Arctic Alba by Gemma Lord

ARCTIC ALBA A DESIGN EXPLORATION OF NORTHERN NARRATIVES

GEMMA LORD

ARCTIC ALBA A DESIGN EXPLORATION OF NORTHERN NARRATIVES Gemma Lord Master of European Design Thesis Department of Product Design Glasgow School of Art 2015

Words: 7700

WITH THANKS TO

Elio Caccavale, Design Supervisor David Sweeney, Thesis Supervisor

And all those who have become citizens of Arctic Alba along the way.

SYNOPSIS

The idea of ‘North’ and being ‘Northern’ has been sought and romanticised repeatedly throughout history. Exploring our fascination with the North seems particularly germane today as the UK looks to the Arctic region for new opportunities, which are becoming increasingly numerous as global warming causes the polar ice caps to melt. Scotland is the Arctic’s closest neighbour; in a time when an entire population is seeking post-referendum reconciliation, the political reverberations of which are still being experienced, I use design to probe the real, perceived and imagined conditions of being a ‘Northern’ nation.1 I investigate the relationships that Scottish people have with the North by constructing a series of ‘devices’ – methods of reframing northernness and creating alternatives – that enable me to explore a narrative space around proximity, identity, opportunity and territory in Scotland. Ethnographic research and public speaking act as stimulus to ignite discussion around Scotland’s role in the Arctic with people and to create a ‘Taxonomy of North’. The taxonomy acts as a methodological framework to investigate how Scotland’s fascination with the idea of North might change as a ‘cold rush’ opens up the Arctic to international speculation over the possibilities that may emerge as a result of climate change. The relationships revealed through the taxonomy become the basis for design narratives and tangible outcomes that allow new experiences to evolve in the landscape of what I term ‘Arctic Alba’. By creating the idea of Arctic Alba and proliferating the narratives within it through a series of devices, it becomes possible to imagine how Scotland might transform in an Arctic future and how evolving relationships with the North might manifest themselves in everyday life. Ultimately this project is an exploration of the allure of North and an ongoing experiment into the possibility of an alternative geography being utilised to create new, Northern narratives.

1 There are currently eight Arctic states: Canada; Russia; the USA; Iceland; Norway; Sweden; Finland and Denmark (who rule Greenland). Scotland is the nearest nation to the Arctic that is not considered to be an Arctic state.

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CONTENTS 00

01 THE ALLURE OF NORTH

FORWARD: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF THE SCOTTISH REFERENDUM, 2014

INTRODUCTION

NORDICITY

A COLD RUSH

HETEROTOPIA AND THE MYTHSCAPE

A NORTHERN RHIZOME

AN ALTERNATIVE GEOGRAPHY

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HYBRID SPACE

NORTHERN FASCINATIONS

DESIGNING NARRATIVES

THE TAXONOMY OF NORTH

CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF FIGURES

APPENDIX

THE TAXONOMY OF NORTH RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HYBRID SPACE

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FORWARD: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF THE SCOTTISH REFERENDUM 2014 But, Mousie, thou art no thy lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o' mice an' men Gang aft a-gley. An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain For promised joy. ‘To a Mouse’, Robert Burns Sitting in a bar near George’s Square in Glasgow on the eve of the 18th of September 2014 I felt victory gradually ebb from the atmosphere. One by one the ballots came in and waves of both relief and disappointment were visible on the red and blue faces of the, by now, tipsy revellers gazing up at the TV screens. What did I feel, a half English and half Scottish fence-sitter? (I tell a lie, I actually jumped over the fence multiple times and debated with the folk on either side rather than tenaciously resting upon it.) That night I felt both relief and disappointment, but overwhelmingly a sense of ‘what now?’ After months of talking, promising, rallying and imagining what Scotland could become given independence, it was over. But futility I felt not. Scotland may have voted to remain a part of the Union, but as Nicola Sturgeon stated following defeat: "Firstly the people of Scotland have clearly found their voice. Secondly with over one million voting for independence at this stage, there’s a big appetite for change. What we are not seeing, emphatically not, is any kind of endorsement of the status quo.”2 No matter on which side of the proverbial fence one sits, change is afoot.

2 Scotsman.com, ‘Independence Referendum’, 2015 <http://www.scotsman.com/scottish-independence/referendum-review/> [accessed 18 March 2015].

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Figure 1: Scotland as a North-facing-nation

INTRODUCTION

Write, form a rhizome, increase your territory by deterritorialization. – A Thousand Plateaus, Deleuze and Guatarri.3

The concept of Arctic Alba posits a possible world in which Scotland identifies itself as a ‘North-facing-nation’. As Scotland becomes more politically, culturally and economically independent, it has the opportunity to engage with its geographical proximity to the Arctic and to forge new roles and relationships in an emerging arena of international importance. The Arctic is one of the last undeveloped territories on Earth. However climate change is bringing the region to the forefront of international speculation about its latent potential and the Arctic is witnessing a transformation from being ‘terra incognita’ to a place of increasing economic activity. As the Arctic’s closest neighbour, the UK is stepping up its interest in the region and is comprehensively exploring the role of the UK in the North. Geographically the northernmost part of the UK, Scotland has the opportunity to assert itself in the Arctic, and in doing so bring about new possibilities for its political, cultural, social, economic and environmental landscapes.

3 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013), p11

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In creating the idea of Arctic Alba I do not aim to ‘solve’ the problems the Arctic faces, nor am I suggesting that Scotland ought to exploit the region. What I do attempt to do is explore the narratives that may evolve between people and the Arctic if the region becomes a more significant part of our daily lives. By addressing this subject through the means of a design project, I aim to explore the prospects of a closer relationship with the North and make the discussion of a possible Arctic future more accessible to people. I postulate that design can make the subject of Scotland’s proximity to the Arctic more accessible as the process I use is grounded in ethnographic research and delivers tangible experiences. Throughout the project I engage with Scottish citizens to stimulate thought and discussion on their relationships with the North, thus contributing to the emerging Scottish dialogue on the theme. Incorporating people’s insights and feedback into the process itself has enabled me to produce design narratives that explore and expose some of the possibilities that might emerge if Scotland takes up a greater role in the Arctic arena. By using design as a means of investigating Scotland’s fascination with the idea of North, the design process becomes a methodological framework through which the relationships Scottish people have with the North can be investigated. This project is structured as a series of designed devices that function on different levels to explore Scotland’s connections with the Arctic and layer themselves in the positing of Arctic Alba as a possible world. My use of ‘devices’ is built upon a literal meaning of the word. Based on the latin ‘divis’ - ’divided’, the original sense of the word was to imply ‘desire or intention’.4 It is with this sense that I employ several devices in this project. Firstly I conduct ethnographic research into expressions of Northernness that exist within Scotland today. I then synthesise this knowledge to create a ‘Taxonomy of North’ in order to connect the ways in which Scottish citizens relate to the ideas of North, reframing them to investigate how these relationships might change if Scotland becomes a North-facing-nation. An important aim of this project is to contribute to the growing discourse around the roles Scotland might assume in the Arctic arena and so the second device I employ is public speaking and engagement, airing the contemporary concerns and aspirations of both Scottish citizens and the Arctic.

4 “Middle English: from Old French devis, based on Latin divis- 'divided', from the verb dividere. The original sense was 'desire or intention’.” Oxforddictionaries.com, 'Device - Definition Of Device In English From The Oxford Dictionary', 2015 <http://www. oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/english/device> [accessed 20 April 2015].

INTRODUCTION

Following my construction of a Taxonomy of North I am able to distinguish the different types of relationship that a person might experience with the Arctic. These relationships form the opportunity spaces in which I create design narratives. The narratives are populated with artefacts that communicate how different facets of these Northern relationships might exist as everyday experiences and live in the individual and collective consciousness. They enable people to explore and navigate the alternative geographies that could emerge in an Arctic-facing Scotland, and in doing so proliferate the idea of Arctic Alba. The framework for this project is a design process, providing different methods to probe ideas of North and how they might evolve in an Arctic future. Using devices and design narratives on different levels creates modes to approach the complexities of Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Northern relationships and allows them to be investigated from a wide range of perspectives.

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01 THE ALLURE OF NORTH

NORDICITY

The Arctic Alba project adopts and adapts methods from speculative fiction to provide a critical enquiry into the ways in which Scotland expresses itself as a Northern nation; it is an ontological probe into individual and collective identity, leading to the creation of a Taxonomy of North. In questioning the constructs around the North that exist in Scotland, the project investigates how our relationships with the Arctic might change and how our behaviours might evolve as the region becomes one of increased economic activity. Nordicity is a wide concept developed in Canada from the 1960s that refers to the perceived, real or even imagined condition of highlatitude regions. – Louis-Edmond Hamelin5 North is an idea, a concept, a condition and a place. Even if I am pragmatic in stripping down the ideas of what North is to think only about its geographical status, there still remain three Norths; true North, magnetic North and grid North. If Scotland’s identity is to be reframed, and the hybrid nation of Arctic Alba posited, then it is imperative to understand what is meant by ‘North’, and how this pertains to the creation of new Northern narratives. For the purpose of this particular exploration, I will be borrowing the term ‘nordicity’ from Louis-Edmond Hamelin, defining North as ‘relating to the Arctic region in either a real, perceived or imagined way’.6

5 Louis-Edmond Hamelin, 'Nordicity', The Canadian Encyclopedia <http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ en/article/nordicity/> [accessed 7 May 2015].

6 Nordicity is a concept developed in Canada in the 1960s by Geographer Louis-Edmond Hamelin to describe the degree of ‘northness’. This might look at real, perceived or imagined northernness, and so this is how I will examine Northern expression in Scotland. Hamelin, ‘Nordicity’ The Canadian Encylopoedia.

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Nordicity is a term that deals with both human and natural degrees of northernness in a particular geographical area. I will be using this idea to explore the different ways in which northernness has entered the public domain and popular imagination in Scotland. Nordicity allows flexibility in this exploration as it not only enables me to explore concrete, tangible expressions, but also the political, pseudo or mythological ideas around the Northern condition. Defining the Arctic region in itself is somewhat problematic, as it can be considered in multiple ways. One of the most common definitions is the geographical area contained within the Arctic Circle, which currently lies 66° North of the Equator but which fluctuates over a long period of time with the tilt of the Earth on its axis in relation to the Sun. The Arctic region can also be defined by average summer temperatures, geographical features or political and territorial boundaries. Individual nations, corporations and organisations tend to use their own parameters when defining the Arctic region, altering its boundaries to suit their intentions. Due to the ephemeral nature of defining the North and the Arctic, my definition will remain somewhat in flux throughout this project. By researching and connecting phenomena that are, or are perceived or imagined to be Northern, I will in effect be forging my own definition of North — deterritorialising Scotland and reterritorialising it within the idea of Arctic Alba, a new Northern narrative.7

7 Deterritorialisation and reterritorialisation are terms borrowed from Deleuze and Guattari. They describe a process of transformation from one state to another. Both acts happen in the same time and space, and one can not happen independently of the other. “It may be all but impossible to distinguish deterritorialization from reterritorialization, since they are mutually enmeshed, or like opposite faces of one and the same process.” Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013), p296

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A COLD RUSH

The idea of North is becoming increasingly relevant today as the Arctic region is witnessing unprecedented change in its climate and subsequently its geopolitical position. The melting of Arctic permafrost has opened up international speculation around undiscovered resources and new economic opportunities in the North. To manage rising international interest and increased economic activity, the Arctic Council was founded in 1996 as an intergovernmental body between the eight Arctic states and indigenous populations. The UK is one of twelve nations with observer status in the Arctic Council due to its proximity to the region and expertise in several fields relevant to Arctic development.8 Furthermore, in 2013 the Arctic Circle Assembly gathered for the first time in Reykjavik, intensifying international attention and collaboration in determining the future of the Arctic region. By attending the 2014 Arctic Circle Assembly I was able to learn about the complex network of actors, agencies and systems at play in the Arctic, as well to gain an understanding of the fragility of the region. Engaging with attendees at the conference gave me a plethora of perspectives on the different facets of the Arctic’s future. This made me eager to learn more about the UK’s role in the Arctic and bring these discussions back to Scotland, the northernmost part of the United Kingdom. I found the most intriguing conversation at the Arctic Circle Assembly to be one revolving around the notion of undiscovered resources beneath the Arctic ice (Figure 2). I find it astonishing that something ‘undiscovered’ can be mapped with such apparent accuracy. However, what this map really depicts is anticipation and expectation of a return of investment for the nations and corporations who invest heavily in resource extraction in the North. With such high levels of expectation placed upon it by the globalised world that relies on

8 As a country with a relatively small and distributed population, Scotland is often compared to some of the Nordic nations. Economically Scotland relies on, and has expertise in similar domains to Norway, such as the energy, fishing and maritime industries.

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Figure 2: Map showing ‘undiscovered’ gas in the Arctic region

soon-to-be scarce, finite resources, the Arctic has inevitably become an area of territorial contention. Several nations, notably Canada, Russia and Denmark, are vying for extended continental shelves and access to resources beneath the Arctic seabed. Other nations such as China are building up maritime and technological expertise with the ambition of becoming major players in the Arctic region and securing regular passage through the Northern Sea Routes to Western markets. (Figure 3) The UK is also a participant in this ‘cold rush’. In 2013 the UK Foreign Office published an Arctic policy framework, ‘Adapting To Change’, outlining its approach to the Arctic amidst increasing international speculation.9 Yet what this report fails to consider are the differences of interest between Scotland and the rest of the UK when it comes to Arctic activity. Scotland is geographically further North than the rest of the UK, and has many attributes in common with the Arctic region. These are wide ranging; from historical ties and economic similarities to the challenges faced by remote communities living in rural Scotland and the way in which dialogue surrounding the proindependence ‘Yes’ movement is largely modelled on the ‘golden age of social democracy’ that existed in Scandinavia in the 1970s.10,11 More recently the House of Lords Select Committee has been gathering evidence on the Arctic and the changes afoot in the region.

9 Gov.uk, ‘Adapting To Change: UK Policy Towards The Arctic - Publications - GOV. UK’, 2013 <https://www. gov.uk/government/ publications/adaptingto-change-uk-policytowards-the-Arctic> [accessed 19 March 2015].

10 John MacDonald (Glasgow, 2015).

11 These attributes are further investigated in the Taxonomy of North where they help to build a diorama of what ‘North’ means in Scotland.

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Early in 2015 they published a report highlighting the need for the UK to take a more active role in Arctic affairs, exerting its expertise and ‘soft power’, – the ability to influence rather than coerce others – in the region to aid governance and sustainable growth.12 Significantly, where the Foreign Office report failed to acknowledge the heightened relevance of Arctic activity to Scotland, there are several things of particular relevance to Scotland in the Lords’ report. Notable is the recognition of the rights of Scotland’s devolved administration to have a greater say in UK Arctic affairs and the recommendation that they should be given the opportunity to participate ‘appropriately’ in these activities in the future.13 Exactly what is inferred by the word ‘appropriate’ remains open to speculation; how Scotland might participate in the North is something that will be investigated through the Taxonomy of North.14 One of the numerous conclusions in the report states: The UK is the Arctic’s nearest neighbour and the Arctic is the UK’s neighbourhood: the Government must invest in this relationship to reap benefits for the UK and for international common interests.15 Sinister as it may sound, the UK is stepping up its activity in the Arctic and consequently the possibility arises that Scotland might assert itself in the North. As Scotland moves away from the idea that it has to have the same interests as the United Kingdom, whether they be political, cultural or economical, it has the opportunity to build upon existing fascinations with the North, forging a stronger Northern identity and seeking new opportunities in the Arctic arena.

12 By Joseph Nye’s definition, soft power is “the ability to influence others through culture, values and ideology rather than threat, violence or other forms of coercion” Scotsman.com, ‘Pat Kane: We Have The (Soft) Power’, 2012 <http://www.scotsman. com/news/pat-kanewe-have-the-soft-power-1-2136445> [accessed 13 April 2015]. 13 House of Lords, Responding To A Changing Arctic, 1st edn (London: The Stationery Office Limited, 2015) <http:// www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldArctic/118/118. pdf> [accessed 9 March 2015], p113 14 Alyson JK Bailes and John MacDonald, 'The Future Of UK Arctic Policy', Scottish Global Forum, 2015 <http://www. scottishglobalforum.net/ the-future-of-uk-Arcticpolicy.html> [accessed 23 March 2015]. 15 House of Lords, Responding To A Changing Arctic, p113

Figure 3: Chinese map illustrating the Northern Sea Routes from Asia to the West

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HETEROTOPIA AND THE MYTHSCAPE16

For Scotland to seek opportunity in the North and gain territory (physically or metaphorically) in an Arctic context, it is necessary to analyse where Scotland’s affinity with the North comes from, deterritorialising the Scotland we are familiar with today in order to construct an alternative geography and generate narratives where design might be used to incite new relationships between Scotland and the Arctic. It could be argued that the nation we perceive to be Scotland is largely based on a series of social constructs, mythscapes and a teleological history of how we arrived at this precise point in the present. As Warf asserts in his essay ‘The Way it Wasn’t’, it is possible to reveal alternative geographies - in this case the geography of Arctic Alba - through the exploration of alternative histories. Warf explores how a teleological history has led to a singular worldview, and how looking at alternative histories might lead to other possible worlds and the geographies created by them.17 However as this project seeks to look progressively to Scotland’s future, I find it more relevant to expose and connect expressions of Northern identity that exist now in Scotland; possible presents rather than alternative pasts. In this way new opportunities can be found and utilised to design devices that might be used in the negotiation of the topography of Arctic Alba. This reframing of Scottish northernness can be seen as a Foucauldian ‘heterotopia,’ functioning to re-orient people’s perspective towards the direction of North, suggesting how opportunity might be redistributed across Scotland and contributing to a dialogue around the ways in which Scottish communities, economies and cultures might co-evolve with the Arctic region as it undergoes transformation into an area of intense economic activity.18

16 Duncan Bell, Mythscapes: Memory, Mythology, And National Identity, 1st edn (London: Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd on behalf of the LSE, 2003) <http:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1080/0007131032 000045905/epdf> [accessed 2 March 2015]

17 Barney Warf, The Way It Wasn’t, Alternative Histories, Contingent Geographies, (Rob Kitchin, and James Kneale, Lost In Space (London: Continuum, 2002)), pp. 17 - 38

18 Michel Foucault, “Of Other Spaces”, 1967. Diacritics 16:1 (Spring 1986), <http:// monoskop.org/images/b/b0/Foucault_ Michel_1984_1986_ Of_Other_Spaces.pdf> [accessed 19 April 2015]. pp. 22-27.

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It could be argued that the very idea of a nation is an ‘anomaly’, and in today’s consumerist, globalised world, we can construct relationships in many more ways than purely with those citizens belonging to our home country. As Anderson discusses in ‘Imagined Communities’, nationalism can be thought of as a series of linguistic, ideological and conceptual constructions, where nationhood is reproduced through such conduits as the mass media and everyday discourse.19 If this is the case then Scottish national identity could also be considered as a series of constructs – whether they be historical, political or even artefactual. My reasoning follows that by identifying nordicity and the ways in which Scottish people relate to the North, ideas around being Northern can be reproduced in Scotland, and design can be employed to investigate how these ideas and identities might exist in everyday life if Scotland’s relationship with the Arctic intensifies. One conception of community comes from simultaneity; in Anderson’s ‘Imagined Communities’ this notion is reproduced through ‘print-ascommodity’ in what he describes, in reference to Walter Benjamin, as an ‘age of mechanical reproduction’.20 In some respects this mode of capitalist production creates alienation in communities as people become isolated from what they might produce and consume. Certainly the ways in which society has been shaped in Scotland over the past few centuries has led to urban centralisation and the underprivileging of rural areas. If Arctic Alba is to explore narratives and redistribute access to opportunity based on reframing its identity as a Northern nation, it seems appropriate that in today’s internet age, the notion of community is explored through new and emerging digital modes of communication. For example I am certain that I am not alone when I admit that, enabled by my online presence, I feel more connection to people in other parts of the world who share the same world-views as myself, than my next door neighbour. If the borders of nations can be transcended in such a way, and online communities can be created, then Arctic Alba might foster connections among those with an affinity with the North and in doing so create new communities and relationships by increasing people’s awareness of their proximity to the Arctic.

19 Benedict R. O'G Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 2006) pp. 67-82

20 Anderson, Imagined Communities, p 37

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A NORTHERN RHIZOME

To consider Scotland’s position in a Northern context, it is first necessary to understand the ways in which the North is currently experienced in everyday life for Scottish citizens. By recognising the ontological elements that construct Scotland’s Northern identity, it then becomes feasible to bring alternatives into the equation and expose other realities. By analysing and connecting current expressions of nordicity in Scotland, Arctic Alba can be seen as, in Deleuze and Guattari’s use of the term, a rhizome, connecting myriad notions of northernness, and acting as a device to explore the behaviours and attitudes that may emerge if Scotland plays a more active role in the Arctic.21 As individuals we only ever encounter a fragment of the world, we are not omnipresent. To perceive ourselves as having commonality with others who we will never meet during the course of our lives, we root ourselves in a series of narratives that form the social, cultural and political conditions of our community.22 These narratives may live in many different forms, whether they be histories, myths, artefacts, genetics, systems, languages, traditions or experiences to name a few. In essence, the idea of belonging to a community is partially imagined; we relate our experiences of a place to a set of ideas that we hold in our mind and in doing so are able to distinguish which phenomena are identified with a community, and which are not. If we are able to imagine ‘a Scottish identity’ then surely it is only a matter of perspective that is involved in the imagining of new communities of people who connect with each other through shared relationships with the Arctic. If what we perceive as reality, is actually a series of imagined constructs, then is it not logical that a series of imagined constructs can come to be perceived as reality? Arctic Alba aims to offer an alternative ‘frame’, a non-teleological, alternative geography that re-organises Scottish identity in a Northern context and inhabits a cultural space derived from our real, perceived and imagined relationships with the Arctic.23 It can also be argued that the idea of a North or expressing oneself as ‘Northern’ only becomes relevant when compared to an external factor or if one wishes to assert a sense of belonging to a particular place. For example if a person is born and lives surrounded by other people born in same place, they would have no need to state that they were ‘Northern’ (or otherwise) unless comparing themselves to other people from other places, who they perceive to differ in some way from themselves. This act of differentiation would suggest a reason to think, behave or consume differently. If a geography, and the idea of

21 The rhizome is a concept developed by Deleuze and Guattari which describes a form of knowledge that is unlike the traditional central ‘root’ system where one piece of knowledge is derived from another in a hierarchical manner. Rather it consists of a multiplicity of connections, with neither beginning or end, a rejection of the dominant world-view and a way of thinking that supports a more complex, non-teleological world-view. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p1 - 27

22 Bell, ’Mythscapes: Memory, Mythology, And National Identity’, p. 69

23 Elements of Scotland’s current national identity is centred around a romanticised, Victorian depiction of Scottish life. This has in part been conveyed through the likes of Walter Scott’s writings and the proliferation of falsified ideas around heritage and the Scottish ideal. Scott often used folkloric characters such as Rob Roy as conduits for his ideas, characters that live on today as oral and written histories. They are, in my view, abstractions and no longer relevant as contemporary cultural references. Over time the meanings behind what could be perceived as expressions of Scottish national identity, for example haggis and tartan, have been diluted and reappropriated to the point where they are distant from reality. However these symbols remain lucrative for Scotland, and attract a certain following from those who buy into the nostalgic.

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North, is produced through what Guy Debord might describe as ‘the Spectacle’ – where culture is produced as commodity – then Arctic Alba exists as a ‘pseudoworld’. But where Debord’s pseudoworld can only be passively consumed, a design process can be utilised to explore what is involved in the exploitation and consumption of a romanticised idea of the Arctic as a responsible citizen – citizens being those who engage in the idea of a North-facing-Scotland.24 Through this process the idea of Arctic Alba can be experienced in everyday life and could be proliferated and utilised to bring about new connections between Scotland and the Arctic. These acts of deterritorialisation and reterritorialisation come as Scotland is undergoing a paradoxical transformation. Recently witnessed in the activity following the referendum in 2014, and the unprecedented support for the SNP in the 2015 General Election, Scotland is looking to be attractive in a global market, flourishing in its strengths, and commanding international respect in various domains such as leading Europe in renewable energy and in building a strong economy. At the same time, some people are focussing on regionalisation and the redistribution of power with calls for more localised democracy. This can be seen in movements such as the Scottish Rural Parliament which aims to give a stronger voice to Scotland’s rural communities. The idea of Arctic Alba is an attempt to form a rhizome amongst these contradicting movements and shift Scotland’s attention to the North, creating an alternative geography and, consequently, a different sense of national, and international, identity. This connecting of Scotland’s various understandings of northernness might provide a springboard for capital gain, such as the exploitation of natural resources or the acquisition of a stewarding role in Arctic development, but it also aims to invoke a greater awareness of the relationships we as communities and individuals may have with the North. The exploration of these relationships inhabits the narrative spaces that can be found in Scotland’s proximity to the Arctic, positing the idea of Scotland becoming a North-facing-nation through the means of written, verbal and haptic devices.

24 Guy Debord, The Society Of The Spectacle, 1st edn (The Anarchist Library, 1967), <http:// theanarchistlibrary. org/library/guy-debord-the-society-of-the-spectacle. pdf> [accessed 19 April 2015], p. 9

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02 AN ALTERNATIVE GEOGRAPHY

NORTHERN FASCINATIONS

We live in a time when the World might be described as ‘supranational’ – where national boundaries are transcended through globalisation, and the development of the Arctic could become a prime example of supranational collaboration. Yet while globalisation erodes the nation state from the top down, nationalist movements threaten the idea of the nation state from the bottom up, as Scotland is currently experiencing.25 Nationalism is a word often associated with extreme groups of people on the periphery trying to redefine a territory, however nationalism also operates within the centre to reproduce and reinforce the ideologies and habits which constitute identity and therefore community. This reproduction is manifest as what Billig labels ‘banal nationalism’: everyday ideological habits that ingrain themselves in citizens’ subconscious, reproducing ideas of nationhood.26 In a Scottish context, nationalism is expressed not just in the ‘Vote Yes’ pro-independence parades which led up to the referendum, but in the sticker in every window, in the history, culture and values of Scottish citizens and in the image of Robert Burns on the ten pound bank note. Through reframing Scotland’s nordicity to fabricate Arctic Alba, the possibility arises to investigate how ideas of community or nationhood might be used to enable Scotland to flourish in a North-facing, Arctic future. Although Arctic Alba is not (yet) a nation, the Taxonomy of North identifies the ways in which Scotland, and its citizens, relate to the North, and in doing so offers a framework from which the identity

25 Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995), p140

26 Billig, Banal Nationalism, p6

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of Arctic Alba might be designed, constructed and reproduced in everyday life. Whatever level the construction of national identity operates on, it must resonate with citizens in order to have authenticity. It is for this reason that I identify real, temporal instances of nordicity in Scotland and document them in a taxonomy. The Taxonomy of North I have created offers an analysis of Northern identity that Scottish people can relate to, or may come to relate to if Scotland turns to the Arctic for new opportunities. By identifying affinities with the Arctic and organising Northern expressions and phenomena as a taxonomy, a platform emerges from which new narratives of Northern identity could be constructed and utilised for economical, cultural, social or political gain in a changing Arctic context. The aura of nationhood always operates within contexts of power – Banal Nationalism, Michael Billig27 As Billig writes, the question of national identity is validated within contexts of power. As investment in the Arctic region increases and international interests move northwards for business, energy, resources and territory, the power struggle is likely to grow. In this context Scotland’s Northern identity would become an important leverage point if it were to gain power in a North-facing world.

27 Billig, Banal Nationalism, p4

Fascinations with the North have consistently emerged throughout Scottish history and frequently enter the popular imagination. In recent years there has been a revival of the idea of North, which has been somewhat synonymous with the Scottish independence movement. It is possible to trace this movement back to medieval times and the Scottish Wars of Independence, or arguably even earlier with the invasion of Pictland and Dál Riata by the Angles in the Dark Ages, however this would not be conducive to producing a contemporary catalogue of Scottish nordicity. The taxonomy therefore explores current expressions of northernness that can be found in the individual conscious and are also shared collectively or reproduced nationally. There is an ontological dilemma when it comes to dictating whether or not something is, or is not Northern and so included in the taxonomy are phenomena and expressions which people implicitly or explicitly believe, perceive or imagine to relate in some way to the North.28 Through aggregating these expressions, the taxonomy can be read as an alternative definition of North in its own right — the alternative geography that is Arctic Alba. To form a rhizome, as Deleuze and Guatarri suggest, it is necessary to encompass a wide spectrum of Northern expression, from the socio-political to the banal, and the

28 Navigating Scottish nordicity is complex, and there are many systems I could have used to structure the Taxonomy of North. Through desk research, conversations with interested individuals and an explorative workshop in Lairg, in the North of Scotland, I was able to establish some early examples of Northern expression and use these as leads in the search for nordicity.

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mythological to the geographical.29

29 Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, pp. 1-27

To achieve this, the practical side of this project has largely been focussed on ethnographic research, stakeholder engagement and public speaking. I approached the task of gathering and documenting Scotland’s nordicity in multiple ways to reach a wide spectrum of people and to access different types of knowledge. To gain an understanding of the macro scale of Scotland’s place within the North I attended conferences and talks such as the Arctic Circle Assembly in Reykjavik, the True North Conference in Helmsdale, the launch of the Kelvingrove Review, Issue 14: ‘Myth and Nation’, and the ‘New Northern Frontiers’ event in Glasgow. Speaking at the latter three of these events enabled me to receive direct feedback from my audiences and hear people’s thoughts on the subjects that appear within the taxonomy. This proved fruitful in grounding my research with members of the public and professionals who specialise in Northern domains. The presentation I delivered at the ‘New Northern Frontiers’ event was participatory in that I asked the audience to fill in postcards in response to questions about their relationships with the Arctic. The responses I received were intriguing and provided me with many insights into how people in Scotland see themselves in relation to the North. Speaking publicly acted as a way to proliferate the idea of Arctic Alba and create a ‘community’ who are now contemplating the issues I addressed, such as the ethics of exploiting the Arctic and the roles Scotland could assume in Arctic development. As well as explicit facts I wanted to learn more about people’s tacit knowledge and their emotional connections with the North and so I conducted a workshop in Lairg with a small group of people from different locations across Scotland.30 I designed three activities in this workshop which enabled me to probe the participant’s concerns about Scotland and their hopes and aspirations for the future. This workshop not only enabled me to identify numerous opportunities where latent Northern potential could be utilised, but gave me rich insights into some of the emotional and irrational connections people in Scotland have with the North. Interviewing individuals with expertise in Scotland’s Arctic activities and ambitions helped significantly in shaping the taxonomy. From an Arctic explorer to a Viking archeologist, the people I engaged with through interviews gave me in-depth knowledge of some of the issues at the heart of Scotland’s Northern rhetoric.31 These people are also some of the more strongly captivated by the allure of the North, and were instrumental in showing me the values of Northern relationships.

30 The workshop was held on 05/03/15 in Lairg. There were nine participants in the workshop, from a variety of locations across Scotland. Some of them knew each other, and others were strangers, but they were all very cooperative and engaged. Everyone had signed up to the workshop through the community centre where it was held, as they had an interest in the topic at hand.

31 I conducted a series of interviews with a range of stakeholders. I endeavoured to speak to people who had specialist knowledge or experience in different areas, covering as many aspects of the taxonomy as I could. Interviewees included people involved in top-down policy making for Scotland’s involvement in the Arctic, through to residents of remote areas who engage with the North in an entirely different way. The breadth of knowledge I was able to accumulate through interviews really helped structure this project and the Taxonomy of North. In some instances I was able to speak to the same stakeholder at multiple points during the project to receive feedback and refine the outcomes.

ARCTIC ALBA

The Taxonomy of North is a culmination of ethnographic research and observation as well as expert interviews and desk research. While the information it contains is a combination of fact and opinion, it offers detailed insights into Scotland’s fascination with the North, and attempts to capture some of the ways in which Scotland might transform into a North-facing-nation as the Arctic becomes an international arena of economic activity.

THE TAXONOMY OF NORTH

In the preface of ‘The Order of Things’, Michel Foucault writes This book first arose out of a passage in Borges [‘The Analytical Language of John Wilkins’], out of the laughter that shattered, as I read the passage, all the familiar landmarks of my thought – our thought, the thought that bears the stamp of our age and our geography – breaking up all the ordered surfaces and all the planes with which we are accustomed to tame the wild profusion of existing things, and continuing long afterwards to disturb and threaten with collapse our age-old distinction between the Same and the Other. This passage quotes a ‘certain Chinese encyclopaedia’ in which it is written that ‘animals are divided into: (a) belonging to the Emperor, (b) embalmed, (c) tame, (d) sucking pigs, (e) sirens, (f) fabulous, (g) stray dogs, (h) included in the present classification, (i) frenzied, (j) innumerable, (k) drawn with a very fine camelhair brush, (l) et cetera, (m) having just broken the water pitcher, (n) that from a long way off look like flies’. In the wonderment of this taxonomy, the thing we apprehend in one great leap, the thing that, by means of the fable, is demonstrated as the exotic charm of another system of thought, is the limitation of our own, the stark impossibility of thinking that. – The Order Of Things, Michel Foucault, Preface32

32 Michel Foucault, The Order Of Things (London: Routledge, 2002), <http:// beautifuldata.metalab. harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ Foucault_The-Order-ofThings.pdf> [accessed 19 April 2015], preface

AN ALTERNATIVE GEOGRAPHY

Here Foucault suggests how a geography can be broken up and reconstructed through an alternative ‘framing’ – in this case through the ‘certain Chinese encyclopaedia’ which instigates an alternative system of thought – a taxonomy – in his mind. Through synthesising the research for Arctic Alba in the Taxonomy of North, my aim was to create a hybrid space that acts to reframe our current understanding of ‘North’ and makes new connections between previously unconnected phenomena. As I have already established, there are multiple ways in which national identity might be constructed and manifested amongst citizens. To create Arctic Alba, I utilised several modes of engagement with Scottish people to identify expressions of Northern identity, whether they be implicit or explicit, found in an individual’s mind or evident in collective behaviour. Through affinitising my research into Scottish nordicity I was able to identify a series of themes by which expressions of northernness can be divided to better understand the kinds of relationships Scotland has with the North. By structuring my research in a similar way to Linnaeus’s Classification System, insights can be largely grouped into three categories or ‘kingdoms’ – the natural kingdom, mythological kingdom and human kingdom.33 Within the kingdoms are classes or types of phenomena, which I have identified as environmental, cultural, political, social, economical and emotional. These six areas frame the ways in which I analysed the research and considered the changes that may occur if Scotland strengthens its Arctic connections. There are other ways this study could have been organised, however the taxonomical format enabled me to encompass the wide spectrum of nordicity I uncovered through my research, as well as permeate deeper than the surface level expressions and clichés that exist within the collective consciousness. In this thesis the Taxonomy of North is summarised in brief; to read it in its entirety see the Appendix.

33 “Linnaeus’ idea was to divide nature into groups based on shared physical characteristics. Firstly, the 3 kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals. Kingdoms were divided into classes and then into orders, which were divided into genera (singular: genus) and then species (singular: species).” I have chosen to use Linnaeus’ model as the basis for the Taxonomy of North as it focuses on the characteristics of each specimen, this means I can easily abstract this method to group Scottish Nordicity by shared characteristic, rather than by another means such as date or scale of significance. Nhm.ac.uk, 'Carl Linnaeus | Natural History Museum', 2015 <http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ nature-online/science-of-natural-history/ biographies/linnaeus/> [accessed 25 April 2015].

ARCTIC ALBA

AN ALTERNATIVE GEOGRAPHY

THE NATURAL KINGDOM Environmental

The Natural Kingdom encompasses all that is Northern in Scotland’s environment. This includes Scotland’s landscape, with the Cairngorms being home to Britain’s only sub-Arctic plateau and the North’s southernmost herd of reindeer. The Highlands and Islands also feature topographies similar to some of those in the Arctic. The climate in Scotland is in many ways Northern, with high winds, rain, snow in winter and long periods of dark in midwinter. As global warming induces change more severely in the North, it is likely to have a bigger impact on Scotland than the rest of non-Arctic Europe, especially if the Gulf Stream slips south. Scotland also experiences Northern phenomena such as the aurora borealis. Ecologically, Scotland shares many of the same flora and fauna as the Arctic region, with several marine and bird species migrating between Scotland and the Arctic. As activities in the North threaten the Arctic biosphere, Scotland’s ecologies could also be threatened. In light of the loss of biodiversity, the ‘re-wilding’ movement – where once native species are re-introduced – is gaining momentum. Scotland is already home to several species that were once extinct in the UK and is progressively becoming home to even more, such as wild cats, boars, beavers and, potentially, even wolves.

ARCTIC ALBA

AN ALTERNATIVE GEOGRAPHY

THE HUMAN KINGDOM

Cultural / Political/ Social/ Economical

The Human Kingdom contains all that is constructed by humans, whether that be political agendas such as the movement for independence, distributed, localised powers across Scotland or new bodies such as the Scottish Rural Parliament and the Common Weal. Culture also falls under the Human Kingdom. This incorporates the likes of Scotland’s rich music scene, ceilidh dancing, hunting traditions and explorative attitudes. Scottish culture has a tendency to be nostalgic about its northernness, with writers like Walter Scott romanticising the ideas which carry forth to this day. This can also be seen through cultural conduits such as TV shows like Game of Thrones and Fortitude, which bring northernness directly into the popular imagination, and traditions such as the Up Helly Aa festivals in Shetland, which celebrate the community’s Northern heritage. Ancestral tourism is on the rise in Scotland, with many people speculating that they may be descended from Norse lines. Moving forward, Scotland will witness the rise of a new generation of people who are genetically tied to Scandinavia as a result of being conceived from the growing use of Danish sperm banks, a growing industry. The Human Kingdom also includes Northern economic activity, which in Scotland centres around the energy, fishing and maritime industries. Scotland’s economy depends heavily on these activities — for example Scotland lands 400% more fish per square nautical mile of its waters than the EU average. With these industries expanding to the North and opportunities arising from new needs in the Arctic region, such as search and rescue and a stronger military presence, Scotland’s economic activity is highly likely to become Arctic-centric in the near future. Social expressions of northernness include certain traits found in rural and remote Scotland. Particularly in the North of Scotland, some communities experience parity with both the challenges and strengths faced by Arctic and Inuit populations. For example education in remote areas is still a large problem, with some children having to leave home at a very young age. On the positive side these communities benefit from inter-personal trust, cottage industries, community spirit, support networks and a sense of belonging. Social movements such as the ‘A Thousand Huts’ project are gaining momentum, spreading Nordic tradition. Possible land reform might also transform the way people interact with nature, the land and communities around them.

ARCTIC ALBA

AN ALTERNATIVE GEOGRAPHY

THE MYTHOLOGICAL KINGDOM Emotional

Harder to define, the Mythological Kingdom encompasses both deeper, more emotional relationships with the North and pseudo, skeuomorphic Northern interpretations. Many people will say they are Northern without really knowing why. This is perhaps the result of inherent belief systems which perpetuate the idea that they ‘belong’ to the North. These ideas are sometimes reproduced through folkloric culture, such as the telling of myths and legends, tales of the Kraken and kelpies. Paganism is a living religion to this day in Scotland, with many of its belief systems coming from the Norse gods and ancient worship. The Mythological Kingdom also deals with ideas around the Northern condition. Some people describe the North as a ‘homeland’ and somewhere that they aspire to be. Northern values such as stoicism, honesty and hospitality are often considered desirable attributes, and people may seek to possess these values in themselves as well as searching for their Northern ‘roots’. Pseudo nordicity might also be considered within the Mythological Kingdom due to its superficial nature. This includes the aesthetic side of being Northern as seen in, for example, fashions such as Fair Isle sweatshirts or pets such as the Northern Inuit dog, selectively bred in the UK in the 1980s to resemble a wolf. Many of the expressions of northernness in the Human and Natural Kingdoms also fall under the Mythological Kingdom due to their skeuomorphic nature: for example the Viking festivals in Shetland borrow heavily from a romantic aesthetic created in the Victorian era, which is not an accurate representation of actual Norse culture.

03 RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HYBRID SPACE

DESIGNING NARRATIVES

From the process of developing the Taxonomy of North it became possible to distinguish different types of relationships between Scottish citizens and the Arctic. Understanding these relationships involves investigating the ways in which people identify with the idea of North and identifying where communities may emerge in the future. The types of relationship experienced between Scottish citizens and the North are as numerous as there are people. However there are broad themes within which these connections might be considered. (See The Taxonomy of North, Part B) It is these relationships that form the framework, or opportunity space, within which Northern narratives can be produced, enabling people to feel affinity with a community of other citizens who identify with that same relationship. From the perspective of consumerist culture, the demarcation and formation of communities who have particular, perhaps even obscure, relationships with the North could potentially create a division within which the community may think, behave or consume differently from the majority of Scottish society. These are the communities who inhabit the alternative geography of Arctic Alba, and whose actions contribute to its reproduction in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;realâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; political, cultural, social, economical, emotional and environmental landscapes of Scotland.

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HYBRID SPACE

In this project, a series of devices are used to reframe territory through deterritorialising and reterritorialising what we perceive to be Scotland and in doing so deal with the ontological uncertainty of the Northern condition. The first device is the research and construction of the Taxonomy of North. The second is public engagement and speaking to create a dialogue around the ideas presented in Arctic Alba. The third device is the creation of design narratives and artefacts that allow people to explore their relationships with the Arctic. Tangible outcomes have the ability become a part of daily life for those who encounter them, stimulating new experiences and creating discourse around the practicalities of Scottish – Arctic relationships. Derived from anthropological research and the insights gained from the methods used in the exploration of people’s Northern relationships, the design narratives are intended to encourage dialogue and behaviours to evolve within the relationship space between Scottish people and the Arctic. They provide a series of experiences that deal with different aspects of the Arctic as identified in the Taxonomy of North. The narratives are plural, illustrating the multiple facets and possibilities that might arise if people connect with the Arctic in new ways. The narratives and artefacts could be considered as, to quote from Mchale’s Postmodernist Fiction, ‘strange and paradoxical’, constituting their own ‘ontic sphere’ and intentionally allowing the people who encounter them to explore and imagine their own narratives within the possible world of Arctic Alba. 34 For the purposes of this project I have selected three types of relationship: phenomenological, environmental and ecological, that people might experience more commonly in Scotland. The artefacts populate the narrative spaces around each of these relationships, allowing the user to explore emotional, environmental and ecological connections with the North in new ways, amplifying existing Scottish fascinations with the Arctic and creating designed means with which the geography of Arctic Alba might be navigated. By designing narratives in this way I am opening up the world of Arctic Alba to others — reproducing the idea and allowing it to be continuously shaped and redefined by those who choose to engage with it. They are methods of engagement; the people who explore the idea of Arctic Alba through the design narratives will be able to temporarily engage with its ideologies, its semantics and its experiences. The narratives could encourage those who encounter them to question the experiences they evoke and imagine new ones. People can project their aspirations for an Arctic-facing-Scotland into the narratives and artefacts, negotiating the meaning of each

34 Brian McHale, Postmodernist Fiction (London: Routledge, 1991), p31

ARCTIC ALBA

PHENOMENOLOGICAL

PARALLEL

EXPLORATIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL

HERITAGE/ GENETIC

ECONOMICAL

SKEUOMORPHIC

ECOLOGICAL

Figure 4: Illustration showing the different types of relationship that may be experienced between Scotland and the Arctic.

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HYBRID SPACE

narrative to fulfil their personal ideas of North. They are perspectives into the possible world, experienced in a way that allows the suspension of ontological certainty, epistemology and belief, even if momentarily.35 The design narratives investigate the notion of community through generating a shared awareness of being proximate to the Arctic. Adapting the means of reproducing identity in Anderson’s ‘Imagined communities’, the narratives reference digital modes of production as a method of creating communities around Scotland’s fascination with the North. The narratives attempt to transform possible relationships with the Arctic into tangible experiences in the minds of the citizens who desire Scotland to become a North-facing-nation. Some of the design narratives incite behavioural change, whereas others attempt to close the sense of distance between Scotland and the Arctic, and allow new relationships to evolve.

35 McHale, Postmodernist Fiction, pp. 32 -33

ARCTIC ALBA

CONCLUSION

“[Borges] cultivated dispositions that made possible a form of attunement that constantly affirmed other possibilities, other beings, other worlds, which became part of his world.” – Martin Avila on Borges 36 As a design project Arctic Alba set out with ambitions to investigate Scottish nordicity through the creation of a taxonomy; to contribute to the growing Scottish dialogue around the subject, questioning Scotland’s role in the North; and to explore the relationships Scottish citizens have with the Arctic through the creation of design narratives and tangible artefacts. Each of these aims has been achieved by using ‘devices’ which reframe existing knowledge to propose an alternative geography. The Taxonomy of North divides and reorganises expressions of northernness in Scotland, a form of deterritorialisation and a map of connectivity with the North; a non-teleological version of Scotland’s ontology. Identifying Scottish nordicity and synthesising it through the means of the Taxonomy of North has acted as a way of reframing Scottish northernness, speculating on the changes Scotland is likely to experience if the Arctic becomes an area of intense economic activity. The Taxonomy can be seen as a new definition of ‘North’ in Scotland and the framework for future possibilities, acting as a rhizomatic device in the increasingly important Arctic arena.

36 Martín Ávila, Devices. On Hospitality, Hostility And Design (ArtMonitor, 2013) <http://www.b4000337. ferozo.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/04/avila_devices_2012.pdf> [accessed 3 December 2014], p 39

CONCLUSION

An important element to this project has been public engagement; contributing to the discourse around Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involvement in the Arctic, stimulating dialogue around the subject and evoking responses to the ideas presented. This public engagement can therefore be seen as a device in the literary sense of arousing a reaction in the people and audiences with whom I engaged. By engaging with citizens and communities, creating a dialogue around the relationships Scotland has with the Arctic, the deterritorialised space is re-populated, reterritorialised. To accomplish this I have presented Arctic Alba publicly in both Glasgow and Helmsdale, and intend to present it elsewhere in the future. These talks provided me with the opportunity to receive feedback on my research and stimulate a discussion around the contemporary concerns and aspirations of Scotland and the Arctic with members of the public as well as individuals whose work explores similar themes. Ethnographic research and public engagement enabled me to think about the different types of relationships that people in Scotland might experience with the Arctic. These relationships became the opportunity spaces within which I could explore the notion of communities, connected by a shared fascination with the North. This led to the development of design narratives to stimulate experiences in the lives of citizens who encounter them. The narratives allow the exploration of the alternative geography and possible world of Arctic Alba and create the possibility of new communities arising from these experiences. They act on the knowledge generated in the research phase of the project, utilising insights and feedback gathered in the creation of the Taxonomy of North and during public engagement sessions to occupy the relationship spaces between people and the Arctic. Artefacts within the design narratives inhabit the domestic environment, exploring the connections we might have with the alternative geography of Arctic Alba and creating new modes to engage with ideas of North as both citizens and consumers. All of the devices used in this project attempt to increase the sense of proximity people might have with the Arctic region, and as a result create a distributed reterritorialisation of Scotland, strengthening the rhizome that is Arctic Alba and questioning the role of a Northfacing-nation. By making tangible narratives and artefacts, the discourse around the Arctic and Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role within it moves from the discursive to the practical, allowing people to access the notion of a possible world and to experience what the Arcticâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presence might be like in their everyday lives.

ARCTIC ALBA

While my intention is not such, it may be that the idea of Arctic Alba is exploited commercially. As the region is increasingly capitalised upon to produce resources and energy, and for tourism and international trade, the Arctic is likely to undergo huge changes. What we currently perceive to be a pristine wilderness may soon resemble something quite different; a tragedy of the commons, even.37 How these changes affect Scotland’s attitude towards the Arctic will remain to be seen. It could be that Scotland takes advantage of passing trade to the North, uses its near-Arctic landscape to maximise tourist potential and forms new political alliances that benefit Scotland economically. Or it could be that Scotland acts as a steward, protecting the habitats and interests of indigenous populations, human and non human, and enforces restraint when it comes to exploiting the Arctic’s resources. The Arctic Alba project does not dictate which of these outcomes is more likely, or preferable, but instead raises questions around individual and collective participation in, or in parallel with, the economical evolution of the region. However Scotland precedes in the Arctic arena, or even if it doesn’t, people’s relationships with the Arctic could be used to redistribute opportunity across Scotland. In a country that is asking big questions about its future, exploring the possibility of Arctic Alba poses alternative narratives. Whether or not these narratives result in increased consumption of the Arctic ‘theme’, incite behavioural change in citizens or become arbitrary speculation is in the hands of those who engage with them. This project deals with a set of themes that might not be perceived as an area where ‘design’ in the traditional sense may add value. However I have used the design process to define the conceptual framework for the investigation of Arctic Alba. I believe that design has an important role to play in questioning the social, cultural, political and ethical dimensions of Scotland’s possible Arctic future. Arctic Alba is an attempt to address a complex ecology of domains, interwoven with personal and collective aspirations, fragile environments and ontological uncertainty.

37 Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy Of The Commons, 1st edn (www. sciencemag.org, 1968) <http://www2.geog. ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney/ teaching/tutorials/hardin_1968.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2015]

CONCLUSION

In positing the idea of Arctic Alba, I hope to contribute to the acquisition of knowledge about the relationships between Scotland and the Arctic and increase people’s awareness of Scotland’s proximity to what is soon likely to be an area of great change and activity. By exploring the real, perceived and imagined relationships Scottish people have with the notion of North through design narratives, new relationships and communities become possible in the narrative space. By bringing people’s modes of engagement with the North into the design domain, I hope to have opened up new possibilities for future projects where design might further explore the relationships between Scotland and the Arctic. I believe design methods can play an important role in the careful consideration of Scotland’s position in an Arctic future, whether it be one of exploitation or of stewardship.

ARCTIC ALBA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTERVIEWS Anonymous, Danish sperm recipient (2015) Interview on personal reasons for using a Danish Sperm Bank, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (via email), 18 March 2015 Brunton, Sandy (2015) Interview on the Scottish Rural Parliament and Island life, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (in person), Glasgow, 27 April 2015 Charrington, Carolyne (2015) Interview on Aurora hunting, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (phone interview), 4 May 2014 Gupta, Vinay (2015) Interview on mystery and Arctic futures, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (in person), London, 14 November 2014 MacDonald, John (2014) Interview on Scottish Global Forum and Scotland’s Arctic Strategy, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (in person), Glasgow, 24 November 2014 MacDonald, John (2015) Interview on Scotland’s political relationships with the Arctic, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (in person), Glasgow, 24 March 2015 Mathieson, Craig (2015) Interview on the Arctic Academy and personal experiences of the Arctic, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (in person), Bo’ Ness, 8 February 2015 Stanford, Craig (2015) Interview on Vikings in Scotland, genealogy and Northern ideologies, Interviewed by Gemma Lord (in person), Glasgow, 11 March 2015

WORKSHOP Lairg (2015) Real, Perceived and Imagined Northern Identities, Gemma Lord, 5 March 2015

CONFERENCES AND TALKS Arctic Circle Assembly, Reykjavik, 31 October - 2 November 2014 (Audla, Terry, Indigenous Voices From The Arctic, 2014) Talk by James Raffan, Circling the Midnight Sun, Glasgow, 5 February 2015 True North Conference, Helmsdale, (short presentation given on Mapping the North) 6-7 March 2015 Launch of The Kelvingrove Review, Myth and Nation, Glasgow (Short introduction given on Arctic Alba), 12 February 2015 New Northern Frontiers Talk, The Lighthouse, Glasgow, (Participatory presentation given on Arctic Alba) 17 April 2015

ARCTIC ALBA

BOOKS Anderson, Benedict R. O’G, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 2006) Anderson, R. J, J. A Hughes, and W. W Sharrock, Classic Disputes In Sociology (London: Allen & Unwin, 1987) Andri Snær Magnason, Dreamland (London: Citizen Press, 2008) Beaver, Jacob, Andy Boucher, and Sarah Pennington, The Curious Home (London: Goldsmiths, University of London, 2007) Billig, Michael, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995) Borges, Jorge Luis, A Universal History Of Infamy (London: Penguin, 1974) Borges, Jorge Luis, Donald Alfred Yates, and James E Irby, Labyrinths (London: Penguin, 1970) Davidson, Peter, The Idea Of North (London: Reaktion, 2005) Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013) Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013) Dunne, Anthony, and William Gaver, The Presence Project (London: RCA CRD Research, 2001) George, Rose, Deep Sea And Foreign Going (London: Portobello Books, 2014) Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism And Modern Social Theory (Cambridge [U.K.]: University Press, 1971) Kitchin, Rob, and James Kneale, Lost In Space (London: Continuum, 2002) Kular, Onkar, and Inigo Minns, Crafting Narrative (London: Crafts Council, 2014) Lennon, John, and Malcolm Foley, Dark Tourism (London: Continuum, 2000) Levitas, Ruth, Utopia As Method (Houndmills: Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2013) McHale, Brian, Postmodernist Fiction (London: Routledge, 1991) Walker, Brendan, The Taxonomy Of Thrill (London: AERiAL Pub, 2005) Yelavich, Susan, and Barbara Adams, Design As Future-Making (London: Bloomsbury, 2014)

VIDEO Michel Foucault, (video uploaded by Space Frames), Michel Foucault: Les Hétérotopies (Radio Feature, 1966), 1966 (Video 2012) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxOruDUO4p8> [accessed 24 April 2015] Wright, Erik Olin, Transforming Capitalism Through Real Utopias, 2013 <https://vimeo.com/62082297> [accessed 24 April 2015]

PDF Anastassiades, Michael, Anthony Dunne, and Fiona Raby, Weeds, Aliens And Other Stories, 1st edn, 2000 <http:// michaelanastassiades.com/files/pdfs/311/weeds-aliens-and-other-stories-book.pdf> [accessed 8 May 2015] Ávila, Martín, Devices. On Hospitality, Hostility And Design (ArtMonitor, 2013) <http://www.b4000337.ferozo.com/ wp-content/uploads/2015/04/avila_devices_2012.pdf> [accessed 3 December 2014] Bailes, Alyson J.K, and Beinta í Jákupsstovu, The Faroe Islands And The Arctic: Genesis Of A Strategy, 1st edn (Reykjavik: Institute of Public Administration and Politics, 2013) <http://www.irpa.is/article/viewFile/1228/ pdf_294> [accessed 2 February 2015] Egs.edu, ‘Jean Baudrillard - Simulacra And Simulations - XVIII. On Nihilism’ <http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jeanbaudrillard/articles/simulacra-and-simulations-xviii-on-nihilism/> [accessed 2 February 2015] Bauwens, Michael, and Vasileios Kostakis, Network Society And Future Scenarios For A Collaborative Economy Bell, Duncan, Mythscapes: Memory, Mythology, And National Identity, 1st edn (London: Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd on behalf of the LSE, 2003) <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1080/0007131032000045905/epdf> [accessed 2 March 2015] Debord, Guy, The Society Of The Spectacle, 1st edn (The Anarchist Library, 1967), p. 15 <http://theanarchistlibrary.

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ARCTIC ALBA

LIST OF FIGURES

p 02

Figure 1 – Lord, Gemma, Illustration showing Scotland as a near-Arctic-nation, 2015

p 10

Figure 2 – Science, Map Showing Undiscovered Gas In The Arctic Region, 2009 <http://www.sciencemag.org/ content/324/5931/1175/F2.large.jpg> [accessed 8 May 2015]

p 11

Figure 3 – Chinese Map Of Northern Sea Routes, 2013 <http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/wp-content/uploads/ china-arctic-map.jpg> [accessed 8 May 2015]

p 31

PHENOMENOLOGICAL

PARALLEL

EXPLORATIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL

HERITAGE/ GENETIC

ECONOMICAL

SKEUOMORPHIC

ECOLOGICAL

Figure 4 - Lord, Gemma, Illustration showing Scottish - Arctic relationships, 2015

Cover

Lord, Gemma, Lighthouse, Iceland, 2014

p 16

Lord, Gemma, Container Terminal, China, 2014

Synopsis

NASA, Satellite image of the Arctic, <http://www.scottisharcticclub.org.uk/ wp/about-the-arctic/> 2010 [accessed 11 May 2015]

p 22

Lord, Gemma, Reindeer, Sweden, 2012

Forward

SNP, Nicola Sturgeon in Crowd, Glasgow <https://www.facebook.com/ theSNP/photos/pb.77249349077.2207520000.1431384636./1015336 1950979078/?type=3&theater> [accessed 11 May 2015

p 24

Lord, Gemma, Geothermal Energy Landscape, Iceland, 2014

p 06

Hogg, Graham, Polar Bear on Glacier, Iceland. Mask from Wintercroft http:// wintercroft.com. 2014

p 26

Lord, Gemma, Smoke from Volcano, Iceland, 2014