The Arden People’s Network
A design to facilitate community identity, agency and ownership.
Our Future Cities Design Entry - Team 10 - Georgia, Mayank, Jesse & Nina
Existing Context and Project Brief
Arden is located north of Melbourne’s CBD. Arden is currently an industrial area designed to accommodate industrial factories. Consequently this automobile centric urban environment impedes on the accessibility and diversity of public space amenity. Therefore, we intend our design to produce a more liveable Arden through human centred design.
Current Walkability Map
The walkability map represents 200m distances from the current public spaces. Highlighting the limited accessibility of the current public space network especially for individuals’ such as the elderly and young who Freeman (2011) argues accessibility is restricted by their exclusion from the automobile. Current Street Layout
Arden Context Map
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Design Concept Outline
Our masterplan focuses on the future community of Arden addressing the present lack of community amenity and ensuring the allocation and sustained nurturing of public spaces to enable the fulfillment of social and community needs. Key concerns informing our design: - Amenities for a growing population - Sense of identity to the historic site - Avoiding gentrification - Versatility in use and opportunity for agency - Community led Our concept covers three scales. The city scale where the locations of the public place development sites are identified. The designed scale where the needs of the community manifest in a structure. Finally, the engineered scale where public safety, order and practicality are applied to the design to ensure it’s compatibility with the context.
Concept breakdown
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Building blocks and Footprints Public Space Pedestrian Network
Identification of public spaces to increase the accessibility, participation, engagement and habitation of public space by all users. Legend 0
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Building blocks and Footprints
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Public Space Pedestrian Network
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Building blocks and Footprints Public Space Pedestrian Network
Introduction of a versatile structure within the identified spaces facilitating engagement and a visual continuity and identity of Arden. Lynch argues that the city viewed through an ‘environmental image’ in which the observers’ understanding of the city is a social relationship with space. Therefore, the visual continuity of the design facilitates individuals’ ability to socially connect to Arden through their environmental image.
An adaptable structure in which tactical urbanism is used to prompt, catalyse and facilitate community engagement and ownership.
Feedback loop that enables the design to progress through iterations as per the changing needs of the growing community.
Design Structure
A versatile and accessable place where life happens.
Pedestrian Network
Semi-Pedestrian based
Fully-Pedestrian Based Legend 0
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Public Space
Combining propositions of the Arden Precinct Structure Plan, new green space allocations and measurements of walkability, we have identified seventeen locations for public spaces. With the aim of improving accessibility especially through active transport modes. Pedestrian Network
Public spaces
Walkability from Public spaces Legend
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These spaces are accessible within 200m to all areas of the new Arden precinct reducing the need for cars and promoting active transit modes and reflecting Ghel’s notion that cities for pedestrians are cities for people.
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Building blocks and Footprints Public Space Pedestrian Network
Designed Structure In order for the structure to compliment the pedestrian network, the design must change based on site, specifically relating to the isochromic pattern of the 200 metre walkability map. The design changes based on the site through the use of the program grasshopper and inputting different components into an algorithm (below):
Grasshopper Script - Netting Structure
The structure conforms to its context as well as projecting its own visual identity. At a distance, the structure, regardless of the site it is on, will look somewhat similar. This creates continuity across the sites and encourages a social relationship between the site, public space and community. Up close however the spaces will act very differently, with the columns separating people within the space into smaller groups to allow for more diversity. No one group can take up the whole space without substantial effort, and with multiple entrances this means that the space can reflect the communities’ diversity inside and outside the space.
Engineering All of the design outputs of this network were proved to be structural through a series of calculations. To find the detailed explanation of the calculations, please refer to the appendix
Planning Scheme
Delivering the design to the specifications of the people.
Sites of initial testing
The first stage of implementation is the construction of one structure at our identified site near the football club. The football club was chosen as it is already a hub of vibrant community activity that and best enables our need to kick-start participation.
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Building blocks and Footprints Public Space Pedestrian Network
To encourage usage and a social relationship to the sites, each test site will be host to tactical urbanism events, pop-ups and exhibits across a period of a few months (taking precedent from MPavilion programs). The intent of tactical urbanism is to slowly introduce users to the possibilities of the space while developing place-based connections and increasing vibrancy through interesting and fun interventions.
Tactical Urbanism Pop-up events and programs to encourage the community to engage with the space and contemplate their own visions for the future of the spaces. Examples: Pop-up Library Pop-up Theatre Yoga classes Gardening workshops Homework club Cooking classes Discos The tactical urbanism stage aims to encourage the exploration of other creative uses. Examples of uses are: Workouts Book club/reading group Beekeeping Gardening Mothers group Skate boarding Studying Cycling Lectures/talks Committee meetings Chicken rearing VR gaming Easter egg hunts Birdwatching Painting Appliance repairs Cricket Workshops However we are not restricting the community to only these activities. The People’s Network is mouldable and changes to the needs of the diverse people living there.
Tactical Urbanism Materials and Design Guide
Workshops
Sport/Exercise
Gardening
Lectures
Implementation Timeline (Progress Loop)
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Building blocks and Footprints Public Space Pedestrian Network
Creation of public spaces
Construction of one pavillion
Introduction activities
of
pop
up
Establishment of community
User feedback into design
References Tactical Urbanism Materials and Design Guide. (2016). Retrieved from http://tacticalurbanismguide.com/ Freeman, C., & Tranter, P. (2011). Accessing Space: Mobility. In C. Freeman (Ed.), Children and Their Urban Environments Changing world (181-202). London: Earthscan. Gehl, J. (2010). Good Cities for bicycling. In J. Gehl (Ed.), Cities for people (182-191). Washington: Island Press. Lynch, K. (1960). The city image and its elements. In K. Lynch (Ed.), The image of the city (1-49). The MIT press: Cambridge. Loo, Y. and Chowdhury, S. (2013). Reinforced And Prestressed Concrete. 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Evaluation Criteria Summary Theme 1: Ensuring thriving, healthy and enjoyable environments: 1.3 Foster community stewardship for environmental protection and enhancement. Through our design we will be creating a space which people can identify with and project their concerns through. This means that, given input and feedback over time by the community, an individual has a greater chance of respecting and caring for their immediate surroundings: including the environment. There are already organisations which act on environmental protection and enhancement yet many do not have a space on which they can publicly demonstrate their progress or ideas apart from social media. Any of the pavillions can be transformed into a garden, social space about the environment or a place where a workshop about the environment can happen, such as the construction of earthships. The design of the pavillions are innately open to their surroundings and through its playfulness allows for the inclusion of nature to surround it gently. Although not every space may be focused on the topic of environmental protection and enhancement, collectively across the network it will be present. The removal of the emphasis on the car, whilst naturally improving the environment, allows more nature in Arden to flourish alongside the public spaces. Theme 2: Creating cities that connect, inspire and empower for action. 2.3 Foster cultural connectedness, diversity and social inclusion. Through the design of our flexible amenity pavillion we have taken careful consideration of the variety of cultures and ethnicities that may use it, even to the extent of considering ethnicities and cultures which would be impossible to predict the presence of in future Arden. Each space has the ability to cater to the specific needs of the surrounding people through the flexibility of the space, the design and the level of agency given to the community. This reconnects the community to their ability to shape their own immediate context. However we have been careful to make it so that no particular group becomes too prevalent in the space and dominates it. The spaces encourage and give the impression of being welcoming to any passerby, no matter what background they may come from. To make sure that the space is successful, there would be a slow roll-out of the design across Arden with only one or two being placed every so often to make sure there is a good initial understanding of the potential of the space.
Theme 3: Fostering resilience and intergenerational equity in cities. 3.2 Reduce, reuse and recycle resources and waste products. The design acts like a shell for the community to build upon. Naturally if people are using their spare time to help contribute to this space, saving costs would be a large contributing factor to any construction: hence the use of recycled resources. The new construction in Arden and deconstruction of old buildings would be the perfect opportunity for any individuals or communities looking to improve their knowledge on how to recycle materials and waste products. As these places would be no further than 200m from any construction site local to the space, materials would easily be moved by foot or by car. Once a particular group or amenity pavilion has no need for what they have constructed anymore, they can move it onto another amenity pavilion where it can find another purpose. This means that perpetually, there could be no waste generated at all from these structures. As a final note, any excess materials that are not wanted by anyone in the local area could be repurposed into anything by passing through the community pavilion and then being used by the external community, possibly for homeless shelters or improvements on the existing amenities. Theme 4: Principles of innovative and interdisciplinary city design 4.1 Clearly demonstrate the application of interdisciplinary design principles and outcomes. The people’s network is a design shaped by interdisciplinary design principles and outcomes. Klein and Newwell (1998) contend that interdisciplinary approach involves integrating knowledge and modes of thinking of two or more disciplines to produce a cognitive advancement. Similarly, the people’s network integrates spatial and place-making knowledge from urban planning and design to inform the community led concepts of the design. The discipline of architecture is engaged in the development of the form of the people’s network physical public space and how this form can accommodate flexibility and adaptability. Lastly, the people’s network is shaped by knowledge from the field of engineering as the designs structure is justified by civil engineering calculations of loading, beams and columns. The multi-scalar nature of the design is also influenced by the interdisciplinarity of the design process as each discipline is accustomed to different scales. These three disciplines their knowledge and modes of thinking are integrated into the overall process of rethinking the future of Arden.
4.2 Demonstrate an innovative and creative design that is informed by leading research and practice. The people’s network demonstrates an innovative and creative design informed by leading research and practice. The design delves into leading practice of placemaking and tactical urbanism used by the codesign studio and other consultancies to improve community engagement and relationships with public space. This innovative approach turns its back on expert driven and authoritative design and orientates the community as agents in the design process and outcomes. This shift towards inclusive design practices is also a concept promoted in academia in which Arsteins ladder of citizen participation highlights that citizen control, delegated power and partnership are the most inclusive design strategies. The pedestrian centred public space network and walkability measurements of the design reflects a human scaled design approach learning from Ghel and his research into cities for people. The form of the people’s network is an organic shape with a highly identifiable netting. This use of wayfinding in which the design identifies with itself demonstrates a design informed by leading research as Lynch, a famous urban design academic, suggests that visual landmarks increase the ability of people to navigate space.
SLAB The design for this beam-slab system will be carried out on a 1m wide strip. Calculation of Loads Dead load, assuming total steel reinforcement by volume in the slab is 0.5. Pw = 24+ (0.6x 0.5) = 24.3 KN/m3 D= 300m Self-Weight= 24.3x 0.43x 1 =7.29 KN/m Floor Finish= 0.5x 1m =0.5 KN/m Total Dead Load (g) = 7.29+0.5 = 7.79 KN/m From AS 1170.1 Live Load (q) = 4 KN/m2x 1m (Roofs used for community access)
=4 KN/m
1
A
B
C1
C2
D
E1
α
-1/24
1/11
-1/9
-1/9
1/11
-1/16
M*
-31.34
68.3
-83.57
-83.57
68.3
47
KNm/m
Fd= 1.2g+ 1.5q = 1.2x 7.79+ 1.5 x 4 = 15.35 KN/m Ø Considering 500N16 bars for the slab. Ø Cover= 20 mm for exposure classification A2 Thus, as shown in the figure: d= 300- 20- 8 mm = 272 mm
Beam Section C M*= -83.57 KNm/m Fsy= 500 MPa α2= 1.0- 0.003x 32 = 0.904 but since 0.6≤α2≥0.85 ∴α2= 0.85
2
ξ=
!.!"× !" !""
= 0.054
Class N reinforcement, and Φ= 0.8
Pt= 0.054-
0.054 ! −
6
2×0.054×83.57×10 0.8×1000×2722 ×500
= 0.0029 Now checking for Φ γ= 1.05- 0.007x32 = 0.826 ku =
!.!!"#×!"" !.!"×!.!"#×!"
= 0.064
For a single layer of steel, d= do and kuo= ku = 0.064 ∴Checking for Φ= 1.19= 1.19-
!" !!" !" !"×!.!"# !"
= 1.12 ∴Φ= 0.8 is acceptable. ∴F`Ct.F= 0.6√32 = 3.4 Mpa 300 ! 3.4 But Pt min≥ 0.20× 272 × 500 =0.0016
∴ Pt min Pt ∴0.00196 0.0029 which is acceptable. ∴ Ast= Pt x b x t 3
= 0.0029x 1000x 272 = 788 mm2/m Table 2.2(2) For N16 bars at a spacing of s=250mm, Ast= 800 mm2/m (>788 mm2/m) S 300mm. Hence, it is acceptable. Shear Design It is apparent that the shear force is maximum at section C1 of the continuous strip (same as for moment) if all spans are equal. V*= βx Fd x Ln !.!"
=
!
x 15.35x 7
∴ V*=61.8 KN β1= 1.461 fcv =
!
32
= 3.174 Mpa Vuc= β1. β2.β3.bw.do.fcv
!
!!" !! .!!
= 1.461 x 1x 1 x 1000x 272 x 3.174 x
!
!"" !""" × !"!
= 180.7 KN 4
And, Φ Vuc= 0.7 x 180.7 = 126.49 > 61.8 KN ∴This is acceptable. Shrinkage and Temperature steel (in Y direction) As.min= 1.75 x b x D x 10-3 = 1.75 x 1000 x 300 x 10-3 = 525 mm2/m For N16 bars @ 280mm spacing, Ast= 526 mm2/m ∴We can use N16 bars @ 250mm cts Serviceability Check Lef= The lesser of (Ln+D) and L = (7000+300) and 7500 mm ∴ Lef= 7300mm For total deflection, ∆ !!"
=
! !"#
Kcs= 2- 1.2
!!" !!"
Kcs= 2 (No compression steel) ψ! = 0.7 (Roofs used for floor type activity) 5
ψ! = 0.4 (Roofs used for floor type activity) Fdef= (1.0+ Kcs) g + (ψ! + Kcs. ψ! ) q ………………………………. (Eqn 4.5(7)) = (1+2) 7.79 + (0.7+ 2 x 0.4) 4 = 29.37 x 10-3 KN/m2 For one way slab, K3= 1 K4= 2.1 for interior span f’c= 32 MPa Ec= 30100 Mpa
Deflection Check K4= 1.75 !!"
d≤
!
!! ! !!
∆ × !! !!" !!"#
!"##
dmin=
!
! ! !.!"
! × !"#"" !"# !".!"×!"!!
= 260.6 < 272mm Which is acceptable. K4= 2.1
6
!"##
dmin=
! × !"#"" !"# !".!"×!"!!
!
! ! !.!
= 217.2 < 272mm. Which is acceptable.
Therefore, N16 bars@250mm cts. BEAM • Dead Load i.
Self-weight ρw = 24 + (0.6 x 0.5) = 24.3 KN/m3
ii.
Self-weight of the beam = ρw x (0.3 x 7 + 0.3 x 1) = 58.32 KN/m
iii.
Self-weight of the slab = 24.3 x (7 x 0.3) = 51.03 KN/m
iv.
Floor finish of slab = 0.5 x 7 = 3.5 KN/m
• Live Load = 4 x 7 m = 28 KN/m ∴Fd = 1.2 x (58.32+51.03+3.5) + 1.5 x 28 = 177.4 KN/m 7
A
B
C1
C2
D
E1
α
-1/24
1/11
-1/9
-1/9
1/11
-1/24
M*
-362.2
790.24
-965.8
-965.8
790.24
-362.2
KNm/m
M* = α x Fd x Ln2 Max. (+) ve = 790.24 KNm/m
Assumptions • Beam is rectangular • D = 550mm • φ = 0.8
Max (-) ve = -965.8 KNm/m
8
Interior Support bef = bw + 0.2 Lo Lo = 0.7 x L = 0.7 x 7.5 m = 5.25 m bef = 1 + 0.2 x 5.25 = 2.05 m f ’c = 32 Mpa For interior support, Moment (M*) = 965.8 KNm Fsy = 500 Mpa α2 = 1.0 – 0.003 x 50 = 0.85 γ = 1.05 – 0.007 x 32 = 0.826 Rectangular Beam φ = 0.8
ε=
!! !"# !!"
=
!.!" ! !" !""
= 0.054
D = 550mm
Pt = 0.054 –
2 x 0.054 x 965.8 x10 0.054! − 2
6
0.8 x 1000 x 550 x 500 9
= 0.0086 f’ct f = 0.6 x f′c = 0.6 x 32 f’ct f =3.4 Mpa Pt min = 0.2 x (
!"" !
!.!
!!"
!""
) x
= 0.0016 Pt all = 0.4 x α2 x γ x
!"# !"#
= 0.4 x 0.85 x 0.826 x
!" !""
= 0.018
0.0016 < 0.0086 < 0.018 Pt min
Pt
Pt all
∴ Ast = Pt x b x d = 0.0086 x 1000 x 550 = 4730 mm2 ∴ 8 N 28 Bars, Ast = 4960 mm2
10
MU = 4960 x 500 x 550 x (1 -
! ! ! !.!"
x
!"#$ !""" ! !!"
x
!"" !"
)
= 1250.9 KNm ØMU = 0.8 x 1250.9 = 1000.75 KNm ∴ ØMU > M* 1000.75 > 965.8 Lef
d≥
3
K3 x K4
∆ ×E c Lef Fdef
Lef = Fewer of (LA + D) and L (7 + 0.6) & 7.5 ∴ Lef = 7.5m ∆ !!"
=
! !"#
bef = 2.05 Ec = 30100 MPa For k1,
P= B=
!!" !!! !!" !"
≥ 0.001 x
!"#!/! !!/!
= 2050/ 1000 = 2.05 > 1
11
!"#$ !"#" ! !!"
= 0.0044 ≥ 0.001 x
!"!/! !.!"!/!
∴ 0.0044 > 0.0019 Hence, K1 = [(5 – 0.04f’c) x p + 0.002] = 0.036 K2 =
!.! !"#
( For interior span)
Fdef = (1 + Kcs) x g + (ψs + Kcs x ψl) x q Kcs = 2 ψs = 0.7 ψl = 0.4 Fdef = (1 +2) x 112.85 + (0.7 + 2 x 0.4) x 28 = 380.55 Kn 550 ≥
!"## ! !.!"#$ !
! ! !"#" × !"#"" !"# !.! ! !"#.!! !"#
550 ≥ 413.26 Beam satisfies minimum depth approach.
Shear V = 177.4*7/2 = 620.9 KN V* at do (d = do = 0.550) ∑Fy = 0 620.9 – 177.4 x 0.55 – V* = 0 12
∴ V* = 523.3 KN Fcv =
!
32 = 3.17< 4MPa
VMax = 0.2 x 32 x 1000 x 550 x 10-3 = 3520 > V*/ø = 3520 > 523.33/0.7 = 3520 > 747.6 ∴ D = 600 is acceptable ß1 = 1.1(1.0 -
!!" !"""
) ≥ 1.1
ß1 = 1.1 ß2 = 1 ß3 = 2 x
=
!" !
≤2
! ! !.!! !
= 0.15
∴ ß3 = 1 Vuc = ß1 x ß2 x ß3 x do x fcv x
!
!!" !!!
= 1.1 x 1 x 1000 x 550 x 3.17 x
!
!"#$ !""" ! !!"
= 399.2 KN Ø Vuc = 0.7 x 399.2 = 279.4 KN 13
Vu.min = 399.2 + 0.6 x 1000 x 550 x 10-3 = 729.2 KN Ø Vu.min = 0.7 x 729.2 = 510.44 < V* = 510.44 < 523.33 ∴ Shear reinforcement is required. Say vertical ties of N12 bars are used. Asv = 2 x 110 = 220mm2 θv = 30° + 15° x
!"#.!!!!"#.!! !.! ! !"#$!!"#.!!
= 30.1° Vus =
∴s=
!"#.!!!!"#.! !.!
= 348.5 Kn
!!" ! !"" ! !!" ! !"# !".! ° !"#.!
= 299.4 (Say 300mm) S < 550/2 and 300 ∴ N12 ties @ 275 mm. 26 ties @ 275 mm = 7150 mm. ∴ For full length of beam, we require 26 + 1 = 27 ties. No longitudinal shear reinforcement is required as V* is very closr to Ø Vu.min
Column 14
8 N32 Bars Asc = Ast = 6400 mm2 d = 450mm dC = 50mm f’c = 32MPa fsy = 500Mpa α2 = 0.85 γ = 0.826 For Compression Failure, Nu = 0.85 x 0.826 x ku x 32 x 500 x 450 + 6400 x (500 – 0.85 x 32) – 6400fs Where fs =600 x (1 – ku) / ku ∴Nu = [5.055 ku + 3.026 – 3.84 x (1 – ku) / ku] x 103 KN eNu = 0.85 x 32 x 0.826 x ku x 32 x 500 x 4502 x (1 – 0.826 ku/2) + 6400 (500 – 0.85 x 50) (450 x 50) = [22.75 ku x (1 – 0.413ku) + 11.7] x 102 KNm For tension failure, value of eNu remains the same but for Nu, fs = fsy. So, Nu = [5.055 x ku + 3.026 – 1] x 103 KN Nuo = α2 f’c (Ag – As) + As fsy = 0.85 x 32 (500 x 500 – 2 x 6400) + 2 x 6400 x 500 = 12852 KN Pt = Ast/ (bd)
15
= 6400/(500*500) = 0.0256 n=
=
!! ! !!" ! !""!!" !
!
!!"
!.!"#$ ! !""!!"" ! !.!"#$ ! ! !.!" ! !.!"# ! !"
= -0.057 v=
!"" ! !.!"#$ !.!" ! !.!"# ! !"
= 0.684 ku = -0.057 +
!"
0.057! + 0.684 x !"#
= 0.224 ∴ Muo = Ast fsy (d -
!!! !
) + 600 Asc (1 -
!! !!"
!
) ( − 𝑑𝑐 ) !
= 1284.7 KNm For Balanced failure, Ku = KUB = 0.5454 ∴NUB = 2582.3 KN eNUB = 2932.5 KNm MUB = e’b NUB = (e – 0.2) NUB = e NUB – 0.2 NUB MUB= 2416.1 KNm Compression Failure Ku = 1 Nu = 8081 KN 16
eNu = 2505.4 KNm Mu = 889.2 KNm Ku = 0.9 Nu = 7148.8 KN eNu = 2456.4 KNm Mu = 1026.64 KNm Ku = 0.8 Nu = 6110 KN eNu = 2388.7KNm Mu = 1166.7 KNm Ku = 0.7 Nu = 4918.8 KN eNu = 2302.1 KNm Mu = 1318.3 KNm Tension Failure (Ku < KUB) Ku = 0.4 Nu = 1848 KN eNu = 1929.7 KNm Mu = 1560.1 KNm Design Axial load and moment
N* = 202 Kn/m * 7m = 1414 Kn M* = 1500 KNm 17
Interaction Diagram
Interaction Diagram 14000 12000
Nu (Kn)
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Mu (KNm)
18