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INTERNATIONAL
ISSUE 5 • VOLUME 27 • MAY 2013
Accuracy of Geodetic GNSS Antennas Fault Effects and Correction Methods
GIM International Interviews
Ingrid Vanden Berghe GIM0513_Cover 1
Indoor Positioning Endpoint, page 13
Fixed-wing UAS Monitoring a Nuclear Power Plant Construction Site 15-04-13 17:12:09
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX EDITORIAL
E-gov + g-gov = i-gov
REGIONAL CORRESPONDENTS Ulrich Boes (Bulgaria), Assoc. Prof. Dr Alper Çabuk (Turkey), Papa Oumar Dieye (Niger), Dr Olajide Kufoniyi (Nigeria), Dr Dmitry Kurtener (Russia), Dr Jonathan Li (Canada), Dr Carlos Lopez (Uruguay), Dr B. Babu Madhavan (Japan), Dr Wilber Ottichilo (Kenya), Dr Carl Reed (USA), Dr Aniruddha Roy (India), Prof. Dr Heinz Rüther (South Africa), Dr Tania Maria Sausen (Brazil)
Geomares Publishing P.O. Box 112, 8530 AC Lemmer, The Netherlands T: +31 (0) 514-56 18 54 F: +31 (0) 514-56 38 98 gim-international@geomares.nl www.gim-international.com
While buzzwords and slogans often don’t do justice to the essence of a message, they sometimes hit the nail right on the head. My favourite one at the moment for our sector is e-gov + g-gov = i-gov. This formula, devised by Ingrid Vanden Berghe, president of EuroGraphics and executive director of the National Mapping Agency of Belgium, really says it all: governments intent on improving their efficiency and cost focus while at the same time meeting growing citizen requirements are increasingly putting e-tools and applications in place. By adding geoinformation to these e-gov efforts, they become better-informed governments which in turn creates better societies. Could there be any clearer way of formulating that simple relationship? Ingrid Vanden Berghe doesn’t think so. She is a firm believer that geoinformation should be placed at the heart of the equation, to make policymakers’ decisions easier, more effective and more efficient while contributing to a better world.
DURK HAARSMA Publishing director durk.haarsma@geomares.nl
PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Durk Haarsma FINANCIAL DIRECTOR Meine van der Bijl TECHNICAL EDITOR Mark Pronk, BSc SENIOR EDITOR Dr Ir. Mathias Lemmens CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Dr Ir. Christiaan Lemmen, Dr Ir. Bastiaan van Loenen, Dr Rohan Bennett, Dr Mike Barry EDITORIAL MANAGER Wim van Wegen NEWS EDITOR Drs. Joost Boers COPY-EDITOR Lynn Radford, Englishproof.nl EDITORIAL BOARD Ir. Paul van Asperen, Dr Bharat Lohani SALES MANAGER Victor van Essen MARKETING ASSISTANT Trea Fledderus CIRCULATION MANAGER Adrian Holland DESIGN Verheul Media Supporters BV, Alphen aan den Rijn www.vrhl.nl
Photography: Arie Bruinsma
In the interview with Vanden Berghe on page 14 of this edition, she mentions the example of grants for solar panels. When a citizen applies for such a grant via an e-tool which includes integrated geoinformation on, for instance, the roof’s orientation or the average sun hours in that area, the applicant receives direct information on their suitability for the subsidy. This is not only fair for the citizen in question, but also for those who do not apply for subsidy but still wish for their taxes to be well spent. This is just one simple yet very effective example of how the formula e-gov + g-gov = i-gov adds value.
In the same light, one has to consider the cutbacks of governments all over the globe; cost-cutting measures are not necessarily a bad thing, provided they are embedded in a strategy. If that strategy is to shift towards e-government in order to be more cost-efficient and cost-aware – which is incidentally always a requirement for governments, but even more so in the current economic climate – it can be a positive development. But if that government decides at the same time to cut back on its investment in gathering and providing geoinformation, and maybe even on geoinformation-related R&D activities, rather than thinking about ways of integrating geoinformation in its e-gov strategy, it risks missing out on both short-term and long-term opportunities. Vanden Berghe’s formula results in added value, the benefits of which should not be underestimated – not only for the government, but also for society as a whole. Which once again just goes to prove the adage, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”…
No material may be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission of Geomares Publishing. 2012, Geomares Copyright © 2013, Publishing, The Netherlands All rights reserved. ISSN 1566-9076 MAY 201 3 |
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CONTENTS
INTERVIEW PAGE 14
Smart Societies Prioritise Geoinfo
Inventing the MP3 format won Fraunhofer IIS worldwide recognition. Fraunhofer IIS has now developed awiloc, a seamless indoor/outdoor positioning solution for mobile devices. Providing continuous 3D positioning, multimedia guides equipped with awiloc make for a whole new museum experience. Our senior editor, Mathias Lemmens, explains more about indoor positioning in his Endpoint column on page 13.
GIM International Interviews Ingrid Vanden Berghe
FEATURE PAGE 29
Fixed-wing UAS Monitoring a Nuclear Power Plant Construction Site
(PHOTO COURTESY: FRAUNHOFER ISS)
GIM INTERNATIONAL GIM International, the global magazine for geomatics, is published each month by Geomares Publishing. The magazine and related e-newsletter provide topical overviews and accurately presents the latest news in geomatics, all around the world. GIM International is orientated towards a professional and managerial readership, those leading decision making, and has a worldwide circulation. PAID SUBSCRIPTIONS GIM International is available monthly on a subscription basis. The annual subscription rate for GIM International is €140 within the European Union, and €200 for non-European countries. Subscription can commence at any time, by arrangement via our website or by contacting Abonnementenland, a Dutch subscription administration company. Subscriptions are automatically renewed upon expiry, unless Abonnementenland receives written notification of cancellation at least 60 days before expiry date. Prices and conditions may be subject to change. For multi-year subscription rates or information on current paid subscriptions, contact Abonnementenland, Postbus 20, 1910 AA Uitgeest, Netherlands +31 (0)251-257926 (09.00-17.00 hrs, UTC +1) paidsubscription@geomares.nl. ADVERTISEMENTS Information about advertising and deadlines are available in the Media Planner. For more information please contact our sales manager: victor.van.essen@geomares.nl. EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS All material submitted to Geomares Publishing and relating to GIM International will be treated as unconditionally assigned for publication under copyright subject to the editor’s unrestricted right to edit and offer editorial comment. Geomares Publishing assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material or for the accuracy of information thus received. Geomares Publishing assumes, in addition, no obligation to return material if not explicitly requested. Contributions must be sent for the attention of the editorial manager: wim.van.wegen@geomares.nl.
FEATURE PAGE 32
Accuracy of Geodetic GNSS Antennas Fault Effects and Correction Methods
FEATURE PAGE 18
Land Administration Domain Model Impact on Implementation of International Policies FEATURE PAGE 24
Measuring Small Glaciers in Slovenia Connecting Geodetic Measurements and Non-metric Imagery for Glacier Measurements
NEWS & OPINION
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Earth Digitising Technology Gaia3D
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EAB The Editorial Advisory Board (EAB) of GIM International consists of professionals who, each in their discipline and with an independent view, assist the editorial board by making recommendations on potential authors and specific topics. The EAB is served on a non-committal basis for two years.
Future-proofing the Provision of Geoinformation On 3 February 2013, an Exchange Forum with the Geospatial Industry was held prior to the UN Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) at the Qatar National Convention Centre, Doha, Qatar. During this Forum, JBGIS – which as a coalition of leading international geospatial organisations speaks on behalf of the geospatial profession at international level, especially to the United Nations and other global stakeholders, and strives to co-ordinate activities within the international geospatial society – came to the following conclusions:
PROF. ORHAN ALTAN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey MR JOSEPH BETIT Senior Land Surveyor, Dewberry, USA MR SANTIAGO BORRERO Secretary-general of Pan American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH), Mexico
• Determining place IAG has developed an accurate International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) on which all GNSS positioning services are based. The sustainability of ITRS implementation and associated infrastructures requires intergovernmental support and commitment through a UN mandate.
PROF. STIG ENEMARK Honorary President, FIG, Denmark DR ANDREW U FRANK Head, Institute for Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Austria DR AYMAN HABIB, PENG Professor and Head, Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
PROF. PAUL VAN DER MOLEN Twente University, The Netherlands PROF. DR IR MARTIEN MOLENAAR Twente University, The Netherlands PROF. SHUNJI MURAI Institute Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan PROF. DAVID RHIND ret. Vice-Chancellor, The City University, UK PROF. DR HEINZ RÜTHER Chairman Financial Commission ISPRS, University of Cape Town, Department of Geomatics, South Africa MR FRANÇOIS SALGÉ Secretary-general, CNIG (National Council for Geographic Information), France MR DAVID SCHELL Chairman Emeritus, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc., USA PROF. DR TONI SCHENK Professor, The Ohio State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA PROF. JOHN C TRINDER First Vice-President ISPRS, School of Surveying and SIS, The University of New South Wales, Australia PROF. DR FENG ZHONGKE Beijing Forestry University, China
PROF. ORHAN ALTAN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey oaltan@itu.edu.tr
DR GABOR REMETEY-FÜLÖPP Secretary General, Hungarian Association for Geo-information (HUNAGI), Hungary
• Monitoring place Noting the advances in number, types and capacities of platform and sensors, imagery is the main source of data and the basis for monitoring place. There remains a need for open standards and strategies to demonstrate the underlying economic benefit of geospatial information as well as consideration for addressing context-driven privacy issues. • Connecting place Collaboration and communication across disciplines using the value of place to facilitate informed decision-making to improve societies could be achieved by integrating authoritative and crowd-sourced information and place-based analysis using the Cloud platform. • Delivering (geoinformation about) place Contemporary GIS offers flexible platforms for managing and integrating data within the context of location. Electronic production and publishing methods are combined with contemporary communication systems for output and delivery. There remains a need for effective communication of geospatial information through contextdependent contemporary cartographic presentation techniques to ensure efficient dissemination of geospatial information to decision-makers as well as the public. For further information and full text of the report, see: www.fig.net/jbgis/
BUSINESS CHANCES IN SATELLITE NAVIGATION ++ NASA FLIES DRAGON EYE UAV INTO VOLCANIC PLUME ++ APPLE ACQUIRES INDOOR NAVIGATION START-UP ++ CHC SUPPLIER PARTNERSHI OST CITY OF 2014 EUROPEAN NAVIGATION CONFERENCE ++ FIG LADM WORKSHOP: CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS ++ NEW OBLIQUE MICROSOFT ULTRACAM OSPREY INTRODUCED ++ SATELLITE 6|
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Business Chances in Satellite Navigation The European GNSS Agency (GSA), in cooperation with the Ministry of Transport, organised the ‘European GNSS Opportunities’ workshop on 27 March 2013 at GSA’s headquarters in Prague, Czech Republic. Officials from GSA explained the possibilities of business activities in the field of satellite navigation. http://su.pr/1Pmt7r
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Some 70 representatives were informed about satellite navigation opportunities.
Apple Acquires Indoor Navigation Start-up Silicon Valley-based indoor navigation company WiFiSLAM has been purchased by Apple. The US information technology giant reportedly paid USD20 million for the two-yearold start-up. WiFiSLAM has developed methods for mobile apps to detect a smartphone user’s indoor location using Wi-Fi signals. http://su.pr/1odwNc
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No 2368
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Rotterdam Host City of 2014 European Navigation Conference Most Shared Most shared during the last month from www.gim-international.com 1. Cost-effective and Accurate Indoor Locator System - http://su.pr/22vhgu 2. New Oblique Microsoft UltraCam Osprey Introduced - http://su.pr/1ialvj 3. New Map Reveals Antarctica without Ice - http://su.pr/2rKtrM 4. Laser Scanner for Underground Survey - http://su.pr/4WsCEz 5. Mobile Lidar Technology Expanding Rapidly - http://su.pr/AiHTfX
The Netherlands Institute of Navigation (NIN) is inviting navigation professionals to attend the annual European Navigation Conference, to be held from 14 to 17 April 2014 in the World Trade Center in Rotterdam. ENC-GNSS 2014 is being organised under the auspices of the European Group of Institutes of Navigation (EUGIN) and will focus on technology, innovation and the transfer to business applications in the PNT sector. http://su.pr/1BStpE The World Trade Center in Rotterdam.
NASA Flies Dragon Eye UAV into Volcanic Plume In March 2013, NASA Earth science researchers travelled to the Turrialba Volcano, near San José, Costa Rica, to fly a Dragon Eye unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) into the volcano’s sulphur dioxide plume and over its summit crater in order to study Turrialba’s chemical environment. The project is designed to improve the
remote-sensing capability of satellites and computer models of volcanic activity. http://su.pr/2i7bze Three Aerovironment RQ-14 Dragon Eye UAVs.
CHC Supplier Partnership with DigiTerra CHC Navigation, China, has entered into a supplier agreement with Hungary-based DigiTerra Information Services. DigiTerra Explorer mobile GIS and mapping software is now available pre-installed on CHC LT30 and LT400 handheld GPS/GIS receivers offering GIS data capture and maintenance solutions for GIS professionals. http://su.pr/5VMOM3
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Rapid aerial triangulation Dense DSM and DTM Seamless orthomosaics Vectorized 3D features
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NEWS
FIG LADM Workshop: Call for Contributions On 24 and 25 September 2013, the International FIG Workshop on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM2013) will be held, in conjunction with ISG2013, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The FIG organisation is inviting industry professionals to contribute and participate. The final motion to turn the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) into an international standard was passed unanimously on 1 November 2012 and ISO 19152 was formally published on 1 December 2012. http://su.pr/8yt3Ja
New Oblique Microsoft UltraCam Osprey Introduced
The circular areas are at particular risk from locust swarms.
During the ASPRS conference in Baltimore, USA, Microsoft’s UltraCam business unit has introduced the UltraCam Osprey, a new digital aerial system that combines a highperforming photogrammetric nadir camera with oblique image capture capabilities. According to Alexander Wiechert, business director, this third-generation UltraCam marks the beginning of a new chapter. http://su.pr/1cQ4DW
Satellite Imagery Assists Fighting Locust Plagues DMC International Imaging (DMCii), the UK-based supplier of remote sensing data products and services, is helping The Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) to predict the spread of locust plagues across North Africa as part of a proactive approach to tackling the destructive phenomenon using satellite imagery. http://su.pr/1fxPMR
Pix4D Platinum Sponsor of UAV-g 2013 Pix4D, Switzerland, has announced it will be platinum sponsor of UAV-g 2013. This year’s UAV-g will be held at Rostock University, Germany, from 4 to 6 September. The conference focuses on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Geomatics (UAV-g). UAV-g 2013 is the follow-up conference to the very successful UAV-g 2011. http://su.pr/16wFqT
AGUES ++ PIX4D PLATINUM SPONSOR OF UAV-G 2013 ++ USGS EXPANDS NATIONWIDE CROWDSOURCING PROJEC T ++ NEW MAP REVEALS ANTARCTICA BENEATH THE ICE ++ BUSINESS CHANCES IN SATELLITE NAVIGATION ++ NAS
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UltraCam Osprey.
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NEWS
ENDPOINT
Indoor Positioning
A different view: ice-free Antarctica.
Wouldn’t it be great if we could find our way around anywhere and at any time using a small in our hand, pocket or bag? What a relief it would be to know that we couldn’t get lost when arriving at a railway station in a foreign city…positioning would be an ongoing process, and the voice of our digital guide would pilot us through corridors, and up and down stairs and escalators, as easily as if we were checking emails on our smartphone. Alas, a universal positioning system that operates in all conditions and is unaffected by the type of land use does not exist. Even outdoor positioning by GNSS is faulty, since signals may get blocked or scattered when we move through an urban canyon or an avenue flanked by trees with dense foliage.
Scientists at the British Antarctic Survey have been working with a host of international collaborators to present the most detailed map yet of Antarctica’s landmass. Bedmap2 reveals a landscape of mountain ranges and plains cut by gorges and valleys much deeper than previously seen. In addition, the map allows scientists to analyse the bed below the Antarctic ice sheet in much greater detail. http://su.pr/1TEhGz
USGS Expands Nationwide Crowdsourcing Project The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is expanding the involvement of volunteers to enhance data collection about structures for The National Map. The National Map is one of the cornerstones of the USGS National Geospatial Program and a collaborative effort to improve and deliver topographic information about the USA. http://su.pr/76MQPy
MATHIAS LEMMENS Senior editor, GIM International mathias.lemmens@geomares.nl
New Map Reveals Antarctica beneath the Ice
High-fidelity indoor positioning is crucial for those who have to work under extreme conditions, such as firemen and medical staff attending a building fire. And that’s why a lot of researchers are working hard to find positioning methods and technologies suitable for use in high-rise office blocks, shopping malls or other expansive buildings. IPSs (Indoor Positioning Systems) can be divided into two broad groups: autonomous systems, which can operate without support from any external device, and contingent systems, which need receipt of signals emitted by external devices. To the first group belong inertial navigation systems, magnetic field sensors and barometers. Mounting such sensors in handhelds requires miniaturisation. However, the output of small sensors is often contaminated with heavy noise leading to low accuracy. Contingent sensors, meanwhile, rely on wirelessly detecting signals – either electromagnetic or ultrasonic – emitted by devices of which the (relative) position is known. Basically, four components of a signal can be measured: phase, strength, angle and travel time. The latter is also called ‘time of flight’ or ‘time (difference) of arrival’. But what is the best choice of method and sensors? When designing or using an IPS, certain features need to be scrutinised. Essential are systematic and random errors, as they define how well the location – expressed in coordinates, words or icons – can be fixed. A rule of thumb: the higher the accuracy, the higher the costs will be. Accurate location may also entail increased complexity, which may in turn reduce robustness and hence introduce a higher failure rate. The decision about methods and tools may also depend on the sensor infrastructure present in the building in question. Many buildings in hazard-prone areas may be poorly equipped with devices that enable positioning, if at all. Such buildings require different IPS solutions from those which have a rigorous sensor infrastructure based on Wi-Fi, WLAN, GSM or UWB, for example. One thing is for sure: the creation of reliable, robust, user-friendly and affordable IPSs will be directed towards integration of multiple sensors, both autonomous and contingent, in small devices going hand in hand with launching IPS infrastructures.
The current US states available to edit.
A FLIES DRAGON EYE UAV INTO VOLCANIC PLUME ++ APPLE ACQUIRES INDOOR NAVIGATION START-UP ++ CHC SUPPLIER PARTNERSHIP WITH DIGITERRA ++ ROTTERDAM HOST CITY OF 2014 EUROPEAN NAVIGATION CONFERENCE ++ FIG LADM WORKSHOP: CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS ++ NEW OBLIQUE MICROSOFT ULTRACAM OSPREY INTRODUCED ++ SATELLITE IMAGEN MAY 201 3 |
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GIM INTERNATIONAL INTERVIEWS INGRID VANDEN BERGHE
Smart Societies Prioritise Geoinfo Putting geoinformation in the mix makes policies more sensible and sustainable, says Ingrid Vanden Berghe. She even devised her own formula: e-gov + g-gov = i-gov (electronic government + geographic government = informed government). Vanden Berghe is president of EuroGeographics and executive director of the National Mapping Agency in Belgium. Showing the added value of geoinformation to the world beyond the geomatics ďŹ eld is of the highest importance in order to remain relevant, she explains in this interview with GIM International.
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BY DURK HAARSMA, PUBLISHING DIRECTOR, GIM INTERNATIONAL INTERVIEW
The goal of the organisation, its purpose in fact, is to further the development of the European Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) through collaboration in the area of geospatial information while at the same time representing the capabilities of our members. In short: we want to contribute to society by developing spatial data infrastructures. Our association has 56 members from 44 countries; those members are the national mapping authorities or cadastral organisations of countries on the European continent, both within and outside of the European Union. Within EuroGeographics, we see it as our mission to improve the status and the position of our members both in their respective countries and in Europe by emphasising the importance of geoinformation, to facilitate access to the members’ data and the members’ expertise, and to provide those members with a strong voice to defend or advocate their position to the world. Are you working together with other associations or learned societies?
Of course! We have a very good and close relationship with EuroSDR, for example, and also with others including Euref and EULIS. We are members of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), CEN and ISO. Our strategic partners are mainly covering the same topics or those complimentary to ours. What about cooperation with other continents?
We have a close relationship with PSMA Australia which is the body that brings together the mapping authorities of the Australian continent. We have good relationships for example with the United Nations initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM), UNGEGN, International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) and the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure association (GSDI), all of which are global organisations. Our links across the world are strong.
Do you feel that the European SDI, stemming from the EU’s INSPIRE Directive, could serve as an example in other parts of the world?
I am sure it works both ways, but we must be clear that INSPIRE creates national SDI. That is why at the beginning of March we launched the European Location Framework (ELF) project. This will run for 36 months, involves 30 partners and benefits from 50% funding by the EU’s ICT-PSP programme. This will deliver the location layer for the European SDI. This, and our earlier project ESDIN, is allowing us to show very interesting results obtained in Europe in recent years in the process of building SDI with a common lesson: how to underpin the development of an SDI with a legal framework. There is certainly a lot of interest in other parts of the world in learning from our experiences, not only with regards to the situation we are facing in Europe with different levels of government, but also due to the multilinguistic character of the continent. But on the other hand, there’s a lot we can learn from other parts of the world too, with regards to how countries have effectively implemented geoinformation in their e-government strategies. There are good examples to be found in Australia and South-East Asia – in Singapore, for instance – and elsewhere. The European Union advocates open data. EuroGeographics has opened up EuroGlobalMap for free downloads, but national mapping agencies and cadastres – your members – often oppose this course of action. Where exactly do you stand with regard to open data?
Ingrid Vanden Berghe
Tell us a little about EuroGeographics, its members and its goal.
Within the discussion of open data, we have to make a clear distinction between ‘open’ data and ‘free’ data. We certainly do advocate the use of data and therefore the need for data to be opened up; the data needs to be made available. 90 percent of the work is involved in keeping geoinformation up to date. Making it available is relatively easy, and we have always made it available. The discussion now focuses on making data available for free, without much thought being given to who should pay the cost of maintaining that data which people want for free. If you make data completely free and as a result of that destroy the business model that funds it, the data won’t be updated, which makes it worthless fairly quickly. And without a business model to make up for lost revenue, the production and authorisation of new data is not guaranteed either. Because of that, we are more prudent with that last 10 percent; open and available data, yes – but completely free data needs some extra discussion and caution. I think that we are adapting, for example with EuroGlobalMap, but we’re still in the middle of a complex development. We will encounter difficulties if we go too fast. You’re based in the headquarters of the European Union, Brussels; does this present you with ample opportunities for lobbying and talking to policymakers there, to convince them of this point?
We put a lot of effort into conveying the complexity and subtlety of the matter with the decision-makers in Brussels. We are active and have proven to be effective in this
Ingrid Vanden Berghe has been president of EuroGeographics since 2011. She is also executive director of the National Mapping Agency of Belgium and she is a guest professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. After graduating as an agricultural engineer from the Catholic University of Leuven, Vanden Berghe worked at the Department of Land Use Development in the Flemish Region. She also held a position as adviser to the Flemish Minister of Environment and as director of the Christian Democrat party’s Centre for Political, Economic, and Social Studies (CEPESS) in Belgium. ingrid.vandenberghe@ngi.be
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role, through the actions taken by EuroGeographics’ members. For example, we made progress with the GMES regulations in the discussion about the need for authoritative in-situ data and the need to first check whether any data is already available before new data is gathered. But of course there are many others active in Brussels. I must say that the EU institutions have been courteous and welcoming to our views regarding the reuse of public sector information and how we might contribute to a sustainable PSI framework. Your members contribute to monitoring the progress of INSPIRE in the European Union’s Member States. Can you update us?
Our members play important roles in implementing INSPIRE; it is for others to monitor their progress. To help members, we have created an Inspire Knowledge Exchange Network where our members’ experts meet to discuss their progress and learn from each other in order to implement solutions that have been successful elsewhere in Europe, thus enabling them to speed up progress. We have already developed certain ‘building blocks’ that are making INSPIRE possible in real life, such as crossborder interoperability in the ESDIN project. In addition, on 1 March, we launched the huge European Location Framework project with more than 30 partners including private industry, universities and several of our members. In this project, we are going even further than the INSPIRE Directive requires. With ELF, we will deliver services that stitch the national frameworks together, opening them up to users on a European level. A few years ago there was some concern about the state of implementation of INSPIRE, especially in Eastern Europe. How is that now?
What I see in general in our field of work, in countries that had to start from scratch, is that those are the countries now showing huge progress, because of that very fact. They simply didn’t have to drag along their long history as others had to. In some of these countries, such as Georgia
and Latvia, you see new and very powerful SDIs being set up and very good cadastral systems being built in a digital way. I see that being much more difficult in those parts of Europe where there was no possibility of starting with a ‘clean sheet’. Do you see any effect of cutbacks on the pace of progress in INSPIRE?
There’s certainly an effect, but what I see in many countries as well is that people are discovering that investing in better geographical information and better availability of that geoinformation can reduce governmental costs in the longer term. It’s that eternal discussion about return of investment (ROI). It’s a shame there are so few good studies on the ROI of geoinformation, but it’s a fact that investing in it makes governments more efficient. Policymakers who realise that will see benefits in the long term; cutting back and slowing the pace is a short-sighted policy. At EuroGeographics, we believe it is important to stress the efficiency gained by putting a high priority on sustainable funding for authoritative geoinformation. At the High Level Forum of the UN-GGIM Initiative in Doha earlier this year, you called upon data providers to not duplicate data and to listen to users. Can you explain?
As mapmakers with a long history, we have to move away from the attitude of ‘This is what we make, this is what we can offer you’. In these times, when it seems anybody can create a map, we have to listen carefully to our users and provide what they want. If we don’t, they will go elsewhere and we will lose the link to the user and therefore we will lose our relevance. The difficulty though is to manage expectations. If you ask a user what he wants, he’ll describe a top-of-the-range product, but if you then offer him such a product, he’ll say that he can’t afford it. So there’s a balance to be found between the users’ stated needs and their willingness to pay for what they want. I believe it is the responsibility of public mapping authorities to provide the basic location framework –
reference data, as we call it – and for us to work with the private sector so that they can enhance and add value to it. You have devised the formula e-gov + g-gov = i-gov. What do you mean by this?
This is basically what it’s all about. A lot of governments are deploying ‘electronic government’ strategies, but I don’t see them incorporating and valuing much geoinformation in their work, which I think would make governments much more intelligent. I am convinced that including geointelligence in your e-government approach will make you more efficient and more effective in answering the questions and needs of citizens. As an example: you might have an e-tool so that citizens can apply for grants for solar panels. If you include geoinformation concerning the number of sun hours, the orientation of the roof and suchlike in that tool and utilise the information as contributory factors when awarding grants, you can be sure that your subsidies are awarded more effectively and intelligently. But there are many other applications where geoinformation makes government spending – the spending of public money – more transparent and better exploited. Professor Jacqueline McGlade said in the April issue of this magazine that national mapping agencies and cadastres should rethink their role and increasingly become data distributors. Do you agree?
Yes, I do agree that we, as mapping authorities, need to move to a role of data brokers. The INSPIRE Directive is already shifting us that way. We need to think from the outside in: data, sometimes not gathered by us, can be distributed by us. We also need to think from the inside out: we must link geoinformation to the outside world. It is with this same attitude that we set up a cooperation with EEA, through which our members provide authoritative geospatial data for the GMES Emergency Management Service. We need this mindset in order to stay relevant and, through the power of geoinformation, contribute to a better society! MAY 201 3 |
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BY CHRISTIAAN LE
IMPACT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL POLICIES
Land Administration Domain Model An international group of land administration professionals initiated the development of a data model that facilitates the quick and efficient set-up of land registrations. Just as social issues benefit from proper land administration, land administration systems themselves benefit from proper data standards. The Land Administration (LA) standard has been available since 1 December 2012 as a formal International Standard, published as ISO 19152. This standard is expected to have an impact on the development of Land Administration Systems (LAS).
Christiaan Lemmen holds a PhD in Land Administration from Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. He is an assistant professor at ITC, University of Twente, and an international consultant at Kadaster International. chrit.lemmen@kadaster.nl
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The International Standard for the Land Administration Domain serves the following goals: • Establishment of a shared ontology implied by the model. • Support of development of the application software for LA. • Facilitation of cadastral data exchange with and from a distributed LAS. • Support of data quality management in LA. LADM REQUIREMENTS
Main political objectives, such as poverty eradication, sustainable
Peter van Oosterom received a PhD from Leiden University for his thesis ‘Reactive Data Structures for GIS’. He is professor at the Delft University of Technology (OTB institute) and head of the GIS Technology section. p.j.m.vanoosterom@tudelft.nl
housing and agriculture, and strengthening the role of vulnerable groups (e.g. indigenous people and women), are in many ways related to access to land and to land-related opportunities. This implies as a requirement that the model should be able to present all possible relations between people and land: formal and informal tenure, customary tenures, etc. The development of the LADM is based on user needs. Open markets and globalisation require a shared ontology allowing communication between involved persons within one country and between different
Paul van der Molen holds a chair in Land Administration and Cadastre at the Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation at Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands. He is the former director of Kadaster International. paul.vandermolen@kadaster.nl
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AN LEMMEN, KADASTER, PETER VAN OOSTEROM, DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AND PAUL VAN DER MOLEN, ITC - TWENTE UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS FEATURE
Figure 1, The Land Administration Domain Model.
countries. Th is is also strongly related to the acquisition of large tracts of land by international parties such as in Africa, for example. Proper (transparent) management of such transactions requires an overview of the existing situation and agreements with all involved parties. Of course, existing ISO and other open standards should be followed, including the de facto standard Cadastre 2014 of the International Federation of Surveyors. This will be highlighted in the next edition of this series of articles on the LADM in GIM International. A SHORT DESCRIPTION
The model integrates essential data such as party names and rights with source documents such as titles, deeds, survey field data, court decisions, decisions made in participatory mapping and other decisions. All essential data can be related to authentic sources (e.g. documents or imagery with evidence from the field). Available ISO standards are re-used to support multimedia archives, measurements and observations as well as spatial representations. History is
maintained and all attributes may have quality elements. This allows for proper combinations with workflow management which in itself is not included in the International Standard – except for issues such as role in the process (conveyors, surveyors) and relevant moments in applications (issuance data, acceptance date, etc). The LADM diagram is represented in Figure 1. A specialisation within the LADM is the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), which has been developed by UN-HABITAT, the International Federation of Surveyors and the University of Twente, Faculty ITC. STDM provides a land information management framework that integrates formal, informal and customary land systems. It has the power to tackle land administration needs in communities, such as people in informal settlements and customary areas. The emphasis is on social tenure relationships as embedded in the continuum of the land rights concept promoted by the Global Land Tool Network and by UN-HABITAT. Piloting STDM was presented in the first part of the LADM series in GIM International in the April 2013 edition.
THE CONTINUUM OF LAND RIGHTS
The continuum of land rights from UN-HABITAT deserves extra attention to understand the possible impact of the LADM and STDM. In the continuum, the various types of land rights are viewed as existing along a continuum, with some settlements being more consistent with law than others. This view makes it possible to include the people with the weakest tenures in the idea of sufficient legal access (Figure 2). Spatial enablement is not primarily about accuracy; instead, it is about adequate identification, completeness and credibility. LASs should be built using a ‘fit-for-purpose’ approach, whereby accuracy can be incrementally improved over time when justifiably serving the needs of citizens and society. In relation to the concept of the continuum of land rights, such a fit-for-purpose approach can be seen as a ‘continuum of accuracy’. Where representations of spatial units are concerned, a continuum is introduced in the LADM: text-based, point, line-based, polygon-based or volume-based. This means support of approaches with and without topology, 2D, MAY 201 3 |
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3D and integrated 2D/3D. The same is valid for data acquisition on the administrative and spatial side: a wide range of options is available, and a range of pro-poor land-recording systems can be implemented. Again, a continuum of approaches is related. One more ‘continuum’ is on the subject side: there can be individuals, groups, groups of groups, communities and governmental organisations. FAO’S VOLUNTARY GUIDELINES
FAO’s Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security outline principles and practices that governments can refer to when making laws and administering land, fisheries and forests rights. This comprehensive set of guidelines includes ‘delivery of services’ and ‘records of tenure’ rights: • National standards should be developed for the shared use of information, taking into account regional and international standards. States should strive to establish and maintain accessible inventories • Where possible, states should ensure that the publicly held tenure rights are recorded together with tenure rights of indigenous peoples and other communities with customary tenure systems and the private sector in a single recording system, or are linked to them by a common framework. Systems should record, maintain and publicise tenure rights and duties, including who holds those rights and duties, and the parcels or holdings of land, fisheries or forests to which the rights and duties relate • The spatial accuracy for parcels and other spatial units should be sufficient for their identification to meet local needs, with increased spatial accuracy being provided, if required, over time • To facilitate the use of records of tenure rights, implementing agencies should link information on the rights, the holders of those rights, and the spatial units related
to those rights. Records should be indexed by spatial units as well as by holders to allow competing or overlapping rights to be identified. As part of broader public information-sharing, records of tenure rights should be available to state agencies and local governments to help improve their services. IMPACT
ISO standardisation is a comprehensive, extensive, formal process with continuous peer reviews and iterations based on experience of earlier implementations. For the LADM, this (creative) approach resulted in finding common denominators in land administration. The innovation is in the availability of the LADM as a basis for structuring and organising representations of people-to-land related information in databases in a generic way. This means that the LADM is one of the tools (or better: conditions) for the implementation of the continuum of land rights and for the FAO’s Voluntary Guidelines. The wide range of functionality of the LADM is in support of: • the continuum of land rights (management of different tenures in one environment), the continuum of approaches, the continuum of recordation, the continuum of spatial units and subjects. The LADM now opens up options for bridging gaps between cultures where people-to-land relationships are concerned, definitively not only in support of globalisation, but also with a strong focus on offering support in the protection of land rights (tenure certainty) for all
• land administration system design and development with coverage of all tenure types • upgrading the quality of existing (and not properly maintained) datasets (consistency-building and validation) • the management of a wide range of documentation. This concerns evidence from the field and legal, transactional and administrative documents • the development of software and databases. Since developers like stable (but extensible) standards as a starting point for developments, both industrial software developers and open source software communities are enthusiastic. The LADM allows a flexible, step-by-step approach in the development of a Land Administration System based on the
Figure 2, The UN-HABITAT continuum of land rights.
Let’s build the systems now to achieve wider goals needs, priorities and requirements of users and society. This can be combined in a natural way with organisational development • a link to workflow management. Processes are not integrated in the LADM; linking is possible by role types, versioning, quality labels and exchange of data between involved organisations • structuring and organising data in interaction with data in other databases. The LADM can be used within a Spatial Data Infrastructure. MAY 201 3 |
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Creating your own map from maps published by other users is just one of many ways to take advantage of the rich collection of data and resources ArcGIS Online makes available to you. SM
Welcome to the new frontier in geographic information systems.
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STRATEGIC CHOICE
The standard has been designed in such a way that it can easily be changed depending on local demands. It is not about ‘dogmatic implementations’ with fi xed rules; on the contrary, the approach is as flexible as possible. It is a common language for LA enabling various parties to understand each other. A choice for the LADM is a strategic choice in support of the latest insights and global views: the continuum of land rights and the FAO Voluntary Guidelines. ISO guarantees proper maintenance of the standard.
about application issues, the concept of LADM forms a basis for strategic development in land administration – let’s build the systems now to achieve wider goals.
SERIES ON LADM This article is the second of a series on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and its implementations. GIM International presents worldwide developments related to the LADM. For more information on this series, or if you would like to contribute, please contact the editorial manager: wim.van.wegen@ geomares.nl
FINAL REMARK MORE INFORMATION 1. http://isoladm.org/ http://wiki.tudelft.nl/bin/view/ Research/%20ISO19152/WebHome
No 2365
A LADM community is developing. The next LADM Workshop will be held in September 2013 in Malaysia (deadline for submitting abstracts is 31 May 2013 [ 1]). As editors are receiving more and more questions
FURTHER READING • Augustinus, C., 2010. Social Tenure Domain Model: What It Can Mean for the Land Industry and the Poor, XXIV FIG International Congress 2010. Sydney, Australia. • Enemark, S., 2012. Sustainable Land Governance: Spatially enabled, fit for purpose and supporting the global agenda. World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, USA. • FAO, 2012. Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. FAO, Rome, Italy. • ISO, 2012. Geographic Information – Land Administration Domain Model. Edition 1. Geneva, Switzerland. • Lemmen, C.H.J., 2012. A Domain Model for Land Administration. Publications on Geodesy 72. Netherlands Geodetic Commission.
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CONNECTING GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS AND NON-METRIC IMAGERY FOR GLACIER MEASUREMENTS
Measuring Small Glaciers in Slovenia
Figure 1, Triglav glacier in 1959 (a) and 2012 (b).
Small glaciers in the Alps and elsewhere are important indicators of short-term local, and even global, climatic changes. Monitoring them usually involves measurements of the terminus retreat, the reduction of area and volume, and the velocity of glacier movements. Measurements of glaciers began in the Eastern Alps as early as 1878, when the first measurements were conducted on the Pasterze glacier (Austria) using a meter band. Regular tachymetric measurements were introduced on the same glacier as early as in 1928. Long-term glacier measurements show not only glacier changes over time but also how geodetic measuring techniques have evolved from classical to remote sensing technologies. While the new technologies enable more accurate measurements, they cannot cover the past glacier changes. This raises the important question of how to bring the old images into a common reference frame of new measurements. This article examines past and emerging approaches for glacial monitoring. The aim is to understand how these techniques and data might be integrated to support both historical and contemporary understanding of glacier changes.
Dr Mihaela Triglav-Cekada is a researcher at the Geodetic Institute of Slovenia. She is involved in national and international projects which deal with the application of different remote sensing methods in geodetic practice. She is especially interested in the study of ways to acquire 3D data from old non-metric images.
Slovenia is home to two very small glaciers, and these are the most south-eastern glaciers in the Alps. Regular monitoring has been conducted on them for more than 60 years. Both glaciers, the Triglav glacier (Figure 1) and the Skuta glacier (Figure 2), are located at relatively low altitudes; their lowest points lie at the altitudes of 2,400m and 2,020m respectively. The Skuta glacier is an example of a small cirque glacier conserved in a very deep cirque, which protects the glacier by providing shade almost all year around. The Triglav glacier can be characterised as a small mountain
Dr Matija Zorn is a researcher at the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He holds the position of assistant director of the Centre’s Anton Melik Geographical Institute and is also the head of the Institute’s Department of Physical Geography. matija.zorn@zrc-sazu.si
mihaela.triglav@gis.si
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b
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Figure 2, Skuta glacier in 1982 (a) and 2003 (b).
glacier in the form of ice apron. Today, these two glaciers no longer display typical glacier characteristics such as glacier crevasses which result from the glacier’s movement on uneven ground. Therefore, they can be regarded as glacier remnants. Crevasses were last observed on the Triglav glacier in 1955 and on the Skuta glacier in 1973. Then, the Triglav glacier measured over 10ha and the Skuta glacier a little less than 3ha. In comparison, at the end of September 2012, the Triglav glacier measured 0.6ha and the Skuta glacier 1.4ha (Figure 3). MANUAL MEASUREMENTS AND IMAGING
Systematic annual measurements of the Triglav and Skuta glaciers started in 1946. The measurements were conducted manually using meter band, rope and a compass to measure each glacier terminus’s distances from and directions towards permanent points marked on the rocks around the glaciers (Figure 4a). From some permanent points, it was also possible to measure the vertical thinning of the glaciers. During these expeditions, some non-metric images were also made
from various standpoints using different cameras. Over the years, these standpoints became fi xed and are still used today for annual imaging of the glaciers at the end of the melting season. An additional regular monthly imaging of the Triglav glacier started in 1976 using a fixed panoramic Horizont camera from two fixed standpoints. A panoramic camera was chosen as it enabled the whole glacier to be covered in one single photograph. Unfortunately, classical photogrammetric stereovision cannot be applied since the views of the glacier from these standpoints are convergent. GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS
The first geodetic tachymetric measurements on the Triglav glacier were made in 1952. The activity was not to be repeated until as late as 1995. Since the start of regular photogrammetric measurements in 1999, tachymetric measurements have been used for control and sometimes also for glacier boundary delineation. In 2001, 2005 and 2012, global navigational satellite system (GNSS) measurements of control points were
taken on the Triglav glacier. Due to the non-existence of a permanent GNSS network in Slovenia in 2001, only the time-consuming static GPS method could be used for very accurate GPS measurements. This enabled the acquisition of just eight photogrammetric control points. The 2001 GPS measurements enabled previous local measurements to be transformed into the global coordinate system. With the establishment of a fully operating Slovenian permanent GNSS network in 2006 and the development of more accurate GPS instruments, highly accurate and less time-consuming RTK-GNSS measurements could be used to measure more points in a shorter time. Hence, the detailed glacier boundary was measured with GNSS measurements for the first time in 2012. On the Skuta glacier, tachymetric measurements were first conducted in 1997 and again in 2003. The glacier has been tachymetrically measured annually since 2007. Because the GNSS signal is almost absent in the glacier’s very deep cirque, successful GNSS measurements of its boundary have not yet been MAY 201 3 |
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Figure 3, The area reduction of the Triglav and Skuta glaciers, determined using different measuring methods. Only those years are presented when the glaciers were not completely covered by snow from the previous winter.
realised. It is hoped that it will also become possible to obtain GNSS measurements in such demanding mountain environments when the Galileo system is fully operational. PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Detailed photogrammetric measurements have been carried out on the Triglav glacier only. In 1999, 2001 and 2003, a combination of manual aerial photogrammetric imaging from a helicopter and oblique imaging from the ground was performed with the purpose of glacier surface and boundary delineation. The camera used was a medium-format photogrammetric camera, Rolleiflex 6006. In 2005, standard aerial photogrammetric imaging was conducted using a large-
format Leica RC 30 photogrammetric camera mounted on an aeroplane. One of the most important results of the 2005 photogrammetric measurements was the digital terrain model (DTM) with a 2m x 2m grid, which was later applied for archive imagery processing. Since 2007, tachymetric measurements with supplementary oblique photogrammetric imaging using the Rolleiflex 6006 have been made annually from the ground. These too have been used mainly for glacier boundary delineation. Figure 4 shows the different types of control points used. Both glaciers can also be seen on stereoimagery from the national Cyclic Aerial Survey of Slovenia (CAS). Since the 1970s, this survey has been carried out every 3 to 4 years by a large-format aerial photogrammetric camera. The CAS images are taken in image scales suitable for cartography of the scale 1:5,000. Because the CAS images are rarely captured at the end of the melting season, not all images featuring the glaciers are useful for glacier monitoring purposes. For the Triglav glacier, for instance, only old CAS imagery from the years 1975, 1992, 1994 and 1998 can be used. AERIAL LASER SCANNING
Figure 4, Different control point signalisations used: aerial photogrammetry (a), terrestrial oblique photogrammetry (b), tape measurements (c) and aerial laser scanning (d). 26 |
Aerial laser scanning (Lidar) and imaging for orthophoto production were performed on both glaciers twice in 2012 using a Riegl LM5600. The first aerial laser scanning session was conducted in mid-May with the purpose of snow-depth determination. The second was done in late
September, at the end of the glaciers’ melting season. A Digital Surface Model (DSM) of snow-covered terrain and a DTM with a 1m x 1m grid were produced from aerial laser scanning data. Both sets of aerial laser scanning data had an average laser point density of 8pt/m2. The difference between the DSM and DTM presents the detailed local snow distribution. This can be used to check the hypothesis that very small glaciers owe their existence mainly to the area’s topographic features, which locally enhance avalanches and wind drift. GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR
The real glacier thickness can be only measured by a ground-penetrating radar survey (GPRS). The maximal thickness of the Triglav glacier measured by GPRS was 9.5m in 2000. Thanks to GNSS development in the last decade, as mentioned above, it will be possible in the future to repeat GPRS measurements on the same locations as measured in 2000. The Skuta glacier has not yet been measured with GPRS. In 2006, its maximal thickness of 11.7m was measured using a steam ice drill. 3D DATA ACQUISITION FROM ARCHIVE IMAGERY
As glaciers are a very prominent topographic feature, they can often be discovered in old mountaineering books and archives; old images, drawings and rare maps represent the only source of knowledge about the glaciers prior to the start of hand measurements in 1946. With the help of modern photogrammetric and aerial laser scanning DTMs, it is possible to obtain relatively good 3D glacier boundary information from this non-metric archive imagery. This has enabled the area of the Triglav glacier to be reconstructed until as far back as the 1880s, and in the case of the Skuta glacier as far back as around 1910. Additionally, monthly variations of the Triglav glacier can be studied from 1976 onwards based on series of non-metric panoramic Horizont images.
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FEATURE
CONCLUSION
The combination of different geodetic and remote sensing methods enables reconstruction of the glacier area until as far back as 1952 for the Triglav glacier, and the 1970 for the Skuta glacier. The sets of geodetic/ photogrammetric data enable detailed surface and boundary measurements useful for the area and volume studies. However, since these techniques are not enough for detailed long-term annual studies, manual measurements and non-metric imagery are applied every year too.
The advancements in aerial laser scanning and GNSS measurement in the last decade are enabling more accurate and detailed data acquisition in demanding mountain environments where glaciers exist. Smaller GNSS instruments also reduce logistical problems and make glacier expeditions less expensive. Consequently, with a more accurate DTM available, archive imagery can also give more detailed results presenting past stages of the glaciers. Hence, the advancement
MORE INFORMATION - Gabrovec, M. 2008, Il ghiacciaio del Triglav (Slovenia) [‘The Triglav glacier’]. Ghiacciai nontani e cambiamenti climatici nell’ ultimo secolo. Terra glacilis – Edizione speciale, pp. 75-87. - Triglav-Cekada, M., et al., 2011, Acquisition of the 3D boundary of the Triglav glacier from archived non-metric panoramic images, The Photogrammetric Record, 26/133, pp. 111-129. - Triglav-Cekada, M., et al., 2012, Measurements of small alpine glaciers: Examples from Slovenia and Austria, Geodetski vestnik, 56/3, pp. 462-481.
of photogrammetric and GNSS measuring techniques is also enabling a more detailed look into the past. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Th is work has been supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) through different projects. The latest projects are L6-7136, Z2-4182 and L6-4048.
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The comparison of meteorological data and long-term glacier monitoring enables research into worldwide climatic change. The studies of very small glaciers also enable a detailed look at the regional (e.g. comparison with glaciers of similar sizes in south-eastern Europe) and local
climatic trends (e.g. the Slovenian Environment Agency already uses such data as indicators of climate change). The geodetic and remote sensing methods enable not only the study of the current glacier status but also, combined with the use of archive imagery, a detailed look into the glacier’s past.
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BY RODOLPHE JOBARD, EDF ENERGY, UK FEATURE
MONITORING A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION SITE
Fixed-wing UAS Monitoring a nuclear power plant construction site requires regular collection of site data; even up to weekly coverage may be necessary. Conventional photogrammetry and land surveying are often too costly. The author shows that UAS technology based on a fixed-wing aeroplane enables weekly coverage of a 150-hectare construction site. The orthomosaics, digital elevation models, maps and 3D models generated from the imagery support site monitoring beyond expectations, while new applications are being found all the time. Hinkley Point in Somerset, UK, is one of eight nuclear power stations owned and operated by EDF, a wholly owned subsidiary of France-based EDF Group which is one of the three largest energy companies in Europe. The company generates around one fifth of the UK’s electricity, and supplies electricity and gas to about 5.5 million customers in the UK. As eight power stations are scheduled to close by 2023, the UK is facing an energy shortage. In view of this, EDF, in concert with the British government, has identified Hinkley Point as a suitable site for building a new nuclear power station.
SITE
Designated ‘Hinkley Point C’, the new plant will be constructed immediately to the west of the existing Hinkley Point B, which was built 38 years ago and is due for decommissioning in 2023. Hinkley Point C will be the first nuclear power plant to be built in the UK for 25 years. Two nuclear reactors will be constructed on the site, which comprises an area of 150 hectares. They will generate up to 3,260 megawatts, which is enough to serve around five million homes. Removal of vegetation, debris and rubbish, installation of fencing, and road construction activities are currently underway (Figure 1). Planning and communicating such work and monitoring progress requires geodata to be collected on a weekly basis. An aerial survey, commissioned in late 2008, showed that the frequent cloud cover and high costs involved inhibit the routine use of conventional photogrammetry. A pilot project using a drone equipped with a consumer-grade digital camera demonstrated that UAS could be a feasible alternative, and gave insight into the UAS type required. Should it be a helicopter or an aeroplane?
Because of the frequent wind and rain, the UAS needed to be able to sustain winds up to 40km/h and operate in inclement weather. Furthermore, the distances to be flown approached 100km. As a result, the endurance of an aeroplane was required. In 2011, EDF issued a tender; after testing several European products, it chose the Gatewing X100 UAS. GATEWING X100
With its 100cm wingspan and weight of 2kg, the Gatewing X100 has a high tolerance to wind. Figure 2
Rodolphe Jobard is a professional engineer and aerial intelligence team leader for EDF Energy, which he joined in 1999. In 2007, he moved to London and Hinkley Point C to help manage the development of the nuclear new-build project. As a qualified pilot, Rodolphe introduced aerial photography of the construction site by UAS, initially for communication purposes and subsequently for topographic surveying. He is currently exploring further applications of UAS across the whole EDF Group. rodolphe.jobard@edf-energy.com
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Figure 2, The author preparing the UAS for flight. Figure 3, Automatic take-off using a catapult.
Figure 1, Hinkley Point C construction site from above.
shows the author while preparing the UAS for fl ight. In addition to the aircraft equipped with a compact camera, the system offers – like most of the land surveying UASs on the market – a ground station and a tablet PC, which is used for both planning and supervising the fl ight. The camera installed is a 10MP Ricoh GRD IV. A catapult enables automatic take-offs by launching the UAS under a climb angle of 15 degrees (Figure 3).
using a simulation feature to validate fl ight paths and coverage and to ensure that no obstacles will be encountered. At the end of the fl ight, the X100 lands automatically. OPERATIONALISATION
In May 2012, the UK’s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) provided a license to fly above Hinkley Point C. Flight heights in segregated areas are limited to 150m. Since the UAS has to stay
High-definition 2D maps and 3D models require overnight processing and at least 48GB of RAM The UAS can operate up to a height of 750m. At an altitude of 150m and a cruising speed of 80km/h, the system can stay airborne for 45 minutes and acquire up to 800 images with a ground sample distance (GSD) of 5.7cm, and can cover 120 hectares per fl ight. Once the fl ight plan has been designed and uploaded into the autopilot, the fl ight can be previewed 30 |
in visual line of sight of the operator, two operators are required at the Hinkley Point site. The catapult has been located in the centre of the site, enabling the plane to cover the entire area while staying within the distance limit imposed by the CAA: a maximum of 750m from the operator. Prior to each flight, weather forecasts have to be checked to ensure wind
conditions would be favourable. Calm and sunny days can be few and far between in Somerset, but so far there has never been a week without at least one good weather window. Two flights are required to cover the site’s 150 hectares. There are seven permanent ground control points (GCPs) around the site which are surveyed with RTK-GPS. To increase accuracy, additional GCPs can be set out. The images are collected with 75% overlap, both across track and along track. After each flight, the imagery, GNSS/ IMU data and coordinates of the GCPs are loaded into the customised Stretchout photogrammetric software which enables the data to be processed largely automatically. A few thousand tie points are automatically detected using image matching. Tie points, GNSS/IMU data and GCPs together allow automatic block adjustment. Subsequently, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and an orthomosaic are generated automatically. The latter can be draped over the DEM, resulting in a realistic 3D model. Some editing of the images is often required as cloud cover and hence light conditions may
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FEATURE
change during flight. The software also supports removal of artefacts and hiding of confidential or restricted areas. Typically, a 20cm orthomosaic of the entire site can be generated in less than two hours for a quick proof, but high-definition 2D maps and 3D models require overnight processing and a large amount of computer memory – at least 48GB of RAM is recommended. The outputs can be viewed in Google Earth or further processed in a GIS system. To ease transfer and use of the maps, the raw files can be compressed into various sizes and formats. BEYOND MAPPING
CONCLUDING REMARKS
To date, 55 flights have been conducted and the site has been mapped 20 times. With almost weekly coverage, UAS allows mapping on demand for 20 times less cost than conventional aerial photogrammetry, without sacrificing image quality.
SERIES ON EXPERIENCES WITH UAS The present article is the fifth in a series of articles focusing on experiences gained on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for a broad spectrum of potential applications. UAS technology is a low-cost alternative to classical manned aerial photogrammetry and is obviously growing mature. The series started in January 2013.
No 2331
The orthomosaics, acquired weekly, are primarily used for mapping purposes and as a backdrop for existing drawings. But new uses have also emerged. For example, the images have revealed locations
where water pools after heavy rain and are thus helping to identify proper sites for building temporary reservoirs. The 3D models together with rainfall statistics provide core data for computing how quickly a reservoir would be fi lled by water. The imagery has also helped to identify suitable locations for traffic signs and car parks. Would an access road with a few tight curves be manoeuvrable for heavy equipment loads when construction begins? A 10km UAS survey disclosed the answer. Generating data from imagery has also meant less exposure to risk for staff on the ground. When asbestos was encountered, the 3D models gained from overlapping imagery enabled the stock pile volumes of contaminated soil to be computed. Hence, the clearing work could be completed in a minimum amount of time.
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FAULT EFFECTS AND CORRECTION METHODS
Accuracy of Geodetic GNSS Antennas During the last decade, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technologies experienced an accelerated growth, both in terms of quantity in use and quality. The accuracy achieved by technology providers is still improving today. Apart from reliable receivers, the quality of the measuring results achieved mainly depends on the accuracy of GNSS antennas. Therefore, it is important to be aware of possible GNSS antenna faults, to know how to avoid them and – last but not least – to be familiar with the best calibration methods for GNSS antennas. In order to achieve an accuracy of 1mm when measuring the continental drift with GNSS technology, surveyors need various different prerequisites at the same time: besides first-class receiver
Dirk Kowalewski studied geodesy at the Beuth Hochschule, Berlin, Germany. In 2001, he founded Geo.IT Systeme GmbH and in 2009 the antenna vendor, navXperience. He lives and works in Berlin. dirk.kowalewski@navxperience.com
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hardware and firmware plus highly accurate GNSS software, it is essential to use the best GNSS antenna available. Nevertheless, fault effects may still occur. The good news is that they can be avoided if there is sufficient awareness of them. It is also useful to know how to compare different antenna types.
applications, very good GNSS software is needed. Another approach is to weight the overall, undifferentiated phase observations with the results from other satellites with a corresponding elevation. By comparing the expected S/N ratio with the current measuring results, diffraction may be anticipated or avoided.
FAULT EFFECTS OF GNSS ANTENNAS
Objects situated in direct vicinity of the antenna during the measuring process can also lead to incorrect results. These so-called ‘near-field’ effects may interfere with the GNSS signal and lead to differences of the phase centre of various centimetres. It is helpful to extend the distance between antenna and ground as much as possible. The latestgeneration GNSS antennas do not have near-field effects when there is a minimum distance of 20cm to the ground – such as on the roof of a car, for example. In other cases, the respective antenna producers should be consulted for details.
If one of the satellites from which an antenna is receiving signals happens to be situated directly above an object in between (e.g. a tree or a building, or even just the edge of one), this leads to diff raction of the GNSS signal and – since a diff racted wave is longer – produces a measuring result that is too high. In spite of that, the GNSS signal can be received with a good signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and with equally good quality as a direct signal, while the receiver measures a longer distance. The fault stemming from this wrong information from the satellite can result in discrepancies ranging from a few centimetres up to a couple of decimetres. Avoiding diffraction is not easy. In practice, a good method is to extend the observation period. For real-time
Especially in regions with high building density, multipath scattering is a frequent fault in GNSS surveying. The satellite signals are reflected
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BY DIRK KOWALEWSKI, NAVXPERIENCE, GERMANY FEATURE
Figure 1, Antenna calibration hall at the University of Bonn.
by buildings, masts or bridges and their polarisation is changed. If the polarisation is changed only once, a good GNSS antenna will be able to fi lter the signals. If the polarisation is changed twice, e.g. by reflecting off building facades at certain angles of incidence, the signal still arrives in good quality and the GNSS antenna is no longer able to filter these effects. In such cases, GNSS receiver firmware can help. It is also useful to compare the antenna pattern and the measuring results of the other satellites involved, in order to ascertain whether multipath scattering has occurred. The phase centre of a GNSS antenna must be stable and reliable. At present, no one has succeeded in building an antenna without any phase centre variation; the phase centre usually moves depending on the azimuth and the satellite’s elevation angle. CALIBRATION METHODS
To calibrate the antenna, it is necessary to identify a fi xed point as a reference for the correction, which
is called an Antenna Reference Point (ARP). The following three different calibration methods are currently used most frequently for GNSS antennas: Relative calibration: Th is is the easiest method which any surveyor should be able to perform successfully. It requires an open space with an unobstructed view to the sky (in detail: 360º azimuth with an eventual shadowing effect exclusively between 0º and max. 5º) and a short baseline (3 to 10m). After a period of 24 hours, the antenna is turned through 180º and measuring continues for a further 24 hours. This method provides absolute results for horizontal calibration and relative results for vertical calibration. Obviously, the relative calibration method is very time-consuming and it is also a costly method if highly accurate results are required. However, it is a good way to examine the horizontal phase centre offset. Some time can be saved by the following procedure: Turn the antenna through 90º after 4 intervals of 4 hours each. If the baseline has not changed, the antenna is working very well.
Figure 2, Calibration robot from Geo++.
Calibration hall: The calibration hall (figure 1) is a simulation device. In the chamber, a signal with a smallangle radiation lobe is generated and sent to the GNSS antenna. Care has to be taken to absorb any signals that could influence the antenna. Any reflection of these signals must be avoided. In order to obtain this result, it is necessary to use a pyramidal absorber structure made of synthetic resin, impregnated with carbonate. In the absorber, the signal is converted from electro-magnetic to thermal energy. A broadband antenna is indispensable for transmitting the GNSS signals. Th is method does not require a change of the transmission antenna. It has the further advantage of offering calibration with Galileo and Compass signals simultaneously. Two hours of measuring in a calibration hall equal the results of field calibration with a robot. Field calibration with a robot: The most reliable method is absolute field calibration with a robot (figure 2). The antenna will be completely calibrated within 5 to 7 hours. The robot only receives high MAY 201 3 |
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high-end antennas for reference stations were used: from Topcon, Trimble, Leica (Novatel) and navXperience (figure 3). All vendors agreed to set up an IGS reference station. First, the ANTEX fi les were downloaded from the IGS website and then the scientists ran calculations with MATLAB. The results have the same scale for GPS L1 and L2 as well as for GLONASS L1 and L2. The gain of any GNSS antenna must be a minimum of 20db – most geodetic GNSS antennas have a gain of 25 to 30db, which is sufficient for most applications. If it is necessary to use a cable of more than 50m in length, an antenna with a gain of over 40db should be deployed, along with good-quality cable; a receiver and antenna are unable to compensate the losses due to a bad cable. Bear in mind that a high-gain antenna will also stress unwelcome signals such as multipath or near-field effects. This means that a high-gain antenna may not be suitable for many applications. It is important to have a good overview of what is needed and what equipment is available in order to make the right choice of antenna for each particular application.
Figure 3, Calibration results of GNSS antennas.
elevation signals. By duplicating the calibration studies a couple of times, the surveyor achieves an exceptional accuracy of 0.1mm. For maximum
signal quality, the antenna position must be better than 0.1º and only satellites with a high elevation may be used. Th at enables avoidance of near-field effects as well as multipath scattering. The fi nal calibration results are calculated using expert software by means of a special post-processing method. COMPARING CALIBRATION RESULTS
Figure 4, GNSS antenna hexagon at DLR. 34 |
To compare the calibration results of different GNSS antennas, the work of the Inertial Guidance Systems (IGS) has been used. These systems measure the movements of objects within empty space. The IGS information is stored in so-called ANTEX (antenna exchange format by M. Rothacher) data fi les. For the calibration project, four different
The passive gain is another important parameter when assessing a GNSS antenna; this is measured in dbic. The higher the dbic value is, the more clearly the antenna receives the signals; most receivers obtain nothing under 2 dbic. Mostly, antennas have a growing dbic value from 0º to 90º elevation. The user should consult the technical data sheet and check the following: a minimum of 5 dbic at 90º elevation means lower passive gain at 50º or 20º elevation. It is particularly useful to be aware of the passive gain up to 0º elevation. APPLICATION EXAMPLE
The German Space Agency DLR (Deutsche Luft- und Raumfahrtbehörde) in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich
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created a novel calibration site for GNSS antennas. Figure 4 shows its new GNSS antenna hexagon. The baselines between the antennas are 2m Âą 1mm. The metal construction allows testing of numerous multipath and near-ďŹ eld eects. The DLR experts considered many more important circumstances and possible side eects during the measuring process. The distance to the pole is 0.5m and the cable is situated close to the pole, thus helping to eliminate near-ďŹ eld eects. In 2012, this site was used by the German company ppm GmbH for a 24-hour observation. The test constellation was as follows: six 3G+C antennas from navXperience, receivers by Ashtec, baseline processing with Waypoint software by Novatel, adjustment with Cremer software. The testing scientists
FURTHER READING • Eissfeller, B. (1997). Ein dynamisches Fehlermodell fĂźr GPS Autokorrelationsempfänger. Univ. d. Bundeswehr MĂźnchen • Rothacher, M., Schmid, R. (2006). ANTEX: The Antenna Exchange Format. Forschungseinrichtung Satelitengeodäsie TU MĂźnchen • Wanninger, L., Frevert, V., and Widlt, S. (2000). Der Einuss der Signalbeugung auf die präzise Positionierung mit GPS. Zeitschrift fĂźr Vermessungswesen,125: 8-16. • WĂźbbena, G., Menge, F., Schmitz, M., Seeber, G., and VĂślksen, C. (1996). A New Approach for Field Calibration of Absolute Antenna Phase Center Variations. Proceedings of the • International Technical Meeting, ION GPS-96, Kansas City, Missouri, 1205-1214. • WĂźbbena, G., Schmitz, M., and Boettcher, G. (2006a). Near-ďŹ eld Effects on GNSS Sites: Analysis using Absolute Robot Calibrations and Procedures to Determine Corrections. Poster presented at IGS Workshop 2006 Perspectives and Visions for 2010 and beyond, May 8-12, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany. • Zeimetz, P. (2010). Zur Entwicklung und Bewertung der absoluten GNSS Antennenkalibrierung im HF-Labor. Dissertation from the University of Bonn.
took the point ‘DLR2’ as the fixed point and made a free adjustment to the remaining points. The maximum horizontal deviation was 0.2mm and the maximum vertical
deviation an equally impressive 0.1mm. These results demonstrate a highly accurate antenna with good multipath reduction abilities and without near-field effects.
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GAIA3D
Earth Digitising Technology
Sanghee Shin, Founder and CEO of Gaia3D.
company. Gaia3D started out with a couple of passionate software engineers in a very small location and initially worked for local government and research labs in South Korea. The first major development output came from a GIS-related research project regarding a multi-image processing software engine for efficiently processing large amounts of map data. Gaia3D’s multi-image processing software engine, called MIP, has since been exported to several countries including Southeast Asian nations. STEADY GROWTH
Taking its name from Gaia, the Greek goddess of the Earth, Gaia3D, Inc. is dedicated to digitising the Earth and various features on it in 3D. Gaia3D is a professional software and service company in the field of geospatial intelligence and Earth science technology, based in South Korea. Gaia3D was founded in November 2000 by Sanghee Shin, the current CEO, as a private South Korean
Every month GIM International invites a company to introduce itself in these pages. The resulting article, entitled Company’s View, is subject to the usual copy editing procedures, but the publisher takes no responsibility for the content and the views expressed are not necessarily those of the magazine.
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The company has grown steadily and currently has two offices in South Korea and one joint venture in Singapore. Nowadays, Gaia3D employs 26 people including more than a dozen enthusiastic and professional software engineers for the GIS software industry who have worked both domestically and internationally for more than 20 clients including central and local governments, research labs, universities and private companies. Gaia3D has two major development teams for system integration works and one research lab for developing new software, plus a marketing team for global and domestic market. The company generated approximately USD2 million of annual turnover in
2012, about 5% of which came from its export business. Gaia3D’s mission is to digitise the Earth in order to understand human beings. It believes that a deep understanding of the Earth and space will certainly help to solve various problems that human beings face these days. As a professional software company in the field of geospatial intelligence and Earth science technology, Gaia3D develops software and systems related to geospatial information processing, image processing, and meteorological information processing and visualisation for various kinds of clients. The company has set its sights high: it is continually evolving, and aims to become the world’s best geospatial intelligence and Earth science technology company. OPEN PHILOSOPHY
The Gaia3D philosophy is based around openness. Openness firstly means co-operation: the company openly co-operates with other companies, governments and institutes. It believes that it can create creativity and core value from collective intelligence throughout openness such as OpenAPI and open source. Gaia3D also strives for openness towards its employees. Transparency is one of
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BY HEEGU PARK, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING MANAGER, GAIA3D, SOUTH KOREA COMPANY’S VIEW
the key elements in the company’s philosophy, and it endeavours to ensure that the company and its employees can trust each other through transparent management. GLOBAL SCOPE
The domestic market in South Korea is relatively small and very competitive, plus it also seems quite saturated. Therefore, the company plans to ‘go global’, even though the global market is much harder to penetrate. Gaia3D is keen to identify the markets outside of South Korea which need its GIS technology. To help it do so, Gaia3D established a joint venture in Singapore for the Southeast Asian market. Not only did Gaia3D set up an international office, but it has also actively and strategically participated in global geospatial exhibitions including AGF (Asian Geospatial Forum), InterGeo, ELMF (European Lidar Mapping Forum) and suchlike. Gaia3D sees a bright future for the 3D market and expects the 3D modelling technologies it recently acquired to deliver positive results by satisfying the company’s current and potential customers alike. In terms of going global, the company goal is very straightforward: to supply great and useful but simple products to its customers. Gaia3D regards much industry software as being equipped with impressive functionalities which most customers unfortunately do not know how to use, even though they are often valuable and necessary functions. Hence, the company intends to target customers who want simple functions and easy-to-use programs at a competitive price. Gaia3D is of the opinion that GIS should not be restricted to high-end technology that can only be utilised by a limited number of people with specific professional knowledge. It believes that the industry should try to lower the bar and penetrate into the general domain. GIS is related to
The Gaia3D team.
everything in a person’s life, yet the industry continues to targets a very specific area. The company sees a trend towards GIS becoming a commodity, and considers this to be the right time to move the technology into the wider arena. Hence, Gaia3D focuses mainly on R&D related to life in general. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
The company anticipates three major developments ahead: rapid growth of open source GIS software, 3D and big data. Firstly, open source GIS is growing rapidly. Apple’s iPhone has started using OpenStreetMap which is primarily developed using open source GIS software as its main map service, indicating that open source GIS has already come very close to real life and is taking away a share of the private GIS software market. The level of open source GIS software is seemingly approaching that of well-known GIS software. Many GIS-related companies have started using open source GIS software. Gaia3D is carefully but determinedly approaching open source GIS software by blending its own software with open source GIS software. The CEO of Gaia3D actively participates in activities of the OSGeo community as a charter member of OSGeo.
Secondly, the company regards 3D GIS as one of the ‘mega trends’. Many countries are trying to map their entire nation in 3D because it managing the buildings or land in 3D is much more efficient than in 2D. 3D GIS technology can be used when constructing buildings, bridges or tunnels, and help to manage those constructions after completion. Gaia3D is involved in several research projects deeply related to 3D GIS and expects this work to take the company to the next stage in the near future. Since 3D building modelling jobs require a lot of manual work, automation could become another issue in the near future. Finally, big data is another ‘mega trend’ in the GIS field. Due to the sheer size of some GIS data such as MMS (Mobile Mapping System) Lidar, processing big data efficiently and quickly will become increasingly important in the next decade. Gaia3D has had the capability to process large amounts of data from the beginning, and has already completed several R&D projects regarding big data.
MORE INFORMATION www.gaia3d.com
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INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS FIG
FÉDERATION INTERNATIONALE GÉOMÈTRES INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS INTERNATIONALE VEREINIGUNG DER VERMESSUNGSINGENIEURE PRESIDENT CheeHai Teo, Malaysia
VICE-PRESIDENTS Dalal S. Alnaggar, Egypt Iain Greenway, United Kingdom Chryssy A. Potsiou, Greece Rudolf Staiger, Germany REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF COMMISSION OFFICERS Michael Sutherland, Canada/Trinidad and Tobago COMMISSION CHAIRS COMMISSION 1: PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS & PRACTICE Leonie Newnham, Australia COMMISSION 2: PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Steven Frank, USA COMMISSION 3: SPATIAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Yerach Doytsher, Israel COMMISSION 4: HYDROGRAPHY Michael Sutherland, Canada/Trinidad and Tobago COMMISSION 5: POSITIONING & MEASUREMENT Mikael Lilje, Sweden COMMISSION 6: ENGINEERING SURVEYS Gethin W. Roberts, United Kingdom COMMISSION 7: CADASTRE & LAND MANAGEMENT Daniel Roberge, Canada COMMISSION 8: SPATIAL PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT Wafula Nabutola, Kenya COMMISSION 9: VALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF REAL ESTATE Frances Plimmer, United Kingdom COMMISSION 10: CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Robert Šinkner, Czech Republic FIG OFFICE Louise Friis-Hansen, office manager Markku Villikka, FIG director International Federation of Surveyors, FIG Kalvebod Brygge 31-33 DK-1780 Copenhagen V, Denmark Tel + 45 3886 1081 Fax + 45 3886 0252 Email: fig@fig.net Website: www.fig.net
Reflections on the World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty 2013 The annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty was held at the Bank’s headquarters in Washington DC, USA, in April 2013. From the presentations during the closing sessions, one got the impression that the land issue really is on the political agenda now. High-level politicians and decision-makers have come to understand that sustainable and transparent land administration does support poverty alleviation, access to food and sustainable development. FIG president CheeHai Teo clearly stated that while the role of the surveyor is of a technical nature, it is also highly people-centric. Land administration is all about the relationship between people and land, and the key challenge for the profession is to continue contributing towards betterment in the land sector with appropriate, applicable and affordable approaches and technologies. As a federation of national professional organisations with a network of academic and research institutions, government agencies and commercial entities, FIG fosters an environment in which the ‘global’ can cascade down to the ‘local’, and likewise the ‘local’ can reach out to the ‘global’. FAO’s comprehensive Voluntary Guidelines have now reached the implementation stage. Surveying professionals will have to support the implementation, especially at country level, to improve land administration. FIG and its members have to put in place, along with sister organisations and partners, a programme for capacity
The profession can make a valuable contribution to ending poverty.
development in survey, mapping and land information management, land administration and the continuum of land rights with an initial focus on Africa. These efforts will be critical in the quest to improve land governance. FIG knows that these collaborative efforts to improve land governance require that the profession does not complicate further that which is already complex. Rather, the profession has to bring forth solutions, and this requires a change in attitude. Complex, oversubscribed survey and measurement and collection of legal/administrative data has yet to bring about widespread improvement in cadastral coverage in many countries. In this regard, and looking ahead, we have to continue to sustain efforts to improve land governance through the development of fit-for-purpose tools, approaches and solutions and contribute to the development of appropriate tools such as GLTN’s
STDM or Gender Evaluation Criteria, for instance – tools and approaches with incremental technological sophistication, robustness and accuracies. There were a number of references to survey and mapping during the conference in Washington. The advances in number, types and capacities of platforms and sensors together with volunteered information provide a spectrum of possibilities and opportunities. Survey and mapping professionals can offer a broad range of solutions and approaches depending on the purposes – which may vary from region to region.
MORE INFORMATION www.fig.net
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Taking mapping to new heights. Fly high with the Eagle f210. The UltraCam Eagle now features an exchangeable 210mm lens s\stem that allows \ou to Á\ high altitude missions and still capture the same high resolution, geometrically accurate PAN imagery you’ve come to expect from UltraCam technology. No need to be concerned about the increased atmosphere the superb signal to noise ratio of the UltraCam Eagle f 210 allows for an exceptionally high image dynamic that allows for correction of color shifts caused by atmosphere, ha]e, hotspots, and other artifacts using the UltraMap workÁow software. Meanwhile, the small Àeld of view of this new lens minimi]es lean for tall buildings while still allowing full utilization of the Eagle 20,010 pixel swath width for ortho image production. Occlusions are minimal even for narrow streets or alleys! Create Orthos, Digital Surface Models & Point Clouds with UltraMap 3.0. The superb geometry and best in class radiometry of the UltraCam Eagle f210 naturally also beneÀt the downstream data processing in UltraMap. AT results are outstanding and through Dense Matcher and OrthoPipeline modules new to v3.0, UltraCam data from any height can be leveraged to rapidly and automatically create high density point clouds, digital surface models, and DSM/DTM based orthomosaics.
Visit www.UltraCamEagle.com for details.
No 2367
©2013 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, UltraCam, UltraMap and UltraCam Eagle are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
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GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ASSOCIATION GSDI
GSDI
Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association
PRESIDENT David Coleman, Canada PAST PRESIDENT Abbas Rajabifard, Australia PRESIDENT ELECT David Lovell, Belgium EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Harlan Onsrud, USA SECRETARY Alan Stevens, USA TREASURER Marilyn Gallant, USA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President, president elect and past president GSDI STANDING COMMITTEES 1) LEGAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC Chair: Bastiaan van Loenen, The Netherlands Vice-chair: Katleen Janssen, Belgium 2) TECHNICAL Chair: Erick Van Praag, Venezuela Arup Dasgupta, India Chris Holmes, USA Doug Nebert, USA Mick Wilson, Kenya 3) OUTREACH AND MEMBERSHIP Chair: Mark Reichardt, USA Vice-Chair (Communications): Roger Longhorn, Belgium Vice-Chair Africa: Sives Govender, South Africa Vice-Chair Americas: Nancy Aguirre, Colombia Vice-chair Asia Pacific: Tien-Yin (Jimmy) Chou, Chinese Taipei Vice-Chair Europe: Joep Crompvoets, Belgium Vice-Chair Middle East: Khalid Al-Haidan, Bahrain 4) SOCIETAL IMPACTS Chair: Carmelle Terborgh, USA Juna Papajorgji, USA Jeremy Shen, Chinese Taipei Brigitta Urban-Mathieux, USA International Geospatial Society President: Mabel Alvarez, Argentina
GSDI OFFICE GSDI Association Attention: Marilyn Gallant, Business Manager 946 Great Plain Avenue, PMB-194 Needham, MA 02492-3030, USA www.gsdi.org
Join GSDI and EIS-Africa in Addis Ababa in November 2013 Preparations are well underway for the AfricaGIS 2013 and GSDI World Conference (GSDI 14) and exhibition which will take place jointly at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) Convention Centre in ‘Africa’s political capital’ of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 4 to 8 November 2013. The shared theme for this event is ‘Spatial Enablement in Support of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction’. The GSDI Association has a valuable tradition of organising its events with respected local partners. Continuing in this vein, it is partnering with EIS-Africa – organiser of the biennial AfricaGIS conference – as well as the University of Addis Ababa and the United National Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) for this highly anticipated geospatial occasion in November. Sives Govender, executive director of EIS-Africa, explains: “EIS-Africa is a pan-African non-profit organisation which has for the past two decades been promoting the use of geospatial science and technology through the use of spatial data infrastructures to support sustainable development. EIS-Africa has been the primary organiser of the AfricaGIS conference and exhibition since 1993; this year marks the 20th anniversary of what has evolved from initially being ‘an idea for a workshop’ into Africa’s premier geospatial event. Fittingly, this edition of AfricaGIS will partner with the GSDI Association to undoubtedly elevate AfricaGIS 2013 to greater heights and success in building Africa’s geospatial and
Addis Ababa seen from a SPOT satellite.
spatial data infrastructure capacity and networks.” GSDI president David Coleman continues: “This conference will provide the leading opportunity in 2013 to discuss issues in the design and development of spatial data infrastructures and to explore innovative approaches for spatially enabling companies, governments and individual citizens. From national and international agency perspectives to local grassroots initiatives, this conference brings together specialists, practitioners and decision-makers from around the world who employ and develop spatial applications, technologies and databases.” Founded in 1886, Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, a country renowned for the way in which ancient historical traditions have been preserved and honoured. Addis Ababa is also the home of the African Union and its Commission,
the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, and the Addis Ababa University which was established in 1950. The city’s Bole International Airport is a hub for many international destinations, and the airport is located just a short distance from all major hotels and conference venues in Addis Ababa’s central business district. The GSDI Association and EIS-Africa together with Addis Ababa University and UNECA will ensure that the conference will bring together, all under one roof, both global and local experts, students, professionals, researchers and policy-makers in November 2013 for an event not to be missed.
MORE INFORMATION www.gsdi.org www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi14 www.eis-africa.org
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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY IAG
The mission of the Association is the advancement of geodesy. IAG implements its mission by: - advancing geodetic theory through research and teaching, - collecting, analysing and modelling observational data, - stimulating technological development, and - providing a consistent representation of the figure, rotation and gravity field of the Earth and planets, and their temporal variations. IAG EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2011 - 2015
President: Chris Rizos, c.rizos@unsw.edu.au Vice-President: Harald Schuh, harald.schuh@tuwien.ac.at Secretary General: Hermann Drewes, iag@dgfi.badw.de Immediate Past President: Michael Sideris, sideris@ucalgary.ca President of Commission 1 Reference Frames: Tonie van Dam, tonie.vandam@uni.lu President of Commission 2 Gravity Field: Urs Marti, urs.marti@swisstopo.ch President of Commission 3 Rotation & Geodynamics: Richard Gross, richard.gross@jpl.nasa.gov President of Commission 4 Positioning & Applications: Dorota Brzezinska, dbrzezinska@osu.edu Chair of Global Geodetic Observing Systems (GGOS): Hansjörg Kutterer, hansjoerg.kutterer@bkg.bund.de President of Communication & Outreach Branch (COB): József Ádam, jadam@sci.fgt.bme.hu Representatives of the Services: Riccardo Barzaghi, riccardo.barzaghi@polimi.it Tom Herring, tah@mit.edu Ruth Neilan, ruth.e.neilan@jpl.nasa.gov Members at large: Claudio Brunini, claudiobrunini@yahoo.com Richard Wonnacott, rwonnacott@gmail.com President of the ICC on Theory: Nico Sneeuw, sneeuw@gis.uni-stuttgart.de Assistant Secretary: Helmut Hornik, hornik@dgfi.badw.de
Since the predecessor of the IAG, the ‘Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung’, was established back in 1862, IAG is celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2012. Celebrations will climax in September 2013 at the IAG Scientific Assembly in Potsdam, Germany. This location is particularly significant since the first ever meeting, in April 1862, was organised by General Baeyer, as representative of the Kingdom of Prussia, in Berlin. The participants were several geodesists from the Kingdom of Saxony and the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.
Anniversary Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy In 1862, the Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer initiated the Central European Arc Measurement (‘Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung’) project. By the end of that year, 15 countries had affirmed their participation, and in 1864 the first General Conference was held in Berlin. In 1870, the Prussian Geodetic Institute was established and entrusted with the operation of the Central Bureau. General Baeyer’s project is considered the forerunner to today’s International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IAG will celebrate its 150th anniversary with a Scientific Assembly in Potsdam from 1 to 6 September 2013. The IAG is a foundation association of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), established in 1919. The local organisation of the Assembly is being undertaken by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), scientific successor of the Geodetic Institute, located 30km from Berlin in Potsdam. Potsdam is undoubtedly one of Germany’s most beautiful cities with a magnificent diversity of architectural monuments and gardens, and it offers a fascinating range of attractions such as the Babelsberg Filmpark and boat tours on the Havel River. Potsdam’s key attractions are the Sanssouci Palace, summer residence of King Frederick II, and Cecilienhof Palace, venue of the 1945 Potsdam Conference. Hundreds of scientists from all over the world are expected to attend the Assembly. The scientific sessions will be held in the 4-star Hotel
Sanssouci Palace, Potsdam. Telegrafenberg in Potsdam at the end of the 19th century.
Telegrafenberg in Potsdam today.
Dorint Sanssouci in Potsdam. An exciting programme of presentations will highlight the contributions of modern geodesy to science and society, based around the following themes: • Definition, Implementation and Scientific Applications of Reference Frames • Gravity Field Determination and Applications • Observing, Understanding and Assessing Earth Hazards • Science and Applications of Earth Rotation and Dynamics • Observation Systems and Services • Imaging & Positioning Techniques and Applications
A session on IAG’s history will be followed by a walk through the historic buildings at Telegrafenberg, site of the previous Geodetic Institute and today’s GFZ.
MORE INFORMATION www.iag-aig.org
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When accurate enough is not enough
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No 2361
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8th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGITAL EARTH 26 - 29 August 2013 Borneo Convention Centre Kuching, Sarawak
Transforming Knowledge into Sustainable Practice
Do not miss the opportunity to be part of 8th International Symposium on Digital Earth! The theme for the symposium is “Transforming Knowledge into Sustainable Practice”. This syymp posium expe p cts to attract more than 800 dellegates. TTh he scien i tifi ific programme wililll consiist off kkeynote sessions, i concurrent sessions, poster sessions, workshops and forums. We have a varied, interesting scientifically based programme. Scie Sc ient ntifi ificc Pr Prog ogra ramm mme e is div divid ided ed iint nto o 15 the theme mes: s:
All accepted papers will be published online in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science with high visibility and indexed in Scopus, EI Compendex and Inspec. Selected papers will be invited for review for special issue in International Journal Digital Earth, Indexed in SCI – Expanded, with impact factor 1.803 (2011)
1. Digital Earth Vision and Innovation 2. Earth Observation Technologies 3. ICT Technologies (including Spatial Data Infrastructures) 4. Empowering the Community, Engaging Society 5. Digital City and Green Cities 6. Dig Digita itall Heri Heritag tage e 7. Population Growth and Infrastructure Development 8. Adapting to Global and Climate Change 9. Empowering the Community 10. Land and Water Management 11. Early Warning, Emergency Management and National Security 12. Mining, g Energy gy and Resources Developme p nt 13. Natural Resource Management and Agriculture 14. Health and Biodiversity 15. Marine and Coastal Environments
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We look forward to yo y ur par p ticipa p tion in 8th International Symp y posium on Dig gital Earth!
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15 Keynote Speakers from 13 Countries 5 Concurrent Sessions
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Visit us at
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www.isde2013kuching.com
Contact us at : ISDE 2013 Symposium Secretariat c/o AOS CONVENTIONS & EVENTS SDN BHD (Member of AOS Tours & Travel) Addres Add resss : No. 39 39 & 40, Jala Jalan n Mama Mamanda nda 9 9, Ampan Ampang g Poin Pointt, 680 68000 00 Amp Ampang ang, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Phone : +603.4252.9100 Fax : +603.4257.1133 Email: isde2013@aosconventions.com
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INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION ICA
EXECUTIVE MEMBERS
PRESIDENT Georg Gartner, TU Wien, Austria SECRETARY-GENERAL & TREASURER Laszlo Zentai, Eotvos University, Hungary VICE-PRESIDENTS Derek Clarke, Surveys and Mapping, South Africa Menno-Jan Kraak, ITC, The Netherlands Sukendra Martha, Bakosurtanal, Indonesia Paulo Menezes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Anne Ruas, IFSTTAR, France Tim Trainor, Census Bureau, USA Liu Yaolin, Wuhan University, China PAST-PRESIDENT William Cartwright, RMIT University, Australia EDITOR ICA NEWS Igor Drecki, University of Auckland, New Zealand COMMISSION CHAIRS Cognitive Visualisation sara.fabrikant@geo.uzh.ch Map Design kfield@esri.com Art & Cartography scaquard@gmail.com History of Cartography elri@worldonline.co.za Map Projections mlapaine@geof.hr Theoretical Cartography qydu@whu.edu.cn Data Quality chenxy@ecit.cn Atlases peter.jordan@oeaw.ac.at Mapping from Remote Sensor Imagery xyang@fsu.edu Geospatial Analysis and Modeling bin.jiang@hig.se Geovisualisation gennady.andrienko@iais.fraunhofer.de Maps and the Internet rcammack@mail.unomaha.edu Ubiquitous Cartography arikawa@csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp Digital Technologies in Cartographic Heritage livier@topo.auth.gr Open Source Geospatial Technologies suchith.anand@nottingham.ac.uk Generalisation and Multiple Representation dirk.burghardt@tu-dresden.de Planetary Cartography hhargitai@gmail.com Mountain Cartography karel.kriz@univie.ac.at Neocartography s.l.chilton@mdx.ac.uk Maps and Graphics for Blind and Partially Sighted People acoll@utem.cl Maps and Society chris.perkins@manchester.ac.uk Use and User Issues elzakker@itc.nl Cartography and Children jesus@map.elte.hu Education and Training dave.fairbairn@newcastle.ac.uk GI for Sustainability vstikunov@yandex.ru Map Production and Geobusiness philippe.demaeyer@ugent.be Cartography in Early Warning and Crises Management undatra@yahoo.com Geoinformation Infrastructures and Standards acooper@csir.co.za GIM CORRESPONDENT David Fairbairn, Newcastle University, UK
Exhibiting Our World The biennial International Cartographic Conference is characterised by a host of activities and events in addition to the main presented sessions in the conference rooms. Keynotes and parallel sessions are a major part of the conference programmes, but many other scheduled activities are incorporated, along with events which are worthy of attendance at any time during the week. Among the latter are the exhibitions, long associated with these occasions, which offer the best of cartography to the world. A technical exhibition is one highlight, as is the presentation of maps and atlases sourced from all over the world for the International Cartographic Exhibition. This exhibition is always a spectacular demonstration of the skill, endeavour and creativity of cartographers across the globe. In 2011, at the Paris ICC, an excellent setting in the centre of the main foyer in the Palais des Congrès saw 35 countries display over 600 map and atlas items between them. One of the benefits of affiliate membership of ICA for commercial companies and educational institutions is that they also can exhibit mapping products at each ICC. Conference participants receive a fully descriptive catalogue of the International Cartographic Exhibition, which was available in Paris in both digital and hardcopy format. The catalogue is a record of achievement in the field of world cartography with details of scale, publisher, dimensions, language, media, description and other information for each exhibit. The digital nature of contemporary cartographic products is also reflected in the possibilities of
Front cover of the 140-page catalogue produced by the organisers of the Paris 2011 ICC.
showing dynamic and moviebased mapping in an effective manner. The exhibition is judged by an international jury of cartographic experts and a series of prizes are awarded for the best maps on display. For the past three ICCs, the jury has operated under the distinguished leadership of Corné van Elzakker (The Netherlands) who has ensured that the highest quality of cartographic output was recognised and rewarded. The prize winners contribute to the regular ‘Map of the Month’ feature on the ICA website, yielding further publicity for the best maps.
The Dresden ICC in August this year will continue the impressive sequence of International Cartographic Exhibitions, in the stunning setting of the International Congress Center Dresden. National cartographic committees will be selecting maps to represent the best of cartography in their own countries over the course of the next few weeks. One thing is for sure: the quality will be high, and the experience of viewing the exhibition should not be missed.
MORE INFORMATION www.icaci.org
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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING ISPRS
ISPRS COUNCIL 2012 – 2016
ISPRS Student Consortium
CHEN JUN PRESIDENT National Geomatics Centre of China 28 Lianhuachixi Road Haidian District, Beijing 100830, PR CHINA Email: chenjun@nsdi.gov.cn
CHRISTIAN HEIPKE SECRETARY GENERAL Leibniz Universität Hannover Insitut für Photogrammetrie und GeoInformation (IPI) Nienburger Str. 1, 30167 Hannover, GERMANY Email: isprs-sg@ipi.uni-hannover.de
ORHAN ALTAN 1ST VICE PRESIDENT Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Geomatic Engineering 34469 Ayazaga-Istanbul, TURKEY Email: oaltan@itu.edu.tr
MARGUERITE MADDEN 2ND VICE PRESIDENT Center for Geospatial Research (CGR) Department of Geography The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602-2305, USA Email: mmadden@uga.edu
LENA HALOUNOVA CONGRESS DIRECTOR Czech Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering RS Laboratory Thakurova 7 166 29 Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC Email: Lena.Halounova@fsv.cvut.cz
JON MILLS TREASURER School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UNITED KINGDOM Email: jon.mills@ncl.ac.uk
ISPRS HEADQUARTERS see address of secretary general
Participants of the SC Summer School.
The ISPRS Student Consortium (SC) represents the organisation’s main student and research body. Participants share the same interest in photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences. SC provides a platform for exchange of information, organises studentspecific events and other initiatives that integrate students and youngsters more effectively into ISPRS activities. Since its foundation in 2004, the Student Consortium has been acting within ISPRS WG VI/5, which is responsible for the link between SC and the rest of ISPRS. During its first year, the SC started from the ground up to create an organisation which is stable yet flexible. The organisational structure of the SC consists of six board members responsible for the continuity of SC activities, national coordinators and SC members. The SC welcomes members from around the globe, and has built up a strong network of more than 800 members from 87 countries. The two most visible activities of the SC are the regular organisation of Summer Schools and the publication of its own newsletter. Summer
Front cover of the SC newsletter.
Schools are held at least once per year in different locations to support regional and national activities. Lecturers attend from all over the world to discuss various topics related to remote sensing, photogrammetry and GIS. Most recently, the 8th ISPRS SC Summer School took place in late 2012 in Thailand. The SC Newsletter is already a well-established bulletin. It is published four times per year and aimed at informing SC members about the profession’s varied and interesting topics. Its content includes valuable research findings from students, interviews with prominent people involved with the society, insights into various international projects, and short reports from the events visited by SC members. It also provides useful information about international
study programmes and exchange possibilities, scholarships, web tutorials, etc. Both the most recent issues of the SC Newsletter and previous Summer School material and tutorials are freely accessible on the website www.isprs-sc.org. SC also aims at enabling stronger participation of youngsters in ISPRS events by offering low registration fees, scholarships, etc., and is working to improve co-operation with similar international student organisations. For details of how to join, visit www.isprs-sc.org. Urša Kanjir SC Chair
MORE INFORMATION www.isprs.org
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o t k c i Cl-INTERNATIONAL.COM
GIM
AGENDA
for mnotrse eve
Future events MAY FIG Working Week Abuja, Nigeria from 06-10 May For more information: W: www.fig.net/fig2013 8th Annual International Symposium on Environment Athens, Greece from 13-16 May For more information: E: atiner@atiner.gr W: www.atiner.gr/environment.htm Geospatial World Forum 2013 Rotterdam, The Netherlands from 13-16 May For more information: E: info@geospatialworldforum..org W: www.geospatialworldforum.org
ISPRS Hannover Workshop Hannover, Germany from 21-24 May For more information: E: secretariat@ipi.uni-hannover.de W: www.isprs.org Oracle Spatial and Graph User Conference Washington, DC, USA On 22 May 2013
For more information: E: info@locationintelligence.net W: www.locationintelligence.net/ dc/#oracle JUNE HxGN LIVE Las Vegas, NV, USA from 03-06 June For more information: E: contactus@hexagonconference.com W: http://conference.hexagon.com/
33rd EARSeL Symposium 2012 Matera, Italy from 03-06 June For more information: E: secretariat@earsel.org W: www.earsel.org/symposia/2013-symposium-Matera/index.php 13th SGEM GeoConference and Expo Albena, Bulgaria from 16-22 June For more information: E: sgem@sgem.org W: www.sgem.org MundoGEO#Connect LatinAmerica 2013 São Paulo, Brasil
from 18-20 June For more information: E: imprensa@mundogeo.com RIEGL LIDAR 2013 Vienna, Austria from 25-27 June For more information: E: userconference2013@rieglusa.com W: www.riegllidar.com 3rd Imaging and Lidar Solutions Conference (ILSC) 2013 Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 25-27 June For more information: E: conference@optech.com W: www.optech.ca
Calendar Notices Please send notices at least 3 months before the event date to: Trea Fledderus, marketing assistant, email: trea.fledderus@geomares.nl For extended information on the shows mentioned on this page, see our website: www.gim-international.com.
ADVERTISERS INDEX 8th ISDE 2013, isde2013kuching.com CHC, www.chcnav.com Effigis, www.effigis.com Esri, www.esri.com Fagerman Technologies - Lidar USA, www.lidarusa.com FOIF Co. Ltd., www.foif.com.cn Geo-allen, www.geoallen.com Hi-Target Surveying, www.zhdgps.com/en KCS TraceMe, www.traceme.tv Kolida Instrument, www.kolidainstrument.com KQ Geo Technologies, www.kanq.com.cn Leica Geosystems, www.leica-geosystems.com Microsoft, www.microsoft.com/ultracam Netcad, www.netcad.com.tr
44 10 44 22 27 28 46 20 50 48 38 8 2, 40 11
Nikon, www.nikonpositioning.com Pacific Crest, www.pacificcrest.com Phase One, aerial.phaseone.com Racurs, www.racurs.ru RIEGL, www.riegl.com Sanding, www.sandinginstrument.com SimActive, www.simactive.com SOUTH Surveying, www.southsurvey.com SuperGeo, www.supergeotek.com TI Asahi Co. Ltd., www.pentaxsurveying.com/en Trimble Navigation, www.trimble.com Ushikata, www.ushikata.co.jp Xiamen Geo-Tech, www.geotech-cn.com
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GIM0513_Cover 52
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