White marble selection for public zone floor ses[20140917]

상업건축 통행이 많은 공용부 로비 바닥용 석재의 선별을 위한 기술 검토 A The Technical Investigation Report for Selecting Proper Stone of Hard Traffic Lobby Floor on Business Buildings

LOTTE WORLD TOWER PROJECT

5th September 2014

SES stonetechincs - 1 -

A. 건축 용도에 따른 적용부위 별 석재의 요구물성 1. 석재의 선별 시 주요 검토 물성 

내 오염성 (Stain Resistance)



강도 (Strength)



내 마모성 (Resistance to Abrasion)



내구성 (Durability)

2. 내 오염성 (Stain Resistance) : 석재의 요염을 일으키는 주요 요인 a. 흡수율 (Water Absorption) 

오염된 물의 모세관현상에 의한 흡수율은 석재의 직접적인 오염원.



흡수율이 높을수록 오염원을 석재의 공극에 오래 머무르게 하는 요인이 커짐.



ASTM Specification : 가공석 석종 별 최대 흡수율 지정

ASTM Specification 상의 가공석재 석종 별 흡수율 기준

b. 화학적 조성과 조립입자 (Composition) 

탄산염(Calcareous Salt)으로 구성된 석재 Calcite(CaCO3), Dolomite, Limestone(CaMg(CO3)2)은 Lemon(레몬) 등 산에 의해 부식(Acid Corrosion) 발생 : 주방 식탁(Countertop), 욕실 (Wet Zone), 오염원의 접촉이 많은 공용부(Heavy Traffic Floor) 바닥은 부적격



White Stone의 황변(Staining, Yellowing) : 구성입자 중 Pyrite에 의한 황변



Penetration Sealer에 의한 오염원 방지대책 한계 : 마모성이 강한 바닥이나 주방 상판은 완전한 예방 불가

c. 외관 색상 및 마감 형상 (Appearance) 

색상이 밝은 석재 특히 흰색 석종은 상대적으로 오염에 쉽게 노출



물갈기(Polished) 및 짙은 어두운 색상의 석재는 상대적으로 오염에 쉽게 노출 안 됨.

- 2 -

Bianco Carrara Marble의 황변

3. 기계적 물성 강도( Mechanical Property : Strength) a. 압축강도 (Compressive Strength) 

압축재로 사용되는 조적조(Masonry)에서 유용



Heavy Traffic Paver

b. 휨 강도 (Flexural Strength) 

외장재로 사용되는 Cladding Veneer



외장재의 경우 풍 하중에 대한 저항

c. 전단 강도 (Modulus of Rupture) 

백화점 내부바닥 대리석

Flooring Tile 단부의 전단파괴(Shear Friction) Summary of ASTM Dimension Stone Specification

- 3 -

신축이음 부재로인한 변위파손

4. 내 마모성( Resistance to Abrasion)

: ASTM C1353

a. 석종 별 마모강도 석종 별

Typical Abrasion (Ha)

ASTM Specification

Standard Requirement

Granite (화강석)

50-150

C615

25

Marble (대리석)

15-50

C503

10

Sandstone (샌드스톤)

4-24

C616

Quartz 8

Limestone (석회석)

1-20

C568

10

Slate (슬레이트)

2-20

C629

8 Scratching

b. 용도 별 요구 마모강도 Abrasion Ratio (Ha)

Appropriate Use

용도 별 적용

〈 8

주거 공간 내의 거실 등 마모가 거의 없는 공간 바닥

8-12

라운지 및 카페 등 상업구역 내의 국소적인 통행 부위

12-25

통상적인 상업구역 일반 업무용도 별 구역

〉25

통행이 잦은 구역. 로비, 복도 등 공용부 바닥 Staining

5. 내구성 (Durability)

:

석재의 내구성 저하 열화요인



Salt Attack (백화 등 탄산염에 의한 열화)



Thaw Freezing Cycle (우수 동해에 의한 열화)



Dimensional Instability (재료적 변형)

백화 탄산염 - 4 -

동해 열화 (풍재실)

석종별 경도 비교 HARDNESS OF STONES (Mohs Relative Hardness)

석종 별 마모경도 비교

화강석 현무암 사암

대리석

석회암



Limestone 및 Marble(대리석)의 Mohs 경도는 3.0 인 반면 Scratching을 유발시키는 모래알의 주성분인 석영알갱이(Quartz)는 7.0 절대경도 (Absolute Hardness)는 White Marble은 9인 반면 Quartz 는 100으로 상대 값이 1000%를 초과한다. : Scratch를 일으키는 주 요인 - 5 -

화강석의 주성분인 장석(Felspar)

석영(SiO2)

White Marble(Bianco Carrara)주성분

- 6 -

B. 석재의 선별 1. Bianco Carrara Calacatta (Calcite : CaCO3)

Carrara Calacatta Marble의 재료적 특성 특성

낮음

   

낮은 내마모율 : Mohs경도 1-3. 바닥사용 시 모래 등에 의한 긁힘 장기적인 마모 오염. 바닥재 부적격 바닥재로 사용 시 별도의 Mat 보양

Absorption 흡수율

중간

   

비교적 낮은 흡수율 (0.2%) 오염 침상(Penetration) Sealer사용 필수 오염 시 즉시 오염원제거, 유지관리 흰 바탕색의 상대적인 오염발생 높음

Acid Sensitivity 내산성

중간

 

산에 쉽게 부식함. 대기 중 산성오염. 바탕재의 경우 마모에 의한 바탕재의 노출로 Sealer의 장기적 관리

Thaw Freezing 동해열화성능

부적격

 

동해 열변위에 의한 변형(Bowing) 외장재로 사용 시 황변오염 및 변형 에 따른 손상(하자 건축물 사례)

Abrasion Resistance 내마모성

- 7 -

재료성능

Quarry and Raw Blocks of Bianco Carrara Marble (Calcite)

: 석산 별로 나타나는 다양한 Block Quality (Various Appearance)

Italy Toscana Carrara 지역

Carrara Marble Quarry (석산 채석장)

Bianco Carrara Raw Block

Bianco Carrara Calacatta Raw Block - 8 -

Variation of Bianco Carrara Marble (Calcite) : 석산 별로 나타나는 다양한 Vein(Appearance)에 따라 서로 다른 고유제품명 부가

CALLACATA GOLD HONED

CALLACATA GOLD HONED

BIANCO CARRARA C POLISHED

BIANCO CARRARA STATUARIO POLISHED - 9 -

Variation of BIANCO CARRARA MARBLE (Calcite)

CARRARA BIANCO C POLISHED

CALLACATA GOLD POLISHED

BIANCO CARRARA C POLISHED

CALLACATA GOLD POLISHED - 10 -

Variation of BIANCO CARRARA MARBLE (Calcite)

CARRARA CALLACATA GOLD POLISHED

CARRARA CALLACATA GOLD POLISHED

BIANCO CARRARA STARUARIO POLISHED

CARRARA CALLACATA GOLD POLISHED - 11 -

Variation of BIANCO CARRARA MARBLE (Calcite)

CARRARA CALLACATA BORGHINI EXTRA

CARRARA CALLACATA BORGHINI EXTRA

CARRARA CALLACATA BORGHINI EXTRA

CARRARA CALLACATA BORGHINI EXTRA - 12 -

2. Bianco Volakas

Marble (Dolomite : CaMg(CO3)2)

a. 석재 재료물성 (Dolomatic Stone) 

Various Quality

PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. APPARENT SPECIFIC WEIGHT (Kg/m3)

2835

ABSORTION COEFFICIENT (wt%)

0,22

COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT (Kg/cm2) MODULUS OF RUPTURE (Kg/cm2)

108,80 MPa



WHITE BACKGROUND DISCRETE GREY VEINS

Volakas AK

WHITE BACKGROUND MORE INTENSE GREY VEINS, SPOTS

Volakas AO

WHITE BACKGROUND STRONG GREY VEINS, SPOTS, CRACKS

Volakas AD

WHITE BACKGROUND STRONG DEEP GREY VEINS ALL OVER, CRACKS, SPOTS

2,94

MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION(Weight %).

DOLOMITE

Volakas AS

22 GPa

ABRASION (After 1000m) RESISTANCE mm

CALCITE

특성

9,76 MPa

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (tn/cm2)



Appearance

CaCO3

8 %

CaMg(CO3)2

92 %

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (Weight %).

CaO

33

MgO

19

SiO2

0,20

Fe2O3

0,05

Al2O3

0,05

K2O

0,01

Na2O

0,01

MnO

0,01

CO2

46,80

- 13 -

Quarry and Raw Blocks of Bianco Volakas Marble (Dolomite) : 석산 별로 나타나는 다양한 Block Quality (Various Appearance) Quarry Location : Greece Drama

Greece Drama 지역 Kavala

Volakas Quarry (채석장)

Volakas Marble Raw Block

Volakas Marble Raw Block - 14 -

Raw Blocks of Bianco Volakas Marble (Dolomite)

Volakas Marble Raw Block

Volakas Marble Raw Block

- 15 -

Variation of Bianco Volakas Marble Random Slab (Dolomite)

Volakas Random Slab

Volakas Random Slab

- 16 -

Variation of Bianco Volakas Marble Random Slab (Dolomite)

- 17 -

3. Bianco Sivec Marble (Dolomatic Stone) a. Laboratory Tests Based on the test results Sivec white marble from our quarry is a very compact (2850 kg/m3) natural stone with low open porosity (0,5%) and low water absorption (0,1%).

Its flexural strength (17,8 MPa) is high, which means, that it can be used also at very low thicknesses in general for flooring and cladding. Tests for resistance to freezing show no significant changes in flexural strength (-0,6% after 48 cycles). The material is therefore practically unchangeable in exposure to freezing.

Test results indicate that sawn surfaces are slip resistant in dry and wet conditions (SRV 74). Test results also show that the breaking load at the dowel holes on 3 cm thick tiles is 142 kg (1400 N) per dowel, so when supported by four dowels, these tiles can withstand a wind load of 568kg each.

Please note that stone is a natural product and all results are subject to variation.

Ales Plesnicar, BSc Geology

STONE WITH ADVANTAGEOUS CHARACTERISTICS The mineral composition of the stone provides advantageous mechanical characteristics. It is those characteristics that make Sivec very popular in countries with extreme weather conditions.

Comparative analysis has shown that Sivec is the most heat conductive stone among all. It superbly reflects sunrays and heat, which makes it stay cool to touch even at the highest temperatures. It is therefore very popular in hot places such as Middle East. Unique inner structure makes the stone resistant to frost and extreme cold and it is therefore widely used in Russia.

- 18 -

Sivec White PB

Quality Certification a. Flooring Stair 용도에 대한 적정성 Test Report

b. Exterior Wall Cladding 용도에 대한 적정성 분석 Report

- 19 -

Quarry and Raw Blocks of Bianco Sivec Marble (Dolomatic Stone)

Makedonia Mermeren ě?˜ Prilep Sivec Marble Quarry

Prilep Sivec Marble Quarry

Prilep Sivec Marble Quarry - 20 -

b. Quality Variation (Classification : 품질등급) Quality Classification

Quality Classification

Appearance

Sivec Extra

Sivec PB

Sivec A

Sivec CD

Appearance

Sivec White의 Grade 별 특성

Sivec PA

 

Sivec Extra: No spots, no veins; a pure white color.

Sivec A1: Almost free of spots with no veins and white



Sivec A2: Very few grey spots, no veins, and white color.



Sivec PA: Grey spots, few grey veins, and white color.



Sivec PB: More grey spots, more grey veins, and white

- 21 -

c. Variation of Bianco Volakas Marble Random Slab (Dolomite)

- 22 -

Variation of Bianco Volakas Marble Random Slab (Dolomite)

- 23 -

Variation of Bianco Volakas Marble Random Slab (Dolomite)

- 24 -

Sivec White marble로 시공된 Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Centre Abu Dhabi

- 25 -

Stone Name 석재 명

Volakas White 볼락스 화이트

Bianco Sivec 비얀코 시벡

Carrara Calacatta C 까라라 칼라카타

Carrara Venato 칼라카타 베나토

Carrara Arabescato 까라라 아라베스카토

Stone Catalog (구성 분류)

Dolomite 92% Calcite 8%

Dolomite 90% Calcite 8% Quartz 2%

Calcite 결정화된 방해석

Calcite 결정화된 방해석

Calcite 결정화된 방해석

(Composition) 화학구성

CaMg(CO3)2 98%

CaMg(CO3)2 90%

CaCO3 (탄산칼슘)98%

CaCO3 (탄산칼슘)98%

CaCO3 (탄산칼슘)98%

Quarry Location (석산 산지)

Drama Kavala Greece

Prilep Macedonia (FYROM)

Carrara Toscana Italy

Carrara Toscana Italy

Carrara Toscana Italy

Density (비중)

2.76 〉2.56 ASTM C503

2.79 〉2.56 ASTM C503

2.56 〉2.56 ASTM C503

2.56 〉2.56 ASTM C503

2.56 〉2.56 ASTM C503

Water Absorption (흡수율)

0.28%〈0.2% ASTM C503 잉크 녹물 등 액체에 오염

0.23%〈0.2% ASTM C503 잉크 녹물 등 액체에 오염

Moderate 잉크 녹물 등 액체에 오염

Moderate 잉크 녹물 등 액체에 오염

Moderate 잉크 녹물 등 액체에 오염

Mohr Hardness 내마모성(Ha)

3.0〈 10 Heavy Traffic

3.0〈 10 Heavy Traffic

3.0〈 10 Heavy Traffic

3.0〈 10 Heavy Traffic

3.0〈 10 Heavy Traffic

Acid Sensitivity (내산성)

Moderate 산성비 레몬 등 산성 부식

Moderate 산성비 레몬 등 산성 부식

Moderate 산성비 레몬 등 산성 부식

Moderate 산성비 레몬 등 산성 부식

Moderate 산성비 레몬 등 산성 부식

Durability (동해 내구성)

바닥 오염이 심한 곳은 부적격

바닥 오염이 심한 곳은 부적격

외장 판재의 경우 부식 열화 변형(Bowing)이 생김

외장 판재의 경우 부식 열화 변형(Bowing)이 생김

외장 판재의 경우 부식 열화 변형(Bowing)이 생김

구매가격 (30mm) 현장도착도 Cut to Size

100 USD

120 USD

120 USD

160 USD

150 USD

Application Flooring 공용부 바닥 적용적정성

쉽게 오염되어 바닥재사용은 부적격함.

Moderate Commercial Traffic 상업건축 바닥

Low Traffic 주거용 거실바닥

Low Traffic 주거용 거실바닥

Low Traffic 주거용 거실바닥

Technical Recommendation

흰 바탕에 불규칙한 방향성 을 가진 Vein이 많으며 탄산염의 돌로마이트 화 된 대리석으로 바닥재로 사용이 부적합하다.

흰 바탕 색상이 균질하며 탄산염의 돌로마이트 화 된 대리석으로 바닥재로 사용 시 적정한 Sealer 기능적 보강이 필요하다.

유기체골격의 충적에 의해 생성된 대리석으로 문양 (Vein)이 불규칙하며 균열이 많음. 산지에 따라 품질의 다양성이 매우 큼.

유기체골격의 충적에 의해 생성된 대리석으로 문양 (Vein)이 불규칙하며 균열이 많음. 산지에 따라 품질의 다양성이 매우 큼.

유기체골격의 충적에 의해 생성된 대리석으로 문양 (Vein)이 불규칙하며 균열이 많음. 산지에 따라 품질의 다양성이 매우 큼.

Appearance Colour & Vein (색상 및 무늬)

P R O P E R T Y

석종 별 재료적 특성

- 26 -

Stone Guide and Information Every stone reveals a part of the Earth’s history. Whether formed from magma or fossil rich sediments, this ancient building material is inextricably linked to our civilization. Our monuments and great buildings of the past and present still require its timeless beauty, and to that end it is extensively quarried and shipped around the world at great effort and expense. It is no mean feat to cut and process the massive blocks hewn from the earth, even with the colossal machinery used today.

Classification Here when categorising stones we have first used the broad terms hard and soft. This approach is more practical than using the average MOHS value, as the commonly used materials generally fall within a narrow bracket either end of the spectrum and even when containing hard minerals, they can be held together loosely. Also the tooling used for machining is designed for hard or soft stone, although some marble is technically hard it falls within the soft bracket here.

We use the commercial approach when classifying some stone as marble, when scientifically it is a limestone. It is common for stonemasons and suppliers within the industry to class unmetamorphosed limestone as marble, especially when it takes a high polish.

Also differing international standards and industry traditions can confuse classifications, for example some materials are nominated a granite in Asia, when European Standard (EN) states they must be assigned as anorthosite. For reference tables and help identifying stone go here.

HARD STONES Granite – Gabbro – Gneiss – Quartzite – Basalt – Composite Quartz Formed from the slow or rapid cooling of magma, further metamorphosis and crystallization can take place to create varied and colourful patterns.

Igneous rocks that have undergone a metamorphosis into a gnessic rock often have a marble-like appearance, the quartzite also exhibits these qualities having undergone a similar process. Colourful ribbons and bands can form creating striking patterns.

- 27 -

Composite quartz is included here as although it is man made, its over 90% quartz and hard to scratch.

SOFT STONES Limestone – Marble – Slate – Onyx – Travertine – Sandstone 

LIMESTONE – sedimentary rock, mostly the precursor material for marble. As no recapitalization has occurred the ancient organisms and plant life are often still discernible. Easily polished and worked, and very vulnerable to acids.



MARBLE – organisms and plant life over millions of years created enormous sediment deposits in the primordial oceans, as with limestone. Sinking deep into the Earth’s crust, they were subjected to increasing heat and pressure causing recrystallisation. The result is a stone widely sought after by sculptors for their statues, citing its skin like properties and illusion of depth in its surface.



ONYX – a rare crypto-crystalline material, sourced in low volumes. Extremely translucent and available in many colours, the large crystals form a truly unique slab.



TRAVERTINE – sponge-like sedimentary rock requiring extensive filling.



SANDSTONE – sedimentary rock, mainly composed of sand-sized quartz or rock grains. Widely available around the globe, in different grain sizes and colours. Highly compacted, the surface is open, porous and sandy to the touch.

APPEARANCE & PATTERNATION Another useful way of exploring stones is by their appearance or pattern. They can be a constant, plain colour or have a pattern. The pattern can be further subdivided into uniform-subtle, uniform-bold, irregular-subtle, and irregular-bold. 

Plain Constant colour throughout

- 28 -



Uniform A grain or fleck pattern is repeated over slab creating a consistent homogeneous look that varies little over one slab.



Irregular Pattern is sporadic. One area of material will not necessarily match or align neatly with another area.



Subtle Pattern can be sporadic but exists in muted tones.



Bold Significant, vivid structures (sparkling or pearlescent elements, veins, clusters, bands, stripes, ribbons) with strong colouring and

crystalline grain, can create a dramatic and striking statement.

Uniform Subtle Bold

Irregular

A grain or mild pattern, speckles and clusters which

Distinctive markings but in muted tones

easily form continuous joins

allow flexible placement

Features stand out but occur in regular pattern

Strong features require careful planning of

allowing easy matches

joints, possibility of book-matching.

Quarrying Two most common types of quarry are hillside and open-pit. Some stone is mined, which is even more difficult and expensive.

Three main techniques are employed to remove a block from a deposit; wire saws, rock hammer drills and gallery saws. Explosives are used but have more limited use because of the potential damage to the deposit. They are used in smaller amounts in localized areas or to remove large debris.

Wire saws : Holes are cut into the deposit, through which wires are passed and joined to form a continuous loop. It is tensioned and pulled through by a series of pulleys whilst an abrasive slurry is pumped through, creating a cutting action. Newer technology utilises diamond wire allowing harder stones to be extracted this way.

Rock hammer drills: A series of parallel holes are drilled forming the outline of the desired cut, into which hydraulic wedges are - 29 -

placed to break the block free. Sometimes explosives are used in the holes instead. Large piles of debris are placed below the falling block to lessen the impact. Often used for granites and other hard deposits.

Gallery saw : Resembling a large chain-saw, it pivots at the base and slices through the deposit in much the same manner as a chain-saw would through timber.

Some foliated stone like slate can be split along naturally occurring cleaved planes, by driving steel pry bars into these areas.

Processing Orientation of the cut has little bearing on most stones, but some patterns alter drastically depending on the type of cut. These are referred to as vein cut and cross cut.

The blocks are then cut into slabs by a large single saws, gang saws or wire saws. These slabs are then processed on automated conveyor systems through the various stages of finishing.

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