HYPERTECH MAGAZINE E-MAGAZINE PUBLISHED BY THE AGSB INFOTE CLASS S29 | SY 2015-2016 | MAY-AUGUST 2016
03 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE 23 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC 13 BIG DATA 34 INTERNET OF THINGS
HYPERTECH MAGAZINE | AGSB INFOTE CLASS S29 | SY 2015-2016
FOREWORD By Professor Gary A. Grey
This issue of Hypertech E-magazine features four emerging technologies: • Autonomous Vehicles • Big Data • Renewable Energy • Internet of Things In the Gartner Hype Cycle Report of 2015, the top 3 at the peak of expectations are autonomous vehicles, internet of things and big data analytics. While renewable energy is not in the Gartner Report, it intersects these three at the top at some point providing the main impetus towards cheaper cost due to the Law of Accelerating Returns. Autonomous vehicles are an offshoot of the evolution of Artificial Intelligence towards greater self-awareness in robotic technology. Among the anticipated benefits of automated cars is the potential reduction in traffic accidents. Automated cars could also reduce labor costs by relieving travelers from driving and navigation chores and this technology would lift constraints on occupant ability and age parameters, There would also be an improved ability to manage traffic flow. In 2012, Gartner defined big data as follows: "Big data is high volume, high velocity, and/or high variety information assets that require new forms of processing to enable enhanced decision making, insight discovery and process optimization."
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Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (offgrid) energy services. The article on renewable energy focuses on solar power which is growing at 40% per annum since 2000. By 2050, solar will account for 27% of global energy generation. Bloomberg opines that Solar power may already rival coal and this accounts for the surge in solar module installations. The internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items— embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. The four articles look at the technology environment, the SWOT of the technology, applications in industry, education, healthcare, cost-benefit analysis, and nationbuilding implications.
Hypertech Magazine Issue INFOTE S29 May - August 2016
ABOUT PROFESSOR GARY GREY, MBM Gary A. Grey, MBM, is a consultant of Vision Analytics, Inc., a software development company engaged in creating optimal decision-making systems and intelligent process support software for the global market. He is concurrently a faculty member of the Ateneo Graduate School of Business where he teaches Information Technology, Business Intelligence, E-Marketing, Technopreneurship, and ECommerce. In the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health teaching Health Informatics. He took up undergraduate studies at De La Salle University where he graduated Magna Cum Laude major in Economics in 1972. He served in the banking community for the last 26 years with stints in Union Bank of the Philippines, Bancom Development Corporation, and PCIBank.
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AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE by Sherwin Discaya, Roxanne Domingo, Macky Macatangay, Zsarmaine Sarmiento, and Vannie Siy
I. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION A.
Technical Environment
During the 1970’s automotive manufacturers were being criticized due to the rising in the oil prices, adding to the environmental concerns, and unparalleled level of industry consolidation. In fact, the automotive industry makes up almost half of the consumption of oil worldwide. Only few automobile companies have adopted more updated technologies to change the internal combustion engine even if there were development of electronic and hybrid cars by the bigger car companies. The automobiles we have today are just improved versions of a century-old concept in terms of being more luxurious, more efficient, and more entertaining. Emergence of new players from a different industry may bring a totally new approach to the concept of an automobile. Instead of coming up with new improvements for the personal car such as a better auto-braking system, climate/temperature control, engine management, automated parking system, and
all the other accessories, these new player may start usher in a new paradigm. In addition to the development of a totally different concept for the automobile, people nowadays are starting to use Uber and other applications which offer the same service to slowly diminish their ownership and control of the cars. This reduces the tasks and stress that people experience when they own and drive their own cars. To address the issues discussed above, bigger automobile companies started developing the autonomous vehicle. There have been studies how autonomous vehicles can help reduce the risks of accidents, save more lives, increase economic savings, reduce environmental risk, and even reduce time spent on the road.
iformat Developer, (2015). "New technology impacting the automotive industry" [Online]. Available: http://www.optalert.com/news/newtechnology-impacting-the-automotive-industry [2016, June 10].
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Trends in the Technology
1. Concept of the Automobile According to Adams Jonas, lead auto analyst from Morgan Stanley Research, there are two significant technological trends in automotive transportation namely the sharing economy and the autonomous driving. Jonas said that when these two ideas mix, it will usher in the concept of “shared autonomy” wherein there will be mostly just robotic taxis and fewer private cars. He discussed the phases the automotive industry might experience into four quadrants. The image below summarizes the flow of this change. The horizontal axis illustrates the transition from individual vehicle ownership to an era where cars are shared assets. The vertical axis shows the transition from human to robotic driving.
The second quadrant shows how people started using Uber and other services of the same sort. This shows how the trend are shifting towards people favouring less time behind the wheel of their cars and have someone drive for them. If ever this trend continues, there might come a time when taxis or other car-sharing services would be so cheap, only the rich would have cars according to Jonas. This would then allow many entrants into this kind of business, Jonas added. The effect of this would be greatly felt on big cities which can support these car-sharing services. This explains Jonas’ concept for shared economy. The Owned Autonomy falls under the third quadrant. In this phase, people would let computers do the driving for them with little intervention. According to Jonas, most would still own vehicles, however companies operating human-driven cars with automated driving features would start to challenge this trend and start a competition. Lastly, the last quadrant was named “shared autonomy”. During this phase, there would be autonomous vehicles run by the mega-fleet companies operating for 24 hours. This means that most people would just avail these services instead of owning a car. This trend would first start on the bigger cities for developed countries and would eventually expand to the suburbs and then would be connected to other cities. This was how Jonas envisioned for the shared autonomy phase.
The first quadrant shows the automotive industry at present, using the century old concept. Over the years, developments were limited to car owners’ convenience and entertainment e.g. stronger engine, air conditioning, GPS, auto-braking system etc. Only few software's are installed and used in today’s latest cars. Jonas said that only 10% of the software in cars account for their total value. In the United States, cars are only used for an hour or so and most of the time are just idle in the garage or parking lots. Jonas goes on to say that automobiles are the most underutilized assets in the world.
Jerry Hirsch (2015). “Major auto industry disruption will lead to robotic taxis, Morgan Stanley says’ [Online], Available: http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-end-of-human-driving20150407-story.html, [2016, June 11]
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2. Autonomous Vehicle Developed There were already several advanced driver assistance features developed to address certain circumstances e.g. Ford Focus auto-park feature. Based from how the automotive industry is developing, it is predicted that by 2020 they will be able to manufacture vehicles which offer self-driving features. Some of these features will enable more complex automated driving, but would still require attention by the driver. The biggest practical obstacle to implement the rollout of autonomous vehicles to the public are related to liability, regulation, and legislation. In the long term, though, autonomous vehicle technology has the potential to institute major change in personal mobility, most especially in large cities.
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According to Navigant Research, 85 million autonomous-capable vehicles are expected to be sold annually around the world by 2035.
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Lastly, on the third era autonomous vehicles become mainstream and becomes the main mode of transportation. All the benefits from using these vehicles would manifest such as reduction of accidents, easier parking space (as people would opt to use carsharing applications), and consumers would have more time in doing other things. According to the article, the time that consumers worldwide could save might add up to one billion hours. This only means that people will be more productive and get more out of life. 3. Defined Levels of Automation
Based from an article by Michele Bertoncello and Dominik Wee from McKinsey & Company, the revolution of the autonomous vehicle could be divided into three eras as illustrated above.
Through the years there has been an evolution of automation in vehicles as depicted below. There are certain levels reached starting from L0, and ends in L5 wherein full automation is already in place. The figure below shows the automation levels that is reached and what occurs on each level .
Basically, during the first era autonomous vehicles are being used in farming or in mining and would then expand to adjacent equipment applications such as warehousing and construction sectors. This would then extend to vehicles which would run on public roads as the technology develops. There are actually prototypes being tested and companies are improving on the algorithms of the system. In the development of this technology, the trend would slowly shift and would lead automobile manufacturing companies to define and think of their position with regard to autonomous vehicles in the coming years. On the second era, consumers would start to adopt on the concept of autonomous vehicles. Car manufacturers would rethink and remodel on their supply chain. Car insurance providers would probably shift their business model from covering individuals when they get into an accident to covering autonomous vehicle manufacturers if ever their products fail.
Source: Connected and Autonomous Vehicles - The UK Economic Opportunity (March 2015 by KPMG)
3 (2015). “Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and the Evolution of Self-
Driving Functionality: Global Market Analysis and Forecasts’ [Online] Available: https://www.navigantresearch.com/research/autonomous-vehicles#, [2016, June 11] 4 Michele Bertoncello & Dominic Wee (2015). “Ten ways autonomous driving could redefine the automotive world” [Online] Available: http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/ourinsights/ten-ways-autonomous-driving-could-redefine-the-automotive-world, [2016, June 10]
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C.
SWOT ANALYSIS
Given that autonomous vehicles are emerging as technology that provides another avenue of transportation or form of convenience, it would be best to scrutinize the internal and external factors surrounding it.
d. Human emotions versus machine programmed decisions e. Possibility of further vehicle congestion Opportunities
Strengths a. Pave way for technological awareness and improvement b. Lessen employee problems c. Reallocation of resources to other activities d. Improve traffic system e. Save time for parking f. Improves commuting g. Environmental friendly by reducing greenhouse emission h. Ability to manage or program time - pick up and drop-off i. More cost efficient Weaknesses a. Inability to gain driving skill b. Too much dependency on technology c. Difficulty to enter transportation arena in a developing country
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a. Growth in the transportation business such as shipping, trains, airlines etc. b. More IT, Computer Science and Engineering jobs c. Window of opportunity for robotics innovation Threats a. Occupations based on public transit, crash repair, and auto insurance may suffer as this technology makes some aspects of this occupation obsolete b. System failures may put passengers at risk as this technology relies heavily on this c. Threat of weather conditions; will AV performance still be up to par d. In case of accidents, who will be to blame (passenger, manufacturer or programmer
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II. BUSINESS/INDUSTRY/EDUCATION APPLICATIONS The autonomous vehicle technology can be applied to various industries that would assist in improving the said industries services. The following are some means to use the emerging technology of autonomous vehicles in different areas:
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III. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS There is much speculation on the effect of utilizing autonomous vehicles. Believers of this technology predict that soon people will be able to afford self driving vehicles that can be beneficial in terms of reducing traffic and parking costs, accidents and emissions, reducing roadway costs, and eliminating the need for public transit services (Keen, 2013). Given this possible scenario, the amount of savings could potentially be great and that everybody will benefit. On the other hand there is also the possibility of the costs overcoming the benefits as we will soon evaluate. Potential Benefits: • Less likelihood of crash reports because of the elimination of human error • Efficiency when it comes to traffic, and decrease in congestion • AVs can be programmed to optimize passenger comfort (i.e. acceleration) • Shared vehicles may reduce vehicle ownership (43%) and parking costs by allowing self-driving cabs to replace personal vehicles • Parking costs will be decreased as AVs can be utilized more for sharing; parking spaces can be repurposed Potential Costs: • Even with all the enhancements in producing an autonomous vehicle, Ravi Shanker from Stanley Research said that it shouldn't cost that much. They believe that "full autonomous capability will add only about $10,000 to a cost of a car, and which they expect to fall significantly by the time the technology is mainstream.
• In terms of policy implications, there have been studies stating that under autonomous vehicles, manufacturer liability is likely to overtake that of personal liability. If a vehicle and a human have shared responsibilities when it comes to driving, the insurance aspect could be more complex. However a variety of solutions are available if this proves to be a problem. • Subsidies or taxes may be necessary to maximize social welfare given that many benefits of the autonomous vehicle technology are felt by those other than the purchaser. This would ensure that there is equality in the public and private costs and benefits. • Incremental costs of making autonomous vehicles are uncertain. Because there is no physical driver, added safety features are present such as sensors, computer controls (but these could become cheaper through mass production) • Risk of system failure could be fatal to the vehicle, its passengers, and other road users • AVs would require special navigation and mapping service to work (top of the line wireless networks) that would entail additional cost to the manufacturer, which eventually would spill cover to the purchaser/patrons. Below is a table that highlights the main points of both costs and benefits of the autonomous vehicles technology:
5 Anderson, James M., Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn D. Stanley, Paul Sorensen,
Constantine Samaras and Oluwatobi A. Oluwatola. Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2016. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-2.html. [2016, June 10] 6 (2015). “Autonomous Cars: The Future Is Now” [Online], Morgan Stanley, http://www.morganstanley.com/articles/autonomous-cars-the-future-isnow/, [2016, June 11]
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IV.
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ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
Automated vehicles promise great benefits and unintended effects that are difficult to predict, and the technology is coming either way. Change is inescapable and not necessarily a bad thing in itself. But major disruptions and new harms should be anticipated and avoided where possible. That is the role of ethics in public policy: it can pave the way for a better future, or it could become a wreck if we don’t keep looking ahead. A. Environmental Autonomous Vehicles (AV) manufacturers’ primary goals are more on the user's’ safety, convenience, entertainment, and comfort. They are focused on making AVs being able to find the quickest routes, use sensors to eliminate unnecessary acceleration and braking, and be able to find parking spots. As for taxi services, manufacturers look for ways how their customers can be picked-up from their location and reach their destination in the quickest and safest way. Given this, they don’t really give that much attention to the environmental benefits that AV can provide. However, the features that AV manufacturers are trying to adopt into their cars would eventually help address environmental issues.
Current automobiles have the “eco-mode” feature which may help the owners reduce their fuel consumption. However, the drawback is that car would run a bit sluggish as this function would make adjustments in the car’s performance to use energy more efficiently. The most significant environmental benefit that autonomous vehicles can provide is the abolishment of car ownership culture and change it with a sound and affordable autonomous taxi service. Jeffrey Greenblatt, a scientist from Lawrence Berkeley, noted that 96% of cars are privately owned and that 95% of time are just parked and unutilized. If most people would prefer availing AV taxi services rather than buying their own cars, then carbon emissions would greatly be reduced. If ever these AV taxis start to use renewable energy (solar or wind energy), this may lead to an 87-94 reduction in the venting of greenhouse gases into the ozone layer, Jeffrey added. Despite these benefits, another question arises. It would also matter as to when these benefits would manifest and how fast the AV manufacturers can produce such cars. This is a question not even these companies can answer as of now. B. Issue of Unemployment
If AVs are capable of running more efficiently compared to human-driven cars, they would be able to save more on energy and reduce carbon emissions (if they are still using combustion engines). Dave McCreadie, Ford Motor’s GM of electronic vehicle infrastructure and smart grid, said that people are always driving inefficiently because they keep on accelerating and then would back-off. Having AVs that can anticipate traffic lights and maneuver safely, then you would be able to save energy. In addition, AVs that are capable of finding the fastest routes and able to locate parking slots could help save up to 5% of fuel consumption according to the NREL paper.
Ucilia Wang (2015). “ARE SELF-DRIVING VEHICLES GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT?”, http://ensia.com/features/are-self-driving-vehicles-goodfor-the-environment/, [2016, June 10] 7
A huge number of people depend their livelihood on the automobile industry. This can range from being drivers of automobiles, repairmen, or insurance personnel seeking to sell plans for car protection. Given that the emerging technology of autonomous vehicles eliminates the need for drivers, reduces accidents and repairs, and makes insurance plans almost negligible, how can the issue of potential unemployment be addressed? We cannot simply eradicate that portion of the workforce and leave them with nothing to do. Courses have been set up to cater to these specific needs, and by the virtue of this technology, those skills amassed over several years will suddenly become obsolete. There should be an alternative for these groups who will be greatly affected in the event that full automation of vehicles will occur. Government and regulatory bodies should have a plan in place to protect the welfare of those who will be affected by such an evolution.
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HYPERTECH MAGAZINE | AGSB INFOTE CLASS S29 | SY 2015-2016 C. Trolley Problem This ethical implication, which was introduced by an AV advocate named Mitch Turck, is where a single person is on the tracks. Under the normal scenario this person can easily be saved by stopping the trolley, but that would put the passengers on the trolley in an inconvenient situation. The premise of this moral dilemma is “how many people need to be in the trolley for their inconvenience to be valued more than a single life�. No technology is perfect and waiting for autonomous vehicles to be 100% safe does not take into consideration that many of these accidents can be prevented.
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E. Differing Laws in different countries Since there is still no framework for any regulation when it comes to operating and using autonomous vehicles, it is still unclear on which rules to follow. Different countries may have different ways of controlling the usage or patronage of autonomous vehicles. This could create moral dilemmas for individuals when they find themselves in different areas/states.
D. Liability Because of the advancement in making autonomous vehicles, there becomes a gray area wherein you do not know to whom the liability will accrue to; should it be with the manufacturer or the purchaser? Since there is less responsibility from humans using AVs as a means of transport, there becomes a complexity in terms of insuring the vehicle.
Group 1 Members: Sherwin Discaya Roxanne Domingo Macky Macatangay Zsarmaine Sarmiento, Vannie Siy
GROUP 1 MEMBERS WITH PROFESSOR GARY A. GREY
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BIG DATA by Amy Ann, Abby Bernardo, Ogie Enriquez, Jahan Kalam and Michelle Gatdula
I. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION A.
Technical Description
The era of big data has arrived. Large and complex sets of information are being collected for different purposes and rationales through various kinds of media – from the use of mobile devices, software logs, social media, even those small info stubs you fill in to join raffles in the supermarket. Big data now impacts everyday modern life. This includes business, government, health care, research in multiple disciplines which include life sciences, engineering, natural sciences, art & humanities. So what is big data? So far there, has been no universally accepted definition. In Wikipedia, big data is defined as “an all-encompassing term for any collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process using traditional data processing applications” Big data has dimensions in the form of 4 v’s according to IBM’s data scientists: Volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. The infographic below describes these dimensions.
The main challenge with big data lies in these dimensions. Though volume may seem the most obvious hurdle, it only speaks for the amount of information collected and thus the harder it is to store and process these data. The real difficulty lies in (1) variety. This deals with the diversified data types. With these, applications need to deal with structured and unstructured data (i.e. texts images, video, and voice). (2) Velocity deals with the timely response requirements. This deals with the challenge brought about by the availability of resources to collect, store, and process the big data within the time frame it is needed. Finally (3) veracity or the uncertainty of data poses the challenge of distinguishing true and false or reliable and unreliable data is most problematic. Amidst these challenges, big data provides great value without a doubt. Looking at things from a socioeconomic standpoint, big data provides critical support to the “second economy” that are activities that involve processors, connectors, sensors, and executors. Big data provides and infinite and constantly dynamic resource that can transform the second economy from being labor productivity intensive to knowledge productivity intensive.
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Trends in the Technology
For the past years, big data technology has definitely significantly materialized and widely developed. From the storing and analyzing data through tallying sticks to manually quantifying the growth rate to automatic calculation of data until there was iCloud-based storage of information. We have indeed evolved and still continue to be ahead of the changing time. Big data as what they have said is not a fad these days. In fact, it does play a huge part in our lives whether it is offline or online situation. As per Bernard Marr, big data is just a further step that will bring change to the way we run business and society. This just means that there will be more changes, better development and highly innovative leaps that we will encounter along the way when it comes to big data.
trending in the market. Even the customer themselves sift through and adjust in these kind of information to acquire large amounts of information, choosing options, and buying decisions. 3. Internet of Things (IOT) - is the concept of connecting devices with an on and off switch to the Internet or to each other through the Internet. With this large number of users, it is also a demand for availability of jobs for the experts.
According to Information Week webpage that was published last January 2016, it is expected that there will be a rise of power to the business users. As per Manu Jeevan of Machine Learning, the five big data trends that will dominate 2016 are: Smart Machines, Customer Digital Assistants, Internet of Things (IOT), Automated Composition Engines and Robo-boss. This is a long-term prediction on how the big data will control the business technology perspective: 1. Smart Machines – according to Gartner, by 2018, 50% of the fastest-growing companies will have fewer workers than instances of smart machines. This is a generating-revenue strategy for multinational company and definitely a lesser risk in human error. It can also be mentioned that smart machines can definitely a cost-reduction on the side of the financial statement. Automating tasks and having it simplified can retain and grow the business further. 2. Customer Digital Assistants – as per Gartner, by Year 2018, CDAs will recognize individuals by face and voice across channels and partners. Though it is not yet fully embraced throughout all the industries, even the artificial intelligence – but for other CDAs such face recognition, voice identification, emotional detection, natural language processing, and audience profile data these are the digital assistants that are currently
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4. Automated Composition Engines – It was said by Gartner that by 2018, all the business content will be authored by machines. The advancement on machine learning, data integration, and predictive analytics applications have rapidly took off for the past years and still continue to amaze us. 5. Robo-boss – This trend in technological advancement has been predicted that by 2018, more than 3 million workers will be highlysupervised by robots. Robo-bosses use advanced machine learning techniques like deep learning, to automatically learn and improve with experience. A good example of deep learning is Google’s selfdriving car project. In Japan and other first-world countries, this kind of IT leap has been accepted more likely in the business settings.
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C. SWOT Analysis
Strengths a. Ability to process voluminous data to arrive at correlations b. Analyze data real-time as it is captured c. Enables predictive output d. Ability to churn data and provide needed output immediately e. Provides 360 degree view of customer i. Enables company to design effective campaigns ii. Enables up-sell and cross-sell iii. Ability to influence customer behavior through guided information on historical transactions iv. Identify and retain most profitable customers and secure loyalty through special offers v. Deliver customer value through targeted means at the point of service Weaknesses a. Weak legal and ethical guidelines b. Privacy concern by users c. Need for skilled manpower 3. Opportunities a. Data continue to grow through online transactions and social media interactions b. Implementation of stronger laws relating to big data c. 2013 survey of data management professionals found that of 339 companies, 71 percent admitted that they “have yet to begin planning� their big data strategies. d. Applications in various industries such as healthcare (i.e. creation of medicines and the human genome project), sports (i.e. moneyball, team analysis making sports more entertaining), and banking (i.e. background checks, credit checks).
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Threats a. Hackers intruding data banks b. Misuse of data c. Government Intervention in data
II. BUSINESS/INDUSTRY/EDUCATION APPLICATIONS As more and more of our transactions become digital, the data at our disposal also increases exponentially. In fact, some industries and companies have already discovered the power of big data and are using the information to their advantage and reaping the benefits. Here are some actual applications of the solution for some sectors or industries: a. Big Data in Education Systems integrators and technology companies are continuously working with educational institutions in order to transform data into insights that lead to improvement of teaching strategies, highlight improvement areas for students and provide more effective learning tools via remote learning. There are also other companies that utilize a system that links databases with voluminous information that the students as well as teachers can access to match information and guide them for the improvement of the written works. Such an example is the company Turnitin which has several solutions that address the functions of Plagiarism Checker, Grammar Checking and Professional Tutoring.
2014)
Figure 1: Sample output of Plagiarism Checker
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HYPERTECH MAGAZINE | AGSB INFOTE CLASS S29 | SY 2015-2016 The system for Plagiarism Checker allows the user to verify the originality of any written work vis-à-vis 50+ Million documents already checked for plagiarism, 49 Million scholarly articles, books, and conferences proceedings from 115,000 scientific, technical, and medical journals, 105 Million Published works from journals, periodicals, magazines, encyclopedias, and abstracts and 60 Billion current and archived webpages, among others.
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On the other hand, Professional Tutoring provides an individualized criticism of your writing that includes feedback within 12 hours. The feedback is very detailed and addresses areas of concern, with step-by-step instructions on the items due for editing. One particular example and a satisfied user is Jennifer Griggs who is an English teacher at the Abraham Lincoln Traditional School (ALTS) in Phoenix, Arizona.
b. Big Data in Education Figure 2: Sample output of Grammar Checker
Grammar Checker meanwhile checks a document for grammar, usage and mechanics and identifies the content errors for writing improvement.
Information technology has also made an impact on hospitals and the healthcare industry. Big data is revolutionizing the medical industry’s way of dealing with diseases and patients. It isn’t just helping doctors arrive at an updated and consolidated research on diseases, it has also enabled personalization through identifying the right test for a patient and making more personalized medical tests possible. One such real world application is the Duke University Health System, which uses everyday patient-related data from their electronic medical records as input in an analytics engine which provides a decision-support tool that enables the organization to personalize its approach in patient treatments. Given the goal of county health officials to secure the number of patients who would need priority access to the H1N1 vaccine, Duke University Health System was able to immediately identify qualified patients.
Figure 3: Sample output of Professional Tutoring
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b. Big Data in Healthcare
c. Big Data in Business
Information technology has also made an impact on hospitals and the healthcare industry. Big data is revolutionizing the medical industry’s way of dealing with diseases and patients. It isn’t just helping doctors arrive at an updated and consolidated research on diseases, it has also enabled personalization through identifying the right test for a patient and making more personalized medical tests possible.
For Businesses, an actual and ongoing use case is the one being proposed by PLDT Inc. to one of the local logistics company here in the Philippines. Both internal and external data serve as the new natural resource and are considered as the new oil of the digital economy that will fuel technology-driven businesses.
One such real world application is the Duke University Health System, which uses everyday patient-related data from their electronic medical records as input in an analytics engine which provides a decision-support tool that enables the organization to personalize its approach in patient treatments. Given the goal of county health officials to secure the number of patients who would need priority access to the H1N1 vaccine, Duke University Health System was able to immediately identify qualified patients.
With Big Data, the vision for the company is to become the best and biggest fully-integrated supply chain provider in the Philippines that provides end-to-end customer value. The current problem of the company is that the existing systems being used by the different business units are not integrated and in silos, which do not provide a consolidated view of the business. Another problem is that customer records are muddled, with the possibility of the existence of several names/accounts under just customer. This also prohibits the view of management to check the flow-through of revenue from one business unit to another. The aim is to arrive at a 360 degree view per customer in order to identify the business contribution and do upsell and cross sell. The paradigm shifts that will be enabled by Big Data upon completion of the project are as follows:
In terms of impact on various entities of the Big Data Healthcare solutions, the following apply:
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III. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS a. Cite Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) – Capital Investment, Hidden Costs Big Data platforms have increased data storage infrastructures and have enabled data driven company to increase their performance and capacities. Apache Hadoop, an open source software framework for distributed storage and data processing, has been a catalyst in pursuing mainstream adoption making Big Data available and more accessible to companies. However, estimation of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for Hadoop can be very challenging as there are many hidden costs and variations as to where these environments are built and deployed. For the purpose of comparison, we will be showing TCOs for both selfmanaged and service-based clusters. There are varied cost models for Hadoop that are currently available. It may vary from purely selfmanaged clusters to service based options. The first cost to consider is the cluster size, these may seem a little bit difficult to estimate as the requirement storage is different from the actual storage usage. For example a 10TB data usage may require 30TB of raw storage space for Hadoop Distributed File System’s triple copy storage for fault tolerance. 50% overhead storage must also be added to accommodate expected growth. A sample computation of a 3-year Hadoop cluster is shown below:
Another challenge in cluster design is also from determining the number of processors, storage space, and amount of memory per data. Since Cluster size is primarily about performance – cluster size tend to be bigger than storage requirement to be able to deliver and carry out its performance in loading and processing data sets. Building a cluster on site/premises or use outsourced computing of data is also a cost driver in the Big Data industry. Whether on – premises, hosted, or through cloud services, procurement of hardware is needed for a Hadoop cluster.
A very helpful equation to solve and understand the TCO for clusters:
Companies can also opt to use cloud-based subscriptions like Paas. These type of models eliminate the cost of getting hardware as well as address the issues brought about by IT limitations and constraints on IT management. The cost for subscribing in services like are straightforward and are based on the number of rows per data rather than the number of terabytes, number of hardware and drives. There are also additional costs for data ingestion and network upload.
img source: http://radiantadvisors.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/RadiantAdvisors_TreasureData_BigDataTCO_Har dCosts_wAppendix.pdf
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Hardware costs are not a one – time expenditure in self-managed clusters. Opting to purchase hardware would entail maintenance and updating of servers, hardware upgrades may also mean that some servers will be recycled or disposed. However subscription in cloud-based clusters like PaaS would entail zero costs on hardware maintenance and upgrades. Lastly management of these data and equipment requires professional hands. For self- managed clusters Big data professionals like cluster administrators and engineers, network engineers, data center people, business analysts and power users with specialized knowledge and training on desktop access tools are needed. These individuals also require constant skills development and training as technologies continuously progress. However, subscription in Paas may lessen or possibly eliminate these HR costs altogether.
c. Financial Analysis (ROI, Payback Period, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, etc.) img source: http://radiantadvisors.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/RadiantAdvisors_TreasureData_BigDataTCO_Har dCosts_wAppendix.pdf
b. Strategic Benefits
Majority of the cost benefits that industries can get from incorporating Big Data into their systems is in the area of reduced labor costs, reduced processing/production time and increased in productivity. Samples benefits: • Big Data can help airlines achieve a 1% fuel reduction by optimizing engine performance. That would result in a $30 billion savings for the commercial airline industry over 15 years. • Similarly, every 1% efficiency improvement in gasfired power plant turbines could yield $66 billion savings in fuel consumption globally.
2 (PLDT, 2015)
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IV. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS No one can deny the convenience and the ease that the Big Data revolution has brought to us. Big Data has changed the way people look at data. However, these advancements have widened the gap between what is possible and what is legally allowed. The scale and ease with which everything can be done in big data has raised concerns on several ethical issues specifically related to privacy, transparency, identity and confidentiality. Through Big Data, developers can now access and tap into varied sources, which can even come from far-flung areas. Something that developers and statisticians from before the Big Data revolution dare to only dream about. According to Jonathan King and Neil Richards, authors of “What’s up with Big Data Ethics?”, man’s ability to discover new patterns and knowledge from data is moving faster than what the current legal and ethical guidelines can manage. As technicalities in the realm of Big Data continue to expand, debates have already ensued as to how Big Data challenges pre-existing policies, as well as the public understanding. According to a study conducted by the Royal Statistical Society (UK), there are two primaryreasons of questioning big data: • Trust in the findings • Truth in the methods • The leading concern about the uses of these data come from unconsented usage of said data as well as untested consequences. The views of the public towards use of big data depends on how informed they have been during the procedure. By ensuring that enforcing information rules especially in the areas of data collection, use and retention protects privacy of data, people will be able to manage and seethe flow of their information across these platforms.
Apart from privacy and confidentiality, Big Data also raises concern on transparency. Same as confidentiality of shared information, the owners of these data must have a clear view of how their information are being used/sold. As Big Data can compromise one’s identity through surveillance and other mishandling of information, organizations must always prioritize transparency mechanisms that should respond well to the interests of the public, especially their trust. To be able to resolve these issues, an organization must be able to come up with precautionary measures and guidelines so as to uphold the integrity of the information available in data banks, etc. Enforcing governance ensures that the gap between what the organization says they will do and how they say they will do it will be filled. Guiding principles in relation to Big Data must be based on these 3 important values: • Honesty, transparency, fairness • Robustness, resilience, adaptability and usability • Innovation, enterprise and efficiency for providing new public goods Organizations must take time in composing and implementing these guidelines as well as include these ethical practices in the culture of their communities. By doing so, they will have a higher probability that people will lead and learn by example. Because at the end of the day, Big Data is much more about correlating data and creating pattern algorithmsit is still about money and power. And it is up to the organizations to keep their promise of being transparent and for the citizens to be proactive in knowing the methods and the use of data extracted from them.
Another principle that needs to be covered is the confidentiality of shared information. Just because it is relatively easier to access, generate and share information through big data, it doesn’t necessarily follow that anything goes. Utmost confidentiality must still be practiced when handling data be it medical, financial, police, location data, etc.
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V. NATION BUILDING IMPLICATIONS Not only can big data be used for business, but can also be leveraged to benefit society. The methods in revealing and establishing patterns and associations in large data sets can also show trends that may help resolve various issues that ail the populace. One application of big data is its use in effective policing and crime fighting. An application called PredPol is marketed as a predictive policing software. It assists police officers in determining where and at what time should they patrol given a certain jurisdiction. It utilizes three data points - past type of crime, place of crime, and time of crime - to achieve the following: assign probabilities that crime would occur at a given area and time, present relevant information that is understandable by key decision makers, and allows a more efficient deployment of staff and resources. Police staff that utilize Predpol are claimed to be twice as effective in deterring crime. Tech giant IBM has also come up with COPLINK, a software that mines law enforcement data in order to get leads in solving cases. It leverages on information sharing initiatives by police in various jurisdictions to access them simultaneously via one system and discovering any linkages and relationships within these data stores for solving crimes. Any analysis and findings can be shared with other law enforcement agencies. The system can also be accessed from a desktop, existing equipment in patrol vehicles, or even remotely via smartphone.
Even more useful is the ITU’s utilization of a typical big data set to temper the spread of the outbreak. Mobile telephone operators maintain call data records (CDRs) that contain, among other things, locational information whenever phones in the network are used. This data is anonymized when transmitted to the ITU, who then uses it to create a dynamic map that allows the tracking of a population’s movement in and around the area. These movements can then be exploited in determining where to quarantine, where to limit movement, and where cases of the disease is set to occur next. This system was successfully deployed in Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia. Further applications of this technology can be made in future disease outbreaks. It is also envisaged that it can also be used during relief operations for natural disasters, helping aid agencies send relief goods to the people and places that are in need of help the most. 1. Crime fighting http://www.datapine.com/blog/big-datahelps-to-fight-crime/ 2. Traffic mitigation/Public Transport planning http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/infrastru cture/our-insights/big-data-versus-bigcongestion-using-information-to-improvetransport 3. Curb spread of disease epidemics https://itu4u.wordpress.com/2015/10/13/how -big-data-will-help-fight-global-epidemics/
Another venue in which big data can help is in controlling the spread of epidemics. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa was something that had to be managed, as the disease kills one in two people and has affected areas with poor health and sanitation infrastructure. As part of its efforts in helping deal with the Ebola crisis, The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations’ agency for ICT’s, launched a mobile app that aimed to help disseminate information between healthcare managers and field workers. The “Ebola-Info-Sharing” app allows the pinpointing of where new cases are located, as well as inform locations of nearest health centers and the latest news about the outbreak.
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Group 2 Members: Amy Ang Abby Bernardo Ogie Enriquez Jahan Kalam Michelle Gatdula
GROUP 2 MEMBERS WITH PROFESSOR GARY A. GREY
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
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Source: www.extremetech.com
By Lara Posrsche Abo, Patrick Leonard Gonzales, Paolo Gabriel Gregorio, Nathanael Paolo Soriano, and Baby Grace Umali
I. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION A.
Technical Description
Photovoltaic (PV) devices convert light directly into electricity and should not be confused with other solar technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) or solar thermal for heating and cooling. The key components of a PV power system are various types of photovoltaic cells (often called solar cells) interconnected and encapsulated to form a photovoltaic module (the commercial product), the mounting structure for the module or array, the inverter (essential for grid-connected systems and required for most off-grid systems), the storage battery and charge controller (for off-grid systems but also increasingly for grid-connected ones). 1 A grid-connected photovoltaic power system or gridconnected PV system is an electricity generating solar PV system that is connected to the utility grid. A gridconnected PV system consists of solar panels, one or several inverters, a power conditioning unit and grid connection equipment. They range from small residential and commercial rooftop systems to large utility-scale solar power stations. 2 1 Trends 2015 in Phototovoltaic. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.ieapvps.org/index.php?id=trends 2 Elhodeiby, A.S.; Metwally, H.M.B; Farahat, M.A (March 2011). "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 3.6 KW ROOFTOP GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN EGYPT" (PDF). International Conference on Energy Systems and Technologies (ICEST 2011): 151–157. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
An off-grid or standalone photovoltaic system is an electricity generating solar PV system that is not connected to the utility grid. These systems will generally have a battery bank in order to store the electricity for use when needed. 3 A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount 3 What does
on-grid and off-grid mean? (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.solarpowernrg.com/index.php/faq/101-what-does-on-grid-andoff-grid-mean.html
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of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.4
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Figure below shows the top 10 PV module manufacturers list for last year is based on actual module shipments through the first nine months of 2015 and guidance figures as well as detailed analysis of over 45 leading manufacturers' expected shipments for the full year. 8
Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall market is made up of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous silicon.5
The process of solar power generation begins when solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight into electricity. Typically, the efficiency of solar panels is 1115% although there have been instances where scientists were able to produce panels that have efficiencies of up to 40%. The challenge however remains on the commercial aspect as manufacturers have yet to determine producing economically viable solar panels. 6 There are several kinds of solar panels used in power generation. The traditional solar cells are those that are made from silicon and are most efficient. Thin-film solar cells are the second generation solar panels that can double as rooftop shingles and tiles, building facades and the glazing for skylights because of their flexibility. The third generation panels are made from various materials, some of which use plastic lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto little pieces of high efficiency PV material. 7 Admin, S. (n.d.). Solar panel. Retrieved June 13, 2016, from http://www.sunrisesolarmd.com/blog/solar-panel 5 Fraunhofer ISE publishes "Photovoltaics Report" (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/news/news-archive/news2012/fraunhofer-ise-publishes-photovoltaicsreport 6 Solar Panel Efficiency - Pure Energies. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://pureenergies.com/us/howsolar- works/solar-panel-efficiency/ 7 Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-photovoltaics.html 4
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B.
Trends in Technology
Throughout the decades since solar technology first came into society in the 1960s, there have been a lot of technological progress. Alternative Energy (summarizes a few of these technological advancements: 9 Solar Technology Advancements 1. Light-sensitive Nanoparticles – colloidal quantum dots developed by a team of scientists in University of Toronto that uses n-type and p-type semiconductors which can function outdoors as opposed to previous designs. 2. Gallium Arsenide – researchers at London’s Imperial College University developed this material that enables PV systems to function with three times more efficiency than existing products. The “triple junction cells” can be chemically altered to optimize sunlight capturing
Osborne, M. (2016, January 21). Top 10 solar module manufacturers in 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.pv-tech.org/editors blog/top-10-solar-module-manufacturers-in-2015 9 The Latest in Solar Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar/latest-solar-technology.html 8
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Energy Storage Advancements 1. Molten Salt Storage Technology – commissioned by Novatec Solar, the process utilizes “inorganic salts to transfer energy generated by solar PV systems into solar thermal using heat transfer fluid rather than oils as some storage system have.” The result is that solar plants can produce with higher output as they can operate at temperatures over 500 degrees Celsius. Costs in storage are also reduced with this technology. 2. Solar Panels with Built-In Battery – funded by the US Department of Energy and developed by scientists at the Ohio State University, this project created a battery more efficient by 20% and cheaper by 25% than current products in the market. The rechargeable battery was built in to the system rather than being a standalone system previously.
Source: http://www.ciel-et-terre.net/
3. Space-based Solar – space-based satellites are used to harness sun power, converting it into microwave energy that is beamed back to earth.
Solar Application Advancements As commonly seen on the roof, solar can be applied in other unconventional ways such as: Source: http://www.explainingthefuture.com/visions/vision_sbsp.html
1. Solar Roadways – already seen in The Netherlands, solar roadways removes the issue on taking up too much land. Solar panels are strategically lined up on highways and roads and they feed electricity to the grid.
Source: http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/dutch-test-solaroadsolar-panels-on-bike-path-1.2831630)
2. Floating Solar – instead of erecting solar on land, this advancement puts solar panels on water. French firm Ciel et Terre are experimenting with this technology.
C. Market Trends In the coming years, the solar energy industry is expected to continue its boom. 10 According to the USbased Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), in Q1 2016 the US installed 1,665 MWdc of solar PV (or Photovoltaics, the method of solar energy to direct current electricity conversion using semiconducting materials). This is 24% higher than in Q1 2015 and the largest in US solar industry’s history. One major factor contributing to the industry’s expansion is the Solar Investment Tax Credit Extension that was signed into law last December 18, 2015. According to SEIA, this law extends the “30% Solar Investment Tax Credits for both residential and commercial projects through the end of 2019, and then drops the credit to 26% in 2020, and
Lozanova, S. (2016, January 07). 5 Solar Energy Trends for 2016 in the Residential Market. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.triplepundit.com/2016/01/5-solar-energy-trends-2016 residential-market/
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22% in 2021 before dropping permanently to 10% for commercial projects and 0% for residential projects. In addition, the bill included language allowing owners who commence construction on their projects before the end of 2021 to claim the larger credit once their project is placed in service, as long as that project is placed in service before the end of 2023.11 The impact, according to the organization is that the industry “will deploy more than 20 gigawatts (GW) of solar electric capacity annually and employ more than 420,000 workers.” The graphs below show the yearly US solar installations and the correlation of solar electric capacity and related jobs created in the US. 12
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Also, as the industry grows, cost of solar installations falls and this increases the likelihood of consumers to consider going solar. SEIA shows this comparison in the graph below. 12
In addition to trends in solar power, TriplePundit reports the following insights with its correspondence with Vikram Aggarawal, the founder and CEO of EnergySage (a leading solar marketplace: visit at https://www.energysage.com/). According to Vikram Aggarawal, inherent with the boom in the solar industry, the average consumer might find it hard to continually be updated on the new information about advancements in solar and the technology because the industry changes and evolves quickly. With this, a lack of understanding arises and it does not help that some solar providers rely on aggressive marketing tactics that somehow undermines transparency about the product themselves. Also, as the options dramatically increase, the consumers might find it difficult to choose which one is suited for their needs. On a better note, the CEO also notes that solar financing options have expanded which can support the industry’s growth in the coming years. 10
10 Lozanova, S. (2016, January 07). 5 Solar Energy Trends for 2016 in the Residential Market. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.triplepundit.com/2016/01/5-solarenergy-trends-2016 residential-market/
11 Solar Market Insight Report 2016 Q2. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.seia.org/researchresources/ solar-market-insight-report-2016-q2 12 Impacts of Solar Investment Tax Credit Extension. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.seia.org/research-resources/impacts-solarinvestmenttax-credit-extension
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D. SWOT Analysis Strengths
Opportunities
a. Solar panels used to create electricity only require little maintenance. According to engineers, after installation and optimization, solar panels are very reliable since they actively create electricity and do not need any mechanical parts which can fail.
a. Government regulations are promoting renewable energy – In the Philippines, a renewable energy law was passed in 2008 to encourage the development of power projects utilizing renewable energy sources. Under this law, the renewable energy developers including manufacturers of locallyproduced renewable energy equipment and components are entitled to incentives from the government. 15
b. It helps offset carbon emission - Since solar panels generate electricity from the sun, there is little carbon footprint compared with power plants operate with other fuel sources.
Weaknesses a. An average solar panel is approximately 11% 20% efficient only – Although the panels have a larger capacity, the sunlight absorption rate is limited. This means that 80% of the energy that could have been produced is wasted. 13 b. Solar panels can only turn solar energy into electricity during day time or whenever there is sufficient sunlight - The sun does not shine 24 hours a day and 7 times a week. This limits electricity production. When the sun goes down, solar panels stop producing electricity. With this scenario, it is unlikely to be heavily reliant on solar power. c. Land Requirement – The installation of solar panels for electricity production will require a large area of land. For instance, it will take approximately 7,000 acres or 2,832 hectares of land to build a 240 megawatt solar power plant whereas it will only take approximately 640 acres or 259 hectares for a coal-fired power plant of the same capacity. 14
Solar Panel Efficiency - Pure Energies. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://pureenergies.com/us/howsolar-works/solar-panel-efficiency/ 14 Which has a bigger footprint, a coal plant or a solar farm? (2010). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://grist.org/article/2010-11-17-which-has-biggerfootprint-coal-plant-or-solar-farm
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b. Cheaper cost - Over 90% of solar panels today are comprised of silicon semiconductors, the key ingredient to converting sunlight into electricity. However, because of new technologies, next generation solar panels are expected to be made from a variety of materials which will result in a cheaper and more efficient production cost. 16 c. Improvement in efficiency - Although the amount absorbed by solar panels ranges only from 11% to 20% on the average, researchers says that with the advancement of technology, solar panels would eventually be able to absorb up to 40% to 80% sunlight for electricity production. 17
Threats a. Natural disasters – Since solar panels are fixed and built in, whenever there are natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes or tsunamis, damages to the panels may result and replacing them may be costly. b. New technologies – The pace and rate by which technologies change may pose serious threats of substitution to solar panel technologies. At present, concentrated solar power technologies are gaining popularity which may eventually replace traditional solar PV.
Republic Act No. 9513 - An Act Promoting the Development, Utilization and Commercialization of Renewable Energy Resources and for Other Purposes. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.doe.gov.ph/issuances/republicact/627-ra-9513 16 Common Types of Solar Cells. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar/common-types-of-solar-cells.html 17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Power, Facts about Solar Power. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2016, from http://www.tc.umn.edu/~dama0023/solar.html 15
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II. BUSINESS/INDUSTRY/EDUCATION APPLICATIONS Solar energy is used for power or non-power applications. Most of the solar energy applications in Philippines are found in the rural areas, due in part to the rural electrification initiative of the national and local government units (LGUs). 18 Listed below are the PV applications and market segment based on the International Energy Agency Report (Trends 2015 in Photovoltaic Applications): 1. Pico PV systems have experienced significant development in the last few years, combining the use of very efficient lights (mostly LEDs) with sophisticated charge controllers and efficient batteries. With a small PV panel of only a few watts, essential services can be provided, such as lighting, phone charging and powering a radio or a small computer. 1 2. Off-grid domestic systems provide electricity to households and villages that are not connected to the utility electricity network (also referred to as grid). They provide electricity for lighting, refrigeration and other low power loads, have been installed worldwide and are often the most appropriate technology to meet the energy demands of off-grid communities. 1
4. Hybrid systems combine the advantages of PV and diesel generator in mini grids. The micro-hybrid system range for use as a reliable and cost-effective power source for telecom base stations continues to develop and expand. The development of small distributed hybrid generation systems for rural electrification to address the needs of remote communities will rely on the impetus given by institutions in charge of providing public services to rural customers. Large-scale hybrids can be used for large cities powered today by diesel generators. 1 5. Grid-connected distributed PV systems are installed to provide power to a grid-connected customer or directly to the electricity network (specifically where that part of the electricity distribution network is configured to supply power to a number of customers rather than to provide a bulk transport function). 1 6. Grid-connected centralized systems perform the functions of centralized power stations. The power supplied by such a system is not associated with a particular electricity customer, and the system is not located to specifically perform functions on the electricity network other than the supply of bulk power. These systems are typically ground-mounted and functioning independently of any nearby development. 1
Solar energy applications in the rural areas are mostly photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems which range from 20-75 watt-peak (Wp) individual solar home systems to community-based lightning applications (e.g., streetlights, village centers, and schools). 18 3. Off-grid non-domestic installations were the first commercial application for terrestrial PV systems. They provide power for a wide range of applications, such as telecommunications, water pumping, vaccine refrigeration and navigational aids. These are applications where small amounts of electricity have a high value, thus making PV commercially cost competitive with other small generating sources. 1 Trends 2015 in Phototovoltaic. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.ieapvps.org/index.php?id=trends 18 National Renewable Energy Program. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.doe.gov.ph/microsites/nrep/index.php?opt=nrepbook 1
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III. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS The researchers were able to set a phone interview with Winston Guinto, the Director of the Quality Assurance Department of Sunpower Philippines. The highlights of the discussion revolved around the costs and benefits of solar power in a residential setup and are presented below. Typically in solar panel setups, electricity systems for residential households are set up with 40-50% solar supplied and the rest supplied by the power company (e.g. Meralco). This setup is called the Grid Type System where the household is supplied with a combination of solar and power company’s electricity (i.e. the system is still connected to the power company). It uses a net metering system: during the day, excess solar power harnessed is “sold” by the household to the power company while during nighttime, the household uses the solar power harnessed during the day. If the solar power supply is depleted, the electricity is supplied by the power company. Net metering means that the house is still billed by the power company but the amount is based on the net consumption of the household. This setup includes the solar panels, inverters, and the actual net metering system device. On the other hand, the other setup is called the Off Grid System. This type of setup solely relies on solar power and is common in remote areas that power companies do not have connections on. The system requires 4-times more panels than the Grid Type System to provide power to the household/establishment as it also needs a battery to store the harnessed solar energy. Because of this, this setup costs 3 to 4-times more than the Grid Type System. As for the savings on a Grid Type System, Mr. Guinto provided an example using a 2.5 kW system (or an average residential household) which they recently installed solar power into. The cost associated with the setup is PHP 250,000 which already includes the installation of the solar panels and other equipment. The average monthly electric consumption of this household prior to the solar installation amounts to PHP 8,000. With the solar panel system installed, the household’s net consumption was reduced to
PHP 5,000 a month or a PHP 3,000 savings per month (PHP 36,000 per year). With this example, the return on investment is around 7-8 years. The expected useful life of the solar panels is 25 years. However, according to Mr. Guinto the actual useful life of their solar panels can extend up to 40 years but of course with decreased efficiency after 25 years.
For the cost benefit analysis on an Off Grid System, given the previous example of the 2.5kW household the installation will cost around PHP 1,000,000. But with an average savings of PHP 8,000 per month, the ROI for this setup is around 10.5 years. By the 11th year onwards, the electricity on the household is already free. Tables below show PV installation costs from Solar Power Advice: 19
19 Complete Solar Panel Cost Guide.
(n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://www.solarpanelscostguide.com/
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Additional Information on Cost to Produce Solar Modules According to Green Tech Media (GTM) Research, a “leading market analysis and advisory firm on the transformation of the global electricity industry”20 by the end of 2014, manufacturing costs in the solar industry’s four major markets: US, China, Malaysia, and Taiwan varies by as much as 18 cents per watt. 21 The lowest direct manufacturing costs for multicrystalline silicon modules in China leads the lowest at $0.50 per watt (PHP 23.06 per watt) while in the US, manufacturers can manufacture the modules at $0.68 per watt (PHP 31.36 per watt). This means that direct manufacturing costs of the solar panels at a 4kW residential unit in the US using 12 345-watts solar panels costs $2,815.20 or PHP 129,837.02. While the costs for a China-manufactured system amounts to $2,070.00 or PHP 95,468.40 which is $745.20 or PHP 34,368.62 cheaper.
IV.
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NATION BUILDING
Renewable energy is defined as energy coming from natural resources such as wind, water, sunlight, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Solar energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources around the world. It offers an alternative way to power your home and workplace. It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power. The energy is collected without producing pollution to the environment. It has no danger to our environment and to our wildlife through its low emission of carbon. Carbon dioxide is one of the main culprits of global warming. These are gases that destroy our environment that results to climate change. It is the greenhouse gas emitted through human activities such as combustion of fossil fuels for our daily needs. This phenomenon threatens the existence of humanity and wildlife. Solar panel systems were created to collect energy from sunlight. The abundance of sunlight is the major factor for this system to work. Research has led to efficient solar panel systems to provide energy to humans. The energy is translated to solar power that is one of the most important solutions in battling global warming and protecting mother earth. It has no carbon footprints and it does not release anything harmful into the atmosphere. Solar panels are durable and low on maintenance. The average life span of solar panels is 20 to 30 years. Some panels can still have 96% of their production capacity after 20 years depending on the climate and maintenance of the panels.
20 GTM Research. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2016, from https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/solar 21 Ayre, J. (2014, November 27). How Expensive Is It To Manufacture A Solar Module Right Now? Retrieved June 11, 2016, from http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/27/expensive-manufacture-solarmodule-right-now/ 22 Carrington, D. (2016). Climate change will wipe $2.5tn off global financial assets: Study. Retrieved June 11, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/04/climatechange-will blow-a-25tn-hole-in-globalfinancial- assets-study-warns
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In addition, solar power helps society save trillions of dollars in fighting climate change cause by global warming. It is projected that climate change can damage the world economy and cut the value of the world’s assets by $2.5 trillion, according to the first estimate from economic modelling by The Guardian. 22 More so, it can help rural areas to be more productive. On the average, it is dark by 6:00 – 6:30 pm. Solar panels can produce energy to extend their workday until evening hours. Increase in economic activity will uplift the lives of those people in the rural areas. Places where there is scarcity of electricity can use solar energy to light up their homes instead of using candles and kerosene lamps thus reducing the risks of fire hazards.
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Group 3 Members: Lara Posrsche Abo Patrick Leonard Gonzales Paolo Gabriel Gregorio, Nathanael Paolo Soriano Baby Grace Umali
GROUP 3 MEMBERS WITH PROFESSOR GARY A. GREY
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Source https://www.the4cast.com/2014/07/samsung-intel-dell-plunge-internet-things-market/
by Joanna Branda, Edward Datu, Cristine Parajas, Gary Politico, and Audrey Mari Tan
I. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION A.
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Technical Environment
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure. This provides opportunities for more direct integration between physical world and computer-based systems (Chauhan, 2015).
The concept of combining computers, sensors and networks to monitor and control devices has existed for several decades. However, the recent convergence of several technology and market trends, such as Ubiquitous Connectivity, Widespread Adoption of IPbased Networking, Computing Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in Data Analytics and the Rise of Cloud Computing, results to gradual substantiation of IoT (Rose, Eldrige, & Chapin, 2015).
IoT is creating an environment of interconnectedness in the society through prevalence of several means of communication. This technological environment brings a transformation in our lives as an individual and a professional. It has reached various market players and has continuously gained recognition worldwide due to several potentially applicable areas of IoT which include Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility, Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries, Public Safety, Energy and environmental protection, Agriculture and Tourism (Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, 2013)
Technology and market trends present today provide opportunities to interconnect more. Low–cost, high– speed, pervasive network connectivity through wireless services and technology provides facilities to connect entities or individuals locally and globally. In addition, Internet Protocol has become the dominant global standard for networking which provides wellestablished and widely used platform of software and tools that can be integrated into a vast array of devices available through easier and cheaper means. Technological advancement also allows breakthrough computing and c communications technology to be
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incorporated into very small objects. Integration of greater computing economics has set off the advancement of small and inexpensive sensor devices. Greater computing power at lower price points and lower power consumption is continuously delivered through observance of Moore’s Law which has been used as a guide for long-term planning and in setting goals for research and development. Moore’s law refers to an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965. It is used as a computing term which states that processor speeds, or overall processing power for computers will double every two years. This observation is consistent with the present technological trend; more processing power is placed into smaller chips over time. Furthermore, new algorithms and accelerated growths in computing power, data storage and cloud services enabled analysis, aggregation and correlation of huge volume of data. (Rose, Eldrige, & Chapin, 2015) Evolution of technological trends, including IoT is continuously occurring. In this regard, breakthrough in IoT will unleash potentials for various industries that can provide favorable and valuable results but with corresponding possible risks involved.
B. Trends in the Technology The promising opportunities introduced by the concept of IoT spark the interest of various entities and individuals. However, comprehension of ideas behind the fully “connected” smart world offered by IoT is still in progress. The ‘Internet of Things’ was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during his work at Procter and Gamble (P&G) for the optimization of supply chain through Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and internet. Though, the idea of connected devices has been existent for several years. The concept of IoT began with the emergence of internet in 1969 through the establishment of Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was an early packet switching network and it was considered the first network to implement the protocol suite Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which was introduced in 1974. In 1984, the Domain Name System was introduced which assigns and maps domain names
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to internet resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. World Wide Web was later on proposed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, an English scientist. It is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locator (URL), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the internet. In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee developed the first webpage. Four years later, the internet was commercialized with Amazon and Echobay (Ebay). Moving on, the idea of IoT was introduced by Kevin Ashton in 1999 which caught the attention of some P&G executives. The term IoT did not become widespread until few years after. Around 2003 to 2004, RFID was deployed on a massive scale by the US Department of Defense in their Savi program and Walmart in the commercial world. In 2005, the concept of IoT was further recognized when the United Nations’ International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its first report about the topic. According to the report, a new dimension has been added to the world of information and communication technologies (ICTs): from anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, there will be connectivity for anything. Connections will multiply and create an entirely new dynamic network of networks – an Internet of Things. Furthermore, Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) stated that the “Internet of Things” was born in between 2008 and 2009, a point in time when more “things or objects” were connected to the Internet than people. This is the period where significant growth in smartphones, tablet computers were experienced. In 2011, Internet Protocol version 6 (IPV6), developed by Internet Engineering Task Force, was launched in public. This latest version of protocol allows approximately 340 undecillion (or 2128) IP addresses (Postscapes, n.d.).
C. SWOT Analysis Several technologies emerged in order to keep up in today’s fast paced business world. The next big thing in the technology era is the so called the Internet of Things. It brings along a selection of connected devices which promises to make our lives easier and better. Some may find it beneficial while others may seem a little anxious about the idea. Here is a comprehensive analysis of the Internet of Things in order to serve as a guide on whether or not to invest in this new wave of technology.
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Source: (Agarwal, 2015)
II. BUSINESS/INDUSTRY/EDUCATION APPLICATIONS Information technology, or IT, describes any technology that powers or enables the storage, processing and information flow within an organization. Anything involved with computers, software, networks, intranets, Web sites, servers, databases and telecommunications falls under the IT umbrella. Most modern businesses depend heavily on information systems, from employee e-mail to database management to e-commerce Web sites. Hospitals have large patient databases to maintain. Universities have sprawling networks to administer. Even a small, home-based cookie business needs an order-tracking system (Roos, n.d.). Thus today’s generation depends heavily on Internet technology, making once work easier and faster, in business the probability of earning higher or positive net income lies in adapting Internet technology within the organization. In an article written by Dr. Bill Pierce with the assistance of Dr. Don Altman, Internet technology encompasses, reaching a worldwide audience that an expensive advertising could not. Using internet technology in a business can provide product information to various customers who have direct access to information about the products of a certain company; the Internet has an unsurpassed ability to make information about a company's products or services available to potential customers therefore saving cost on printing & reproduction. Since many products and services can be delivered over the internet, Online services will become an even brighter option for many businesses because the transaction is
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electronic, billing and inventory control can be automated, increasing accuracy and reducing accounting and product storage costs, online payments are rapidly growing also with the used of secure credit card transactions which are becoming standardized. It gives customers access to searchable information on the Internet that allow companies to post information in the form of static Web pages that help customers find the information. Federal Express created an award winning Web site that allows customers to track their packages. In doing this, Fed- Ex is providing a useful customer service while also promoting their product. Internet technology provides easy access to customer service representatives’ too, as when the customers have questions, customer complaints or would like to speak directly with the staff of a certain company; the company provides a list of contacts and phone numbers in their system, allowing them to send e-mail directly to a customer service representative. In terms of corporate images, it is easy and inexpensive to define companies’ images on the Internet, whether it is a one-personcompany or a large corporation. If the company information changes rapidly due to market forces, there is no easier way to change an image than electronically. Through the use of internet technology it eliminates the middleman; middlemen exist in some industries where there are barriers to direct contact between producers and consumers, the Internet is a vehicle for removing these barriers, this lowers prices for consumers and increases profits for producers. Recruitment of new employees is also possible using the internet technology, it provide current information about job openings and attract talented people from places they could not reach. In general making internet technology does work for an individual or a company, to be more cost effective. (Skip Echert Web Associates, n.d.) Technology is a moving target. No sooner do does one understand a new technology than it is replaced by a new and improved version. One can find current information and commentary on the shifting sands of the technology landscape in the many blogs maintained by tech experts. (Moore, 2013) The Internet of Things is defined as a way for devices that are connected to the Internet to communicate and share information with other ‘smart’ devices in real time. In context, these sensors would leverage the capabilities of big data, analytics and even
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artificial intelligence to anticipate needs, solve problems and improve efficiency. With the benefits of IoT, come challenges such as in the area of security and privacy. With the explosion of devices and sensors, cybersecurity takes on a whole new dimension, not just for institutions but also for consumers. With more digital connections and information being transmitted, digital vulnerabilities are likely to expand exponentially. Many firms are already using sensor data to improve customer experience, product development and back-office performance. Some use cases have already proven themselves, such as in insurance where telematics monitor driver behavior. Other potential applications in insurance are life, health and homeowners insurance where health monitors can communicate a client’s well-being or a home’s structural condition in real time. Another example is in commercial real estate, where sensors within commercial buildings of all types can help better manage energy usage, environmental comfort, and security. This could impact properties’ attractiveness and thus drive increased rental income and investment activity. Branch-based examples of IoT applications could include video tellers and kiosks in bank branches where sensing technology can monitor and take action on the consumers’ behalf. In addition, mobile geolocation capabilities combined with beacon technology can ‘introduce’ a customer upon entering a branch with pre-queuing for improved service. (Marous, 2015) In government deploying internet of technology can improve infrastructure management. The nature of work will continue to change, and that will require strong education and retraining programs. To address challenges that the new technologies themselves will bring, policy makers can use some of those very technologies—for example, by creating new educational and training systems with the mobile Internet, which can also help address an everincreasing productivity imperative to deliver public services more efficiently and effectively. To develop a more nuanced and useful view of technology’s impact, governments may also want to consider new metrics that capture more than GDP effects. This approach can help policy makers balance the need to encourage growth with their responsibility to look out for the public welfare as new technologies reshape economies and lives. (Manyika, et al., 2013)
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In retail industry the IoT movement offers retailers opportunities in three critical areas: • Customer experience wherein the internet of things presents an opportunity for retailers to develop a vastly improved ecosystem that connects physical and digital worlds, allowing bidirectional, real-time interaction with consumers both inside and outside the store. The increasingly ubiquitous Smartphone will be the hub for these interactions. Department store brand such as Lord & Taylor and Hudson’s Bay are already using Apple’s iBeacon technology and a mobile marketing platform called Swirl to deliver personalized promotions to customers who download the brand’s application (Gregory, 2015). • Supply chain will improve dramatically, increasing important digital channels, and a more demanding customer. RFID technologies, for example, can improve the precision of inventory tracking. Data visualization technologies make it easier for employees to track products across the supply chain. This service could even be extended to customers allowing them to track, for example, where a custom order is in the production and distribution process (Gregory, 2015). • Creating new channels and revenue streams making the power of the Internet of Things lies in the opportunities it presents to retailers to create new revenue streams or, in some cases, build entirely new channels. We’re already seeing examples of incremental revenues retailers can help achieve by expanding into new channels or creating new, highmargin product categories for the emerging “connected home.” Household appliances, home security and comfort products, even health and wellness products are all becoming part of the Internet of Things ecosystem. Retailers in home improvement or consumer electronics sectors not only can drive more sales of these connected devices—Home Depot already stocks more than 600 “smart” products in its stores5—they can also tap into the data they provide to extend their touch into customers’ homes. While the IoT may seem like science fiction, it is becoming reality faster than most of us can comprehend. Retailers that hesitate to develop and execute an IoT strategy will open the door for competitors—old and new alike—to swoop
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in and capture early IoT mind share and market share. The internet of Things is still in the very early stages of implementation. But IoT deployments are likely to mirror the rapid adoption curves of other recent digital technology revolutions, beginning with the birth of the internet and continuing with the rapid fire rise of mobile, ecommerce and social media. Rapidly changing customer expectations and industry competition may require retailers to look at the IoT even more aggressively than they have other technology disruptions. Waiting does not appear to be an option for retailers that want to protect market share and position themselves for future growth (Gregory, 2015).
III. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS In looking at the total costs of ownership for adopting an IoT solution, the following factors must be considered: • For modular approaches i.e. non-integrated components, interested parties should look into the availability of sensor solutions, the costing arrangements, and their data capacity. Another point of consideration is their compatibility with the eventual software that will be used for the data exchanges.
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This study looked at estimates to determine the costs of the three options, with the modular approach to the devices being applied for the three other measures, and these are summarized in the table below:
As a caveat, there as specific assumptions made by the study made by the study in the costing with regard to the stand alone sensor devices, the volume of estimated data exchanges, and the third software tiers. This study would like to pay special attention to the incorporation of a employing a consulting company. Significant costs reduction can be realized by removing this. The strategic benefits of IoT solutions are considerable. The very wide range of areas can be positively affected such as:
• For in-house customized software solutions developments, adequate measures should in place to ensure accuracy of project time and cost projections. Additionally, there should be clarity in the end software design and functionality. • For external customized software development, the choice of the software development is critical. Developer options may be arranged according to class categories: extravagant, moderate, small class, independent contractor, low cost and mass producing groups. The study recommends the moderate range for the good long term relationship potential, fair costing ranges, and the speed of development. • For integrated solutions, the top vendors in the market are Amazon, Microsoft, and IBM. Decision factors should include the costing relative to data transmission capacity and the total volume of permissible messages into and out of the device.
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IV. ETHICAL ISSUES AND NATION BUILDING Security, Privacy and Rights Issues are the major social considerations that IoT is conferred with. As we note in the principles that guide our work, ensuring the security, reliability, resilience, and stability of Internet applications and services is critical to promoting trust and use of the Internet. (Rose, Eldrige, & Chapin, 2015) As a collective group who benefits from the internet, we need to have a high degree of trust in the tool that we use, its applications, and the devices linked to it are secure enough to do the kinds of activities we want to do online in relation to the risk tolerance associated with those activities. The mistrust in the technology where people are connected with by means of their devices and their information are reasonably secure from misuse or harm, the resulting wearing of trust causes a lack of enthusiasm to use the Internet. This change in mood has major consequences to electronic commerce, technical innovation, free speech, and practically every other aspect of online activities globally. To guarantee security in IoT products and services should be considered a top priority for the technology sector. (Rose, Eldrige, & Chapin, 2015)
Financial Analysis The study also looked financial measures in assessing the value of IoT solutions. A summary of the results are shown in the table below:
The results of this shows that, overall, external software development, provides the best results. However, the results are just slight ahead of the third party IoT solution and therefore care should be exercised in making judgments based on this. Given the assumptions and margin for variances, the two solutions are essentially equivalent. This study holds that, logically, the third part IoT solution presents the best option especially once the consulting option is removed.
To value privacy rights and expectations is vital to building and maintaining trust in the Internet, and it also impacts the ability of individuals to maximize use by speech, connectivity, and choice. These rights and expectations are sometimes framed in terms of ethical data handling, which emphasizes the importance of respecting an individual’s expectations of privacy and the fair use of their data. IoT can challenge these traditional expectations of privacy with unchecked accessibility to an individual’s information shared through the many channels IoT. The range of legal, regulatory and rights issues associated with the Internet of Things is broad. IoT devices create new legal and policy challenges that didn’t previously exist, and they amplify many challenges that already exist. With every poorly secured device that is integrated to the network of the internet is in direct risk of potentially affecting the security and resilience of the Internet globally. (Rose, Eldrige, & Chapin, 2015) The potential benefits of IoT are largely seen in its impacts to nation building. For less-developed economies that generally lack resources and capabilities
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a cheap and profitable industry of readily-available connectivity and networking may boost potentials from small to medium, up to macro scale enterprises. Organizations in these economies can benefit from innovative use of IoT and diffusion of mobile technologies within their customer base. In a broader sense, the right combination of investments in IoT by the public sector and private entities alike may result to an improved healthcare and education that is critical for development yet IoT is only one part of a broader picture of development needed as it is to be supported by policy and a general backing of its primary users. (Rose, Eldrige, & Chapin, 2015. In particular, the researchers see the following areas ripe for signifcant impact to the nation: • Improving road safety through the adoption of IoT technologies in vehicles and through road infrastructure. Sensor equipped vehicles can considerably reduce road accidents.
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• Improve overall healthcare management in medical institutions through the adoption of tracking and monitoring sensors, as well IoT software that streamlines information management. • Implement better control on utilities resources, water and electricity, through mandating smart grids. This can impact not only the residential and commercial consumers but in particular farms on the improved irrigation management. (Adler, 2015) • Protect the environment and prevent further degradation through IoT technologies aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. To conclude, the risk of IoT does not outweigh the potentials it present for growth. There are areas that are needed to be fasten especially in security and trust of the technology. The aid of IoT is much welcome in nation building, more so for developing economies as it serves as an equalizer in terms of involving the massive volume of the population into productive work and shared development through the internet.
Group 4 Members: Joanna Branda Edward Datu Cristine Parajas Gary Politico Audrey Mari Tan
GROUP 4 MEMBERS WITH PROFESSOR GARY A. GREY
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BIG DATA 1. Improve Your Writing (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2016, from http://en.writecheck.com/ Prevent Plagiarism in Your Published Works (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2016, from http://www.ithenticate.com/ 2. Teach Students How to Recognize Plagiarism. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2016, from http://www.turnitin.com/en_us/why-turnitin/success/abraham-lincoln-traditional-school 3. O'Brien, J. A., & Marakas, G. M. (2011). Management Information Systems (10th ed.) [Ebook]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 4. Society, R. S. (2016, feb). The Opportunities and Ethics of Big Data. Retrieved June 2016, from Royal Statistical Society: http://www.rss.org.uk/Images/PDF/influencing-change/2016/rss-report-opps-and-ethicsof-big-data-feb-2016.pdf 5. Chessel, M. (2014). Ethics for Big Data Analytics. Retrieved June 2016, from IBM Big Data Hub: http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/sites/default/files/whitepapers_reports_file/TCG%20Study%20Report%20%20Ethics%20for%20BD%26A.pdf 6. Morgan, L. (2015, Sept 25). Big Data Ethics: 8 Key Factors to Pinder. Retrieved June 2016, from Information Week: http://www.informationweek.com/big-data/big-data-analytics/big-data-ethics-8-key-facts-toponder/d/d-id/1322143 7. Richards, J. H. (2014, march 28). What's Up With Big Data Ethics. Retrieved June 2016, from Forbes.com: http://www.forbes.com/sites/oreillymedia/2014/03/28/whats-up-with-big-data-ethics/#310ad46f2964 8. Rijmenam, M. v. (n.d.). 8 Industries That Could Benefit From Big Data - Infographic. Retrieved June 2016, from Datafloq: https://datafloq.com/read/8-industries-benefit-big-data-infographic/402 9. Gaitho, M. (2016, June 2). How Applications of Big Data Drive Industries. Retrieved June 2016, from simplilearn: http://www.simplilearn.com/big-data-applications-in-industries-article 10. Arthur, W. (2011). The Second Economy. McKinsey Quarterly. 11. Basile, D. (2016, March). 5 huge trends in big data and storage. Retrieved June 2016, from The Next Web: http://thenextweb.com/insider/2016/04/01/5-big-data-storage-trends-watch/#gref 12. Big Data. (2014). Retrieved June 10, 2016, from Wikipedia: heep://wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data 13. INSIGHT SERIES BIG DATA TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP EVALUATING HARD COSTS AND OPTIONS. (2015, march). Retrieved June 2016, from Radiant Advisors: http://radiantadvisors.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/RadiantAdvisors_TreasureData_BigDataTCO_HardCosts_wAppendix.pdf 14. Oracle . (2016, February). Enterprise Big Data Predictions. Retrieved June 2016, from Oracle: http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/big-data/2016-big-data-predictions-2856024.pdf 15. INSIGHT SERIES BIG DATA TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP EVALUATING HARD COSTS AND OPTIONS. (2015, march). Retrieved June 2016, from Radiant Advisors: http://radiantadvisors.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/RadiantAdvisors_TreasureData_BigDataTCO_Hard Costs_wAppendix.pdf 16. Arthur, W. (2011). The Second Economy. McKinsey Quarterly. 17. Big Data. (2014). Retrieved June 10, 2016, from Wikipedia: heep://wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC 16. Common Types of Solar Cells. (n.d.). Retrieved June http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar/common-types-of-solar-cells.html
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INTERNET OF THINGS 1. Adler, L. (2015, September 14). Internet of Things Helps Cities Manage Water. Retrieved June 12, 2016, from Govtech: http://www.govtech. 2. Agarwal, P. (2015, July 01). SWOT Analysis of the Internet of Things. Retrieved June 13, 2016, from the IOT portal: http://theiotportal.com/2015/07/01/swot-analysis-of-the-internet-of-things/ 3. Chauhan, C. (2015, March 28). INTERNET OF THINGS – EVOLUTION OVER TIME. Retrieved June 14, 2016, from Linkedln: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/internet-things-evolution-over-time-chhavi-chauhan 4. Gregory, J. (2015). The Internet of Things: Revolutionizing the Retail Industry. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from Accenture:https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/Accenture/ConversionAssets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Dualpub_14/Accenture-The-Internet-Of-Things.pdf 5. Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., & Marrs, A. (2013, May). Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from Mckinsey & Company: http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/business-technology/our-insights/disruptivetechnologies 6. Marous, J. (2015, October 20). Internet of Things: Opportunity for Financial Services? Retrieved June 15, 2016, from The Financial Brand: http://thefinancialbrand.com/54845/internet-of-things-iot-opportunitybanking/ 7. Moore, C. (2013, November 29). Research paper topics: Writing a research paper on emerging technologies. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from Questia: http://blog.questia.com/2013/11/research-paper-topics-writingresearch-paper-emerging-technologies/ 8. Postscapes. (n.d.). History of the Internet of Things. Retrieved June 14, 2016, from Postscapes: http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-history 9. Roos, D. (n.d.). How Information Technology Works. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from How Stuff Works: http://money.howstuffworks.com/how-information-technology-works.htm 10. Rose, K., Eldrige, S., & Chapin, L. (2015). The Internet of Things: An Overview. Retrieved June 14, 2016, from Internet Society: https://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/ISOC-IoT-Overview-20151221-en.pdf 11. Skip Echert Web Associates. (n.d.). Making the internet work for you. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from Skip Echert Web Associates: http://www.skipechert.com/23ways.html
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INFOTE S29 SY 2015-2016 CLASS PICTURES
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