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝒕𝒕)

Kasra Ghahremani Advisor: Pezhman Hassanpour

at 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎 : 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟎𝟎 + 𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎 → 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎 at 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎 : 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝝎𝝎 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝝎𝝎 + 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷 + 𝒎𝒎𝝎𝝎𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎 → −𝑷𝑷 𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 at 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 = 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 , 𝒕𝒕 = 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝒕𝒕 : 𝝎𝝎𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 − 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒄

By substituting the general solution of the equations, the following homogeneous linear equation is obtained: 𝟏𝟏

𝟎𝟎

𝟎𝟎

𝟎𝟎

−𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒄𝒄

𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜

𝟎𝟎 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐

𝒎𝒎𝝎𝝎

−𝟏𝟏

𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬

𝟎𝟎 𝝎𝝎𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒄𝒄 𝟎𝟎

.

𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑩𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐

=

for n = 1:length(x0) w_exact(n) = fsolve(f, x0(n)); end we = unique(round(w_exact, 3)); disp(we) we_ = we'

Results and Discussion:

𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎

The determinant of this matrix is the characteristic equation. The solution of the characteristic equation yields the natural frequency, and the mode shape. 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟 𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝒆𝒆𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪: f = @(w) CharEq(w, L1, L2, c, m, P); w = linspace(0.01, 500, 500); y = arrayfun(f, w); plot(w, y) grid title('Response of the System') xlabel('\omega [Rad/s]')

indx = find(abs(y) < 50); x0 = unique(round(w(indx), 1));

Figure 2. Resulted Frequencies

As shown in the table above, the effect of mass on the solution changes as the position of the mass in the string interval length changes. As the position of the mass gets closer to the end of the string, the effect of mass in the solution becomes more negligible.

Future Work:

The next step is to make all the equations dimensionless. Moreover, finding the exact solution of the beam with a concentrated mass using the same approach is the final objective of this project.

Title: Vibration of Continuous Systems Abstract: This research is focused on the investigation of vibrations of strings with an attached mass. The governing equation of motion is in the form of a partial differential equation (PDE). The PDE is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE), one temporal and the other spatial. The spatial ODE, along with the boundary conditions, is used to derive the characteristic equation and the string’s mode shapes. The characteristic equation is solved using MATLAB. This research is our future study’s framework on the vibration of beams carrying an inertial load and axial force.

Presenter(s): Kasra Ghahremani Sponsoring Department: Mechanical Engineering Project Mentor: Pezhman Hassanpour Asl

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

89

Virtual Reality & Oculus Based Motor Function Training Arnon Ashkenazi1, Dr. Xiaoxu Ji1 Dr. Kristen Snarski2

Biomedical Engineering Program1 Physical Therapy Program2 , Gannon University, Erie, PA Introduction

Methods

Future Work

Spastic quadriplegia is a type of spastic cerebral palsy (spastic CP) which refers to difficulty in controlling movements in the arms and the legs. This specific type of CP does not manifest as a paralysis of the muscles, but instead an array of rapid jerking motions that comes from stiffness within all four limbs [1]. Existing treatments for children with spastic CP come in various forms. Physical thera- py, occupational therapy, speech therapy, medications, and assis- tive devices/technology are some examples of what is usually done to ease the lives of children with the condition [2]. Though many treatments do exist on the market, they often incorporate high expenses and time-consuming activities which are often beyond the means of many patients [3]. There is also the issue of limited space that is available for practicing movements and controls that help improve the condition. Not many patients have the large space needed for this type of treatment.

The video game design program Unity was used to create and enhance the VR environment used in the experiment. A “game” was produced via the Unity engine which simulates a moving wheelchairin an urban environment. The “game” was designed to provide an environment that is a realistic as possible within the means of the project. This was done to recreate real conditions and experiences for the participants in order to ensure reliable results and reports. The next big step is combining the VR Oculus system, or more specifically its controllers, to work with the Unity engine and function as smoothly as possible along with it.

Currently we are programming the code within the game to read the various commands provided by the Oculus system so that instead of pressing a button to go right or left the patient would simply have to move the control- ler in the desired direction.

A possible combination of virtual reality (VR) technology along with the video game engine Unity and a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) shifting platform can be used for the development of a tool to help better the conditions of people who suffer from spastic quadriplegia. This solution would use a virtual reality “game” that can be designed so the patient could practice without the risk of crashing in- to people or objects. Using VR technology and the mounted mov- ing platform which simulates motions and collusions, the patient would be able to practice within a limited space with far more realistic conditions. This has the potential to improve the patient’s quality of life dramatically with more independent movement options that come with practice.

Following that, our intention is to redesign some of the environment of the “game” to be more realistic and immersive. This will help with the subconscious aspect of the potential training since patents are assumed to do better in a more immersive VR [find source].

The significance of the prospective effects of this experiment are immense. It can potentially help improve the lives of dozens of children who suffer from the effects of spastic CP in a safe, cost effective, and entertaining meth- od.

References [1]Spastic cerebral palsy. (n.d.). Cerebral Palsy Group. https://cerebralpalsygroup.com/cerebral-palsy/ spastic/#:~:text=Spastic%20quadriplegia%20is%20a%20specific,stiffness%20within%20all%20four%20limb s [2] Spastic quadriplegia cerebral palsy. (2016, September 25). Cerebral Palsy Guidance | Answers and Assis-

tance. https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/types/spastic-quadriplegia/ [3] Hiehelpcenter.org. (n.d.). Cerebral palsy cost guide | Budgeting and finding help. The HIE Help Center | Resources for Children with Birth Injuries. https://hiehelpcenter.org/cerebral-palsy-cost-guide/ [4] Technologies, U. (n.d.). Unity. https://unity.com/ [5] Amazon.com: Oculus rift + touch virtual reality system: Video games. (n.d.). Amazon.com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & more. https://www.amazon.com/Oculus-TouchVirtual-Reality-System-pc/dp/B073X8N1YW [6] Berk Gedik. (n.d.). Concrete block (Low poly) - Download free 3D model by Berk Gedik (@berkgedik) [cb7145c]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/concrete-block-low-polycb7145cb2e084db4bafe11ac392fc954 [7] Elouisetrewartha. (n.d.). Wheelchair - Download free 3D model by elouisetrewartha (@etrewartha) [1265ba1]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/wheelchair1265ba1a6df24b1c9ee5a5e8201492a8 [8] Hamma085. (n.d.). 317 Washington street - Download free 3D model by hamma085 (@hamma085) [1c16cac]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/317-washington-street1c16cac26e2b484387ac1311e0f5b57e [9] Neberkenezer. (n.d.). CCity building set 1 - Download free 3D model by Neberkenezer (@neberkenezer) [a2d5c7b]. Sketchfab. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ccity-building-set-1a2d5c7bfcc2148fb8994864c43dfcc97 [10] rpgwhitelock. (2019, May 18). AllSky free - 10 sky / Skybox set. Unity Asset Store - The Best Assets for Game Making. https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/2d/textures-materials/sky/allsky-free-10-sky-skyboxset-146014 [11] Seamless pavement texture. (n.d.). HIGH RESOLUTION TEXTURES. https://seamlesspixels.blogspot.com/2015/09/seamless-pavement-texture.html [12] Shapes. (2016, January 11). Nature starter kit 2. Unity Asset Store - The Best Assets for Game Making. https://assetstore.unity.com/packages/3d/environments/nature-starter-kit-2-52977 [13] Two lane road cracks 01. (n.d.). cgbookcase.com | Free PBR Textures and Blender Tutorials. https:// www.cgbookcase.com/textures/two-lane-road-cracks-01

Title: Virtual Reality & Oculus Based Motor Function Training Abstract: Spastic quadriplegia is a type of spastic cerebral palsy (spastic CP) which refers to difficulty in controlling movements in the arms and the legs which manifests as an array of rapid jerking motions that come from stiffness within all four limbs. A possible combination of virtual reality (VR) technology along with the video game engine Unity can be used for the development of a tool to help better the conditions of people who suffer from spastic CP. This experiment can potentially help improve the lives of dozens of children who suffer from the effects of spastic CP in a safe, cost-effective, and entertaining method.

Presenter(s): Arnon Ashkenazi Sponsoring Department: Department of Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Xiaoxu Ji

90

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Angel Martinez

Visual Translator Enhancement

Brett Hammond Grishma Dangol

Abstract

Website:

Features

In this population of growing foreign born citizens in US, there is not enough adequate resources that can be afford-

The images bellows shows the key features that the application offers, which makes us different from other application. Future features includes having a Flashcard option that will help our users to remember the names of different tools that they are want to know about.

The website gives you access to all the information you need to work with the visual translator application. The

ed by the people that come under working/middle class po-

visual translator website will provide the user, with up to

sition. Our goal is to help the working/middle class citizens

date information of what updates are going to take place. It

secure a common working position, as they have limited

will also have a contact form, where they can provide us

proficiency in English language. The Visual Translator En-

information with what changes would they like to see or any

hancement application is meant to eradicate this impedi-

problems that they are facing while using the application.

ment. This app will have the ability to translate common items applicable to different workplace environments in three different ways of translation that is through text, audio, and image in different languages. Apart from that, this app also contains a page for searching jobs as well as building a good resume. This application will help lower unemployment rates and increase the quality of life for non-native speakers. The app will be available in both Google play and App

Working Model

store. This application will not only help the people get familiarize with the terms that are necessary to perform their

We are in the launching stage of the application and have successfully integrated many of the key features that the app offers. The

daily task and have a better communication with there co-

flash card integration is still a work in progress. But, trying to find a job, building a resume, additional new languages, fire chat

workers. It will also help them to find jobs and build a proper

system are some of the new things you would get to see in the application. The progress that has been implemented and can be

resume to apply for them too.

viewed below. The pictures are presented in two different work environment that is Android and

This Application helps minority group, that haven’t got a proper opportunity to polish there skill in a more business oriented setting. Apart from that it also give them an opportunity to communicate properly at there workplace more easily. It provides the minority group of people to dream for a bigger and better opportunity and aim for jobs that gives them more benefits.

Figure 1: The image shows the Landing page on the application.

Title: Visual Translator Enhancement Abstract: In this population of growing foreign-born citizens in US, there is not enough adequate resources that can be afforded by the people that come under working and middle class position. Our goal is to help the working and middle class citizens secure a common working position, as they have limited proficiency in English language. The Visual Translator Enhancement application is meant to eradicate this impediment. This app will have the ability to translate common items applicable to different workplace environments in three different ways of translation that is through text, audio, and image in different languages. Apart from that, this app also contains a page for searching jobs as well as building a good resume. This application will help lower unemployment rates and increase the quality of life for non-native speakers.

Presenter(s): Angel Martinez, Brett Hammond, Grishma Dangol Sponsoring Department: Computer Science Project Mentor: Dr. Joshua Nwokeji

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

91

Walkability and Safety around Strong Vincent Middle School

Advisor: Chris Magno

Tyler Mattocks

magno001@gannon.edu

mattocks008@gannon.edu Abstract According to previous research, crime has a direct impact on the walkability and conditions of road in some cities in the United States. Using previous walkability data around the Strong Vincent Middle School collected by interns in Criminal Justice Program and the 2020 Erie crime data, the research examines the correlation between walkability and security in the neighborhood around Strong Vincent Middle School.

Map 3: Non-violent Offenses marked by geolocation around the school. Notice the large number of traffic complaints/abandoned vehicles in the geographic area.

Map 1: Map 1 shows the total number of crimes committed on each street around the school.

Map 4: Hotspot streets of total crime within a mile of campus.

Map 2: Violent Offenses marked by geolocation around the school. Notice the most frequent offense is assault followed by burglary in rank of occurence.

Map 4 Analysis As we can see in this map, there really is only one spot that has a high crime rate, and it is from 16th to 22nd streets between Cranberry Street and Plum St. This means that overall, the area directly around the school is pretty safe in terms of walkability. If students can avoid this location, their safety will improve.

Map 3 Analysis

Map 2 Analysis

Map 1 Analysis This map looks really involved at first, but it really is not.

There are a lot of blue streets which is a good thing, because blue means a low crime rate. Also, there is only one street that is red which is good because this street will be easier to be avoided. Strong Vincent is not surrounded by a lot of serious child involved crimes, but what we will see later is more non-violent traffic and property crimes.

When looking at map 2, there is not a high concentration of crimes directly around Strong Vincent. The most common crimes in the area are burglary and assault, which are serious, but is not the most serious when it comes to child safety. We do not have many child abuse, kidnapping, or hit and run cases in the area which does not impact the walkability as much. By looking at this map, I feel like it would be safe to say that there are safe routes to the school that would not be hard to navigate to.

Again, with this map, we do not see a large number of crimes in the direct blocks surrounding Strong Vincent Middle School. Crimes that would really affect the walkability in this map would be abandoned vehicles, traffic complaints, and public drunkenness. As shown in the map, There are a couple abandoned vehicles located around the school, and a couple traffic violations. These affect the walkability because parked cars can hide students from oncoming traffic, and speeding/not stopping at a light can be serious for students crossing. Because there are only a few of these crimes located here in all of 2020, I think that it is safe to say that they do not pose as

Conclusion After mapping this data, and analyzing it four different ways, I feel confident in saying that the walkability and crime has improved since it was looked at a couple years ago. The crime by street and the hot spot map showed there to be many cold streets that had very few crimes committed.

Recommendations I think that by looking at these two maps, a walkable route can be developed for the sixth through eighth graders that attend Strong Vincent Middle School.

These students and families deserve a safe route to the school, and I believe this can be accomplished by utilizing this data.

References and Data Source John I. Gilderbloom, William W. Riggs, Wesley L. Meares. “Does walkability matter? An examination of walkability’s impact on housing values, foreclosures and crime, cities.” Volume 42, Part A. 2015. Pp 13-24. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.08.001.

Data was collected from the Erie Police Department.

Title: Walkability and Safety around Strong Vincent Middle School Abstract: According to previous research, crime has a direct impact on the walkability and conditions of road in some cities in the United States. Using previous walkability data around the Strong Vincent Middle School collected by interns in Criminal Justice Program and the 2020 Erie crime data, the research examines the correlation between walkability and security in the neighborhood around Strong Vincent Middle School.

Presenter(s): Tyler Mattocks Sponsoring Department: Chemistry Project Mentor: Chris Magno

92

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Weakly Precedence–Constrained Traveleing Salesman Problem Camryn Grey

grey003@gannon.edu Abstract:

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-studied problem in graph theory. The traditional TSP requests the optimal route for visiting every node in a network. We examine a variation of the TSP, called the Weakly PrecedenceConstrained Traveling Salesman Problem (WPCTSP), in which one or more nodes possesses a “multiplier.” A multiplier of m scales by 1/m the weights of all edges traversed after it. We show that methods of solving the traditional TSP are ineffective for this variation, investigate optimal routes for these networks, and classify them accordingly. We present examples illustrating notable results and several applications.

Relationship to the TSP:

Solutions to the TSP are not generally solutions for the WPCTSP. Consider the example seen in Figure 3.

Arbitrarily Large Multiplier:

It is interesting to consider what happens when m is arbitrarily large. Notice that choosing m=∞ makes all edges visited subsequently have length 0 (see Figure 4).

In this case, the optimal route is the route that reaches the multiplier the fastest.

Optimal Route Preservation:

We now consider what would happen if we were to reverse a WPC graph—meaning, switching the initial and final nodes and changing the multiplier m to 1/m. An example of this can be seen in Figure 6.

Introduction:

A collection of nodes and edges come together to form a graph. This graph becomes a weighted graph when each edge is given a particular weight (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Example of a weighted graph

These weighted graphs are the subject of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The goal of the TSP is to determine the most optimal route of a weighted graph, traveling from the initial node to the final node and visiting each node in between. We consider a variation of the TSP, called the Weakly Precedence-Constrained Traveling Salesman Problem (WPCTSP), in which one or more nodes possesses a “multiplier”. Effectively, a multiplier m speeds up the travel time between subsequent nodes. An example of a WPC graph is seen in Figure 2.

Figure 3: a WPC graph family

When m=1, as it would in the TSP, both route ACBDE and route ADBCE are the fastest. When m>2, however, route ABCDE is always the fastest, which does not follow the solution to the TSP.

Figure 4: Example where m=∞

We can observe from this example that as m increases, reaching m sooner becomes more efficient.

Breakeven Values & Their Behavior:

When considering a family of WPC graphs, we noticed that one multiplier could have more than one optimal route, which we call a breakeven value. This brought about questions as to how these breakeven values behave. Here is a summary: (a) For a given natural number k, it is possible to have k routes tied for the same m

(b) It is possible for a graph family to have multiple breakeven values

(c) Three Option Lemma: given two routes of a WPC graph family, they either (i) tie for all m values

(ii) tie for exactly one value of m

(iii) never tie

(d) Given a positive real number m, it is possible to construct a graph where m is a breakeven value

Figure 2: Motivating example

We found that the optimal route in a WPC graph is dependent on the multiplier, which leads to a number of interesting questions and results.

Figure 5a: WPC graph family with 3 breakeven values

An example of (b) can be seen in Figures 5a & 5b. For this WPC graph family, there exists 3 “true” breakeven values– seen in the table for m=1.533333, 3.5, 5. We say that m=1 is not a true breakeven value for routes ACDBE & ADCBE since these routes tie forever, as suggested by the Three Option Lemma.

Figure 6: a WPC graph and its reverse graph

We can then prove that the reverse of the optimal route from the original WPC graph is the optimal route of the reverse graph. This result is noteworthy because it effectively eliminates “half” of the multipliers under investigation by building a connection between every possible multiplier and its reciprocal.

Conclusion:

Here are some questions that should be considered for further study of the WPCTSP: •

•

•

Figure 5b: Route lengths for various choices of m in Figure 3a

What is the maximum number of breakeven values a WPC family can possess?

How could the TSP algorithm be modified to fit the WPCTSP?

How does including more than one multiplier change the WPCTSP?

Title: Weakly Precedence-Constrained Traveling Salesman Problem Abstract: The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-studied problem in graph theory. The traditional TSP requests the optimal route for visiting every node in a network. We examine a variation of the TSP, called the Weakly Precedence-Constrained Traveling Salesman Problem (WPCTSP), in which one or more nodes possesses a multiplier. A multiplier of m scales by 1/m the weights of all edges traversed after it. We show that methods of solving the traditional TSP are ineffective for this variation, investigate optimal routes for these networks, and classify them accordingly. We present examples illustrating notable results and several applications.

Presenter(s): Camryn Grey Sponsoring Department: Mathematics Project Mentor: Richard Ligo

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

93

ERIE UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP PLATFORM PRESENTATION

94

Title: Factors Influencing COVID-19 Spread on a University Campus Setting: Insights from an Epidemiologic and Metagenomic Surveillance Analysis Abstract: COVID-19 has negatively impacted nearly every industry, and higher education is no exception. Gannon University was one of the first institutions to develop an in-house PCR COVID-19 testing program, allowing the university to continue many of its operations such as in-person classes and athletics. Our results of over 14,000 samples suggest individual practices, not institutional procedures, drive COVID-19 presence within campus populations. We also conducted nasal and fecal bacterial metagenomic and viral qPCR studies of COVID-19 infected individuals. These results reveal insights that can be used to develop risk aversion strategies that can be implemented at other institutions.

Presenter(s): Austin Hertel, Madison Heeter, Olivia Wirfel, Mara Bestram Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Steven Mauro

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

95

Title: Insect Diversity on Two Green Roofs on the Campus of Gannon University, Erie PA Abstract: This research presents the effectiveness of an urban green roofs and the quantity of different species of insects based upon newer and seasoned roofs as well as the possible progression of hierarchy food chain species. We conducted a series of traps using fly ribbon, both aerial as well as ground, to gain a thorough consensus of insect populations. These tests were conducted for a threeday period in the fall, August through October, and in the spring, March through May. From these observations we concluded what mammalian as well as avian species followed the insect population obtained. Through our experiment and results, we hope to find that urban green roofs prove that they have a positive effect on wide variety of species in the animalia kingdom.

Presenter(s): Skyler Sevacko, Nathan Maietta Sponsoring Department: Gannon University Biology Department Project Mentor: Dr. Steven Ropski

96

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

Title: Speciation of Chelerythrine, A Potentially Toxic Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid in Black Salve Alternative Medicine Products Abstract: Black salves are supplements that have been advertised as alternative treatments for skin ailments, most notably skin cancer. In reality, there is no scientific evidence for their effectiveness and they can cause serious side effects. This includes mild to severe skin irritation including large eschars that can result in permanent disfigurement. These products contain an array of plant extracts, most significantly from bloodroot, which is a rhizome of the Sanguinaria Canadensis plant. Bloodroot extracts include benzophenanthridine alkaloids, the most prevalent of which is sanguinarine. However, there are likely numerous other benzophenanthridine alkaloids present at varying concentrations including chelerythrine, the focus of this study. These alkaloids have been associated with side effects observed in subjects of other studies. Because such products are largely unregulated, the exact chemical compositions of black salves are unknown. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) is a technique that has been widely used to analyze benzophenanthridine alkaloids. An LC-MS method has been developed using selected ion monitoring (SIM) to identify and quantify chelerythrine in commercially available black salve products. Chelerythrine has been detected in extracts from each of the black salve products tested for this study. An external calibration has been developed to quantify chelerythrine at concentrations ranging from 1-50 parts per million. Continued analyses will quantify chelerythrine in each black salve extract. The analytical method also has potential to be modified to detect other benzophenanthridine alkaloids in black salve extracts.

Presenter(s): Nicole Wiemken, Lauren Sampson Sponsoring Department: Chemistry Department Project Mentor: Matthew Heerboth

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

97

Title: COVID-19 and Tuberculosis: Effects on Communities Worldwide Abstract: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has an extreme negative impact on the lives of people world-wide. During this COVID-19 pandemic, the already existing Tuberculosis (TB) pandemic remains quite neglected. There has been a consistent TB spread occurring that began much before COVID-19, and the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified and prolonged the underlying TB pandemic. Both COVID-19 and TB target the respiratory system, and if both infections are contracted simultaneously it creates a heightened likelihood of severe health concerns. This research focuses on the epidemiological background of both TB and COVID-19, their pathogenesis, coinfection, measures of prevention, diagnosis, and possible treatments of both infections.

Presenter(s): Taylor Roberts, Olivia Wirfel Sponsoring Department: Biology Project Mentor: Prasad Dalvi

98

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Undergraduate | Research & Scholarship

ERIE GRADUATE RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP POSTER PRESENTATION

99

Crime and Tourism: Do San Diego’s Beaches AtDr. Christopher N. Magno tract Crime As Much As Tourists?

GCRIM 509 Crime Mapping & Analysis

Patria Luwalhati D. Garcia

Fall 2020

San Diego, California is widely popular for its abundant beach culture, a location for extensive popular beaches such as La Jolla Cove and Ocean Beach.

This mapping research seeks to explore the possibility of San Diego’s array of beaches attracting, not only tourists, but also crimes. In addition, it looks at poverty as a possible enabler of crime in the city.

The above map shows the concentration of poverty rates in San Diego, CA. As evident from this map, high poverty incidences cover the southern neighborhoods such as San Ysidro (SD block near the Mexican border), Paradise Hills, and Bay Terraces (southern tip of SD’s northern segment).

The southern tip of San Diego’s northern segment houses the highest poverty rate and the most clustered neighborhoods of high poverty incidence. San Diego’s poverty rate has seen a decline in the past few years, but one of its most pressing social issues is the worsening income inequality, homelessness and lack of affordable housing for its citizens. Economic deprivation has consistently been linked to crime in numerous studies. According to Durkheim’s Anomie/Strain Theory, poverty encourages criminal acts in some individuals due to lack of the resources to achieve cultural goals such as proper education and employment.

Similar to the result of the crime map by census block, the crime hotspot map above, covering San Diego’s crimes from 2007 to 2013, reiterates the same areas of high crime incidents. These areas are the southern segment of San Diego nearing the Mexican border, the lower tip of the city’s northern segment (Logan Heights, Southcrest neighborhoods), and the beach neighborhood of Ocean Beach.

A number of factors can be used to explain this. High concentration of people merge in these areas, particularly in the Mexican border, and beach neighborhood which is also coincidentally where the airport is located. On the other hand, the lower tip of the city’s northern segment can be explained by its high poverty rate, hence the high number of crime rates as well.

Conclusion and Recommendation:

The pin map above shows the serious offenses committed in San Diego, CA from 2007 until 2013. Among the 8 identified serious offenses by the FBI, auto theft crime seems to be the most prevalent in any area in San Diego city. This can be explained by the lack of an efficient public transportation in the city, and people normally get around with a private vehicle, thus increasing possibility for this crime.

This is followed by burglary as the next most prevalent crime in the city. Crime, in general, seem to be occurring in all neighborhoods but are high in the southern neighborhoods (nearing the Mexican border).

In conclusion, crime incidences in San Diego, California, can be attributed to both the city’s poverty rate and the large number of people in certain areas such as the beach areas and the Mexican border. However, beaches being tourist destinations show a low probability of having a direct correlation with crime because of the low crime rates in other beach areas.

For example, La Jolla Beach which is a popular beach of the city has a low crime rate compared to Pacific Beach and Ocean Beach wherein a crime hotspot is identified. On the other hand, clear convergence of high crime rate and high poverty rate is apparent in the neighborhoods of Barrio Logan and Logan Heights.

Future researches can make use of other social factors such as unemployment rate, wide gap in income inequality, and areas where homelessness is high to explore the crime incidents in the city. In addition, latest data can also be used, or at least those converging on the same years across all data being mapped and analyzed.

The above map shows the crime incidents in San Diego, CA from 2007 to 2013 by census block. In this map, it is observable that the crime “blocks”, or the clusters where crime is highest, share the same locations with those having high poverty rates. This is particularly true of the neighborhoods in the southern tip of San Diego’s northern segment such as the Lincoln Park and Encanto neighborhoods.

In addition, high crime rates are also evident in the southern segment, the area directly connected to the Mexican border, as well as a portion of the northern San Diego where Ocean Beach and Pacific Beach neighborhoods are located.

Bibliography: Bras, M. (2015). Security And Tourism: Local Policies And Practices. Retrieved from: https:// www.safecommunitiesportugal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Tourism-Crime-Paper-by-MariaBras-Professor-University-of-the-Algarve2.pdf Wilkens, John. (2017). Looking Forward: 18 Key San Diego Issues in '18. San Diego Unite Tribune, Retrieved from: www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/sd-me-year-ender-20171231-story.html.

Center on Policy Initiatives. (2018). Poverty, Income and Earnings in the City of San Diego, 2018. Retrieved from: https://cpisandiego.org/city-of-san-diego-poverty-income-earnings/

Title: Crime and Tourism: Do San Diego’s Beaches Attract Crime As Much As Tourists?

Abstract: Using Geographic Information System (GIS), this research examines the relationship between crime, poverty, and tourism in San Diego, California which houses several beaches. Previous studies suggest positive significant impact of tourism on crimes against both property and person. My research concurs with this result. A high concentration of crime occurs where people merge such as the Mexican border and beach areas in San Diego, California as well as in areas where poverty is prevalent.

Presenter(s): Patria Garcia Sponsoring Department: College of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Project Mentor: Christopher Magno

100

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Current Level of Knowledge of Mental Health Professionals Regarding Occupational Therapy in Puerto Rico Faculty Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes Capstone Advisor: Dr. Danielle DiLuzio

Madeline Feneque, MA, OTR/L Post Professional Occupational Therapy Doctoral Program RESEARCH QUESTION What is the current level of knowledge of mental health professionals regarding occupational therapy in Puerto Rico?

FRAMEWORK GUIDING CAPSTONE Occupational Therapy Practice Framework Domain & Process, 4th Edition

SIGNIFICANCE TO THE FIELD

METHOD/PROCEDURES SETTING Outpatient clinics Correctional facilities

Psychiatric hospitals

Other

PARTICIPANTS Psychiatrists (n=6), Psychologists (n=32), Nurses (n=6), Social Workers (n=6), Counselors (n=2), Other (n=38) DATA COLLECTION SurveyMonkey online questionnaire of 66 statements divided into six categories (Five-point Likert Scale)

RESULTS QUANTITATIVE OUTCOMES What is your profession?

50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%

43.18%

36.36% 6.82%

4.55%

6.82% 2.27%

AOTA. (2020a).

BACKGROUND The role of the OT practitioners in the area of mental health is to assist patients in coping with the challenges of mental illness that could limit their performance in daily occupations (AOTA, 2020) Often times, OTs are confused with other health professionals such as mental health aides, physical therapists (PT), or recreational therapists (RT) Some professionals have an understanding of OT, others do not understand OTs distinct role and what they have to offer

Knowledge of other professionals about OT is necessary to assure better allocation of services (Darawsheh, 2018)

30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00%

Occupational therapy is a branch of physical therapy.

28.09% 26.97% 19.10% 12.36%

Strongly agree

13.48%

Agree

Neither agree nor disagree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

To practice occupational therapy the person needs at least a Bachelor’s degree in the profession.

45.45%

50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%

31.82% 6.82% Strongly agree

Agree

Neither agree nor disagree

11.36% Disagree

4.55% Strongly disagree

Occupational therapy services in mental health is a new area of practice.

28.09% 30.00% 23.60% 25.00% 21.35% 20.00% 15.73% 15.00% 11.24% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Strongly agree

Agree

Neither agree nor disagree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

QUALITATIVE OUTCOMES Emerging themes from survey comments 28.5%

14.3%

14.3%

42.9%

OT Promotion/information

Importance of OT

Limited number of OTs

Professional Collaboration

Fourteen of 89 participants provided comments regarding their experience with OT  28.5% considered OT a vital member of the team  14.3% believed more information about OT services is needed  42.9% recognized OT benefits to clients' quality of life  14.3% said there are not enough OTs in PR

 Decrease role confusion among other healthcare professionals  Awareness and promotion of OT services  First study of this kind in Puerto Rico

IMPLICATIONS TO THE FIELD  First step to become recognized as mental health provider under PR mental health law  Increasing referrals to OT services  Promotion of the role of OT in the area of mental health

SUMMARY  113 participants initiated the survey, eighty-nine participants completed the questionnaire.  Emerging themes from survey comments resulted in importance of OT, limited number of OT practitioners, professional collaboration, OT promotion/information  Data revealed that while many participants understand OT in general, knowledge specific to OT services in mental health, differences between OT and PT, OT education requirements, OT professional scope of practice, and the profession's roots in mental health were lower.

REFERENCES AOTA. (2020a). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (4th ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(Suppl. 2), 7412410010. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001 Darawsheh, W. B. (2018). Awareness and knowledge about occupational therapy in Jordan. Occupational Therapy International, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2493584 Swarbrick, M., & Noyes, S. (2018). Effectiveness of occupational therapy services in mental health practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(5). https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2018.725001

Title: Current Level of Knowledge of Mental Health Professionals Regarding Occupational Therapy in Puerto Rico Abstract: Occupational therapy (OT) has existed for more than 100 years. However, knowledge about OTs role by other mental health professionals in Puerto Rico may be limited, causing a barrier to OT access. Psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, and counselors who work in Puerto Rican mental health services completed a questionnaire regarding their understanding of occupational therapy. Data revealed that while many understand OT in general, knowledge specific to OT services in mental health, differences between OT and PT, OT education requirements, OT professional scope of practice, and the profession’s roots in mental health were lower.

Presenter(s): Madeline Feneque Sponsoring Department: Occupational Therapy Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

101

Design of Wireless Sensor Network for Tomographic Imaging Keerthi Katharaki Hatti, Balaji Sekar, Tenger Batjargal.

Gannon University— Electrical and Computer Engineering

Abstract

Dr. Ramakrishnan Sundaram

RSS value Reading

Radio frequency-based wireless sensor networks have been used as surveillance systems to detect and track objects.

• Comprises the sensor node and communication of radio frequency signal.

• Change in signal strength used to detect and localize the object within network.

• Collects the received signal strength and the graphical user interface for the analysis of signal.

Conclusion Figure 1 RTI-WSN set up model

RTI-WSN

detect

object

localize the object.

obtained

Working of RTI-WSN • Nodes

Faculty Advisor:

from

and

The data

Radio

signal

strength will be used to from the

connected to Local Area Network via router.

• Uses device-free localization to identify the target/ object.

• Encompass transmitted and received signal from sensor node.

• RF value changes as the object changes with respect to position and entities.

• RSS values are used to form the respected object image.

Operation of RTI-WSN 1. Network calibration

image of the object present in 2. Network with stationary obstruction

the network. This technology help to identify the potential threats during optical obstruction which will increase the security.

3. Network with non-stationary (moving) obstruction

Title: Design of Wireless Sensor Network for Tomographic Imaging Abstract: Radio frequency-based wireless sensor networks have been used as surveillance systems to detect and track objects. The setup of the network comprises the configuration of sensor nodes and communication of radio frequency signals between these nodes.

The change in the signal strength received by each node is used to detect and localize the object within the space of the network. This project comprises the design of the network, the command center to operate the nodes in the network, the platform for the collection of the received signal strengths, and the graphical user interface for the analysis of the signals.

Presenter(s): Keerthi Hatti, Balaji Sekar, Tenger Batjargal Sponsoring Department: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Project Mentor: Ramakrishnan Sundaram

102

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Development and Implementation of a Fieldwork Seminar Course: Outcome on Student Perceptions of Professional Behaviors

Capstone Project Objectives

Theory Supporting Capstone Project

Past Experiences

Andragogy

Readiness to Learn

Setting Gannon University, Erie, PA Campus • Private, co-ed Catholic Institution • Morosky College of Health Professions • School of Rehabilitative Sciences • Third Year, Master of Science in Occupational Therapy Students

•

1 = never

•

2=rarely

•

3= occasionally

•

4=frequently

•

5=always

August 2020 Pre-Test administered second class of semester

November 2020 Post-Test Adminstered

• Little formal instruction about the fieldwork process existed in this university’s current curriculum • New Accreditation Council in Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE, 2018) standards mandate that programs must routinely evaluate and provide feedback to students regarding their professional behaviors.

• Hackenberg &Toth-Cohen (2018) concluded that poor professional behaviors are cited as the most common reason for fieldwork failure in the occupational therapy profession.

• The development of appropriate professional behaviors should be considered one of the crucial learning outcomes for students in occupational therapy and other allied health professions (Bossers, et al., (Bossers et al.,1999; RandolphSmith, 2003; Robinson et al., 2012).

May provide institutions way to foster necessary professional behaviors for fieldwork experiences and entry-level practice Could foster behavior changes that result in more positive fieldwork outcomes Addresses ACOTE Standard A.3.5.

Limitations

• Difficult to generalize and address professionalism and professional behaviors, in a one semester, one credit seminar • The course was developed under time constraints secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic • Students may have been provided informal instruction regarding professional behavior expectations • The outcome measure had no proven psychometric properties and may have lacked sensitivity

December 2020 De-identified matched data obtained

February 2021 Data Analyzed

Background Fieldwork Experiences are an integral component of occupational therapy (OT) education. Despite the significance of fieldwork experiences in the curriculum, the following concerns supported the development of this fieldwork seminar course:

Curricular model for OT programs

Pre-Test/Post-Test Data

July 2020 Students contacted to participate in research associated with Fieldwork Seminar Course

Implications for OT

Professional Behavior Attributes were organized into seven subscales as seen in pre-test/post-test data

Intrinsic Motivation

Methods/Procedures

Spring/Summer 2020 IRB and Academic Affairs Approval received

church012@gannon.edu Capstone Advisor: Dr. Michael Urban Faculty Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes

33 statement survey using a 5-point Likert scale to rank professional behavior attributes

Application of Learning

• Evaluate reported improvements in student perceptions of professional behavior attributes following the completion of a newly developed Fieldwork Seminar course

Post Professional Occupational Therapy Doctorate Program

Self-Assessment of Professional Behaviors Survey

SelfDirected Learning

• Develop and implement an evidence-based Fieldwork Seminar course

Lindsay Church, MS, OTR/L

Fieldwork Seminar Course

Results

One Semester, One credit course with weekly 55-minute lectures

Researcher-faculty member benefits: Benefits of development and implementation of the fieldwork seminar course • Dedicated time in the curriculum for student instruction regarding the fieldwork process • Experienced gained in curriculum development • An evidence-based course that focuses on the development of students’ professional behaviors Student Benefits Though there were changes from pre-test to post-test for students’ perceptions of their professional behaviors, results did not reach statistical significance (p=.15) • Students learned about the program’s professional behavior expectations in preparation for fieldwork experiences • Students were provided formal instruction in the curriculum regarding OT practice areas and the fieldwork process

Future Research and Recommendations

Course

• Increase course content to provide further education regarding professional behavior education • Delivery of course in an all in-person format

Outcome Measure

• Addition of a qualitative component to outcome measure • Use of an outcome measure with strong psychometric properties

Title: Development and Implementation of a Fieldwork Seminar Course: Outcome on Student Perceptions of Professional Behaviors Abstract: Positive professional behaviors are expected from the onset of occupational therapy fieldwork experiences, however, formal professional behavior education is not provided in the curriculum. This pre-test and post-test study evaluated if delivery of professional behavior education included in a newly developed fieldwork seminar course improved students’ perceptions of professional behavior attributes. Though improvements occurred, paired t-tests for the total group survey and seven subscale survey scores did not demonstrate statistically significant differences (p >.05) in students’ perceptions of their professional behaviors. Selection of a more sensitive outcome tool and an increase in professional behavior education within the course content is recommended.

Presenter(s): Lindsay Church Sponsoring Department: Post Professional Occupational Therapy Doctorate Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

103

Development of an Online Continuing Education Module to Promote Financial Management Competency among Occupational Therapists Dorothy R. Porcello, MSOT, OTR/L porcello001@gannon.edu Advisor: Michele J Karnes, Ed. D., MS, OTR

Post-Professional Occupational Therapy Doctoral Program

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

1 '*+ ) .. .. /# !! /$1 ) .. *! ) *)'$) !$) ) $ ' ( ) " ( )/ җ Ҙ *0-. !*- * 0+ /$*) ' /# - +4 җ Ҙ +- /$/$*) -. /* $) - .

2 - ) .. ) &)*2' " !*- - ..$)" *((*) !$) ) $ ' $..0 . ) *0)/ - 4 '$ )/.ѵ

1. IRB Approval 2. Development of two evidence-based FM modules 1. Financial Management as an Instrumental Activity of Daily Living 2. Foundational Financial Management Assessment and Intervention Tools for Occupational Therapists 3. Snowball sampling (email and social media) 4. 6-week availability for course engagement 5. Pretest, posttest, one-month follow-up 1. Same 10 Knowledge questions were asked at pre, post and followup 2. Qualitative feedback regarding experiences with implementing into clinical practice 6. Data collected and analyzed (paired samples t-test and ANOVA)

BACKGROUND ➢ !$ $/. *-- ' / ./-*)"'4 2$/# '*.. *! * 0+ /$*) ' )" " ( )/ѵ ➢ . $)/ - / 2$/# +*+0' /$*). / -$.& *! # '' )" .Ѹ #*2 1 -Ѷ *!/ ) ' & &)*2' " ѵ

PARTICIPANT AGE CATEGORIES 20-29

30-39 8%

40-49

50-59

3%3%

QUANTITATIVE RESULTS Results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to Test the Change in Financial Management Knowledge Across Pretest, Posttest, and One-Month Follow-up

Df

P-value

F crit

Module 1

28

0.019*

1.678

Module 2

28

0.00022***

1.678

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p <.001

Participant Practice Experience

60-69 11+ years

QUALITATIVE RESULTS Qualitative feedback on was overall positive, with participants indicating an impact on both personal and clinical financial management skills.

Participant Comment: “I cannot think of one topic that was not helpful. All of this information is foundational and builds confidence in my financial literacy.”

8-10 years 31%

55%

IMPLICATIONS FOR OT

4-7 years

➢ Promote more comprehensive discussion of FM across profession.

1-3 years OT… 0

5

10

15

20

PARTICIPANTS

Module 1: n = 36 Module 2: n = 33 One-month: n = 29

➢ Consideration for introductory FM course as part of OT curricula. ➢ Development of clinical tools for assessment and client education.

Title: Development of an Online Continuing Education Module to Promote Financial Management Competency among Occupational Therapists Abstract: Financial management (FM) deficits correlate strongly with a loss of occupational engagement. Occupational therapists (OTs) often interact with populations at risk of FM challenges; however, they have minimal involvement due to lack of knowledge. An online continuing education course for OTs was created to educate on FM and evaluate learning and applicability. A repeated-measures, mixed-methods study was conducted. Results revealed significant short-term knowledge gains and retention across a one-month period.

Qualitative feedback indicated relevant use of FM principles across participants.

Presenter(s): Dorothy Porcello Sponsoring Department: Occupational Therapy - Post Professional Doctorate Project Mentor: Michelle Karnes

104

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Generational Communication Preferences in Occupational Therapy Education and Practice Courtney Lancia, MS, OTR/L lancia001@gannon.edu METHODS & PROCEDURES

THE RESEARCH QUESTION

STUDY PARTICIPANTS

Faculty & Capstone Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes, Ed.D., MS, OTR Post-Professional Occupational Therapy Doctoral Program

DISCUSSION/IMPLICATIONS • Effectiveness of certain modes of communication (specifically, video conferencing) perceived differently by different generations.

• Mode of communication influences professional presentation, which may lead to difficulty assessing professionalism fairly or accurately.

• Feedback important to all generations but preferred style of feedback may vary across generations.

• General desire across generations for: directness, specificity, honesty, and the ability to interact or discuss with those providing feedback.

BACKGROUND & PROBLEM

• Clarifying communication preferences may prevent misunderstandings.

RESULTS Quantitative Findings

• OT students, educators, and practitioners should consider the nature and goals of communication to determine the most effective method, regardless of age or generation.

A Single Factor ANOVA determined statistically significant differences between generations in seven survey questions:

• Moral and ethical duty on the part of OT students, educators, and practitioners to adapt to one another and to clients to ensure quality education and care.

I feel that video conferencing (Zoom, Skype, other) is an effective mode of communication.

SS 5.421606

df 3

MS F P-value F crit 1.807202 3.050988 0.028403 2.625554

• Not perpetuating or interacting based on generational assumptions or stereotypes serves to improve understanding in all settings.

An important aspect of communication is hearing/considering the thoughts and opinions of others.

SS 2.46458

df

MS F P-value F crit 3 0.821527 3.333865 0.019445 2.625554

I believe that certain modes of communication (e.g., face-to-face, phone, email, or text) have an influence on one’s professional presentation.

THEORETICAL BASE

SS 5.366609

df

3

MS F P-value F crit 1.78887 2.695391 0.045589 2.625602

RATING SCALE RESULTS

FUTURE RESEARCH

I prefer indirect feedback that facilitates problem-solving and selfdirected learning.

SS 19.19551

df

MS F P-value F crit 3 6.398505 6.481861 0.000268 2.625602

I value frequent feedback, regardless of the mode in which it is communicated to me.

SS 12.74632

df

MS F P-value F crit 3 4.248775 6.255322 0.000366 2.625651

I value the ability to provide feedback to others.

SS 3.206904

df

MS F P-value F crit 3 1.068968 2.682362 0.046389 2.625699

I prefer to give or receive constructive criticism over positive feedback as a means to improve schoolwork and/or clinical skills.

SS 7.483253

df

MS F P-value F crit 3 2.494418 2.625643 0.049997 2.625602

Title: Generational Communication Preferences in Occupational Therapy Education and Practice Abstract: Multiple generations comprise today’s occupational therapy (OT) practitioners, educators, and the clients with whom they interact. Variations in communication preferences may create misunderstandings. Four hundred thirty-seven participants completed a 25-item, mixed-methods survey to identify communication and feedback preferences across four generations of OT students, practitioners, and faculty. While generational differences in communication preferences exist, qualitative results suggest that most misunderstandings occur due to mode and style of communication, rather than age or generation. Increased awareness of generational similarities in communication preferences can diminish unfavorable assumptions and stereotypes and possibly improve OT education and practice.

Presenter(s): Courtney Lancia Sponsoring Department: Post-Professional Occupational Therapy Doctorate Program Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

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105

INITIAL EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY REINTEGRATION PROGRAM INCLUDING PARTICIPANTS’ VOICES Research Questions

➢ What are the participants’ perspectives on the contributing factors to the success of a program to promote community reintegration? ➢ Sub-question: Which occupations are perceived by participants as most challenging and most important during community reintegration?

Background

➢ Out of the approximate 405,000 state prisoners released in 2005 in 30 states 76.6% were rearrested within 5 years of release (Durose et al, 2014, p. 1).

High recidivism rates highlight the lack of proper community reintegration.

➢ Community reintegration: “a process of transitioning from incarceration to the community, adjusting to life outside of prison or jail, and attempting to maintain a crime-free lifestyle” (Davis et al., 2012, p. 448).

Research Design

➢ This was a descriptive, crossed-sectional, mixed methods study. ➢ A program evaluation was completed to determine the effectiveness of a faith-based community reintegration program that provides transitional hou sing for recently incarcerated individuals. ➢ Participants: 9 members of a community reintegration program

Emily Coffman, Natalie Crooks, Samantha Gaffney, Natalie Miller, Laura Schneider Christine Linkie, PhD, OTR/L

Methods

Discussion

➢ All data were collected via Zoom. ➢ Quantitative o Occupational Self Assessment (OSA): clients’ perception of their performance and the value of various occupations o Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlations of demographic data and OSA scores ➢ Qualitative: Phenomenological o Individual interviews and OSA follow- up questions • Audio recorded and transcribed o Data Analysis: Open, cross, and axial thematic coding

➢ Factors that promote successful community reintegration ❖ Participating in a reintegration program, access to housing, spiritual support, life-skills support, and physical and mental health. ➢ Challenging and important occupations ❖ Employment, social participation, financial management, ADLs and IADLs, meal preparation, and grocery shopping.

Research Results

Qualitative Themes

Quote Examples

"I have exponentially more support and encouragement than I would if I weren’t in the program" “... it's ...helped me... rebuild my life.”

"It’s assisted me on following through…with those life skills..."

"They’re helping a lot I have employment . . . just in a few Employment years . . . I’ve gotten a full-time job."

Meaningful Activities "And I always have something that I can do ..."

Community and Social Interactions "If you're not sociable...you're going to be more... disconnected from everybody else..."

Experience of Reintegration “the attitude of some of the people are really discriminatory." ❖ Barriers & Housing Personal Growth "I’m grateful that it’s forced me to take a look at myself . . . " Program Development "I would offer a more … one-on-one time with somebody …"

Support

Spirituality Life Skills

Quantitative Variables

Years in program & basic needs Years in program & people who support and encourage me Place to live and take care of myself & work level Work level & financial management Work level & being involved in a role People to do things with & years in program Age & expressing myself to others Taking care of the place I live & years incarcerated Note: Spearman’s correlations. *p < .05 indicates significance.

Selected Correlations rs = .66, p = .055 rs = .83**, p = .006

rs = -.83**, p = .005

rs = -.74*, p = .024 rs = -.61, p = .078 rs = .67*, p = .050 rs = .67*, p = .048 rs = .62, p = .076

➢ Positive and negative correlations between demographic information and OSA scores suggest that the reintegration program has aided participants in terms of employment, support, responsibility, home management selfcare skills, and social interactions.

Implications & Conclusion

➢ Occupational therapists can focus on occupational engagement and building an occupational identity, habits, role, and important skills that are necessary for successful community reintegration. ➢ Using the participants' perspectives allows programs to understand what is helpful during the reintegration process and can lead to the development of a more successful program. ➢ Along with looking at outcome indicators, such as recidivism, it is beneficial to work with the client to develop meaningful roles and skills that will allow them to successfully reintegrate into the community. ➢ Participants believe the program is successful with promoting community reintegration. ➢ Having community programs such as the program evaluated in this study, can play a major role in the process of successful reintegration.

Title: Initial Evaluation of a Community Reintegration Program Including Participants’ Voices Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide a strengths-based program evaluation of a community-based reintegration program for individuals recently released from incarceration. Participants of this study were members of the program. Qualitative methods (interviews) and quantitative methods (Occupational Self-Assessment) were used to understand the strengths of the program and challenges that could be targeted for program development. Factors for success of the program included support, housing, and mental and physical health. Meaningful and challenging occupations included employment, social participation, and various life skills. In conclusion, using the participants’ perspectives can lead to the development of a more successful program.

Presenter(s): Natalie Crooks, Emily Coffman, Samantha Gaffney, Natalie Miller, Laura Schneider Sponsoring Department: Occupational Therapy Department Project Mentor: Christine Linkie

106

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Object Detection Balaji Sekar

Faculty Advisor

Gannon University— Electrical and Computer Engineering

Dr. Ramakrishnan Sundaram

Abstract

Raspberry Pi Object Detection System

The aim of this project is to utilize the com-

Conclusion Raspberry Pi is a low cost, portable compu-

puting power of the low-cost computer

ting device and its computing power keep

(Raspberry Pi) and real time video analy-

improving for every version release. Im-

sis python libraries to detect and track the

provement in Raspberry Pi and improve-

movement of objects in real time.

ment in Python computer vision libraries,

When a computer / mobile is connected to

enables lot of industrial and home improve-

the same network as the Raspberry Pi ,

ment project opportunities.

video feed is streamed in real-time on the

This system can be enhanced to use in

web browser. 

Raspberry Pi

Figure 1: Raspberry Pi Object Detection system



Raspberry Pi is connected to the camera 

module to capture the live video and it is

Class room attendance system Home security system Vehicle detection and speed estimation

Applications

optimized to run computer vision python li-

This system can be used at Gannon Uni-

braries for object detection.

versity - Department of Electrical and Com-

Open CV

puter Science to offer basic understanding

Raspberry pi-optimized Open CV Comput-

and practical experience on Raspberry Pi

er vision library and Caffe deep learning li-

based computer vision, real time image

brary is used for the face detection.

processing, object detection and recogni-

Tiny YOLOv3

tion projects to undergraduate and gradu-

Raspberry pi-optimized tiny YOLOv3 object detection algorithm is used to detect

Figure 2: Face detection using Raspberry Pi and OpenCV

Figure 3: Object Detection using Raspberry pi and YOLOv3

ate students.

different objects.

Title: Object Detection Abstract: The aim of this project is to utilize the computing power of the low-cost computer (Raspberry Pi) to configure the system to detect and track the movement of objects in real time. The Raspberry Pi is optimized to run computer vision modules for object detection. When a computer is connected to the same network as the Raspberry Pi, the video feed is streamed in real-time on the web browser. This system can be enhanced for use in monitoring classroom activity, building security, vehicle detection and speed estimation. The main advantages of the design are low-cost and flexibility of operation.

Presenter(s): Balaji Sekar Sponsoring Department: Department of Electrical and Computer Science Project Mentor: Ramakrishnan Sundaram

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

107

Pain Management and Occupational Therapy Curriculum

Alyson Pasquale, MS OTR/L Post-Professional OTD student pasquale004@gannon.edu

Faculty Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes, Ed.D. OTR Capstone Advisor: Dr. Kathleen Yancosek, PhD, OTR/L RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The objective of the project was to develop and assess the effectiveness of a pain management course for OT students in order to increase knowledge in: • pain & pain management • assessments • intervention tools

RESULTS

COURSE OUTLINE #1 Introduction to Pain #2 Pain: Psychological, Environment, Lifespan Considerations, Conditions #3 Pain Assessment #4 Pain Intervention

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION Andragogy: 5 pillars of learning was used to support the research design 1. Developed student self concept 2. Experiences add to knowledge 3. Readiness to learn 4. Shift to purposeful learning 5. Internal motivation

Improved Scores in Percentages Module 1: 18.9% Module 2: 7.8 % Module 3: 25.6 % Module 4: 7.9%

DATA ANALYSIS

PARTICIPANTS/SETTING • 15 graduated OT students • Online asynchronous course • Sakai learning management system 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

METHODS

Syllabus and Schedule Development Development of Pain Management Course Set up Pre-Post Test survey Course Evaluation IRB Approval Course Delivery

DISCUSSION

Pre to Post test Results: • Knowledge increased as a result of the educational intervention Course Evaluation Results: • Support the need for inclusion/expansion of pain content in all entry-level OT curricula

Title: Pain Management and Occupational Therapy Curriculum Abstract: Occupational therapists (OTs) can assess and treat clients with pain, however, knowledge may be lacking as this is typically not a focused in entry-level OT education. Four pain management modules for OT graduate students were developed, offered, and evaluated. Fifteen graduate OT students completed the online modules, a pre- and post-test for each module, and a course evaluation.

Results showed an increase in post-module scores, however, only a statistically significant change.

Presenter(s): Alyson Pasquale Sponsoring Department: Post Professional Occupational Therapy Department Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

108

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Perceived Facilitators and Barriers to Supervising OTA Fieldwork Students Carrie Griffiths MS, OTR/L griffith021@gannon.edu

QUANTITATIVE RESULTS

RESEARCH QUESTION What are the five primary factors that influence an occupational therapy practitioners’ willingness to supervise Level I and Level II therapy assistant (OTA) students in Pennsylvania?

CONCEPTUAL MODEL •

Person-Environment-Occupational (PEO) model The model analyzes people involved in their occupations with consideration of the environment in which they work.

Law, M., Cooper, B. A., Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P., & Letts, L. (1996). The personenvironment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance.

Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841749606300103

BACKGROUND • Critical fieldwork shortage in Pennsylvania (PA).

• PA is the third most saturated state for OT and OTA educational programs.

• The growth of programs has created an increased need for fieldwork placements.

• The number of fieldwork educators does not appear to be meeting the growing demand.

(Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education.. (2020). School directory. https://acoteonline.org/schools/)

PARTICIPANTS • Currently licensed in PA as an Occupational Therapist and/or Occupational Therapy Assistant.

• Must be employed in any clinical position in PA. Participants’ professional credential

n= 116

OT OTA

21.98%

Faculty Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes Capstone Advisor: Dr. Kathleen Weissberg Post-Professional Occupational Therapy Program

QUALITATIVE RESULTS Open-ended questions revealed the following regarding accepting OTA fieldwork students: Benefits: • Enhancing practitioner skills • Added value of student work to practice • Engagement in the development of future practitioners Barriers: • Personal barriers • Institutional barriers • Lack of communication and clear guidelines from the academic program Other reasons: • Financial compensation • Merchandise/tangible goods

DISCUSSION Results of this project may help to assist Academic Fieldwork Coordinators and fieldwork educators in: • Identifying practitioners' needs • Minimizing the barriers • Maximizing desired incentives to address the shortage of fieldwork educators.

• Gaining more practitioners who will serve as fieldwork educators • Reduce the frequency of requests for student supervision • Decrease the strain on Academic Fieldwork Coordinators to secure clinical placements

SIGNIFICANCE TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Strengthen the future of the profession • Ensure OT/OTA students have appropriate fieldwork opportunities

78.02%

OUTCOME MEASURE

Stakeholders • Understand trends and challenges in fieldwork • Strategies for securing fieldwork sites • Recruitment/retainment of fieldwork educators • Meaningful incentives

Online survey via SurveyMonkey • 23 questions • Fixed responses • Multiple choice • Open-ended questions

Title: Perceived Facilitators and Barriers to Supervising OTA Fieldwork Students Abstract: There is currently a critical fieldwork shortage for occupational therapy students in Pennsylvania, specifically for Level I and II occupational therapy assistant (OTA) experiences. One hundred sixteen therapists completed a 23-item, mixed-methods survey, which revealed perceived facilitators, barriers, and incentives to supervising OTA fieldwork students. The findings suggest that facilitators include enhancing one’s skills and professional development, while barriers indicated lack of time and ability to fulfill other role expectations. Identifying practitioners’ needs, minimizing the barriers, and maximizing desired incentives will help all stakeholders find innovative ways to address the shortage of fieldwork educators.

Presenter(s): Carrie Griffiths Sponsoring Department: ppOTD Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

109

Perceived Occupational Therapy Assistant Student Stress During Hybrid Learning

Janine Ricketts MS OTR/L ricketts003@gannon.edu

Post Professional Occupational Therapy Program Capstone Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes

Title: Perceived Occupational Therapy Assistant Student Stress During Hybrid Learning Abstract: As occupational therapy assistant students navigate hybrid learning, stress levels are often affected. This study surveyed perceived stress levels, sources of stress, and how the benefits and challenges of hybrid learning affected stress during one academic semester. Findings revealed that students reported average weekly stress levels above 4.0 on a 5-point Likert scale. The primary source of stress was academic, but technology, relationships, caregiving, and other non-specific sources were identified. Schedule flexibility, decreased travel time, and learning environments were identified as benefits to hybrid learning, while challenges included feelings of social isolation, technology, course organization, and difficulty with self-directed learning.

Presenter(s): Janine Ricketts Sponsoring Department: Post Professional Occupational Therapy Doctorate Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

110

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Pre-requisite Skills and Structured Programs to Support Early Educators’ Handwriting Instruction

Catherine Carlton, MS, OTR/L carlton002@gannon.edu Faculty Advisor: Dr. Michele Karnes Capstone Advisor: Dr. Mary Iwanenko

Post Professional Occupational Therapy Doctoral Program Setting

PIO Questions Following an occupational therapist-led education seminar will teachers report: 1. Increased knowledge about OT’s role in handwriting instruction.

2. Intent to apply the new knowledge regarding prerequisite skills needed for handwriting instruction and structured handwriting programs in their classroom.

3. Intent to consult with school-based OT regarding handwriting.

Background • • • •

Handwriting is a principal “occupation”/activity necessary for participation in school and many lifelong activities.

Handwriting instruction starts with teaching the prerequisite skills and beginning letter writing in preschool. Then students receive more formal handwriting instruction in the beginning of elementary school.

Children who have illegible handwriting are often referred for a school-based OT evaluation.

The role of a school-based OT is to foster growth in specific motor and daily living skills and to incorporate accommodations into the classroom so that a child can participate in the educational setting

Discussion •

• One church-based preschool in a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia

• • •

Participants • Twelve preschool teachers for children 16 months to 5 years old Format • Forty-five minutes oral presentation and hands-on learning during Teachers’ Continuing Education Day

Supporting Theories

Procedures

Convenience sampling at one church-based preschool A small sample size No follow-up to determine whether participants used the information learned to make changes to their handwriting instruction or if they sought out OT for consultation.

Significance to OT

Subject Recruitment: In-person explanation of study and participants signed informed consent

Pre-writing and handwriting continuing education provided to all teachers

• Study supports that OTs should provide teacher in-services to increase teachers’ knowledge of prewriting skills and handwriting instruction.

• OT led seminars increase teacher’s awareness of OT’s role in the school setting and may foster more collaboration with OT. • OT collaboration with teachers in handwriting instruction may reduce unnecessary OT evaluation referrals.

Future Research

Zones of Proximal Development Fitts and Posner’s Three Stages of Motor Learning

• •

Post Education: Online Anonymous 11 questions Post-Test for data analysis

Survey Results PIO Question:

Fitts, P., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Learning and skilled performance in human performance.

Brooks/Cole.

McLeod, S. A. (2018, Aug 5). Lev Vygotsky. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html

Limitations • • •

Gained approval from IRB and Preschool Administration

AOTA. (2019). Handwriting [Online forum]. Retrieved from https://www.aota.org/AboutOccupational-Therapy/Patients-Clients/ChildrenAndYouth/Schools/Handwriting.aspx Hammerschmidt, S. L., & Sudsawad, P. (2004). Teacher’s survey on problems with handwriting: Referral, evaluation, and outcomes. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, 185-192.

• •

91.67% of teachers intended to apply the new knowledge gained.

91.67% of teachers had a better understanding of OT’s role.

83.34.% planned to consult with school-based OT more often. **Some teachers were not working with children of letter formation age, thus may have provided "disagree" ratings for Q 2.

Strongly Agree

Agree

Disagree

1.Increased teacher knowledge

75%

16.67%

0%

2.Intent to apply the new knowledge

75%

16.67%

18.33%

3.Intent to consult with school-based OT

41.67%

41.67%

Studies on a much larger scale, such as an entire school district,.

Include a follow-up survey a few weeks after the seminar to determine if teachers used the new knowledge and consulted with OT.

0%

Title: Pre-Requisite Skills and Structured Programs to Support Early Educators’ Handwriting Instruction Abstract: The purpose of this capstone project was to develop a handwriting seminar for early educators. The seminar explained prerequisite skills for handwriting, provided examples of structured handwriting programs and tools to help teach handwriting, and encouraged collaboration with OT for additional resources. The seminar was presented to teachers at one church preschool in the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. Twelve participants completed the survey that measured the participants’ intent to apply the new knowledge gained from the seminar and their intent to consult school-based OT regarding handwriting. Results revealed approximately 92% would apply the new knowledge and 83% would consult OT. Presenter(s): Catherine Carlton Sponsoring Department: PPOTD Project Mentor: Michele Karnes

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

111

Simulated Hypother mic Treatment Testing Using Ansys Andrew Fair, Dr. Saeed Tiari Biomedical Engineering Program Introduction Ischemic events are caused by blockages of blood flow to major organs. The brain is the most vulnerable organ during an ischemic events. The events cause two energy phase failures in which hypotension, hypoxia, hyperglycemia, and hypothermia[1] The second energy phase failure can occur in the first few hours after the event and in this energy phase failure the metabolic activities that damage the cellular tissue of the brain[1]. Hypothermic treatments are used to decrease the core temperature to between 32°C and 36°C. This allows the body to decrease the cellular damage to the brain caused by the energy phase failures. Common hypothermic treatments involve a cooling mattress or an intravenous catheter. In this study a model of the brain and surrounding tissue was created using ANSYS and a cooling mattress was implemented .

Figure 1: CT scan of healthy brain versus brain after ischemic event [2].

Methods The dimensions utilized in the creation of the model were taken from the article. The thermoregulatory characteristics of the specific tissues for the model were also taken from the article. The model is 3D and depicts the top of the head. The model contains 4 different bodies which are the brain, cerebral spinal fluid, skull/bone, and skin. The model is three dimensional and contains over 11,000 mesh elements. Below the model of the skull a cooling mattress is also modeled. The air temperature is 20°C with a convective heat transfer rate of 7 W/m2 . °C. The air temperature was constant through the simulation providing cooling from the top of the model. The cooling mattress in the simulation is set too 10°C with a convective heat transfer rate of 10 W/m2 . °C. The cooling mattress is utilized for the first two hours to rapidly cool the brain. The simulation is set to run for the two hours to test effectiveness of the decreased room temperature and cooling mattress combination. The head model can be seen in figure 2 the brain is at the center followed by the cerebrospinal fluid, skull, and skin. The mattress can be seen modeled in figure 3.

Table 1: The thermoregulatory characteristics of the tissues used in the simulation and model [1].

Tissue

Thermal

Density

Specific Heat

Conductivity

(kg/m3)

(J/kg.°C)

(W/m2.°C)

Aim The study conducted is based off of the article and study “A thermoregulation model for whole body cooling hypothermia.” The purpose of this study is to simulate cooling of the brain using a cooling mattress at a faster speed to decrease the cellular damage done to the brain. The most crucial time to provide hypothermic treatment is within the first few hours after an ischemic event. So colling the brain to between 32°C and 36°C quickly is very important.

Skin

.2

877

2727

Cerebrospinal Fluid Bones

.57

1007

380

1.16

1300

1590

Brain

.53

1360

2450

Figure 2: A cross section of the model showing the different tissues and the mesh generated in ANSYS.

Figure 4: This is a temperature map showing the various temperatures during the simulation for all 4 tissues.

Results The simulations successfully decreased the temperature of the brain to the desired hypothermic temperatures. The temperature of the brain temperature decreased steadily during the two hours of rapid cooling. The brain reached dangerous levels of hypothermia well before the two hour test was completed.

The minimum value was 27°C which is well below the desired hypothermic treatment range. However the efficiency of decreasing the room temperature to 20°C will using a cooling mattress set at 10°C for the first two hours speeds up brain cooling immensely.

Figure 3: Contour Map of top of head with cooling mattress.

Conclusion The results shown do show an improvement to the efficiency of brain cooling. The faster the brain is cooled the quicker the harmful metabolic activities are decreased reducing or stopping the cellular damage to the brain. This study does not give the best way to conduct hypothermic treatment but it does give a way to study the efficiency of different techniques in a much more time efficient and noninvasive way.

References [1]. Silva, Ana Beatriz, et al. “A Thermoregulation Model for Whole Body Cooling Hypothermia.” Journal of Thermal Biology, vol. 78, 2018, pp. 122–130., doi:10.1016/ j.jtherbio.2018.08.019.

[2]Types of Stroke.” Johns Hopkins Medicine, www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-anddiseases/stroke/types-of-stroke.

Title: Simulated Hypothermic Treatment Testing Using ANSYS Abstract: Hypothermic treatments used after ischemic events can be integral for reducing brain damage. Ischemic events can cause blood flow to be blocked to certain organs causing cellular damage. Using ANSYS Workbench, a simulation can be created to study techniques that are used to induce hypothermia. Generating a mesh model that mimics the tissue found in the head of a human male while putting the tissue through simulated hypothermic treatments over a specified period produces data. The data can show the effectiveness of the treatments ability to induce hypothermia efficiently, maintain the desired temperature, and gradually rewarm the body.

Presenter(s): Andrew Fair Sponsoring Department: Biomedical Engineering Project Mentor: Saeed Tiari

112

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Succeeding in graduate school: A quantitative repor t on the effects of meditation on anxiety

Abstract: Graduate students in medical programs experience extreme levels of anxiety which may affect academic performance. Meditation has been shown to reduce anxiety and improve cognitive abilities. The purpose of our research was to measure the effectiveness of regular meditation on academic performance. 13 students enrolled in health care majors at Gannon University (Erie, PA & Ruskin, FL) participated in this study. Subjects completed meditation sessions while recording their grades and completing surveys to measure their academic performance and anxiety levels. Our research demonstrated reduced anxiety through meditation and may have a positive effect on academic performance.

Results: In Figure 1. subject 1 showed a decrease in anxiety from moderate to mild and stress from mild to normal during weeks 8-14. In Figure 3. it showed subject 1 had the most meditation sessions (32). However, subjects 2 showed no significant change in anxiety (normal to normal) and stress (normal to moderate) as seen in Figure 1. In addition, subject 3 also showed no significant change in anxiety (normal to normal) and in stress (normal to normal). Subjects 2 and 3 only had 22 meditation sessions as seen in figure 3. The Perceived Stress Scale seen in Figure 2. shows all subjects having moderate stress for both subscales in weeks 7 and 14.

Figure 1. DASS Scores for Subjects 1-3 (DASS= Depression Anxiety Stress Scale)

Figure 2. Perceived Stress Scale for Subjects 1-3

Figure 3. Meditation Amount Weeks 8-14 for Subjects 1-3

Melissa Benowitz, SPT Adam Cummings, SPT Leah Gardner, SPT Zachary Taylor, SPT Benowitz001@gannon.edu Cummings025@gannon.edu Gardner030@gannon.edu Taylor076@gannon.edu

Participants:

Our study included 13 females (18-30 years old) who are enrolled in health care majors at Gannon University (Erie, PA and Ruskin, FL). Only 3 subjects completed all fourteen weeks of our study.

Methods:

Our study took place during the fall 2020 semester and included 2 seven week sessions. In the first 7 weeks the participants were responsible for completing a weekly grade log and the DASS21 survey along with their normal course work. In the 2nd seven weeks the participants continued to complete the weekly grad log, DASS 21 survey, their course work, but also incorporated a guided meditation practice. The stress levels of the subjects were also measured with the PSS 10 at weeks 7 and 14.

The meditation practice consisted of pre-recorded guided meditation videos that ranged from 10-15 minutes and were accessed via YouTube. The participants were recommended to meditate 3x/week and prior to any exams. Subjects who volunteered for this study were included if they were actively enrolled in any healthcare major at the graduate level at Gannon University. Subjects were excluded if they were younger than 18 years old or not enrolled in graduate level healthcare courses at Gannon.

Conclusion:

Background: Among university students and younger populations, anxiety disorders are one of the most common disorders that causes both physiological and psychological stresses.1 Exposure to new environments including academic pressures can increase levels of anxiety. Performance levels and course grades have been shown to be negatively correlated with anxiety levels.1 The use of meditation practice is a solution which provides a positive influence on reducing anxiety, depression, and other clinical conditions. The benefits of regular mindfulness and other meditation practices have been found to improve cognitive performance, attentional capacities, and reduce negative emotional states.2 General anxiety disorders are reported to be one of the most common mental health disorders among young adults and especially those enrolled in undergraduate and graduate course work.3 The goal of this literature review is to determine if graduate level medical student anxiety can be addressed by meditation training to reduce detrimental psychological effects on academic performance.

Figures 4., 5., and 6. displays selected questions from the PSS-10 that represent important aspects of the students life that could consequently result in increased stress. A decrease in anxiety and stress has also shown a favorable outcome with improved academic performance as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 4. PSS-10 Questions for Subject 1

The purpose of this research was to determine if a regular meditation program could reduce graduate school related anxiety and improve academic performance. Of the 3 participants that completed the full 14 weeks one demonstrated improvements on the DASS 21 and another showed improvements on the PSS 10. Two participants also improved in academics with routine meditation practice. Further studies with a larger sample need to be conducted to determine the effect of meditation on academic performance in graduate students.

Figure 5. PSS-10 Questions for Subject 2

Figure 6. PSS-10 Questions for Subject 3

Figure 7. Average Grades for Subject 1 and Subject 3

References:

1. Plaiti ME, Papathanasiou IV, Fradelos E, Patelarou AE, Kourkouta L, Kleisiaris CF. Anxiety levels and their relation to evaluation of the courses among greek nursing students. Int. J. Caring Sci. 2016;9(3):1090-1097.

2. Gibson J. Mindfulness, interoception, and the body: a contemporary perspective.

Front Psychol. 2019;10.

3. Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C. and Wilens, T. College Students: Mental Health Problems and Treatment Considerations. Academic Psychiatry. 2014;39(5):503511.

Title: Succeeding in Graduate School: A Quantitative Report on the Effects of Meditation on Anxiety Abstract: Graduate students in medical programs experience extreme levels of anxiety which may affect academic performance.

Meditation has been shown to reduce anxiety and improve cognitive abilities. The purpose of our research was to measure the effectiveness of regular meditation on academic performance. 13 students enrolled in health care majors at Gannon University (Erie, PA & Ruskin, FL) participated in this study. Subjects completed meditation sessions while recording their grades and completing surveys to measure their academic performance and anxiety levels. Our research demonstrated reduced anxiety through meditation and may have a positive effect on academic performance.

Presenter(s): Melissa Benowitz, Leah Gardner, Zachary Taylor, Adam Cummings Sponsoring Department: Physical Therapy Project Mentor: Jillian Caster

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

113

Virtual Reality Video Games: User’s Immersion, Enjoyment, and Perceived Workload Kevin Paton

Jinhee Yoo (Advisor)

Introduction

Findings

Discussion

There are over 2.43 billion video game players in the world as of 2018. The virtual reality VR industry is expected to have a cumulative annual growth rate of 21.6% from 2020 to 2027.

Pushing the value of $10.32 billion in 2019 to $48.76 billion.

The better game developers can understand the subtle nuances that cause differences in experience the better developers can create more compelling products to take advantage of these large emerging markets.

H1. Manipulating environmental factors will affect perceived immersion when playing VR video games.

The use of the Oculus Rift allowed for the creation of an engaging and engrossing environment while using the VR American Football video game. This creation of the immersive environment (Brown et al., 2004) and generation of realism within the virtual environment parallel prior works (Suh et al., 2018). While examining how the manipulation of the physical environment effected the users’ sense of immersion, we can see that the most immersive combination included no exterior lights, the sound on and the shock absorbing mat under the user. This combination of variables being the highest scoring for both immersion and enjoyment coincides well with prior studies showing the relationship between the two measurable factors (Christu, 2014). The contradiction to this would be between the U.S. and Nigeria in their comparison of immersion and enjoyment. The Nigerian participants showed higher levels of perceived immersion and this could be attributed to many factors, as they marked on average less experience with video games, as well as an average 9.21-year age difference. A similar consideration can be brought up about the higher levels of enjoyment in the U.S., this could be attributed with a familiarity with the sport of American Football. This would require further study and data to back up these claims. Yet, based on prior works there should have been a more direct correlation between the two scores (Christu, 2014). Enjoyment also showed the smallest variance between variables and highest average score. The largest to smallest score difference was only 0.88, this suggests that regardless of the variables the users all shared relatively high marks for enjoyment. One category that was contradictory to the prior research was the lowest enjoyment variable combination was C, with the sound on. This does not follow existing research showing having sound increased enjoyment in video games (Skalski et al., 2010). The lowest average score amongst the three measured categories was with perceived workload. The difference between the highest and lowest scores was 0.95. This was between the highest being C, and the lowest being (1). This was not what was expected based on prior studies. The CLT framework suggests the use of external factors to eliminate perceived stress, such as the shock absorbing mat, should ease the perceived workload (Sharek et al., 2014). When looking at the

Research Question 1. Does changing environmental factors influence user experience?

2. Does nationality influence the users experience?

Literature Review

Method

Participants came from a university in the United States and a university in Nigeria. There was a total of 16 individuals, eight from each location. Participants were brought to a lab and instructed on how to play the VR Sports Challenge Football Game using the Oculus Rift©. Three separate trials would be held and, in each situation, there would be one of eight combinations of environmental changes. No participant was given the same variable combination more than once. After each session was completed, the participant would complete a survey. Survey questions using a seven-point liker scale.

Light NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES

Mat NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES

Sound NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES

Run Label (1) A B C AB AC BC ABC

Data Analysis

Data from the 48 total surveys were organized into the three main categories, and by the demographic information collected.

Average scores were then generated for each category. Each participant had three scores, one for average perceived workload, one for average perceived immersion, and one for average enjoyment levels. These average scores from the survey questions were calculated using Microsoft Excel©.

Immersion is classified as the engagement, engrossment, and presence of the users within the game play system (Brown et al., 2004). VR allows users to have an increased sense of realism within a virtual environment. The scene of immersion can be broken into two main, subdivisions mental and physical (Suh et al., 2018). When using virtual media, there is a constant implied and imagined presence of other individuals (Flavian et al., 2019). Immersion shares a linear correlation with appeal when looking at video games (Christou, 2014). These technologies can better allow for developers to create a greater sense of engagement, enjoyment, and immersion (Flavian et al., 2019). Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) was developed to help create instructional methods to evaluate people’s cognitive processing capacity, while using previously acquired knowledge and skills to a new unique situation (Paas et al., 2003). CLT helps understand the different external elements contribute to the overall workload of an individual in a learning environment (Sharek et al., 2014). This can be expanded to the use of VR and video game play, to get a glimpse into the perceived cognitive workload used when participating in VR video game play. Enjoyment is defined as the motivation to and a reason for actions (Warner, 1980), making it critical to understand in the context of VR video gameplay. In a study of Mestre et al.

(2011), it was shown that when VR equipment was paired with physical exercise there was an increased level of enjoyment when using a stationary bicycle. There has also been researched to show that manipulation of sound and visual effects has an influence on enjoyment in video games (Skalski et al., 2010). Recent studies are looking into the expansion of video games, one study showed that nationality did not affect video game participation preference, although it did affect the intensity of participation (Garcia et al., 2020). Studies also show different levels of intensity in gaming dramatically shifts the preferences within what they seek when gaming (Scharkow et al., 2015). Exploring this to see vary levels of intensity equates to altered perceived enjoyment, workload, and immersion. This stands to reason that nationality could in turn affect the experience in gaming.

H2. Manipulating environmental factors will affect perceived cognitive workload when playing VR video games

H3. Manipulating environmental factors will affect enjoyment when playing VR video games H

H4. Nationality will affect perceived enjoyment, workload and enjoyment when playing VR video games.

individual variables, as well as the combination of variables, there did not seem to be any singular reason for any trends in workload.

This would require further research and potentially isolating more variables beyond the three external variables in this study. There are some limitations to this study and in the future increasing sample sizes for the surveys and looking into other countries for more data could help generate more compelling findings. There can also be exploration into additional variables to help determine the ideal combination of external environmental factors for the most positive experience when using VR video games.

TEMPLATE DESIGN © 2008

www.PosterPresentations.com

Title: Virtual Reality Video Games: User’s Immersion, Enjoyment, and Perceived Workload Abstract: Despite the immense amount of time and money being put into virtual reality (VR) and video games, there is little known about how external factors affect the users’ gameplay experience. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of varying demographics and changing physical environmental factors have on the users’ experience. The participants (N=16) were guided through a VR video game. Then participants filled out qualitative surveys asking questions based on immersion, enjoyment, and perceived workload research. Through examination of prior works, as well as the results of this study, there are certain combinations of variables that can lead to rather compelling results and varying levels of enjoyment, immersion, and perceived workload.

Presenter(s): Kevin Paton Sponsoring Department: Dahlkemper School of Business Project Mentor: Jinhee Yoo

114

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Erie Graduate | Research & Scholarship

ERIE GRADUATE RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP PLATFORM PRESENTATION

115

Title: Semantic Rule-based Automatic Code conversion System Abstract: Most software employees are facing challenges in integrating programs written in different programming languages. This can be done by automating the conversion of programs using natural language programming techniques. This research presents a novel Semantic Rule-based Automatic Code conversion System that uses semantic layering, keyword identification, and a semantic rule-based constructor. The code snippets for “While Loop,” “If else,” “Factorial,” and “Travelling Salesman Program” are converted from Java to Python and vice versa. An average accuracy of 71.57% is achieved for the conversion of the code snippets from Java to Python, and a 77.07% is achieved for Python to Java.

Presenter(s): Sai Tarun Gollapudi Sponsoring Department: Computer and Information Science Project Mentor: Dr. Sreela Sasi

116

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Title: Gratifications and Perceived Limitations of Virtual Reality Gaming Abstract: With the increased investment and growth into the virtual reality (VR) industry, it is becoming paramount that developers understand the driving factors in why users seek out this form of media. This study, rooted in the Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT), explores the various needs users seek to have met by VR technology. The study consists of in-depth interviews with 16 voluntary participants from two small private universities in the U.S. and Nigeria. This study looked into what factors users found most appealing about using the VR gaming technology, as well as what were some potential drawbacks to using and purchasing the needed equipment.

Presenter(s): Kevin Paton Sponsoring Department: Dahlkemper School of Business Project Mentor: Jinhee Yoo

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Graduate | Research & Scholarship

117

RUSKIN GRADUATE RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP POSTER PRESENTATION

118

Cardiopulmonar y Rehabilitation Program

Tiesha Henley Henley003@gannon

Abstract Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation is a program that helps patients that were discharged from heart surgery, or have experienced other underlying Cardiovascular health conditions, This program is a supervised program which requires patients to attend a 36 session exercise reconditioning with a time– frame of 50minutes including two cardio exercises and weights. While attending these sessions every there is a care plan evaluation to determine if anything has changed every 30 days, such as the following: medication history, fitness card which is something they use each session, that includes different cardio workouts in the front and weights exercises on the back of the card, servings of vegetables, and goals, and symptoms. After patients have completed their sessions, they no longer have attended Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation.

Image1: Fitness card

Intervention Care Plan

Exercise Goals This gives a patient an idea to make a exercise goal within the 36session program not just at the facility but at home as well

Image 2: Health fit Center

Case Study

•

Nutrition Goals This gives a patient an idea to make a healthy diet lifestyle for patients

•

•

•

•

Phycological Goals If patients deals with health problems they can make a goal to improve their phycological goals

•

•

•

•

Risk Factors Goals This gives patients the opportunity for patients to create a goal towards their risk factors goals.

•

Care plans are done every 30 days until they reach the120 day of their session. The purpose of doing a care plan is not just for the Exercise Physiologist to see if the patient is improving, but for the patients to have the opportunity to see if they are keeping up with their goal, and also to see their progress inside and outside of the program.

•

Patient was diagnosed with heart failure in 2013 Patient states that at the time doctors were prescribing multiple medications and diagnostic treatments.

The patient felt that her doctor wasn’t paying attention to her symptoms and stated that she was fine and has bronchitis. she eventually found a new doctor at Tampa General and that’s when she found out she was actually having cardiogenic shocks.

Patient has graduated from the Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program, but due to doctor advisement she prefers her not go to public gyms due to COVID-19 as well as cause a risk of mortality Studies shows that Cardiac shock can carry a 30% mortality rates, and can affect every other organ in the body Studies reported that COVID-19 can lead to cardiogenic shock with high mortality

Reference Cardiogenic shock. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2021, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/ Sánchez-Recalde, Á., Solano-López, J., Miguelena-Hycka, J., Martín-Pinacho, J. J., Sanmartín, M., & Zamorano, J. L. (2020). COVID-19 and cardiogenic shock. Different cardiovascular Vahdatpour, C., Cyrus Vahdatpour Department of Medicine, Collins, D., David Collins Department of Medicine, Goldberg, S., Sheldon Goldberg Department of Cardiology, & Vahdatpour, *. (2019, April 05). Cardiogenic shock.

Title: Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program Abstract Submission: Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation is a program that helps patients that were discharged from heart surgery, or have experienced other underlying Cardiovascular health conditions, This program is a supervised program which requires patients to attend a 36 session exercise reconditioning with a time-frame of 50minutes including two cardio exercises and weights. While attending these sessions every there is a care plan evaluation to determine if anything has changed every 30 days, such as the following: medication history, fitness card which is something they use each session, that includes different cardio workouts in the front and weights exercises on the back of the card, servings of vegetables, and goals, and symptoms. After patients have completed their sessions, they no longer have attended Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation.

Presenter(s): Tiesha Henley Sponsoring Department: Applied Exercise Science Project Mentor: Tania Flink

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

119

Collegiate Football Player with Lateral Ankle Sprain Cheyenne Buksch Taylor Temnick, Susan Wehring Gannon University • • • •

• • • •

•

Background 23 year old collegiate football player sustained a lateral ankle sprain at practice after being stepped on Has a history of left lateral ankle sprains Previously had a left deltoid ligament reconstruction Ecchymosis, effusion, and point tenderness to the lateral malleolus, anterior tibofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and deltoid ligaments Had significant loss of ROM and strength compared bilaterally Could not fully weight bear (FWB) without pain Had an antalgic gait Manual Muscle Testing: Peroneal Strength (Eversion) 2/5 Tibialis Posterior Strength (Inversion) 3/5 Tibialis Anterior Strength (Dorsiflexion) 3/5 Gastrocnemius Strength (Plantarflexion) 4/5 Soleus Strength (Plantarflexion) 4/5 Special Tests: Negative Tests (-) Positive Tests (+) Bump/Squeeze (-) Inversion Talar Tilt (+) Anterior Drawer (-) Eversion Talar Tilt (+) Distal Neurovascular Exam WNL Kleiger (-) Navicular Drop (-) Thompson (-) Tinel’s (-) Homan’s (-)

• • •

Treatment

Management plan of ankle sprains is to reduce inflammation, go through a ROM and strengthening program including proprioceptive and neuromuscular control, and a return to program Will complete the rehabilitation program and receive treatment daily with the goals of receiving maximum function and independence in 4 weeks.

The athlete was able to run on the football field with no issues.

Healing Phase

Day 1-5:

Healing Phases ( Inflammatory-Response, Fibroblastic Repair) Goals: control pain, limit swelling, and regain ROM.

Treatment/Exercises

Sets/Reps

Ice bag

3x/day for 20 mins, next 48 hours

NSAIDs Stationary bike BAPS board (Plantarflex/Dorsiflex) Isometrics (4 ways) Day 5- Week 2:

10 minutes 1 minute/each 3x8

Healing Phases (Fibroblastic Repair) Goals: increase ROM in all planes, restore neuromuscular control, and proprioception.

Treatment/Exercises

Moist heat pack Ultrasound Stationary bike BAPS board (all directions) Ankle 4 ways (all directions with green band) Heel/Toe walks Calf raises (3 ways) Slant board (Up 2, Down 1) Single Leg Balance with Perturbations Week 3:

Sets/Reps

Treadmill Biowave Single Leg Balance with FB toss Single Leg Cone Touches Agility drills

10 minutes 10 minutes 45 seconds/4x 45 seconds/4x 1 minute/each

Week 4-Week 8:

Healing Phase (Maturation Remodeling) Goals: Complete Running progression, pass agility drill, bilateral equal strength.

Treatment/Exercises

Sets/Reps

Running progression

4x100yards

Agility drills

2 minutes/each

Ankle 4 way (Black Theraband)

3x10

Fibroblastic Repair Phase

~day 2 -to- ~4-6 weeks

Maturation Remodeling

~3 weeks -to- ~2-3 years

Differential Diagnosis

• • •

• •

• •

Healing Phases (Fibroblastic Repair, Maturation Remodeling) Goals: eliminate swelling and pain, full ROM, full strength, and restoration of proprioception followed by a return to sport program.

Treatment/Exercises

Immediately following injury/surgery -to~4 days

Syndesmotic ankle sprain Lateral malleolus fracture Lateral ankle sprain

Sets/Reps

10 minutes 10 minutes 10 minutes 1 minute/each 3x10 2xeach 3x10 3x12 4x15

•

• • • •

• •

Timeframe

Inflammatory Response Phase

Ankle Sprain Facts

Ankle sprains are one of the most common sport injuries, estimating 45% of all athletic injuries.

About 28,000 ankle injuries happen in the US each day.

Conclusion

Can use this information to prevent and properly diagnosis chronic ankle instability A multi-intervention injury-prevention program can possibly reduce ankle injuries or re-injury by 20%-60%

References

Kaminski, T. W., Hertel, J., Amendola, N., Docherty, C. L., Dolan, M. G., Hopkins, J. T., . . . Richie, D. (2013). National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Conservative Management and Prevention of Ankle Sprains in Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(4), 528-545. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.02 Prentice, W.E., & Arnheim, D.D. (2017). Arnheim's prinicples of athletic training: a competency-based approach. (16th edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Prentice, W. E. (2015). Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training. Thorofare: SLACK. Prentice, W. E. (2018). Therapeutic modalities in rehabilitation. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Savage-Elliott, I., Murawski, C., Smyth, N., Golanó, P., & Kennedy, J. (2013). The deltoid ligament: an in-depth review of anatomy, function, and treatment strategies. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 21(6), 1316–1327.

Starkey, C. & Brown, S.D. (2015). Examination of orthopedic & athletic injuries. (4th edition). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Lateral_Ligament_Injury_of_the_Ankle

Title: Collegiate Football Player with Lateral Ankle Sprain Abstract: This case study investigated a 23-year-old male, collegiate football player who presented after being stepped on during oneon-one drills at practice. Possible differential diagnoses were: syndesmotic ankle sprain, lateral malleolus fracture, lateral ankle sprain, and/or deltoid ligament sprain. The patient received a rehabilitation program to increase motion, strength, and the ability to weight bear without pain. This athlete had a previous history of chronic left ankle sprains resulting in left ankle deltoid ligament reconstruction.

Athletic Trainers should use this information to prevent and properly diagnosis chronic ankle instability (CAI) in athletes by knowing which signs and symptoms to be aware.

Presenter(s): Cheyenne Buksch Sponsoring Department: Athletic Training Project Mentor(s): Taylor Temnick, Susan Whering

120

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Does Static Stretching vs. Dynamic Warm Up Have Any Effect on Power?

Michael Salerno Salerno006@gannon.edu

Methods

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine if dynamic stretching improves power over static stretching. Sixteen young healthy adults partook in three different warm up protocols within 2 weeks (dynamic, static, & no warm up).

The Wingate test and multiple jump tests were used to determine power. There was no significant difference between static warm up and dynamic warm up between both tests. There was a trend showing better power results on the jump mat over the Wingate but results were not significant.

! Sixteen randomly selected young active adults 18-35 years of age (9 females & 7 males) ! Inclusion/exclusion criteria: Looking for subjects that had no recent injuries, cognitive issues, or health issues. ! The study was approved by the University’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). All subjects gave written informed consent. ! Each subject will be given a random order of each warm up (Dynamic warm up, static stretching, or no warm up) (see figure 1). ! Testing will take 3 days a week for 2 weeks subjects given a new warm up before testing. ! Dynamic warm and static warm up groups before testing will take 8-15 minutes to go through warm up routine warming up the lower body. ! The controlled group no warm up will just jump right into the tests.

Background •

• • • •

Dynamic warm up is defined as a type of functionally based stretching exercise that uses sport-generic and sport-specific movements to prepare the body for activity (Haff & Triplett, 2016).

Static stretching as it is defined as a slow and constant, with the end position held for 15-30 seconds (Haff & Triplett, 2016).

Dynamic stretch/warm up is starting to become more popular for warming up the body.

Dynamic stretch/warm up can start off slow but then can get into more sport specific warm ups which is ideal for athletes preparing for their specific game.

Dynamic stretch/warm up is also known as mobility drills as this places emphasis on the movement requirements of the sport or activity rather than on the individual muscles (Haff, G., & Triplett, N. T., 2016).

Gaps in the literature Looking at current research there was not any research on static and dynamic warm ups using power tests. Most were on agility and sprinting but none were using the Wingate test or jump mat test.

Purpose/Hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to determine which warm up will help produce optimal power when performing power testing.

Hypothesis: Dynamic warm up is more effective on power exercise testing compared to static or no warm up.

Control

Static

Dynamic

No warm up

- Hamstring stretch - Calve stretch - Childs pose - Supine knee hug - Bretzel

- Tip toe walk - Heel walk - Hamstring sweeps - Knee hugs - Walking quad stretch - High knees - Butt kicks - Jump squats - Jumping jacks - 5 minute walk at 2.0mph

Figure 1: Description of each of the stretch protocols implemented in the experiment.

Power Tests

Discussion • There was no significant difference between static stretching or dynamic stretching but even though there was no difference subjects did show higher power output in dynamic stretching and no warm up (control) over static stretching on the jump mat test.

• My hypothesis stated that dynamic warm up is more effective on power exercise testing compared to static or no warm up which this was not proven.

• On the Wingate test, static stretching would sometimes be the subjects highest power output this may due to the Wingate protocol as the subject must peddle for 30 seconds to get their speed up to 120 rpm before starting the test which is considered a dynamic movement which may have washed out static stretching effect.

• Some static stretch subjects on the jumps mat were higher than dynamic may be due to them wearing different shoes some would wear shoes with a thinner solid sole which could give them more force into the ground over a shoe that has a thicker softer sole.

•

Figure 3: • A stationary bicycle that measures peak anaerobic power • Converting subjects body weight to kg to find their % Mass • Subject will peddle with resistance once reaching ~>120 rpm for 30s • Pedal rate will be recorded every 5 seconds

Figure 2: • Multiple jump test jumping 4 times in a row using 2 trials.

• Test measures power (W) • Weight of subject in Newtons (N) • Test last for 10 seconds.

Data Analysis

The jump mat test power was computed by using this simple formula: Power = (weight in N* jump in meters)/ (time to peak in s). A Wingate calculator on excel was used to plug in the results which computes the peak power in Watts. The main variable that is being measured is power. My independent variable is looking at the difference between dynamic warm up, static stretching, and no warm up. Using a simple MANOVA test showed that there is no significant difference in static stretching and dynamic stretching. There was a trend of seeing dynamic stretching and the control group showing better results with the jump mat over static stretching but still there was no significant difference (see figure 4).

There needs to be further research having a bigger sample size and longer period of testing.

• Other possible factors are subjects who are under 5’3” tall had a hard time on the Wingate which could possibly affect their maximum power due to the seat only lowered to a certain height and still can be too tall for the subjects.

• The results stilled showed that it still is better to do a dynamic or no warm up at all over static as it still did decrease their power output

Peak Power (W) 1600

1400

References

1200

1.

Behm, D. G., Bambury, A., Cahill, F., & Power, K. (2004). Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(8), 1397-1402.

1000

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000135788.23012.5f 2.

800

Behm, D., Bradbury, E., Haynes, A., Hodder, J., Leonard, A., & Paddock, N. (2006, March 1). Flexibility is not related to stretch-induced deficits in force or power. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818672/

600

3.

400

Chaouachi, A., Castagna, C., Chtara, M., Brughelli, M., Turki, O., Galy, O., . . . Behm, D. G. (2010). Effect of warm-ups involving static or dynamic stretching on agility, sprinting, and jumping performance in trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(8), 2001-2011. doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aeb181

200

0

4.

Fradkin, A. J., Zazryn, T. R., &amp; Smoliga, J. M. (2010). Effects of warming-up on physical performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(1), 140-148.

wi ngate

Dynamic

static

control

Jump

Figure 4: Peak Power (W) There was a tend showing that dynamic and no warm up were better to use over static stretching on the jump mat test.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c643a0 5.

Haff, G., & Triplett, N. T. (2016). Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Title: Does Static Stretching vs. Dynamic Warm Up Have Any Effect on Power?

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine if dynamic stretching improves power over static stretching. Nine young healthy adults partook in three different warm up protocols within 3 weeks (dynamic, static, & no warm up). The Wingate test and multiple jump tests were used to determine power. There was no significant difference between static warm up and dynamic warm up between both tests. There was a trend showing better power results on the jump mat over the Wingate but results were not significant.

Presenter(s): Michael Salerno Sponsoring Department: Applied Exercise Science Project Mentor: Tania Flink

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

121

Efficacy of Factor Xa Inhibitors and Sodiumglucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Nontraditional Patients in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

Current pharmacotherapies for the prevention of ASCVD or complication of patients with known ASCVD1

• Acetylsalicylic acid • Low-dose aspirin (75 to 100 mg QD) primary prevention of ASCVD in adults 40 to 70 years of age who are at higher risk of ASCVD but not at increased bleeding risk • Antihypertensive • Pharmacotherapy (ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics) for stage I hypertension (BP 130-139/80-89 mm Hg) and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk of 10% or higher recommended with a BP target of <130/80 mm Hg • Statin therapy • Statin therapy is first-line treatment for primary prevention of ASCVD in patients with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (≥190 mg/dL)

• • • •

Patients with lower extremity PAD undergoing revascularization Randomized to 2.5 mg BID rivaroxaban/aspirin (n = 3,286) verse placebo/aspirin (n = 3,278) 36 months follow-up Primary endpoint: Primary Endpoint & Components3 • Acute limb ischemia (ALI) KM% 3 Years KM% 3 Years HR • Major amputation (n) (n) (95% CI) Rivaroxaban Placebo N=3286 N=3278 • Myocardial infarction (MI) Primary Efficacy 17.3 19.9 0.85 Outcome (0.76 – 0.96) • Ischemic stroke Acute Limb 5.24 7.74 0.67 Ischemia (0.55 – 0.82) • Cardiovascular death (CV) death Major Vascular 3.42 3.87 0.89 Primary Endpoint 3

Amputation

Acute limb ischemia, major amputation for vascular cause, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, CV death

19.9%

Placebo

20

Rivaroxaban

18

(0.68 – 1.16)

Ischemic Stroke

2.70

3.01

0.87 (0.63 – 1.19)

Myocardial Infarction

4.55

5.22

0.88 (0.70 – 1.12)

CV Death

7.05

6.43

1.14 (0.93 – 1.40)

17.3%

16

Research Advisor Angela Kelley, PA-C, M.S.M. kelley016@gannon.edu Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes (CANVAS) trial7

• Evaluate the CV effects/benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in DMT2 patients • Randomized to receive 300 mg or 100 mg QD canagliflozin (n = 5,795) versus placebo (4,347) • 16 months follow-up • Primary endpoint: • CV death • MI • Stroke 6 CANVAS Trial design: Patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to canagliflozin (n = 5,795) vs. placebo (n = 4,347). Patients in the canagliflozin arm received 300 mg daily or 100 mg daily.

17

14 12

(p = 0.02)

Events per 1,000 patient-yrs

Hypertension Lifestyle modifications Pharmacotherapy (ACE, ARB, BB, diuretics) • Hyperlipidemia • Diet modifications and lifestyle changes • Statin therapy in patients with LDL ≥190 mg/dL • Diabetic patients • Lifestyle • Metformin • •

10

HR 0.85 95% CI 0.76 – 0.96 P=0.0085

8 6 4 2 0

0

390

182 6

274 9

366 12

456 15

547 18

639 21

Months from Randomization

731 24

821 27

912 30

1004 33

36

40 31.5 26.9 20

Cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke Canagliflozin Placebo

Cardiovascular outcomes for people using anticoagulation strategies (COMPASS) trial4

• Evaluate anticoagulation strategies in patients with stable atherosclerosis • Randomized to 2.5 mg BID rivaroxaban/aspirin (n = 9,152) verse 5 mg rivaroxaban BID alone (n = 9,117) verse aspirin alone (n = 9,126) • 23 months follow-up COMPASS Trial Primary outcome5 • Primary endpoint: • CV death • MI • Stroke Hazard ratio, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.66-0.86)

Aspirin alone

P<0.001

1.

2.

Rivaroxaban alone

P=0.12

0.06

4.

0.04

0.02

0.00

3.

Rivaroxaban + aspirin

Hazard ratio, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.79-1.03)

5.

0

1

2

3

6.

Year Eikelboom JW, et al. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1319-30.

• Among patients with type 2 diabetes, canagliflozin was beneficial. Canagliflozin compared with placebo was associated with a lower frequency of adverse cardiovascular events. Amputation occurred more frequently with canagliflozin.

References

Rivaroxaban + aspirin vs. placebo plus aspirin

Rivaroxaban alone vs. placebo plus aspirin

Results • Cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke: 26.9 participants per 1,000 patient-years of the canagliflozin group vs. 31.5 participants per 1,000 patient-years of the placebo group (p = 0.02 for superiority, p < 0.001 for noninferiority) • Amputation: 6.3 participants per 1,000 patientyears vs. 3.4 participants per 1,000 patientyears (p < 0.05)

Neal B, et al. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644-57

0.10

0.08

8

Conclusions 0

15

Cumulative Risk of Cardiovascular Death, Myocardial Infarction, or Stroke

•

Vascular outcomes study of ASA along with rivaroxaban in endovascular or surgical limb revascularization for peripheral artery disease (VOYAGER PAD) trial2

Cumulative Incidence (KM%)

Traditional treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)1

Ryan C. Zahran, PA-S2 zahran001@gannon.edu

www.phri.ca

Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 09 2019;74(10):1376-1414. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.009 Bavry A, Bhatt D. Vascular Outcomes Study of ASA Along With Rivaroxaban in Endovascular or Surgical Limb Revascularization for Peripheral Artery Disease American College of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/clinical-trials/2020/03/26/19/48/voyagerpad. Published 2020. Accessed November 5, 2020.

Bonaca M, Bauersachs R, Patel M et al. Vascular Outcomes Study of ASA Along With Rivaroxaban in Endovascular or Surgical Limb Revascularization for Peripheral Artery Disease - American College of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/clinical-trials/2020/03/26/19/48/voyagerpad. Published 2020. Accessed November 5, 2020.

Bhatt D, Bavry A. Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies - American College of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology. https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ClinicalTrials/2017/08/26/02/19/COMPASS. Published 2020. Accessed November 3, 2020.

Bhatt D, Eikelboom J, Connolly S, et al. The Role of Combination Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: COMPASS Diabetes. Presentation presented at the: 2020.

Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644-657. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611925

Title: Efficacy of Factor Xa Inhibitors and Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Nontraditional Patients in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review Submission: This is a literature review on the efficacy of factor Xa inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in nontraditional patients in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The Vascular Outcomes Study of ASA Along with Rivaroxaban in Endovascular or Surgical Limb Revascularization for Peripheral Artery Disease (VOYAGER PAD) trial showed that patients with ASCVD or PAD undergoing revascularization had decreased reduction in major limb and cardiovascular events with the use of rivaroxaban/acetylsalicylic acid compared to placebo/acetylsalicylic acid. The Evaluation of the Effects of Canagliflozin on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Participants with Diabetic Nephropathy (CREDENCE) trial showed that patients taking canagliflozin had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or stroke with 217/2202 in the canagliflozin group compared to 269/2199 in the placebo group. Early research shows that factor Xa inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors may aid in the prevention of morbidity and mortality in nontraditional ASCVD patients.

Presenter(s): Ryan Zahran Sponsoring Department: Physician Assistant Project Mentor: Angela Kelley

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

Efficiency of Exercise By: Jonathan Saintilus Gannon University – Spring 2021

Potency of Cross Fit

Mission

The Tampa Movement Lab is an organization that specializes in personal training and group fitness for all of their clientele. Their mission is promote, teach, and implement fitness capability. This is to enable all clientele to reach and accomplish their fitness goals at the highest level possible. The Tampa Movement Lab offers classes that improve skill, strength, mobility, stability, functionality, and cognition.

Classes offered include cross fit, endurance workout, boxing, primal strength, barbell strength, mobility workout, and mobility. Of all of the classes, I’ve been heavily engaged in primal strength and cross fit.

The most promoted exercise division, cross fit is a section of exercise that utilizes and incorporates dynamic movements for better performance. In addition, cross fit has three definitive elements that comprise its overall approach: functionality, intensity, and variance (Cross Fit, 2019 ). Specifically, it mixes functional movements and orchestrates short, medium, and long workouts that can be accurately performed at a high intensity and can also be modified for the trainees Cross Fit, 2019). This is to ensure that the objective is still attainable and trainees can reach maximum capacity. Moreover, It encapsulates a quick and swift pace and add lots of repetitions to each workout as part of the daily regimen. In the end, cross fit helps athletes and non-athletes build strength and stability through rigorous training.

Distinctiveness of Primal

Primal Strength is a class that is geared towards adapting to and performing exercises that benefit an individual coming off of an injury or rehab.

Elements that comprise the purpose of Primal and its overall mission include torso coordination, skill training, injury prevention, and energy system development (Read). Exercises and training are accomplished and executed at a more meticulous level and moved at a slower pace compared to cross fit. What makes primal attainable is the speed in which trainees are conditioned to move at from one workout to another and it builds upon activation and functionality. Primal is a basic level division of fitness that can later on be used as a warm-up routine or a full program (Read).

Overall Evaluation

I’ve come to the conclusion that TML will benefit any individual who is motivated fitness regardless of their athletic background. Based on the trainee’s specific goals, their workout regimen is customized and tailored towards their goal. In addition, my observations and participation in classes permitted to have a microscopic view on how certain movements need to be executed for enhanced functionality. One incorrect turn or rotation can cause discomfort, which is the opposite of what individuals hope to accomplish. The different classes and training offered shows how versatile the organization is and will continue to do so in order to assist anyone looking to improve their fitness.

Cross Fit. (2019, November 18). Defining CrossFit, Part 1: Functional Movements. Retrieved March 25, 2021, from Cross Fit: https://www.crossfit.com/essentials/defining-crossfitpart-1-functionalmovements?topicId=article.20191114100939989 Read, A. (n.d.). Primal Movement? What It Is And Why We Need It. Retrieved March 25, 2021, from Breaking Muscle: https://breakingmuscle.com/fitness/primalmovement-what-it-is-and-why-we-need-it

Title: Efficiency of Exercise Abstract Submission: The Tampa Movement Lab is an organization that incorporates multiple facets of fitness and is committed to instilling the best work ethics into their clientele in order for them to reach maximum capacity in their fitness journey. The two classes that I regularly attended were crossfit and primal strength. Crossfit involves more dynamic exercises and moves at a quick pace while primal strength includes performing exercises that are imperative to both rehab and prevent injury. Both courses permit clientele to reach their maximum levels in fitness with no complication.

Presenter(s): Johnathan Saintilus Sponsoring Department: Applied Exercise Science Project Mentor: Tania Flink

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

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Fall Prevention and Inter vention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Kellie Brown brown522@gannon.edu Mentored by Angela Kelley, PA-C

Evaluation and Screening

Etiology & Epidemiology •

Approximately 1 in 3 adults 65 or older fall every year

•

Only 1/3 of those who fall seek medical care and fall prevention services.

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In 2014, 29 million falls occurred among older adults resulting in 2.8 million ER visits.

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About 28% of adults over 50 years old do not participate in any physical activity beyond their daily routine. Inactivity is higher among women, black, and Hispanic populations.

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By the year 2030, the number of annual elderly falls is projected to be 48.8 million.

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Annually, Medicare costs for falls are estimated to be around $31.8 billion.

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Overall costs in the first 90 days following a traumatic injury fall, including hospitalization, readmission and postacute care is about $2.76 billion. That is at least $950 million more than CHF, pneumonia, stroke, and MI respectively.

Risk Factors Parkinson’s disease

Vision impairment

Hearing problems

Cognitive impairment

Postural hypotension

Depression

Urinary incontinence

Stroke

CV disease

Drug use

Dizziness

Chronic disease

STEADI: Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries Screening tool developed by the CDC to provide an algorithm for fall risk screening, assessment and intervention. Starts at 65yo and performed annually or at the time of an acute fall. This includes a 12-question tool to determine a patient’s independence.

Any score above 4 is a positive fall risk.

30-Second Chair Stand Test Assesses the patient’s balance, mobility and overall lower extremity strength. Patient must stand up from a chair of knee height without using their arms for support or balance.

4-Stage Balance Test Assesses the patient’s balance. The patient is asked to move from standing parallel, to semi-tandem, to tandem, to a single leg stand.

Timed Up and Go Test (TUG Test) Patient is asked to stand from a chair, walk 10 feet, turn, and return to the chair in less than 10 seconds. This test, while widely used, is insufficient at predicting falls. As a result, providers are encouraged to use multiple modalities of screening.

Diagnosis & Treatment Diagnostic Approach Labs: Vitamin D, Calcium Studies & Exams:

Pain

Neurologic exam

Medication Management Up to 72% of adults over 55 years of age use at least one medication. Just over 20% of those people are taking four or more. Polypharmacy patients are at an increased risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADR) that can cause cognitive impairment and physiological changes. As of now, falls are not recognized as an ADR, but the symptoms from ADRs can result in falls. Overall, the risk of falling increases with each additional drug used in a polypharmacy situation. The most risky medications for their impact on fall risks are sedatives, hypnotics, neuroleptics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines.

One study surveyed community-dwelling adults over the age of 55 and their understanding of the adverse effects their medications pose. Of 1800 subjects, 1/5 of them were using at least one class of medication that increases fall risk. One third of the subjects knew about the fall risks related to their medication. Results showed that the majority of subjects had expressed willingness to change medications if advised by a health care provider. While understanding that the patients need medication for their existing conditions, the provider can research alternate medicinal therapy that poses a smaller fall risk.

Home Modifications Home environment assessments can be referred by a patient’s personal care provider and conducted by health care professionals. During these evaluations, hazardous conditions inside and outside the home can be identified including obstacles in pathways or stairs, unsuitable assistive devices, inadequate lighting, slippery surfaces, cracked pavement and sloped yards.

Balance and gait assessment Bone scan

Signs that could lead to a fall:

Muscle weakness Dizziness Loss of consciousness Vision problems Hypoglycemia

Poor balance Light headedness Foot problems Loss of bone mass Vision problems

Treatment Approach 1. Treat the injury from the fall (fractures and lacerations) 2. Treat the underlying cause of the fall

Head trauma Fractures

Body trauma Lacerations

Vitamin D Intervention

Complications •

•

•

Injury: fractures, hemorrhage, laceration in infection Disability: reduced physical activity, impaired daily activities Depression, increase risk of subsequent falls, death

Foot problems in the elderly such as pain, reduced ankle range of motion, bunions, and reduced toe plantar flexor strength as well as footwear-related issues are great factors contributing to falls.

Treatment, debridement, exercises, and new footwear has shown to decrease the amount of falls.

3. Vitamin D and calcium supplements

Presentation of a fall victim:

Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with an increase of falls and fractures. While the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) used to recommend vitamin D supplementation, they reported in 2018 that “vitamin D supplementation has no benefit in preventing falls in older adults” but “the overall harms of vitamin D supplementation are small to moderate.”

Pilates is an exercise program that “increases strength and flexibility in both the core and legs, which positively affects balance.” It also improves postural alignment.

However, it is problematic due to it’s focus on spinal flexion that can cause elderly participants to lose balance and fall.

Yoga Yoga is one of the most popular flexibility exercise programs amongst the general population. There are poses that are specific for building strength in different areas of the body. The alternative downward-facing dog is beneficial for flexibility. The chair pose is beneficial for leg strength and the bridge pose builds core strength and stability. The tree pose will help with balance and alignment.

Tai Chi Studies have shown that having a strong core and leg muscles while practicing weight shifts contributes to improving balance. Tai Chi programs use multiple types of weight shifts and asymmetric balance for short periods of time.

This targets leg strength, flexibility, and challenges range of motion. Tai Chi also offers an emotional aspect to training.

Typically, someone who has fallen in the past has a continued sense of instability and fear of falling, which is the biggest predictor of a future fall. By focusing on weight shifts and one-legged balance, a person can increase their strength and stability while decreasing their fear of falling.

Podiatry Intervention

Lower extremity strength assessment

Signs & Symptoms

Exercise Programs Pilates

Multifactorial Approach •

1. Screening for patients’ fall risk 2. Reviewing medications associated with falls 3. Recommend Vitamin D to improve bone, muscle and nerve health

Exercise Intervention Sarcopenia is one of the leading causes of falls, causing patients to get weaker over time. At age 35, the muscles in the body decrease in size and quality more and more each year without proper exercise. The main muscle groups help resist falls:

The CDC approach to preventing elderly fall accidents emphasizes 3 primary care steps:

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Assess for vestibular disorders

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Examine vision and eyewear

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Improve home safety and incorporate safety features in other areas of daily life

Hamstrings

Resist backward fall

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Improve footwear

Abductors

Resist sideways fall

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Exercise to improve balance, leg and hip strength

Front/Rear Ankle Flexors

Push back with the ball of the foot and flex the ankle and bones of the foot Resist frontwards fall, sit-to-stand movement

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Balance and gait training

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Recommend resources for fall prevention strategies such as The National Council on Aging

Quadriceps

References: Available upon request.

Title: Fall Prevention and Intervention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Abstract Submission: Falls in community dwelling older adults cost billions of dollars annually while resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Screening modalities can predict the fall risk in each individual patient. Vitamin D, once thought to be beneficial, is no longer proven effective. Medications may have adverse effects that can lead to a fall. Podiatry interventions can play a role. More than anything else, the implementation of exercise programs such as Tai Chi have the potential to strengthen leg muscles, improve balance, and improve weight shifting. Home modifications can also play a role in reducing risks around the household.

Presenter(s): Kellie Brown Sponsoring Department: Physician Assistant Project Mentor: Angela Kelley

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

RUSKIN GRADUATE RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP PLATFORM PRESENTATION

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Title: Occupational Therapy Students’ Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Individuals with Substance Use Disorder Abstract Submission: Occupational therapy doctoral students from two consecutive cohorts completed The Attitude Towards Substance Misusers Questionnaire-21 (ATSMQ-21) to compare their perceptions and attitudes toward individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). One of the cohorts was able to work with individuals with SUD during a fieldwork experience prior to completing the ATSMQ-21, while the other cohort did not have any experience. Results of the Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant differences between the cohorts on the total score. However, three individual items did show statistical differences between the cohorts.

Implications for education and for clinical practice are addressed.

Presenter(s): Crystal Johnson, Ashley Bassett, Caitlyn MacKelvey Sponsoring Department: Occupational Therapy Project Mentor: Bonnie Decker

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Research & Scholarship

RUSKIN GRADUATE HEALTHCARE INITIATIVE & COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT POSTER PRESENTATION

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Osteoarthritic changes in load bearing joints SYMPTOMS:

RISK FACTORS: Person Level

• Pain (#1 cause bringing clients into their GP) • Loss of function • Reduced QOL • Grinding sensation • Crepitus • Instability

• Occupation and sports: • Repetitive activities in certain occupation • Sports and sports related injuries

• Obesity/ Metabolic Syndrome:

• Increased BMI • Higher systolic blood pressure

DIAGNOSIS:

• Symptoms • X-Ray (bone calcification, space narrowing and osteocytes) • MRI (level of degeneration of the meniscus)

• Genetics: • 30-65% can be genetically determined

• Diet: • low levels of vitamin D • High fiber intake linked to lower risk of developing moderatesevere knee pain over time as well as symptomatic knee OA

TREATMENT:

• Lifestyle management (lose weight, limit activities) • Anti-inflammatories • Anti-inflammatories + PT • PT + cortisone injections • Viscosupplementation (hyaluronic acid visco injections) • Surgical options

PREVENTION:

Lifestyle management • Avoid risk factors • Muscle strengthening PT • Psychosocial aspect •

Amanda Woodhouse, PA-S

woodhous003@gannon.edu

Mentor: Angela Kelley, PA-C

RISK FACTORS: Joint Level

• Joint Loads and alignment: • Knee malalignment • Varus thrust • Bone/ Joint Shape: • Acetabular index • Cam deformity/ acetabular dysplasia had 2x the risk of developing hip OA to those without

• Injury/ Surgery:

• ACL injury, meniscal tear and direct articular cartilage damage • Those with ACL injury and meniscal tear were 2.5x more likely to develop OA

• Muscle strength:

• In knees: low thigh muscle cross sectional area and low muscle/fat ratio • Lesser isometric strength of hip and thigh muscle groups

Title: Osteoarthritic changes in load bearing joints Abstract Submission: The focus of this review is to break down the risks, progression, diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis in weight bearing joints in order to give insight into possible means of prevention. We outline the many contributing factors leading to the development of the disease as well as the steps taken once the diagnosis has been made. By doing so, we are able to educate on what can be done or avoided in order to lessen the patient’s chance of developing the disease or simply, limit the symptom progression. We are able to break down risks to the person and joint levels in order to provide options for the provider to give the patient.

Presenter(s): Amanda Woodhouse Sponsoring Department: Physician Assistant Project Mentor: Angela Kelley

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement

Cecelia Enman Carleigh Pula Speech-Language Pathology and Transgender Voice Modification Abbigail Brown enman001@gannon.edu

Aim/Purpose:

Transgender Voice in SLP Graduate Curriculum:

To establish interprofessional awareness and education pertaining to the scope of practice of Speech-Language Pathologists (SLP) and the preparation of future clinicians working with diverse gender populations. Within the field of Speech-Language Pathology, the assessment and treatment of Voice is a growing subspecialty which includes providing voice modification to transgender individuals. This poster investigates the importance of implementing a pedagogical approach for preparing SLP graduate students enrolled in health care programs to assess and treat transgender populations in a culturally responsive and individualized client-centric service model is critical.

A current limitation within the speech-language pathology field is a lack of education during graduate level programs regarding diverse gender populations. A pedagogical approach refers to the different teaching methods and the effect it has on learners. Within a pedagogical approach there are considerations such as constructivist, collaborative, integrative, reflective, and inquiry-based components. Jackomin (et al., 2020) investigated experiences with, attitudes toward, and student learning opportunities in transgender voice during graduate-level courses by disturbing an online survey to voice instructors and clinic directors. The study states gender diverse individuals tend to shy away from seeking SLP services due to presumed discrimination against them by clinicians (Jackomin et al., 2020). Preparation at a graduate level will ensure that the SLP demonstrates cultural sensitivity and awareness when collaborating with gender diverse clients. It is imperative for clinicians to have the most current education regarding pronoun usage, inclusivity, and appropriate terminology for each individual client. Through this study, it was revealed that there is a lack of education for speech-language pathology students regarding treatment for gender diverse individuals which would negatively impact the client’s needs. To combat this problem, program directors should implement a curriculum that provides students with handson practice such as, simulations, labs, and case studies. To further our involvement with this population, we can develop community outreach programs, support groups, and provide additional resources. Through these support groups, an opportunity presents to hear personal experiences and feedback to improve further collaboration with the transgender community. In the study completed by Jackomin (et al., 2020), ASHA does not currently outline clear guidelines to insist on the inclusion of transgender voice modification into the graduate level curriculum. To ensure cultural and clinical competency it is encouraged that all speech-language pathology programs include education about gender diverse populations and continue to advocate for the equity of all.

What is Speech-Language Pathology:

“Speech-language pathologists, as defined by ASHA, are professionals who hold the ASHA Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP), which requires a master's, doctoral, or other recognized postbaccalaureate degree.” American Speech- Language-Hearing Association ASHA (2021) has revised the scope of practice in speech-language pathology to incorporate eight areas of expertise for service delivery: collaboration, counseling, prevention and wellness, screening, assessment, treatment, modalities, technology, instrumentation, and populations and systems. ASHA (2021) also recognizes advocacy and outreach, supervision, education, research, and administration/leadership to be part of our areas of expertise. However, voice therapy can also be provided for elective reasons such as accent modification or transgender voice modification. Speech-language pathologists address all areas of communication and swallowing including, speech production, fluency, language, cognition, hearing, resonance, feeding, swallowing, and voice. A voice disorder can arise when there is abnormal vocal quality, pitch, and loudness deviate from appropriate age, gender, culture, and geographic location. A voice specialist SLP evaluates the vocal function and use to determine the etiology to plan and provide evidence-based treatments to improve functional use of communication.

“Waveform and spectrogram along a male-female voice morph continuum of the utterance /aba/, and face-morphs along a male-female morph continuum. All continua are morphed from male to female in steps of 20% (morph level) ( Skuk, & Schweinberger, 2014).”

SLP & Transgender population:

Voice therapy can be provided for elective reasons such as transgender voice modification. Voice therapy for the transgender population can aid in the transition process and improve their overall quality of life.

Transgender voice therapy concentrates on aiding the individual’s voice production and functional communication to align with their appropriate gender identity. Education during the initial therapy session will ensure that the client is safely modifying voice characteristics to avoid harm to the speech subsystems. Therapy will be individualized and may include feminization or masculinization to aid in perceptual changes of an individual's pitch. According to Kawitzky and McAllister (2020) as cited by Hancock and Garabedian (2012), “In the past two decades, speech-language pathologists have been using a variety of methods to help transgender women achieve a perceptually feminine voice. Current transgender voice and communication treatment methods predominantly target speaking fundamental frequency and resonance (p.53).” ASHA (2021) discusses collaboration between the client and the SLP is essential to determining which components will be addressed throughout therapy to contribute to the clients' transitional goals.

The areas addressed are verbal and nonverbal communication, such as vocal pitch, intonation, voice quality, resonance, fluency, articulation, pragmatics, and vocalization (e.g., laughing and coughing). To facilitate learned skills in treatment, it is always recommended for the clinician to incorporate a variety of contexts which could include phone conversations, meeting at a public location, and video chatting. Incorporating realistic scenarios will aid in the generalization of skills learned during treatment. Perception of an individual’s speech greatly impacts their quality of life, if perception is incongruent to their gender, it can attract unwanted attention which could in turn negatively impacting their safety. Overall, it is a speech-language pathologists' responsibility to counsel individuals regarding voice modification to guide them through the process of obtaining their most authentic voice.

Assessment & Treatment:

A comprehensive assessment should include, case history, self-assessment, oral-peripheral exam, assessment of respiration, auditory-perceptual assessment based on clinical impressions, and instrumental assessments. According to Ferrand (2019), “Behavioral voice therapy plays a critical role in helping the trans speaker develop a perceptually more feminine voice and more feminine communication patterns (p.371).” Behavioral therapy highlights the importance of vocal hygiene for the client during pitch altering activities to avoid strain or injury to the vocal structures (Ferrand, 2019). Treatment for voice disorders is individualized to reflect the clients' personal goals of improving overall functional use of communication. At the start of each treatment session, patient education should be a top priority for the clinician. ASHA (2021) outlines two main classifications for the treatment of voice disorders. Physiologic voice therapy is a holistic approach that aims to improve coordination of respiration, phonation, and resonance. Symptomatic voice therapy focuses on the correction of abnormal vocal qualities and symptoms through a direct or indirect approach. Kawitzky and McAllister (2020), completed a study that evaluated how visual-acoustic feedback can aid in the feminization of a transgender woman’s vocal perception. The study found that blinded listeners perceived a more feminine voice when the client’s second formant frequency was shifted higher indicating the success of visual-acoustic feedback. Kawitzky and McAllister (2020) recommended fading the visual feedback to facilitate generalization. According to ASHA (2021), it is crucial that clinicians imbed various environments and conversation partners into therapy to support the retention of new skills to aid in development, adaptation, and generalization.

References: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2021). Voice and Communication Services for Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https://www.asha.org/practice -portal/professional-issues/transgender-gender-diverse-voice-andcommunication/#collapse_1.

At a Glance: more SLPs perform early intervention: the number of speechlanguage pathologists with early intervention expertise increased between 2005 and 2012. (2014) ASHA Leader,19(2),28.

Ferrand, C. T. (2019). Voice Disorders: Scope of Theory and Practice. Pearson.

Jakomin, J. R., Ziegler, A., Rico, C., & Suddarth, R. (2020). Opportunities to learn transgender voice and communication therapy in graduate speechlanguage pathology education: Preliminary e-survey findings. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(4), 876-883. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_PERSP-20-00047 Kawitzky, D., & Mcallister, T. (2020). The effect of formant biofeedback on the feminization of voice in transgender women. Journal of Voice, 34(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.07.017

Title: Speech-Language Pathology and Transgender Voice Modification Abstract Submission: To establish interprofessional awareness and education pertaining to the scope of practice of SpeechLanguage Pathologists and the preparation of future clinicians working with diverse gender populations. Within the field of SpeechLanguage Pathology, the assessment and treatment of Voice is a growing subspecialty which includes providing voice modification to transgender individuals. This poster investigates the importance of implementing a pedagogical approach for preparing graduate students enrolled in health care programs to assess and treat transgender populations in a culturally responsive and individualized client-centric service model is critical.

Presenter(s): Cecelia Enman, Abbigail Brown, Carleigh Pula Sponsoring Department: Speech & Language Pathology Project Mentor: Rita Lenhardt

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement

129

Tampa Sports Academy Training Internship Kevin McNamara Gannon University

Abstract

My internship at Tampa Sports Academy was a wonderful experience in which I learned about advanced training programs, how a gym runs its media accounts, and writing training programs. I was able to learn aspects about proper form to exercises, and how plyometric exercises relate to power achieved in athletes. I also got the chance to do research as tasked by Tampa Sports Academy. After my presentation, I was given tips on how to be a better presenter. This consisted of either having better hand and eye movements when presenting and being able to better backup claims I am making on certain topic. Overall, the experience was both educational and intuitive.

Social Media

During my time at Tampa Sports Academy, I was responsible for posting both weekly Instagram posts, and bi-weekly YouTube videos. The Instagram posts consisted of recording clients as they performed exercises and explaining the exercise as well as promoting Tampa Sports Academy to try and get the gyms name known. The YouTube videos included instructional videos of things like forearm supersets and running form videos. The importance of this social media experience is that I got to see how a gym markets its facility through social media, and I got to share my knowledge and training ideas in the YouTube videos.

Shadowing

I was able to learn many training nuances at Tampa Sports Academy and saw both youth and adult clients. One of the larger takeaways I learned much about was sprinting form ques and tips. This included aspects like driving your knee and toe forward when sprinting and starting your sprint by reaching out and stay low before coming vertical in the middle of your sprint. I also learned about different strength and resistance exercises that I wasn’t previously aware of. These exercises included bar bell shoulder presses, medicine ball exercises like slams and lateral throws.

Additionally, I learned about the importance of tracking nutrient intakes as an athlete to make sure a client is reaching their recommended caloric intake to keep their metabolism steady. A wonderful app I learned about from different members of this gym that helps people track their nutrients is called MyFitnessPal.

Research Presentation

At the halfway point of my Internship, I was tasked with a research presentation. I decided to do my research on vegan athletes and the benefits of going vegan for athletes. This topic included definitions of vegan versus other diets, and reasons people become vegan. The benefits of vegan diets for athletes is that vegan diets help heart health by reducing overall inflammation and making the blood less viscous. Also, vegan diets are shown to have been better diets for distance runners because they help increase glycogen stores for those athletes who need those energy stores when exercising for longer time periods. Athletes who are vegan have better neutralization of free radicals coming from exercise while eating antioxidant foods like many fruits and vegetables (Lynch, Johnston, & Wharton, 2018).

Training Evaluation and Program Design

As a part of my internship processes at Tampa Sports Academy, I am getting the chance to coach a client named Chandler in speed and strength training. The training includes writing workouts every Friday for Chandler, who is attempting to increase his overall speed. The training includes both aerobic and resistance training to decrease Chandler’s 40-yard dash sprint time. Examples of the exercises I choose were A skips, kettle bell deadlifts, step ups (with knee drive), and ladder footwork exercises. These exercises were selected because they strengthen the muscles used during sprinting and help to increase Chandler’s aerobic efficiency. Speed ladder should be a daily exercise if you want to increase speed and be a standout athlete (Chandrakumar, & Ramesh, 2015).

Lynch, H., Johnston, C., Wharton, C. (2018). Plant-based Diets: Considerations for environmental impact, protein quality, and exercise performance. MDPI Journal of Nutrients, 10(1841).

Doi:10.3390/nu10121841 Chandrakumar, N., Ramesh, C. (2015). Effect of ladder drill and SAQ training on speed and agility among sports club badminton players. International Journal od Applied Research, 1(12), 527-530. doi: 10.1210/10092015

Title: Tampa Sports Academy Training Internship Abstract Submission: My internship at Tampa Sports Academy was an experience where I learned about advanced training programs, how a gym runs its media accounts, and writing training programs. I got to learn proper form to exercises, and how plyometric exercises relate to power achieved in athletes. I also did a research presentation on vegan athletes. After which, I was given tips on how to be a better presenter. This consisted of either having better hand and eye movements when presenting and being able to better backup claims I am making on certain topic. Overall, the experience was both educational and intuitive.

Presenter(s): Kevin McNamara Sponsoring Department: Applied Exercise Science Project Mentor: Tania Flink

130

Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement

RUSKIN GRADUATE HEALTHCARE INITIATIVE & COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT PLATFORM PRESENTATION

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Abstract Title: Dehydration in the Elderly Abstract Submission: A deficiency in water is one of the most modifiable causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the elderly as well as dehydration being one of the top ten reasons for hospitalizations in the USA. Physiological changes as one ages worsen dehydration such as external factors, chronic comorbidities, and decreases in renal function. In the elderly, dehydration poses as a health concern as well as a costly economic dilemma. Innovate ways to educate the elderly and the public to be able to detect signs and symptoms as well as prevention it is crucial to lessen this major health burden.

Presenter(s): Julia Dudkiewicz Sponsoring Department: Physical Therapy Project Mentor: Angela Kelley

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Celebrate Gannon 2021 | Ruskin Graduate | Healthcare Initiative & Community Engagement