Intervenire

GABE CHOI | LA 4782 - EVOLVING ISSUES | MATSUI | DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE | CAL POLY POMONA

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

_INTERVENIRE

ITA

ENG

[verbo] Partecipa a qualcosa in modo da prevenire o modificare un risultato o il corso degli eventi. [verb] Take part in something so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events.

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

2

_table of contents

3

EVOLVING ISSUES

4

Introduction

5

Environmental Issues

7

Issue 01 - Water Usage

9

Issue 02 - Litter and Toxic Waste

11

Issue 03 - Cigarette Butts

13

Piazza Navona

15

Interventions: Piazza Navona x Water

17

Definitions

18

References

_introduction

Italy has become an exemplary nation for its urban design. A mesh of roads and plazas that connect people and places. This country which has taken millennia to develop, has evolved through various ideologies regarding community-building. People today walk, sit, talk, watch, eat, smoke and listen in the large plazas that had been paved hundreds of years ago. These activities are slowly affecting the overall natural and human health of the area.

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

4

_issues

Three environmental issues that caught my attention are the effects of excessive water usage, the management of toxic waste, and missmanagement of cigarette butts in dense urban spaces.

5

EVOLVING ISSUES

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

6

Cigarette Butts

Toxic Waste

Water Usage

_issueONE water usage

Pedestrians can easily find drinking fountains throughout Italy. Nasoni, or “big nose� fountains, are popular sources for fresh drinking water at no cost.

People may also use them to wash their hands or face on a warm summer day. Local vendors also use the water to clean the street in front of their shops or restaurants.

Typical nasone fountain with supply of free drinking water.

7

EVOLVING ISSUES

7%

9%

8%

INDUSTRIAL 22% 85%

LIVESTOCK 69%

AGRICULTURE/LIVESTOCK

GREEN WATER

INDUSTRIAL

GREY WATER

DOMESTIC

BLUE WATER

Percentage of water by sector

Percentage of water by type

450 litters per person every day

CROPS

0

5

10

15

20

25

x 1000 cubic mm GREEN WATER

GREY WATER

BLUE WATER

Total water footprint by type and sector

Here is the problem; the water is always running. What issue does this pose during a drought? The city of Rome shut off the water for about a year to compensate for the shortage. The governor was concerned about the stress that the drought was putting on surrounding sources of water. The government of Rome justified their decision on the premise of trying to conserve the supply of fresh water from Lake Bracciano.

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

8

_issueTWO litter and toxic waste

Areas of Naples are known as “Fireland” and “Death Triangle” due to the abundance of toxic waste and their effects on the residents. Due to suspected mob involvement, large volumes of toxic waste have been brought into illegal dumping sites in Naples from other regions of Italy, and possibly the rest of Europe.

Waste treatment by burning (top); illegal landfill (bottom)

9

EVOLVING ISSUES

According to a study by the University of Naples, illegal dumping and exposed toxic waste are root causes of the rising incidences of cancer and other chronic diseases.

The study adds that this waste can target vital organs like the heart, the lungs, the kidneys, and even, the central nervous system. They can also create genetic conditions.

The effects can be worse if the toxic waste reaches key sources of drinking water.

Three forms of waste treatment are displayed on the map.

Waste is either burned in an incinerator, dumped illegally on a landfill, or packed into eco-balls. All of these treatments worsen the quality of life in nearby areas.

Waste treatment in Campagna

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

10

_issueTHREE

CONTAMINANTS IN CIGARETTE BUTTS

cigarette butts

Most cities in Italy, like most around the world, rld, host a population of cigarette smokers, The effects of ingesting tobacco first or second-hand are common knowledge, owledge, however; its effects on the environment are not ot as widely recognized. Cigarette butts account for the majority ajority of litter found in the street and on public spaces. They are not biodegradable and can harm ecosystems in freshwater, groundwater and the soil.

Cigarette butt and contaminants

11

EVOLVING ISSUES

PESTICID PESTICIDES ETHYLPH ETHYLPHENOL NICOTINE DIETHYLE GLYCOL DIETHYLENE TAR ALUMINU ALUMINUM BARIUM CADMIUM CHROMIUM CHROMIU COPPER IRON MANGANESE MANGAN NICKEL LEAD STRONTIUM STRONTI TITANIUM ZINC

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 195155 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

TOTAL ANNUAL SALES (BILLIONS)

9

0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

195155 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 YEAR

SALES / DAY / SMOKER

“Smokers in Rome produce about 11 million cigarette butts a day, or four billion a year”

10

Sale of cigarettes in Italy

Sale of cigarettes per adult per day SOURCE: International Smoking Statistics (2017)

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

12

PiazzaNAVONA

FONTANA DEL NETTUNO

FIUME TEVERE

FONTANA DEL MORO

FONTANA DEI QUATTRO FIUMI

PIAZZA NAVONA

Vicinity Map

ROME STADIO DI DOMIZIANO

Aerial View of Piazza Navona

CHIESA DI SANT’AGNESE IN AGONE

n

AMBASCIATA E CONSOLATO GENERALE DEL BRASILE

0

100

200

400ft Map of Italy and Rome

Fontana del Nettuno

Fontana del Moro

Fontana Dei Quattro Fiumi

Giacomo della Porta (1574) Antonio della Bitta/Gregorio Zappalà (1878)

Giacomo della Porta (1575) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1653)

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1651)

This collaborative sculpture depicts Neptune attacking an octopus with a trident. It is surrounded by monsters, mermaids, cupids and dolphins, as well as, horses emerging from the water.

This collaborative sculpture features tritons on their knees blowing water out of shells. The edges of foutain are decorated with heads; some with dolphins and shells, and others with dragons collaged around them.

Lastly, its anchored by the statue of a Moor fighting a sea creature.

Four male figures representing the rivers—Ganges, Danube, Nile and Rio de la Plata—surround an Egyptian obelisk adorned with a dove. The rivers allude to influence of the pope around the world.

Fountain of Neptune

Moor Fountain

Fountain of the Four Rivers

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

14

_interventions Piazza Navona x Water

15

1. turn the water off

2. use sensors

Turn off water fountains during times of reduced pedestrian traffic; like overnight. Also gauge when areas are busiest to efficiently save water, while also maintaining the character that the water features provide.

Some plazas are not as vibrant as others. Use sensors to activate water features when pedestrians approach. This provides an opportunity for the space to become more interactive.

3. retrofit with valves

4. reuse water

Nasone fountains that provide running potable water throughout the day should be retrofitted with valves.

When fountains are drained for maintenance, store for future cleaning and irrigation.

EVOLVING ISSUES

Crowds gather around Trevi Fountain despite the water being temporarily turned off for maintenance.

This dragon-head drinking fountain is fitted with a valve that is decorative, as well as, functional.

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

16

_definitions chronic disease (noun) Any disease that lasts longer than three months that may be treated, but not cured. cigarette butts (noun) Remains of cigarettes, like filters and ashes, that are carelessly disposed of in the street. blue water (noun) Freshwater, surface and groundwater. It is stored in lakes, streams, glaciers and snow. danube (noun) River that meanders eastward from southwest of Germany to the Black Sea. eco-balle (noun) Unit of storage containing potentially toxic waste. dumping (verb) Careless or irresponsible disposal of waste. ganges (noun) River that meanders eastward from Nepal, through northern India and to the Bay of Bengal. genetic condition (adjective) Abnormality in the DNA that can cause life-altering mutations that

17

EVOLVING ISSUES

green water (noun) Soil moisture from precipitation, used by plants via transpiration.

It is part of the evapotranspiration flux in the hydrologic cycle. grey water (noun) Polluted water. Water altered from bathing, laundry and dishwashing. Water with traces of pesticides or fertilizers. groundwater (noun) Water naturally stored underground within aquifers. incinerator Device that breaks down waste by burning it. Release potentially toxic matter into the air. landfill Space where waste is disposed of, or burried under soil. nile River that drains northward from Uganda (White Nile) and Ethiopia (Blue Nile) to the Mediterranean Sea through Alexandria, Egypt. rĂ­o de la plata River between Argentina and Uruguay where the Uruguay River meets the ParanĂĄ River. toxic (adjective) waste that is considered harmful to the public and the environment they inhabit.

_references Birrell, Ian. “Mafia, Toxic Waste and a Deadly Cover up in an Italian Paradise: 'They've Poisoned Our Land and Stolen Our Children'.” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 24 June 2016, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mafia-tox ic-waste-and-a-deadly-cover-up-in-an-italianparadise-t/.

Forey, Barbara, et al. “Italy.” International Smoking Statistics, vol. 2, 24 Oct. 2011, pp. 1–27., doi:10.1093/ac prof:oso/9780198508564.003.0001.

“Fountain of the Four Rivers.” Artble, 19 July 2017, www.art ble.com/artists/gian_lorenzo_bernini/sculpture/ fountain_of_the_four_rivers.

“Fountain of Neptune.” Roma Wonder, www.romawonder.com/ neptune-fountain-rome/.

“Intervene | Definition of Intervene in English by Oxford Dictionaries.” Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries, 2018, en.oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/intervene.

Mazza, Alfredo, et al. “Heavy Environmental Pressure in Campania and Other Italian Regions: A Short Review of Available Evidence.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 15, no. 1, 10 Jan. 2018, p. 105., doi:10.3390/ijerph15010105.

Novotny, Thomas E. “Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste.”

NCBI, 20 May 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti cles/PMC2697937/.

Roser, Max, and Hannah Ritchie. “Smoking.” Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/smoking.

Sagredo, Alberto M. “The Fountain of the Moor: A Story of Popes and Tritons.” Italian Ways, July 2018, www.italian ways.com/the-foutain-of-the-moor-a-stry-of-popes-andtritons/.

Squires, Nick. “Rome Turns off Its Historic 'Big Nose' Drinking Fountains as Drought Grips Italy.” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 29 June 2017, www.telegraph. co.uk/news/2017/06/29/rome-turns-histor ic-big-nose-drinking-fountains-drought-grips/.

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO | FALL 2018

18

“What Is Blue, Green and Grey Water.” The Water Network, Aqua SPE, 2016, thewaternetwork.com/question-0-y/ what-is-blue-green-and-grey-water6uuv13bt8lVovKyD7Andyw.

“What Is Groundwater?” USGS, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater?qt-news_ science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.

Winfield, Nicole. “Mafia Toxic Waste Dumping 'Causes Higher Cancer and Death Rates in Naples'.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 2 Jan. 2016, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mafiatoxic-waste-dumping-causes-higher-can cer-and-death-rates-in-naples-a6794236.html.

19

EVOLVING ISSUES

CASTIGLION FIORENTINO

ORIGINAL MAP BY ERIC GABA / NADER MOUSSA

dymaxion

of the world

LOS ANGELES