GeorgeParfitt BA ARCHITECTURE STAGE 2 - NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY15
PERSONALPROFILE Ability
Adobe: Photoshop InDesign Illustrator
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Autodesk: Revit AutoCAD 3DS Max Inventor Mircrosoft Platforms Sketch UP Drawing Modelling
Experience • • • • •
Name - George Parfitt Nationality - English Date of Birth - 18th January 1995 Education - Newcastle University Design Approach
I am a focused, determined and passionate individual, where efficiency and quality are the key philosophies that determine my approach to both work and design. My architectural related interests revolve around the relationship between sustainability and technology, and how their combination will produce the future of architecture.
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Stride Treglown Architects Hussey Seatway Engineering DB + Paul Building Surveying Miller Construction Crusader Windows
Revisited Work
RW Email
Georgeparfitt18@hotmail.co.uk
Number
07783 51304
“It had long come to my attention that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. They went out and happened to things” Leonardo Da Vinci
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PORTFOLIODIRECTORY Project Reflections Self Appraisal and Critique
Crossover
‘Arpeggio’ - Musical Stairs
Prospect and Refuge ‘Weight & Weightlessness’
Life on the Edge ‘Alius Foyer’
Placed, Displaced ‘Young House’
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Charette Project
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Non Design Modules
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‘Synaesthesia’
‘Place of Houses, Dissertation Studies...’
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LEARNINGSUMMARY “It is in the doing that the idea becomes” - Edmund Bacon
My architectural related interests have always been extremely strong and the medium of photography has played a key role in allowing me to analyse building design. Newcastle University has however introduced me to a new way of thinking, and a new way of ‘doing’. The majority of the work that is showcased throughout this portfolio appears to be produced more digitally in comparison to the Portfolio that I developed during the first year. However the method that I use to design, as can be seen in the Learning Journal [www.behance.net/georgeparfitt], is extremely different. Alternating back and forth between sketchbook (to record ideas) and tracing paper (drawing to scale), I develop design proposals to a level of detail that results in the computer only acting as a tool to represent the design realistically. “Efficiency is doing things right; effectiveness is doing the right things” - Peter Drucker Naturally, the speed which we work at increases as we become more experienced at practicing a specific task. However in order to achieve personal goals that I set myself for each project, I have began developing work-flows and various methods of working that I use to output a large quantity of work, within a reasonable amount of time, and then using this to increase a deeper understanding into the thought process behind the design as opposed to compromising it.
“Your best teacher is your last mistake” - Ralph Nader The tutors that have guided me through this year have been more than remarkable, offering their experience and expertise (even during irregular hours). I listen to, and take on board their suggestions, yet offer my critique when necessary. Second year has introduced me to the concept of dismantling building elements, applying brief related variables (sustainability, operation and so on), and then reassembling them to bring character and functionality to the design. I practice the theory of ‘predicting the future through creating it’ (Abraham Lincoln). A large portion of the concepts that enter into my design work originate not only from what I have learnt during the project, but also from time spent before, during (and even after) reading various architectural related books, articles and magazines. In addition, I am a consistent watcher of online TEDx Talks and have attended various public lectures within Newcastle. A recent lecture given at Northumbria University by Sir Terry Farrell highlighted the importance of sustainability and city making. “The way to protect our countryside is to make our towns more liveable” was one of his many memorable quotes that I took away from the lecture.
Prospect and Refuge Prospect and Refuge, as reinforced by the feedback, was arguably the strongest project of the year, with comments “excellent” and “very well done” applying to “strategy & development” and “conceptual integration of structure” respectively. I was however let down by my visual presentation, a theme that ran throughout the year. I believe my visual graphical abilities are adequate (which I hope this Portfolio proves), however my tendency to push design development right up until the end does not allow me to spend valuable time laying out my work in the order that it deserves. Life on the Edge This project was the most challenging of the year. The initial potential that I saw in the site that I chose (A) helped me to develop a highly functional plan, however I wasted too much time unnecessarily playing with form. On the other hand, the final resolution did prove to be effective, and the portfolio provides additional reasoning for various design elements, as the feedback requests. Placed, Displaced A short yet interesting project to begin the year. The small time frame to design and present meant that key concept diagrams were not put on the final presentation boards (although existed in sketch form). This is an amendment made for the Portfolio. Charette Project A great chance to meet and collaborate with experienced and new students.
Learning Journal
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Image of the set up to go here.
Small block of text explaining the project to go here
Plummers Chare, Newcastle
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A three week group project where Architecture and Engineering students collaborate to present a temporary installation proposal that revolves around the ‘spirit of busking’. The Chares (“in the dialect of the North East.. is a narrow medievil street or alley way”) of Newcastle were the available sites. The group agreed that Plummers Chare would be the optimum site for its vertical potential, which was indicated by the brief as being a key factor, based on the emphasis of communicating in section.
CR OS SOV E R ARGP
GGIO
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Contextual Pers
KEY 1 Arched Entrance 2 Penny Press 3 Upwards Journey 4 Shelter / Sound Deflectors 5 Busking Area 6 The Lift 7 Musical Stairs 8 The pipes
spective Section
1:500 Site Model
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Experiential model 1:200 Site Model 1:100 Facade Study Case
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Scan the following code using a smart-phone QR scanner for a direct link to the below video. It is also possible to do a search for ‘Plummers Chare - Arpeggio’ on Vimeo.com.
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Interactive iPad
Musical Stairs
Display
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Exploded Hydraulic Lift Diagram The dead weight of the lift is supported by a combination of the staircase weight and the increased force produced by the hydraulics. Visitors can walk on to the lift, release the break, and slowly descend to the ground.
Sir William George Armstrong 26th November 1810 - 27th December 1900 The first engineer to join the House of Lords, William Armstrong was an English Industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth company. Armstrong Whitworth & Co was located along the quayside (near to the site) and was the largest crane company in the world for a large period of time. The company utilised the use of hydraulics, which Armstrong pioneered. When Armstrong’s company was not arming warships, they were developing the mechanisms that would operate London’s Tower Bridge and Newcastle’s Swing Bridge. 16 | ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO
O P E N
C O M P R E S S E D
Modular Compressive Arch
Elastic bands are wrapped around the metal bars, tensioning the structure into the ‘open’ position, allowing it to be easily transported. The arch is then put under compression and slotted between the two narrow walls of the Chare, meaning there is no longer a requirement for fixings. ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO | 17
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Amble, Northumberland The building to be designed is a mixed use visitor, research and learning centre. Prospect and refuge, the phrase first postulated by Jay Appleton, suggests we are psychologically predisposed towards a landscape that affords us an extensive outlook (prospect) from a place of security (refuge). Therefore the key to this project was for the design, as well as the adjoining landscape proposal, to respond to the extreme environmental characteristics of the site by providing one or more places of experiential refuge.
P R OS PE CT AND R E F U G E WEIGHT
WEIGHTLESSNESS
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Primary, Historical and Market Access Route
Site Circulation
Covered Walkway
SiteChoreography
Refuge
A south-facing micro climate formed by the building acting as a wind shield can be used to watch projected movies.
Prospect
A shelter, sunk into the ground with 3600 views, is provided at the ‘pick up point’ for Coquet Island trips.
Refuge
Small adaptable huts located along the beach.
Prospect
A long ramp provides disabled beach access.
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ProspectRefugeSiteDelegation
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A BEACON OF LIGHT
Japanese Lanterns
Weightlessness
Weight
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Fig 2
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Fig 4
The structure of the building appears as if it is floating on the sea when viewed from a distance, similarly to the lanterns floating across the water. This can therefore be viewed as a physiological separation from land, fulfilling a similar role to that of a lantern, a ‘protector of evil’. This source of inspiration was carried through to the interior, with floating modules providing double, triple and quadruple height spaces.
PROJECTPROGRAMME Twin Phenomenon
Greek Temples
The buildings plinth is firmly set into the ground, offering the appearance of rigidity and longevity, similarly to the temples of Ancient Greece. The modules that slot into the frame are interchangeable and adaptable, whereas everything (services) within the plinth will remain the same throughout each life-cycle of the building.
Weight | Weightlessness
Footnotes: Temple of Concord - www.wanderingtrader.com
The Floating Lantern Ceremony - www.frontbehindtheopen.wordpress.com
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GLASS : POLYCARBONATE RATIO
- POLYCARBONATE
- GLASS
SPACE DISTRIBUTION
- VISITOR
- LEARNING
PUBLIC | PRIVATE SEPARATION
PUBLIC | PRIVATE SEPARATION
- CORE CIRCULATION
- THERMAL MASS
- PUBLIC CIRCULATION
- REGULATED BUFFER ZONE
- PRIVATE CIRCULATION
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GROUND FLOOR SCALE - 1:100 @ A3 1 - Atrium Lobby / Exhibition Space 2 - Reception 3 - Aquarium 4 - Office 5 - Boiler Room 6 - Storage 7 - Disabled Toilet 8 - Disabled Toilet 9 - Stair Core Width = 1100mm Risers = 165mm Goings = 250mm
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FIRST FLOOR SCALE - 1:100 @ A3 10 - Stair Core Width = 1100mm Risers = 165mm Goings = 250mm 11 - Open Reading 12 - Flexible Teaching Space 13 - Disabled Toilet 14 - Disabled Toilet
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SECOND FLOOR SCALE - 1:100 @ A3 15 - Stair Core Width = 1100mm Risers = 165mm Goings = 250mm 16 - Floating Walkway 17 - Shared Study Space 18 - Storage 19 - Seminar Room 20 - Seminar Storage 21- Seminar Room 22 - Seminar Storage 23 - Disabled Toilet 24 - Disabled Toilet
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THIRD FLOOR SCALE - 1:100 @ A3 25 - Stair Core Width = 1100mm Risers = 165mm Goings = 250mm 26 - Floating Walkway 27 - Walkway 28 - Study Cell A 29 - Study Cell B 30 - Study Cell C 31 - Study Cell D 32 - Lecture Theatre
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INTERMEDIATE FLOOR SCALE - 1:100 @ A3 35 - Stair Core Width = 1100mm Risers = 165mm Goings = 250mm 36 - Study Cell E 37 - Study Cell G 38 - Study Cell H 39 - Study Cell I [Plan shows top of lecture theatre]
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FOURTH FLOOR SCALE - 1:100 @ A3 35 - Stair Core Width = 1100mm Risers = 165mm Goings = 250mm 36 - Study Cell A 37 - Study Cell B 38 - Study Cell C 39 - Study Cell D
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STRUCTURALSOLUTION SiteInfluence
Floor Plate
The replicated floor plate forms the ceiling of the module, as well as the floor if another module is intended to be placed above.
Fig 1
Horizontal Sips Insulated horizontal ‘Structurally Insulated Panels’.
Steel Reinforcement Beams
To provide support and rigidity to the horizontal ‘SIPs’.
Glulam Beam
The modules are slotted into a Glulam frame. The beams and columns measure 450 x 120mm and 300 x 300mm respectively.
Fig 5 The historical site access route, also the main circulation route from the Sunday market, has been re-established, leading to the main entrance, allowing the building to benefit from south westerly winds (better ventilation for the stack affect).
Vertical SIPS
Insulated vertical ‘SIPs’ help to carry the load of the floor plate above and act as cross bracing to the Glulam frame. Fig 6 The braced structure was designed as a lightweight platform that could withstand the forces of nature in an exposed windy location. The original function behind the structure was allowing trains to reach out into areas where it is wet/ damp and deliver coal to boats. However my interpretation will be delivering people from one building (the accommodation of the Custom House) to another (the Research Centre) using the original access routes that trains would have followed (see aerial images above). Fig 7
The structure of Steilnheist (Peter Zumthor) acts as scaffolding, of which a fabric building is suspended from it. This influenced the modules slotting into the frame.
Fig 8
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SIPs Panel Breakdown
Floor Plate Configurations
Only four different floor plate configurations are required to alter the design. 4505.00
3520.00
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Plaster Internal Finish Timber sheathing board
Timber Sheathing Board
7795.43
Insulation board
50 x 50mm timber battens VM ZINC Cladding 1. Manufacture required plates
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2. Configure the plates
3. Drop on SIPs
4. Slot into the frame
MATERIALCONNECTION 1:10 Plan Detail
1:10 Section Detail
Module to frame
Module to frame
300 x 300mm Glulam column
120 x Beam
172mm Kingspan 'Tek System' Vertical Structurally Insulated Panel
300 x 300mm Glulam column
Steel Z Section 120 x 100mm Steel Reinforcement beams @ 600mm centres 120 x Beam
450mm
450mm
Glulam
172mm Kingspan 'Tek System' Vertical Structurally Insulated Panel
Glulam
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1) Natural Ventilation
South Westerly openings allow warm prevailing winds to aid the stack affect and provide natural ventilation throughout the building.
2) Locally Sourced Materials
All materials are sourced within a 100km radius. The stone is from nearby Northumberland quarry, whereas the timber is from Kielder Forrest.
3) Reduced North Elevation Glazing
Polycarbonate on the North facade has been prioritised, similarly to glass on the South, enabling better control of the buffer zone environment.
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4) 100% Recyclable Materials
All of the materials used for this building are 100% recyclable. Polycarbonate (Kingspan) - Recycle Timber - Re use Steel - Recycle Stone - Re use Concrete - Recycle
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5) Buffer Zone
The circulation space acts as a buffer zone to the individual modules.
6) Ground Source Heat Pump
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The large open space is used for the provision of a ground source heat pump.
7) Stacked Toilets
Reduction in travel distances for the services.
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8) Stack Affect Ventilation
Quadruple height stack ventilation uses south elevation solar gains to regulate the internal temperature and air flow.
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9) Thermal Mass
Concrete core and plinth act as a thermal mass for the buffer zone.
10) Individually Heated Modules
The cells are heated individually, resulting in reduced heating costs. In addition, their is more control over the temperatures of each module, allowing for a wider variety of use.
11) Wind Turbine
A very windy site makes the initial up front cost feasible. The increased wind speed on the corner of a building are taken advantage of.
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650mm
Sustainability | Flexibility | Adaptability
Modelled in Autodesk Inventor, the idea is for the seats to raise up and down as well as providing and interactive learning space where groups can discuss work.
Tables are suspended from a timber structure, which consist of four arms that open and close together using an electrical pulley system. Steel cables are structurally rigid enough to provide a stable tensile platform, yet wrap around the wheel that open and close the system.
“It is not the strongest... that survives, nor the most intelligent. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change” - Charles Darwin
System One - Raise the tables The steel wires act on a mechanical or electrical pulley system, and lift up all 16 tables at once. This provides an open space that can be used for interactive learning. System Two - Closing & Opening together The second system is the closing together and opening up of the arms to produce three different internal layouts. These three layouts allow students to work in small clusters, large groups or as a whole class Standardised Construction The system is symmetrical and therefore its key components are replicated parts. There are only 10 unique parts in total to create one of these systems.
Slider Detail
Closed - Group Work
This innovative lecture theatre seating system replaces traditional row benches with a ‘coffee shop’ style seat. It is based on a case study carried out by Loughborough University and provides the ability for students to engage in group work, thus offering a better teaching experience for the lecturers and a better learning experience for students. Half Open - Cluster Work
Open - Individual Work
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“...Offering double, triple and quadruple height spaces” 38 | ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO
- Page 23, Twin Phenomenon Concept
Visual Connection to the stairs upon entry
Glass Study Room Sliding Doors
Back - Row Lecture Theatre View
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Lime Street, Newcastle The project requires the resolution of programmatic and contextual challenges associated with designing a small housing scheme within the heart of Newcastle. Foyers are integrated learning and accommodation centres, offering training for young people aged 16 25.
L I FE O N THE E DG E ALIUS FOYER
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1 | Towards the site from above
2 | Towards the site from the footpath
3 | Moving Closer
4 | The site North
SITE PLAN SCALE - 1:500
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C
Methodical Arrangement of Space. The living space is positioned to take advantage of the south light and heat gains, whereas the workshop is position to the north, taking advantage of the indirect sunlight. The central circulation space divides both work and living, yet provides the fastest route to both.
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Remove unused space from existing Volume. Living space for tutor and guests accounts for a majority of the overall volume. This is to be located to the top of the site where privacy is advantageous and the views are enhanced.
Further Distribution of Space. The space has then been further distributed based on site analysis information. The guest living takes precedent over privacy. The tutors living has easy access to a majority of the building, yet maintains an enhanced level of privacy. The kitchen, dining and social space has the advantage of being on the southern side of the building. The gallery has views over the workshop. Circulation space is centralised and the workshop is positioned to the Northern part of the site, where indirect sunlight is a requirement.
Tutor and Guest private outdoor space is added. Two sheltered south facing private spaces for guest (bottom) and tutor (top).
Addition of the Saw Tooth Roof. The Victorian designed factory roof is added with respect to the surrounding architecture.
Modern Interpretation. A Modern twist is applied to the roof type to integrate it with the rest of the buildings form.
Privacy Facade. A structural element that links the workshop with the living space, whilst providing privacy and a thermal mass.
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10 - Dining Room 11 - Disabled Toilet 12 - Toilet 13 - Storage 14 - Kitchen 15 - Guest Exterior Space
BASEMENT GROUND FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
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5 - Hallway & Reading Space 6 - Workshop 7 - Reading Room 8 - TV Lounge 19 - Workshop 27 - Material Storage
BASEMENT FIRST FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
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1 - Entrance Lobby 2 - Disabled Toilet 3 - Housekeeping 4 - Laundry Room 21 - Tutors Open Plan Living 22 - Tutors Shower room and Toilet 23 - Child’s Bedroom 24 - Master Bedroom 25 - Tutor Exterior Space 26 - Material Off - Load
GROUND FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
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16 - Hallway (with seating) 17 - Guest Bedroom (typical) 18 - Guest En-suite
FIRST FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
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Thermal Mass Privacy Facade - Red = Solar Energy. - Increased Privicy to upper levels (more bars). - Form is representational of ‘singular and multiple forms’ concept. - Structural support for the cantilever
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Stack Affect Ventilation - Air Intake through shutter doors. - Heat produced by the workers, factory machinery and underfloor heating rises. - North Facing windows are open-able to release the heat.
Regeneration of Neighbouring Building to contain: - Bin and bike Storage. - Material Waste (Timber / Metal). - Biomass Boiler (uses material waste). - Water Wheel (hydro power used during the winter when solar energy is low and the Ouseburn river is high). - Solar Panel Storage Batteries. - Other Services.
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C This concept looks into how two styles can be used to create an interesting yet contrasting design, where the living and working space are clearly distinguishable. The contemporary half symbolically looks like it is pealing away from its exposed industrial core. This concept also increases the functionality of the workshop without compromising the form of the whole building. Concept - ‘Peeling Away to reveal the past’ Fig 8
Precedent - Daniel Liebskind Royal Ontario Museum, Torronto (Elliot Lewis Photography) 54 | ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO
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- Key Circulation Route
- Key Circulation Route
Site Circulation
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Circulation Core
Circulation
At the very beginning of the project, I studied how the biggest ‘thing’ ever known to exist (the universe) was formed from the smallest ‘thing’ ever known to exist (the atom). In the process of studying this, I looked into how everything on earth was either a solid, a liquid or a gas. I then allow this study to influence the design of my buildings and facade. The industrial half of the building is representational of the solid, whereas the ripples of the cantilever supports convert this into a liquid until finally it wraps around into a gas, which is visible from street level.
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C Concept
Precedent - Danish Red Cross Volunteer House Extension, Copenhagen
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Community Integration The idea behind this concept is to break down any social barriers between the guests and the general public by introducing an exterior seating solution. The stepped design is based on the precedent and synthesis that I had produced / collected earlier on in the project. The seat is made from in-situ concrete for longevity purposes. It also provides the possibility of a small central baroque without the risk of fire spreading.
Synthesis
Day Render
Night Render
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Materials: A natural theme of wood flooring, white wash walls and elements of exposed concrete has been used throughout the building. This is symbolic of a blank canvas for the guests, where they can begin to personalise the space that they are working and living in. Bright colours have been kept to a minimum, only making an appearance in the living and social spaces. This is done with respect to the guest age group - It is a Foyer, not a school. ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO | 61
STRUCTURALAXOMETRIC
Roof Structure + Zinc Standing Seam + Renewable Recourse. + Modern enhanced interpretation of traditional materials Saw and Tooth Roof Structure + Steel Truss + Fire proof coating + Reflects the traditional style of Victorian factories Cantilever Support Structure + Reinforced Concrete + Thinner floor thickness’s (less of a cantilever) + Provision of Privacy (Doubled where more privacy is Required) + Solar Shade Sub-Floor Structure + Pre-stressed Concrete Beams + Beam and Block - 4m Span @ 250mm (Ref: Architects Pocket Book) + F60 Fire rating + Concrete Mass absorbs and stores heat during the day, and radiates it back into the space at night. Retaining Wall + Cantilevered Construction + 400-500mm Reinforced Concrete
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Waldo Street, North Shields
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The project focuses on the spatial and volumetric planning and design of a small row (terrace) house, with the central idea being to generate, test and declare a range of possible alternatives within a given, fixed volume.
PL ACE D D I SPL A CED YOUNG HOUSE
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Red = Site 66 | ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO
LOCATIONANALYSIS The site is located slightly away from the main Borough Road. An abundant amount of road side parking is available in the area. A bus stop is also positioned at the top of Borough Road hill, less than a five minute walk away. Transport links into nearby town and city centres are also within walking distance. The North Shields Metro is located 0.6 miles away, which has links to both Newcastle and Sunderland. In addition, the North Shields to South Shields Ferry is located only 0.3 miles away. This provides many opportunities for a growing family similar to that of the clients. The life style and high salaries associated with city centre jobs can be achieved whilst living in a quieter, yet more desirable coastal location. A number of primary, secondary and learning difficulty schools are located within a ten minute bus journey from the site. Additionally Newcastle, Northumbria and Sunderland Universities are also located within a reasonable travel distance. This is key to a growing family with a young daughter. According the clients brief, the family have a strong interesting in cycling amongst many other outdoor activities. Kielder Water and Forrest Park is located within 55 miles (1.2 hour drive). Visiting sculptural art, cycling through the woodland or wakeboarding/ waterskiing on the lake is some of the many activities that can be done here. Additionally, Parks Leisure Centre, Tynemouth Surf Beach and Tynemouth Golf Course are a few more facilities for activities a lot closer to home.
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ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS Solar Position - N55O
Considering environmental factors such as the path of the sun is a key step to producing an environmentally friendly, yet functional building. The sun offers the ability to naturally light a dwelling throughout the day as well as offering a natural Model Section form of ventilation. In addition, the suns energy can be harnessed by the use of solar panels or passive heating. If these considerations are not applied accurately, the opposite effects can happen causing a building to rapidly over heat or to produce unwanted solar glare.
Temperature
Wind
Rainfall
Northern England, where North Shields is located, is very cold in comparison to Southern England, with yearly temperatures averaging 7-8 oC. This therefore means that the house should be designed in an environmentally friendly way, reducing the need to burn fossil fuels lessening the impact on the worlds environmental crisis.
The prevailing wind for North Shields is West/North West as the wind rose diagram illustrates. The close proximity of the site to the north sea combined with the topography of the land surrounding entails land and sea breezes to be important factors to consider. The sea has a higher capacity to absorb heat in comparison to land, however this causes the actual surface of the water to warm more slowly. The air above the land is heated as the surface temperature of the land increases. This lesser dense warm air therefore rises reducing the sea level pressure which causes it to flow towards and fill the space of the lower pressure air above the land, creating a cool breeze in the process.
The rainfall throughout the United Kingdom is more predominant across the west coast, especially Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. This is due to the gulf stream, a current which originates in Florida and travels across the Atlantic ocean before reaching the western coast of Northern Europe. The rainfall on the east coast is roughly a third of the rainfall on the west, averaging 700-800mm per year according to the Met Office.
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BASEMENT GROUND FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
GROUND FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
FIRST FLOOR SCALE - 1:200
MEZZANINE FLOOR PLAN SCALE - 1:200
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PERSPECTIVESECTION
1:20MODEL
Isometric showing the rear Elevation
Model Section
Front Facade
A GLAMOROUS EXTERIOR AND A MINIMALIST INTERIOR, A SYMBOL OF THE YOUNG PEOPLE TODAY?
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INTERNALPERSPECTIVES
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Rooms are located to the South Circulation is located to the North
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STRATEGYDIAGRAMS
Sustainable Roof Design
Closed The roof lights that cut into the building provide a more streamline shape, therefore allowing wind to pass over the building and consequently reducing the cooling affect caused by fast north sea winds. Open When the roof lights are open, the wind that passes over the building creates a negative pressure. This negative pressure draws the hot air out from the building (working in conjunction with the stack affect), thus cooling the building faster.
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Synaesthesia, University A “neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognative pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.�
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CH ARE TTE WE EK synaesthesia
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Group 3 - Hot Waxxx Energy in the form of electrical current flows through a solid wax block. Heating the wax causes the solid to become liquid releasing various smells before returning back to its original solid state. Stalagmites and stalactites build up over time, forming the vertical artwork.
The Artwork that is Produced
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ARCHITECTURALTECHNOLOGY
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Tertiary Structure Purlin’s 50 x 75mm
Secondary Structure Cladding [NOT] Included 115 Block Wall (supporting windows and cladding) 3000mm Lightweight Steel Truss (S/D = 20)
Primary Structure 300mm Columns 250mm Intermediate Floor Slabs 150mm Ground Floor Slab 200mm Roof Deck 630 x 300mm Pile Cap R150 Pile
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1:200 Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
1:200 Primary
1:200 Primary & Secondary
Structure - ARCHITECTURALTECHNOLOGY
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Tertiary
Secondary Structure
Primary Structure
Methodical Arrangement of Space. The living space is positioned to take advantage of enhanced light and warmth of the southern portion of the site, whereas the workshop is positioned to the north, taking advantage of the indirect sunlight. Additionally, the circulation is located centrally to divide both work and living space, yet provides the fastest route to both.
BUILDING FORM
Remove unused space from existing Volume. Living space for tutor and guests accounts for a majority of the overall volume. This is to be located to the top of the site where privacy is advantageous and the views are enhanced. Further Distribution of Space. The space has then been further distributed based on site analysis information. The guest living takes precedent over privacy. The tutors living has easy access to a majority of the building, yet maintains an enhanced level of privacy. The kitchen, dining and social space has the advantage of being on the southern side of the building. The gallery has views over the workshop. Circulation space is centralised and the workshop is pushed to the Northern part of the site, where indirect sunlight is a requirement. Addition of the Saw Tooth Roof. The Victorian designed factory roof is added to allow the workshop space to be lit by in-direct North Light.
Structure - ARCHITECTURALTECHNOLOGY
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1:10 Wall Detail 12.5mm Kingspan k17 Plasterboard [attached via timber battens]
200mm x 200mm Reinforced Concrete Column
115mm thermalite Aircrete (concrete) blocks Due to its robust fire resistant characteristics, a reinforced concrete frame forms the superstructure of the building leaving the outer leaf free from structural function. 12.5mm Kingspan K17 Kooltherm plasterboard is attached to 115mm Thermalite Aircrete (concrete) blocks using timber battens. Kingspan K5 Kooltherm insulation is fixed to these blocks, and a 10mm layer of polymer modified render seals the construction. The table below shows the K & R values for each material used, and how they combine to produce the overall U - Value for the wall construction. A material was chosen based on a combination of its K Value and the research I carried out to find out if its effective use compared to its theoretical use. The U-Value achieved for this wall construction is 0.13W/m2K, which surpasses the passive house standard of 0.15 and achieves ACEB Gold Standard for a new build construction.
PlanView
120mm k5 kooltherm External wall board insulation - [mechanical fixings]
Vapor Control Layer
Mechanical Fixings
10mm Advanced Polymer Render [eml or glass fibre reinforcing mesh]
SectionView
Wall U Value = 0.13W/m2K
Construction - ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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Aliminium Flashing
1:10 Parapet Detail Single Ply Roofing Membrane [non bitumus - Waterproof]
30mm Insulation upstand
VApour Control layer 140mm Kingspan Thermaroof tr26 lpc/fm
25mm Sands screed 10mm Advanced polymer render [eml or Glass Fibre reinforcing Mesh] 115mm Thermalite Aircrete (concrete) blocks
200mm Cast In-situ one way Conrete Warm-roof deck
50mm Suspended Ceiling [50 x 25mm TImber Battens @ 600mm Centres] 12.5mm Plasterboard ceiling
12.5mm Kingspan k17 Plasterboard [attached via timber battens] 120mm k5 kooltherm External wall board insulation [mechanical fixings]
Flat Warm Roof Deck U Value = 0.13W/m2K A reinforced concrete slab poured in-situ forms the primary structure of the flat roof. Similarly to the walls, a concrete floor slab is used for its robust fire resistant properties. A thin layer of sand screed is laid across the concrete, which offers protection to the above Vapour Control Layer. Rigid Insulation boards are placed onto the VCL, which is sealed by a waterproof single ply-membrane. The U-Value achieved for this roof construction is 0.13W/m2K, which meets the ‘Proposed Fabric and Energy Efficiency Standards’. The placement of the concrete deck below the insulation allows it to act as a thermal mass to the internal environment, yet protects it from the temperate extremes of the external environment.
Construction - ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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1:10 Window Detail
Breather membrane CatNic External solid wall Insulated steel lintel
Aliminium Flashing
Twin-sash whs-Halo u-PVC window [Fixed with FixALL Foam]
WHS Halo (Veka) TwinSash Window 0.38W/m2K The newly developed twin sash window offers an extremely low U value rating of 0.38W/m2K, therefore meeting and exceeding Code of Sustainable homes Level 6. The method in which it functions is relatively similar to a draught lobby in a building. In order to achieve the low U-values, both sealed units require krypton filled triple glazed units with warm edge spacer bar (as opposed to aluminium) and foam filled sections. In addition, the on site fixing method of these windows would be to use FixALL expanding foam, eliminating any thermal bridges cause by fixings. Disadvantages are however present with the window. The cost is significantly higher (although is arguably paid back over time) in comparison to a normal triple or double glazed window. The window, when open consumes usable internal floor area. Multiple units of glass reduce light intake.
Aliminium Flashing Internal Window Sill Damp Proof Membrane 82.5mm Services Void [Vertical Timber Studs] Vapour Control layer Twin Sash U-PVC Window U Value = 0.38W/m2K Reference Source - http://www.whshalo.com/index.php?option=com_ content&view=category&layout=blog&id=181&Itemid=299
Construction - ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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1:10 Intermediate Floor
250mm Cast In-situ one way Intermediate Conrete floor slab
Intermediate Floor Continuous Insulation prevents any thermal bridging
Construction - ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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1:10 Cantilever Floor Detail The structural concrete deck of the intermediate floor(s) spans beyond the building 525mm, providing the required additional upper floor space. The 120mm Kingspan insulation that forms part of the wall construction continues down to wrap around the concrete, eliminating the thermal bridge. The U-Value achieved for this cantilevered floor construction is 0.15W/m2K, which matches the passive house requirement. The steel reinforcing mesh which forms the floor deck will continue to span across the cantilevered part of the building, providing the tensile strength required.
Construction - ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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1:10 Foundation Detail
120mm k5 kooltherm External wall board insulation - [mechanical fixings]
12.5mm Kingspan k17 Plasterboard [attached via timber battens]
mechanical fixings 115mm thermalite Aircrete (concrete) blocks 82.5mm Services Void [Vertical Timber Studs] Tounge and grove Timber floor Finish
floor-board Expansion gap
155mm
DAMP PROOF COURSE
100mm Cast In-situ Ground bearing Conrete floor slab 120mm Kingspan Thermafloor TF70 Damp Proof Membrane
40 x 115mm Kingspan Insultation Upstand
60mm Sand Binding
Hardcore (Compacted
Every 100MM)
Reinforced Concrete Pile Cap
Ground Bearing Slab Floor U Value = 0.14W/m2K
Ă˜300 x 4000mm Rerinforced Concrete Pile
Construction ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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External Wall This is the closest ‘External Wall Construction’, offered by Bre. co.uk, to the one that I have specified. The use of an aluminium c o m p o s i t e profiled panel as opposed to an advanced polymer render is the only differentiating factor between the two wall types.
Upper Floor The intermediate f l o o r construction received a vary poor rating of ‘D’. This was due to the use of in-situ concrete (robust fire r e s i s t a n t construction).
Windows The windows s p e c i f i e d in my SAP calculations is a relatively new window type and has therefore not yet been listed. Instead I chose the next closest option.
Sustainability - ARCHITECTUALTECHNOLOGY
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Access for All - Strategic Design
Means of Escape - Strategic Design
Introduction to Part M
Introduction to Part B
Disabled Parking • Three or more (clearly signed and labelled) designated disabled parking bays to be located as close as feasibly possible to the main entrance of the building, each with surrounding access zones(1). • Each parking bay to measure W2400 x L4800mm with a 1200mm surrounding access zone as shown in Diagram 2 of building regulations.
The ‘Floor Space Factor’ displayed in Table 1 was taken from Part B, Page 135. The ‘Floor Area’ was divided by the ‘Floor Space Factor which gave he ‘Total People’ per room. The rooms were added to give the ‘Total number of people per floor, and then floors were added to give the Total Occupancy Capacity of the entire building.
Exterior Wheelchair Access • Dropped kerbs connect the disabled parking to a level approach access route that is 1800mm wide, has a slip resistant surface, is well lit and has a clearly recognisable path leading to the principle entrance(2). • The main access route into the building is through a 1000mm+ wide power-operated automatic sliding door that has the ability to be held closed when not in use(3). • A level landing of 1500 x 1500mm, clear of any door swings, is located directly beyond the main entrance, made of a material that does not impede on the movement of wheelchairs(4). • The entrance door, as well as all of the interior doors, will have a glass vision panel(5). Interior Wheelchair Access • Low-access aluminium threshold door frames. • A floor plan layout of the building is provided upon entry as a sign and as part of the marketing leaflet handed out at the reception(6). • The reception is located by the entrance as a point of referral upon entry and as a security measure. • Stacked circulation, open plan floor plates and wide corridors (minimum 1250mm wide, 1050mm at ‘pinch’ points) aid movement through the building(7). • Manually opening internal doors will NOT require a force greater than 20N to be opened, will have a recess of at least 300mm on the pull side of the door between the leading edge and return wall, and will have visually contrasting door furniture(8). • A passenger lift (using a minimum width of 1500mm, length of 1400mm as well as the other dimensions stipulated by diagram 11) is located within viewing distance of the main entrance(9). • An unobtrusive space of 1500x1500mm is located upon entry and exit of the passenger lift on all floors of the building(10). Provision for the Partially Sited and Visually Impaired • The automatic main entrance sliding door will be made from glass, and visibility glass panes will be on all of the internal doors throughout the building. • Disabled toilets are located in the same place on each floor (11). Doors from the disabled toilet have outward swings and emergency-release mechanisms for exterior access in the case of an emergency. • Flights of stairs are stacked on top of each other where riser, going and width dimensions remain the same throughout every staircase within the building, thus aiding the visually impaired. The nosing of each stair will also be presented in a contrasting colour. Footnotes 1) Approved Document M - Page 20 - Diagram 2 / Paragraph 1.17 2) Approved Document M - Page 19 - Paragraph 1.13 3) Approved Document M - Page 28 - Paragraph 2.8 / Table 2 4) Approved Document M - Page 27 - Paragraph 2.7 5) Approved Document M - Page 28 - Paragraph 2.12 6) Approved Document M - Page 33 - Paragraph 3.3
7) Approved Document M - Page 35 - Paragraph 3.14 8) Approved Document M - Page 34 - Paragraph 3.10 9) Approved Document M - Page 38 - Diagram 11 10) Approved Document M - Page 37 - Paragraph 3.28 11) Approved Document M - Page 52 - Paragraph 5.2 12) Approved Document M - Page 54 - Paragraph 5.10
Table 1.
Floor
Room
Ground Floor
Reception Office Storage Boiler Room Aquarium / Exhibition Lobby Area / Exhibition Total Classroom Total Seminar / Conferance Rooms Study Space Total Lecture Theatre Study Cells (x4) Total
14.4 22 11.6 6.7
6 6 30 30
2.4 3.7 0.4 0.2
38.6
1.5
25.7
69.7
1.5
46.5
64.3
1
79.0 64.3 65.0
58
1
58
50.6
1
24
1
50.6 109 100 25 125
Study Cells (x4)
24
1
Total Café / Resturant Total
77.9
1
First Floor Second Floor
Third Floor
Third Floor (Intermediate Level) Fourth Floor
Minimum Escape Route Corridor and Door Opening Widths
Foor Area (m) Floor Space Factor (m2/person) Total People
Total Occupancy Capacity
24 24 78 78 456
The following widths were taken / calculated using Table 4, Page 37, Approved Document B.
Ground Floor Occupancy Capacity = 79 People Minimum Width = 850mm (based on 110 persons) First Floor Occupancy Capacity = 65 People Minimum Width = 850mm (based on 110 persons) Second Floor Occupancy Capacity = 109 People Minimum Width = 850mm (based on 110 persons) Third Floor Occupancy Capacity = 124 People Minimum Width = 1050mm (based on 220 persons) Third Floor (Intermediate Level) Occupancy Capacity = 24 People Minimum Width = 750mm (based on 60 persons) Fourth Floor - Occupancy Capacity = 78 People Minimum Width = 850mm (based on 110 persons) Stair Widths The following equation was taken from Paragraph 4.25, page 48, Approved Document B. W = Width | P = Total Occupancy Capacity | n = Number of Storeys W = P+(15n – 15) / (150 + 50n) (456 + (15x6) - 15) - 150 + (50 6) = 1.18m Width of stairs = 1180mm Final Exit Widths
The design has two staircases, however the following calculations are based on one of the staircases being blocked due to fire.
W = Width | N = Total Occupancy | S = Stair Width W = (N/2.5) + (60 x S) / 80 W = (479/2.5) + (60 x 1180) / 80 W = 1076.6 Final Exit Width = 1100mm Increased to 2280mm to comply with Table 4, Approved Document B.
B3031027 ARC2009 Prospect and Refuge: Amble Regulated Strategic Design 08|04|15 Page One
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Key:
General Vehical Route Disabled Vehical Route Pedestrian Foot Traffic
Amble Site Plan Scale - 1:500
Note: The grey arrows mark the access route to the building leading away from the parking.
Fire Assembly point
The ‘Fire Assembly Point’ is located clear from any structure leading off of the building and is located away from the car park / moving traffic.
Disabled Beach Access Sheltered walkway
A wooden structure offers protection from the micro-climatic weather and is accessble immediatley after leaving the disabled parking bay (Para 2.6, Document M).
A long ramp, split into three sections with a gradient of less than 1/20 leads down to the beach, offering disabled access onto the sand as well as the platform that protrudes out onto the water.
Cycle Storage
Cycle storage located within close proximity to the entrance.
Dropped Kerbs
Dropped Kerbs allow easy access to the disabled parking bays (Para 1.18), Part M)
Disabled Parking
Disabled Parking located within 10m (“as close as feasably possible”) of the building (P20, Diagram 2, Doc M). The surface material is Asphalt concrete, creating a flat, durable, and slip resistant area (Para 1.18, Doc M). The ‘disabled parking bay’ symbol measuring 1400mm as well as the checkered surrounding access zone, measuring 1200mm, will clearly indicate the space for visually impaired people (Para 1.18).
Pathway
A 4500mm pathway leads up to the building, satisfying the 2000mm minimum requirement as stated in Document M, Para 1.13.
Speed reduction humps Speed bumps specified to reduce the speed when driving from the main car park to the disabled.
Disabled parking sign A sign clearly indicating the direction to the disabled paring bays.
Zebra Crossing
Tactile paving is located at either end of the Zebra crossing measuring 1200 x 800mm (Para 1.13, Diagram 1).
Automatic Bollards Bollards automatically lower offering 360 degree access to the building in the case of an emergency.
General Parking
Parking spaces to be 2400 x 4800.
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B3031027 ARC2009 Prospect and Refuge: Amble Site Plan 08/04/15 Page Two
4 Fourth Floor
Fire Curtain
fc
fc
N
Scale - 1:100 Fourth Floor Plan
B3031027 ARC2009 Prospect and Refuge: Amble Fourth Floor Plan 08|04|15 ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO | 99 Page Three
3 Third Floor
N
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Scale - 1:100 Third Floor Plan B3031027 ARC2009 Prospect and Refuge: Amble Third Floor Plan 08|04|15 Page Four
2 Second Floor
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1 First Floor
N
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Scale - 1:100 First Floor Plan B3031027 ARC2009 Prospect and Refuge: Amble First Floor Plan 08|04|15 Page Seven
G Ground Floor
N
Scale - 1:100 Ground Floor Plan
B3031027 ARC2009 Prospect and Refuge: Amble Ground Floor Plan 08|04|15 Page Eight
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ENVIRONMENTALDESIGN
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Sap Calculation Overview
The Table below shows the energy efficiency, solar energy gain and heating costs of the building before and after the necessary changes were made. The tutors flat is sandwiched between two floors, with only the walls exposed. This resulted in an initial ‘standard assessment procedure’ rating of 85 and a 20% DER/TER, both of which are reasonably high. However over the process of this coursework, I designed and specified elements to achieve specific U-Values, which improved the tutors flat to standard that it now achieves a passive house rating of four stars. Note: The values entered on the before rating are based on UK building regulations. DER/TER %
Credit SAP Rating
CO2 Emissions Total Energy (kgCO2/year) Cost (£)
Solar Gains Total Internal Gains (W) (W)
Before
20
4
84.87
21.2
287.61
289.47
After
49
9
87.51
17.18
237.4
289.47
862.626 856.02 Before / After Calculations
Services Space Heating Cost Water Heating Cost Pump & Fan Cost Energy For Lighting Total
The total fuel cost per year in my Fuel Cost (£ per year) ‘after’ SAP calculations is £237.44 per year, roughly a £50 reduction. Water heating proves to be the £67.50 most expensive, with the cost per year a third higher than the next lowest heating cost. However the £99.60 use of a biomass boiler would £15.60 significantly reduce this cost by burning waste products as £54.74 opposed to fossil fuels. Page £237.44 4 of this report states how fuel After Calculations - Fuel Costcosts are reduced further using other environmentally friendly technology.
The super structure of the building is a reinforced concrete frame, with an aircrete block / insulation outer leaf. Concrete is not a very environmentally friendly building product, with a ratio of one ton of CO2 produced per every one ton of concrete. However my reasoning for specifying concrete is due to its exceptional fire resistant characteristics, a necessity for project of this type. The other Tyneside foyer, located on Westgate road, caught fire in 2010 causing £4.5m damage. It is therefore more sustainable to specify a structure that will not need to be reconstructed if their is a similar occurrence. The placement of my concrete structure (behind the insulation) for the roof, walls and floor allows the material to act as a thermal mass to the internal environment. Whilst the heating is on, the structure absorbs heat. This is then radiated back into the room when the structure begins to cool down, allowing for a more constant flow of heating.
Wall Construction
Due to its robust fire resistant characteristics, a reinforced concrete frame forms the superstructure of the building leaving the outer leaf free from structural function. 12.5mm Kingspan K17 Kooltherm plasterboard is attached to 115mm Thermalite Aircrete (concrete) blocks using timber battens. Kingspan K5 Kooltherm insulation is fixed to these blocks, and a 10mm layer of polymer modified render seals the construction. The table below shows the K & R values for each material used, and how they combine to produce the overall U - Value for the wall construction. A material was chosen based on a combination of its K Value and the research I carried out to find out if its effective use compared to its theoretical use. The U-Value achieved for this wall construction is 0.13, which surpasses the passive house standard of 0.15 and achieves ACEB Gold Standard for a new build construction. Material Exterior Surface Resistance
Thermal Thickness Conductivity (mm) (W/mk) -
Thermal Resitance (m2K/W) 0.04
Polymer Modified Render
0.5
10
0.02
Thermal Insulation
0.02
120
6
Thermalite Block
0.11
115
1.04545455
Plasterboard
0.022
12.5
0.56818182
Interior Surface Resistance
-
-
0.1
Lower Limit U - Value Resistance
7.773636364
0.12864
Roof Construction - Warm Deck
A reinforced concrete slab poured in-situ forms the primary structure of the flat roof. Similarly to the walls, a concrete floor slab is used for its robust fire resistant properties. A thin layer of sand screed is laid across the concrete, which offers protection to the above Vapour Control Layer. Rigid Insulation boards are placed onto the VCL, which is sealed by a waterproof single ply-membrane. The U-Value achieved for this roof construction is 0.13, which meets the ‘Proposed Fabric and Energy Efficiency Standards’. The placement of the concrete deck below the to act as a thermal mass to the internal environment, yet protects it from the temperate extremes of the external environment. Material Outside Surface Resistance Single Ply Membrane Rigid Thermal Insulation Polythene 1000 gauge VCL Concrete Deck Services Void Cavity Plasterboard Ceiling Interior Surface Resistance
Thermal Thermal Thickness Lower Limit U - Value Conductivity Resitance Resistance (mm) (W/mk) (m2K/W) 0.04 0.022 140 6.36363636 1.701 250 0.14697237 0.18 50 0.27777778 0.022 12.5 0.56818182 -‐ 0.1 7.496568329 0.1333944
ENERGYSTRATEGY
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Floor Construction
Recycled aggregate hardcore (compacted every 100mm) forms the even sub base. A sand binding is laid on top of this to protect the Damp Proof Membrane. A 100mm in-situ one way continuous concrete floor slab is cast above 150mm Kingspan Thermafloor TF70 Insulation. The distance between the perimeter insulation up-stand and the bottom of the wall insulation is 315mm, therefore surpassing the 225mm distance recommended by Kingspan to reduce cold bridging at the edge of the floor. The U-Value achieved for this floor construction is 0.14, which surpasses the passive house U-value of 0.15. The concrete placement is located above the insulation to act as a thermal mass to the internal environment, yet is protected by the insulation to the extremes of temperature in the external environment. Material Interior Surface Resistance Concrete Oversite Polythene 500 gauge Serperating Layer Kingspan Thermal Insulation DPM - Polythene 1200 Gauge Sand Blinded Hardcore Ground / ESR
Thermal Thermal Thickness Conductivity Resitance (mm) (W/mk) (m2K/W) 0.17 1.701 100 0.05878895 -
-
-
0.022 -
150 100 -Ââ€?
6.81818182 0.04
Lower Limit U - Value Resistance
7.086970766
Window Specification
WHS Halo (Veka) TwinSash Window - 0.38W/m2K The newly developed twin sash window offers an extremely low U value rating of 0.38W/m2K, therefore meeting and exceeding Code of Sustainable homes Level 6. The method in which it functions is relatively similar to a draught lobby in a building. In order to achieve the low U-values, both sealed units require krypton filled triple glazed units with warm edge spacer bar (as opposed to aluminium) and foam filled sections. In addition, the on site fixing method of these windows would be to use FixALL expanding foam, eliminating any thermal bridges cause by fixings. Disadvantages are however present with the window. The cost is significantly higher (although is arguably paid back over time) in comparison to a normal triple or double glazed window. The window, when open consumes usable internal floor area. Multiple units of glass reduce light intake.
0.141104
Door Specification
System 10 SmartSash The door specified as an entrance to the tutors flat is a WHS HALO / Veka System 10 Smart Sash. The frame is manufactered from steel reinforced, foam filled, which has been claimed to eliminate thermal bridge. The glass is triple glazed and argon filled. The door achieves a U-value of 0.7W/m2K, therefore surpassing Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6 - Zero Carbon.
Cantilevered Floor Construction
The structural concrete deck of the intermediate floor(s) spans beyond the building 525mm, providing the required additional upper floor space. The 120mm Kingspan insulation that forms part of the wall construction continues down to wrap around the concrete, eliminating the thermal bridge. The U-Value achieved for this cantilevered floor construction is 0.15, which matches passive house requirement. Material Interior Surface Resistance Cement Screed Concrete Deck Thermal Insulation Poly Modified Render Interior Surface Resistance
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Thermal Thermal Thickness Conductivity Resitance (mm) (W/mk) (m2K/W) 0.1 0.701 250 0.35663338 0.02 120 6 0.5 10 0.02 0.1
Reference Source - http://www.whshalo.com/index.php?option=com_ content&view=category&layout=blog&id=181&Itemid=299
Lower Limit U - Value Resistance
Reference Source(S) - http://www.ribaproductselector.com/Docs/4/07754/external/ COL653508.pdf http://www.whshalo.com/index.php?option=com_ content&view=category&layout=blog&id=160&Itemid=287
6.576633381 0.152053
ENERGYSTRATEGY
Energy Analysis
Waste Material Recycling My choice of site for this project was Site A, where the students are boat building. I based my decision on providing students with a skill that would be gained through the process of making, where process of making would provide students with an enjoyable, usable object. Wood, aluminium and steel are the main materials used for the construction of a small boat, and therefore produce the most material waste. Waste aluminium and steel can be taken to the local recycling centre and sold as scrap metal. The wood offcuts on the other hand can be used to produce the energy (or a portion of) required to heat the building by using a Biomass Boiler. Biomass Boiler - Combined Heat and Power System A direct combustion biomass boiler burns timber offcuts, a biproduct produced in the boat-building process. The ‘Combined Heat and Power’ system produces both energy and heat. The energy produced is used to generate electricity, which would form both a heat source and power supply to the building. The heat produced is used to warm the water that is used within the building (the most expensive fuel cost). A biomass boiler has the energy output of 2300 - 4600kWh/m2 according to (Illustrated Guide to Renewable Technology’s)
An example of a mini CHP unit that would be used in the Foyer.
Use of Outbuilding Most of the sustainable technology used to support the energy consumption of my building requires a large space. I have therefore renovated the existing derelict brick building to the left of the site to contain cycle (sustainable transport) and bin storage, the CHP biomass boiler, waste material storage (unneeded wood in the summer will be stored for use throughout the winter) and the batteries used to store the energy produced by the solar pannels, water wheel and CHP unit. Hydro Electrical Power - Water Wheel The water wheel is designed to work in conjunction with the photovaltaics. During the winter months when solar energy is less and the river Burn is high, a water wheel, attached to the outbuilding, is designed to hardness hydro electrical energy. This is useful during the winter as energy usage will increase.
Total Energy Requirement of Foyer = 1850.65kWhr/Year Photovaltaic (PV) Photovaltaic panels capture and harness the suns natural solar energy. They do not require direct sunlight and therefore operate during cloud cover, however shading can result in their failure. The orientation of the PV panels are South to South West to take advantage of the energy during the late afternoon / evening. The tutors flat energy consumption of 1850kWhr/Year is easily covered, as one 3.5kWp PV panel system can generate roughly 3000kWhr/Year. The energy panels are located on the saw and tooth roof, located above the workshop space in my building.
Foyer Workshop
The north side of the Saw & Tooth roof is glazed, allowing the workshop to be lit by indirect north light. The heat from workshops underfloor heating system (supplied by the solar panels and the other sustainable technology) will rise and be released from the saw colder north glazing.
Water Harvesting Initially the design contained a water harvesting unit, which collects rain water, filters and then re-uses it for washing purposes. However rainfall in the North East is significantly less than in the West, meaning use of this technology will not be financially viable.
ENERGYSTRATEGY
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Solar Gain Analysis
BEFORE
The initial design lacked south facing windows, a poor design choice which resulted in a poorly lit room. I originally believed that the floor to ceiling height glazing of the Bi-Fold door would provide sufficient light. However its North-Face orientation meant only the floor space directly in front of it received a concentrated quantity of light. The eating area in particular wasn’t receiving a great deal of light in the initial design. I understand that adding more glazing to the North-East facade is not a great idea in terms of heat loss, however the use of small evenly distanced windows allowed a comfortable quality of distributed light across this space. The positioning of the dining area to this part of the room is to take advantage of the Suns (or technically Earth) position during the morning. The windows added to the South East and South West façade’s provide a majority of light to the room. The lux values within the room now average 250 to 350lux, a comfortable value for inhabitation of the space.
AFTER
BEFORE
AFTER
ENERGYSTRATEGY
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TWENTIETHCENTURY ARCHITECTURE
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TWENTIETHCENTURY ARCHITECTURE
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INTERPRETATION OF THE BRIEF
Create a new image of Le Corbusier’s never realised ‘New Venice Hospital’ by creating and taking a photo of a scale model of the building in a referenced style.
INITIAL POINT OF INTEREST
Le Corbusier’s style and interests were arguably very diverse. Notre Dame du Haut (Fig 1.2) began construction within a year of completing Unite D’Habitation of Marseille (Fig 1.4), a building that uses prefabrication techniques as well as the modular system (Jose Baltanas, 2006). A further contradictory claim by Le Corbusier is that he liked the idea of a ‘machine aesthetic’. However the massing forms and bright primary colours that he used in many of his buildings suggest otherwise. Through the medium of photography, I seek to explore and expose the truth to whether this was true or an excuse for the overuse of what he called “friendly, reliable concrete” (Le Corbusier, 1946). FIG 1.1
FIG 1.2
FIG 1.3
FIG 1.4
IMAGES SHOWING THE DIVERSITY IN CORBUSIER’S STYLE
LE CORBUSIER Birth Name: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret Gris Date of Birth: 06/10/1887
HISTORY AND STYLE
New Venice Hospital was designed a year before Le Corbusiers death, however a change in Cannaregio’s city government put an abrupt end to the project before construction began. The hospital was intended to accommodate 1200 beds for the “acutely ill and emergency cases” (Mariabruna Fabrizi, May 2014). This building would have been constructed from concrete, and many of Corbusiers five points are dotted around the building.
IMAGE PRECEDENT - People & Models Le Corbusier was far from camera shy. There are many photos of him standing alongside very famous people, including President Nehru (Fig 2.1), leaders of the Soviet Union (Fig 2.2), Albert Einstein (Fig 2.3) and Pablo Picaso (Fig 2.4). This was the beginning of celebrity culture, which Corbusier was well aware of and used it as a marketing tool for both himself and his Architecture. Le Corbusier was also present in many of the original photos that were taken of his models. The photo to the right (Fig 2.3) shows a photo of Le Corbusiers hand pointing to elements within the model. This idea was replicated throughout history by the likes of Mies van der Rohe and Louis Kahn, and then more recently by Frank Ghrey (shown in fig 2.9 with Mark Zukkerburg, CEO of Facebook) and Norman Foster (show in Fig 2.11 with Jony Ive, VP of Apple). FIG 2.5
FIG 2.6
FIG 2.1
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FIG 2.3 FIG 2.7
FIG 2.8
Death: 27/07/1965 Nationality: Swiss, French Occupation: Architect Awards: AIA Gold Medal (1961)
New Venice Hospital was designed in 1964 by Swiss-born French architect CharlesÉdouard Jeanneret-Gris, who latterly renamed himself Le Corbusier to provide distinction between his architectural and theorist work (Tim Benton, 2008). Le Corbusier had a huge influence on FIG 1.5 the modern movement and following his death in 1965, the soviet union made the statement “modern architecture has lost its greatest master”. Corbusier was very well known for his use of concrete, a material that is grey in colour, similar to the many photos that were taken of his architectural models. In contrast, he also used many primary colours, a famous device of the De Stihl movement. These colours had more of an occurrence in his paintings.
FIG 2.9
FIG 2.10
FIG 2.11
New Venice Hospital
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SupremePerspective The image that I have developed is based on FIG 2.3, a photo of Le Corbusiers hand guiding the viewer across his design model, which has been argued by (C.R. Cockerell) to be taken from the perspective of a God. In comparision to the original, I have slightly altered my hand gesture to act as an offering, thus playing on the idea of viewer, most often the client, taking an ‘all knowing’ point of view. In relation to the ‘Initial Point of Interest’, I discovered that Le Corbuser was extremely involved with marketing and selling his (sometimes contradicting) ideas through the medium of photography. However his methods of standardisation did become clear when researching and making this design.
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PROJECT WORKFLOW
DEVELOPMENT WORK
Brief Analysis -> Research -> Image Precedent -> Modelling -> Final Image Composition Inspiration
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books
• Jose Baltanas (2006). - Jacque Guiton (1981). The ideas of Le Corbusier on Architecture and Urban Planning . New York: George Braziller.. London: Thames and Hudson. 112. • Le Corbusier (1946). Towards A New Architecture. 4th ed. London: Architectural Press. 23. • Benton, Tim (23rd June 2008). Le Corbusier Le Grand. Oxford: Phaidon Press. 91-114. Translated Edition. Websites • Mariabruna Fabrizi. (May 2014). The Building is the City: Le Corbusier’s Unbuilt Hospital in Venice. Available: http://socks-studio.com/2014/05/18/the-building-is-the-city-le-corbusiersunbuilt-hospital-in-venice/. Last accessed 06 April 2014.
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I used the site plan above to locate the project whereabouts in Google Earth. I then used the measurement tool to take several distances, which I used as a reference when rescaling the plan in AutoCAD. The photos below then allowed me to understand and model the three-dimensional aspect of the building using a CNC Milling machine.
Graphical Context • Fig 1.1 - Villa Savoye - Flavio Bragaia. (October 2010). AD Classics: Villa Savoye / Le Corbusier. Available: http://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-le-corbusier/. Last accessed 03 April 2014. • Fig 1.2 - Notre Dame du Haut - Alamy. (October 2007). Faith, Hope and Clarity. Available: http:// www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/oct/07/lecorbusier.architecture. Last accessed 03 April 2014. • Fig 1.3 - Phillips Pavilion, Brussels, Worlds Fair 1958 - Brian Dillon. (March 2009). Le Corbusier. Available: http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/le_corbusier/. Last accessed 04 April 2014. • Fig 1.4 - Colours of Unite D’Habitation - Melissa K Smith. (June 2010). The House of the Mad. Available: https://agingmodernism.wordpress.com/2010/07/04/the-house-of-the-mad-man/. Last accessed 04 April 2014. • Fig 2.1 - Corbusier Portrait - Willy Rizzo. (September 2012). Rare images of Le Corbusier. Available: http://www.archdaily.com/276837/rare-images-of-le-corbusier-in-color/. Last accessed 06 April 2014. • Fig 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 & 3.6 - Hôpital, Venice, Italy, 1964. FLC/ADAGP. (May 2002).Available: http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=13&IrisObjectId=5784. Last accessed 07 April 2014.. • Fig 2.3 - Le Corbusier, La ville radieuse, Paris, Editions Vincent, Fréal & Cie, 2nd ed., 1964, p. 135 © FLC/Adagp, Paris, 2007. • Fig 2.9 - Facebook HQ. Kelly Chan. (August 2012). Why Frank Gehry’s Eco-Friendly Facebook HQ May Be More Menacing Than Norman Foster’s Apple “Spaceship”. Available: http://blogs. artinfo.com/objectlessons/2012/08/30/why-frank-gehrys-eco-friendly-facebook-hq-may-bemore-menacing-than-norman-fosters-apple-spaceship/. Last accessed 07 April 2014. • Fig 2.10 - Louis Kahn - Oliver Wainwright. (February 2013). Louis Kahn: The Brick Wisperer. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/feb/26/louis-kahn-brick-whisperer-architect. Last accessed 07 April 2014. • Fig 2.11 - Apple Campus 2 - Official Video. Foster + Partners. (October 2013). Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB6_XkUFpAc. Last accessed 07 April 2014. • 3.1 - Google Earth
New Venice Hospital
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PLACEOFHOUSES
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Le Corbusier (1923) wrote: “All men have the same organism, the same function... all men have the same needs… I propose one single building for all nations.” Offer a critique of this position and contrast it with the theoretical ideas of home as presented by Dovey and other theorists. Robert Smythson’s Hardwick Hall and Mies van der Rohe’s Farmsworth House, although considered by many as great works of architecture, are both uninhabitable throughout the majority of the year due to a combination of geographical location and the vast amount of glazing used. In addition, the 1960s brutalist tower blocks that are visible in almost every city throughout Britain are slowly diminishing due to poor construction quality and ill-considered social implication. These tower blocks, like-wise to the theories of Le Corbusier, lack user involvement and are primarily based on two of the three technical governing factors of architecture: cost and time, the other being quality. It is therefore fair to say that Le Corbusier’s architecture, theorist writing and these buildings perfectly demonstrate the mistakes architects can make by “designing dwellings as architectural manifestations of space, structure and order, but… seem unable to touch upon the more subtle, emotional and diffuse aspects of home” (Juhani Pallasmaa, 1992).
[Fig 1] Unite D’Habitation - “A manifestation of space, structure and order”
“All men have the same organism, the same functions… All men have the same needs… I propose one single building for all nations”. These are the words of Swiss-born French architect Le Corbusier (1946). He was inspired by the likes of Phidias (after whom the Greek letter for the golden ratio was named), Josef Hoffman and Augustus Perret who introduced him to what would be his endless love of “reliable, friendly” concrete (Le Corbusier, 1946). Le Corbusier is a public figure who is either highly praised or harshly criticised. Lyndon B.Johnson, President of the United States of America throughout the 1960s, stated Le Corbusier’s “influence was universal and his works are invested with a permanent quality possessed by very few artists in our history”. Additionally, following Le Corbusier’s death in 1965, the Soviet Union made the statement that “Modern architecture has lost its greatest master”. A juxtaposing thought is proposed by English writer, Theodore Darlymple (2009) who disagrees and goes so far as to claim that Le Corbusier “may have been suffering from a degree of Asperger’s syndrome” as he understands the concept that people “talked, walked, slept and ate, but had no idea that anything went on in their heads… and consequently treated them as if they were mere things”. This viewpoint is likely to have derived from Le Corbusier’s statement, “all men have the same function… all men have the same needs”, which Kim Dovey (1985) contradicts when he asks us to “consider the activity of eating for instance, which, although common to all people, differs markedly in its spatial and temporal manifestations according to cultural patterns. Spatially, Westerners eat while seated in chairs, Indians sit on the floor, and ancient Romans ate lying down”. “Home is where the Heart is” This quote, belonging to the Roman, Gaius Plinius Secundas (AD23) evokes feelings of warmth and relaxation, which contrast dramatically with Le Corbusier’s cold referral to the house as being a “machine for living” (1946). Le Corbusier’s understanding of emotion is exposed when he compares a house to a painting. He explains, “both respond to the needs of a spiritual order, determined by the standards of emotion”. All great works of art are based on one or other of the great standards of the heart” (Le Corbusier, 1946). Therefore Le Corbusier characterises emotion as a standardized component that is applied to determine the order of something, such as a painting or a house. In addition, Le Corbusier also compares the house to other materialistic objects such as cars and airplanes for example, yet never makes the connection to a house becoming a home. “House is an object, a part of the environment, home is best conceived as a kind of relationship between people and their environment” (Dovey, 1985)
“Perfect Imperfection” (Jacek Dunkaj)
References
“The order that constitutes the experience of home often looks like chaos to an outsider. Indeed, many people are more at home among their own ‘disorder’ than within someone else’s ‘order’” (Dovey, 1985). This statement challenges Le Corbusier’s viewpoint that “arrangement is an appreciable rhythm which reacts on every human being in the same way” and “where order reigns, well-being begins” (1946). Every year, numerous students from varying backgrounds across the country are bundled together in university accommodation. These ‘Halls of Residence’ highlight the distinguishable differences in the way people live, otherwise only ever seen by close friends or relatives. The arrangement of strict order that Le Corbusier claims we all have in common is proven incorrect by the clearly varying eating, washing and sleeping habits between student individuals. These processes are carried out at different times, with different approaches in relation to what and how. Dovey’s quote on the other hand comprehends this, by explaining that although a particular type of lifestyle may feel chaotic and disordered to one person, it allows another to feel comfortable and at ease. “My teacher said: Nature alone is truthful; it can inspire man-made works. But do not treat nature as landscape painters do and show only its outward appearance. Search for the cause, the form, the animating spirit of things and synthesize this in the ornaments that you design.” (Jacque Guiton, 1981 quoting Le Corbusier, 1925) This is Le Corbusier’s explanation to the simplistic way in which he thinks. Expanding on an idea put forward by Juhani Palassamaa, (1992), Le Corbusier’s machine like approach to architecture and theory is “an unconscious search for the lost home of childhood”. Therefore it is possible to conclude that Le Corbusier was taught and acquired the ability to design the “conceptual environment” such as a road, an “impressive thoroughfare for rushing along at the highest possible speed” categorised [Fig 6] Lived Space - “unpredictable, incalculable, and by Dovey (1985) as deeply social” “abstract, geometric [Fig 7] The Conceptual Environment and objectively measured”, yet lacked the understanding required to design the “lived space” such as a street “unpredictable, incalculable, and deeply social”, characterised by Heidegger (1962) as a “meaningful spatial experience of what phenomenologists call ‘Being in the World’”.
Books Jacque Guiton (1981). The ideas of Le Corbusier on Architecture and Urban Planning . New York: George Braziller. Kimberly Dovey (1985). Home Environments. New York: Plenum Press. P34, P37, 38, 40, 41, 60 Le Corbusier (1946). Towards A New Architecture. 4th ed. London: Architectural Press. P23, 29, 63 & 131.P113, 114. Martin Heidegger (1962). Being and time. New York: Harper and Row. Articles JUHANI PALLASMAA. (23rd August 1992). IDENTITY, INTIMACY AND DOMICILE. Notes on the phenomenology of home. 1 (Paragraph 1), 1. Theodore Darlymple. (2009). Le Corbusier’s baleful influence - The Architect as Totalitarian. City Journal. 1 (Paragraph 27), 1. Graphical Content Charles Q. Choi. (2009). Machine allows people to type with their Minds. Available: http:// www.nbcnews.com/id/34312937/ns/technology_ and_science-science/t/machine-allows-peopletype-their-minds/#.VKvXC4vP6TV. Last accessed 6th Jan 2015. Clearview Stock. (N/a). Steampunk Cogs and Gears. Available: http://www.dreamstime.com/ royalty-free-stock-images-steampunk-cogs-gearsimage23565289. Last accessed 6th Jan 2015. Figs 3,4 & 5 are self taken photos Fig 6 - 500px.com/ShahmeerMalik Fig 7 - 500px.com/LorenzoFelici
A home is the most useful of the buildings we inhabit and in the majority of circumstances, spend the most time. It forms the space in which we feel safe and secure, and therefore relax and carry out various activities such as eating, washing and sleeping. Whether it is a Sunday roast or an evening meal, the main meal of the day is usually reserved for consumption within the home and as Dovey (1985) observes, “home is a kind of origin, we go ‘back’ home even when our arrival is in the future”. Although this is a generic analysis of the home, different circumstances where wealth and age are more prevalent result in varying interpretations, contradictory to Le Corbusier’s statement “all men have the same organism, the same function” (1946). Paul Nicholls, the famous championship horse trainer provides the perfect example. Paul, recently commissioned a new country house in Ditcheat, Somerset that requires the ability to accommodate many visiting guests, provide lots of storage space and have access to the adjoining stables. The owner of the construction company that built the house, Peter Dunford, justified that Paul Nicholls specification of wide corridors and additional communal areas would be used to entertain these visiting guests. A particular requirement such as this is the method that Paul Nicholls is using to give “his identity to the place” in which he would later “use the place to form his identity” (Kim Dovey, 1985). [Fig 2] ‘Visiting Guests’ This is a demonstration of an extreme case on difference in function an individual could require. On a less specific scale, the role of the home usually relates directly to the stereotype of the user. For example, the elderly are usually less mobile, which is reflected by the size of their property. Convenience is prioritized, or in architectural terms ‘form follows function’, yet previously [Fig 3] Paul Nicholls Country House fashionable decorative elements remain on display. In contrast, family homes are typically the largest. The financial support of two incomes allows parents to provide a large home in which they can bring up their children. Professional housing is the most luxurious. The stylistic taste of a ‘Professional person’ combined with a self-supporting income enables a wellfurnished city centre or harbour-side apartment. [Fig 4] My Grandparents garage and additional structures that were added over the years. On the other hand students who for ease of access to their places of learning, are often without an income and are required to live within higher-priced city areas where the houses have been adjusted to become more compact. Students are the most likely to rent and therefore the sense of belonging, which originates from ownership, is not completely fulfilled. [Fig 5] Two stereotypical large family homes
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DISSERTATIONSTUDIES
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George Parfitt, 2015
How can the quarries of today, become the townscapes of tomorrow? According to the Office for National Statistics (2014), the UK population has grown by over 10 million people since 1964, where roughly half of this growth took place within the current millennium. This population growth has put a demand on affordable housing, primarily in suburban areas, which is causing irreplaceable greenbelt land to be consumed by the negative affects of urban sprawl. Fig .1. British Greenbelt Land (2015)
Political Greenbelts are the ribbons of countryside surrounding British cities that account for 13% of the total land area in the UK, and have strict planning laws that prevent them from being developed (Jon Kelly, 2011). The housing shortages have however provoked political debate on the consideration of developing this land to meet the growing need and to reduce house prices. According to Jon Kelly (2011) referencing Jack Neill Hall from the ‘Campaign to Protect Rural England’, the “UK's traditional communities and landscape would have been subsumed under an ever-encroaching spread of low-level development during the post-war reconstruction had there been no green belt.” Kelly continued to argue that the government is not doing enough to exploit disused industrial land, which is reinforced by the National Land Use Database statistic that there are 63,750 acres of undeveloped brownfield land in the UK, enough for over one million new homes. Economic “Brownfields redevelopment provides an opportunity to capture significant financial rewards for developers willing to accept additional risk over and above that of more typical real estate development” (Todd S. Davis, 2002). Research Councils UK (RCUK) believe that by harnessing knowledge and skills and providing the necessary funding for infrastructure, they can “help to support government aims to make the UK ‘the most attractive location globally’ for science and innovation”[1]. According to Tim Dixon (2007), the report continues to explain how RCUK plan to direct £1 billion in funding, where £20 million has been designated for rural economy and land use, £104 million in ‘basic technology’ and a further £28 million in ‘energy research and a sustainable energy economy programme’. Technical The technical considerations when developing a brownfield site such as a quarry include existing wildlife, surface water, ground water, existing infrastructure, contaminated land, land stabilization, access roads and so on. Therefore in conclusion, this dissertation will explore how political, economic and technical factors will impact on the development of quarries to support the growing need for housing in the UK. Case studies such as Black Rock Quarry Police Station, Holcombe Quarry proposal, The Eden Project and other relatable brownfield sites will be used to inform my research. I then intend to use this research and apply it in a practical sense to a specific site, looking at how each of the considerations affects the site in question.
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