Chennai - Urbanization and Proliferation of slum development by Gayathri Jagadeesan

CHENNAI Urbanization and Proliferation of Slum Development context and case studies

Gayathri Jagadeesan MA Architecture and Urbanism

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Fig 1- Source-Author-faces of Chennai

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Chennai, formerly known as Chennapatnampattinam, became a city after the British colonisation. In the book by S. Srinivasachari, Dewan Bahadur Chidambaram (1939) comments that, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Damarla Nayak, expressed a desire to found a town in the name of his father, ChennapaNayak and offered the English liberal privilege if the would come and settle in it.

Madras: the official hand book : 1939 - Srinivasachari, C. S. (Chidambaram S.), b. 1890. Page 36

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Mary E. Hancock- The Politics of Heritage from Madras to Chennai - pg-14

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PRE HISTORY

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52-70 CE

806 CE

900-1200 CE

Puthiakunnel, (1973)

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1646

1664 1693

Muthiah (2006)

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CHAPTER II

1. Urbanisation in India 2. Urbanisation in Chennai â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Growth of slum

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mckinsey(2017)

source-https://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Redesign/InteractiveWrapper.aspx?sc_itemid={FB2A7984-F3AA-45D8-9412C14AED663EE7}

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HISTORY THROUGH MAPS

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World Bank (2008)

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(UNhabitat.org)

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2173 INCREASING POPULATION OF SLUM AND SLUM 2001

1962 N O.

17800 820000

1956

1961

57436 287180

97851 412168

O F

1431 996 1202

S L U M S

2014

304980 1155025

1971

1986

163802 737531

127181 650859

548 306

2011 398847 1613611

NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS SLUM POPULATION Chart 3 -Population over yeaars

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“Tamil movies and slums”

A glimpse of the reality in slum as portrayed in feature film

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Fig 55 Fig 57

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FEW POPULAR MOVIE POSTERS, INDIVIDUAL ALBUM SONGS THA ESSENCE OF CHENNAI

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Fig 64

AT SHOWS THE SLUMS AND Fig 59

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CHAPTER V Live Instances, Chennai

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PROBLEMS WITHIN THE SLUMS 1. Flooding due to rain - Slums along the river/canals are most affected 2. Forced Evictions - Almost all the unrecognised slums face this problem 3. No or Insufficient Water supply - Kotturpuram as an Instance 4. Relocating to the suburbs- from city centre to the suburbs 5. Lack of Basic Amenities - Almost all the slums face this problem

Fig 66

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A flood-affected couple sits along a flooded roadside under a picture of Jayalalithaa Jayaram, chief minister of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, in Chennai on Sunday. FIG 66:(Photo: Reuters/Anindito Mukherjee) SOURCE- https://www.thequint.com/photos/in-pictures-or-beyond-the-headlines-and-behind-the-scenes-snapshot-of-india-this-week-december5-december-11

CHENNAI : 06/03/2012 : Encroachments on the banks of Buckingham Canal in Chennai . | Photo Credit: R_Ravindran

ANINDITO MUKHERJEE

Fig 68 Razed down: Houses in Thideer Nagar being demolished as part of the Cooum River Eco-restoration Project Source- http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/thideer-nagar-residents-relocated-despite-resistance/article20629639.ece-p-Piccredits- Unknown UPDATED: NOVEMBER 22, 2017 13:38 IST

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(IAI, 2006)

FIG 69 - A child looks helplessly at what was once her home. Pic:SLUM REHABILITATION November 29, 2017 Kalyani S

PORUR LAKE AREA

THIDEER NAGAR

(The Hindu, 2017) fig 69 -Activists demand justice for evicted residents of Thideer Nagar By Express News Service | Published: 23rd November 2017 07:53 AM | MAPS 6- Source - google maps

66Â Fig 70 - Picture credits- arun mozhi

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FIG 73-WEB SOURCE-http://www.thisisplace.org/i/?id=10495057-1d89-48dc-a1f9-2d68c2188ad0Piccreditss- TRF/Rina Chandran

FIG 74, 75: Squatter housing along Barracks Street, Chennai is pictured on 26 December 2016. About 10,000 people are homeless in Chennai in southern India, with most having lived on the streets for at least 20 years. TRF/Rina Chandran WEB SOURCE-http://www.thisisplace.org/i/?id=10495057-1d89-48dc-a1f9-2d68c2188ad0Piccreditss-

70Â fIG 75 - A woman walks in an alley filled with mud and debris to collect relief goods, as clothes are hung out to dry after floodwaters receded in Chennai, India, on December 7, 2015. # WEB SOURCE- https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/12/photos-of-the-week-125-1218/421218/

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CASE STUDY

Chart Title SALEDEED Chits SelfHelp Group Microfinance Inst Bank Accounts GOV ID Fuel-ker/wood Public Toilet Own Toilet Residents Unemployed daily wages self employed salary

SLUMS OBSERVED: 1.MUTHAMIZH NAGAR, KODUNGAIYUR 2.PULIANTHOPE 3.KAVANGARAI, SAIDAPET 4.NOCHIKUPPAM

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20-40

40-60

60-80

80-100

Chits Title Chart

SALEDEED

Bank AccountsChits GOV ID

SALEDEED

Bank Accounts

GOV ID

Own Toilet

Residents

self employed

salary

Own Toilet self employed

SelfHelp Group

Microfinance I

Microfinance Inst Public Toilet Fuel-ker/wood

SelfHelp Group Fuel-ker/wood

Public Toilet

ResidentsUnemployed Unemployed daily wages

daily wages

salary

KAVANGARAI PULIANTHOPE

KAVANGARAI

KODUNGAIYUR

PULIANTHOPE0

100

120

KODUNGAIYUR 0

100 73

Security of tenure

Basic service Amenties

Community Interaction

FIG 78 -WEB SOURCE:https://goo.gl/images/cSDNbV - source, credits-unkown

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FIG 78 -WEB SOURCE:https://goo.gl/images/cSDNbV - source, credits-unkown

Safety

MAP 8-WEB SOURCE- http://www.transparentchennai.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/page0001-3.gif- source, credits-unkown

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Figure 79 -View of Parktown slum PIc credits- Arunmozhi

Figure 80 -View of Parktown slum

Figure 80 -View of Parktown slum PIc credits- Arunmozhi

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Figure 81 -View of Parktown slum PIc credits- Arunmozhi

CONCLUSION

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Schemes for slum redevelopment in Tamil Nadu “Housing for all mission” – A long term plan of government of Tamil Nadu to create urban free slum before 2023. The below showed chart are few proposals worth £650 million. The proposal would be for 23476 tenements for 170 cities with over 21 schemes. Majority of the redevelopments are in-situ construction, where housing is allotted to people who belong to economically weaker section with the benefits of low subsidy rate, and home loans with tenure of 15 years. Table X shows the proposed project for vision 2023.

Table 4 shows the proposed project for vision 2023

This chapter has discussed the reasons for existence of informal settlements in Chennai due to urbanisation. One of the most significant findings to emerge from this study is that despite these proposals and investments on informal settlements, slums continue to exist since lot of developments are based on relocations and forced evictions. There is no point in relocating, especially, communities whose means for living is based on the particular area (e.g. – fishing communities along the coast). Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insights such as removal of slums or ignoring the economically weaker section from the city are not possible, since the low level employees in these settlements play vital role in the day to day functioning of city right from supply of water to cleaning sewerage

REFERENCES: 1. Aditi R, CHENNAI,Thideer Nagar residents relocated despite resistance retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/thideer-nagar-residents-relocated-despite-resistance/article20629639.ece NOVEMBER 22, 2017 13:38 IST 2. Dr. Venkatigalla Venkatesham(2015) The problems and issues in urbanization in India- Volume : 4 | Issue : 8 | 3. Fahlbusch., E. (2008). Encyclopedia of christianity. Michigan: Wm.B.Eerdmans. 4. Hancock, M. E. ( 29 Oct 2008). The Politics of Heritage from Madras to Chennai. Indiana University Press, Indiana. 5. KAREN �� COELHO, Placing The Poor In The Flood Path: Post-Disaster Slum Resettlement In Chennai, 4 January 2016 retrieved from http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/placing-the-poor-in-the-flood-pathpost-disaster-slum-resettlement-in-chennai 6.Muthiah, S (21 August 2006). “Founders’ Day, Madras”. Hindu Times. Retrieved 28 Jan 2009, “1639 a.d. to 1700 a.d.” History of Chennai. ChennaiBest.com. Retrieved 20 Jan 2013. 7.Muthiah, S (2004) Madras rediscovered : a historical guide to looking around : supplemented with tales of ‘Once upon a city’, East West Books (Madras) Pvt. Ltd, Chennai. 8.Madras origin.-G. Bohle; Ü: J. Attfield-http://www.diercke.com/kartenansicht.xtp?artId=978-3-14-100790-9&seite=105&id=17574&kartennr=6 S. Srinivasachari, & Chidambaram, D. (1939). History of the City of Madras: Written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee. Chennai: P. Varadachary & Co. 9.Overview - Pharmaceutical Exports from India, retrieved fromhttps://www.ibef.org/exports/pharmaceutical-exports-from-india.aspx October, 2017 - Accessed on march 2018 12pm 10.Pranav H. Vashi- Retrieved fromhttps://www.scribd.com/doc/39933958/Urbanization-EVS-Project- pg5 11.Pushpa Gowri Arabindoo. Chapter 4: Excavating Chennai, Absent societies: Contouring urban - citizenship in postcolonial Chennai.The London School of Economics and Political Science 12.UN-Habitat. Housing & slum upgrading Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/housing-slum-upgrading/ 82

TABLES & FIGURES TABLE 1,2, 3: Source: Director of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu. Table 4 shows the proposed project for vision 2023 FIG 4-14 Base map source - google maps chart1-Decadal Variation of Population from 1901 - 2011 for India and Tamil Nadu source- census of India, 2011-MAPS: Chart 2-Comparative Size of Districts by Population 2011, source- census of India, 2011- Tamil Nadu Chart 3 -Population over years Chart 4-Author -GayathriJagadeesan --DATA SOURCE-Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2001. CHART 5- AUTHOR - GayathriJagadeesan - Data source- Arunmozhi MAP 1- MAP OF CHENNAI SHOWING THE SETTLEMENTS MAP 2-Source- https://demonstrate.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/madras_19211-scaled500.jpg, credits- unknown MAP 3- http://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/SOURCE-, CREDITS- Unknown MAP 5 - Source-google maps MAPS 6- Source - google maps MAP 7 -Source- google maps MAP 8-WEB SOURCE- http://www.transparentchennai.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/page0001-3.gif- source, credits-unknown Base map source - google maps Fig 18 PALLAVARAM Fig 19 KUNDRATHUR Fig 20 MYLAPORE Fig 21 THOMAS MT Fig 22 TRIPLICANE Fig 23EGMORE

FIGURES: FIG 1 Pope, G. U. (1880), Text-book of Indian History: Geographical Notes, Genealogical Tables, Examination Questions, London: W. H. Allen & Co. Pp. vii, 574, 16 maps FIG2 - A Plan of Fort St. George and the City of Madras,” by Herman Moll, from ‘Modern History: or, the Present State of all Nations’, by Thomas Salmon, published by Bettesworth & Hitch, London, 1726, 1739; FIG 3- Fort of St. George on the Coromandel Coast, Madras, belonging to the East India Company of England,” a line engraving by Jan van Ryne (1712-1760) * (BL) Fig. 15: Scatter Diagram Representing the Distance of Emerging Villages from Chennai City during 1971-2006 Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 4, October - December 2011, Fig. 16: Emergence of Villages in Chennai Metropolitan Area since 1971 till 2006 Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 4, October - December 2011, Fig. 17: Thematic Representation of Reasons behind the Growth of Villages and Developmental - Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 4, October - December FIG 26-Imagecredits - Augustus Binu- source, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_culture#/media/File:Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg FIG 27-Imagecredits -Thangaraj Kumaravel- source - https://www.flickr.com/photos/kumaravel/9363801913 FIG 28-http://www.junglekey.in/search.php?query=karakattam&type=image&lang=en&region=in&img=1&adv=1&start=100 FIG 28,30 -Image credits- Arunmozhi FIG 31-credits unknown-source -http://www.tirumalasrivaru.com/arulmigu-kapaleeswrar-temple/1214/ FIG 32-redits unknown-source -http://travellerspeaks.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/ Fig 33-http://pop.ac/chennai_01_09.html Fig 34-http://pop.ac/chennai_01_11.html FIG 36-https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/7iGDs-qR8S5gsjbJuEF3Yqu2vbqUpbG_69nVC05-RQpE57rmt46Cy2flCgLmMsfgNygS9w=s151-creditsunkown 84

Fig 35-A few hours of rain, Chennai already struggling By Express News Service | Published: 30th October 2017 12:46 PM | Last Updated: 30th October 2017 01:38 PM FIG 37-https://www.mjiaum.org/single-post/2016/1/23/The-Chennai-Floods-A-Social-and-Media-Failure -ndian Air Force Relief and Rescue Op during Tamil Nadu Flood December 2015.jpg FIG 38-5-http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-vardah-expected-to-make-landfall-chennai-on-alert-4422461/ --Chennai | Published: December 12, 2016 2:25:03 am - At Ennore Beach in Chennai on Sunday. (Source: PTI Photo) FIG 39-Tamil Nadu - The state of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s India, The Economist, 21 feb,2004 FIG 40-Pic credits- Arunmozhi FIG 41-Picture credits-KARTY JazZ-source-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marina_Beach_as_seen_from_Light_house..JPG FIG 42-Trend in urbanisation-: Source: Director of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu. FIG 43- child taking bath in the street in a slum in Chennai Picture credits- Arunmozhi FIG 44 A picture from a slum in Chennai Picture credits- Arunmozhi FIG 45-Source https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g304556-d3323053-i167598947-The_Leela_Palace_Chennai-Chennai_Madras_Chennai_District_Tamil_Nadu.html FIG 46- Source-https://www.flickr.com/photos/fristedt/360898924/sizes/o/ -Pic credits- Unknown FIG 66: A flood-affected couple sits along a flooded roadside under a picture of Jayalalithaa Jayaram, chief minister of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, in Chennai on Sunday. (Photo: Reuters/Anindito Mukherjee) SOURCE- https://www.thequint.com/photos/in-pictures-or-beyond-the-headlines-and-behind-thescenes-snapshot-of-india-this-week-december-5-december-11 FIG 68-Razed down: Houses in Thideer Nagar being demolished as part of the Cooum River Eco-restoration Project Source- http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/thideer-nagar-residents-relocated-despite-resistance/article20629639.ece-p-Piccredits- Unknown UPDATED: NOVEMBER 22, 2017 13:38 IST

FIG 69 -Activists demand justice for evicted residents of Thideer Nagar By Express News Service | Published: 23rd November 2017 07:53 AM | FIG 70 - Picture credits- arun mozhi FIG 71 -TNSCB flat dwellers in Kotturpuram have made other arrangements for water but they are tedious for women—Photo. M. Moorthy FIG 72 - Most slum dwellers have to depend on water tankers as the taps have gone dry. Photo courtesy: Anand Kumar FIG 73-WEB SOURCE-http://www.thisisplace.org/i/?id=10495057-1d89-48dc-a1f9-2d68c2188ad0Piccreditss- TRF/Rina Chandran FIG 74, 75 :Squatter housing along Barracks Street, Chennai is pictured on 26 December 2016. About 10,000 people are homeless in Chennai in southern India, with most having lived on the streets for at least 20 years. TRF/Rina Chandran WEB SOURCE-http://www.thisisplace.org/i/?id=10495057-1d89-48dc-a1f9-2d68c2188ad0PiccreditssFIG 76-WEB SOURCE-https://www.firstpost.com/india/heavy-rains-continue-to-pound-tamil-nadu-schools-remain-shut-in-chennai-2526512.html-pic credits – Unknown FIG 77-WEB SOURCE- http://www.mylaporetimes.com/2015/12/san-thome-kuppam-residents-suffer-flooding-problems/ - pic credits - Unknown FIG 78 -WEB SOURCE: https://goo.gl/images/cSDNbV - source, credits-unknown Figure 79 -View of Park town slum Pic credits- Arunmozhi Figure 80 -View of Parktown slum Pic credits- Arunmozhi Figure 81 -View of Parktown slum PIc credits- Arunmozhi Figure 82A,B,C,D,E, 83 –Interior and Exterior View of Nochikuppam slum Pic credits- Arunmozhi

ACRONYMS

IIT- Indian Insititute of Technology IIM- Indian Institute of Management SEZ- Special Economic Zone MEPZ- Madras Export Processing Zone IT- Information Technology TIDC- Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation GDP- Gross Domestic Product TOD-Transit Oriented Development SIPCOT- State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu FDI- Foreign Direct Investment NIT- National Institutes of Technology UN- United Nations