TJU | BA.ARCH Year 3 Semester 1 - Hongkou Ecological Spine

URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE 全龄化的城市设计 虹口生态脊 Tutor: Professor Tu Huijun 指导教师：涂慧君

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introduction

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content

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content

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design observations & issues

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design concept & strategies

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case studies

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urban design framework

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design vision

目录 观察与问题 概念与策略

案例分析 城市设计框架

设计意向

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design observations & issues 观察与问题

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design observations & issues

Increasing elderly population 不断增加的老龄人口

The bicycle phenomenon 共享单车的困境

Car-centric planning 以车行为指导的设计

Fragmented communal spaces 碎片化的公共空间

Moderate air quality 中等的空气质量

Diminishing green and blue space 正在减少的绿、蓝空间

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increasing elderly population // design issues

Last year 去年 (2016)

Population density of Hongkou: 虹口区人口密度 34 300 people/ km² (highest in Shanghai) （上海最高） Playing traditional Chinese instruments

Street performances

演奏传统乐器

街头表演

% of elderly 老龄人口比例 Hongkou District 虹口 : 35.54% Shanghai 上海 : 31.6% How to keep the elderlies 如何使老人： Happy 幸福 Healthy 健康 Relevant 亲睦

Matchmaking spots

Farming/Gardening along the railway track

相亲一角

铁轨旁的菜地 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 6

increasing elderly population // design issues

Badminton with friends

A bench to take a nap and catch some fresh air

Place to spend time with grandchildren

打羽毛球

长椅休憩

与孙同乐

Fitness corner

Leisure games along the pedestrian way

Chinese chess along the river

健身活动

休闲游戏

河畔对弈 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 7

the bicycle phenomenon // design issues

Bicycles everywhere and anywhere

Bicycles intruding pedestrian walkways

无处不在的单车

共享单车侵占人行道

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car-centric planning // design issues

Wide roads, challenging and inconvenient for pedestrians to navigate

Traffic light timing: Minimal for pedestrians, priorities auto mobiles

过宽的马路，不利路人漫步

红绿灯：车行优先，行人时间紧张

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fragmented communal and green spaces // design issues

Large arterial roads 大尺度的干道

15m wide waterway 15m宽河道

4 lanes wide road in neighbourhood 街区中的4车道宽路径

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fragmented communal and green spaces // design issues

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fragmented communal and green spaces // design issues

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fragmented communal and green spaces // design issues

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moderate air quality // design issues 亚洲城市PM2.5指数排名 单位：微克每立方米

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diminishing green & blue space // design issues

cause:

urbanisation

成因

城市化

impact:

diminishing green &blue space

影响

绿、蓝空间不断减少

effects:

water pollution: urban runoff

结果

水体污染；城市径流 micro climate: urban heat island effect 微气候；热岛效应 mental health: depression 精神健康；抑郁症

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diminishing green & blue space // design issues

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diminishing green & blue space // design issues

Depression 抑郁症

What Is Neuropsychology Telling Us 神经心理学告诉我们：

Some countries, such as Denmark and the Netherlands, have reported up to 50% of long-term sick leave is due to mental disorders, mostly depression. By the year 2020, WHO projects that depression will be the second highest contributor to the global burden of disease for all ages and both sexes.

Feeling of being needed and doing something meaningful increases happiness hormones

据报道，在丹麦、荷兰等国家，多达50%的长期病假原因为精神不 稳定，主要表现为抑郁症。WHO指出，到2020年，抑郁症将成为 全球疾病的第二大诱因，对象包括各个年龄和性别的人口。

People who enjoy good social networks and trustworthy environment are less sick and have a stronger immune system

What Does Stress Cost 压力的代价 In the EU, the cost of stress at work and the mental health problems was estimated between 3%-4% of gross domestic product (265 billion euros annually) The National Institute of Mental Health in the US conservatively estimate the total costs associated with serious mental illness and job stress to be in excess of 300 billion per year (absenteeism, decreased productivity, employee turnover, legal and insurance fees). The cumulative global impact of mental disorders in terms of lost economic output will amount to $16.3 billion between (2011 and 2030)

感到被需要、做有意义的事，可帮助增加幸福感

拥有良好社交网络和生活环境的人，生病更少且免疫系统更强健 + the lack of good public space and the feeling of being helpless creates stress and illness +优质公共空间的缺乏和无助感将导致压力与疾病

在欧盟，因工作压力及精神健康问题带来的损失约占国民生产总值 的3%-4%（2650亿欧元每年）。据美国国家精神健康协会保守估 计，每年与精神压力问题有关的损失超过3000亿（包括缺勤、下降 的生产力、员工流失、法律及保险支出）。从2011年到2030年，因 精神健康失调给全球带来的总经济产出损失预计将达到163亿美元。

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design concept +strategy 概念与策略

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE • President Xi Jinping’s Remark 习近平指示 We want green mountains as well as gold mines, we want green mountains rather than gold mines. Morever, green mountains are gold mines. 我们既要绿水青山，也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山，不要金山银山，而且 绿水青山就是金山银山。 Efforts should be made to “increase the green” and “protect the blue” ,so as to set an example for the construction of the national ecological civilization and leave a sustainable “green bank” for future generations. 着力在“增绿”、“护蓝”上下功夫，为全国生态文明建设当个表率，为 子孙后代留下可持续发展的“绿色银行”。 When upgrading urban drainage system, priority should be given to collecting the limited rainwater and using natural forces to drain water, so as to build up “sponge cities” that have the ability of natural deposits, natural infiltration, and natural decontamination. 在提升城市排水系统时要优先考虑把有限的雨水留下来，优先考虑更多利 用自然力量排水，建设自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化的“海绵城市”。 • Biophilic aspects of water and green are one of the main attractions supporting mental health and may reduce stress. 水体和绿化的亲生物性将有助于心理健康，并可 能减轻人的压力 • It offers expanded and enhanced social capital (Beatley, T, 2010) 它能够扩大和增 强社会资本（Beatley，T，2010） • Attraction to nature draws individuals outdoors where increased interaction leads to deeper community bonds (Kishnani, N., Cossu, G., 2015) 自然的吸引力让人来到户外， 交互作用的增加会导致更深入的社区联系（Kishnani，N.，Cossu，G. ，2015 • Blue and green spaces can lead to increased productivity of the people and result in economic benefits. 绿、蓝空间可以提高人们的生产力，并带来经济效益

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

• Due to Shanghai’s unique location, it is sensitive to sea level rise and land subsidence, which are directly related to urban flood protection. 由于独特的地理位置，上海 对海平面上升和地面沉降十分敏感，这与城市防洪有直接关系。 • Flooding of Shanghai can be caused due to the following three factors:(1) storm surge by typhoon, (2) high tidal levels and (3) sustained higher water levels in the Yangtze River and the Huangpu River due to the rainy season. 上海的洪 水可由以下三个因素造成：（1）台风带来的风暴潮，（2）高潮位， （3）雨季长江和黄浦江水位持续上涨。 • Typhoons moving towards Shanghai not only bring high storm surges but also heavy rainfalls and strong winds to the area. 向上海移动的台风不仅带来风暴潮， 还有暴雨和强风 。 • As a result, high flood walls were put in place to safeguard the city from imminent floods. 因此，设置了高耸的防洪墙以保护城市免受洪水侵扰。 • In addition, to the physical barriers that were put in place, strict guidelines by the government bodies were also implemented. Such as the minimum setback of 6m from the flood wall, where there should be strictly no structures or buildings, to allow for a clear passage way for maintenance and emergency repair of the flood wall. 另 外，政府机构也制定了严格的指导方针。如防洪墙6m以内，应严格 禁止建筑物存在，为防洪墙的维修和抢修提供通道。 • As a consequence of the flood walls, the city is generally disconnected with the waterway and the extensive stretch of space beside the waterway is put to no use; usually made as carpark spaces. 由于防洪墙的存在，城市一般与水路 断开，河道旁边的广阔空间不起作用;通常作为停车位。

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

CONCEPT 概念

STRATEGY 策略

The design envisions the waterway as a ecological spine (binding element) that will give Hongkou district a new identity and with the purpose to revitalize its urban spaces for all ages.

The design sees the flood wall as the crux to a vibrant ecological waterway experience.

这个设计将河道作为一条生态脊梁来设计（联系各种元素） ，为虹口地区提供新的时代身份，目的是振兴城市空间，并 向各年龄段的群体开放。

该设计将防洪墙看作是充满活力的生态水道体验的关键。

As such, by working around the understanding of the flood walls, the design explores some of the possibilities of what the wall could be and the effects of it. By (1)re-programming (2)re-thinking the form (3)use of greeneries of/in the waterway, the design seek to activate the waterway as a user-centric communal space that will engage users of all-ages. 因此，通过对防洪墙的深入研究，设计探索了墙各种形式的 可能性及其影响。 通过（1）再策划（2）形式的再思考（3） 河道绿化的利用，试图激活水路，使其成为以用户为中心的 公共空间，吸引所有年龄段的人群。 In addition, by careful re-designing of the waterway and use of plants, the design will develop the waterway as part of a ecological system - to improve the quality of the urban environment in Hongkou. 此外，通过对水道的重新设计和本土植物的利用，设计将水 道作为整体生态系统的一部分，以改善虹口的城市环境质 量。

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A large and generous communal space free of cars. 广阔无车的公共 空间

A space where the elderlies could stay happy, healthy and relevant 老年人能够 愉快、健康、亲近地 生活的空间

HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

To strengthen the green and blue infastructure. 经过提 升的绿、蓝空间

Uninterrupted cycling path for cyclist. 不被干扰的 自行车道 Green spaces as communal spaces to stitch fragments back together 被重新串 联的绿色公共空间

Green lung to reduce carbon footprint 减少碳足迹的 绿肺

HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

typical existing condition 典型现状 1. lack of ecological function 缺乏生态功能 2. large area of exposed concrete walls 大面积的裸露混凝土墙 3. concrete canals - facilitate urban runoff 加剧城市径流的混凝土河道 4. some concrete walls extend 1-3metres 有些混凝土墙高达1-3米 5. disconnection from waterway - distance 与水道是隔离开来的- 大距离

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case studies 案例分析 overview 概述 / features 特点 / effects 效果 1. Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore 碧山茂桥公园，新加坡 2. Cheonggyecheon River, South Korea 清溪川，韩国 3. Chicago Riverwalk, USA 芝加哥河道，美国 4. Yanweizhou Park, China 燕尾洲公园，中国 5. New York High Line, USA 高线公园, 美国

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case study 1 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

effects • Redesign of 62 hectares of park space 62公顷重新设计的公园空间 • Restoration of 3km river 3千米长河道恢复 • Rainwater catchment 雨水收集

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case study 1 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

facing initial resistance from the various government bodies 项目最初受到各方阻力 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 27

case study 1 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

effects • Redesign of 62 hectares of park space 62公顷重新设计的公园空间 • Restoration of 3km river 3千米长河道恢复 • Rainwater catchment 雨水收集

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case study 1 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

effects 效果 • Once a dividing utilitarian concrete channel that was inadequate for huge storm events, it is now a robust throbbing river that boasts 40% increase in capacity, 30% increase in biodiversity and 12% increase in recreational space. 8,640,000 liters of water cleansed daily. 曾经的混凝土排水渠不仅割裂了城市空间，同 时也无法应对暴雨灾害事件，而如今取而代之 的奔腾河道不仅使公园的蓄水能力提升了40% ，生物多样性提高了30%，同时也让人类活动 空间有了12％的增长。水体日均净化量达到86 万立方。

• At the center of local life, the vibrant park is open 24/7; there are plazas to practise Tai Chi, fields to play soccer & catch, and beautifully crafted benches & nooks for lovers. 这个充满活力，全年无休的公园俨然已成为了 当地居民日常生活的一部分：人们在广场上练 习太极，孩子们在运动场地中追逐比赛，而两 两相依的情侣则在长凳或隐秘的角落中共度时 光。

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case study 1 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

effects 效果 • Green, open space for residents’ mental and physical health 有益于居民身心健康的绿色开放空间 • Flood protection 防洪功能 • Rain water harvesting 雨水收集利用 • Infiltration of groundwater 地下水渗透 • Increased biodiversity 生物多样性增加 • Improvement of microclimate 微气候改善 • Cost reduction (80 million to 50 million SGD) 开支降 低（从8千万到5千万加元） • Learning field about environment 自然教育基地 • Increased real estate value 提升地产价值 • Calculated: 6-16SGD/person/hour spent on physical activity 每人每小时花费6-16加元用于体育活动 • 45% of the 6million people using the park every year for exercise for an average 67minutes 六百万人口中的 45%会在公园锻炼67分钟 • Socio Economic Value: SGD 16-43 million/year 社会 经济价值：每年1.6-4.3千万加元 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 30

case study 1 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

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case study 2 Cheonggyecheon River, South Korea

overview • The aging elevated freeway and concrete deck covering the Cheonggyecheon stream posed safety risks and needed to be repaired or removed. 高速公路和覆盖清溪川的混凝土桥面老化，存在安 全隐患，需要修理或拆除。 • The government wanted to improve connectivity between the city’s north and south sides, which the freeway divided. 政府希望改善被高速公路分隔的城市南北两侧的连通性。 • Transportation experts were concerned that removing the elevated highway would increase traffic congestion and chaos in the northern end of the city since it carried 169,000 vehicles per day. 交通 运输专家担心，拆除高架公路将增加城市北端的交通堵塞和混乱，因为它每天运 载16.9万辆汽车。 • The idea of removing the freeway also met initial opposition from many local business owners. 拆 除高速公路的想法也遭到了许多当地业主的反对。 • The City of Seoul is in the process of an important paradigm shift, changing from an autocentric development-oriented urban landscape to one that values the quality of life of its people and the importance of functioning ecosystems. 拆除高速公路的想法也遭到了许多当地业主的反 对。 • The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project created both ecological and recreational opportunities along a 3.6-mile corridor in the center of Seoul. 拆除高速公路的想法也遭到了许多当地业主 的反对。 清溪川恢复项目在首尔市中心3.6英里的水道上创造了生态功能和休闲 活动。 • The project has proven catalytic, spurring economic growth and development in an area of Seoul that had languished over the last several decades. 该项目被证明具有催化作用，刺激了过去 几十年来一直衰落的汉城地区的经济增长。 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 32

case study 2 Cheonggyecheon River, South Korea

features • The restoration created a 3.6-mile continuous east-west green corridor for pedestrians,bicyclists, and wildlife 该修复工程为 行人，骑车者和野生动物创造了一条长达3.6英里的东西 向绿色走廊。 • Native willow swamps, shallows and marshes were constructed in 29 different locations along the restoration, creating habitat for fish, amphibians, insects, and birds. 在29个不同的地点建造了本土 的柳树湿地，浅滩和沼泽，为鱼类，两栖动物，昆虫和 鸟类等创造了栖息地。 • Terraced vertical walls give visitors access as water levels change, create seasonal interest as levels submerge and re-emerge, and provide flood protection for the city. 阶梯式的垂直墙给游客提 供了随水位升降而变化的视角，创造季节性的景观，并 为城市提供防洪保护。 • Natural stones bridge the two banks, creating walkways for adventurous pedestrians and to helping regulate water speeds and levels and various points along the stream. 天然石桥连接两岸， 为喜欢冒险的行人创造出通路，并帮助调节沿线各点的 水流速度和水位等。 • Construction materials were salvaged and re-used from the concrete deck structure and elevated highway demolition. All of the scrap iron and 95% of waste concrete and asphalt was reused. 从混 凝土甲板结构和高架高速公路拆除工程中抢救和再利用 建筑材料。所有的废铁和95％的废弃混凝土和沥青都被 重复使用。 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 33

case study 2 Cheonggyecheon River, South Korea

effects - environmental • Provides flood protection for up to a 200-year flood event and can sustain a flow rate of 118mm/hr. 可为200年一遇的洪水提供防洪保护，并保持118mm / hr的流量。 • Increased overall biodiversity by 639% between the pre-restoration work in 2003 and the end of 2008 with the number of plant species increasing from 62 to 308, fish species from 4 to 25, bird species from 6 to 36, aquatic invertebrate species from 5 to 53, insect species from 15 to 192, mammals from 2 to 4, and amphibians from 4 to 8. 从2003年至2008年底，经恢复工作，总体生物多样性增加了639 ％，植物种数从62种增加到308种，鱼类从4种增加到25种，鸟类从6 种增加到36种，水生无脊椎动物从5种至53种，15至192种的昆虫，2 至4种的哺乳动物，以及4至8种的两栖动物。 • Reduces the urban heat island effect with temperatures along the stream 3.3° to 5.9°C cooler than on a parallel road 4-7 blocks away. This results from the removal of the paved expressway, the cooling effect of the stream, increased vegetation, reduction in auto trips, and a 2.2-7.8% increase in wind speeds moving through the corridor. 降低城市热岛效应，沿河温度比4-7个街区外的的平行道路低3.3°至 5.9°C，。这是由于高速公路被拆除，河流的冷却效果，植被的增 加，汽车出行的减少以及通过生态廊的风速比以前增加2.2-7.8％。 • Reduced small-particle air pollution by 35% from 74 to 48 micrograms per cubic meter. Before the restoration, residents of the area were more than twice as likely to suffer from respiratory disease as those in other parts of the city. 小颗粒空气污染 减少了35％，从每立方米74微克减少到48微克。在恢复之前，该地 区的居民患呼吸道疾病的可能性是城市其他地区的两倍多。 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 34

case study 2 Cheonggyecheon River, South Korea

effects - social • Contributed to 15.1% increase in bus ridership and 3.3% in subway ridership in Seoul between 2003 and the end of 2008.

2003年至2008年底，汉城公交乘客增加15.1％ ，首尔地铁乘客增长3.3％。 • Attracts an average of 64,000 visitors daily. Of those, 1,408 are foreign tourists who contribute up to 2.1 billion won ($1.9 million USD) in visitor spending to the Seoul economy. 每天吸引64,000名游客。 其中，外国游客1408 人，为首尔经济游客支出高达21亿韩元（190万 美元）。

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case study 2 Cheonggyecheon River, South Korea

effects - economic • Increased the price of land by 30-50% for properties within 50 meters of the restoration project. This is double the rate of property increases in other areas of Seoul. 修复工程50米范围内的土地价格上涨30-50％。 这是首尔其他地区财产增长率的两倍。 • Increased number of businesses by 3.5% in Cheonggyecheon area during 2002-2003, which was double the rate of business growth in downtown Seoul; increased the number of working people in the Cheonggyecheon area by 0.8%, versus a decrease in downtown Seoul of 2.6%. 清溪川地区在2002年至2003年期间增加了3.5％ 的业务，这是首尔市中心业务增长率的两倍; 当 首尔市区人口减少了2.6％时，清溪川地区劳动 人口增加了0.8％。

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case study 3 Chicago Riverwalk, USA

features • Seperated upper and lower design: urban roads and lanes placed in the upper layer, the lower riverside serves as walkway, outdoor coffee and boat dock. 上下分层设计：城市道路、车道等设计在上 层，临水的下层作为滨河步道、室外咖啡和游 船码头。 • Provide the public with a wide range of recreational entrances. 为公众提供广泛的休闲娱乐性出入口。 • Improve river bank stability, improve biological habitat quality and water quality. 提高河岸稳定性，改善生物栖息地质量和水体 质量。 • Support river-friendly business and industrial development. 支持对河流友好的商业及工业开发。 • Improve the living quality of citizens (fishing, boating, restaurants, parent-child parks, Riverside Theater). 提高市民生活质量（垂钓、划船、餐饮、亲子 公园、河滨剧场 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 37

case study 3 Chicago Riverwalk, USA features: formal strategies

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case study 3 Chicago Riverwalk, USA features: ecological strategies

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case study 4 Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua City-China

overview • Water resilient terrain and plantings are designed to adapt to the monsoon floods; 可恢复的亲水地形和植被设计以 适应雨季洪水; • A resilient bridge and paths system are designed to adapt to the dynamic water currents and people flows. The bridge and paths connect the city with nature and connect the past to the future; 可恢复的桥梁和路径系统，以适应动态的水 流和人流。桥和路径连接起城市与自然，过去与未 来。 • The river currents, the flow of people, and the gravity of objects are all woven together to form a dynamic concord (Figure). 河流，人流和物体的重力都汇集在一起，形成一个 动态的和谐。 • Design strategy - This is achieved through the meandering vegetated terraces, curvilinear paths, a serpentine bridge, circular bio-swales and planting beds, and curved benches. 设计策略 - 曲折的植被梯田，曲线路径，蛇纹石桥 梁，圆形生物沼泽，种植床，弯曲的长椅综合起来 实现设计。 • The project has given the city a new identity and is now acclaimed as its most poetic landscape. 这个项目给了 城市一个新的身份，现在被誉为该市最具诗意的景 观。 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 40

case study 4 Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua City-China

features • Pre-existing Conditions (before) and Transformations (after). The existing site was a riparian wetland ruined by sand quarry and concrete floodwalls. 原场地是一片被采石场和混凝土防洪墙占据的 河岸湿地。 • The design strategy dramatically transformed the site through the design of an eco-friendly embankment, making the site accessible and connecting the segregated city. 通过设计一个生态友好的堤防，大大改变了现 场，使其变得可达，并连接起被隔离的城市。 • Flood walls are removed and a cut and fill strategy is used to create terraces to make the site cooperate with flooding. The design is 100% permeable. 拆除防洪墙，并采用切割和填充策略创建梯 田，使场地与潮水融合协作。 该设计是100％可 渗透的。 • The surfaces include gravel surfaces for pedestrians, bioswales for planting, and permeable concrete for automobile use. 表面包括适用于行人的砾石表面，适用于种植 的生物洼地和适用于汽车的渗透性混凝土。

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case study 4 Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua City-China

effects • (top photo) An aerial view of the park during the dry season, note the lush tall grasses covering the terraces on the embankment. The terraces are enriched by silt deposited during the flood season 上：干燥季节，公园的鸟瞰图，请注意郁郁葱 葱的高草覆盖了堤岸上的梯田，在汛期，由于 泥沙淤积，这些梯田变得更肥沃。 • (bottom photo) An aerial view of the park during the monsoon season showing a 20-year flood and testifying to the flood resilient design. Note the uninterrupted connection of the city through the bridge 下：雨季，公园的鸟瞰图，显示了20年一遇的 洪水，并证明了弹性设计的防洪能力。注意城 市通过桥梁产生的不间断连接。

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case study 4 Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua City-China

effects • The flood-adapted boardwalk integrates the path system with the terraces. This path affords visitors an intimate naturalistic experience over the riparian vegetation. The elevated boardwalk is just above the five-year flood level 适应洪水的木栈道将路径系统与梯田相结合。 这条道路为游客提供了一个河岸植物的亲密体 验之旅。抬高的木栈道就在五年一遇的洪水位 之上

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case study 4 Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua City-China

effects • The inner pond on the inland is designed to allow water to infiltrate from the river through the gravel layers that make the otherwise dirty river water swimmable 内陆 池塘的设计利用砾石层过滤河水，使得本可能 被污染的河水清洁可游。 • With multiple ramps aligned to the flow of people, the Bayong Qiao bridge is more than a physical link. It is a social connection that helps to build the community by creating a gathering space for families and residents who walk, jog and chat together on the bridge. 通过多条斜坡 与人流紧密相连，八咏桥不仅仅是一条物理上 的连接线，还是一条社会联系的纽带，为在桥 上步行，慢跑和聊天的家庭和居民创造聚集空 间，帮助增进社区感。

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case study 4 Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua City-China

effects • The terraced embankment was built by removing the concrete floodwall and through a cut-and-fill strategy that balances the earthwork on-site. The terraces create a flood resilient zone that allows people to enjoy the lush tall grasses adaptive to the seasonal floods 通过拆除混凝土防洪墙和现场土方平衡工程的切割和填充策略， 建成了美丽的梯田路堤。梯田创造了一个季节性洪水适应区，使人们 能够享受郁郁葱葱的高草景观。 • This pavilion provides a dramatic viewpoint as it extends above the 200-year flood level. The pavilion features a detailed view of the pond water feature and expansive views of the river, the city and the Bayong Qiao bridge. 这个亭子提供了一个戏剧性的 视点，因为它高到超过了200年一遇的洪水水位线。在亭内可以纵览河 流，池塘，八咏桥乃至城市的壮观景色。 • The surface of the inland area is hundred percent permeable. Generated from onsite materials, gravel is recycled to create pedestrian surfaces. Gravel surfaces alternate with unit pavers and permeable concrete to create a distinctive pattern. Bio-swales are integrated with tree planters, and permeable concrete pavement is used for automobile routes traffic use and parking lots. 陆地区域的表面是百分之百可渗 透的，用旧的现场材料制作。砾石被回收用于步行道路面，与透水混 凝土交替创造出独特样式。生物沼泽与树木种植相结合，渗透性混凝 土路面用于交通车道和停车场。

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case study 5 High Line Park New York, USA

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case study 5 High Line Park New York, USA

effects • Effectively stimulated private investment. From 2000 to 2010, the population of the New District increased by 60%. 高线公园有力刺激了私人投资。新区和公园的 组合使这里成为纽约市增长最快、最有活力的 社区。从2000年到2010年，新区人口增长了 60%。 • At least 29 large-scale development projects started. A total investment is of more than 2 billion US dollars, resulting in 12,000 jobs, 2,558 sets of new residential units, 1,000 hotel rooms, more than 424,000 square feet of office space and 85,000 square feet of art exhibition space. 高线公园改建开始后，临近高架的项目建设许 可签发增加一倍，至少有29个大型开发项目 动工。总投资超过20亿美元，产生12,000个 工作，新建2,558套居住单元，1000间酒店客 房，超过424,000平方英尺办公空间和85,000 平方英尺艺术展示空间。

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HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE 虹口生态脊

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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typology of waterway section EXISTING FLOODWALL TECHNIQUES category 1: end of pipe solutions 临时性策略 1. sand wall 砂土墙

2. concrete flood wall 混凝土墙

advantage 优势

disadvantage 劣势 • temporal solution 暂时性

• cheap 便宜

• man labour 人力资源

• disconnection with waterway 与河道联 系断裂

• cheap 便宜

• large area of exposed concrete 大面积 的裸露混凝土

• efficient 高效

• a barrier 屏障 • no ecological function 缺乏生态功能

category 2: for creation of views 创造景观的策略 3. deployable flood wall 可展开的防汛墙

4. glass flood wall 玻璃防汛墙

• disconnection with waterway 与河道 联系断裂

• allows for views of waterway 创造观景机会

• max 2-3 metres 至高2-3米

• allow for opening along concrete flood wall 墙上开口成为可能

• allows for views of waterway 创造观景机会

• no ecological function 缺乏生态功能 • man labour 人力资源

• max 2-3 metres 至高2-3米 • no ecological function 缺乏生态功能

category 3: integrative solution 整合性策略

5. terraced flood wall 梯田式防汛墙

• ecological function 拥有生态功能 • allow for myraid of waterway experience 极大丰富滨水体验 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 51

typology of waterway section 15 TYPOLOGIES

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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waterfront experience 5+1 FORMAL STRATEGIES

现状

抬高

伸长

漂浮

后退

上升

其它

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waterfront experience 5+1 FORMAL STRATEGIES

EXISTING CONDITION 现状

RAISE 上升

SETBACK 后退

ELEVATE 抬高

FLOAT 漂浮

OPEN/EXTEND 开放

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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waterfront experience FLOODWALL + PROGRAMMES

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waterfront experience FLOODWALL + PROGRAMMES

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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ecological intervention 3 DEGREE OF WATERBED ALTERATION

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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ecological intervention ECOLOGICAL DESIGN FEATURE & METHODS

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

typical condition 典型现状

intervention 干预措施

1. lack of ecological function 缺乏生态功能

1. wetland function 湿地功能

2. large area of exposed concrete walls 大面积的裸露混凝土墙

2. creating a waterfront experience/view 创造亲水体验与滨水景观

3. concrete canals - facilitate urban runoff 加剧城市径流的混凝土河道

3. reduced area of exposed concrete wall 减少裸露混凝土墙

4. some concrete walls extend 1-3metres 有些混凝土墙高达1-3米

4. minimise urban runoff into waterway 提升水体质量

5. disconnection from waterway - distance 与水道是隔离开来的- 大距离

5. improve water condition 提升水体质量 6. increase water capacity for flood condition 提升抗洪能力

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5 specific examples - common scenarios 5个具体例子 - 常见情况

1. existing open space 现存开放空间 2. roads adjacent to waterway 滨水道路 3. private developments 私人开发 4. bridges crossing waterway 水上桥梁 5. soon-to-be-demolished + future developments 待拆迁+未来规划

5 types of programs along waterway existing open space 现存开放空间 roads adjacent to waterway 滨水道路 private developments 私人开发 bridges crossing waterway 水上桥梁 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments 待拆迁+未来规划

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typology 1 existing open space

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typology 1 existing open space

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typology 1 existing open space BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 1A

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typology 1 existing open space BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 1A

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typology 1 existing open space HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

STRATEGY: 1A + SETBACK

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typology 2 roads adjacent to waterway

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typology 2 roads adjacent to waterway

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typology 2 roads adjacent to waterway (others) · Priority of space beside waterway should be given to public programming such as a park, a pedestrian path or a cycling path. 滨水空间首先应服务于公共项目，如作为 公园、人行步道或自行车道。 · Diversion of road should be considered first before any other options. This is to prevent too narrow a stretch of communal space; that cannot fit a twoway pedestrian path and cycling path. 路径的改变应当首先被考虑，以避免公共 空间过于狭窄，以至于无法容纳双向人行 道和自行车道。 · If the existing road could be diverted. please refer to table 1: open space for alternative design provisions 如果现存道路可以被改变，请参见表1：公 共空间的可替换性设计

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typology 2 roads adjacent to waterway BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 2B

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typology 2 roads adjacent to waterway BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 2B

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typology 2 roads adjacent to waterway HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

STRATEGY: 2B + EXTEND

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typology 3 private developments

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typology 3 private developments

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typology 3 private developments (others) • Priority of space beside waterway should be given to public programming such as a park, a pedestrian path or a cycling path. 滨 水空间首先应服务于公共项目，如作为公园、人行步道 或自行车道。 • Reclamation of the private ground storey outdoor space should be considered first before the other options. 应首先考虑回收再利用 私人的一层户外空间。 • This is what a typical resident pay for, 75% actual floor area of house +25% public space of their housing estate. 一般来说，居 民购房的花费75%用于居住面积，25%用于公共空间。 • As an incentive to the residents of the private space 25% of their real estate price, of which they paid for the public space of their housing estate, will be rewarded back to them. 为了推进底层户外空间的 收回利用，可考虑将25%的购房费用补偿给居民。 • While the residents received significant sum back into their pocket, they will also get to enjoy a green and blue space just outside their doorstep. 此外，可考虑给开发商提供奖励机制，以推进沿 河建筑立面的垂直绿化工程。 • If the private space from the private development could be reclaimed. please refer to table 1: open space for alternative design provisions. 如果私人开发的空间可以被更改，请参见表1：公共空间 的可替换性设计

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typology 3 private developments BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 3B

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typology 3 private developments BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 3B

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typology 3 private developments HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

STRATEGY: 3B + FLOAT

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typology 3 private developments BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 3B

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typology 3 private developments BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 3B

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typology 3 private developments HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

STATEGY: 3B + SETBACK

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typology 4 bridges crossing waterway

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typology 4 bridges crossing waterway

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typology 4 bridges crossing waterway (others) cross on the bridge

go through on the bridge / cross under bridge

cross under bridge

• On a 4 lane or less road, a pedestrain-priority path could be implemented.

This could only be implemented with the intensity of the traffic, so to not disrupt the flow of traffic. 对于四车道及以下道路，在保证车流 密度不受干扰的情况下，可考虑建立步行优先的路径。 • The colour and texture of the pedestrian path will stretch from the existing path across the road to the opposite side of the road. 步行道应用显眼 的颜色与材质标识，从已有的路径延伸到其他道路上。 • There will be signboard signaling to the drivers about the proximity of the pedestrain-priority path. 对于司机而言，应当有提示牌说明 其与步行优先道路的距离。 • The pedestrain-priority path could be implemented only during specific time of the day. For example, the path will be prioritize pedestrian during off peak hours. 步行优先道路可以只在一天中特定的时间生 效，例如仅在高峰时期设为行人优先。

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typology 4 bridges crossing waterway

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typology 4 bridges crossing waterway BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 4B URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 91

typology 4 bridges crossing waterway BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 4B URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 92

typology 4 bridges crossing waterway HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

STRATEGY: 4B + ELEVATE URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 93

typology 5 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments along waterway

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typology 5 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments along waterway

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typology 5 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments along waterway (others) • Priority of space on soon-to-be-demolished site should be given to a park. This is to provide a variety of green spaces of different sizes. 待拆迁地应优先考虑建设 成公园，以给居民提供不同尺度的绿色空间。 • For future developments a minimal setback, measuring from the waterway edge, of 6 metres will is recommended.

(2 pedestrain path + 2 two-way cycling path) 出于未来 的发展规划，从河岸边缘起算应至少留出6米 的距离（双向人行道与双向自行车道） • For housing estate adjacent to the water way, the housing estate's first storey is be kept open to allow for a waterfront view and experience. 对于沿河建筑，考虑 底层架空以创造良好的景观视线。 • Height restriction for buildings adjacent to the waterway to maintain the sky ratio (openess) of the outdoor communal space. New designs should adhere to the 60 degree line measured from the setback line is drawn. Building mass should not exceed the line. 沿河建筑应适当限高以 保持公共空间开放度并创造和谐的天际线。例 如考虑采用60度作为视角上限。 • Multi-storey carpark spaces is recommended at the periphery of the housing estate, the side nearer to the main road or main gate - whichever the resident's car enter from. 建议建设沿住区外围的多层停车空间，宜 靠近小区居民的车行入口。 URBAN DESIGN FOR ALL AGES | HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE | 96

typology 5 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments along waterway BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 5C

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typology 5 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments along waterway BEFORE

TYPOLOGY: 5C

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typology 5 soon-to-be-demolished + future developments along waterway HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

STRATEGY: 5C + ELEVATE

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design vision

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK identify typology of waterway section (15 typologies) 定义河道剖面的空间类型 (15种)

滨水体验 waterfront experience

生态功能 ecological function

determine formal strategy to create waterfront connection 运用形式策略创造水岸联系

determine degree of water-bed intervention 判断对河床的干预程度

explore possibilities of floodwalls + programmes 探索防汛墙和设计的多种可能

determine ecological features and methods 选择生态特色与设计方略

Hongkou’s Ecological Spine 虹口生态脊

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE BEFORE

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE HONGKOU ECOLOGICAL SPINE FUTURE

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HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

VISION 展望 All in all, the Ecological Spine of Hongkou envisions to be the new identity for Hongkou District - one that is active (programs and activities), vibrant (engaging people of all age), clean (a unpolluted waterway) and green (various types of green spaces). 虹口生态脊将成为一个——积极的（容纳节目与活动），活 跃的（吸引各年龄人群），清洁的（水路无污染）和绿色的 （绿色空间多样丰富）虹口区新标识。

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A large and generous communal space free of cars. 广阔无车的公共 空间

A space where the elderlies could stay happy, healthy and relevant 老年人能够 愉快、健康、亲近地 生活的空间

HONGKOU’S ECOLOGICAL SPINE

To strengthen the green and blue infastructure. 经过提 升的绿、蓝空间

Uninterrupted cycling path for cyclist. 不被干扰的 自行车道 Green spaces as communal spaces to stitch fragments back together 被重新串 联的绿色公共空间

Green lung to reduce carbon footprint 减少碳足迹的 绿肺

end 结束

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