ACT.10: COLLABORATIVE ASSIGNMENT 2 – VALIDATING KNOWLEDGE”
NATIONAL OPEN AND DISTANCE UNIVERSITY (UNAD)
Marelyn Julliet Almeida Cavanzo C.C. 1.096.227.204 Yenny Marleny Tellez Sierra C.C .1.095.485.219 Carmen Lucia Parra Carrillo C.C 1094264617
Tutor(a) Holbel Mendez
COLOMBIA 27 may of 2014
INTRODUCTION.
During the study of the first and second unit features language course, has understood that need grammar and verbal language structures to supplement a conversation, text, among other forms of communication verbal or verbal. Explore in this case, the unit 2 to choose a chapter, which will be a test for chapter 7: phrasal structure and verb complementation, where is analyzed and explains the structures and complementation word in the sentence adverb, also study on sentence and other linguistic structures modern English language.
Activity description.
1. Imagine you are talking to a friend (in person or on the telephone). Give a brief description of your course and its main concepts. DIALOGUE 1:
Leonardo and Me.
Leonardo: Hi Dear Me: Hello. Leonardo: How are you? Me: Fine and you? Leonardo: so so, because I don‟t understand about SUBJECT AND PREDICATE in English, Do you understand? Me: yes, of course, you need help, it‟s don‟t difficult the subject is defined as the topic Which is about spoken and the predicate is defined as the action, which is said about the subject . Leonardo: ¡Ohh!.. Thank you so much. Me: You‟re welcome. Leonardo: I am going, I need study more about it. Me: yes , please open it link, you will find good information: http://66.165.175.253/campus06_20141/file.php/34/Language_Functions_in_Engli sh.pdf. Leonardo: Thank you, see you later, good bye dear..
Me: good bye, take care . Leonardo: Bye, take care too.
DIALOGUE 2:
SARA AND ME ME: hello Sara, how are you? SARA: Well Carmen and you? ME: Well, thank you. Today I want to tell you about the course called “Language forms and functions" SARA: o.k. Carmen, tell ME: You know how to construct sentences in English? SARA: No, explain ME: The structure of affirmative sentences in English is: Subject + Verb + Noun, Adjective or Subject + Verb + Direct Object. I am very happy. For example, in the sentence I lived in Spain. I (is the Subject) + Lived (it is the verb) + in Spain (direct object). I mean? SARA: Of course. Now I want to know how negative sentences in English form? ME: The structure of negative sentences in English is: Subject + Auxiliary verb (To do) + negative + main + Name Auxiliary Verb, Adjective or Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Direct denial Object. I am not very happy. To negations with verbs (Be / be) "To Be” and (Have) "have" "have got" does not need an additional assistant.
The structure is: subject + auxiliary verb + negative + noun, adjective. I am not very happy today. I'm not very happy today. SARA: It's a good explanation, now I want to know, how do you ask questions? ME: Use a helper and placed before the subject. Is given as follows: Auxiliary verb (“To do ") + subject + main verb + name, adjective...? Or Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Direct Object? Do you like this pizza? Do = auxiliary, you = Subject, verb = like this pizza = direct object. SARA: Thank you Carmen for the explanations. I want to learn more about the English language. ME: Sure friend, now I'm going to talk about the lessons adverbs. The adverb is a part of speech whose main function is to modify or supplement the meaning of the verb, adjective or another adverb. The teacher speaks slowly / the teacher speaks slowly. The ADVERBS CLASSES are: - So, express how an action is performed. Most often end in -ly. Careful – carefully, easy - Easily, etc., although there are exceptions, well, aloud (out loud), etc. . . . - In place. Indicate where an action is performed: around (about), far, near, there here, etc. . . . - In time. Indicate when an action takes place: again, at first, before, soon, late, etc. . . . - For frequency: always, far frequently (often), never, sometimes, etc.: Indicate frequency with which an action is performed. - In quantity. Express the amount of something: little, much, very (very much), too, etc. . . . - For question. They are used for questions: when? Where?, Why?, How? Etc. . . . - Relative: when (time), where, why - Ordinal: Firstly, secondly, etc. . . . - De degree or intensity. Indicate the intensity with which the action is performed: completely, extremely, greatly, etc. . . . - De chance: maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably, etc. . . . - For statement: Certainly, naturally, of course, surely, etc. . . . - In denial: no, not never (ever), not at all (at all) Sara Do you understand?
SARA: Yes, with the examples you learn best. ME: Now, let me talk about the auxiliary verbs, also called helper verbs used with a main verb to believe compound verbal forms. Auxiliary verbs can be followed by one, two, three other verbs. Auxiliary verbs are used to form questions and affirmative and negative sentences. SARA: o.k. What are they? ME: 1 OJ & DID. Present simple is used in negative and interrogative. In past times 'do' becomes ' did' and does not change in the third person. I walk, I do not walk, and do I walk? . 2 SHOULD ' should' is used with the main verb to make suggestions and tell what a person should do. I should call Sylvia; I should not call Sylvia, Sylvia should I call? 3. WOULD “would" is used when you want to say something on probation. I would call Sylvia; I would not call Sylvia, Sylvia would I call? TO HAVE: 'Have ' is the auxiliary verb we use to create sentences in present perfect. In past we use the past perfect of ' have' - ' had „. I have seen, I have not seen, have I seen? . 5 TO BE: "To be” is essential to form the present continuous, past continuous and passive voice. I'm coming, I'm not coming, Am I coming? SARA: Helping thank you very much for all the explanations, I really liked the English and want to continue learning. ME: Always order to Sara, I'm glad you understand, bye. SARA: bye
MAIN CONCEPTS: The functions of language course, the main importance occupying the language in verbal and nonverbal communication of humans highlights for this purpose in this course, subject and predicate, phrasal structure and verb complementation, they are studied whether the grammatical structure of English as a foreign language. SUBJECT: As the topic, and actor or that is spoken about. PREDICATE: As the comment, the action, or that which is said about the subject; it‟s says something true or false about the subject.
2. Write an essay based on the second unit of the course contents (choose any chapter). Your essay has to be written in 2 pages and include a title page with the course identification, your full name and date. The name of this activity is “Collaborative assignment 2 – Validating knowledge” This test is developed taking into account the eighth chapter which speaks of the importance of auxiliary adverbs and sentence types: In the previous chapter, we discussed the required add-ons within the verb phrase. We now turn to the optional switches at both verbal and sentence level the sentence. These are called traditionally adverbs. Adverbial three different functions can be distinguished. Adverbial complement: The four most common types of attachments are adverbs of manner, time, place, and reason adverbs are optional modifiers. Traditionally, the verb is said to be amended, but are better understood as modifying verb together with their complements, we can call. Therefore, we will introduce our phrase structure grammar adverbs, complement is also the adverb prepositional phrase whose function is informationally complete an adverb meaning claiming that works as the core of an adverbial phrase; for example: "Far from Home" where the house is the complement of the adverb away. Adverbial disjoint: The second type is the disjoint adverbial adverbial. Traditionally, these are known as sentence adverbs. Denote the speaker's attitude to or opinion of the proposal,
expressing, for example, the title of representative of the truth or the way they speak. Adverbial conjunction: The third type is the adverbial conjunction. Traditionally, these known as conjunctive adverbs. Express textual relations, which serve to link the clauses; have no function in its own clause. For example when, while, where, as well etc. Functions pos verbal prepositional phrases: In phrase, in its rabid matchmaking mode is a subject complement referring back to his wife. In Sentence two in a growl is a prepositional complement of change, and the sentence of three in the United States is an adverbial modifier adjunct has changed. Is optional and therefore it can be omitted, the sentence is grammatical without it (the face of poverty has changed) generally, you can (but not always) moves to the beginning of the sentence (in the U.S., compared to the poverty has changed) expressing time, place, manner, or reason, answering the questions of "if”? , "where?”.Can occur in a separate preaching (which occurred in America, the pp in the first sentence is a complement of a prepositional verb, while the PP in the second sentence is an adverbial complement. The third sentence is ambiguous because the PP structurally can serve any of these functions. Here with his wife is a prepositional complement of the transitive structure (I exchanged a smile); skillfully is an adverbial complement to answer the questions how? And express the manner in which the mother played the piano; with an optional switch low-cut back is the direct object of a dress.
Auxiliary An auxiliary verb is some kind of morpheme tends to lack lexical content and its occurrence is more or less grammatical zed and typically expressed verbal categories , often aspect, mood and sometimes time, negative or voz.1verbo used to combine other as having and being. Also the compound tenses are formed with the auxiliary “have “. At this point, we have assumed that the word element of v is formed by the lexical verb in its basic form and nothing else. But just as there are specifies of the noun, there seems to specify verb. These are traditionally called " auxiliaries " , discussed in Chapter 5 include : primary auxiliary ( and should be ), dummy auxiliary do, and modal auxiliaries (will, can, must , may and must ) and as a number of auxiliary verbs and borderline equivalent . When considered as a kind of auxiliary words, we look at their special inflectional features (the "defective morphology” of manners not take - s in the third or have no finite forms) and its special distribution , the subject of a series of questions or emphatic markers the same. They cannot stand alone in a sentence; instead, there must be a current or main lexical verb that functions as team leader verb. Passive sentences: A passive sentence is one in which the verb has a special way (make passive voice) and which is interpreted as the syntactic subject has the same interpretation
to the patient in a similar sentence but with the active verb. The opposition between active voice and passive voice is only possible in languages with morph syntactic nominative-accusative alignment type (in the active voice ergative languages precludes antipassive voice). although it is possible to generate a passive sentence directly into the structure by adding just pass to the rule of sentence structure for aux, as we just did, a passive sentence is typically seen as directly related to its counterpart active-and not as an entirely different structure, since the choice of passive, as opposed to choosing any other support, affects the structure of the entire sentence.
Compared to the passive sentence active prayer as follows: ďƒ˜ The passive verb group contains the sequence be-in just before the main verb; ďƒ˜ The subject of the current sentence (the agent) is the object of the preposition for the end of the passive sentence; and ďƒ˜ The direct object of the active sentence is the subject of the passive sentence. Yes / no questions and negative sentences At this point, we considered only sentences are declarative and positive. We now turn to the negative and interrogative sentences; see that they can be treated together because they both refer to the same sequence of elements of the auxiliary. As with passive sentences, consider two types of sentences that are derived by processing of positive and corresponding declarative sentences. Ie, we are assuming that the judgments of the D structure are positive, declarative, and active; we have to make them negative, interrogative, and passive sentences in the surface transformations (that exchange, add or remove items, but do not fundamentally alter the meaning of the phrase). Generate sentences in this way allows us to show the relationship, for example between a declarative sentence and interrogative forms-both have the same structure D. The imperative mood: Is a grammatical mood, used to express commands, orders or requests taxativas? It is common in all the world's languages, including Indo-European languages which are usually performed by the verbal root morphemes naked without time. Although some languages like Latin, the imperative distinction between forms of this (bare root) and future forms (with suffixes.) In Spanish, the imperative is one of four finite modes of modern Spanish, together with the indication, the subjunctive and conditional. By its nature, the imperative is usually a defective form, ie, no forms to all persons and numbers. From D-structure to S-structure:
As we have now learned all the phrase structure rules except those accounting for complex sentences (see chapter 9) it is perhaps useful to review what these rules do. ďƒ˜ They tell us the following: ďƒ˜ The lexical categories of words; ďƒ˜ The order ef elements in D-structure; and
The hierarchical relationships of the categories (what is a constituent of what, what dominates what, and what modifies or is a complement of what) the lexicon gives all irregular or idiosyncratic information. We also need a set of lexical insertion rules which tell us to the appropriate word under the relevant phrase marker, the word of the proper class with the sub categorization properties required by the phrase marker. Because of the recursive nature of the phrase structure rules as well as the choices allowed by both the phrase structure rules and the lexicon, different applications of the finite set of phrase structure rules can produce an infinite number of surface strings. The phrase structure rules and the lexicon together form the base. The base derives deep or underlying structures, which are unambiguous and contain all meaning. Remember that the same D structure may have different surface manifestations and the same S structure (a structurally ambiguous string) will have more thant one D structure. These D structure sentences are active as opposed to passive, declarative as opposed to interrogative or imperative, and positive as opposed to negative; they are also simple as opposed to complex. such sentences are known as kernel sentences. then to produce passive, interrogative or imperative, or negative sentences, what is needed is another kind of rule, a transformation, which converts a D structure into an S-structure.
Chapter 7: Phrasal structure and verb complementation. In this chapter of the module, you can say that it is very important to study the structure of the sentence and the complementation of the verb, because this way you can build the correct sentence using different sequences, conducting English grammar, using different techniques to form the sentence. Subpart of the sentence, in this case proposes Constituents can analyze the parts of the sentence: - (Form) element types. - External (positioning in relation to other Constituents. - Funtions.
The contituent can be identified by the number of different constituent based test are manipulated by sintatic operantions maybe, replaced by pronouns. Possible relationship between the members of a constituent: - One-way dependency, or modifier-head. - Mutual dependency, other relationship: a. preposicion; complement (as, in on) b. adjetive; complement (as, in dear) c.verb; complement (as, in be) d.verb; object ( as in swin) In a sentence ordered rules are formed, which make the structure of the sentence , in this case can be represented as follows: A C
B+C D
The rule may also be depicted in the form of a tree diagram: A B
C
D - B and C are daugthers of A and they are sister of each one, A is refered to as a mother of B and C, opposed which is a nonbranching node. - Node immediately dominates nodes, there are no intervening nodes.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE: To represent by signs these concepts, we can say: S = sentence, Su = Sujet and pre = predicate. The subject is defined as the topic Which is about spoken . The predicate is defined as the action, which is said about the subject. To identify the subject:
1. Subject-auxiliary inversion (was [ the chocolate]) 2. The pronoum in the tag agrees with the subject in gender, number and person. The main element constituring the subject appears to be the noun with its accompanying modifiers. The predicate is generally what remains of a simple sentence after the subject is removed. The category of the predicate is thus the verb phrase. NOUN PHRASE: The noun (N) is the only obligatory element in the first seven expansions of NP below and serves as head; the other elements are all optional . The adjective (A) or adjective phrase (AP) precedes the N and the prepositional phrase (PP) follows the N; both serve as modifiers of the noun ( modifier of N), expressing a quality of the noun, answering the question. 1. Essay based on the chapter 9, Finite and Nonfinite clause
ď ś Topic: Finite and Nonfinite clause
ď ś Organization of ideas: Diagram:
Composition of the Thesis
Finite and Nonfinite Clause
A clause is a set of words that form a complete sense; includes a proposal or certain proposals closely related.
Finite Clauses
This chapter gives examples of sentences that include more than one lexical verb, which means that they are composed of more than one clause. Sentences that are part of another sentence, i.e. that have a function in that sentence, are often referred to as embedded clauses, and one clause is seen as subordinate to the other. Coordinated sentences are sentences where both clauses are of equal importance. This chapter provides the structure for both types of clauses, making use of the grammatical categories. Both types of constructions enable us to make very long sentences
Subtopics:
Sentences and Clauses The Functions of Clauses The structure: S' (pronounced: S-bar) Terminology
Non-Finite Clauses
The present chapter deals with non-finite sentences (or clauses), i.e. those that contain only con-finite verbs. Non-finite sentences can only function as parts of
another sentence; they are not considered well-formed sentences on their own in formal writing but as sentence fragments. The four kinds non-finite clauses and a review of the characteristics of non-finites and then, the functions that non-finite clauses have. Subtopics:
Non-finite Clauses The Functions of non-finites The Structure: S'? Coordinating Non-finites
Body of the Essay
Finite, are words that refer to the subject or object in a sentence can also be used with prepositions. No finite, are words used to replace the subject and information is added between commas. In this essay, it will discuss the acronym: VP means verb phrase.
These first contain 4 Subtopics, which consist in: 1) Sentences and Clauses: A clause contains one lexical verb. Hence, if there are two lexical verbs, there are two clauses. For instance, in the lexical verbs are noticed and like and hence, there are two clauses: the main clause (I should have noticed that Zelda does not like Zoltan) and the embedded one (Zelda does not like Zoltan). In both clauses have a VP containing a finite verb, namely, should and does (remember auxiliaries can be finite), but embedded sentences can be non-finite as well. 2) The Functions of Clauses: At sentence level, clauses function as subject, direct object, subject predicate, or adverbial. For instance, in (1) above, the clause functions as direct object; in (2), it is a subject; in (3), a subject
predicate; and in (4), an adverbial. The clauses are indicated by means of brackets: 1. [That she left] was nice. 2. The problem is [that she reads junk]. 3. He read books [because it was required]. 3) The structure: As mentioned, embedded sentences have complementizers that connect the embedded clause to another clause. The complementizer are functions to link the embedded sentence to the main clause, but can often be left out in English.
4) Terminology: Remember, clause and sentence are used interchangeably:
Sentence = main clause = independent clause = super ordinate clause. Clause = embedded clause = embedded sentence = dependent clause = subordinate clause. complementizer = subordinating conjunction coordinator = coordinating conjunction
Also note that a main clause always has to be finite, but an embedded clause can be finite or non-finite.
The second clause is No finite, contain 3 Subtopics, which consist in: 1) Non-finite Clauses: There are three kinds of non-finite clauses: their verb groups contain infinitives, present participles, or past participles. There are two types of infinitives: one with to, as in (1), and a bare one, without to, as in (2). The bare one occurs only after verbs such as make, see, hear and feel, but the to-infinitive occurs very frequently: 1. I expected him to go. 2. I made him leave.
Apart from infinitives, there are two other kinds of non-finite Verb Groups, usually referred to as participles: a present participle ending in -ing, as in (3), and a past participle ending in -ed or –en. 2) The Functions of non-finites: The functions of non-finite clauses are similar to those of finite ones. They function at sentence level as subject and direct object; adverbial and subject predicate: [Eating pancakes] is a pleasant thing. I love [eating pancakes]. He went there [to see them]. The problem is [to decide on what to eat] 3) Coordinating Non-finites: As is the case with finite clauses, non-finite clauses can be coordinated, where the coordinated present participles function as subject: Gossiping about Zelda and chewing gum is hard to do at the same time. The coordinated non-finites are the object to think; there are three coordinate clauses functioning as subject predicate.
CONCLUSIONS.
It can be concluded that the structure of the sentence and the complementation of the verb, it is necessary to take into account the grammar, Subject and predicate, verb and propositions.
For verbal communication is necessary to analyze the techniques and structures of words and sentence to generate an effective meaning of what is expressed.
Noting the module, we conclude that the language is made up of main techniques and forms, you can say it's like an imaginary system that is made up of ideas, specific configurations to form language.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Campus virtual ( course: language forms and functions)
Contents Units 2.
Homework individual from: Yenny Marleny Tellez Sierra
Homework individual from: Carmen Lucia Parra Carrillo