ABPL30060 Urban Precinct Studio. Placemaking. Chapel Street: "Chapel Links" by Georgia Wyrdeman

CHAPEL

LINKS Georgia Wyrdeman 699270 Placemaking Studio 1

INDEX STUDY TIMELINE..................................................... 3 STUDY PURPOSE.....................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................5 METROPOLITAN CONTEXT..................................6 PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK...........8 URBAN PROFILE......................................................10 AMENITIES & FACILITIES ........................11 CHARACTER PROFILING........................12 ZONING & OVERLAYS.............................13 DENSITY & THE BUILT FORM.................14 PRAHRAN HOUSING ESTATE................16 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT......................18 CHAPEL RE-VISION ..................................19 HISTORICAL CONTEXT...........................................21 WATERWAYS & ECOLOGY .....................22 20TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENT ..........23 SOCIAL PROFILE .....................................................25 AGE DISTRIBUTION..................................26 POPULATION PROJECTIONS................27 DEMOGRAPHICS......................................29 SOCIO-ECONOMICS..............................30 TRANSPORT TO WORK............................32 ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES..................................33 SWOC ANALYSIS......................................34 ISSUES..........................................................35 OPPORTUNITIES.......................................36

FRAMEWORK OUTLINE.........................................37 VISION..........................................................38 LAND USE & HOUSING.........................................39 OBJECTIVES...............................................40 CURRENT LAND USE PLAN....................41 FRAMEWORK PLAN..................................42 L1. HOUSING NEEDS...............................43 L2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT..........44 L3 LANDLORD RESPONSIBILITIES........45 TRANSPORT..............................................................46 OBJECTIVES...............................................47 FRAMEWORK PLAN..................................48 T1. & T2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT................49 PUBLIC REALM.........................................................52 OBJECTIVES...............................................53 FRAMEWORK PLAN..................................54 P1. PUBLIC OPEN SPACE.........................55 P2. CLIMATE CHANGE.............................57 P3. & P4. CONNECTION TO PLACE.....58 IMPLIMENTATION SCHEDULE.............................59 TACTICAL URBANISM.............................................63 REFERENCES............................................................66

STUDY TIMELINE

PHASE ONE

PHASE TWO

PHASE THREE

PHASE FOUR

Initial investigation and site analysis, context of precinct within Greater Melbourne

Thorough engagement with precinct characteristics, deeper understanding of precinct functions

Identification and investigation into issues and opportunities, determine overall objectives + aims

Establishment and refinement of strategic directions, specific points of action and implimentation plan

August 2018

September 2018

October 2018

July 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Chapel Street is a popular retail corridor oriented North-South with the Yarra River to the North and Dandenong Road to the South. It sits just within the jurisdiction of the City of Stonnington and is less than 4 kilometres from Central Melbourne. This document considers 160 hectares including Chapel Street, the surrounding Activity Centre Zone and residential and commercial areas. This site is significant to consider within the greater scheme of activity centre development within Greater Melbourne because of its economic potential in terms of supplying and sustaining jobs, it’s connectivity to established public transport networks, it’s simultaneously ageing population and attractiveness students as well as it’s potential to support a far greater population, just to name a few. The Chapel Links Plan is designed to future proof the Chapel Street precinct and serve as a guide to assist the transition into the next 30 years.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge that the City of Stonnington sits on the traditional land of the Boon Wurrung and Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation, and offer our respects to their elders, past and present. I recognise and respect the cultural heritage of this land and value the lessons of indigenous experience.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of my team Elizabeth Spanjer, Miles Dickman and Ashwini Venkatesan for their dedicated teamwork during the first weeks of this investigation. I am grateful as well to all members of the 2018 Placemaking tutorial for their invaluable feedback and ideas. Finally, thank you Targol Khorram for your tireless support and belief in our ideas and our ability to bring them to fruition.

STUDY PURPOSE This report has been prepared as an assessment task for the University of Melbourne’s Undergaduate Urban Design and Planning Major Capstone subject, Urban Precinct Studio. This Precinct Structure plan is the culmination of thirteen weeks of work undertaking double load in a studio learning environment. Within Targol Khorram’s studio, students were to focus on the functions and planning processes involved in ‘Placemaking’ and hence the present Precinct Structure Plan holds emphasis on the public realm and spaces in which people can interact, encounter and exchange within. The learning process involved working within a group similarly interested in the chosen site (Chapel Street in this instance), to thoroughly investigate site conditions, economics, demographics and to creatively and critically considerthe site. Each student then went on to establish goals and visions, developing framework plans to address issues and opportunities. This document exists to challenge current schemes and visions in place and make suggestions as to future directions and potential innovations . 5

METROPOLITAN CONTEXT Chapel Street has been a retail strip of national significance for over 100 years and continues to support the retail industry while transitioning to adopt a rich food and hospitality culture as well. Located four kilometres from Melbourne CBD as an inner metropolitan area, the Chapel Links precinct has excellent connectivity to activity centres of Melbourne, St Kilda, the Monash Cluster and Dandenong. Supporting South Yarra station, a key eastern train interchange, access to the city and the northern and western suburbs is frequent and comprehensive. The Chapel Links site is defined by the Sandringham railway line on the West, the Yarra to the North and Dandenong Road to the South. These boundaries were decided upon because they encompass the activity centre zone as well as interesting and important residential areas to the east and south around it. Chapel Links aims to incorporate a thorough strategy with consideration to both residents and visitors.

CHAPEL LINKS Precinct Melbourne CBD

Ya rra Riv er

3.5 km

605

Melb N.

rliamen Pa

Frankston Line Cranbourne Line Pakenham Line

Commerical Rd

Malvern Rd

216 219 220

Alexandra Pde

Train Routes High St

Chapel St

64 300m

219

Tram Lines Train Stops

100

Key Train Stations

Train Lines

Windsor Station

Lilydale/ Belgrave/ Alemain/ Glen Waverley

Times to Transport Hubs from South Yarra Richmond 4 mins Parliament 7 mins Southern Cross 13 mins Main Roads Surrounding Site

Prahran Station

Geelong/ Ballarat/ Bendigo/ Gippsland/ Seymour

hmond Ric

Sandringham Line

Toorak Rd

Mernda/ Hurstbridge

uth. Cro So

South Yarra Station

PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK

uth Yarr So

Craigieburn/ Sunbury/ Upfield/ Werribee/ Williamstown

Bus Lines Bus Stops

500m Walking Radius

Bus Route

Sandringham

Tram Route Train Station

To Monash uni Caulfield/ Clayton

Pakenham/ Cranbourne/ Frankston/ Dandenong

Princes Hwy/ Dandenong Rd 8

Fig. 1 Metro Train, South Yarra

6 min

South Yarra Station to CBD

The precinct is remarkably well connected with South Yarra as a major train station connecting the east and Chapel Street, Toorak Road, Commercial Road and High Street as key arterial tramways. It has existed as a gateway to the eastern activity centres since colonisation. Fig. 42 and Fig. 43 on page 32 illustrate the extent of public transport connectivity to greater Melbourne. One of the precincts most valuable transport assests is the capital city trail (Fig. 4) which follows the banks of the Yarra River leading straight to Flinders Street station and the CBD. It is quicker to cycle to the CBD via this trail than to take the tram.

Fig. 2 Yarra Trams Tram, Chapel St

Fig. 4 Capital City Trail

Fig. 3 PTV Route 605 Bus

12 min

30 min

Darling Gardens to CBD Cycling

16 min Windsor Station to CBD

Darling Gardens to CBD

37 min Walking

URBAN PROFILE

AMENITIES + FACILITIES The Chapel Links precinct is well known for having excellent entertainment and shopping centres district-wide as well as nation wide. However, in terms of public open space, the City of Stonnington has the lowest amount per capita. There is only one Neighbourhood house servicing the entire precinct, There are plenty of religious establishments however they are almost exclusively of Christian denomination.

SCHOOLS

Melbourne High Presentation College Girls School Windsor Primary School

LIBRARIES/NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSES

Prahran Library Toorak/South Yarra Library Prahran Commuinty Learning Centre

PUBLIC PARKS

Princes Gardens Grattan Gardens South Yarra Siding Surrey Park Grosvenor Street Reserve Dye Works Park Chris Gahan Reserve Harry Gregory Reserve James Street Reserve Windsor Siding

SHOPPING CENTRES

670 Chapel COMO Prahran Market Prahran Central

COMMUNITY SERVICES

Disability Support Services Stonnington Youth Services Centrelink Launch Housing South Yarra

RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS

Catholic Parish of South Yarra St Josephﾃ不 Church St Martinﾃ不 Anglican Church Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia South Yarra Community Baptist Church St Matthews Anglican Church Kardinia Church Temple Beth Israel (Synagogue, within 300m of site) Sathya Sai Center Melbourne

CHILDCARE ESTABLISHMENTS

My Mini Minders Windsor Community Childrenﾃ不 Centre Hornbrook Childrenﾃ不 Centre Primrose Close Childcare Centre Grosvenor Street Childcare Centre River Garden

ENTERTAINMENT CENTRES

Jam Factory Chapel off Chapel Melbourne Bowling Club

RECREATION CENTRES

Prahran Aquatic Centre Prahran Skate Park Basketball Courts

100

300m

YARRA

It is important to note that the Chapel Precinct changes in character distinctly as one moves through it. Identified to the right are the experienced shifts in feeling attributed to building typology, tree locations and species as well as orderliness of houses. Like typologies and feelings are grouped to note portions of continuity and emphasise extreme changes. Fig. 5 is a map taken from Chapel Revision outlining the City of Stonningtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identification of the different districts with an emphasis on neighborhoods. Character experience is reflected in this diagram.

EXPERIENCED DIFFERENTIATION Forrest Hill: Highrise, luxury, expensive, developers, construction, students South Yarra: Retail, expensive, high end, tourists, neat, Detached/Semi-detached

CHAPEL

CHARACTER MAPPING

RIVER

Highrise + appartment blocks, stylish + exclusive

TOORA K RD

Detached / Semi-Detached, cared for + human scale

Public housing blocks, derelict + harsh

Prahran: Utility, cheap, poorly maintained, busy, hard to cross the street Windsor: Bars, restaurants, trendy, relaxing, brunch, easy to cross the street

Forrest Hill

MALVE

South Yarra

RN RD

Prahran

Windsor HIGH S T

CHAPEL

Fig. 5 Chapel Revision: Neighbourhood Zones

100

300m

DAN DENONG RD

EXISTING OVERLAYS + ZONING

100

300m

(Stonnington Planning Scheme, 2018)

NRZ

Neighborhood Residential Zone

GRZ

General Residential Zone

RGZ

Residential Growth Zone

PPRZ

Public Park and Recreation Zone

MUZ

Mixed Use Zone

PUZ

Public Use Zone

ACZ

Activity Centre Zone

Prahran and Windsor are under Inner Urban character precinct classification which specifies non-dominating, compact and efficient building design consistant with Edwardian and Victorian architectural design including setbacks, heights and massings. Building height must not exceed 2 storeys. Forest Hill occupies a Garden River precinct specifying multiscalar buildings that compliment the Yarra. Average prefered building height is 50m. The Activity Centre Zoning seeks to provide land use diversity and amenity in a fine grain, historically sensitive typology. Height limit on Chapel St is 5-6 storeys and one street back is 8-12 storeys. Windsor has a limit of 3 storeys on Chapel street.

Design Development Overlay

Heritage Overlay

Development Plan Overlay 5

Incorporated Plan Overlay

Land Subject to Inundation

Special Building Overlay

100

300m

DDO identifies land in particular need of maintain a consise and specific design, Prahran Market and South Yarra Siding are key features. The Heritage overlay specifies areas where the historic character of the built form needs preserving, much of Chapel St is identified as well as South Yarra station and surrounds. Horrace Petty estate is specified under DPO5 and prescribes housing diversity, affordability, connectivity and mixed use community contributions, due to it’s desirable real estate location. The IPO roughly refers to the activity centre boundary and specifies where development is expected. LSI’s and SBO’s indicate that a significant portion of the site is subject to flooding events. Much of these overlays fall on residential land. 13

ZONING, DENSITY AND THE BUILT FORM The Activity Centre Zone allows for a vast diversity of land uses and building typologies (Fig. 6-Fig. 13) that can contrast significantly with that of the NRZâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and GRZâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. While the NRZ/GRZ seek to maintain heritage character by restricting density, there are instances where the feel of the street has been retained while density in increased if the human scale is also preserved, such as on James Street, Windsor (Fig. 1). The Centre for Urban Transitions investigated and released a report of percieved ideal dwelling type of middle-ring suburban Melbourne residents. The report concluded that almost half of the 2000 respondants would prefer to live in medium-density housing over detached, low density or high rise dwellings as long as accessability to public transport and jobs was good (Newton, 2017). In terms of commercial built form, the ACZ allows for just as much diversity which often manifests in deactivated, anonymous and menacing forms (Fig. 14). Fig. 15 portrays these contrasts.

Fig. 6 Chapel St, South Yarra. ACZ1 Fig. 11 Chapel St, Windsor. ACZ1 Fig. 8 Chapel St, Prahran. ACZ1

Fig. 7 Bangs St Estate, Prahran. ACZ1

Fig. 12 Claremont St, South Yarra. ACZ1 Fig. 9 Hornby St, Windsor. NRZ3

Fig. 10 Rockley Rd, South Yarra. GRZ5

Fig. 13 James St, Windsor. GRZ5

Fig. 14 Medicare, High St, Prahran. ACZ1 Fig. 15 High density/ Low density, Commercial/ Residential contrasts

Within the Chapel Links precinct, high density is characterised by the 20 storey + glass laden high rises of Forest Hill but also the 10 + storey public housing towers of Prahran. Medium density is predominantly represented by commercial buildings, however walk-ups such as Fig. 10 are prominent. Most of the residential allocated area is taken up with low density, single storey dwellings portrayed in Fig. 9.

100

300m

30 ppHa

290 ppHa

PRAHRAN HOUSING ESTATE The Chapel Links precinct currently supports the residence of many hundreds of diverse people ranging from those in crisis to those on low wages. Much of the population within public housing are marginalised and the area presents high percentages of people on the lowest income, with lowest english fluency and most likely to need assistance due to a disbility. Presently, the site consists of the Horrace Petty Estate (Y shaped high rises, Fig. 17), King St ‘T shaped’ high rises and the Essex St and Bangs St walk-up estates (Fig. 16). The estates were constructed by the Victorian Housing Commisison in the 60’s and were designed to fit as many residents, in as little time for as little a cost as possible. Now, 50 years on, they are becoming derelict and inhabitable prompting the Prahran Housing Precinct Development plan overseen by the Federal Government. It aims to: • • • • • •

Facilitate mixed use Allowing for housing growth Create substantial new public open space Reduce the urban heat island effect Acivate ground floor activity zone uses Increase density

Work on the plan has begun following a ‘consultation process’ of current residents of which 175 poeple engaged. Discource around the topic is dominated by criticism by Stonnington councillors and the public of the prioritisation of private developers, not demolishing uninhabitable and poorly constructed buildings and critisism of useage of the site in the midst of a housing crisis. Residents have expressed fears about homelessness and not being about to return to their home once construction is finished. Fig. 18 indicates plans (Department of Health and Human Services, 2016).

Fig. 16 Bangs St Walk-ups

Fig. 17 Horace Petty Highrises

Buildings to be demolished

Buildings to be retained/renovated

Fig. 18 Planned PHPDP works

These estates present less of a problem in their challenges than an opportunity in their diversity to step up to the standard of public living and incorporate all residents in a cohesive and inclusive urban structure. 16

The plan makes a compelling case for improving the area with mixed use, diversity, green spaces (Fig. 19), and activation of the currently derelict space. However, it is evident through media reports and an analysis of other social housing development plan precedents that there is a disconnect between the needs of the residents and the federal government bottom line, refering to the disproprtionately large allotment of the land to private investers amongst such a crisis of public housing facilities.

Expected Required Increase in Social H ousing Dwellings Over 20 Years in Victoria (Yates, 2017)

70,000

Planned Increase in Social Housing Dwellings as a Result of PHPDP

PLANNED DWELLING MIX PUBLIC PRIVATE 37%

63%

Fig. 20 PHPDP height increase elevation Fig. 19 PHPDP impression render

The Chapel Links Plan is in support of proposed connectivity routes (Fig. 21), increased green space (Fig. 22) and introduction of mixed use programing (Fig. 23), however we oppose the height increase proposed and the retention of the Horrace Petty highrises. The housing estate is already stigmatising and out of place and the overshadowing of larger, newer, privatised buildings would only exacerbate this function. The development should replace the out of date buildings with housing that is well built, sustainable and that adheres with the character of the precinct so as to not isolate residents and promote social cohesion.

Fig. 21 Connectivity proposal

Fig. 22 Public Open Space proposal

Fig. 23 Land Use Proposal 17

CANOPY COVER The City of Stonnington has simultaneously the 2nd most comprehensive Canopy Cover of all inner metropolitan councils and the 2nd lowest amount of public open space in the state of Victoria. Despite canopy cover being comparatively good in the context of other councils, the Urban Forest Strategy outlines areas within Stonnington that require more attention when it comes to heat retention caused by lack of canopy cover, Chapel Street being the worst of which. (see red circle). The map to the right shows the mostly good coverage along streets within the precinct but with evident gaps along Chapel Street as well as within built up area.

Tree Canopy Coverage

City of Stonnington. (2017). Urban Forest Strategy. Melbourne: City of Stonnington.

100

300m

CHAPEL RE-VISION 2012-2031 SUMMARY In 2012, a review report into existing conditions, stakeholder opinions and future directions was released following the Chapel Vision Structure Plan of 2007. It primarily looks at changes in form and demographics and outlines focuss directions for the Activity Centre Zone of Chapel Street. The Chapel Links precinct boundaries extend slightly beyond the activity centre to focus on more residential needs, but the data presented in Chapel Revision expresses a good indication of the needs of our study precinct.

COMMUNITY CONCERNS •

• • •

Maintenance of street character. High rise buildings being poorly built and with no contribution to the community. Nourishing of business and entertainment diversity for all residents and visitors of different ages Cleanliness/Alcohol safety & Binge Drinking Need for cultural and community areas to facilitate gathering, street markets, entertainment events etc.

NEEDS TO CHANGE • • • • • • •

Less traffic Improvement of bicycle and pedestrian facilities Better character/uniqueness of stores and businesses Better quality bars Less bars Improved vacancy rate Improved overall urban form

KEY FOCUSSES KEY WORDS FROM CHAPEL REVISION

SHOPPING ENTERNTAINMENT TOURISM BUSINESS HERITAGE CHARACTER VIBRANCY COHESION SPACE-EFFICIENT SUSTAINABLE ACTIVE-TRANSPORT DIVERSITY FACILITIES PUBLIC-REALM

NEEDS TO STAY • • • • • • • • •

Three Train Stations Parks and community facilities Prahran Market Cato Street parking Coles Supermarket Maples building Swinbourne University Melbourne Bowling Club Presentation College

KEY STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT SITES Jam Factory: residential, commercial and entertainment development Horace Petty Estate: refurbishing public housing and adding private housing Prahran Market: transitioning into a community hub Windsor Station: public realm improvement, accessible station entry

OTHER IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT SITES Cato Square: open plaza and underground carpark Prahran High School: Stand alone co-ed, years 7-12 opening 2019 Chapel Off Chapel: restoration and upgrade Chapel St Streetscape Yarra River Biodiversity Project: increase habitat connectivity, indigenous vegetation, wetland systems, upgrade pedestrian and cycle paths 20

HISTORICAL CONTEXT An analysis of pre and post colonial environmental conditions to understand why the current urban form came to be in itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current iteration and the contextual significant of particular features.

WATERWAYS + ECOLOGY iver

Prior to European colonisation and the pre WW1 development boom, the area between Punt road and Williams road had supported a 4 milion year old tributary to the Yarra, Hawksburn Creek, and its associated floodplain (Fig. 28). In this grassy woodland and creek, important indigenous plants and animals were sustained such as Swamp Paperbark (Fig. 24), Woolly Tea-tree, Box Gums (Fig. 25), Wattle scrub, reeds, tubers and bulbs, Wood Ducks (Fig. 26), Swans, Bream, Flounder and Herring as well as Possums (Fig. 27) and Wallabies. All of which provided sustenance and were managed by the Aboriginal Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung people.

Toorak R

Chapel

Initially serving as a trades route, supporting workers, Chapel Street started developing residential and retail buildings in the 1840â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. As business became more successful and small factories were established, residential population increased and the City of Prahran was formed. In the early 20th century, the swamps were drained to make way for more developments, one of which is now the site of the Melbourne High School oval. With these developments came the heavy pollution of the creek and eventual conversion first to an open sewer and then to the underground Main Drain that is still in place today and operated by Melbourne Water. The path of the drain and original creek location can be seen through the current urban form (Fig. 29).

R Yarra

Malver

n Rd

Fig. 28 Waterways + Swamps

Fig. 29 Modern Context of Creek

Fig. 30 Chapel Street Flood, 2011

Flooding within the grassy plains of Prahran presented a major issue to settlers and efforts such as altering the flow of the Yarra were attempted but never entirely alleviated threat of flooding. Indeed, a large portion of Chapel Street remains subject to inundation and flooding events are not unheard of (Fig. 30). (Faithful & Alves, 2006)

Fig. 24 Swamp Paperbark Fig. 25 Box Gum

Fig. 26 Wood Duck

Fig. 27 Possum 22

20TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENT During the pre World War I goldrush boom of the late 19th century, the production and retail activity centre that was Chapel Street thrived, particularly, as is evident today, in the stretch between Commercial Road and High Street where the elaborate shells of once burgeoning department stores still exist. This is in part due to commercial activity brought by the opening of tram routes and led to Chapel Street becoming a focal point of Melbourne’s shifting trends, shopping tendancies and retail priorities. Through these shifts, the study area has supported diverse populations of makers, workers, the middle class as well as students, all of which continue to be represented to the present day. The Victorian Heritage Council regard Chapel Street to hold particularly significant historical importance for a number of features: • Unscathed Edwardian-era Department Stores (Fig. 31) • Consistancy of double storey, reserved style of built form in South Yarra and Windsor (Fig. 32) • Minimal carparking • Consistant window and opening arrangement () • Consistant rows of Victorian/Edwardian terrace verandahs (Fig. 34) • Retained original shopfronts in Windsor (Fig. 33) • Many specifically significant buildings

Fig. 32 South Yarra Shopfront Terraces

Fig. 31 Love & Lewis Department Store

(Victorian Heritage Database, 2008) Fig. 33 Windsor Shopfronts

Fig. 34 Windsor Verandahs

Victorian Heritage Contributory Heritage

Non - Contributory Heritage

NOTABLE HERITAGE BUILDINGS Melbourne High School is situated a top Alexandra Avenue in the Forrest Hill precinct of South Yarra. It was originally designed to accommodate 700 boys which was later combined to have both boys and girls after the World War One in October 1927 (VHD, 2008). The building is constructed mainly of bricks from clay found on site from the flood depositions in early 1860’s (Exploring the City of Stonnington, 2012). It is highly significant to the State of Victoria to demonstrate the state level establishment of elite secondary school system (VHD, 2008). Prahran Market is one of the oldest heritage buildings existing on its site from 1881. It is formed from brick elements as well. It forms the busy hub of ‘foodie’ events and workshops for the community. Born as the central market for Prahran, it was the distribution point for many traders since The Great Depression of the 1930s and even through the years of World War II (Market History- Prahran Market, 2018). The building was rebuilt between 1976 and 1982 to Gunn Hyball’s partnership to incorporate “contextual elements” (VHD, 2017). Windsor Railway Station Complex has high historical and architectural significance to the suburb of Windsor due to its upcoming of the late- 19th century “land boom” of railway expansions in Victoria. It is indicative of its contribution to the Melbourne’s railway development and is an important landmark for the Brighton Line (VHD, 1999). (Victorian Heritage Database, 2008) Page credit to Ashwini Venkatesan.

3 24

SOCIAL PROFILE

AGE DISTRIBUTION 1991

85+ 80-84

Male

Female

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

12%

10%

2016

85+

10%

12%

10%

Male

Female

Chapel Vision Study Area

City of Stonnington

Male

10%

12%

MEDIAN AGE

GENDER DISTRIBUTION A comparision of 1991 with 2016 identifies a sharp shift in the age demographics to support greater volumes of, predominantly 2040 year olds. There has also been a reduction in the number of children. Over these 25 years, the largest age group sustains in the 20-29 bracket. We can see that the Chapel Vision study area closely aligned with the Chapel Links precinct supports greater numbers of young and middle aged residents that the greater Stonnington area.

Female

LARGEST AGE GROUP

25-29

SMALLEST AGE GROUP

10-14

POPULATION PROJECTIONS The age distribution in Stonnington is not projected to change remarkably except for a slight increase across the board in ages between 30 and 60 (Fig. 35). However an analysis of the projected occupation of non-private dwellings suggests a slight increase in the amount of aged care facilities and student housing facilities following an expectation of increased 18-24 year olds and people over 75 within Prahran and South Yarra in particular (Fig. 36).

POPULATION GROWTH BY 2036

+ 143, 257 PEOPLE

Fig. 35 Forecast age structure - 5 year age groups

ABORIGINAL & TORRES STRAIGHT ISLANDER POPULATION

Median age

people

Gender Distribution Fig. 36 Persons in Non-Private Dwellings

0.4%

of Total Population

POPULATION PROJECTIONS This trend is also supported by migration forescasts predicting the student age demographic to represent the majority of the population (Fig. 37). These forcasts are dependent on the introduction of new housing to attract these population increases and so in reference to the figures below, the Chapel St precinct is going to expect an addition of 34, 634 dwellings by 2036, mostly in South Yarra. Across the board, growth is expected to occur most rapidly between the years of 2016-2021, after which population will increase albeit at a slower rate.

Fig. 37 Forecast net migration by age group

Expected new residential dwellings per suburb:

SOUTH YARRA - 20, 292 PRAHRAN - 9,566 WINDSOR - 4,776

Graphs and data sourced from: 28

DEMOGRAPHICS

MARITIAL STATUS

Married Seperated Divorced Never Married

Other One Parent Family

FAMILY COMPOSITION

With most people in the 25-29 age group and with education rates increasing and religious affiliation decreasing, it is not surprising to see family composition steadily placed in the “couple family without children” category.

Eastern Orthodox Anglican

RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION Not Stated

Comparing 2011 and 2016 data, the “Lone Person” family composition group experienced the most growth.

Catholic No Religion

The dominant demographic are adults at the start of their professional careers with no family and the projections show this trend will only continue with growth.

Cert IV (2%) Cert. III Below Year 12

Greater Melb.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Couple Family with Children

Diploma

Year 12 Couple Family without Children

34%

Chapel Precinct

Couples with children

Bachelor or above

(ABS Census, 2016)

SOCIO-ECONOMICS

65, 707 Local Jobs

22% Of residents are employed locally

RETAIL Is the most common industry Fig. 38 Employment Capacity by Industry

Industries with the most capacity to employ local residents:

CONSTRUCTION RETAIL ACCOM. & FOOD HEALTH CARE

$1083 Median Income 30

CHAPEL ST

SOCIO-ECONOMICS Trades + Labourers Sales

MOST COMMON OCCUPATIONS

Community Service

CLerical + Admin Managers Professionals Unemployed Away From Work

The Chapel Street Precinct has a very strong retail employment presence but has the capacity to employ more residents of the area by increasing jobs in the fields that residents are working in, commonly Retail, Construction, Accomodation and Food and Health Care. The vast majority of people are employed full time, however this seems to be dependent on where one lives. High rates of unemployment are evident in the Public Housing precincts as well as Forest Hill around the train station (this could be due to high student and international populations)(Fig. 41). Median income shows a differentiation of 755% between areas on either side of Chapel Street in Prahran (Fig. 40)

$3028 $401 MALVERN ST

Fig. 40 Outlying Median Income by Area

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY AREA

19 - 30 %

10 - 18 %

1-9%

EMPLOYMENT

Part Time

Full Time

Fig. 39 Local Workers Individual Income

Fig. 41 Unemplyment Rate by Area 31

TRANSPORT TO WORK

75%

Tram

Of residents own a car

Walk

Train

Car

Melbourne Others: 5% or below

RESIDENTS MOST COMMON PLACES OF WORK

Yarra

Port Phillip

Stonnington

Fig. 42 and Fig. 43 identify the distance that can be travelled within 20 minutes using the Melbourne Public transport network and is attributed to Mapnificent (2018). We can see that From South Yarra station, one can reach the beach, the Monash Cluster in the east, Melbourne University in the north, North Melbourne Station in the west and Hawthorn in the North East (as well as all inner metro suburbs). Windsor has slightly less reach but still significant. These maps show the access available from the Chapel Links site to the broader city. The overwhelming majority of residents are employed in councils within these 20 minute access maps.

Fig. 42 Distance travelled by public transport in 20 minutes from South Yarra Station

Fig. 43 Distance travelled by public transport in 20 minutes from Windsor Station

CHAPEL

LINKS

ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES

STRENGTHS Excellent connectivity to Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Metropolitan Activity Centres Rich pre and post colonial heritage

WEAKNESSES Poor and unsafe active transport infrastructure 2nd lowest area of public open space in state Car dominated urban form

OPPORTUNITIES Existing culture favouring active transport as well as gardening

Developing around and in respect to heritage buildings

Unite diverse population through engagement and resiliency programs

Projected population increases

Diverse population Prahran Market significant on local and district level

Significant amounts of Impermeable and heat retaining surfaces

Increase permeability from Chapel St to amenities such as Cato Square and Prahran market

Increasing retail vacancies Diverse character fluidity between Windsor and Forest Hill and between day time and night time Rich entertainment and nightlife culture

Limited pedestrian syntax Contrasting needs of day time users, night time users amd residents

CHALLENGES

Aquisition vacant and underutilised blocks of land Activate existing underutilised activity points such as Jam Factory and South Yarra Siding

Increased natural disasters (particularly flooding and heat waves) as a result of climate change Changing discourse around increasing residential density Changing discourse around sustainability lifestyle normals

C 34

ISSUES Underutilised Space There are significant issues with the precinct to do with environment, particularly the development away from indigenous conditions and the tendancy to fight against nature and its systems. This issue leads into others to do with car dominance and pedestrian accessability. There are also potential issues in terms of the allocation of public realm amenity, with Windsor being focussed on in improving things like seating. While the continuity of character and built form characteristics from Windsor to Forest Hill can be seen as a point of interest and diversity, when it comes to creating a cohesive sense of identity and providing equal amenity to all areas, this can be an issue.

Forest Hill South Yarra Prahran Windsor

Route between open spaces Major crossing between open spaces Hotspots exposed to sun Limited public open spaces Route between open spaces

OPPORTUNITIES While the precinct has limited public open space, there is opportunity to diversify what is existing to increase amenity quality as well as ecological benefit. The disconnect between amenities presents an opportunity to open up connectivity routes to improve transit and ecological movementas well as pedestrian safety. In terms of biodiversity, improving existing public open space is a ripe opportunity, but alongside this, there is an opportunity to incorporate the already ecologically rich gardens of private residents into the biodiversity network. The many retail vacancies can be transformed to community spaces given the right support from council in a public private partnership. Because of the proximity to amenities and transport hubs, all reisdential areas have large potential to support the growing population with an increase of density zoning.

Diversify current open space Develop green connections Link residential areas to key transport facilities Activate vacant shopfronts Facilitate access from Chapel St Key activity facilities Build up low density areas

CHAPEL

LINKS

FRAMEWORK OUTLINE

VISION Chapel Links is a people-driven precinct characterized by spaces of thriving public amenity,sprawling urban ecology and comprehensive active connectivity. Chapel Street has been reclaimed by its users and now facilitates powerful neighborhood expression. The community here is dynamic and resilient in social, democratic as well as environmental realms living and working amongst networks of flexible and informal spaces of access, exchange and biodiversity.We are a national benchmark of sustainable and cohesive urban living.

LAND USE + HOUSING Chapel Links connects residents to housing diversity and choice. We boast a broad population of people each with varying and dynamic housing needs, satisfied by extensive and varied housing stock. Economic industry has diversified and localised, meaning specialized jobs are closer and more accessible.

LAND USE + HOUSING OBJECTIVES L1. Meet the diverse and increasing housing needs of residents L1.01. Promote intensified mixed-use development especially around public transport nodes L1.02. Facilitate inclusionary zoning mix throughout the precinct L1.03. Encourage models of shared housing in larger blocks L1.04. Increase housing stock especially in walking distance to key amenities and with focus on anticipated demographics

L2. Evolve the role of Chapel Street to cope with a post-growth retail economy L2.01. Encourage locally based small business rather than chain stores L2.02. Increase amount of mixed use zoning to accommodate more industries L2.03. Increase commercial activity in ACZ to boost job diversity and economic activity L2.04. Diversify occupants of shop fronts and program of spaces to encourage new uses and attracting new people

L3. Develop a framework holding private landowners accountable for responsibilities to environmental and community sustainability and resilience

The key priorities for land use changes within the Chapel Links Plan revolve around three themes, firstly, adressing issues of housing supply to meet the needs of such a well connected and rapidly developing activity centre. Secondly, to manage and guide the growth of the commercial economy to continue to thrive into the uncertain future, supplying local jobs as well as facilitating community resilience. Thirdly, the plan acknowledges the urgent need to positively shift discource around environmental sustainability and assist residents in living as sustainabily as possible. Significant proposed interventions around these themes are explored in further detail in the following pages.

L3.01. Require the maintenance of a mostly indigenous, ecologically diverse private garden L3.02. Develop a public education program for residents to learn how to maintain an ecologically diverse and indigenous garden L3.03. Increase amount of public space private developers must contribute to the community proportionate to block size L3.04. Encourage energy and water sensitive architectural and landscape design that facilitates a sustainable lifestyle 40

CURRENT LAND USE

Retai

Public

The Chapel Links precinct study area supports predominantly single or double storey single family dwellings within quiet and condensed, residentialonly streets (Fig. 46), Industrial commercial activity is isolated in clusters, seperate from residential use, and largely unactivated outside of business hours. Retail commercial activity is centred along Chapel Street where built form is predominantly double storey Victorian terraces with residential use on the upper floor and shopfront below (Fig. 47). Under the ACZ1 clauses, and in respect to the heritage overlay of the Chapel Street shopfronts, a height limit of 5 storeys is imposed. At this height, human scale and legibility is retained (Fig. 45)(Gehl, 2010), there is not too much visual disruption from 2 storey heritage buildings and larger heritage buildings such as the Maples building remain undominated (Fig. 44).

Comm Retail below, Residential Above

Enter

Public Space

Resid

Commercial

Public

Entertainment Residential/Commercial mix

Vacan

Public Services/Institutes

Low D

Vacant Blocks

High

Low Density Residential

Very H

High Density Residential

Publi

Very High Density Mixed Use Public Transport Node

Fig. 46 Low density, single storey dwellings

Fig. 44 Medium Rise heritage buildings

Fig. 45 Human scale retained

Fig. 47 Retail/Residential double storey Chapel Street hertiage buildings

100

300m

LAND USE + HOUSING FRAMEWORK PLAN The Chapel Links framework around land use and housing primarily aims to put the individual back into the street in terms of driving change and reclaiming spaces from the bottom up. For too long planning around Chapel Street has revolved around the shopper and visitor amenity. While these developments are important to ensure economic stability, with changing economic forecasts on the horizon, it is important now to give more space to the residents to make sure their needs are being met. An emphasis on local business and patronage and providing diversity and growth in employment opportunities is key from a land use perspective. From a housing perspective, diversity is also a key concern, with plans to increase supply of a multitude of living arrangements to suit the expanding and shifting residential population. Working within a site so rich with connectivity and amenity potential, maximising population while enhancing public amenity and experience for everyone is the main priority. In terms of density along Chapel Street, nothing can be taller than 5 storeys or the height of the COMO, Maples or Love & Lewis buildings.

Public Transport Node

Boost residential development near train stations New Public Space Public Amenity Medium Density Residential High Density Mixed Use 200/500m Radius Medium Density Mixed Use Development Inclusionary Zoning Activity/Development Node

100

300m

L1. HOUSING NEEDS Meet the diverse and increasing housing needs of residents

INCREASED SUPPLY AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS

PRAHRAN HOUSING PRECINCT + AFFORDABLE HOUSING

To prepare the Chapel Links Precinct for the 25% population increase expected over the next 20 years (City of Stonnington forecast.id, 2017), housing stock needs to drastically increase. Building up existing low-density housing to be medium-density (Fig. 51, Fig. 52) as well as providing more mixed use buildings incorporating residential space are some known solutions from a social (Newton, 2017) and environmental (Perkins, Hamnett, Pullen, Zito & Trebilcock, 2009) perspective. The Chapel Links plan aims to allocate more resources to investigating innovative solutions to having more people, living more efficiently, closer together in a cohesive way. Some examples of this are co-housing establishments which reduce single occupancy dwellings and amenities are shared, the Murunduka Co-housing Community (Fig. 48, Fig. 49) is an example of this. With population predictions setting student-age young adults and the retiring elderly as demographics to most increase, other emerging solutions such as the Dutch Student-Nursing Home Co-housing programs (Fig. 50) could be a viable solution to invest in (Jansen, 2015, Harris, 2016).

The Chapel Links Precinct Plan proposes an increase of projected affordable housing within the Prahran Housing Precinct, replacement of decaying original buildings with high quality mixed occupancy dwellings and the enforcement of an affordable housing scheme in private residential developments near the train stations. The precinct is made up of Horrace Petty, Essex Street, King Street and Bangs Street estates and is set to be redeveloped under federal funding from 2018. The Federal Government is failing to deliver adequate supply to the growing, and alarmingly high demand for affordable housing (Gurran, N., Rowley, S., Milligan, V., Randolph, B., Phibbs, P., Gilbert, C., James, A., Troy, L. and van den Nouwelant, R., 2018). This is not only an issue affecting people at crisis point (although this is the priority), the increasing numbers of people locked out of the housing market suggests a need for a investigation into state led innovations in building affordable housing supply considerably (Rowley, S., James, A., Phibbs, P., Nouwelant, R. and Troy, L., 2017). The redevelopment of the public land of the Horace Petty Estate will be accompanied by a mandatory quota of 40% affordable housing in a partnership between the private and public sector to meet the critical housing needs of low income people. This quota is up 10% from recommended proportions in mixed private housing and up 3% from projected Federal plans.

Fig. 52 Medium Density Housing in Sweden

Fig. 51 Existing Walk-up housing on Rockley Rd, South Yarra

Fig. 50 Intergenerational Home

Fig. 48 Murundaka Cohousing Flat

Fig. 49 Murundaka Cohousing Shared Space

L2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Evolve the role of Chapel Street to cope with a post-growth retail economy SMALL GRAIN, LOCAL ECONOMY Chapel street is transitioning through changes in identity (Coster, 2017, Schlesinger, 2018) consistant with the global trend away from retail-centric malls and shopping centres, and should be moving towards people-centric plazas of interaction and expression (Korngold, 2017). These changes come in light of the rise of online shopping and the anticipated introduction of Amazon in Australia (Ballantyne, 2018). Chapel Links aims to keep economic activity afloat by diversifying tenancy, patronage and reasons to stay on the strip. The aim is to develop the identity and character of Chapel Street with the creation of a village atmosphere fuelled by connection to place associated with local and artisan character and the meaningful encounters that occur as a result of interesting, engaging and diverse urban functions. Points of action include providing financial incentive to landlords for tenancy of inclusive and creative community groups in some of the vacant ground level shopfronts along Chapel Street. The aim is to diversify patronage along Chapel Street, encouraging residents to participate in streetlife and spend more time engaging in the local economy. Chapel Street shouldnt just appeal to the dwindling numbers of retail pilgrims. Another action point is encouraging local traders such as butchers, bakers, jewellers or potters to occupy ground level shopfronts to support local jobs as well as build a local character. This kind of economic development is already partially evident in Windsor, south of High Street where small start-up business and local traders define the streetscape with quirky character. Chapel Links aims to achieve continuity of this kind of local character but to be more in line with the needs and budgets of all residents.

Source: Author Before

Fig. 53 Friends of the Earth Food Co-op, Collingwood

Fig. 54 Small businesses on Chapel St in Windsor 44

L3. LANDLORD RESPONSIBILITIES Develop a framework holding private landowners accountable for responsibilities to environmental and community sustainability and resilience SMALL SCALE ACTION With documents such as the Sustainable Environment Strategy 2018-2023 making headway in setting sustainability goals in energy, resources, waste, water, urban environment and education, it seems meaningful results are only being seen within the council establishment itself. These large scale, symbolic changes are a step in the right direction and set a good example, however if the council as a whole, wants to make headway in becoming a national sustainability benchmark, more fine grain and bottom up changes are necessary, 90% of Stonnington afterall, is owned privately (City of Stonnington, 2018). Chapel Links is proposing a range of interventions to kickstart real environmental action from the small scale. Financial incentives and reimbursements for products such as solar panels, water tanks (Fig. 58) and habitat construction (frog bogs (Fig. 57), bee hotels) will be implimented. In a stronger message to residents and developers, clauses will be added to residential zoning to enforce the inclusion of vital sustainability mechanisms. In order to get a building application approved, optimisation of energy efficiency, water efficiency and biodiversity sensitivity (such as that in Fig. 55) must be evident. These initiatives make residents aware of their position and power to affect change and also alters discourse around â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;normalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or expected practice when it comes to household systems to revolve around the sustainable. While Stonnington has very active and supportive community engagement programs, with incresing population more facilities and programes will be needed. Taking precedent from CERES environment park in Brunswick (Fig. 56), regular and diverse programs will be adopted such as a weekly gardening club where residents can seek gardening advice and support.

Fig. 55 Precedent in Sustainable Architecture - Nightingale Appartments, Melbourne

Fig. 58 Water Tanks

Fig. 56 CERES gardening group

Fig. 57 Frog Bog

TRANSPORT Chapel Street has evolved from being car oriented to primarily serving the needs of public and active modes of transportation. Locals and visitors use the extensive networks of pedestrian, cycling and public transport amenities to access services and attractions and private car travel is minimal. Chapel Street still facilitates private car access but prioritizes the movement of all other modes of transport, particularly public and active, above that of the car.

TRANSPORT OBJECTIVES

T1. Reduce need for residents to use private cars T1.01. Connecting and facilitating pedestrian movement between key activity sites T1.02. Reduce speed limits for private vehicles and prioritise the movement of pedestrians across the street over the continuation of vehicles T1.03. Facilitate shared vehicle systems T1.04. Update tram infrastructure and systems for greater convenience and accessibility T1.05. Connect internal pedestrian movement infrastructure to broader metropolitan routes T1.06. Enhance pedestrian and cyclist safety

T2. Reduce use of Chapel Street as thoroughfare for non-local traffic T2.01. Enhance alternative routes between Dandenong Rd and Alexandra Ave T2.02. Remove car parking on Chapel Street (reducing congestion looking for parks, increase pedestrian visibility)

T3. Reduce negative impact of activity on Chapel St on residents T3.01. Ensure frequent, safe and high quality public transport options along Chapel Street to discourage drink driving and disruptions to residential areas from people coming out of bars T3.02. Retain and protect accessible private vehicle amenity

Transport changes within the Chapel Links plan are predominantly concerned with the active movement of pedestrians and cyclists throughout the precinct. With growth expected within the student and elderly age brackets, both of which commonly do not own a car or cannot drive, a great need for non-motorised movement has presented itself. Furthermore, following the 2018 UN IPCC report, it is more important than ever to start updating infrastructure to cope with supporting a zero net emmissions society, especially in respect to transportation as it accounts for 18% of Stonnginton community greenhouse gas emissions (City of Stonnington, 2018). Chapel Links aims to make a start at changing attitudes and culture around walking more, and driving less for the Chapel Street Precinct and surrounds.

TRANSPORT FRAMEWORK PLAN ra R Yar

iver

Ave andra Alex

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Toorak Rd

CYCLING + PEDESTRIAN

Existing bus routes

Capital City Trail

Existing train stations

Existing bike lanes on road. Inconsistant and exposed to cars

Greater frequency along existing tram routes

Existing train stations

New Superstops replacing existing stops

Commercial Rd

iver ra R Yar

VEHICULAR New shared zone Existing shared zone Slower speed limits

Existing pedestrian-only access

Roads closed

Proposed off-road pedestrian/cyclist share-way

Proposed one-way

Proposed on-road pedestrian/cyclist lanes. Slow speed, low traffic or barrier between cars

Removal of some on-street car parking Existing train stations

Proposed seperation of pedestrian/cyclists from cars

High St

100

300m

T1. + T2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Reduce need for residents to use private cars + Reduce use of Chapel Street as thoroughfare for non-local traffic PEDESTRIAN LOOP The key action point within the Transport jurisdiction will be the construction of a dedicated pedestrian and cycle path connecting the three train stations,the Jam Factory, Prahran Market, the Prahran housing development, Forest Hill and the Yarra River into a safe and pleasant connection and active transport loop. The pedestrian loop will unlock a 6 kilometre green corridor of public land following the path of the ancient Hawksburn creek that once flowed through the area. It will provide both connectivity utility, leisure and health benefits as well as increasing canopy cover, biodiversity and habitat connection. The pedestrian loop links over 3 hectares of new public open space as well as existing key activity sites (outlined adjacent) and acts as a pedestrian â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;highwayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; accessable from all areas of the precinct for a direct and uninterupted route to all areas. The Chapel Street restructure also supports the loop by providing a central spine on which pedestrians have a semi-protected route that feeds into the loop. On top of accessability, the loop preceeds the rise in elderly population numbers and anticipates the need for residents to participate in a low impact, safe and convinient active lifestyle facilitator. The path of the loop cuts through some lower capacity streets and requires the closure of Como service road to nonlocal traffic, the relocation of alley uses behind River Street, and the allocation of 1.5 metres of sections of Cromwell Rd, Surrey Rd, Wilson St, Palfreyman St, Princes St, Bangs St, Hornby St, James Street and Chapel St. When the path crosses a street, road texture will change (like in Windsor Fig. 60) from asphalt to permeable tiles (Fig. 59) and motorists will be required to give way to pedestrians.

Alexandra Avenue Land Bridge

South Yarra Siding Rail Reclamation

Pocket Parks

Fig. 59 Permeable Road Tiles

Fig. 60 Change of road texture on side streets in Windsor

ALEXANDRA AVENUE LAND BRIDGE One of the biggest issues the Chapel Links precinct has is connectivity to the Yarra in an ecological as well as a transport perspective. The banks of the Yarra River along Alexandra Avenue support the most vital and diverse native habitat for indigenous flora and fauna in the entire site but it is isolated from other habitats by a 4 lane main artery to the city. The Capital CIty Trail - a 35km trail circling the inner city - also runs along the Yarra banks and provides a safe, convinient and fast cycling and walking route to the CBD. This trail is also disconnected from the site with only two road crossings within the precinct, one set of traffic lights at Chapel Street and the other involving stairs on the rail bridge. The action point of introducing a land bridge to the existing rail bridge addressed both ecological and transportation issues of connectivity (taking precedent from Fig. 62). Extending from the pedestrian loop (outlined on previous page) along Yarra Street, the bridge will gradually increase in slope, making use of relandscaped rail edges, until it is the same height as the rail lines, stretching across the busy avenue and curving around protruding over the river offing a viewing platform for the habitat below, before decending to rejoin the Capital City Trail. The bridge offers mobility acces, connection to nature, commuting convinience as well as freedom of all organisms to freely move from the river to the precinct and back again.

Fig. 61 Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Impression of Alexandra Avenue Land Bridge

Fig. 62 The Vancouver Land Bridge - Precedent 50

CHAPEL STREET RESTRUCTURE Source: Author

Retained parking especially for accessability vehicles Increased tree canopy + easier to cross roads with median strip Altered road surface to slow cars upon approach to pedestrians crossing side streets Central tram Superstops seperating pedestrians from cars while waiting Expanded pedestrian paths reclaimed from removed car parking. More room for amenities and shops to extend into public realm Two-way, non-slip bike lanes seperated from pedestrians and cars by rows of trees. Better visability and parked cars removed.

Fig. 63 Elgin St Central Superstop

The decision to improve the transport facilities along Chapel Street has been motivated by a response to recent and devastating incidents involving cars and cyclists (Hancock, 2018). Such incidents have prompted a challenge as to the standard of safety infrastructure councils are obliged to provide when currently, ‘safe’ riding practice can still result in accidental death. The Chapel Restructure, while driven by issues of safety will also address issues of urban heat island effect, surface permeability, pedestrian visability, trader alfressco allowance and hoon driving. Space will be taken away from both parked and moving private vehicles in favour of more cycling and pedestrian space. Footpaths will be expanded to reclaim parking spaces and on the western edge of Chapel Street, car parks will be entirely removed to be replaced with the bicycle superway. Accessable parks will be relocated to side streets on the western blocks of the main strip. The removal of car parks makes more space for pedestrian movement and increases visability when crossing the road making the street more walkable, more permeable and generally more pleasant to occupy (Gehl, 2010).Central superstops (Fig. 63) free up sidewalk space for pedestrians, avoid confusing cyclist/pedestrian interactionsand ensure dismounting passengers arent at risk of careless drivers. The cycling superway will be protected by rows of trees on both sides, establishing it’s presence as a purposeful and permanent indication of care for cyclist safety. Being deciduous, the trees will protect from the sun in summer and allow warmth to penetrate down during winter. 51

PUBLIC REALM Chapel Links brings the needs of the resident back into Chapel Street through nature based solutions. People have room to move, time to think and reason to meet; we have evolved considerably from traditional consumerist urban design. The public realm is diverse in ecology and function and facilitates the connected, environmentally conscious lifestyle of the precinct.

CITIES FOR NATURE, NATURE FOR CITIES

PUBLIC REALM OBJECTIVES P1. Increase public space of diverse function P1.01. Meet residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs for self-expression, creative play and exploration as well as the practice of democracy for all ages P1.02. Provide spaces that encourage an active lifestyle P1.03. Reclaim underutilized land for pocket parks and community centric spaces

P2. Provide public space that directly responds to issues of climate change P2.01. Encourage water and heat sensitive design to reduce effect of urban stream syndrome on the Yarra, resist flooding and increase natural urban cooling P2.02. Encourage Biodiversity Sensitive Design to restore local indigenous ecology and enable environmental resiliency P2.03. Provide connections between habitats to facilitate indigenous ecology and biodiversity

P3. Increase ability for people to come without a car and stay for longer P3.01. Provide facilities and amenities such as water fountains, bike repair stations, toilets P3.02. Provide continuity of amenity along the entirety of Chapel Street P3.03. Increase community services, engagement, outreach along Chapel Street for residents especially

Strategic actions within Public Realm are focussed on bringing life back into the street. This has to do with total area of public space of which Stonnington currently has some of the lowest per capita in the entire state of Victoria (City of Stonnington, 2018), quality and diversity of public space, as well as amenity. The Chapel Links vision specifies community resiliency and environmental awareness as goals. Within the public realm of the future, there will be greater connectivity, more opportunity to interact with fellow residents and workers and coming to Chapel street will be a more comfortable and viable experience for everybody. Greater connection to place and people will lead to stronger community resiliency through relationship building and enhanced access to resources and support.

P4. Establish an urban form and building character framework P4.01. Increase density while maintaining human scale and historical character of residential built form P4.02. Maintain historic character of Chapel Street P4.03. Encourage public realm design that facilitates nature and exposure to nature based spaces 53

PUBLIC REALM FRAMEWORK PLAN The Public Realm Framework focusses heavily on ecological development and draws intimate inspiration from historic environmental condiitons in an attempt to build a meaningful connection to place with ecological identity. The urban form will begin to adopt measures to operate with nature and not against it, welcoming and managing environmental phenominon from green walls to flooding events caused by climate change. This change of discourse will stem from resilient and diverse urban form treatments such as swales and rain gardens prompting conversation and critique from the community, and will be driven by distinctive community spaces that facilitate these conversations and critiques. Chapel Links also aims to diversify and expand the reasons that people want to come and stay within the precinct especially without needing to spend money (Rethinking The Strip, 2015).

Swales and rain garden zones Compulsary water retentive design zones Re-landscaped track edges to efficiently use sloping edg es Reclaimed vacant areas turned into green space Biodiversified existing green space Land Bridge/Eco-Overpass Increased natural shading + heat deflection Green walls and green rooves encouraged Increase amenity and consistancy of amenity/character application

54 0

100

300m

P1. PUBLIC OPEN SPACE Increase public space of diverse function RECLAMATION + CONNECTION In response to the recognition of Stonnington as having the 2nd lowest amount of public open space per capita of all the councils in Victoria, actions within the public realm must focus on bolstering the space allocated to green public use. Chapel Links aims to use this goal to improve permeable space, canopy cover, water sensitivity, as well as the benefits on social fronts to do with health, connection to nature and opportunity for interaction. In extension of and in cohesion with the pedestrian loop outlined within transport actions, more public open space will be unlocked and connected to the loop to enhance the loop’s amenity and ensure access to these new spaces. The key action in unlocking new public open space will be in reclaiming the space above South Yarra siding and surrounding rails, increasing public space by 2.5 hectares (Fig. 65). Currently, the existing space is unactivated and hard to access, especially from South Yarra station. There is the convinient pedestrian connection, ‘Lovers Walk’ that connects South Yara station to the Jam Factory along the railway but it is also unactivated and presents potential safety issues. The site presents opportunities such as connectivity to South Yarra station and enhanced vistas to the iconic former South Yarra post office. In terms of viability, The Metro Tunnel already has proposed works for South Yarra Siding with the new tunnel entrance being put below the siding (Fig. 68) and works on building a tunnel for the existing Sandringham and Pakenham/Cranbourne lines and landscaping the space abovecould be done simultaneously. The new space offers opportunity to hold events, promote lunch break exercise or establish community gardens (Fig. 64).

Before

Fig. 67 South Yarra Siding aerial. Fig. 65 Authors’ Impression Rail Reclamation Plan Red line indicates Lover’s Walk image perspective Before

Fig. 66 Lovers’ Walk

Fig. 64 Authors’ Impression Lovers’ Walk + Rail Reclamation 55

Other proposals within the public realm strategic actions include the amalgamation of underutilised land for the purpose of reactivation to public space. An exmaple of potential for this can be seen in Fig. 70 where a small block hasnt been developed due to difficult construction/ design conditions and so is left derelict. Interstice development provides prime space for activity such as gardens, parks or workshops (Fig. 71) in a casual way that breaks up the monotonous urbanism and enhances pedestrian syntax and movement through the built form (Fig. 72).

Fig. 68 Metro Tunnel Proposal

Fig. 69 South Yarra Post Office (see red circle in Fig. 65)

Fig. 72 New York Pocket Park walkway

Fig. 70 Vacant block in Ellis St, South Yarra

Fig. 71 Precedent in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Interstice Developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Paris 56

P2. CLIMATE CHANGE Provide public space that directly responds to issues of climate change WATER, HEAT AND BIODIVERSITY SENSITIVE DESIGN If the Chapel Street precinct intends on maintaining its position as a popular destination for visitors as well as a pleasant area to live in, it must make changes to the public realm. Sustainability conscious urban design implimentations have been made such as established swales (Fig. 75) and more recent rain gardens however with the potential for more instances of extreme rain and/or extreme drought are on the rise, urban areas need to be more prepared. With the introduction of larger pedestrian paths along Chapel Street (outlined in transport framework), comes the opportunity to install more raingradens like Fig. 73 which slow stormwater runoff and help filter urban contaminants. Raingardens also help to cool the urban form by retaining water and profiding natural evaporative cooling. Swales have a similar effect in that they slow runoff, collect pollution and retain water, adding indigenous plants and more diverse habitat to existing swales will help this process. Another point of action is to install underground water tanks below public open space to capture and retain stormwater for use on council open space infrastructure which currently consumes 25% of water used by Stonnington council (City of Stonnington, 2018). The City of Melbourne invested in this concept in 2016 (Fig. 74). A further action in helping the precinct tackle the effects of climate change is building up community resilience and capacity to cope with adverse situations including those expected as a result of climate change. Community gardening and urban farming offers solutions in both social and food resilience through connectivity to the people of a place for social support and ability to source food grown locally and to local conditions, not being forced to rely on national systems (Project for Public Spaces, 2015). They also serve as a platform for residents to critique community policy and practice as is evident through the CERES Environment Park campaignes.

Fig. 73 Raingarden, Chapel St

Fig. 74 Precedent - Lincoln Sq. Underground Flood mitigation and rainwater harvesting tank

Fig. 75 Swale, Princes Park 57

P3. + P4. CONNECTION TO PLACE Increase ability for people to come without a car and stay for longer + Establish an urban form and building character framework AMENITY + CHARACTER The Project for Public Spaces organisation strongly advocates for quality urban space and placemaking as a tool for resilience and community connectivity (Project for Public Spaces, 2018). The Chapel Street precinct has been identified as lacking continuity in urban design and character and requires amenity for encouraging pedestrian presence and reasons to stay within the public realm. To change this, amenities such as water fountains (Fig. 77), bike repair stations (Fig. 76) and seating (Fig. 80) will be installed cohesively and consistantly along Chapel Street and surrounding streets to facilitate the comfortable use of the public realm. The cohesion of the public realm of Chapel Street will also be extended to incorporate nature based urban retrofitting (Fig. 79) and a requirement to incorporate nature into the facades and/or roofs of eligable buildings (Fig. 78) lining Chapel Street. This intervention will create a concise character that incorporates a nature based solution to solve issues in consistancy, sense of place as well as sustainability.

Fig. 77 Water Fountain

IT TAKES A PLACE TO CREATE A COMMUNITY AND A COMMUNITY TO CREATE A PLACE. Fig. 76 Bike Repair Station

- PPS Approach Statement

Fig. 79 Green Roofs

Fig. 78 Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design

Fig. 80 Public Seating in Windsor 58

CHAPEL

LINKS

IMPLIMENTATION SCHEDULE

A breakdown of action points, time schedules and responsible stakeholders.

LAND USE + HOUSING ACTION

RESPONSIBLE STAKEHOLDER

TIMEFRAME

RELATES TO STRATEGY #

TRANSPORT ACTION

RESPONSIBLE STAKEHOLDER

TIMEFRAME

RELATES TO STRATEGY #

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RESPONSIBLE STAKEHOLDER

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CHAPEL

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TACTICAL URBANISM

Fig. 81 Current vacant land and dead-end street, South Yarra

Fig. 83 Aerial tactical urbanism location

Fig. 82 Proposed recaimed vacant block tactical urbanism

The Chapel Links plan outlined here proposes significant and potentially hard to digest changes to the urban form and, by extention, way of life for the residents of the precinct. In order to climatise the frequenters of the areas of change to the interventions proposed, a tactical urbanism program has been established, giving residents a taste of what the new spaces will be like and help aquire their support of the changes. One of such proposals is expressed in the images above, converting a vacant and hard to develop triangular parcel of land and adjacent dead end, both edged by Lovers walk, into a versatile and fluid urban community space. The intervention provides a new space for community groups, markets, classes, movie nights, growing food or having lunch breaks. While directly serving the commuity as a new amenity, community engagement can also operate out of it gathering opinions and improvements for the greater Chapel Links program. The tractical urbanism program ensures the process of transforming the Chapel Links precinct happens gradually and as an iterative, involved and circular process. 64

PLACEMAKING OVERVIEW

The Chapel Links Structure Plan emphasises the necessity of the public realm for easing the community into the uncertainty of the next 20 years in respect to economic, social and environmnetal conditions. The interventions outlined here aim to provide places for people to learn, grow, support one another and affect change.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybodyâ&#x20AC;?

- Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

CHAPEL

LINKS 67

REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

City of Stonnington. (2018). Stonnington Planning Scheme. Melbourne. Newton, P. (2017). Becoming more urban: attitudes to medium-density living are changing in Sydney and Melbourne. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/becoming-more-urban-attitudes-to-medium-density-living-are-changing-in-sydney-and-melbourne-84693. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Prahran Housing Precinct Development Plan. Melbourne: Victorian State Government. City of Stonnington & Hansen. (2015). Chapel Revision Structure Plan 2012-2031. Melbourne: City of Stonnington. Faithful, T., & Alves, L. (2006). Stonnington Thematic Environmental History [Ebook] (pp. 2-28). Melbourne: City of Stonnington. Retrieved from http://www.stonnington.vic.gov.au/files/ assets/public/adl/stonnington-thematic-environmental-history/part-01-chapter-1.pdf. Chapel Street. (2008). Retrieved from http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/30704/download-report. Chapel Street Historic Area. (2008). Retrieved from http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/66407/download-report. Population forecasts | City of Stonnington | forecast.id. (2017). Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/stonnington. Economic Profile | City of Stonnington | forecast.id. (2017). Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/stonnington. Wehrmeyer, S. (2018). Melbourne – Mapnificent – Dynamic Public Transport Travel Time Maps. Retrieved from https://www.mapnificent.net/melbour ne/#12/-37.8141/144.9633/900/-37.8141/144.9633. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Washington DC: Island Press. Gurran, N., Rowley, S., Milligan, V., Randolph, B., Phibbs, P., Gilbert, C., James, A., Troy, L. and van den Nouwelant, R. (2018) Inquiry into increasing affordable housing supply: Evidence-based principles and strategies for Australian policy and practice, AHURI Final Report 300, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne, http://www.ahuri. edu.au/research/final-reports/300, doi: 10.18408/ahuri-7313001. Rowley, S., James, A., Phibbs, P., Nouwelant, R. and Troy, L. (2017) Government led innovations in affordable housing delivery, AHURI Final Report No. 289, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne, http://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/289, doi: 10.18408/ahuri-8113101. Perkins, A., Hamnett, S., Pullen, S., Zito, R., & Trebilcock, D. (2009). Transport, Housing and Urban Form: The Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Emissions of City Centre Apartments Compared with Suburban Dwellings. Urban Policy And Research, 27(4), 377-396. doi: 10.1080/08111140903308859. Coster, A. (2017). Chapel Street Loses Allure As Fashion Destination. Retrieved from https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/page-13/chapel-street-loses-allure-as-fashion-destination/news-story/5551ef59ad143fee65e21dbe77b31e42. Jansen, T. (2015). This Nursing Home Is Also a College Dorm. Retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/10/the-nursing-home-thats-also-a-dorm/408424/. Harris, J. (2016). Here’s why some Dutch university students are living in nursing homes. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/heres-why-some-dutch-university-students-are-livingin-nursing-homes-68253. Schlesinger, L. (2018). Chapel Street retailers battle unreasonable landlords as vacancies surge. Retrieved from https://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/leasing/chapel-street-retailers-battle-unreasonable-landlords-as-vacancies-surge-20180515-h1033h?fbclid=IwAR122RJcAETELd3DEYN9WRGteDhtIb60_6i7r9Ke1UvK9HjGqoMOq1ZFjXo. Korngold, G. (2017). Land Use Regulation as a Framework to Create Public Space for Speech and Expression in the Evolving and Reconceptualized Shopping Mall of the Twenty-First Century. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 68(2), 429. Ballantyne, A. (2018). Chapel Street struggles despite hot retail strip market. Retrieved from https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/chapel-street-struggles-despite-hot-retail-strip-market. City of Stonnington. (2018). Sustainable Environment Strategy 2018-2023. Melbourne: City of Stonnington. WMO, UNEP. (2018). Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) [Ebook]. Retrieved from http://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf. City of Stonnington. (2017). Urban Forest Strategy. Melbourne: City of Stonnington. Hancock, J. (2018). Man appears in court over hit-and-run that killed Dutch cyclist. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/man-charged-over-death-of-dutch-cyclistchapel-st/10117174. Rethinking The Strip. (2015). Retrieved from https://tract.com.au/rethinkingthestrip/. Project for Public Spaces | About. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.pps.org/about. Wehrmeyer, S. (2018). Melbourne – Mapnificent – Dynamic Public Transport Travel Time Maps. Retrieved from https://www.mapnificent.net/melbour ne/#12/-37.8610/144.9970/1200/-37.8564/144.9922.

LIST OF FIGURES + PAGE NUMBERS Fig. 1 Metro Train, South Yarra 9 Fig. 2 Yarra Trams Tram, Chapel St 9 Fig. 3 PTV Route 605 Bus 9 Fig. 4 Capital City Trail 9 Fig. 5 Chapel Revision: Neighbourhood Zones 12 Fig. 6 Chapel St, South Yarra. ACZ1 14 Fig. 7 Bangs St Estate, Prahran. ACZ1 14 Fig. 9 Hornby St, Windsor. NRZ3 14 Fig. 10 Rockley Rd, South Yarra. GRZ5 14 Fig. 8 Chapel St, Prahran. ACZ1 14 Fig. 12 Claremont St, South Yarra. ACZ1 14 Fig. 13 James St, Windsor. GRZ5 14 Fig. 11 Chapel St, Windsor. ACZ1 14 Fig. 14 Medicare, High St, Prahran. ACZ1 14 Fig. 15 High density/Low density, Commercial/ Residential contrasts 14 Fig. 16 Bangs St Walk-ups 16 Fig. 17 Horace Petty Highrises 16 Fig. 18 Planned PHPDP works 16 Fig. 19 PHPDP impression render 17 Fig. 20 PHPDP heigh increase elevation 17 Fig. 21 Connectivity proposal 17 Fig. 22 Public Open Space proposal 17 Fig. 23 Land Use Proposal 17 Fig. 28 Waterways + Swamps 22 Fig. 24 Swamp Paperbark 22 Fig. 25 Box Gum 22 Fig. 29 Modern Context of Creek 22 Fig. 26 Wood Duck 22 Fig. 30 Chapel Street Flood, 2011 22 Fig. 27 Possum 22 Fig. 31 Love & Lewis Department Store 23 Fig. 33 Windsor Shopfronts 23 Fig. 32 South Yarra Shopfront Terraces 23 Fig. 34 Windsor Verandahs 23 Fig. 35 Forecast age structure - 5 year age groups 27 Fig. 36 Persons in Non-Private Dwellings 27 Fig. 37 Forecast net migration by age group 28 Fig. 38 Employment Capacity by Industry 30 Fig. 39 Local Workers Individual Income 31 Fig. 41 Unemplyment Rate by Area 31 Fig. 40 Outlying Median Income by Area 31 Fig. 42 Distance travelled by public transport in 20minutes from South Yarra Station Fig. 43 Distance travelled by public transport in 20minutes from Windsor Station 32

Fig. 44 Medium Rise heritage buildings 41 Fig. 45 Human scale retained 41 Fig. 46 Low density, single storey dwellings 41 Fig. 47 Retail/Residential double storey Chapel Street hertiage buildings Fig. 52 Medium Density Housing in Sweden 43 Fig. 51 Existing Walk-up housing on Rockley Rd, South Yarra 43 Fig. 50 Intergenerational Home 43 Fig. 48 Murundaka Cohousing Flat 43 Fig. 49 Murundaka Cohousing Shared Space 43 Fig. 53 Friends of the Earth Food Co-op, Collingwood 44 Fig. 54 Small businesses on Chapel St in Windsor 44 Fig. 56 CERES gardening group 45 Fig. 55 Precedent in Sustainable Architecture - Nightingale Appartments, Melbourne 45 Fig. 57 Frog Bog 45 Fig. 58 Water Tanks 45 Fig. 59 Permeable Road Tiles 49 Fig. 60 Change of road texture on side streets in Windsor 49 Fig. 61 Author’s Impression of Alexandra Avenue Land Bridge 50 Fig. 62 The Vancouver Land Bridge - Precedent 50 Fig. 63 Elgin St Central Superstop 51 Fig. 67 South Yarra Siding aerial. Red line indicates Lover’s Walk image perspective 55 Fig. 66 Lovers’ Walk 55 Fig. 64 Authors’ Impression Lovers’ Walk + Rail Reclamation 55 Fig. 65 Authors’ Impression Rail Reclamation Plan 55 Fig. 68 Metro Tunnel Proposal 56 Fig. 70 Vacant block in Ellis St, South Yarra 56 Fig. 71 Precedent in ‘Interstice Development’, Paris 56 Fig. 69 South Yarra Post Office (see red circle in Fig. 65) 56 Fig. 72 New York Pocket Park walkway 56 Fig. 73 Raingarden, Chapel St 57 Fig. 74 Precedent - Lincoln Sq. Underground Flood mitigation and rainwater harvesting tank 57 Fig. 75 Swale, Princes Park 57 Fig. 78 Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design 58 Fig. 79 Green Roofs 58 Fig. 76 Bike Repair Station 58 Fig. 80 Public Seating in Windsor 58 Fig. 77 Water Fountain 58 Fig. 81 Current vacant land and dead-end street, South Yarra 64 Fig. 83 Aerial tactical urbanism location 64 Fig. 82 Proposed recaimed vacant block tactical urbanism 64

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Fig. 1 Siemens on the up at South Yarra. (2010). [Image]. Retrieved from https://railgallery.wongm.com/metro-trains-melbourne-caulfield-group/E104_0059.jpg.html Fig. 2 Yarra Trams. (2015). Passenger safety and accessibility take centre stage on Elgin Street[Image]. Retrieved from https://yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2015/passenger-safety-and-accessibility-take-centre-stage-on-elgin-street/ Fig. 3 Melbourne Bus Route: 605. (2017). [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.sgbuses.com/picture.php?/38684-8016ao_605_c/tags/1317-melbourne_bus_route_605 Fig. 4 Author Fig. 5 City of Stonnington & Hansen. (2015). Chapel Revision Structure Plan 2012-2031. Melbourne: City of Stonnington. Fig. 6-17 Author Fig. 18-23 Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Prahran Housing Precinct Development Plan. Melbourne: Victorian State Government. Fig. 28 Faithful, T., & Alves, L. (2006). Stonnington Thematic Environmental History [Ebook] (pp. 2-28). Melbourne: City of Stonnington. Retrieved from http://www.stonnington.vic.gov.au/ files/assets/public/adl/stonnington-thematic-environmental-history/part-01-chapter-1.pdf Fig. 24 Queensland Herbarium, DES. (2018). Melaleuca quinquenervia (swamp paperbark) [Image]. Retrieved from https://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/components/species/?melaleuca-quinquenervia Fig. 25 en:Eucalyptus bridgesiana (Apple box ). (2015). [Image]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_bridgesiana#/media/File:Applebox.JPG Fig. 29 Author Fig. 26 Australian Bush Birds. (2018). Australian Wood Duck - Chenonetta jubata [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.australianbushbirds.info/infc/chenonetta_jubata.html Fig. 30 Spriggs, F. (2011). Chapel Street was flooded after a torrential downpour in February. [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-02-04/chapel-street-was-floodedafter-a-torrential/1963458 Fig. 27 Parish, S. (2015). Brushtail Possums [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.steveparish-natureconnect.com.au/nature-centre/the-world-of-possums/ Fig. 31-34 Author Fig. 35-37 Population forecasts | City of Stonnington | forecast.id. (2017). Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/stonnington. Fig. 38-40 Economic Profile | City of Stonnington | forecast.id. (2017). Retrieved from https://forecast.id.com.au/stonnington. Fig. 42-43 Wehrmeyer, S. (2018). Melbourne – Mapnificent – Dynamic Public Transport Travel Time Maps. Retrieved from https://www.mapnificent.net/melbour ne/#12/-37.8610/144.9970/1200/-37.8564/144.9922 Fig. 44-47 Author Fig. 52 Vita, L. (2010). Malmo, Lilla Varvsgatan [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/49539505@N04/4749838640 Fig. 50 Jansen, T. (2015). This Nursing Home Is Also a College Dorm. Retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/10/the-nursing-home-thats-also-a-dorm/408424/. Fig. 48-49 Murundaka Cohousing Community. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.murundakacohousing.org.au/ Fig. 53 Weekend Notes. (2012). Grabbing a table by the window [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.weekendnotes.com/friends-of-the-earth-food-co-op/ Fig. 54 Real Commercial. (2018). 36 Chapel Street [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-retail-vic-windsor-502886650 Fig. 56 CERES. (2018). We have been announced as a finalist... [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BZ2iroqhv6d/?taken-by=ceresbrunswick Fig. 55 Breathe Architecture. (2016). Community, not commodity: Why Nightingale is changing the future of housing [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.habitusliving.com/architecture/ nightingale Fig. 57 A Frog Bog. (2016). [Image]. Retrieved from http://coolponds.blogspot.com/2016/08/a-frog-bog.html Fig. 58 YourHome.gov.au. (2013). Slimline tanks [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.yourhome.gov.au/water/rainwater Fig. 59 Permeable Road Tiles 49 Fig. 60 Author Fig. 61 Author Fig. 62 laud8.wordpress.com. (2012). The Vancouver Land Bridge [Image]. Retrieved from https://laud8.wordpress.com/2012/11/22/the-vancouver-land-bridge/ Fig. 63 Yarra Trams. (2015). Passenger safety and accessibility take centre stage on Elgin Street[Image]. Retrieved from https://yarratrams.com.au/media-centre/news/articles/2015/passenger-safety-and-accessibility-take-centre-stage-on-elgin-street/Fig. 67 Nearmaps, 2018 Fig. 66 Author Fig. 64 Author Fig. 65 Author 70

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Fig. 68 Metro Tunnel. (2018). Eastern Tunnel Entrance Location [Image]. Retrieved from https://metrotunnel.vic.gov.au/construction/south-yarra/eastern-tunnel-entrance-location Fig. 70 Author Fig. 71 Urban Tactics. (2008). Le 56 / Eco-interstice [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.urbantactics.org/projects/passage%2056/passage56html.html Fig. 69 Melbourne Circle. (2016). South Yarra Post Office [Image]. Retrieved from https://melbournecircle.net/2016/03/19/schnapps-emus-and-boots/ Fig. 72 New York Restoration Project. (2018). Green Spaces [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.nyrp.org/green-spaces/Community_Gardens/Manhattan/The_Home_Depot_Community_Garden?crlt.pid=camp.AmBhYpbEKT3Y Fig. 73 City of Stonnington. (2018). Rain Gardens [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.stonnington.vic.gov.au/Live/Sustainability/Water/Raingardens Fig. 74 Underground water tank to prevent flooding in Melbourne. (2016). [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.sustainabilitymatters.net.au/content/water/case-study/underground-watertank-to-prevent-flooding-in-melbourne-320266701 Fig. 75 Author Fig. 78 Garrard, G. (2016). Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design [Image]. Retrieved from https://ggarrardresearch.wordpress.com/biodiversity-sensitive-urban-design/ Fig. 79 Green Roofs. (2018). [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.mrwaterproofing.com.au/mr-water-expertise/green-roof-solutions/ Fig. 76 BIKE REPAIR STATION INSTALLED. (2016). [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.melbournesportshub.com.au/msac/bike-repair-station-installed/ Fig. 80 Hansen. (2018). Rediscover Chapel Seating [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.hansenpartnership.com.au/projects/landscape-architecture/chapel-street-windsor/ Fig. 77 Water Fountain. (2016). [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.stonnington.vic.gov.au/Live/Sustainability/Water Fig. 81 Author Fig. 83 Nearmaps, 2018 Fig. 82 Author