Birmingham Framework An Adequate, Elastic and Accessible Tool for the 21st century
Draft January 2010
Giattina Aycock Architecture Studio gastudio.com
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Contents
Category
Map Heading
Page
Introduction Problem Statement Map Index
4 5 6-7
Political
Metropolitan Statistical Areas Incorporated Municipalities Congressional Districts House Representative Districts Senate Districts Planning Commissions
8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19
Economic
Transportation Networks Water Infrastructure Sewer/Water Connections
20-21 22-23 24-25
Human
Population Density Population Change Over Time (%) Per Capita Income Unemployment Rate Population below Poverty Line High School Graduation Rate Racial Distribution Point Source Water Pollutant Sites Air Release Sites
26-27 28-29 30-31 32-33 34-35 36-37 38-39 40-41 42-43
Natural
Aquifers Surface Waters Topography Minerals Watersheds
44-45 46-47 48-49 50-51 52-53
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Introduction
This document began as a series of lectures, developed by GA Studio, as a public awareness effort on the topic of urban development. In developing these materials, the firm recognized a need for a toolset that allows the community to asses the challenges facing the Birmingham metropolitan area in a comprehensive way. One of the ways we address this need is through the development of a descriptive document of the urban condition that can be widely accessed by the public. Geographic Information System (GIS) data was used to create large scale, easy to understand base maps of the Birmingham area. These maps document the urban system in all of its myriad conditions, from infrastructure to environment to politics. The ultimate intent is to foster an awareness of the present condition of the city as a means to build consensus and promote collective action. The document effort itself is only a part of a much larger project, The Birmingham Frameworks: an Adequate, Elastic and Accessible tool for the 21st Century. While this particular document deals with issues of the representation of the urban condition, the Framework provides a much larger template for action. Where this document deals with the specific 4
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conditions of the city of Birmingham, Alabama- the Framework addressees the general problems of the urban condition itself. A problem statement for the framework is found on the next page. The framework envisions a process that can address urban and metropolitan issues comprehensively. While by no means linear, the process can best be understood as functioning in four sequential steps: Definition, Measurement, Assessment and Action. Documents such as this one, whereby urban systems are comprehensively inventoried are a part of the Definition and Measurement phase of the process. A graphic description of this process can be seen on the next page. An effective Definition and Measurement process must satisfy two criteria. The first is that the definition of the elements of the urban realm be systematic. These elements not only consist of the myriad economic, environmental, social and human forces that come to bear in a metropolitan environment, they also must describe the spatial and geographic distribution of these forces. The second criteria is that the information must be represented in a way that is consistent and accessible. While there are many agencies and groups that collect
publicly funded data, much of the data is consolidated into discrete silos. These silos make it difficult for the public to form an understanding of the totality of the urban sphere. Our intent is not to create new data, it is rather to aggregate data that is available (and in most cases publicly funded) and disseminate it in a format that is legible and accessible. While the first two steps are systematic, the last two steps of the process, Assessment and Action, are pluralistic. The goal of the framework is to provide a technology platform that provides the community at large a means to understand and improve urban conditions based on the best available information. The project envisions citizen and stakeholder networks, organized and mobilized around urban issues through social networks that leverage communication technology.
Problem Statement
DEFINE
MEASURE
Cities are the composite of interrelated systems that encompass economic, human, natural, and political resources. The condition of a city lies somewhere on a continuum between a state of decline and one of sustainability. The trajectory between the two is affected by how well a city optimizes its systems; one that fails to optimize trends toward decline while the one that optimizes trends towards sustainability. Optimization is not an easy process. Compounding this difficulty is the fact that in the last hundred years, the complexity of city systems has increased faster than our ability to understand them. Worse, there is no entity, public or private, tasked to construct a comprehensive solution for cities. Making optimal use of systems must begin with an understanding of each system in relation to the others. Yet, all too often the data describing each system is collected, stored and studied in a discrete silo using metrics that make it difficult to determine the impact of one system on another. This fragmentation limits our ability to develop a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between systems and thus limits our ability to optimize our resources. Understanding the degree of optimization a city has achieved requires
ASSESS
ACT
CONNECT
uniform data collection, standard scales of measurement, the benchmarking of standards, and an accepted methodology to assess a system relative to those benchmarks. Today, these standards do not exist. Relevant solutions will address problems at systemic levels while being implementable. To the extent they exist, today’s solutions are derived from government agencies and large corporations - unharnessed is the intellectual, organizational and financial capacity of the public. Large scale optimization will need to capture this disengaged capacity.
ORGANIZE
towards the actions required to optimize our cities. Imagine a framework adopted by cities that collected information in template form which could be aggregated to form a comprehensive data base of the many variant urban conditions that with a strategy derived from a comprehension objective, crossreferenceable, comprehensive data. A framework of decentralized, and interrelated data that leverages technology to connect intellectual capital, objectively models a solution’s efficacy, and provides a meaningful, inclusive tool for strategic change .
To increase the probability of city optimization, GA Studio proposes a framework that 1) clearly defines the minimum systems of a city and establishes a uniform protocol to collect and document them; 2) objectively defines benchmark standards at component and system levels; 3) assess a city’s trajectory relative to those benchmarks; 4) establishes a multidisciplinary effort to create specific, and comprehensive solutions for optimization; 5) provides a dynamic tool to effect necessary change; 5) measures results and adjusts the framework accordingly. The objective of this study is to establish this framework to guide the work of many
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Map Index Political
Incorporated Areas p.11 Municipal Boundaries
Congressional Districts p.13 Democratic Control 2008
House Control 2009 p.15 Democratic Control 2008
Human
Transportation p.21 Major Highways
Water Infastructure p.23 Resevoir & Treatment Facility Locations
Sewer Connections p.25 Water/Sewers Links
Economic
Population Density p.27 > 900 People/ Sq. Mile
Population Change p.29 -9.9 to -.01% Change
Natural
Aquifers p.45 Knox/Shady (2,2000 gpm)
Surface Waters p.47 Major Rivers
Senate Control 2008 p.17 Democratic Control 2008
Regional Planning p.19 Commission Districts
Per Capita Income p.31 > 900 People/ Sq. Mile
Unemployment Rate p. 33 > 4.5% Unemployment
Populatin Below Poverty p.35 >30% Population below Poverty
Topography p.49 750’+ Above Sea Level
Minerals p.51 Coal Fields
Watersheds p.53 Major Watersheds
Graduation Rate p.37 Over 91% Graduate Rate
Using this Document This book is intended to be used as a guide to understanding the Birmingham Metro region. The Basemaps included have been sorted into four basic categories: Human, Natural, Political and Economic. Each category is intended to bring an aspect of the urban realm to light. The maps are generated from publicly available data and include a short description. While each map gives us an understanding of one aspect of the 6
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metropolitan realm, the benefit of the tool is in the ability to overlay disparate maps in order to understand linkages and relationships across different pieces of information. For example, in order to understand population density, you might overlay the population density map (pp 27) over a map of transportation network (pp 21). In order to understand income distribution patterns, you might want to look at the racial distribution maps (pp 39) overlaid
with the topography (pp 49) and income (pp 31). This can be done in a number of ways. One way is to print the maps on a transparency sheet and overlay the maps on a light table.* Another way is to use a simple application we have developed that allows the user to adjust the relative transparency of each map using a simple slider interface. This application is embedded within the .pdf version of this document and is also available via the
Racial Distribution p.39 White Non-White
Point Source Pollutants p.41 Toxic Water Release Sites
Air Release Sites p.43 Air Pollution Release Locations
web at www.gastudio.com/labs. The index above illustrates a snapshot guide of each map along with the most prominent information conveyed in each. This index can be used as a starting point for exploring the detailed information in the subsequent pages as well as the interactive application.
*A hardcopy of the transparencies is available through our office
Application, page 56-57 www.gastudio.com/labs The ability to overlap individual sectors of the Birmingham Metro Area is crucial in analyzing locational linkages between the data. This allows for an amount of interpretation which may have been otherwise overlooked had the maps been studied individually or separately.
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The Birmingham Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area
The Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) designate metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) as the standard units for statistical data for Federal offices. The Birmingham MSA is one of eight MSA’s in the state, includes seven counties, and spans 5,332 square miles across north central Alabama. The criteria that determine MSA’s grew out of a need for standardized definitions of metropolitan centers for statistical analysis by government agencies. The typical MSA is delineated by a central urban area with a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants that has a total metropolitan population of least 100,000. In this case, the cities of Birmingham in Jefferson County, and Hoover located in Shelby County create the urban center for a region that has a population of more than 1.1 million. An MSA may include areas from contiguous counties if they meet certain criteria such as commuting time to the central counties, population density and prevalence of urban population. At least 25 percent of the employed residents 8
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07
of the county must work in the central county, or 25 percent of the employment within the outlying county must be accounted for by workers residing from within the central county.
03 06 11 10
01 05
09
04
08 02
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Metropolitan Statistical Areas Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA MSA Boundaries County Boundaries
MSAs 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11.
Birmingham-Hoover Mobile Huntsville Montgomery Tuscaloosa Decatur Florence-Muscle Shoals Dothan Auburn-Opelika Anniston Gadsden
BLOUNT Oneonta
WALKER LK
Ashville
Jasper
ST. CLAIR
Pell City
Birmingham
JEFFERSON
Birmingham-Hoover MSA Legend
Hoover
Birmingham & Hoover
SHELBY
City Limits County Boundaries
Columbiana
Primary Roads MSA Outline
BIBB County Name MSA Urban Center County Seat Jasper County Seat Name
Centreville
BIBB Clanton
CHILTON LT LT N
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles
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Political Political Boundaries
As a unit, an MSA has no political authority; however, the land area it represents consists of a myriad of federal, state, county, sub-county, and special district entities. The Birmingham MSA includes seven adjacent counties: Walker, Blount, Jefferson, St. Clair, Shelby, Bibb, and Chilton Counties. Counties are governed by county commissions usually consisting of three to seven commissioners, elected by district. Due to restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, only seven of the 67 state counties, Jefferson and Shelby included, have home rule - in which the county has increased self-governing power. The remaining counties must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislation to pass simple policies. Municipalities, which are organized below counties correspond to “incorporated areas� recognized in U.S. Census reporting of population and housing statistics. The Birmingham MSA includes 88 such registered municipalities. 10
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Jefferson County consists of 36 municipalities and each are separated further. The city of Birmingham itself is a compilation of 99 communities composing 23 culturally distinct neighborhoods.
Birmingham Hoover
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Metropolitan Statistical Areas Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA MSA Boundaries County Boundaries MSA Urban Center
Snead Blountsville
75
Susan Moore
BLOUNT Nauvoo
Cleveland Nectar
Eldridge Kansas
Oneonta
195
Locust Fork
69
Hayden
65
Warrior
Jasper
Parrish
Sumiton
Dora
Oakman
Ashville
Trafford Springville
Morris
Gardendale
195
Graysville Adamsville
Cardiff Brookside
Fultondale
Center Point 59 Trussville
Riverside Pell City
Moody 20 78
Leeds
231
459
Hueytown Bessemer
North Johns
Vincent
280
Hoover
Ragland
Margaret Odenville Branchville
Birmingham Mt. Brook Fairfield Homewood Midfield Vestavia Brighton
Sylvan Spgs.
JEFFERSON
Argo
Pinson
Tarrant Irondale
Mulga Maytown Pleasant Gr.
ST. CLAIR CLA 231
Clay
31
W. Jefferson
Steele
Highland Lake 411
Kimberly
Cordova 69
231
Allgood
75
195
LK
Altoona
Rosa
Indian Springs Chelsea
Westover
Harpersville
Incorporated Areas MSA Legend
31
20 59
Birmingham & Hoover
Helena Pelham Alabaster
SHELBY
City Limits
Wilsonville
County Boundaries Primary Roads
Columbiana
MSA Outline
25
W.Blocton
BIBB County Name
Montevallo
Calera
Wilton
195
MSA Urban Center County Seat
65
Jasper County Seat Name 25
Mulga
Municipality Area
Jemison
Centreville Brent 82
Municipality Name
Thorsby
BIBB 22
Clanton
Maplesville
CHILTON LT LT N
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles
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11
Political Congressional Districts
Alabama’s representation at the federal level consists of its nine-member Congressional Delegation, composed of two U. S. Senators and seven members of the U. S. House of Representatives. Each state’s electoral vote is determined by its representation in Congress. Thus, Alabama currently has nine electoral votes. A congressional district is an electoral constituency that elects a single member of congress. In Alabama, each member represents approximately 600,000 citizens. The Birmingham MSA is served by the Alabama 4th, 6th, and 7th Congressional districts. Alabama’s 4th Congressional district is a collection of smaller towns and cities north of Birmingham, the largest of these being Gadsden and Decatur. This mass of lightly populated rural areas creates a district with the lowest percentage of black population in the state. The 6th district has seen numerous recent redistricting efforts. Having been localized around mostly upper middle class white-collar families, this district is 12
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5
becoming one of the most Republican districts in the country. Within our MSA, the 7th district represents the predominantly black western section of Jefferson county and Birmingham’s inner-neighborhoods.
4
Birmingham Hoover 6
3
7
2 1
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Congressional Districts Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA District Boundaries County Boundaries MSA Urban Center 2
District Number
Representatives 1 - Jo Bonner (R) 2 - Terry Everett (R) 3 - Mike Rogers (R) 4 - Robert Aderholt (R) 5 - Bud Cramer (D) 6 - Spencer Bachus (R) 7 - Artur Davis (D)
BLOUNT
04
WALKER ST. CLAIR
07
Congressional Districts MSA
JEFFERSON 06
04 - Robert Aderholt (R) 06 - Spencer Bachus (R) 07 - Artur Davis (D)
SHELBY Legend Republican 2008 Democratic 2008 County Boundaries MSA Outline
BIBB County Name 06 District Number District Boundaries
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles
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13
Political State House Districts
The Alabama State Legislature is a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives and the Alabama Senate. The Alabama House of Representatives, the lower House of the state’s legislature, has 105 members each representing a district of approximately 42,000 citizens. The House District map is a snapshot of current political party district holdings.
Birmingham Hoover
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
State House of Representative Districts Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA District Boundaries County Boundaries MSA Urban Center
14
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11
BLOUNT OUN
34
WALKER R
30
13
ST. CLAIR
51
14
50 44 58 55
59
60
54
45
53
15 57
48 52
JEFFERSON FE FERSON N 56
48
47
State House Representatives MSA Districts 2009
43
46
SHELBY
41
72
49
42
BIB BIBB
Legend Republican 2008 Democratic 2008
36
CHILTON
11 - Jeremy Oden (R) 13 - Tommy Sherer (D) 14 - Ken Guin (D) 15 - Pat Moore (R) 30 - Blaine Galliher (R) 34 - Elwyn Thomas (R) 36 - Randy Wood (R) 41 - Mike Hill (R) 42 - Jimmy Martin (D) 43 - Mary Sue McClurkin (R) 44 - Arthur Payne (R) 45 - Owen Drake (R) 46 - Paul DeMarco (R) 47 - Jack Williams (R) 48 - Greg Canfield (R) 49 - Cam Ward (R) 50 - Jim McClendon (R) 51 - Allen Treadaway (R) 52 - John W. Rogers Jr. (D) 53 - Demetrius C. Newton (D) 54 - Patricia Todd (D) 55 - Rod Scott (D) 56 - Priscilla Dunn (D) 57 - Merika Coleman (D) 58 - Oliver Robinson (D) 59 - Mary Moore (D) 60 - Earl Hilliard Jr. (D) 72 - Ralph Howard (D)
N
MSA Outline
BIBB
County Name District Boundaries
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles
06 District Number
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15
Political State Senate Districts
The Alabama State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature. The body is composed of 35 members each representing approximately 125,000 citizens. Birmingham Hoover
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
State Senate Districts Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA District Boundaries County Boundaries MSA Urban Center
16
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09
BLOUNT
WALKER ST. CLAIR 12 17 05
20
18
JEFFERSON
19
State Senate Districts MSA
16 15
SHELBY 14
24
05 - Charles Bishop (R) 09 - Hinton Mitchem (D) 12 - Del Marsh (R) 14 - Hank Erwin (R) 15 - Steve French (R) 16 - Jabo Waggoner (R) 17 - Scott Beason (R) 18 - Rodger Smitherman (D) 19 - Priscilla Dunn (D) 20 - Linda Coleman (D) 24 - Bobby Singleton (D)
BIBB
Legend Republican 2008
CHILTON
Democratic 2008
N
MSA Outline
BIBB
County Name District Boundaries
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles
06 District Number
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Political Regional Planning Organizations
Regional Councils are public organizations which facilitate the collaboration of different political jurisdictions within a region. Alabama has 12 Regional Councils organized under the Alabama Association of Regional Councils (AARC). Each of these councils is directly tied to local governments through local and/or state laws and agreements. They serve their respective citizens through communication, planning, policymaking, coordination, advocacy and technical assistance dealing with needs in which it is necessary to cross political boundaries. The regions are divided based on communities which are connected economically, socially, and geographically. The Birmingham Regional Planning Commission encompasses the counties of Jefferson, Walker, Chilton, St Clair, and Blount. In 2009 the Commission was governed by a Board of 24 Directors. Its funding sources include federal matching grants, member government dues, annual appropriations from the state, and contract fees. As a result the Birmingham Regional Planning Commission provides 18
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the following services: Intergovernmental Cooperation, Transportation and Transit Planning, Community Planning, Community and Economic Development, Information Management/GIS, and Human Resource Services.
12 01
11
03
04
Birmingham Hoover
02
10
09 06
05 07
08
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Regional Councils Alabama 01. N. W. Alabama Council 02. W. Alabama Planning & Development 03. Birmingham Regional Planning Commission 04. E. Alabama Planning & Development 05. S. Central Alabama Development Commission 06. Alabama - Tombigbee Regional Commission 07. SE Alabama Regional Planning & Development
08. South Alabama Regional Planning Commission 09. Central Alabama Planning & Development 10. Lee-Russell Council 11. N. Central Alabama Regional Council 12. Top of Alabama Regional Council
B2
WALKER
B1
W1
B3 B4 ST1
ST. CLAIR
W2 W4
W3 J4
ST3
ST2
J1
Commissioners Jefferson County J1 - William A. Bell, Sr J2 - Shelia Smoot J3 - Bobby Humphryes J4 - Bettye Fine Collins J5 - Jim Carns Walker County W1 - Dual Tubbs W2 - Dan Wright W3 - Ben Huggins W4 - Randy Bridges
ST4
JEFFERSON
J5 S6
J2
S8 J3
S7
Commission Seats MSA Legend County Boundaries
SHELBY Y
S5
Blount County
S4
Chairman - David Standridge B1 - David Cochran B2 - Robert Bullard B3 - Tom Ryan B4 - Waymon Pitts
MSA Outline
BIBB
County Name District Boundaries
A1 Commission Districts
S9
Jefferson County S3
S2
St. Clair County
St. Clair County
Blount County
Chairman - Stanley Batemon ST 1 - Jim Brown ST 2 - Ken Crowe ST 3 - Paul Manning ST 4 - Jimmy Roberts
S1
Shelby County Chilton County Walker County
Shelby County S1 - Corley Ellis S2 - Tommy Edwards S3 - Jon Parker S4 - Daniel M. Acker S5 - Joel Bearden S6 - Larry Dillard S7 - Lindsey Allison S8 - Rick Shepherd S9 - Robbie Hayes
BIBB
Bibb County
Chilton County
Jerome Chism Albert Green Ricky Hubbard James Kelley Walter Sansing Angie Desmond John Harper Stacy
Joe Headley Tim Mims Bobby Agee Greg Moore Heedy Hayes M.L. “Red”Turnipseed Allen Caton
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4” = 10 miles
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Economic Transportation Connectivity
To Nashville
Among the largest 49 MSAs in the country, the Birmingham MSA ranks in the top five for length of commute to work by its employees and in miles spent driving per capita. It is networked by an extensive highway system including three U.S. Highways, (US 31, US 78, and US 280) which meet in downtown Birmingham, and four interstate highways (Interstates 20, 59, 65, and 459) providing links to the cities of Montgomery, Atlanta, New Orleans, Chattanooga, and Nashville. U.S. 280 highway provides an important link between downtown Birmingham and the rapidly growing suburbs in southeastern Jefferson County and northern Shelby County. A proposal has been made to construct elevated lanes above the median of 280. The completion of the new I-22 ($1 billion project) linking Birmingham to Memphis, TN will rank Birmingham among the Southeast’s top three interstate transportation hubs (tied with Atlanta and Nashville). I-65 is being widened to an eight lane highway in order to accommodate the 20
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I-22 expansion. The Northern Beltline project will complete the perimeter around Birmingham that was begun in the early 1980s with the construction of Interstate 459. The Birmingham International Airport is the largest airport in Alabama, Mississippi and the Florida Panhandle, and is among the top 75 largest U.S. airports with 160 arrivals and departures to major cities throughout the nation. Birmingham is also served by four interstate rail carriers, more than any other southeastern city, and Port Birmingham, which is the largest inland shipping center of general commodities on the Tennessee – Warrior – Tombigbee river systems.
Huntsville Decatur
To Chattanooga
To Atlanta
Tuscaloosa
Birmingham Hoover
To New Orleans
Montgomery
Dothan Mobile Daphne Fairhope
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Transportation Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA Boundary Major Highway Railway MSA Urban Center
75
BLOUNT B L LOUNT To Nashville
To Chattanooga
Oneonta
195
231
69
75
65
411
195
WALLLK WAL LKER K
Ashville
Jasper
ST. CLAIR LA 69 231
31
59
Pell City
PORT BIRMINGHAM
BIRMINGHAM INT’L AIRPORT
To Atlanta
20
Birmingham
78
231
459
JEFF JE JEFFERSON FFFERSON FF N
Transportation network MSA Legend
280
Hoover
To Auburn
31
20 59
To New Orleans
SHELBY SH H BY
County Boundaries MSA Outline
BIBB County Name MSA Urban Center
Columbiana
County Seat
25
Primary Highway Northern Beltline 65
195
Proposal Other Major Route
25
Railroad Current Major Projects
Centreville
59
Interstate Highway
280
U.S. Highway
195
State Route
82
BIBB B IBB 22
Clanton
C L CHILTON N To Mobile
Scale: 3/4” = 10 miles
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21
Economic Water Facility Locations
To facilitate distribution of water, the Birmingham MSA has 70 water works systems. Of these, 32 systems use ground water, six use surface water and the remaining 32 systems purchase their supply from another system. Ground water supplying cities are generally located over the Ridge and Valley aquifer formation because of their much higher yields. Four hydroelectric dams exist in the MSA area providing 6% of Alabama Power’s power generation. Alabama Power Company also owns four reservoirs in the Coosa River drainage basin - Neely Henry, Logan Martin, Lay, and Mitchell Lakes. The Water Works and Sewer Board for the city of Birmingham has the Little Cahaba River dammed to create Lake Purdy which services the Shades Mountain filter plant for the city. The city’s drinking water comes from upstream on the main channel of the Cahaba River.
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Water Boards
Water Treatment Plants
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
a. cahaba river treatment facility b. five mile creek treatment plant c. leeds treatment plant d. prudes creek plant e. trussville treatment plant f. turkey creek treatment plant g. valley creek treatment plant h. village creek treatment plant
BIRMINGHAM WATER WORKS JASPER UTILITIES BOARD ONEONTA UTILITIES BOARD ASHVILLE WATER AND SEWER PELL CITY WATER WORKS COLUMBIANA WATER WORKS CLANTON WATER DEPARTMENT 8. MONTEVALLO WATER WORKS 9. ELDRIDGE WATER SYSTEM 10. NAUVOO WATER WORKS 11. WARRIOR WATER BOARD 12. NECTAR WATER WORKS 13. BLOUNT COUNTY WATER WORKS 14. BLOUNTSVILLE UTILITIES 15. SNEAD WATER WORKS 16. ALTOONA WATER AND SEWER 17. STEELE WATER WORKS BOARD 18. SPRINGVILLE WATER WORKS 19. OADENVILLE WATER WORKS 20. RAGLAND WATER WORKS 21. RIVERSIDE UTILITY BOARD 22. TRUSSVILLE UTILITIES 23. LEEDS WATER BOARD 24. IRONDALE WATER AND SEWER 25. SHELBY COUNTY WATER WORKS 26. HELENA WATER WORKS 27. PELHAM UTILITIES 28. VINCENT WATER WORKS 29. HARPERSVILLE WATER WORKS 30. WILSONVILLE WATER WORKS 31. JEMISON WATER BOARD 32. THORSBY WATER WORKS 34. WILTON UTILITIES
Resevoirs 1. Neely Henry Lake & Dam (Alabama Power) 1966 Hydroelectric pwr 2. Logan Martin Lake & Dam (Alabama Power) 1965 Hydroelectric pwr 3. Lake Purdy (Birmingham Water Works & Sewer) 1911 raw water to Shades Mtn. Filter Plant 4. Lay Lake & Dam (Alabama Power) 1967 - Hydroelectric pwr 5. Mitchell Lake & Dam (Alabama Power) 1968 - Hydroelectric pwr
15 14
10
12
3
9 WALKER ALK LKK
2
16
BLOUNT 13
17 4
11
1 Neely Henry Lake
18 F
E 1 25
G
22
24
H
JE F JEFFERSON N
19
B
D
3
21 23
5
C
Logan Martin Lake
2
Lake Purdy
28
A
29
27
26
ST. CLAIR L 20
Water Infrastructure MSA Legend County Boundaries MSA Outline
SHE SHELBY
30
33
BIBB County Name MSA Urban Center
6 34
County Seat Hydroelectric Dam
8
Dam
2
Resevoir Water Works Board Water Treatment
Lay Lake
31
4
Facility River
32 BIBB
7
Mitchell Lake
5
C LT CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles
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23
Economic Water Sewer & Water Connections
This map is a general illustration of the sewer and water links between cities. It specifies which cities are supplying water and sewer services and which cities depend on supplying cities. Another key illustration is the lack of connectivity within the region. Many communities are without adequate backup plans for water demand and sewer treatment capacity.
Jefferson County Water Boards 1. Birmingham Water Works & Sewer Board a. Roupes Valley Water Authority b. Oak Groves Service Area c. North Johns Town Hall d. City of Lake View 2. Bessemer Water Service 3. Brookside Water Works 4. Graysville Water Board 5. Irondale Water System 6. Mulga Water Works & Gas Dept. 7. Town of Jefferson Water Works 8. Trussville Utilities 9. Water Works Board of the City of Leeds 10. Warrior River Water Authority Shelby County Water Boards 1. Alabaster Water Board 2. Bethel Water Systems, Inc. 3. Columbiana Water Works 4. Harpersville Water System 5. Helena Utility Board 6. Little Wixie Water Authority 7. Montevallo Water & Sewer 8. Pelham Water Works 9. Shelby County Water & Sewer 10. Sterrett-Vadiver Water Sys., Inc. 11. Town of Vincent Water System 12. City of Calera Water Works 13. Westover Water Aurthority 14. Wilton Water & Gas 15. Wilsonville Water Works Bibb County Water Boards 1. Centreville Water & Sewer 2. Brent Utilities Board 3. West Blocton Town Hall
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Blount County Water Boards 1. Blountsville Utilities 2. Cleveland Water Works 3. Blount County Water Authority 4. Nectar Water Department 5. Oneonta Utilities Board 6. Hayden Water Works 7. Pine Bluff Water Works 8. Allgood Town Hall 9. Remlap Pine Mtn. Water Auth. 10. Snead Water Works Walker County Water Boards 1. Boldo Water & Fire Protection 2. City of Carbon Hill Utilities Board 3. Cordova Water Works & Gas Board 4. Curry Water Authority 5. Dora Water & Gas Board 6. Eldridge Water System 7. Jasper Water Works & Sewer Board 8. Kansas Water System 9. Nauvoo Water Works 10. Water Works Board of the City of Oakman 11. Parrish Water & Sewer Board 12. Providence Water Authority 13. Sumiton Water Works Board 14. Townley Water Authority St. Clair County Water Boards 1. Cooks Spring 2. Water Works Board of City of Leeds 3. Margaret Water Works 4. Moody Water Works 5. New London Water & Sewer 6. Northwest St. Clair Water System
7. Odenville Utilties /Board 8. Pell City Water Works 9. Pinedale Shores P.O.A. 10. Ragland Gas & Water Board 11. Riverside Utiltiy Board 12. Springville Water Works 13. Steele Water Works Board 14. Town of Ashville Water & Sewer 15. Wattsville Water Authority !6. Worlf Creek Water Authority
10 1
BLOUNT
2 9 4
3
4
5 13
6
6 8
2
6 7
8
7
1
9
WALKER R
9
14
12 3 10
ST. CLAIR LAIR 1 10
13
11
5
12
3 7
7
15
8
3 4
11
4 6
10
1
2
9
5
1
8 16 5
1b
10
JEFFERSON RSON N 1c
1a
2
11 9
13 4
8
1d
5
SHELBY 1 3 6 7
3
12
15 2
Sewer/Water Connections MSA Legend County Boundaries MSA Outline
BIBB County Name City Water/ Sewer
14
Supplying City Sewer/ Water Link Incorporated Area
2
1
3 5
BIBB
2 1 4
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4� = 10 miles Source: Malcom Pernie & RPCGB, 2004
Draft January 2010
25
Economic 2006 Population Density
Population density is a measure of people per unit of space. The map delineates population density by census tract, which provide for a higher level of detail. Generally, the highest densities are centralized around the Birmingham urban center; however, other pockets of high density occur along major transportation corridors and at county seat locations.
Florence
Huntsville
Decatur Gadsden Birmingham Hoover Tuscaloosa
Anniston
Auburn Montgomery
Dothan Mobile
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Population Density (2006) Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA Boundary MSA Urban Centers County Boundaries Density (People Per Square Mile) U.S. Avg - 80/sq. mi. 450+ 100 - 449 <100
26
Draft January 2010
ST. CLAIR
Density MSA Legend
JEFFERSON N
County Boundaries MSA Outline
BIBB County Name Tract Boundary Density (People Per Square Mile) 4500+ 3600-4500 2700-3600 1800-2700 900-1800 100-900 0-100
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
27
Economic Population Change (1980 to 2008)
The last 30 years have witnessed dramatic population declines within the inner core of the MSA. High decline areas run along an axis that runs from the Southwest corner of Jefferson County to the Northeast edge. Significant declines have also occurred in the north center portion of Jefferson County and in central Walker County. Areas south of Red Mountain and sections of St. Clair, Blount, Bibb, and Chilton Counties have, by contrast, seen relatively good growth over this period, particularly in comparison to the rest of the state.
Birmingham Hoover
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Population Change (1980 - 2008) Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA
Population Change (%)
County Boundaries
-11% to -5.1%
MSA Urban Centers
-5% to .1% 0% to 9.9% 10% to 19.9% 20% to 32% Alabama Avg: 4.8%
28
Draft January 2010
WALKER R ST. CLAIR
Population Percent Change 1980-2008 MSA Legend
JEFFERSON N
County Boundaries MSA Outline
BIBB County Name Tract Boundary Population Change (%) 25.1% or More 0.0 to 25% -9.9 to -.01% less than -10%
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
29
Economic 2008 Personal Income
While personal income for the majority of the MSA falls below the U.S. median annual income of $50,300, a band of higher income bisects the middle of the MSA running from Southwest to Northwest. Enclaves of very high income areas occur to the immediate East of the urban core. While the poorest areas occur at the city center.
30
Draft January 2010
WALKER R ST. CLAIR
Per Capita Income
JEFFERSON N
MSA Legend County Boundaries MSA Outline Census Tract Boundary
BIBB County Name Per Capita Income in Thousands ($) 70+ 60 50 40 30 20 <10
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles Source: BirminghamChamber of Commerce
Draft January 2010
31
Economic 2008 Unemployment Rate
Of the 2,000,000 jobs in Alabama, more than one fourth exist within the Birmingham MSA. The region has the sixth lowest unemployment rate among the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Birminghamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s areas of highest unemployment generally occur in a band that follows the north side of the system of mountains bisecting the MSA, from southwest to northeast. This band of unemployment consists of areas with rates nearly four times higher than the national average of 7.9%, while some of the surrounding areas have rates at less than 4%.
32
Draft January 2010
WALKER ST. CLAIR
Unemployment Rate
JEFFERSON N
MSA Legend County Boundaries MSA Outline Census Tract Boundary
BIBB County Name Unemployment Rate (%) 31.5+ 27.0 22.5 18.0 13.5 9.0 <4.5
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles Source: BirminghamChamber of Commerce
Draft January 2010
33
Economic 2008 Poverty
The 2009 U.S. poverty guidelines for a typical family of four is household earnings of $25,360 and just over 12 thousand for a single person household. The national poverty rate as of 2008 was 13.2%. The pattern of poverty within the MSA consists of concentrated areas of higher poverty at the urban core, surrounded by a doghnut-shaped band of relatively low poverty. This pattern extends outward from the urban center of the MSA for roughly 15-20 miles before higher rates of poverty are again encountered.
34
Draft January 2010
WALKER R ST. CLAIR
Poverty Line
JEFFERSON N
MSA Legend County Boundaries MSA Outline Census Tract Boundary
BIBB County Name Population Below Poverty (%) 60+ 50 40 30 20 10 <3
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles Source: BirminghamChamber of Commerce
Draft January 2010
35
Human High School Graduation Rate
Graduation patterns in the MSA follow the typical distributions seen in the outer measures of wealth, population, and race. Higher graduation rates tend to concentrate south of Red Mountain, from the Southwest to the Northeast, while a parallel axis immediately to the north shows evidence of much lower graduation rates. These two polarized areas are surrounded by a band roughly 20 miles deep of relatively higher graduation rates. At the edge of the MSA area graduation rates greatly decline.
36
Draft January 2010
WALKER R ST. CLAIR
High School Graduation
JEFFERSON N
MSA Legend County Boundaries Census Tract Boundary MSA Outline
BIBB
County Name 91-100% 71-90% <70%
US Avg. 72
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4” = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
37
Human Racial Distribution
Isolations and classifications of people groups within a larger population allow economic and social data to identify patterns and opportunities at large and local scales. Another such breakdown of population is its racial distribution. Neighborhoods within the Birmingham urban center house predominately minority residents, in contrast to suburban satellite communities to the south which are mostly white. White residents occupy nearly 95% of the used residential land area in the region and dominate population numbers in Walker, Blount, and Chilton counties.
Huntsville Decatur
Birmingham Hoover Tuscaloosa
Montgomery
Dothan Mobile Daphne Fairhope
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Racial Distribution Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA Boundary County Boundaries MSA Urban Centers >60% White Populated County Closely Integrated Populated County >60% African American Populated Traditional â&#x20AC;&#x153;Black Beltâ&#x20AC;? Region
38
Draft January 2010
BLOUNT
WALKER ST. CLAIR
Racial Distribution MSA Legend
JEFFERSON
County Boundaries
SHELBY
Msa Outline
BIBB County Name Racial Majority (By Census Tract) 500 White People 500 Non-White People
BIBB
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
39
Economic Point Source Water Pollutant Locations
Water quality is influenced by chemical wasting into the groundwater and air alike. The toxic groundwater release sites represent specific locations of chemical dumping in the MSA, by permit, directly into the ground - many in close proximity to drinking water sources. Superfund sites are the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites in the country. The Birmingham MSA has two such locations within its boundary and six more in watersheds which impact the MSA.
Huntsville Decatur
Tuscaloosa
Birmingham Hoover
Montgomery
Dothan Mobile
Daphne Fairhope
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Surface Water Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA Boundary Rivers & Lakes MSA Urban Centers
40
Draft January 2010
BLOUNT Oneonta
WALKER ALK LKK
Ashville
Jasper
Neely Henry Lake
ST. CLAIR L s Pell City
Logan Martin Lake
Birmingham Lake Purdy
s
JE F JEFFERSON N
Hoover
Toxic Groundwater Release Sites MSA Legend County Boundaries
SHE SHELBY
MSA Outline Columbiana
BIBB County Name MSA Urban Center County Seat Toxic Groundwater Release
Lay Lake
s
River & Lakes Superfund Site
Centreville
BIBB Clanton Mitchell Lake
C LT CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles Source: EPA Enviro-Mapper based on 2008 Data
Draft January 2010
41
Economic Point Source Air Release Sites
Air releases are sites where pollutants are released into the atmosphere from stationary sources, such as smokestacks and other vents at commercial or industrial facilities. This map layer illustrates a collection of emissions information for six common air pollutants: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Superfund sites are the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites in the country. The Birmingham MSA has two such locations within its boundary and six more in watersheds which impact the MSA.
42
Draft January 2010
BLOUNT Oneonta
WALKER ALK LKK
Ashville
Jasper
Neely Henry Lake
ST. CLAIR L s Pell City
Logan Martin Lake
Birmingham Lake Purdy
s Hoover
Pollutant Air Release Sites MSA Legend County Boundaries
SHE SHELBY
MSA Outline Columbiana
BIBB County Name MSA Urban Center County Seat Air Release Sites
s
Rivers & Lakes Superfund Site
Lay Lake
Centreville
BIBB Clanton Mitchell Lake
C LT CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles Source: EPA Enviro-Mapper based on 2008 Data
Draft January 2010
43
Natural Groundwater/ Aquifers
Underground is the aquifer system, a layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a well. The Birmingham MSA lies above the Cumberland Plateau and Valley & Ridge aquifer regions. Water wells of the Cumberland region typically have low yields of around 10 to 25 gallons per minute (gpm). The gallons per minute measurement is determined by counting the gallons drawn down and the time between cut in and cut off cycle of the well pump. Due to the Cumberland region aquifersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; particularly low output, they are suitable for limited use for largescale municipal water demand. The Knox/ Shady and the Tuscumbia/ Fort Payne are the primary aquifers in the Valley & Ridge region. Reported yields for the Tuscumbia/ Ft. Payne aquifers can exceed 1,500 gpm and 2,200 gpm in the Knox/ Shady aquifer system. These aquifers are ideal for dense populations, heavy industrial use, and large-scale groundwater sale. 44
Draft January 2010
Although most of the more densely populated areas of the Birmingham MSA are located above this Ridge & Valley region, many of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industry lie in the Cumberland region, where groundwater supply is limited. These areas of limited groundwater rely heavily on connections to Ridge & Valley cities to tap into a groundwater system that has approximately eight million gallons of water entering and five million gallons exiting the MSA each day.
Huntsville Decatur
RIDGE & VALLEY REGION
CUMBERLAND PLATEAU REGION
Tuscaloosa
Birmingham Hoover
Montgomery
Dothan Mobile Daphne Fairhope
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Aquifers Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA Boundary MSA Urban Centers
BLOUNTT
WALKER ST. CLAIR
Aquifers MSA Legend
JEFFERSON
County Boundaries
SHELBY Y
MSA Outline
BIBB County Name Aquifer Formations Ridges & Valley Region Knox/Shady (2,2000 gpm) Tuscumbia/ Ft. Payne (1,500 gpm) Hartselle (1,000 gpm) Bangor (200 gpm)
Cumberland Plateau Pottsville (10-25 gpm)
BIBB
Watercourse (area where surface water exists) Confining Rock (bedrock, 0gpm)
CHILTON N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
45
Natural Surface Water
Approximately eight percent of water in the continental U.S. originates or flows through Alabama - which has more navigable rivers than any other state. Of the 10 major stream systems in the state, three lie within the Birmingham MSA land area. These three systems are the Black Warrior, Cahaba, and Coosa rivers. The Black Warrior, fueled by three in-state sources, the Sipsey, Locust, and Mulberry Forks, has the largest drainage area entirely within the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s borders. The Cahaba Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s source lies just northeast of the city of Birmingham; this system is the longest free-flowing river in the state and serves as the public water supply for the city of Birmingham. Since both the Black Warrior and the Cahaba Rivers flow southeasterly before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi Drainage Basin, their shipping route capabilities are significant to development in this region. Many of these main river systems tributaries pass directly through major urban communities such as the Shades Creek 46
Draft January 2010
of the Cahaba system which meanders through six of the most heavily populated urban areas in the Birmingham MSA including the city of Birminghamconnecting the city to ports in Mobile.
Huntsville Decatur
Tuscaloosa
Birmingham Hoover
BLACK WARRIOR R.
COOSA RIVER
Montgomery
CAHABA RIVER
Dothan Mobile Daphne Fairhope
Surface Water Alabama Legend Rivers & Lakes MSA Urban Centers Birmingham MSA
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
For k
Lo
s
t cu
BLOUNT BLO BL F
ork
ter C reek Highland Lake
Loc u
For k
Blackwa
Mu lbe
ry
r
st
WALKER WALK ALKK e
Lake
Gurly Cre ek
Mountain Lake
r fC Sel
t Los
Cano Big
k
reek oked Cro
ry Fo rk Mulber
Litt le
e
r
Turke y Creek
e Creek
Neely Henry Lake ST. CLAIR
Canoe Cr ek e
e
Rive
k
Emerald Lake
r
C
k ree North C
Riv er
Cane Creek
C
Broken Arrow Cre ek
e Cr eek
ek
v
Ri
C
Five Mil
er
Villa ge
o
ir
ab Ca h
Bayview Lake
re
Ca
eek
Wolf
Cr
Bankhead Lake
ne
a
r War
Creek
Black
k
ley
ud
Cre ek
es
d S ha
Cah aba R
dy
Prong
M
Coo sa River
Creek Mud
Val
ree k
C
Bear Creek
Great Pine Lake
Cree
JEFFERSON
Kel l
Wehapa Lake
y
Lake Purdy
k Cree eaf wL
Yell o
Major Surface Water MSA Legend County Boundaries MSA Outline
SHELBY
r ive
Logan Martin Lake
BIBB County Name Rivers & Lakes Major Waterway Cane Creek
k Waxahatchee Cree
B
xata chee C reek
u
Haysop Creek
Cre ek
Mulberr y
Swift Cre
Creek Mulberry le Litt
k
CHILTON
k
Mitchell Lake
Sandy
Cr ek
e
BIBB
sa Coo
ek
River
a sh
Creek
tump
W
ile C
Walnu t C ree
Cr
e
k C ee
S
eek
k ree
Affonee Creek Taylo r
Mahan
Cr
Six M
Wa llac eC ree
iver Cahaba R
r
e Littl
River/Lake Names
Lay Lake
ek
k
Creek Cane
C ee Wolf
r
Walker Co. Lake
Sho Beave al C ree ree k
re Can C
Inland
ek
N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
47
Natural Topography
The dynamic topography of the Birmingham MSA affects the regionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; groundwater, drainage, weather, atmospheric processes, transportation, community development patterns, and more. This MSA marks the conclusion of the Appalachian Mountain chain which was created 420 million years ago when the two land masses of Larussian and Acatlan complex collided to form the supercontinent of Pangaea. Today, very little seismic or tectonic activity occurs in the region. Minor earthquakes can be felt along hidden faults located in the Tennessee Valley, however, few have registered significant damage. The city of Birmingham itself lays at a fall-line, which is an area where an upland region (Appalachian Ridges & Valleys) and a coastal plain (Southern Coastal Plain) meet. This convergence area between uplands and coastal plains creates a diverse Birmingham topography that includes three major watersheds and dramatic elevation changes within the MSA. From the lowest (Harrisburg) 48
Draft January 2010
to highest point (Chandler Mtn.), this area sees an elevation change of more than 1,299 feet sloping for northeast to southwest.
Huntsville Decatur
Tuscaloosa
Birmingham Hoover
Montgomery
Dothan Mobile Daphne Fairhope
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
Topography Alabama Legend Birmingham MSA Boundary MSA Urban Centers Rivers & Lakes
Oneonta
Ashville
Jasper
APPALACHIAN RIDGE & VALLEY UPLAND Pell City
Birmingham
Topography MSA Legend
Hoover
County Boundaries MSA Outline
BIBB County Name Columbiana SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAIN
MSA Urban Center County Seat Jasper County Seat Name
Surface Waters SOUT Plain Name
Elevation (Feet Above Sea Level) 1500’+ Centreville
1250-1500’ 1000-1250’ 750-1000’ Clanton
500-750’ 250-500’ <250’
N
Scale: 3/4” = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
49
Natural Minerals
Coal and limestone were huge factors in the placement of Birmingham geographically. One called, “the Pittsburg of the South,” Birmingham sits in a mineral hotbed primed for steelmaking. Alabama as a state is one of the nation’s leading producers of sand, rock and gravel as a result of coal mining in the north central counties. It is third in the country for limestone production, and is among the top five masonry cement-producing states. Coal has been mined in this region of Alabama for 150 years. Ranking 14th in the United States, the state produces 20 million tons of coal each year. Primarily, coal is produced in Alabama to generate power; 70 percent of all electricity generated in the state is produced at coal-fueled steam plants. Coal is also used to make coke which is part of the steel-making process. Annually, the total value of coal produced in Alabama exceeds $1 billion. Steelmaking resources paired with an extensive railway network makes Birmingham’s geographic location a 50
Draft January 2010
valuable asset.
Scale 0 25 50 75 100 mi
State Coal & Limestone Alabama Legend County Boundary Coal-producing County Birmingham MSA Boundary Coal-fired Power Plant Coke Plant
B BLOUNT Oneonta
L
Ashville
Jasper
SST. CLAIR ST GORGAS PP
MILLER PP
Pell City
Birmingham
JE JEFFERSON
Coal & Limestone FIelds
Hoover
MSA Legend
GASTON PP SH SHELBY
County Boundaries MSA Outline Railways
Columbiana
Coal-fired Plants Coke Plants MSA Urband Center County Seat
Alabama Minerals Limestone Deposit Coal Field Centreville
BIBB Clanton
CHILTON LTTO LT N
Scale: 3/4â&#x20AC;? = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
51
Natural Geographic Boundaries Meet Political Boundaries
Thinking regionally when dealing with water issues requires taking a broader perspective. Understanding how an urban area affects water quality in an area requires knowledge of local watersheds and thier working components which include surface waters. A watershed is an area of land that drains to a lake, reservoir, river, wetland, or other waterway. The Birmingham MSA sits on a ridge separating three major watersheds: the Sipsey/ Warrior, Alabama/ Cahaba, and the Coosa/ Tallapoosa. Also, the region consists of all or parts of seven sub watersheds, and approximately 40 minor watersheds. A southwesterly flow of surface and ground water dominates the state; some of the waters make their way to the Mississippi Delta, while other empty into the Gulf of Mexico. Watersheds act as a filter for runoff that occurs from precipitation, providing clean water for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry. All 70 of the municipal water systems in the Birmingham MSA area either draw water from watershed 52
Draft January 2010
systems directly or purchase from municipalities that do.
Birmingham
Scale
Mobile
0 25 50 75 100 mi
Surface Water Alabama Legend General Waterflow Direction Major Watershed Boundary Subwatershed Boundary MSA Urban Centers Birmingham MSA Bouindary
MA
MULBERRY FORK
GEOR
ALABA
UPPER COOSA
SIPSEY FORK
GIA
TENNESSEE
MIDDLE COOSA
LOCUST FORK
BLACK WARRIOR COOSA Birmingham
UPPER B.WARRIOR
Crossing Watersheds MSA Legend
CAHABA
MSA Boundary Major Watershed LOWER B.WARRIOR
Subwatershed
LOWER COOSA COOSA
Watershed Name
COOSA
Subwatershed Name MSA Urban Center
N
Scale: 3/4” = 10 miles
Draft January 2010
53
GA
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Draft January 2010