The Economist 2019

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leonardo da vinCi 500 wlis Semdeg kristin lagardi inkluziuri zrda anjelina joli pasuxi devnilebs nil makgregori germanuli kiTxvebi

DEVELOPMENT

EMERALD GROUP პრემიუმკლასის კომფორტი საინვესტიციო კომპანია EMERALD GROUP 2018 წლის ივნისში შეიქმნა. კომპანიის სახელწოდება უძვირფასესი ქვისგან – ზურმუხტისგან მომდინარეობს, რაც სილამაზესა და ფუფუნებასთან ასოცირდება – ზურმუხტის სამკაულებს ხომ ოდითგანვე სამეფო კარის დიდებულები ატარებდნენ.

EMERALD GROUP-ისთვის კი სახელწოდება სწორედ იმ უმაღლესი ხარისხის, Luxury-სერვისთან ასოცირდება, რომელსაც თავის ერთგულ მომხმარებელს სთავაზობს. კომპანიის მიზანი მსოფლიოში საქართველოს, როგორც მიმზიდველი და საინტერესო საინვესტიციო გარემოს, წარმოჩენა, ქვეყანაში უცხოური ინვესტიციის მოზიდვა და მათი უნიკალური, გამორჩეული დეველოპერული მიზნით გამოყენებაა. სწორედ აღნიშნულ მიზანს ემსახურება კომპანიის დეველოპერული მიმართულება EMERALD DEVELOPMENT – ერთადერთი კომპანია საქართველოში, რომელიც მხოლოდ და მხოლოდ პრემიუმკლასის, 5-ვარსკვლავიან კომპლექსებს ააშენებს თბილისსა და შავიზღვისპირეთში. როგორც აღვნიშნეთ, EMERALD DEVELOPMENT-ის მთავარი კონცეფციაა პრემიუმხარისხის, 5-ვარსკვლავიანი აპარტამენტებით დაკომპლექტებული საცხოვრებელი კომპლექსების, სასტუმროებისა და სამორინეების აშენება, სადაც ფუფუნებისა და სრული კომფორტისთვის საჭირო ყველანაირი დეტალი იქნება გათვალისწინებული. მთავარი პრიორიტეტი მიენიჭება ქალაქის ცენტრალურ და პრესტიჟულ უბნებს; შენობები აიგება მსოფლიოში ცნობილი, უმაღლესი ხარისხის, ბრენდული მასალით, მოპირკეთდება მთლიანად Villeroy & Boch-ის ძვირფასი ფილებით; მომხმარებლებს მოემსახურება MITSUBISHI-ს ლიფტი, გაკეთდება აუზები, მოეწყობა მრავალფეროვანი შადრევნები და გამორჩეული ყურადღება დაეთმობა კომპლექსების მრავალფეროვან გამწვანებას, რომელიც განსაკუთრებით მომხიბლავს და ეკოლოგიურად წარმტაცს გახდის EMERALD DEVELOPMENT-ის ექსკლუზიურ პროექტებს. კომპანიის მთავარი პრინციპია, თავისი მასშტაბური, გლამურული პროექტების ფარგლებში, ყველაზე პრეტენზიული მომხმარებლის გემოვნება და მოთხოვნებიც კი დააკმაყოფილოს. სწორედ ამიტომ, EMERALD DEVELOPMENT მათ ერთი შეხედვით დაუჯერებელი, ზღაპრული სურვილებისა და ჩანაფიქრების ასრულების საშუალებასაც კი მისცემს – მომხმარებელს შეეძლება ნებისმიერი სახის, სირთულის, ორიგინალობისა და კონცეფციის რემონტი თუ დიზაინი გაკეთდეს მის მიერ არჩეულ აპარტამენტში, რაც სრულყოფილ კომფორტს, აბსოლუტურ სიმყუდროვესა და განსაკუთრებულ, თბილ ემოციებს აღუძრავს. მთავარი ნიშა, რომელიც EMERALD GROUP-ს სხვა საინვესტიციო-დეველოპერული კომპანიებისგან გამოარჩევს, ის არის, რომ ყველა პროექტი წინასწარაა დაფინანსებული. კერძოდ, კომპანია მსოფლიოს წამყვანი საერთაშორისო გამოფენების და სხვა აქტუალური საინვესტიციო ღონისძიებების შედეგად წინასწარ მოზიდული, უკვე გარანტირებული ინვესტიციებით დაიწყებს გრანდიოზულ პროექტებზე მუშაობას, რაც კომპანიის ფინანსური სტაბილურობის და შესაბამისად, მომხმარებლების სიმშვიდის გარანტია.

winandlis mamulis axali sicocxle `radison qoleqSen, winandlis mamuli~ — premium klasis sastumro kaxeTis SuagulSi Rvinis uZvelesi koleqcia, gansakuTrebuli samzareulo, literatura da istoria — Tavadi aleqsandre WavWavaZis winandlis mamuli kaxeTis SuagulSi gacocxlebuli istoriaa. me-19 saukuneSi aSenebuli saxli ulamazesi baRiTa da Rvinis qarxniT, turistebs muzeumis saxiT ukve wlebia maspinZlobs. amJamad stumrebs am teritoriaze dasveneba da sxvadasxva momsaxurebis miRebac SeuZliaT. muzeumis siaxloves premium klasis sastumro, `radison qoleqSen, winandlis mamuli~ oficialurad gaixsna. es aris kaxeTis regionSi saerTaSoriso standartis, pirveli brendirebuli sastumro da amierkavkasiis regionSi pirveli „radison qoleqSeni“. es brendi imiTaa gansakuTrebuli, rom sastumrosTvis mxolod gamorCeuli istoriisa da mniSvnelobis mqone eqskluziur adgilebs irCevs. saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dasacavad, ga-

naxlda da keTilmoewyo winandlis mamulis teritoria da istoriuli mniSvnelobis nagebobebi. aseve moxda aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumis restavracia. proeqts saTaveSi udgas da axorcielebs kompania `silq roud jgufi~. axali sastumros dizainis yvela detali gaTvlilia ise, rom damsveneblebma Tavi marTlac gansakuTrebulad igrZnon. SenarCunebuli da restavrirebulia aleqsandre WavWavaZis droindeli Rvinis qarxnis Senoba. mimdebare teritoriac amave stilSia mowyobili. proeqtze erToblivad imuSaves qarTvelma da ucxoelma dizainerebma, maT Soris cnobilma germanelma industriulma dizainerma ingo maurerma da saxelganTqmulma qarTvelma moqandake Tamar kvesitaZem. istoriuli mniSvnelobis xazgasmis paralelurad, sastumro momxmareblebs umaRlesi donis komfortsac hpird-

eba. 141 premium nomris garda, damsvenebels saSualeba aqvs isargeblos spa centriT, gare auziT, fitnes darbaziT. winandlis mamulebis unikaluri Rvinis koleqciebTan erTad, sastumro damsvenebels sxvadasxva qveynis samzareulos dagemovnebasac sTavazobs. maT Soris ra Tqma unda, qarTuli tradiciuli samzareulocaa. `radison qoleqSen, winandlis mamuli~ saukeTeso adgilia Sexvedrebisa da RonisZiebebis Casatareblad. amisaTvis kompleqsSi jamSi 2350 kvadratuli metri farTobis sivrcea gamoyofili. aRsaniSnavia amfiTeatri, romelic jamSi 1200 adamianzea gaTvlili. dizaini cnobil xelovans, xavier fabres ekuTvnis. am sivrceSi SesaZlebelia koncertebis, qorwilebis, gala-vaxSmebis, speqtaklebisa da sxva msgavsi RonisZiebebis gamarTva. `radison qoleqSen, winandlis mamuli~ damsveneblebs saSualebas aZlevs sxva kuTxiT dainaxon kaxeTi, bolomde gaecnon Rvinis damzadebis tradicias, istoriasa da kulturas, da daisvenon araCveulebriv garemoSi. proeqti ganaxorciela `silq roud jgufma~, `sapartnioro fondis~ finansuri mxardaWeriT.

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msoflio 2019 sarCevi

13 redaqtorisgan liderebi 15 trampis Sou meore sezoni 17 si Zinpinis sazrunavi cifri cxris wyevla 18 aRmavali tendenciis dasasruli win ekonomikuri sirTuleebia 20 britaneTis mistikuri mkvleloba vin mokla `breqsiTi~?

22 mkvleli robotebi xelovnuri inteleqtis regulirebisTvis 23 genderuli TviTidentifikacia kulturuli omis morigi fronti 24 demokratiis dasacavad ilaparakeT, Tu arada, gagaCumeben 25 sad aris xorci? veganTa weli 25 kompaniebis zusti sloganebi simarTle reklamaSi 2019 wlis kalendari 26 Cven mier gamorCeuli yoveli Tvis mniSvnelovani movlenebi mTeli msofliodan

britaneTi 29 dausrulebeli gaurkvevloba yvelaferi `breqsiTis~ Sesaxeb 30 airCieT Tqveni panika katastrofuli scenarebi 31 ufro mZime droeba ekonomikisTvis moemzadeT sirTuleebisTvis 32 jeremi korbini memarcxeneobaze, rogorc axal centrze

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evropa iunkeris Semdeg briuselSi yvelaferi icvleba evro 20 wlis xdeba gilocavT dabadebis dRes? germaniis sisuste amerikasTan mibmuli miwaze damarcxebuli putini gruxuniT ukraina xmas aZlevs bevri dramatizmi, cota cvlileba makronis reformebi Sedegebis droa NATO 70 wlisTavze nerviuli zeimi danawevrebuli espaneTi saWiroa meti reforma populisturi italia flirti finansur katastrofasTan

SeerTebuli Statebi 41 partiuli politika win sazizRari welia 42 morigi kampania demokratebi 2020 wlisTvis samzadisSi 43 konservatiuli kolegia kavanos sasamarTlo 44 `milenialebi~`bumerebis~pirispir momdevno Taoba 44 uolt uitmeni imediani simwvanis qsovilidan amozrdili

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`arcerTTa~ mateba rwmenis dakargva obamas meore aqti xmauri scenis miRma gaxurebuli ekonomikis wyevla `SuSxunis~ faqtori lorin pauel jobsi saarCevno uflebebis Sesaxeb

azia 49 megaarCevnebi brZola indoeTis sulisTvis 50 gandis 150-e dabadebis dRe saxelmwifos Semqmnels pativs miageben 51 iaponia turistebis misaRebad imuxteba diax, Cven riokani 52 jokovi prabovos winaaRmdeg indonezia prezidents irCevs 52 gaqceuli avtoritarebi aziuri demokratia 53 CrdiloeT koreis axali megobrebi ucnauri `Zmakacoba~ 54 indoeTi britaneTs uswrebs Sedegiani gamodevneba 54 avstraliis rTuli arCevani gadawyvetilebis miRebis droa CineTi 57 CineTi da amerika undoblobis didi kedeli 58 oTxi maisis moZraoba maisis yvavilebi 59 msubuqi damokidebuleba ekonomikisadmi saomari mdgomareobis maragebi 59 honkongs musika esmis simRera CineTis melodiaze 60 poni ma teqnologiebis socialuri sikeTis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso 61 mTeli msoflio onlain? urTierTkavSiris Tavsatexi 62 Senelebuli socialuri media saqmianobis `damuxruWeba~ 63 realiTi televiziis gavlena politikaze mimis cieb-cxeleba 64 globalistebi nacionalistebis winaaRmdeg The great divide 65 kvlav gadaSenebis safrTxeSi veluri floriTa da fauniT aralegaluri vaWroba 65 Cveni 2018 wlis prognozebis sia ambebi moulodnelobebis Sesaxeb 66 samoqalaqo partnioroba me Sen erTgulebas orSabaTs Semogficav 67 klimatis cvlileba ganzraxvaTa meryeoba 68 albaTobis prognozireba ra Sansebia?

69 stiven pinkeri mTavari tendenciebis Sesaxeb

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Ria momavali specialur ganyofilebaSi warmodgenilia statiebi The Economist-is Ria momavlis proeqtidan bazrebis, teqnologiisa da Tavisuflebis rolis Sesaxeb iuval noa harari nacionalizmis Sesaxeb anjelina joli devnilTa Sesaxeb gamarjvebuli azrebi amonaridebi eseebidan zeid raad al huseini saxalxo moZraobis Sesaxeb kristin lagardi inkluziuri zrdis Sesaxeb

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msoflio cifrebSi globaluri ekonomikis Semajamebeli masala The Economist Intelligence Unit prognozi 81 qveynisTvis prognozi 15 industriisTvis

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biznesi ufro mkacri amerikeli bosebisTvis ukeTesi ar arsebobs 92 biznesis politika gaRviZebis droa 93 araTanabari svla Tanasworobisaken #MeToo nawili meore 94 veli mwvervalze siliciumis velis brwyinvaleba fermkrTaldeba 94 teqnologiuri gigantebis gvema sportis popularuli saxeoba 95 moda da avatarebi xelovnuri inteleqti modaSi 96 rRveva avtoindustriaSi swrafi rbolis zolSi 96 veeberTela axali habebi sahaero omi 97 beisboli londonSi modis garbeni gasvlaze 98 tobias liutke antreprenerobis Sesaxeb 99 putinis gazsadenebi ruseTidan amuris gavliT 90 marixuanas industriis aRmavloba gaberili reklama 100 izabel koCeri energetikaSi inovaciis Sesaxeb 91

finansebi 103 bazrebis moZraoba konvergenciis Teoria 104 savaWro dokumentaciis Sedgena cifrul formatze gadadis qaRaldebi — sanagveSi 105 globaluri ekonomika jer aSS 106 samaxsovro Canaweri siTize cnobieri ganwyvileba 107 antikorufciuli mcdelobebi sanaxevrod gakeTebuli saqme

msoflio 2019 108 win sabanko merjerebi gvelis evropis martosuli kreditorebi 108 cifruli gadaxdebi Cinelebi modian 109 navTobis fasebi SfoTvis droeba 110 ekonomiqsis momdevno nabijebi savaluto sakiTxebi 111 steisi kaningemi: bazrebisa da mTavari quCis Sesaxeb mecniereba da teqnologia 113 kosmosuri mogzauroba gza gauxseniT mTvarisken rbolas 114 mzis sistemis gamokvleva daSveba `ultima Tuleze~ 115 saxis amocnobis aRzeveba mosiarule barkodebi 116 motivtive atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi energetikuli TamaSi 116 antarqtikis Sefaseba Tveitsi da gazomvebi 117 gafarToebuli realoba da janmrTeloba mkurnali saTvaleebi 118 Designer babies mimdevrobebi da Sedegebi 119 fabiola jianoti fundamenturi kvlevebis Sesaxeb kultura 120 kreatiulobis sasaxlebi xelovnebiT gavsebuli farduli 121 kulturuli apropriaciis omebi me brals vdeb 121 momakvdavi enebi yovel sityvaze gamokideba 123 moZravi suraTebi aqtioruli TamaSis wre 123 xelovani qalebis gamofena locva mxatvari qalebisaTvis 124 geniosis bloknoti leonardo 2019 wels ewveva 125 bauhauzis 100 wlisTavi Tavad simartive 126 nil mak gregori humboldtis forumis Sesaxeb nekrologi 127 evropis ideis datireba saerTo zRva 129 saqarTvelo 2019 seqcia momzadebulia `jorjia Tudei jgufis“ mier

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EDITOR: Daniel Franklin MANAGING EDITOR: Yvonne Ryan DEPUTY EDITORS: Tom Standage, Leo Abruzzese EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS: Melissa Heikkilä, Lily Postlethwaite COUNTRIES EDITOR: Alasdair Ross INDUSTRIES EDITOR: Martin Adams INDUSTRIES CONTRIBUTORS: Sagarika Jaisinghani, Ana Nicholls DESIGN AND ART DIRECTION: Mike Kenny ART DIRECTOR: Anita Wright CHARTS: Matt McLean ILLUSTRATIONS: Steve Carroll, Lauren Crow, Ellie Foreman-Peck, Kevin (“KAL”) Kallaugher, Nick Lowndes, Dave Simonds, Sébastien Thibault, Alex Williamson PICTURE EDITOR: Juliet Brightmore RESEARCH: Carol Howard EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Ingrid Esling, James Baer

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019 wlis dadgomasTan erTad msoflioSi mdgomareoba arcTu saxarbieloa. braziliidan italiamde, sul ufro met qveyanaSi, mmarTvelobis sadaveebs populistebi ikaveben. globaluri ekonomika axla ufro myifea, vidre erTi wlis win iyo. finansur bazrebze gaurkvevloba SeiniSneba. amerikasa da CineTs Soris savaWro omi mimdinareobs. teqnologiebisa da teqnologiuri giganti kompaniebis mimarT undobloba izrdeba. aRiarebuli TamaSis wesebze dafuZnebuli msoflio wesrigi safrTxis winaSea. yovelive es 2019 wlisTvis prognozirebas arTulebs da amave dros, sainteresosac xdis. ra movlenebs elodebian The Economist-is Jurnalistebi da mowveuli eqspertebi 2019 wels? gTavazobT ramdenime mniSvnelovan prognozs: 1. ekonomikuri qari mimarTulebas icvlis. amerika 2019 wlis Sua TveebSi Tavisi ekonomikuri zrdis uwyvetobis axal rekords daamyarebs. CineTis zrda Seneldeba, xolo indoeTi ufro swrafi tempiT ganviTardeba. qaosis Semdeg siria ekonomikuri zrdis tempis mixedviT msoflio liderebSi moeqceva. venesuelasa da iranis ekonomika Semcirdeba. evropis kontinentze, italiaSi, finansuri krizisis safrTxe ikveTeba.

2. bazrebi TavianTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian. magram ra mimarTuleba eqneba aseT daaxloebas? amerikis finansuri bazari gaizrdeba Tu danarCen msoflioSi Semcireba iqneba? meore varianti ufro mosalodnelia. manamde amerikel korporaciul bosebs SeuZliaT isiamovnon. kargi droeba StatebisTvis mudmivi ar iqneba.

3. msoflio demokratiisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani welia. qveynebSi, romelTa saerTo mosaxleoba dedamiwis mosaxleobis mesamedze metia, saerTo arCevnebi imarTeba. maT Sorisaa indonezia, nigeria da indoeTi — msoflios udidesi demokratia. optimistebi imedovneben, rom es arCevnebi msoflioSi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis tendenciis dasrulebas daudebs saTaves.

4. breqsiti ukve realobaa. britaneTis mier evrokavSiridan gasvlis procesis fonze, urTierTsayvedurebi sul ufro gaxSirdeba. amave dros, evrokavSirs axali komisia, parlamenti da centraluri bankis prezidenti eyoleba.

5. cifri 9 CineTSi gaRizianebas iwvevs. wlebi, romelTa aRmniSvneli ricxvebi 9-iT mTavrdeba, Cineli liderebisaTvis uxerxul iubileebs ukavSirdeba.

2019 wels 100 weli sruldeba 4 maisis saprotesto moZraobidan da 30 weli tiananmenis moedanze studentebis protestis sisxliani CaxSobidan.

6. RirsSesaniSnavi iubileebis gamo, cnobili moRvaweebi kvlav sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian. 150 weli sruldeba mahaTma gandis dabadebidan, 500 weli — ernan kortesis meqsikaSi Sesvlidan da leonardo da vinCis gardacvalebidan (toskaneli geniosi droSi mogzaurobs da Tavis ideebs 2019 welsac gviziarebs. misi naxatebi am gamocemis ydisTvisac STagonebis wyarod iqca).

7. mTvarisTvis axali Sejibri iwyeba. mas Semdeg,

es aris veganebis, neli socialuri mediis, genderuli TviTidentifikaciis da samoqalaqo partniorobebis weli

rac nil armstrongma kacobriobisTvis Tavisi giganturi naxtomi Seasrula, kosmosuri xomaldebi kvlav mTvarisken miiswrafvian (zogi maTgani kerZo seqtoris wyalobiT). amave dros, NASA-s kosmosuri zondi `axali horizontebi~, `ultima Tules~ miaRwevs. es iqneba yvelaze didi dafaruli manZili kosmosuri frenebis epoqaSi. 8. teqnologiebs veravin da veraferi daemaleba. xelovnuri inteleqti, Tu saxis amocnoba, teqnologiebi yvelgan iqneba. magram Silicon Valley-m Tavisi gavlenis piks SesaZloa ukve miaRwia da teqnologiuri gigantebi regulaciebs daeqvemdebarebian — rogorc amerikis, ise evropis kontinentebze.

9. didi kultura gaibrwyinebs. amerikaSi aRtacebiT elodebian xelovnebis giganturi centris, `niu-iorkis fardulis~ (The Shed in New York) gaxsnas. germania SokSia axali humboldtis forumis molodinSi, romelic berlinSi imarTeba.

10. statistikuri orientirebi azrTa koncentrirebas axdenen. samyaros naxevari onlainreJimSi iqneba, indoeTi mSp-is moculobiT britaneTs gadauswrebs, nigeriis mosaxleoba 200 milions miaRwevs, amerikaSi `milenialebis~ Taoba raodenobiT `bebi bumerebs~ gadauswrebs da Statebis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani jgufi gaxdeba.

11. es weli ekuTvniT… veganur, axali tipis socialuri mediis (Slow Social), genderuli TviTidentifikaciis baraTebs da samoqalaqo partniorobas (sul ufro bevr qveyanaSi, es socialuri gaerTianebebi mniSvnelobiT tradiciuli qorwinebis fenomens uaxlovdebian). gaeros wyalobiT, 2019 weli mkvidri mosaxleobis enebis welic iqneba. bizneswreebi ufro metad orientirebulni iqnebian socialur trendebze da politikur garemoze.

12. 2019 wlis mTavari brZola iwyeba. prezidenti trampi da demokratebis kontrolirebadi kongresi erTmaneTs daupirispirdebian da brZola metad mZafri iqneba. am gamocemis gverdebze kidev bevr prognozs ixilavT. TavianT mosazrebebs warmoadgenen sxvadasxva saintereso pirovnebebi: britaneli leiboristebis lideri jeremi korbini, niu-iorkis safondo birJis xelmZRvaneli steisi kaningemi, Tencent-is xelmZRvaneli poni ma da sxva. warmogidgenT specialur ganyofilebas, `Ria momavlis~ Temaze. ganvixilavT 21-e saukuneSi liberalizmis ganaxlebis saWiroebas. specialuri ganyofilebis Seqmna The Economist-is 175-e iubiles eZRvneba. aq sakuTar mosazrebebs warmoadgenen iuval noa harari da kristin lagardi. winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse da bundovani uaxloesi momavali Tavbrus Tu dagaxvevT, SegiZliaT grZelvadiani perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb stiven pinkeris mosazrebebs gaecnoT. aq Tqven uamravi mosalodneli miRwevisa da momavlis progresis Sesaxeb SeityobT. deniel franklini, redaqtori, msoflio 2019

msoflio 2019

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trampis Sou, meore sezoni rogor dainaxavs istoria amerikis 45-e prezidents, es 2019 wels miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT ganisazRvreba, — ambobs zani minton bedousi

b

sakiTxavi isaa, damangrevelia Tu kreatiuli misi qmedebebi

aRiareben, rom trampi buldozers hgavs. sakiTxavi isaa, damangrevelia Tu kreatiuli misi qmedebebi? misi saqmianobis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom Sedegebi saSualoa. gansakuTrebiT seriozuli ziani miadga amerikis politikur kulturas. prezidentis Cveulma tyuilebma, misma Setevam presaze, da momxreebSi gaRizianebis provocirebam, amerikul sazogadoebaSi Seqmna ganwyoba, rom qveyana ufro metad gaxleCili, myife da gaRizianebulia, vidre nebismier sxva dros, 1960-iani wlebis bolodan dawyebuli. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans Sualeduri arCevnebis samzadisSi, umaRles sasamarTloSi bret kavanos daniSvniT gamowveuli furoridan dawyebuli, pitsburgis `sicocxlis xis~ sinagogaSi momxdari masobrivi mkvlelobiT damTavrebuli. batoni trampis ekonomikuri siqvele imaze naklebad STambeWdavia, vidre mxardamWerebi acxadeben. diax, ekonomika bums ganicdis, magram es imitom xdeba, rom igi fiskalurad upasuxismgeblo gadasaxadebis Sekvecis SedegebiT tkbobis SuawelSi imyofeba. sagareo politikaSi buldozeriviT moqmedebis ziani aSkara da myisieria. batoni trampis midrekilebis gamo, ugulvebelyos valdebulebebi, romlebsac `cud garigebebad~ naTlavs, amerikam ukve datova bevri saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, xolo bevri sxvisgan gasvliT imuqreba. es moicavs rogorc mniSvnelovan valdebulebebs, parizis klimatis SeTanxmebiT dawyebuli da iranis birTvuli garigebiT damTavrebuli, aseve naklebad cnobili sayovelTao safosto kavSiris rigebidan gamosvlasac. aman xandaxan daCrdila is sakiTxebi, sadac trampis midgoma SorsmWvreteluri iyo da realuri SesaZleblobebi Seqmna.

buldozeris iqiT

zani minton bedousi: mTavari redaqtori, The Economist

koreis liderTan urTierTobaSi, trampi Tavdapirvelad oponentTan Seuracxmyofeli gamonaTqvamebis gacvliT iyo dakavebuli. uceb, mas erTgvari sasiyvarulo romanic ki gauCnda axla ukve savsebiT mimzidvel kim Cen inTan, ramac birTvuli ar-

s

olo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi globalur politikur scenaze erTma kacma yvela aqtori daCrdila. prezidentma trampma gaxliCa amerika da msoflio movlenebSi ise dominirebda, rogorc arcerTi Tanamedrove prezidenti manamde. es nawilobriv batoni trampis stilis damsaxurebacaa, — Tavis 55 milion mimdevarTan tvitebis diplomatiiT urTierToba, prezidentis qcevis damkvidrebuli normebisadmi zizRi da realiTi Sous varskvlavis niWi yuradRebis miqcevisa. sinamdvileSi, es umeteswilad imitom xdeba, rom batoni trampis msoflmxedveloba, — nulovani jamis TamaSis principebze damyarebuli, gaRizianebiT marTuli, merkantiluri, rasobrivi gansxvavebebiT daferili nacionalizmi, winamorbedebisgan da qveynis meore msoflio omis Semdgomi rolisgan mas radikalurad gamoarCevs. Tavisufali samyaros lideri aqamde yoveldRiurad miRebuli politikisadmi braziani saxalxo ukureaqciis gamoxatulebaa. cxovrebaSi trampis moWarbebuli doziT SemoWram eqstremaluri reaqciebi warmoSva. kritikosebisTvis, damaqcevari donaldi katastrofa iyo. is gaxda adamiani, vis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba da visi damapirispirebeli ritorika amerikuli demokratiis qsovils arRvevs, visi CarCuli da agresiuli midgoma amerikis saerTaSoriso liderSipisadmi ekonomikurad uwignuri, moralurad gakotrebuli da geostrategiulad araSorsmWvreteluria. mxardamWerTaTvis is `magari~ trampia: Tavxedi da mouxeSavi, magram adamiani, romelmac mgrgvinavi ekonomikuri zrda moitana da moZvelebul msoflio wesrigs wirva gamouyvana. man geopolitikaSi Cixuri mdgomareobebidan gamosavali monaxa (magaliTad, CrdiloeT koreis birTvul SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebuli umoqmedoba) da didi xniT gadadebul problemebs yuradReba daubruna. amaSi CineTis mier globaluri vaWrobis wesebis Ralati da evropeli mokavSireebis mier Tavdacvaze mosaCveneblad gaweuli xarjvis praqtikac Sedis. momxreebica da mowinaaRmdegeebic

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senalis mqone CrdiloeT koreis arakeTilsaimedo xelmZRvanelobasTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva Seqmna. Tumca amas jerjerobiT mniSvnelovani Sedegebi ar moutania, TamaSi 2019 welsac gagrZeldeba. siriidan avRaneTamde trampis administraciis midgoma, sjobs da sul mcire, barak obamas administraciis midgomas ar Camouvardeba. dabolos: yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom trampis gundis mier CineTis, rogorc strategiuli safrTxis, aRqma, romlis ekonomikuri ambiciebi unda Sekavdes maSinac ki, roca geopolitikuri ambiciebi mogeriebulia, savsebiT eTanwyoba orive partiisa da amerikis sagareo politikis istebliSmentis Sexedulebebs. trampis politikuri taqtika kvlavac saTuoa, gansakuTrebiT — tarifebis iaraRad gamoyenebis dros.

TumcaRa, gasuli wlis Sedegi aCvenebs, rom amerikis agresiuli midgoma sagareo vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT, Sedegis momtania, Tumca — garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod. marTalia, batonma trampma globaluri savaWro sistema daasusta umeteswilad vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis `kastraciiT~, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, samxreT koreasTan, iseve, rogorc kanadasa da meqsikasTan, da garkveulwilad evrokavSirTan oponirebisas, man es didi savaWro partniorebi cvlilebebis aucileblobaSi daarwmuna, rac amerikis merkantiluri interesis prizmaSi, molaparakebebSi miRweuli mokrZalebuli warmatebaa. trampizmi ubralod ar aris saerTaSoriso wesrigis dangreva. es minigarigebebi SesaZloa warmoadgendes strategiis nawils, romlis mizani wesrigis pirobebis Secvla, mogvianebiT gamarjvebis gamocxadeba da moqmedebis gagrZelebaa. Tu es asea, CineTi am strategias udides gamocdas mouwyobs. aq brZolis Sedegi 2019 wels dadgeba. es yvelaze damajerebeli sabuTi iqneba imisa, SeuZlia Tu ara tramps gviCvenos raime, zeimis arevis garda.

sul axali siuJetebi 2019 wels mdgomareoba Seicvleba da batoni trampi met sirTuleebs waawydeba. mas kargi iRbalic naklebad waeSveleba. daviwyoT imiT, rom demokratebis kontrolirebul warmomadgenelTa palataSi trampis administracias im komitetebis agresiuli kiTxvebisTvis pasuxis gacema mouwevs, romlebsac sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis ufleba aqvT. `gamadidebeli SuSis qveS moeqceva~ batoni trampis mier gadasaxadebis gadaxdis (an argadaxdis) Tema da isic, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara konstitucias mis mier sakuTari kompaniis uZravi qonebis gamoyeneba. Tu sagangebo prokuror robert miuleris gamoZieba batoni trampis kampaniasa da ruseTis mier 2016 wlis arCevnebSi Carevas Soris raime feTqebad samxils ar aRmoaCens, demokratTa liderebs mouwevT moTokon kolegebi, romlebic prezidentis sawinaaRmdego impiCmentis procedurebis dawyebas gegmaven. miuxedavad amisa, warmomadgenelTa palata mtruli iqneba da daJinebiT ecdeba pasuxisgebaSi misces umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisufali. garda amisa, aqciebis fasebi (batoni trampis sayvareli barometri) moiklebs da 2019 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomika Sesustebas daiwyebs. es imitom moxdeba, rom TandaTan minavldeba gadasaxadebis SekveciT miRebuli stimuli, metadre imitom, rom gazrdili tarifebi da saprocento ganakveTebi ekonomikur zrdas aneleben. pirveli ianvridan 250 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis Cinur saqonelze

msoflio 2019

SorsmWvreteli prezidenti amas istoriul SesaZleblobad miiCnevda

tarifebi 10%-dan 25%-mde unda gaizardos. federaluri rezervi gaagrZelebs ufro mkacri monetaruli politikisken svlas da 2019 wlis Sua perdiodisTvis sul mcire or etapad, TiTojer procentis meoTxediT gaizrdeba saprocento ganakveTi. aqedan gamomdinare, ufro maRali amerikuli saprocento ganakveTis Sedegebi ukve igrZnoba ganviTarebad samyaroSi. momdevno wels es qveynis SigniTac sul ufro sagrZnobi gaxdeba. ra reaqcia eqneba amaze tramps? Tu `damaqcevari donaldi~ swori terminia, is am problemebidan yuradRebis gadasatanad agresiul ritorikas gaaZlierebs. amis Sedegi demokratTa sawinaaRmdego uTvalavi tiradebi iqneba Twitter-ze, ufro meti mizanmimarTuli Seteva centralur bankze da agresiuli qmedebebis wyeba iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa trampis sabazo eleqtoratisTvis mimzidveli saimigracio kontroli. isedac braziani qveyana kidev ufro braziani gaxdeba. amas ekonomika iotiTac ver Secvlis. am mizeziT, SesaZlebelia batonma trampma, romelic yovelTvis guluxvad arigebs prognozebs, moqmedebis sxva sqema airCios. man SesaZloa demokratebTan garigeba gamoacxos fiskaluri stimulis gasaxangrZliveblad, da amis meSveobiT ekonomikisTvis sayrdenis misacemad. erT-erTi varianti dasaqmebulTa, da ara mdidarTa gadasaxadebis Sekvecaa. ufro mosalodnelia infrastruqturuli xarjebis gazrdis paketis miReba. ekonomikis Senelebis masStabi aseve damokidebulia trampis udides sagareo politikur gadawyvetilebaze: rogori urTierToba iqonios CineTTan. bevri TvalsazrisiT, batoni trampis pozicia Zlieria. amerika jerjerobiT CineTTan satarifo omiT didad ar zaralobs. man saxtad datova CineTis liderSipi, romelic ar moeloda amerikis satarifo strategiis aseT agresiulobasa da masStabs. amave dros, batoni trampis moqmedebis sivrcec SezRudulia. erTi mxriv, SemzRudavi faqtoria ziani, rasac satarifo omis eskalacia moitans, meore mxriv ki amerikis axali sinofobiis masStabi. swrafma da binZurma garigebam, romelic ar Secvlis CineTis standartul savaWro praqtikas, SesaZloa batoni trampi mowyvladi gaxados Sinauri oponentebis Setevisadmi, radganac aseT SemTxvevaSi mas aRmavali metoqis mimarT damyoli politikis gatareba dabraldeba.

gamouSviT mSenebeli is, Tu rogor gaumklavdeba CineTis dilemas, didwilad ganapirobebs misi prezidentobis Sefasebas.

SorsmWvreteli prezidenti amas istoriul SesaZleblobad miiCnevda. is darazmavda mokavSireebs msoflio vaWrobis organizaciis CarCoebSi muSaobis gziT globaluri vaWrobis wesebis gardaqmnisTvis, ris paraleluradac ganamtkicebda samxedro aliansebs aziaSi CineTis Semotevis nebismieri mcdelobis aRsakveTad. igi politikas orwliani ngrevis taqtikidan axali msoflio wesrigis Seqmnis dawyebamde gadaiyvanda, romelic ufro misadagebuli iqneboda 21-e saukunis realiebTan da gaTvlili amerikisa da CineTis metoqeobis marTvisTvis, romelic am saukunis ganmsazRvreli movlenaa. faqti, rom Znelia batoni trampi amis keTebiT dakavebuli warmovidginoT, samwuxarod, Zalian Zlieri niSania imisa, Tu rogor Seafasebs mas istoria. n

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cifri cxris wyevla man uzarmazari Zalaufleba moipova, magram si Zinpini 2019 welze SfoTvis mimcemia, — ambobs jeims mailsi

1

989 wlis damdegs, ocdaaTi wlis win, CineTis Tavze politikuri qariSxlis Rrublebi grovdeboda. qveynis liderebi mwvave dapirispirebam gaxliCa imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad Rrma da swrafi unda yofiliyo ekonomikuri reforma. sabWoTa liberali lideriT, mixeil gorbaCoviT STagonebuli zogi Cineli, TavianTi qveynis ufro metad gaTavisuflebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmasac bedavda. im wlis kalendari CineTis Tanamedrove istoriis politikuri movlenebis did iubileebsac moicavda. bevri inteleqtuali am TariRebs didi aRelvebiT eloda da imedovnebda, rom es SesaZlebloba maT sababs miscemda partiis xelisuflebaSi yofnisas naCvenebi SedegebiT ukmayofileba gamoexataT. 2019 wlis dasawyisi gacilebiT naklebad intensiuria. miuxedavad amisa, TariRebi kvlavac gvaxsenebs Tavs. komunisturi partia nerviulobs. es SesaZloa ucnaurad Candes. 1989 wlis Semdeg, CineTis simdidre da gavlena didad gaizarda. partia mtkiced dgas qveynis saTaveSi. miuxedavad amisa, uSiSroebis Zalebi mzad iqnebian. cenzorebi dRe da Rame imuSaveben, raTa gamoavlinon nebismieri miuRebeli mimarTeba RirsSesaniSnav TariRebTan. es advili ar iqneba. 9-ze damTavrebul wlebSi momxdari movlenebisa da Sesabamisi TariRebis ricxvi, romlebsac partiisTvis mgrZnobiare Sinaarsi aqvs, gaizarda. maT Soris umTavresia 1989 wels demokratiis mxardamWeri saprotesto aqciebis sisxliani darbeva, rac sami aTwleulis winandeli boboqari ganwyobilebis kulminacia iyo. iseve, rogorc 1989 wels, cenzorebs gauWirdebaT politikuri konformizmis uzrunvelyofa. es imitom xdeba, rom TariRebis nawilis sazeimo aRniSvna TviTon partias moswons, ase rom, yoveli maTganis moxseniebis akrZalva ubralod ar SeuZlia. aviRoT, Tundac 4 maisi. 2019 wels am dRes aRiniSneba100 wlisTavi studenturi moZraobis dawyebidan, romelmac 1921 wels partiis Seqmna moitana, raSic partiisTvis sakmaod bevria sazeimo. magram, amave dros, 1989 wels taiananmenis moednis saprotesto gamosvlebisTvis oTxi maisis moZraoba didi STagonebis wyaro iyo. gamosvlebis monawileni TavianT Tavs da ara partias, miiCnevdnen 1919 wlis studentTa patriotuli da reformistuli suliskveTebis memkvidreebad. amJamad studentur kampusebSi daumorCileblobis niSnebi ar Cans. amave dros, CineTis mmarTvelebma isic uwyian, rom ganwyoba cvalebadia. 1988 wels Cineli disidentebi Ciodnen, rom studentebs politikaze metad mahjongis TamaSi ainteresebdaT. isini Zalian cdebodnen. pirvel oqtombers saxalxo respublikis Seqmnis 70-e wlisTavi kidev erTi im SemTxvevaTagani iqneba, roca partia da xalxi movlenas sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvams. 1989 wlis dasawyisSi gamoCenili Cineli

disidenti fan liCJi (igi 2012 wels emigraciaSi gardaicvala) werda, rom im wels 4 maisisa da 1 oqtombris wlisTavebi `CineTis imedisa da sasowarkveTis metyveli simboloebi~ gaxdebodnen. es aCvenebda, Tu rogor `uRalates~ Cineli xalxis `miamit gulwrfelobas~ 1949 wels, komunisturi mmarTvelobis dawyebis Semdeg. amas ase mZafrad CinelTa mcire ricxvi Tu gamoxatavs. bevri maTgani siamayes grZnobs qveynis mzardi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gamo, magram eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi 1 oqtomberi sazeimo SemTxveva namdvilad ar iqneba. intensiuri gaxdeba uSiSroebis samsaxuris muSaoba tibetsa da sinZianis provinciaSi maT winaaRmdeg, vinc CineTis mmarTvelobis Sesustebas ukmayofilebis gamoxatviT cdilobs. martSi 30 weli Sesruldeba tibetis dedaqalaq lhasaSi samxedro mdgomareobis SemoRebidan, roca 1959 wlis ajanyebis aRsaniSnavad momxdari darbevebis Semdeg, dalai lamas indoeTSi gaqceva mouwia. mosalodnelia, rom 2019 weli, roca tibetis lideris qveynidan gasaxlebis 60 wlisTavi sruldeba, datvirTuli iqneba.

mudmivi paranoia

uSiSroebis Zalebi mzadyofnaSi iqnebian

jeims mailsi: CineTis redaqtori, The Economist

rogorc yovelTvis, cenzorebi taiananmenis moednis protestis nebismier moxseniebas amoSlian, romlis CaxSobis 30-e wlisTavi 4 ivniss uwevs. Tavis mxriv, arc CineTis lideri si Zinpini avlens raime interess reJimisTvis saxifaTo am epizodis nebismieri mogonebis gaRvivebisa. msoflio arenaze misi baqiaobis miuxedavad, batoni si Sini ise moqmedebs, TiTqos partia kvlav safrTxeSia. swored is xelmZRvanelobda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yovlismomcvel Seviwroebis kampanias, ramac mravali iuristis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis muSakebisa da uflebadamcveli aqtivistebis dapatimrebebi moicva. `feradi revoluciebi~, romlebmac sxva avtoritaruli reJimebi daamxes, masac `ecxadebian~. Zinpini ar avlens raime ganzraxvas, Searbilos 1999 wlis ivlisSi kvazi budisturi seqtis `falun gongis~ mosaspobad wamowyebuli kampania, romelsac odesRac milionobiT momxre hyavda. CineTSi am rwmenis yvelaze Tavgadakluli mimdevrebis (da ucxoeli mxardamWerebis) mier am dRis aRniSvnis mcdeloba batoni sis problemebis ricxvs wels kidev erTiT gazrdis. istoriuli eqoebiT gansakuTrebiT gajerebuli 2019 wlis ganmavlobaSi, batoni si arafers moimoqmedebs politikuri salteebis mosaSvebad. sanacvlod, amerikasTan savaWro omis gamwvavebis fonze, is gaaoTxmagebs Zalisxmevas, raTa ar dauSvas areuloba Tavis qveyanaSi. man Zalian kargad icis, rom Cineli disidentebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen patriotizms, rogorc abjars istebliSmentze TavdasxmisTvis, rogorc es protestantebma 1919 da 1989 wlebSi gaakeTes. ase rom, sazeimo wveuleba daculi iqneba, Tuki moqalaqeTa amerikiT gaRizianeba baton sisa da Tavad partias ar miubrundeba. n

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msoflio 2019

win ekonomikuri sirTuleebia amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi eqspansia dasasruls miuaxlovdeba, — prognozirebs leo abruceze

w

in wiTeli Suqebis cimcimi moCans. es yvelgan da erTdroulad ar xdeba, magram sakmarisia 2019 wels ekonomikur sirTuleebze signalis misaniSneblad. sesxebis xarji imatebs, valebi izrdeba, fasiani qaRaldebis bazrebi meryevia da naRdi fuli ganviTarebad qveynebs tovebs. msoflios ori udidesi ekonomika erTmaneTTan savaWro omSia, da marTalia amerika bumis etapzea, magram rogorc Cans, CineTis momxmareblebma da bazrebma aSkarad dakarges xibli. areuloba gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebze igrZnoba. ultradabali saprocento ganakveTebis dekada ganviTarebul msoflioSi dasasruls uaxlovdeba — amerikis federaluri rezervi, romelmac umTavresi sasesxo ganakveTi 2018 wels ramdenime etapad gazarda, 2019 welsac igives moimoqmedebs. gazrdili finansuri ukugeba amerikaSi, evropasa da iaponiaSi kapitals ganviTarebadi qveynebis datovebisken ubiZgebs. gazrdili saprocento ganakveTi sinqronulad mihyveba gamyarebul dolars, rac ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis dolarSi denominirebuli valis gadaxdas aZnelebs. amis Sedegi TurqeTis, argentinis, samxreT afrikisa da braziliis valutebis gaufasureba gaxda. rogorc yovelTvis, fundamenturi sisuste valia. dResdReobiT msoflioSi imaze meti vali dagrovda, vidre globaluri safinanso krizisis dawyebamde. centraluri bankirebis analitikurma centrma, saerTaSoriso angariSsworebaTa bankma 2017 wlis bolosaTvis globaluri krebsiTi vali gamaognebeli sididiT, mSp-is 217%-ad Seafasa, rac 2007 wlis maCvenebelze 20%-iT metia. ganviTarebad qveynebSi valma 50%-iT imata. mzardi saprocento ganakveTi da momatebuli vali toqsikuri kombinaciaa. centraluri bankis mesveurebma SesaZloa ar aswion saprocento ganakveTi metismetad swrafad, magram zianis Tavidan acileba dagrovili valis mTis pirobebSi problemuria. mdgomareobas ar amsubuqebs amerikis ekonomika. prezident donald trampis mier gadasaxadebis Semcirebam qveynis SigniT ki gaamyara zrda, magram es Zviri dajda da 2019 wels amerikis sabiujeto deficiti mSp-is 6%-s uaxlovdeba (ix. diagrama), rac umaRlesi maCvenebelia im periodebisTvis, roca qveyanas omis an recesiis negatiuri Sedegebis daZleva ar uwevda. batonma trampma federaluri rezervi saprocento ganakveTis awevisTvis gakicxa, magram es ukanaskneli amis keTebas ar Sewyvets ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebisa da gazrdili fasebis pirveladi niSnebis fonze. iafi fulis epoqaSi, biznesebma amerikaSi da evropaSic valis mTebi daagroves. SesaZlebelia Tu ara am valis momsaxureba gazrdili saprocento ganakveTiT Semowmdeba. defoltebis ricxvi biznesciklis bolosken izrdeba, daberebis niSnebs ki arsebuli biznesciklic aCvenebs. globaluri ekonomikuri vardna 2009 wlis

rogorc yovelTvis, fundamenturi sisuste valia

Suawels dasrulda da amerikis eqspansia, Tuki is ivlisamde gastans, 121 Tvisa gaxdeba, rac istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi periodia. obligaciebSi dabandebis msurveli investorebi, cxadia, frTxiloben. aqamde TandaTanobiT izrdeboda ukugeba aTwlian saxelmwifo obligaciebze, vinaidan bazrebi ufro maRal ganakveTebs iTxovdnen inflaciis zrdis gadasafarad. gazrdili ukugeba obligaciebze, zogadad cudi niSania aqciaTa bazrebisTvis, radganac kompaniebs gazrdili sasesxo danaxarjebis marTva uwevT. umuSevrobis 4%-ze dabali donis pirobebSi, amerikuli ekonomikis mkveTri vardna albaT mosalodneli ar aris, magram im or bolodroindel SemTxvevaSi, roca umuSevrobis done amis msgavsi iyo, qveyana recesiaSi amis Semdeg weliwadze nakleb droSi imyofeboda. maRalia fsonebi batoni trampis savaWro omSi CineTTan. marTalia, marto mis mier gazrdil tarifebs SeuZliaT 2019 wels amerikis mSp-is zrdas mxolod procentis ramdenime meaTedi, CineTsa da sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs ki gacilebiT meti Camoaklon, magram am RonisZiebis Sedegi yvelaze metad biznesis Tavdajerebulobaze aisaxeba. kompaniebis umetesoba Relavs, xolo aseTi kompaniebi nakleb investiciebs axorcieleben. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu CineTi vaWrobis sakiTxebze amerikasTan kompromisze wasvlas gadawyvets, mas sxva problemebi mainc darCeba. mTavroba dakreditebis pirobebs amkacrebs sasesxo `nayrovanebis~ Semdeg, xolo `gaberili~ uZravi qonebis bazari SeSfoTebis sagania. CineTSi saojaxo meurneobaTa vali gankargvadi Semosavlis 110%-ia, rac amerikis, iaponiisa da safrangeTis maCveneblebs aWarbebs. Cineli momxmareblebi, romlebsac globaluri moxmareba unda esazrdoebinaT, naklebs xarjaven. indoeli momxmareblebi sruliad sapirispirod iqcevian — isini mSp-is zrdas 7.6%-mde aaCqareben, rac umaRlesi maCvenebelia did ekonomikebs Soris. gaizrdeba evropac, Tumca zrdis tempi moiklebs, xolo evropis centralur banks dakreditebis ganakveTis zrda Seawuxebs. evrozonaSi udidesi davalianebis mqone italiaSi mzardi sabiujeto deficiti erTiani valutis krizisSi dabrunebis risks qmnis.

trampis vardna?

leo abruceze: saxelmwifo politikis, ekonomikisa da politikis ufrosi redaqtori, The Economist Intelligence Unit

2019 wels globaluri vardna gardauvali ar aris. bankebis kapitalizacia 2007 welTan SedarebiT ukeTesia, xolo qveynebi da kompaniebi risks ukeT marTaven. gazrdilma moTxovnam SesaZloa odnav gaaxangrZlivos biznescikli. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, amerikaSi raime saxis recesia wlis meore naxevramde, roca ekonomikuri disbalansi gaizrdeba, ar daiwyeba. miuxedavad amisa, stresis niSnebi aSkaraa, xolo msoflio aqamde jerjerobiT verasodes gadaurCa mzardi saprocento ganakveTis, Warbi nasesxobisa da riskiani politikis kombinacias. es arc axla moxdeba. n

`maqro~ — investiciebi saqarTvelos ekonomikis oTx sferoSi `maqros~ warmateba SmArT LIvINg da SmArT WOrkINg koncefciebSia „maqro jgufi~ saqarTvelos ekonomikis ZiriTad sferoebSi sainvesticio proeqtebs 2013 wlidan axorcielebs. saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis moculobis mixedviT, `maqro jgufi~ wamyvani investorebis xuTeulSi Sedis da mis mier ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri investiciebis moculoba 270 milion aSS dolars aWarbebs. `maqro jgufis~ ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: `maqro qonsTraqSen~ (ganviTareba da mSenebloba), `maqro turizmi~ (sastumro biznesi), `maqro houm~ (avejis warmoeba/sacalo da sabiTumo vaWroba) da `maqro fudi~ (sarestorne biznesi).

2013 wlidan `maqro jgufma~ warmatebiT ganaxorciela Semdegi proeqtebi: sacxovrebeli kompleqsebi — `mwvane budapeSti~ da `mwvane almasi~, sastumroebi — Mercure Tbilisi Old Town da Ibis Styles Tbilisi Center, avejis fabrika Glorya, avejis maRazia Bellissa, saxlis aqsesuarebis maRazia — Madamme Coco, restorani Dinehall. kompaniisTvis warmatebuli proeqtebis Seqmnis mamoZravebeli Zala Smart Living da Smart Working-koncefciebia da es mxolod imiji ar aris, es `maqro jgufi~ kompaniebis kredoa. `maqro qonsTraqSenis~ cxovrebis mwvane standarti `maqro qonsTraqSeni~ iseT sacxovrebel kompleqsebs, restornebs, maRaziebsa da ofisebs aSenebs, sadac adamianebi Tavs komfortulad grZnoben. kompania aseve axorcielebs aRdgeniT da dekoratiul samuSaoebs, agegmarebs qalaqis mwvane zonebs da dasasvenebel adgilebs. `maqro qonsTraqSenis~ mTavari upiratesoba gamocdil da profesional arqiteqtorTa da dizainerTa gundia. mSeneblobis TiToeul etapze, yvela teqnikuri maCveneblis optimalur doneze dacvisa da maRalxarisxian brendebTan TanamSromlobiT, `maqro qonsTraqSeni~ gamZle Senobebsa da sacxovrebel kompleqsebs aSenebs, klientebs ki bunebis wiaRSi cxovrebas sTavazobs. `maqro qonsTraqSeni~ bolomde erTgu-

lia im principisa, rom adamianebis dafaseba maTTvis maRali xarisxis momsaxurebas niSnavs. `maqro turizmis~ upiratesobebi `maqro turizmis~ mizani mogzaurobis dros stumrebisTvis Sinauruli pirobebis Seqmna da saukeTeso momsaxurebis SeTavazebaa. am miznis misaRwevad, kompania sastumro biznesis wamyvan jguf Accor Hotels-Tan TanamSromlobs. am TanamSromlobis Sedegia ori sastumro TbilisSi: Mercure Tbilisi Old Town da Ibis Styles City Center. `maqro turizmi~ Accor sastumroebis qselTan TanamSromlobis gagrZelebas mTel msoflioSi gegmavs.

`maqro houm~ — saxli, sadac kargad grZnob Tavs ocnebis binebis dasaproeqteblad, `maqro houmi~ amzadebs an sxva qveynebidan Semoaqvs aveji da saxlis aqsesuarebi. `maqro jgufis~ erT-erTi pirveli investicia avejis fabrika Glorya iyo, romelic saporto qalaq baTumSi 2013 wels gaixsna. dRes fabrika avejiT mezobel qveynebsac amaragebs. avejis fabrikis Semdeg, 2014 wels, avejis maRaziaTa qseli Bellissa gaixsna (baTumis avejis kombinatisa da maRazia Bellissa-s investiciebi 25 milioni dolaria), 2017 wlis maisSi ki saojaxo nivTebis bredi Madam Coco, romelic yvelaze popularuli Turquli saerTaSoriso brendia saqarTveloSi. `maqro fud~ — kargi sakvebi adamianis uflebaa `maqro fudis~ mizani stumrebisTvis Tbil da elegantur atmosferoSi momzadebuli axali da gemrieli kerZebis SeTavazebaa. `maqro fudi~ kafe-restornebis industriaSi diferencirebis, mdgradi warmatebis miRwevisa da TanamSromelTa da klientTa moTxovnilebebis mudmivi dakmayofilebisken iswrafvis. kompaniis misia ucxoeli klientebis moTxovnebis zustad gansazRvra da maTi maRal doneze momsaxurebaa.

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vin mokla `breqsiTi~? imedgacruebis zrdasTan erTad, daiwyeba damnaSaveTa Zebna, — acxadebs tom ueinraiti

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reqsiTis~ momxreebi ambobdnen, rom 2019 wlis 29 marti britaneTis damoukidelobis dRis zeimi gaxdeboda. wiTeli, lurji da TeTri ferebiT gawyobili bairaRebi quCebSi gamoifineboda 46-wlian uRelSi yofnis Semdeg, qveynis evrokavSiridan Tavis daRwevis aRsaniSnavad. `ganqorwinebis~ pirobebi britaneTisTvis aSkarad xelsayreli iqneboda, vinaidan briuselTan molaparakebisas `yvela saWiro banqos qaRaldi~ mas eqneboda, — rogorc es kabinetis erT-erTma wevrma aRniSna, —ar iqneboda raime negativi, aramed mxolod mniSvnelovani pozitivi~, — ambobda meore. sinamdvileSi, `breqsiTis~ dRis dadgomisas, britaneTs sazeimod ar ecleba, igi ufro moRuSuli iqneba. davuSvaT, qveyana evrokavSirs organizebulad datovebs (ufro qaosuri, naklebad SesaZlebeli variantebis wyebaa SeTanxmebis gareSe gasvliT dawyebuli, xelaxali referendumiT damTavrebuli). isinic ki, vinc gasvlas mxari dauWira, Tavs wagebulad igrZnoben. bevri maTgani miiCnevs, rom uRalates. 29 marti vinmesTvis gadabralebis dasawyisi gaxdeba. vin Caidina es? ise, rogorc nebismier mistikur mkvlelobaSi, pirvelad eWvs ucxoelze miitanen, am SemTxvevaSi evrokavSiris mier daniSnul `breqsiTis~ momlaparakeblebze. britaneTis mTavroba ukve amzadebs qeiss maT winaaRmdeg, ixsenebs or msoflo oms da evrokavSirs sabWoTa kavSirs adarebs. marTalia, rom evrokavSiris Tayvaniscema erTiani bazris `oTxi Tavisuflebisadmi~ rogorc Teologiuria (vinaidan ar arsebobs miwieri mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba Tavisufali vaWroba adamianTa Tavisufali gadaadgilebis gareSe), aseve farisveluric, magram am Tavisuflebebis warmosaxviTi urRvevoba blokis ZiriTadi principi ukve 1957 wlidan iyo. igive exeba CrdiloeT irlandiis 1998 wlis SeTanxmebiT dadgenil rTul statuss, ramac `breqsiTis~ calkeuli variantebi imTaviTve gamoricxa. britaneTi namdvilad ver ityvis, rom is xafangSi Seityues. aqedan gamomdinare, mogvianebiT eWvs Sinaur mterze, egreT wodebul `darCenaze oxvriT~ dakavebul istebliSmentze gadaitanen, romelmac darCenas misca xma da Semdeg maT winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli xalxis gadawyvetilebis CasaSlelad dairazma. parlamentarTa umetesoba evrokavSirSi darCenas uWers mxars. kancleri da inglisis bankis mmarTveli Riad gamoxataven skefsiss `breqsiTis~ mimarT. sajaro moxeleTa umetesoba mas Secdomad miiCnevs. miuxedavad amisa, Tuki marTlac arsebobs istebliSmentis SeTqmuleba `breqsiTis~ CasaSlelad, mas aqamde didi warmateba ar hqonia. umaRlesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `breqsiTis~ ganxorcieleba parlamentis Tanxmobas moiTxovda, magram parlamentarebma naCqarevi nabijebi gadadges da TiTqmis erTxmad miemxrnen mas. inglisis bankma referendumis Semdeg

rogorc nebismier mistikur mkvlelobaSi, pirvelad eWvs ucxoelze miitanen

tom ueinraiti: britaneTis redaqtori, The Economist

bazrebi daamSvida, magram `breqsiTis~ momxre politikosebi SedegebiT kvlavac gaognebulni Candnen. saxelmwifo samsaxurebis mier `breqsiTis~ arasrulyofili meqanizmis SemoTavazeba ufro metad ministrebis gadauwyvetelobis da ara biurokratiuli winaaRmdegobis Sedegia. aqedan gamomdinare, gaRizianeba mTavrobisa da evrokavSiris darCenis momxre premierministrisken iqneba mimarTuli. tereza meim katastrofuli Secdoma dauSva gasvlaze molaparakebis dawyebiT, vidre gadawyvetda, ra tipis garigebisTvis unda ebrZola. pirveli detaluri SeTavazeba man mxolod 2018 wlis Suawels warmoadgina, roca molaparakebisTvis gankuTvnili drois sami meoTxedi ukve gaxarjuli gaxldaT. amave dros, britaneTis pozicia yovelTvis susti iyo. `breqsiTis~ zogi momxre axlac fiqrobs, rom ukeTesi momzadebis SemTxvevaSi, garigebis gareSe gasvlis muqara evrokavSirs guluxvi pirobebis SemoTavazebas aiZulebda. es iluziaa. britaneTis Semzadeba mis umTavres savaWro partniorTan da usafrTxoebis aspeqtSi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan mokavSiresTan urTierTobis pirdapir gasawyvetad aTwleulebis muSaobas moiTxovda.

intriga mwvavdeba macdunebelia imis mtkiceba, rom iseve rogorc `aRmosavleTis eqspresSi mkvlelobisas~, `breqsiTis~ ocnebis mokvlaSi yvela CamoTvlil eWvmitanils miuZRvis garkveuli brali. mouqneli evrokavSiris, gayofili britaneTisa da susti, SezRuduli premierministris kombinaciam britaneTis udidesi SesaZlebloba gaanadgura. es mcdari daskvnaa. marTalia, SesaZlo iqneboda ukeTesi SeTanxmebis miRweva norvegiis evrokavSirTan sanaxevrod mibmuli urTierTobis magaliTze, magram `breqsiTis~ varianti, romlis reklamasac amomrCevlebs referendumamde awvdidnen, arasodes ganixileboda. zogi idea, magaliTad is, rom `breqsiTi~ kviraSi 350 milioni girvanqis (460 milioni amerikuli dolari) gamoTavisuflebas moitanda, tyuili iyo. sxvebi ki, magaliTad, mosazreba, rom britaneTs SeeZlo erTian bazarSi darCena Tavisufali gadaadgilebis valdebulebis gareSe — ararealisturi. amave dros, `breqsiTis~ miznebi urTierTgamomricxavi iyo. arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia sakuTari regulaciebis Seqmna im qveynebTan savaWro barierebis aRmarTvis gareSe, visac sxvanairi wes-kanonebi aqvs. mas ar SeuZlia ucxo qveynebis sasamarTloTa iurisdiqciis uaryofa im organizaciebSi wevrobis dakargvis gareSe, romlis wesebsac es ukanasknelni aRasruleben. `kontrolis dabruneba~ gavlenisa da keTildReobis daTmobas niSnavs. es bolo ori wlis mtkivneuli gakveTili da pasuxia 2019 wlis mistikur mkvlelobaze. `breqsiTi~ aravis mouklavs — is arasodes yofila cocxali. n

ვაჟა-ფშაველას გამზირი, ვაჟა-ფშაველას გამზირი, ვაჟა-ფშაველას გამზირი, III კვარტალი III კვარტალი III კვარტალი

• ეკოლოგიურად სუფთა სამშენებლო მასალა • ბინები 46 კვ.მ-დან • ეკოლოგიურად სუფთა სამშენებლო მასალა • ბინები 46 კვ.მ-დან • ეკოლოგიურად სუფთა სამშენებლო მასალა • ბინები 46 კვ.მ-დან • საუკეთესო ადგილმდებარეობა • გადახდის მოქნილი პირობები • საუკეთესო ადგილმდებარეობა • გადახდის მოქნილი პირობები • საუკეთესო ადგილმდებარეობა • გადახდის მოქნილი პირობები

www.seudevelopment.ge www.seudevelopment.ge www.seudevelopment.ge

/SEUdevelopment /SEUdevelopment /SEUdevelopment

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xelovnuri inteleqtis regulirebisTvis jerjerobiT, mkvleli roboti ar arsebobs, magram, — acxadebs tom stendeiji, — maregulireblebma xelovnur inteleqts axlave unda upasuxon xseneT xelovnuri inteleqti da am terminma SesaZloa dauyovnebliv SegaxsenoT mZvinvare mkvleli robotebis suraTebi, rogorc, magaliTad, `terminatoris~ seriidan, an farTod gavrcelebuli SiSi samuSao adgilebis dakargvisa, manqanebis mier adamianTa Canacvlebis gamo. 2019 wlis dasawyisis realoba bevrad prozaulia, – xelovnuri inteleqti, teqstis akrefis nacvlad, misi karnaxis an samzareulos magidaze Wkviani spikeris meSveobiT musikis gamoZaxebis saSualebas iZleva. amave dros, es imas sulac ar niSnavs, rom politikosebs misi ignorireba SeuZliaT. imis fonze, rom xelovnuri inteleqti sul ufro met sferoSi gamoiyeneba, gaCnda dasabuTebuli SeSfoTeba SesaZlo gaumiznavi Sedegebis Sesaxeb. ra unda iyos maregulirebelTa pasuxi? upirvelesi SeSfoTebis sagani isaa, rom xelovnuri inteleqtis mosamzadeblad saWiro monacemebis dagrovebis procesi fraivesis princips arRvevs. yvelafris monitoringi, rasac adamianebi onlain sivrceSi akeTeben — SopingiT dawyebuli, kiTxviT gagrZelebuli da socialur mediaSi komentirebis CaTvliT, internetgigantebs detaluri piradi profilebis Seqmnis saSualebas aZlevs. es maT gamiznuli reklamisa da saintereso nivTebis rekomendebisTvis SeuZliaT. saukeTeso gamosavalia ara xelovnuri inteleqtis pirdapiri regulireba, aramed personaluri monacemebis Segrovebis, damuSavebisa da Senaxvis Sesaxeb wesebze koncentracia. monacemTa dacvis zogadi reglamenti, evrokavSiris mier 2018 wlis maisSi SemoRebul monacemTa dacvisa da fraivesis wesebis erToblioba, swori mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo, ramac evrokavSiris moqalaqeebs, rogorc iqna, meti kontroli misca sakuTar informaciaze. 2019 wels evrokavSiri kidev ufro naTels gaxdis da gaamkacrebs wesebs Tavisi eleqtronuli fraivesis regulaciis SemoRebis Semdeg. kritikosebi ganacxadeben, rom aseTi wesebi xels uSlis inovaciebs da aZlierebs internetgigantebs, visac SeuZlia regulirebis xarjebs, startapebisgan gansxvavebiT, advilad gaumklavdes. amasobaSi, rogorc Cans, CineTi Tanaxmaa Tavis internetgigantebs misces personaluri monacemebis imgvarad Segrovebis ufleba, rogorc maT surT, Tuki maTTan saxelmwifos wvdoma eqneba. roca xelovnuri inteleqtis sistemebis TandaTanobiTi gamoyeneba daiwyeba iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa policiis mier prognozis safuZvelze samarTaldacva, msjavris gamotana, samuSaoze ayvana an sakredito Sefaseba, gaCndeba SeSfoTebis meore sferoc – `algoriTmuli mikerZoeba~. esaa mosazreba, rom Tu sistemebi istoriuli monacemebiT xelmZRvaneloben, isini daiswavlian da gaaxangrZliveben dRes arsebul araobieqturobas. kompaniebis adamianuri resursebis ganyofilebebSi xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyenebis momxreebi (magaliTad, sa-

pasuxi ar iqneba xelovnuri inteleqtisTvis specifikuri kanonebis miReba

muSaos maZiebelTa reziumeebis skanireba) acxadeben, rom miukerZoebeli manqanebiT sargeblobas riskis Semcireba SeuZlia. samarTlianobis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa gaumjobesdes xelovnuri inteleqtis sistemebis unari, axsnan, Tu rogor iReben gadawyvetilebebs. mesame sfero, sadac xelovnuri inteleqti SeSfoTebas iwvevs, TviTmavali avtomobilebia. bevri kompania amJamad avtonomiur manqanebs cdis da saerTo sargeblobis gzebze `robotaqsebis~ pilotirebas gegmavs. aseTi sistemebi srulyofili araa da 2018 wlis martSi arizonas Statis qalaq tempeSi avtonomiurma manqanam adamiani imsxverpla, rac pirveli fataluri SemTxvevaa. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra farTod SeiZleba xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoiyeneba eleqtrobasa Tu internetSi, is SesaZloa TiTqmis yvela sferosTvis gamosadegi gaxdes, — pasuxi ar iqneba xelovnuri inteleqtisTvis specifikuri kanonebis miReba an gansakuTrebuli maregulirebeli organos Seqmna amerikis sasursaTo produqtebisa da medikamentebis xarisxis zedamxedvelobis sammarTvelos msgavsad. sanacvlod, saWiroa arsebuli fraivesis, diskriminaciis, satransporto saSualebis usafrTxoebisa da sxva kanonebis adaptacia ise, rom maTSi xelovnuri inteleqti iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. raRa vTqvaT mkvlel robotebze? es jerac samecniero fantastikis sferoa, magram kiTxva, aikrZalos Tu ara momavali avtonomiuri SeiaraRebis sistemebi, qimiuri iaraRis msgavsad, geopolitikur dRis wesrigSic iWreba. am sakiTxis formaluri ganxilva 2018 wlis agvistoSi gaeros konferenciaze amerikam da ruseTma dablokes, magram 2019 wels kvlavac TvalSisacemi iqneba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis SesamuSaveblad molaparakebaTa dawyebis mcdeloba.

davubrundeT realobas

tom stendeiji: redaqtoris moadgile, The Economist

rac Seexeba samuSao adgilebs, xelovnur inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli samuSao adgilebis dakargvis tempi da masStabi kvlavac erT-erT yvelaze sadavo da gaurkvevel sakiTxad rCeba biznesis samyaroSi. momavalSi, dasaqmebulebs ueWvelad mouwevT axali unar-Cvevebis dRevandelze ufro swrafad aTviseba, miuxedavad imisa, arsebul samuSao adgilze cvlilebebTan gamklaveba mouwevT, Tu axal samsaxurSi gadasvlas moisurveben. industriuli revoluciis msgavsad, avtomatizacia ganaTlebis sistemas Sromis bunebis cvlilebasTan adaptaciisTvis, axal moTxovnebs wauyenebs. amave dros, cotaa imis niSani, rom am sakiTxs politikosebi seriozulad aRiqvamen. amis nacvlad, bevri maTgani imigraciis an globalizaciis demonizebas eweva. 2019 wels xelovnuri inteleqti is sferoa, sadac politikosebma realuri fiqri unda daiwyon. n

msoflio 2019

23

liderebi

kulturuli omis morigi fronti emzadeT genderuli mZafri kamaTisTvis TviTidentifikaciis irgvliv, — gvafrTxilebs helen joisi

m

aTTvis, vinc daiRala identobis politikiT, 2019 weli mcireoden sulis moTqmas moitans. yvelaze winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebze, maT Soris abortebze, `breqsiTsa~ da imigraciaze, adamianTa mcire ricxvi Tu Seicvlis pozicias. amave dros, gamoCndeba axali identobis problemac, romlis irgvliv saerTo azriT gaerTianebul adamianTa banakebi jer ar Camoyalibebula. es 2019 wlidan Seicvleba. es problema genderuli `TviTidentifikaciaa~, — azri, rom adamianebis saukeTeso dayofa ara maTi biologiuri sqesis mixedviT, aramed imiTaa SesaZlebeli, Tu ramdenad grZnoben isini Tavs qalad an mamakacad, an raime sxvad am or identobas Soris. bevri liberaluri universitetis kampusSi, orTodoqsul movlenad Camoyalibda is, rom yvela students unda ekeTos `nacvalsaxelis Jetoni~, romelic aRniSnavs, Tu romeli gramatikuli sqesis piris nacvalsaxels amjobinebs adamiani — mamrobiTs Tu mdedrobiTs. axdens Tu ara Jetonis matarebeli sakuTari Tavis identificirebas rogorc arabinaruls, genderulad fluidurs, xolo zogierTi sulac `isini~-s ze-s, hir-s an sxva neologizmebis mTel wyebad miiCnevs Tavs. oqtomberSi trampis administraciidan gamoJona informaciam, rom amerikis federaluri mTavroba mravalferovani genderuli identobebis gauqmebas gegmavda. amave dros, demokratebis mier kontrolirebul qalaqebsa da StatebSi genderuli TviTidentifikacia swrafad xdeba kanonebis nawili. es niSnavs TviTidentifikaciis mixedviT erTsqesian sivrceebTan wvdomas. igive exeba kanadas, sadac 2017 wels adamianis uflebaTa dacvis kanonmdeblobaSi genderul identobasa da gamoxatvas igive statusi mieniWa, rogoric sqess, rasasa da religias. britaneTi, sadac adamianebs TavianTi legaluri sqesis Secvla SeuZliaT, Tu ori eqimi daeTanxmeba genderuli disforiis diagnozs. TviTidentifikacia praqtikaSi norma xdeba da male SesaZloa kanonadac iqces. zogi avstraliuri Stati oficialuri dokumentebidan sqesis mTlianad amoRebas ganixilavs. amis nacvlad, informacia mTavrobis monacemTa bazaSi, individis pirad seqciaSi Seinaxeba. individebs TavianTi gacxadebuli sqesis Secvla ara umetes samjer SeeZlebaT. TviTidentifikaciis ganzraxvaa samarTlianobis dacva transgenderi adamianebis mimarT, romlebic dabadebisas eqimebis mier maTTvis miniWebul sqess arazust indikatorad miiCneven imisa, Tu rogor grZnoben isini sakuTar Tavs an rogor surT sxvebi aRiqvamdnen. TviTidentifikacia bevrad Sors midis. is aiZulebs yvela sxvas, miiRos subieqturi grZnobebi, rogorc realoba da yvelaferi is, rac aqedan gamomdinareobs. maT Soris, wvdoma saSualebebTan, romlebic sxva sqesisTvisaa gankuTvnili. es rogorc araliberaluri, aramed saxifaTocaa, rac 2019 wels gamoaSkaravdeba. anCxli presiT cnobil britaneTSi feministebma daxvewili kampania awarmoes dagegmili sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg, ramac qveyana trendis saTaveSi moaqcia. gazeTebma gamoaqveynes ramdenime SemTxveva, roca `mtaceblebma~ isargebles defaqto

TviTidentifikaciis kanonmdebloba gaurkveveli da zogadi gamodga

TviTidentifikaciiT. maT Soris, braldebulma moZaladem SeaRwia qalTa cixeSi qalad identificirebis Semdeg da sqesobrivad iZalada sxva patimrebze. The Sunday Times-ma warmoadgina raodenobrivi informacia, romlis Tanaxmad, seqsualuri Seviwroeba gacilebiT xSiria Sereuli sqesis auzebis gasaxdelebSi, vidre gancalkevebuli sqesis gasaxdelebSi. Girlguiding UK-s, romelic axla Riaa yvela TviTdeklarirebuli gogonasTvis da ara mxolod biologiuri gogonebisTvis, bavSvTa dacvasTan dakavSirebiT mZime kiTxvebis mosmena mouwia mas Semdeg, rac am organizaciidan gaaZeves ori lideri, romlebsac riskis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT, kiTxvebi gauCndaT. religiuri Tu konservatiuli memarjveneebidan aseT politikas principuli mosazrebebiT bevri ewinaaRmdegeboda. memarcxeneebs, romlebic ufro instinqturad ucxadeben simpaTias transadamianebis mier TviTdeklarirebuli genderis miRebas, metad gauWirdebaT saziano faqtebisTvis Tvalis gasworeba, miT ufro, rom kidev meti aseTi faqti gamoaSkaravdeba. mravalma adamianma ubralod ugulvebelyo da `transfobiurad~ gamoacxada nebismieri SeSfoTeba, rom seqsualuri an sxvagvari mamakaci moZaladeebi genderul TviTidentifikacias borotad gamoiyeneben an dabadebiT qalebi erTsqesian sivrces fraivess amjobineben. aman xeli SeuSala Ria debatebs, rac kargi politikis SemuSavebisTvis aucilebelia. rogorc Sedegi, TviTidentifikaciis kanonmdebloba gaurkveveli da zogadi gamodga, mas ar axlda damcavi meqanizmebi, rac maT muSaobas SesaZlebels gaxdida.

Targmnis sirTuleebi

helen joisi: finansebis redaqtori, The Economist

egreT wodebuli `progresistebis~ speqtakli, romlebmac ugulebelyves bavSvebisa da qalebis Seviwroebis zrda, rogorc TviTidentifikaciis politikis Tanmxvedri ziani, gaaRizianebs bevr feminists, romlebTanac maT TiTqos saerTo xedva unda aerTianebdeT. transgenderebs, romlebic kulturul omebSi ukve `sazarbazne xorcad~ iqcnen, igive terminebiT daaxasiaTeben da isini `oportunist mtaceblebad~ moixseniebian. jer kidev aris dro, raTa gamoinaxos maTi dacvis gza sxvebis interesTa Seulaxavad. miuxedavad amisa, problemebis xelaxali gaazrebis gareSe, brZolis xazze dapirispirebebi gamwvavdeba. n

24

liderebi

msoflio 2019

ilaparakeT, Tu arada, gagaCumeben demokratiis fanebi win unda aRudgnen mis erozias, — kamaTobs robert gesTi

p

irquSi gamodga gasuli weli demokratiisTvis. qairodan karakasamde despotebma (maTi umravlesoba Tavs demokratad warmoaCens) disidentebi daapatimres, daxoces saprotesto aqciaTa monawileebi da daxures gazeTebi. xalxisa da maTi interesebis mTavroba ukan ixevs. ra SeiZleba 2019 wels gakeTdes mis dasacavad — roca qveynebi, romelTa mosaxleoba planetis mosaxleobis mesamedze mets Seadgens, saerTo erovnul arCevnebs atareben, da aT welze meti xnis globaluri ukandaxevis tendenciis Semosabruneblad? pirveli: nu daeTanxmebiT arguments, rom demokratiis naklovanebis gamo, Zlieri xelis mmarTveloba SesaZloa masze ukeTesi gamodges. cxadia, amomrCevlebi xandaxan cud arCevans akeTeben, magram xelisuflebaTa gamijvna mowiful liberalur demokratiaSi amcirebs xarvezebs da xels uSlis maT mudmiv problemad CamoyalibebaSi. rac gindaT ifiqreT donald trampze (aviRoT igi, rogorc SemTxveviTi magaliTi), magram is SezRudulia kanoniT, Tavisufali presiTa da profesionali sajaro samsaxurebiT. 2019 wels mtrulad ganwyobili warmomadgenelTa palata tramps obstruqcias mouwyobs da daJinebiT gamoiZiebs mis saqmianobas. Tu amomrCevels mobezrdeba, SeuZlia trampi 2020 wels moxsnas. amasTanave, mas xelisuflebaSi rva welze meti xniT darCena mainc ar SeuZlia. zemoT CamoTvlilTagan, arcerTi ar ergeba CineTis prezident si Zinpins. meore: SeewinaaRmdegeT pluralizmis winaaRmdeg nebismier Setevas. mraval qveyanaSi Zlieri liderebi ganacxadeben, rom Crdilovani mteri saxelmwifos damxobas Seecdeba, Zirs gamouTxris erovnul kulturas an umravlesobis religias Seuracxyofas miayenebs. es xSir SemTxvevaSi sababia, mTavrobam gawmindos araloialur mosamarTleTa rigebi, xma CauxSos xmamaRla molaparake Jurnalistebs da erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis momxreebi saTaveSi Cauyenon TiTqosda damoukidebel institutebs. demokratebma yoveli msgavsi qmedeba problemebis Canasaxad unda aRiqvan. aseTi Setevebi 2019 wels sayovelTao gaxdeba. tanzaniaSi prezidenti jon magufuli, romelsac `buldozeris~ metsaxeliTac icnoben, moxsnis an daapatimrebs nebismiers, vinc win aRudgeba. egviptesa da iranSi ki met udanaSaulo protestants awameben. braziliis axali populisti prezidenti Jair bolsonaro aCvenebs, pativs scems Tu ara demokratiul SezRudvebs. evropaSi poloneTis populisturi mTavroba ufro met institucias daiqvemdebarebs da maT saTaveSi arakompetentur, magram erTgul kadrebs Cauyenebs. ungreTis premierministri, voqtor orbani Tavisi xalxis muslimi migrantebisgan dacvis fics dadebs. gadasaxadis evropelma gadamxdelebma am ori reJimis subsidireba unda Sewyviton. prognozi mTlianad pirquSi mainc araa. aprilSi an maisSi, iseve, rogorc yovel xuT weliwadSi erTx-

tyuilebis xSiri mxilebaa saWiro

el, indoeTSi msoflio istoriaSi udidesi arCevnebi Catardeba. SesaZloa mmarTveli `indoeTis saxalxo partia~ damarcxdes kidec. aprilSi indoneziaSi uzarmazari da sakmarisad samarTliani arCevnebi Catardeba. gamarjvebas albaT pragmatikosi prezidenti joko vidodo moipovebs, yofili diqtatoris gamozrdili oponentis — prabovo subiantos momxreebis binZuri xrikebis miuxedavad.

2019 wels viTareba afrikaSic gaumjobesdeba. nigeriis Tebervlis arCevnebi ulamazo da sisxliani iqneba, magram farTod mainc asaxavs xalxis nebas. moberebuli prezidenti muhamad ubuhari Sedegebs wagebis SemTxvevaSic aRiarebs. samxreT afrikis prezidenti siril ramafosa `SeakeTebs~ zog institucias, romelTa gaxrwnas misi winamorbedi cdilobda. eTiopiis premierministri abii ahmedi aTasobiT politikuri patimris gaTavisuflebisa da eritreasTan mSvidobis miRwevis Semdeg, protestis gamoxatvis msurvelTaTvis samoqmedo sivrces gazrdis. mas donorebi unda daexmaron. avtokratiuli mTavrobebi xSirad avlenen momavali kraxis niSnebs. roca ukmayofiloebs adumeben, liderebi arasasurvel, magram brZnul rCevebs veRar iReben. roca xelisuflebaTa gamijvnis principi irRveva, korufcia „metastazebs“ zrdis da reJims asustebs. 2018 wels oficialuri ZarcviT mosaxleobis aRSfoTebam malaiziasa da samxreT afrikaSi avtoritarebi xelisuflebas Camoacila. 2019 wels venesuelisa da nikaraguis Zaladobrivi da matyuara reJimebi mowyvladi Canan. igive exeba zambiis banditur prezident edgar lungus, romelic savale krizisis winaSe dadgeba. Tu seriozuli reformebi ar gatardeba, donorebma is problemidan ar unda gamoixsnan.

simarTle Zalauflebas

robert gesTi: ucxoeli redaqtori, The Economist

TviT ruseTis prezidenti vladimir putinic ufro sustad gamoiyureba. 2018 wels man zomierad gonivruli sapensio reformis gatanac ver moaxerxa. kvlevebis Tanaxmad, reJims amomrCevelTa naxevarze naklebi uWers mxars. gare faqtorebma batoni putinis TanamzraxvelTa winaaRmdeg sanqciebi unda SeinarCunon. maT kremlis propagandas namdvili axali ambebiTac unda upasuxon. rogorc amas winaT, mweralma en eplbaumma Tqva, guSindeli dRis diqtaturebi `did tyuilze~ iyo agebuli (am dros stalinis, maosa da hitleris grandiozuli Teoriebi gvaxsendeba). dRevandeli diqtaturebi saSualo zomis tyuilebze dgas (gvaxsendeba batoni orbanis TvalTmaqcoba, TiTqos jorj sorosi ungreTis muslimebiT walekvas gegmavs). aseT tyuilebTan sabrZolvelad, maTi xSiri mxilebaa saWiro. isini, vinc demokratias mmarTvelobis yvelaze naklebad xarvezian formad miiCnevs, ufro xmamaRla unda dadgnen misi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis sadarajoze, simarTlis CaTvliT. n

msoflio 2019

25

liderebi

veganTa weli `milenialebis~ liderobas biznesica da mTavrobebic mihyvebian, — varaudobs jon parkeri

g

asuli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, veganizmi umciresobis umciresobas warmoadgenda. erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad, 2015 wels aSS-Si mosaxleobis 3,4% vegetarianeli iyo, amaTgan ki mxolod 0,4% gaxldaT vegani. Tumca, 2019 wels veganizmi meinstrimi gaxdeba. interesi cxovrebis stilisadmi, romelic ara mxolod xorcsa da tyavze, aramed yvela cxovelur produqtze, maT Soris kvercxze, matylsa da abreSumze uaris Tqmas gulisxmobs, naxtomebiT izrdeba, gansakuTrebiT — `milenialTa~ Soris. bumia veganuri sakvebis warmoebaSic. McDonald’sma McVegan burgerebis gayidva daiwyo. 2018 wels veganuri sakvebis gayidva amerikaSi mTeli sursaTis gayidvebis zrdis tempze aTjer meti iyo. sursaTis mwarmoebeli giganti firmebi `gaqanebul matarebelze abobRebas~ cdiloben da veganebisTvis calke sawarmoo xazebs qmnian an gamalebiT yiduloben startapebs. xorcproduqtebis mwarmoebeli goliaTi, TysonFoods 5%-ian wils flobs BeyondMeat-Si, romelic xorcis gareSe damzadebul katletebs restornebis qsel TGI Friday-ze yidis. rogorc Cans, Tavad BigMeat-ic vegani xdeba. los-anjelesis saskolo ubani, romelic sididiT meorea amerikaSi, 2018-2019 akademiur wlebSi Tavis skolebSi veganuri kerZebis gavrcelebas iwyebs.

2018 wels gamarTul wliur Sexvedraze amerikis sa-

katletebidan Warxlis wvenisgan damzadebuli „sisxli“ Jonavs

jon parkeri: korespondenti, The Economist

medicino asociaciam Tavis saavadmyofoebs ufro meti amgvari sakvebis SeTavazebisken mouwoda. miuxedavad amisa, erovnuli mTavrobebis umetesoba aqamde sakmaod TavSekavebuli iyo veganizmis waxalisebaSi. amis cvlileba SesaZloa 2019 wlidan daiwyos, roca evrokomisia bolosdabolos daiwyebs process, romliTac dadgindeba, ra miiCneva veganur (da vegetarianul) sakvebad, rac Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo CarCos Seqmnis. amave dros, veganuri firmebi amzadeben xorcis Semcvlelebs, romlebic xorciviT gamoiyureba da msgavsi gemoc aqvT. BeyondMeat-is katletebidan „sisxli“ Jonavs, romelic Warxlis wvenisganaa damzadebuli. ivnisSi, roca supermarketebis Taroebze holandiuri firma Vivera-s damzadebulma veganurma steikma SeaRwia, kviris ganmavlobaSi misi 40 000 erTeuli gaiyida. Tu mcenareebiT damzadebuli `xorci~ gaamarTlebs, es SesaZloa transformaciuli efeqtis teqnologia gaxdes, rac gaaumjobesebs dasavleTis qveynebis moqalaqeTa cilebiT gadatvirTul kvebas, Seamcirebs mecxoveleobis negatiur gavlenas garemoze da savaraudod, Rarib qveynebSi sursaTis fasebsac ki daswevs. n

simarTle reklamaSi ra iqneboda, kompaniebis sloganebi ufro zusti rom yofiliyo? — kiTxulobs endriu palmeri, — da ara ambiciebiT gajerebuli?

2

019 wlis 1 aprils amoqmeddeba evrokavSiris axali regulacia, romelic korporaciuli landSaftis transformacias gvpirdeba. 2018 wels evrokavSiris monacemTa dacvis zogadi reglamentis, rogorc monacemTa dacvis mcdelobis warmatebiT frTaSesxmuli axali regulacia, evrokavSirSi moqmedi kompaniebisgan moiTxovs, rom maTi sloganebi faqtobrivad zusti iyos da axal wesebze gadasvla 2019 wlis bolomde unda dasruldes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT jarimis saxiT globaluri Semosavlebis 2%-is gadaxda mouwevT. es gamoaCens firmebis sloganebis ambiciebsa da maTi saqmianobis realobas Soris arsebul ufskruls.

Nike 1980-iani wlebidan eubneboda xalxs: `ubralod, es gaakeTe~. mas Semdeg, rac `biWuri kluburi kulturis~ damkvidrebisTvis gaakritikes da Tanamdebobidan kompaniis ramdenime maRalCinosani gadadga, es slogani savaraudod ase Seicvleba: `ubralod, jer adamianur resursebTan gadaamowme~. kompaniebs, romlebic kiberSetevaTa da dacvis sxva sistemis garRvevis msxverpli Seiqnen, aseve mouwevT mtkivneuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. sakredito reitingis kompania Equifaxi, romelic hakerebma 2017 wels gatexes da TiTqmis 150 milioni

pedantebi gaixareben

endriu palmeri: biznesis sakiTxTa redaqtori, The Economist

adamianis piradi informacia gaavrceles, amJamad trabaxobs imiT, rom `msoflios codniT aZlierebs~.

2019-Si igi Tavis sloganSi, sityvas `codna~, `Tqveni moparuli monacemebiT~ Secvlis. msgavsi sistemuri Cavardnebis seria aiZulebs im kompaniebs, romlebic dacul, yovlismomcvel urTierTkavSirs eyrdnobian, xelaxla gaiazron TavianTi saqmianoba. 2018 wels Visa-s gadaxdis sistemidan mTeli evropis masStabiT damamcirebeli gaJonva moxda. amis gamo, es kompania Tavis marketigul slogans ufro daagrZelebs da igi ase Camoyalibdeba: `yvelgan, sadac yofna gsurT, Tu Cven sistemis gadatvirTva ar gviwevs~. pedantebi gaixareben, radganac faqtobrivi sizustis saWiroeba sabolood im mTel rig kompaniebs ganaxorcielebinebs cvlilebebs, romelTa korporaciuli devizebi karga xnis ganmavlobaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda gramatikas, marTlwerasa da saR azrs. 2019 wels Adidas-i momxmareblebs STaagonebs aseTi sloganiT: `SeuZlebeli arsebiTi saxeli araa~, xolo Heinz-i adamianebs etyvis, rom `parkosnebi saWmel Teslebs niSnavs~. gaxdeba patiosneba sargeblis momtani? sareklamo industriisTvis namdvilad gaxdeba, xolo firmebisTvis, romelTac adamianTa gasuleleba ukve aRar SeeZlebaT, savaraudod — ara. n

msoflio 2019

kalendari

Cven mier gamorCeuli mniSvnelovani movlenebi

axali wlis pirvelsave dRes NASA-s zondi (`axali horizontebi~) 2014 MU69-s, anu, Ultima Tule-s saxeliT cnobil kosmosur sxeuls Cauqrolebs. obieqti koiperis sartyelSi, neptunis orbitidan Zalian Sors mdebareobs.

30 kilometri diametris mqone saidumloebiT moculi kosmosuri sxeuli, dedamiwidan yvelaze daSorebuli obieqtia mzis sistemaSi, sadamdec adamianis mier Seqmnil aparats odesme miuRwevia. evros dabadebis dRes vulocavT — evropis saerTo valutas 20 weli usruldeba. kalifornia amerikis pirveli Stati xdeba, sadac piradobis, marTvis mowmobebis aRebisas, mdedrobiTi an mamrobiTis garda, sxva sqesis miTiTebac SeeZlebaT. msoflio elita davosis ekonomikur forumze ikribeba. Sveicariis alpebSi globaluri cvlilebebis perspeqtivebs ganixilaven, rac ara mxolod elitebs Seexeba. sankt-peterburgSi rusebi imdroindeli leningradis blokadis dasrulebis 75 wlisTavs aRniSnaven. miiCneva, rom am alyis dros, kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze meti — milionze meti adamiani daiRupa. xelovnebis moyvarulebi 500 wlis winaT gardacvlili (luazis sasaxleSi, luaris dablobze) leonardo da vinCis genias miageben pativs. evroparlamentis wevrebis asarCevad, evrokavSiris 27 qveyanaSi amomrCevlebi saarCevno ubnebisken gaeSurebian, Tumca naklebi enTuziazmiT. 2004 wlis Semdeg, gasuli sami arCevnebis dros, amorCevelTa 50%-ze naklebi aZlevda xmas.

200 wlis win, maisis TveSi, dedofali viqtoria daibada. britaneTSi kriketis msoflio Tasis gaTamaSeba iwyeba. Cempionati yovel oTx weliwadSi tardeba da 16 qveyanaa CarTuli (avRaneTidan axal zelandiamde). erTdRiani matCebi inglissa da uelsSi gaimarTeba, xolo finaluri Sexvedra — londonSi, ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi.

msoflio 2019

maS ase, gamarjvebulia: atlantaSi amerikuli fexburTis kulminaciuri matCi — `super bouli~ (Super Bowl LIII) imarTeba. imave dros holivudSi `kinematografiuli xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademia~ `oskariT~ dajildoebis morig ceremonials iwyebs. nigeriaSi prezidentsa da parlaments irCeven. mogwonT Tu ara, Facebook-i 15 wlis iubiles aRniSnavs. sikeTis kvireulis dros, keTili saqmeebi mTel samyaroSi gavrceldeba.

CineTSi Roris weliwads egebebian. rogorc amboben, am wels dabadebuli adamianebi gulaxdilebi, guluxvebi da optimistebi arian.

amerikuli beisbolis umaRlesi liga (Major League Baseball) evropis kontinentze SemoaRwevs. regularuli sezonebis istoriaSi pirvelad, niu-iorkis `iankizi~ da `boston red soqsi~ londonSi ormatCian serias gamarTaven. msoflios 20 umsxvilesi ekonomikis mqone qveynebis liderebi osakaSi, G20-is samitze Seikribebian. samiti meToTxmeted, xolo iaponiaSi pirvelad imarTeba.

6 ivniss, zustad 75 weli sruldeba mokavSireebis evropaSi desantirebis dRidan (D-Day), romelic msoflio istoriaSi zRvidan ganxorcielebuli umsxvilesi samxedro Setevaa.

28 ivniss versalis zavis aswlovani iubilea. erchercog ferdinandis mkvlelobidan 5 wlis Semdeg, am SeTanxmebiT, pirveli msoflio omi formaluradac dasrulda. qalTa Soris FIFA-s msoflio Tasis gaTamaSeba safrangeTSi iRebs starts. amave dros, 55 qveynis monawileobiT gamarTuli UEFA-s erTa ligis pirveli gaTamaSebis gamarjvebuli gamovlindeba.

indoeTi Tavisi erovnuli gmiris da diadi pirovnebis — mahaTma gandis dabadebidan 150-e wlisTavs globalur doneze aRniSnavs. kanadaSi sayovelTao arCevnebi imarTeba, xolo argentinaSi prezidents irCeven. mmarTvelobis vadebis amowurva evropaSi: evrokomisiis Tavmjdomare Jan klod iunkers xuTwliani, xolo evropis centraluri bankis prezident mario dragis rvawliani mmarTvelobis vadebi ewurebaT.

iaponia ragbis msoflio Tasis gaTamaSebas maspinZlobs. turniri aziaSi pirvelad tardeba. niu-iorkSi gaero-s generaluri asamblea ikribeba: globaluri diplomatiuri peripetiebis da Suq-Crdilebis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba. germanelebi pativ miageben aleqsandre humboldts — germanuli kulturis erT-erT udides moRvawes. prusieli inteleqtuali 250 wlis win, seqtembris TveSi daibada. amave dros, frangebi 200 wlis win dabadebul fizikos leon fukos (da mis ganTqmul qanqaras) gaixseneben. mzadeba sastarto gasrolisTvis dohaSi: amjerad yatarSi, mZleosnobis msoflio Cempionati iwyeba, romelic yovel or weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba.

27

kalendari

msoflio 2019

sabolood gadawyvetilia: 46-wliani wevrobis Semdeg, britaneTi evrokavSirs tovebs.

Vive le français! gaumarjos safrangeTs! saerTaSoriso frankofoniis dRes, msoflios Seaxseneben, rom samyaroSi 300 milioni frangulad mosaubrea. amave dros, yvela, vinc Tavisufal an Cafiqrebul ganwyobazea, msoflio poeziis dRes aRniSnavs.

SezRuduli inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis mqone sportsmenebi zafxulis specialur olimpiur TamaSebSi CaerTvebian. Sejibreba abu-dabiSi imarTeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom arabuli qveyana olimpiur TamaSebs istoriaSi pirvelad maspinZlobs. ukrainelebi prezidents irCeven.

giganturi naxtomi kacobriobisaTvis: 50 wlis win nil armstrongma mTvaris zedapirze daabija. `Savi dRe~ Cilesa da argentinaSi: 2 ivliss am qveynebSi mzis sruli dabnelebis xilva iqneba SesaZlebeli. filmi drois wreze: Disney yvelasTvis nacnobi `mefe lomis~ rimeiqs gamouSvebs. varskvlavur msaxiobTa Soris bionsec iqneba. limaSi 41-e panamerikuli TamaSebi iwyeba — istoriaSi umsxvilesi sportuli RonisZieba perusaTvis.

RirsSesaniSnavi iubile: 100 wlis win, londonSi, bavSvTa keTildReobaze momuSave saqvelmoqmedo organizacia `gadavarCinoT bavSvebi~ dafuZnda. revoluciuri movlena: 1919 wlis aprilSi, meqsikaSi, ajanyebuli glexebis lideri — emiliano zapata mokles.

Savbneli movlena: amristaris, igive jalianvala bagis xocva-Jleta, rodesac britaneTis indoeTis armiis mier gaxsnili cecxlis Sedegad, siqhebis wminda qalaqSi minimum 379 mSvidobiani mcxovrebi daiRupa. am mkvlelobebma indoeTSi damoukideblobis moZraobas daudo saTave. indonezielebi prezidentsa da parlaments irCeven. fineTSi saparlamento arCevnebi gaimarTeba. aseve saerTo arCevnebia indoeTSi — msoflios udides demokratiaSi. imperator akihitos gadadgomisa da misi memkvidris, naruhitos aRzevebis Semdeg, iaponiaSi axali era iwyeba.

CineTSi FIBA-s kalaTburTis msoflio Tasis gaTamaSeba iwyeba. turniri 2018 wels unda gamarTuliyo, magram imave wels Semdgari fexburTis msoflio Cempionatis drosTan damTxvevis gamo, TariRi 2019 wlisTvis gadawies. amjerad, sakalaTburTo asparezobaSi, 24-is nacvlad, 32 gundi Caebmeba. samxreT afrikaSi saparlamento arCevnebi unda gaimarTos. 100 wlis win, regularuli saaviacio reisi pirvelad Sesrulda. londoniparizis frena dRevandeli British Airways-is winamorbedma, aviakompania Aircraft Transport and Travel-ma ganaxorciela.

es popularuli iqneba: brodveis miuzik Wicked-is kinoversia farTo ekranebze gamodis, iseve, rogorc `varskvlavuri omebis~ me-9 epizodi.

CineTSi bunebrivi airis miwodebis dawyebas ruseTi axali, 4000 km sigrZis gaszadeniT apirebs. `cimbiris gazsadenis~ Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas xeli 2014 wels moewera. yvelas, vinc SvebiT amoisunTqa mas Semdeg, rac maias kalendris mixedviT mosalodneli 2012 wlis samyaros dasasruli ar Sedga, axali Wmunvis sababi eqneba − zogi winaswarmetyveleba 2019 wels apokalipsis dawyebas gvamcnobs.

general-leitenant mixeil kalaSnikovis, msoflioSi yvelaze cnobili avtomaturi SaSxanis Semqmnelis, saukunovan iubiles iaraRis moyvarulebi salutiT aRniSnaven. inglisis saxelganTqmul romanists, jorj eliots literaturis Tayvanismcemlebi dabadebidan me-200 wlisTavze miageben pativs. azia-wynari okeanis 21 qveynis lideri Ciles dedaqalaq santiagoSi ikribeba, sadac azia-wynari okeanis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis (APEC) samiti imarTeba. am Tvis gadacemis nomeri 50 iqneba — amerikis yvelaze popularul gadacemas, `sezamis quCas~ naxevarsaukunovani iubile aqvs. patara wertili, romelic mzis orbitas gadakveTs, planeta merkuria. am movlenis xilvis Semdgomi uaxloesi SesaZlebloba 2032 wels iqneba.

2019 wlis `kalendris~ ilustraciebis avtori — kevin (kel) kalageri, The Economist-is mTavari mxatvari. Sedgenilia www.foresightnews.co.uk daxmarebiT.

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msoflio 2019

britaneTi

amave seqciaSi: 30 katastrofuli scenarebi 31 ufro mZime droeba ekonomikisaTvis 32 jeremi korbini axali centris Sesaxeb

yvelaferi `breqsiTis~ Sesaxeb qveyana evrokavSirs tovebs, magram gaurkvevlobebi rCeba

jon piti, `breqsiTis~ redaqtori, The Economist

2

2019 mokled bolosdabolos, elisabedis sarkinigzo xazis centraluri seqcia (romelic berkSirs eseqss daakavSirebs, hiTrousa da centraluri londonis gavliT) 9 Tvis dagvianebiT gaixsneba. londonis transportirebis samsaxuri uxerxulobebisTvis moqalaqeebs bodiSs uxdis

s

019 wels, britanuli politikis dominanturi Tema kvlavac `breqsiTi~ iqneba. britaneTis evropasTan ganSoreba, romelsac dasabami 2016 wlis referendumiT daedo, qveynis nebismier sxva politikur Tu kulturul saWirboroto Temas Crdilavs. TavisTavad, evrokavSiridan gasvlasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebebi urTulesi procesia. garda amisa, sakiTxis yovlismomcveloba da fundamenturi mniSvneloba tereza meis mTavrobas sxva aqtualur mimarTulebebze koncentrirebisTvis drosa da energias naklebad utovebs. molodinis mixedviT, qalbatoni mei SeTanxmebis miRwevas moaxerxebs (Tumca zogi ase ar miiCnevs, ris Sesaxebac Semdeg gverdze giambobT). Sedegad, britaneTi evrokavSirs winaswar gansazRvrul vadebSi, 2019 wlis 29 marts, oficialurad datovebs. miuxedavad tereza meis ritorikisa, rom cud SeTanxmebas SeuTanxmebloba sjobs, orive mxares, liderebs kargad esmiT, Tu yvelasTvis ramxela zianis momtania `breqsiTi~ SeTanxmebis gareSe. evropuli ekonomika meryeobis fazaSia. mzardi geopolitikuri daZabulobis xanaSi, britaneTis mier `karis gajaxuneba~ upasuxismgeblo nabiji iqneboda. orive mxareze, bizneswreebi SeTanxmebis miRwevas aqtiurad uweven lobirebas. `breqsiTis~ SeTanxmebis bedi jerjerobiT garkveuli ar aris. diax, gasvlis procesi 21-Tvian (an ufro xangrZliv) gardamaval periods iTvaliswinebs. am periodSi irlandiasTan sazRvris mkacri kontroli ar dawesdeba, magram irlandiis zRvasTan dakavSirebiT regulaciebis SemuSaveba SesaZloa aucilebeli gaxdes. es nabiji winaaRmdegobas waawydeba demokratiul-iunionistur partiaSi (DUP), romlis mxardaWera meis mTavrobisTvis mniSvnelovania. da es yvelaferi Tavisufali vaWrobis Taobaze britaneTsa da evrokav-

Sirs Soris gasamarTi urTulesi molaparakebebisTvis mxolod preludiaa. 2019 wels, briuseli didwilad evroparlamentisa da evrokomisiis saarCevno cieb-cxelebiT iqneba dakavebuli. 21 Tvis ganmavlobaSi savaWro SeTanxmebis gaformeba SeuZlebeli aRmoCndeba, miT umetes — ratificirebis procesis dasruleba. Sesabamisad, gardamavali periodi unda gaxangrZlivdes. es yvelaferi `breqsiTis~ momxre konservatorebSi gaRizianebas gamoiwvevs. maT warmodgenaSi, gardamavali periodi niSnavs garkveuli wesebis isev arsebobas, romelTa SemuSaveba ukve britaneTis kontrols miRmaa da qveynis interesebs azianebs. Tumca mxolod es gaRizianeba sakmarisi ar iqneba imisaTvis, rom konservatori parlamentarebisgan SeTanxmebis procesisTvis obstruqciis mowyobas velodoT. arsebobs SiSi, rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlobam SesaZloa dRis wesrigSi axali referendumis Catarebis sakiTxi daayenos. amave dros, torebis kaprizebi premierministrisTvis seriozuli Tavis tkivilis wyaroa. misi, rogorc partiis lideris, pozicia uryevi ar aris. tereza meim lideroba 2016 wlis ivnisSi, devid kameronis gadadgomis Semdeg moipova. mogvianebiT, 2017 wels, Tavisive iniciativiT Catarebuli vadamdeli arCevnebis Sedegad, saparlamento umravlesoba dakarga. im droisaTvis, leiboristebisa da maTi lideris, jeremi korbinis popularoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Sedegad, qalbaton meis damokidebuleba iunionistebis mxardaWeraze misi poziciebis Sesustebas ganapirobebs. qalbaton meis `breqsiTis~ politika missave partiaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. qveynis saTaveSi yofnis rva wlis Tavze, partia gadaRlilad gamoiyureba. ase rom, `breqsiTis~ Semdeg mTavari politikuri sakiTxi tereza meis Semcvlelis vinaobis garkveva gaxdeba. moqmedi premieri Seecdeba daasabuTos, rom misi kandidatura `breqsiTis~ Semdgomi savaWro molaparakebebis warmarTvisTvis saukeTesoa. Tumca,

30

britaneTi

msoflio 2019

katastrofuli scenarebi sami scenari, romelTa mixedviT `breqsiTi~ savalalo Sedegebs gamoiwvevs adrian vuldriji, `bejettis~ mesvete, The Economist

p

artiuli konferenciebi yovelTvis izidaven gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqone demonstrantebs, romlebic TavianTi plakatebiT aRsasrulis dasawyiss gvamcnoben. magaliTad: kapitalizmis krizisi ukve saxezea (marqsistebi); apokalipsis oTxi mxedari horizontze moCans (religiuri fundamentalistebi). rogorc wesi, aseT plakatebs Jurnalistebi gulgrilad CavuvliT xolme. Tumca, 2019 wels SesaZloa msgavsi apokalipturi scenarebi realobad iqces. `breqsiTis~ warmatebisTvis uamravi warmoudgeneli ram unda moxdes, xolo misi marcxisTvis piriqiT — bevri realisturi movlenis prognozireba SeiZleba. evropelebs bazris erTianobis xelyofa ar surT. tereza mei umciresobis mTavrobas warmoadgens. demokratiul iunionistur partias (romlis mxardaWerasac qalbatoni mei eyrdnoba) britaneTis erTianobis safrTxis winaSe dayeneba ar surs. `breqsiTelebs~ ar aqvT survili, uRalaton proeqts, romelsac mTeli sicocxle miuZRvnes. marcxisaTvis ganwiruli mTavrobis gadarCena leiboristul partias ar surs. yovelive amis Sedegad, SesaZloa qaosi da sayovelTao paralizeba miviRoT, rac sami katastrofidan romeliRac erTis winapiroba iqneba. `breqsiTi~ SeTanxmebis gareSe pirveli katastrofuli scenaria. es imas niSnavs, rom evrokavSiri britaneTs ganixilavs, rogorc vaWrobis xelSemwyobi SeTanxmebis armqone qveyanas. evrokavSiri britaneTisTvis umsxvilesi savaWro partnioria da Tanamedrove biznesisTvis miwodebis sistemis drouli muSaobis uzrunvelyofas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, vaWrobis Seferxeba ekonomikisTvis CaquCis dartymasaviT iqneba.

SesaZloa, supermarketebi axali sursaTis gareSe darCnen, tvirTebi portebSi didi xniT dayovndes, medikamentebis aucilebeli maragi amoiwuros. msgavsi moklevadiani katastrofebi grZelvadian problemebs ganapirobebs, rogoricaa warmoebis Semcireba, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis kleba da sabiujeto xarjebis Sekveca. arCevnebSi jeremi korbinis leiboristuli partiis gamarjveba meore katastrofuli scenaria. qalbatonma meim SesaZloa isev miiCnios, rom vadamdeli arCevnebis gamarTva krizisis Tavidan acilebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gamarjvebis Sansi

supermarketebi SesaZloa axali sursaTis gareSe darCnen

bevr konservator parlamentars da misi kabinetis zogierT wevrsac ki, ase ar miaCnia. bevri fiqrobs, rom mei Semdegi arCevnebis gamarTvamde (2022 wels) unda gadadges. britaneTSi liderTa cvlileba SesaZloa 2019-Si ukve aqtualuri gaxdes.

SesaZloa qalbatonma meim margaret tetCeris magaliTs mibaZos (1990 wlis Sida partiuli arCevnebi) da brZolis gagrZeleba gadawyvitos. Tumca, didi albaTobiT, igi damarcxdeba — iseve, rogorc tetCeri 1990 wels. upirvelesi favoriti iqneba Sinagan saqmeTa mdivani said javidi — pakistanuri warmoSobis mqone avtobusis mZRolis Svili. kidev erTi SesaZlo triumfatoria sagareo saqmeTa mdivani, batoni jeremi hanTi. konservatoruli partiis wevrTa mxardaWera gamarjvebisTvis SesaZloa sxvebmac moipovon — mag-

baton korbinsac eqneba. leiboristuli partiis istoriaSi jeremi korbini yvelaze radikalurad memarcxene Sexedulebebis mqone lideria. igi acxadebs, rom 250-ze meti dasaqmebulis mqone kompaniebis aqciebis 10%-is nacionalizacias moaxdens. korbins rkinigzisa da komunaluri sferos saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadanacvleba da savaWro gaerTianebebis gavlenis gazrda surs. aseTi nabijebi mTavrobasa da finansur bazrebs Soris omis dawyebas gamoiwvevs (saerTaSoriso investorebi britaneTidan kapitalis gatanas Seecdebian, xolo mTavroba Sesabamisi kontrolis regulaciebs SemoiRebs). parlamentis mier kidev erTi referendumis daniSvna mesame katastrofa iqneba. evropul ojaxSi darCenis momxreTa umravlesoba da evrokavSiris liderebi am nabijs didi sixaruliT aRiqvamen. Tumca, viTareba kidev ufro areuli gaxdeba. gaugebaria, ramdeni kiTxvidan eqnebaT asarCevi britanelebs. iqneba es mxolod ori kiTxva (kavSirSi darCena an gasvla meis pirobebiT) Tu sami (kavSirSi darCena, gasvla meis pirobebiT, gasvla SeTanxmebis gareSe)? da kidev — Tu SesaZlebelia referendumis xelmeored Catareba, ratomac ara mesamed? `breqsiTis~ momxreebs SesaZloa SeeqmnaT gancda, rom maT arCevani mopares. SesaZloa amas quCis gamosvlebic moyves. britaneTi sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams brZen erad, romelsac nebismieri sirTulis gadalaxva ZaluZs. momavalma welma SesaZloa es iluzia daamsxvrios.

aliTad, `breqsiTis~ romeliRac gamorCeuli mxardamWeri, rogoricaa maikl govi, garemos dacvis ministri. an yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri boris jonsoni (naklebad savaraudoa). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, konservatorebis axal liders batoni korbinis damarcxebisTvis brZola mouwevs. `breqsiTiT~ gamowveuli imedgacrueba da ekonomikuri sirTuleebi, leiboristebis aRzevebis (2005 wlis Semdeg pirvelad) Sanss mniSvnelovnad zrdis. evrokavSiridan gasvlis procesSi, ultramemarcxene korbinis SesaZlo gamarjveba (romelic nacionalizaciisa da gadasaxadebis zrdis momxrea) saqmiani wreebisTvis uaRresad SemaSfoTebelia. momavlis gza ekliani iqneba. n

31

britaneTi

msoflio 2019 xangrZlivi, araTanabari daSveba britaneTis umuSevrobis done %

finansuri krizisis dasawyisi

dotkomebis kolafsi

12

breqsiTis referendumi

ufro mkacri socialuri politikis SemoReba recesia

8

4

0 1980

85

premierministrebi tetCeri

90

meijori

95

2000

bleri

05

10

brauni

15

kameroni

20

wyaro: ONS

moemzadeT sirTuleebisTvis `breqsiTis~ molaparakebebis Sedegebis miuxedavad, momavali weli britanuli ekonomikisTvis gamowveva iqneba kalum uiliamsi, britanuli ekonomikis korespondenti, The Economist

2

016 wlis referendumis Semdeg, britaneTis ekonomika mosalodnelze ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. diax, maRali inflaciisa da valutis gaufasurebis gamo, xelfasebis realuri zrda ar momxdara. saSualo xelfasebis msyidvelunarianoba 2008-2009 wlebis krizisamde maCveneblebs CamorCeba. amave dros, umuSevroba 4%-mde Semcirda, rac bolo oTxi aTwleulis minimumia (ix. diagrama). bevri ekonomisti umuSevrobis donis mkveTr matebas varaudobda. mSp-s zrda grZeldeboda, Tumca ufro neli tempiT, vidre es referendumis sxvagvari Sedegis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. gaagrZelebs ekonomika eqspertebis gakvirvebas? arsebobs riski, rom britaneTi evrokavSiris karebs yovelgvari SeTanxmebis gareSe `gaijaxunebs~. `breqsiTis~ ukompromiso mxardamWerebs miaCniaT, rom amaSi saSiSi araferia. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoricxuli ar aris mTavrobam da biznesseqtorma 2019 wlis dasawyisSi saTadarigo gegmebi aamoqmedon, rogorebicaa sasaqonlo maragebis gazrda da miwodebis jaWvebis gadamisamarTeba (moklevadiani zrdis efeqti).

Tumca, SeTanxmebis gareSe, kavSiridan gasvlis Sedegebi mZime iqneba. Tu ra SeiZleba amas moyves, zustad aravin icis. londonis siTis treiderebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi girvanqis gaufasurebas varaudoben, amJamindeli 1,3 aSS dolaridan 1,1 dolaramde. es inflaciur zemoqmedebas gaaZlierebs da britanelTa msyidvelunarianobas kidev ufro Seamcirebs. amave dros, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom valutis gaufasurebas eqsportze gansakuTrebiT dadebiTi efeqti ver eqneba. adgilobrivi warmoeba mniSvnelovanwilad nedleulisa da makompleqtebeli detalebis imports eyrdnoba, romelic SesamCnevad gaZvirdeba. garda amisa, naxevarsaukunovani TamaSis wesebis gauqmebiT miRebuli sicariele aucileblad Seaferxebs investiciebs, Seamcirebs samomxmareblo xarjvas, Seasustebs ekonomikur zrdas. vaWrobis miznebisTvis, evrokavSiri iZulebuli iqneba britaneTi `mesame qveynad~ ganixilos, rac savaWro barierebis SemoRebas niSnavs. ekonomikuri politikis RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT, negatiuri efeqtis Serbileba SesaZlebelia. am mizniT, inglisis banki saprocento ganakveTebs savaraudod Seamcirebs (amJamad 0,75%). mTavrobam Sesa-

Zloa fiskaluri politika odnav Searbilos. aseTi zomebis miuxedavad, recesia (maT Soris, Rrma) gamoricxuli ar aris. ra Tqma unda, evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebis miRweva britaneTis mTavrobisTvis bevrad misaRebi variantia, rac ramdenimewlian gardamaval periods gulisxmobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia girvanqis gamyareba 1,4 aSS dolaramde. inglisis banki saprocento ganakveTebis neli tempiT, magram stabilurad zrdas daiwyebs. SedarebiTi stabiluroba kompaniebis mier investiciebis zrdisTvis stimuli iqneba. yovelive es britaneTSi mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblis gazrdas Seuwyobs xels, romelic finansuri krizisis Semdeg stagnaciis fazaSi imyofeba.

Tumca, `breqsiTis~ saukeTeso SesaZlo scenaris ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSic ki, britanuli ekonomikis naxtomisebri zrda 2019 wels mosalodneli ar aris. aravin varaudobs mwarmoeblurobis zrdas wliur 3-4%-mde (tipuri done omis Semdgom periodSi). mTavrobam sabiujeto deficiti mSp-s 10%-idan (krizisisdroindeli) 2%-mde Seamcira, Tumca, SesaZloa sajaro `saxreebis~ ukmarisoba kvlav problemad darCes (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu politikuri krizisis Sedegad, saTaveSi leiboristebi movlen, rac kidev ufro araprognozirebad viTarebas warmoSobs). kancleri filip hamondi erT-erTia im mcirericxovan politikosTagan, visac mosaxleobis daberebiT gamowveul grZelvadian sabiujeto wnexze uwevs zrunva. oficialuri monacemebis mixedviT, am problemis mosagvareblad, aucilebeli iqneba 2%-iT sabiujeto xarjebis Sekveca, an Sesabamisi odenobiT gadasaxadebis gazrda, yovel aTwleulSi (xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi). aseTi mkacri da grZelvadiani samTavrobo politika uprecedento iqneba. naklebad STambeWdavi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da fiskaluri problemebi 2019 wels axali sirTuleebis warmoSobis safrTxes zrdis. referendumma daadastura, rom bevri britaneli cxovrebiT ukmayofiloa, londonzea orientirebuli, da didwilad servisebis seqtorze damokidebuli ekonomikis sikeTeebs sakuTar Tavze ver grZnobs. naklebi sabiujeto xarjebi niSnavs nakleb daxmarebas maTTvis, visac metze aqvs moTxovna (qveynis postindustriuli zonebis mosaxleoba — rogorc axalgazrdebi, ise ufrosi Taobis).

Tuki britaneTi ver SeZlebs `breqsiTis~ gamomwvevi sayovelTao ukmayofilebis pirvelwyaros gaumklavdes, axali ukureaqcia gamoricxuli ar aris. n

2019 mokled manCesteri piterlus xocva-Jletis 200 wlisTavs aRniSnavs. am dRes, moqalaqeTa saprotesto gamosvlebis dros, jariskacebma aTeulobiT mSvidobiani mcxovrebi mokles da aseulobiT daWres

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msoflio 2019

momavlis alternatiuli gza

b memarcxene alternativa britaneTisTvis momavlis gzaa – amtkicebs leiboristebis lideri, jeremi korbini

olo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, Cven kvlav didi ekonomikuri katastrofis CrdilSi vcxovrobT. miuxedavad sayovelTao Tanxmobisa, rom 2008 wels raRac fundamenturi Seicvala, adekvaturi, politikuri nabijebis aucileblobis yovlismomcveli gancda ar arsebobs. orTodoqsuli ekonomikuri interesebis gabatonebam, uamrav qveyanaSi adamianTa imedsa (moTxovnebs) da politikuri klasis yavlgasul principebs Soris ufskruli gaaCina. am ufskrulma ultramemarjvene yalbi populistebi warmoSva, romlebic mzad arian, krizisis daZlevis realuri gzebis gamoZebnis gareSe, Cveni sazogadoebis SemakavSirebeli `qsovilebi moarRvion~. miRebuli gakveTilebi naTelia: memarcxene-centristuli partiebi istebliSmentis ganuyofel nawilad iqcnen. isini moZvelebul ekonomikur sistemebs ebRauWebian da sazogadoebis mier uaryofilni iqnebian. Sedegad, Zalauflebisken gza uTavisufldebaT migrantTa moZule ultramemarjveneebs.

Zveli, orTodoqsuli sistema adamianze orientirebuli arasodes yofila. deregulirebis politikam, privatizaciam, mdidrebisTvis gadasaxadebis Semcirebam da sxva danarCenebisTvis valebis zrdam, ukve warmoSva groteskuli uTanabroba da fundamenturi krizisis winapiroba sazogadoebaSi. msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi arsebuli modelis kraxis mimarT politikuri istebliSmentis pasuxi iyo ubralod fsonebis gaormageba — xarjebis ekonomiis destruqciuli politika, romelmac kraxi kidev ufro daamZima. bunebrivia, yovelive amas ukureaqcia moyva. msoflios meeqvse umsxviles ekonomikaSi, britaneTSi, oTx milionze meti bavSvi siRaribeSi cxovrobs. aseul aTasobiT ojaxi sasursaTo humanitarul daxmarebebzea damokidebuli. erovnuli Semosavlis mzardi nawili kapitalis mflobelebTan miemarTeba da xelfasebis mateba ekonomikuri zrdis temps CamorCa. saSualo realuri xelfasi axla 800 girvanqiT (1060 aSS dolari) naklebia, vidre 10 wlis win. swored aseT ekonomikur fonze, 2016 wels britaneTis mosaxleobam evrokavSiridan gasvlis gadawyvetileba miiRo. mrewvelobis kraxis gamo dacarielebul qalaqebSi, daxuruli maRaziebiT da axalgazrduli centrebiT, adamianebma uunaro politikuri sistemis mimarT protesti gamoxates da `breqsiTs~ dauWires mxari.

2019 wels ukve dasustebuli britanuli ekonomika mTavrobis mier mouwesrigeblad warmarTuli `breqsiTis~ procesis winaSe aRmoCndeba. leiboristuli partia yovelmxriv Seecdeba evrokavSirTan axali tipis axlo urTierToba damyardes. mmarTvel konservatorebs surT `breqsiTi~ evropis `napirebze~ `sagadasaxado samoTxis~ mowyobisTvis gamoiyenon. am procesSi, mzad arian kidev ufro Sekvecon moqalaqeTa uflebebi da Seasuston daculoba. ase rom, Cven axla gzagasayarTan varT. erTerTi gza ukavSirdeba politikur qsenofobias da mudmivad gantevebis vacis Ziebas, rac fexs ikidebs evropaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi

da msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi. es gza umciresobebisa da ucxoelebisaken amomrCevelTa risxvis mizanmimarTulad gadamisamarTebas niSnavs. misi apologetebi mdidrebisa da korporaciebisTvis gadasaxadebis SemcirebisTvis iRwvian. amave dros, ekonomikur-socialuri kraxis sapasuxod, mdgradi gadawyvetebis SeTavazeba ar SeuZliaT. leiboristebma aCvenes, rom mkacri Sidaekonomikuri politikisa da sagareo asparezze konfliqtebis popularuli alternativa arsebobs. `breqsiTis~ efeqtianad warmarTvasTan erTad,

aseTi politika xalxSi popularulia, rac istebliSmentisTvis Sokismomgvrelia leiboristuli mTavroba daicavs Cveni sagareo politikis saukeTeso tradiciebs — upirveles yovlisa, molaparakebebi da ara konfrontacia, klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb parizis SeTanxmebis, iranis birTvuli SeTanxmebis mxardaWera, vaWrobis da ara savaWro omebis waxaliseba. jerjerobiT, Cven mTavrobaSi ar varT. Tumca, 2017 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebze, mxardamWerTa yvelaze didi zrda vaCveneT 1945 wlis Semdeg. mTavrobas parlamentSi umravlesobac gamovacaleT. Cven es movaxerxeT mosaxleobisTvis naTeli arCevanis SeTavazebiT — warsulis politikis viwro CarCoebze maRla dadgoma. Cven arCevnebze warvadgineT politika, romelsac sazogadoebis umravlesoba mxars uWers, magram politikuri klasi uaryofs. es aris samarTliani sagadasaxado sistema da sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis axali formebi.

memarcxene, memarjvene da axali centri Cveni politika realur cvlilebebs gulisxmobs: Sereul ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi sferos xelaxali Seneba; muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebis korporaciuli mmarTvelobis organoebSi Seyvana; mdidrebisTvis gadasaxadebis gazrda da investireba sazogadoebriv sferoSi, momavlis industriaSi; TamaSis axali wesebi biznesisaTvis. es ideebi mosaxleobaSi popularulia, rac istebliSmentisTvis namdvili Sokia. msgavsi politika eqstremizmisgan Sors dgas da WeSmarit `meinstrims~ warmoadgens. es aris britanuli politikisa da sazogadoebrivi azris axali safuZveli. leiboristulma partiam Tavis safuZvlebi da miznebi xelaxla gaiazra. Cven ar veTanxmebiT evropis socialistebis da social-demokratebis ZiriTad xazs. maT sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera dakarges, radgan mkacri ekonomikis koncefcias daeTanxmnen da sazogadoebis dacva ver moaxerxes. sayovelTao Tanabrobis da keTildReobis Cveni ideebi britaneTSi axali konsensusis safuZveli xdeba. Cveni oponentebi cdiloben fexi agviwyon da me mjera, rom isini amas SesZleben britaneTsa da mTel msoflioSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, warmoqmnil vakuums sxvebi Seavseben.

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evropa cisartyela strasburgSi evropis parlamenti wilebi adgilebSi 2014 wlis maisidan, %

7% mwvaneebi/ evropis Tavisufali aliansi

amave seqciaSi: 34 evros dabadebis dRes vulocavT 35 germaniis sisuste 36 putini miwaze eSveba 36 ukraina xmas aZlevs

37 mZime droeba makronis reformebisTvis 38 NATO 70-e wlisTavze 40 danawevrebuli espaneTi 40 italiis `flirti~ finansur katastrofasTan

9% liberalebisa da demokratebis aliansi evropisaTvis 29% esp evropis saxalxo partia

carieli adgilebi

10% evropeli konservatorebi da reformistebi

25% socialistebisa da demokratebis progresuli aliansi (evropel socialistTa saparlamento jgufi)

3% miumxroblebi 6% Tavisuflebisa da pirdapiri demokratiis evropa

7% evropis gaerTianebuli memarcxeneebi/ nordiuli mwvane memarcxeneebi

5% erebisa da Tavisuflebis evropa wyaro: evropis parlamenti

Jan-klodis Semdeg Zvel istebliSmentsa da axal pretendentebs Soris dapirispireba evropis momaval politikas gansazRvravs jeremi klifi, karlos didis mesvete, The Economist, briuseli

S

2019 mokled evrokavSirSi, weliwadSi orjer, drois sezonuri cvlilebebi SesaZloa gauqmdes

s

esaZloa britanelebs surdeT ifiqron, rom 2019 wlis 29 martisTvis dagegmili evrokavSiridan gasvla evropisTvis gadamwyveti momenti iqneba. aseve SesaZloa, evrokomisiaSi miiCnevdnen, rom 9 maisisTvis istoriulad germanul transilvaniis dedaqalaq sibiuSi, rumineTis TavmjdomareobiT gasamarTi liderTa araformaluri samiti wlis centraluri movlena iqneba. mmarTvelobis vadis amowurvamde, komisiis prezidents, evrokavSiris liders, Jan-klod iunkers da mis gunds SeTanxmebis miRweva surT, romelic sakiTxebis farTo speqtrs moicavs — migraciiT dawyebuli, erTiani bazris gafarToebiT damTavrebuli. magram praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, evropisTvis wlis saetapo movlena 23-26 maiss daemTxveva. britaneTis gasvlis Semdeg, evrokavSirSi darCenili 27 wevri evroparlamentis axal Semadgenlobas airCevs, romelic ufro mcire zomis iqneba. parlamentSi britaneTis kuTvnili adgilebis naxevari danarCen wevrebze gadanawildeba, xolo meore naxevari gauqmdeba. axal parlaments 751-is nacvlad 705 wevri eyoleba. amomrCevelTa aqtivoba SesaZloa 2014 wels dafiqsirebul minimumze (43%) naklebi iyos. arCevnebis procesi da misi Sedegebi Zveli da axali Taobebis brZolas asaxavs. Zveli Taoba evropuli istebliSmentia: memarjvene-centristuli evropis saxalxo partia da memarcxene-centristuli evropeli socialistebi. am or gaerTianebas erTad evropar-

lamentSi mudmivad umravlesoba hqonda. Tumca, bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi es umravlesoba 66%-dan (1999 w.) 55%-mde (2014 w.) Semcirda da maisis arCevnebis Semdeg, SesaZloa 50%-ze naklebi aRmoCndes. qristiandemokratiuli da social-demokratiuli tradiciuli Zalebis poziciebi sustdeba. axali konkurentebi mTlian politikur speqtrs moicaven. marcxena frTaze Jan-luk melanSoni da misi `daumorCilebeli safrangeTi~ iqneba, iseve, rogorc holandiis memarcxene-liberaluri gaerTianeba, `mwvane memarcxeneebi~. centristul poziciebs iseTi meamboxe partiebi daikaveben, rogorebicaa `moqalaqeebi~ (Ciudadanos) espaneTSi da emanuel makronis `win respublika~ (La République En Marche) safrangeTSi. memarjvene mxares axali populisturi gaerTianebebi warmoadgenen — mateo salvinis `CrdiloeTis liga~ (Northern League) italiaSi da Svedi demokratebi. yvela am SedarebiT axal ambiciur partias egreT wodebuli `wamyvani kandidatebis~ gamovlenis procesis mimarT skepticizmi aerTianebs. am procesis mixedviT, umsxvilesi gaerTianebis mier SerCeuli `lideri kandidati~ evrokomisiis Semdegi prezidenti gaxdeba. didi albaTobiT, is evropis saxalxo partiis favoriti iqneba. procesi, romelic 2014 wlidan dainerga, politikur wreebSi farTo mxardaWeriT ver sargeblobs, Tumca wamyvani gaerTianebebi evropis saxalxo partiis kritikosebis Semotevebis mogeriebas warmatebiT axerxeben da am TamaSis wesebs (rogorc gavlenis SenarCunebis saukeTeso saSualebas) inarCuneben. arCevnebi winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba. `lideri kandi-

34

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msoflio 2019

evros dabadebis dRes vulocavT evropis erTiani valuta ukve 20 wlisaa, magram srulyofilebamde jer kidev Sorsaa raCana Sanbogi, evropis ekonomikis korespondenti, The Economist

2

019 wlis ianvarSi erTian evropul valutas 20 weli usruldeba. skeptikosebis eWvebis mixedviT, evros amdeni xani ver unda earseba. Tumca, samomavlod, msgavsi skepticizmi kvlav iqneba. arsebobis periodis pirvel naxevarSi, erTian valutas gansakuTrebuli sirTuleebi ar Seqmnia. saberZneTis, irlandiis, portugaliisa da espaneTis krizisebma evros safuZvelis aramdgradoba aCvena. dRis wesrigSi swrafi struqturuli cvlilebebis sakiTxi dadga.

2019 wlis dasawyisSi, evrozonas ufro meti moqniloba axasiaTebs. bankebis zedamxedvelobis, problemuri sesxebis marTvis, saxelmwifo valis restruqturizaciis meqanizmebi ukve SemuSavebulia. ekonomika bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi mzardia. amasTan, samomavlod, kvlav bevri gamowveva ikveTeba. evropis centralur bankSi (ECB) menejmentisa da politikis cvlilebebi igegmeba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, evrozonis mxardaWera ultraliberaluri monetaruli politikis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda. es mxardaWera 2019 wlis Semodgomidan etapobrivad Semcirdeba. saprocento ganakveTebis udroo Semcireba an am procesSi cudi komunikacia finansur bazrebze ryevebis risks gazrdis. SesaZloa italiisa da saberZneTis ekonomikebis aRdgenis jer kidev myife procesic dazaraldes. saprocento ganakveTebis gazrda, mario dragis, rogorc centraluri bankis prezidentis, erT-erTi ukanaskneli qmedeba iqneba. misi mmarTvelobis vada 2019 wlis oqtomberSi iwureba. dragis Semcvlels manamde, wlis dasawyisSi SearCeven. kulisebs miRma mimdinare SerCevis procesSi, winaaRmdegobrivi kandidatebi, rogoricaa iens vaidmani (germaniis bundesbankis xelmZRvaneli, centraluri bankis politikis mwvave kritikosi), savaraudod, uaryofilni iqnebian. warmatebis realuri Sansi aqvT finel da frang kandi-

zianis mTavari wyaro SesaZloa Signidan iyos

dati~ ramdenime satelevizio debats gamarTavs (yvela maTgani inglisur enaze). debatebi auditoriis did dainteresebas ar gamoiwvevs. individualuri wevrebis doneze gamarTuli debatebi, rogorc yovelTvis, Sesabamisi qveynebis adgilobriv Tematikaze iqneba fokusirebuli, Tumca am arCevnebis ZiriTadi orientirebi ufro saerTo-evropuli sakiTxebi iqneba, rogoricaa magaliTad, saimigracio politika. evropis saxalxo partiis rigebSi memarjvene avtoritaruli partia `ungreTis samoqalaqo aliansic~ (fideSis partia) iricxeba. es partia ungreTSi liberalur-demokratiul normebs xelyofs da evropis politikur sarbielze uTanxmoebebs aRZravs. `wamyvani kandidatis~ gamovlenis procesis Canacvlebis makroniseul mcdelobas media gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gaaSuqebs. bolosdabolos, `didi xuTeulisTvis~ cvlilebebis droc dadgeba: evropis sabWo, parlamenti, centraluri banki, sagareo saqmeTa umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli. komisiis lideris pozicias gamarjvebuli `wamyvani kandidati~ daikavebs. es rom ase ar moxdes, makronma sistemis dangreva an gakontroleba unda SeZlos (amisaTvis mas saparlamento vetos daZleva da gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba). potenci-

datebs, romlebic bankis politikis memkvidreobiTobis SenarCunebis pirobas deben. uaxloes savaWro partniorebTan evrozonis urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi sistemis mdgradobisTvis mTavari gamowveva iqneba. britaneTi evrokavSiris rigebs martis bolosTvis tovebs. `breqsiTis~ SesaZlo mouwesrigebloba ekonomikuri da finansuri problemebis wyaro iqneba, romelic mTlian savaluto bloks moicavs. germaniis mimdinare angariSis uzarmazarma proficitma SesaZloa Statebis prezident donald tramps moTmineba daakargvinos da es savaWro omis wamowyebis sababi gaxdes. mosalodneli riski da gaurkvevloba ekonomikaze Sesabamis gavlenas axdens. momdevno wels, evrozonis ekonomikuri zrda gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi ara, magram mainc soliduri 2% iqneba. evrokavSirisTvis mTavari safrTxis wyaro SesaZloa mis SigniT iyos. italiis populisturma koaliciam amomrCevlebisTvis uamravi ZviradRirebuli dapireba gasca da evroskepticizmis poziciebs myarad ikavebs. maisSi dagegmili evroparlamentis arCevnebi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad Sors wava es ritorika, romelmac SesaZloa obligaciebis bazarze panikis provocireba moaxdinos. italia blokis mesame umsxvilesi ekonomikaa. aq krizisis ganviTareba evros mniSvnelovan dartymas miayenebs. safrTxeebidan gamomdinare, dRis wesrigSi dadga savaluto blokis ganmtkiceba da prevenciuli zomebis miReba. kerZo seqtoris riskis gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT, wevri qveynebi garkveul progress kapitalis bazrebis gaerTianebiT miaRweven. Tumca evrokavSiris CrdiloeT nawilSi SiSoben, rom samxreTis qveynebis araracionaluri xarjvis politikis mZevlebi gaxdebian. depozitebis dazRvevis saerTo sqemasTan da erTian biujetTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovani progresi mosalodneli ar aris. male evro Tavisi arsebobis mesame aTwleulis aTvlas daiwyebs, magram gasakeTebeli isev bevria. uri kandidatebia: manfred veberi, evropis saxalxo partiis saparlamento lideri; aleqsandre stabi, fineTis yofili premierministri; piter altmaieri, germaniis poligloti ekonomikis ministri; miSel barnie, `breqsiTis~ Taobaze evrokomisiis wamyvani momlaparakebeli; margaret vestegi, evrokomisari konkurenciis sakiTxebSi, romelic amerikuli teqnologiuri gigantebis saqmeebs ganixilavda. evropis sabWos savaraudo Tavmjdomareebia: holandiis premierministri mark rute; lietuvas prezidenti dalia gribauskaite; daniis yofili premierministri hel Torning-Smidti. briuselSi zogi fiqrobs, rom evrokomisiis an evrosabWos xelmZRvanelis kandidaturad bolo momentSi angela merkeli mogvevlineba, magram es praqtikulad warmoudgenelia. mediisTvis mTavari Tema mainc kargad nacnobi iqneba — populistebis aRmasvla. SesaZloa maT erTiani saparlamento jgufis formireba ver SeZlon (Sida uTanxmoebebi aseT gaerTianebas xels uSlis), magram ultramemarjvene frTa evroparlamentSi angariSgasawevi Zala iqneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas memarcxeneebze. evropaSi politikur centrze wnexi izrdeba. is axal garemoebebTan adaptacias an SeZlebs, an damarcxdeba. n

msoflio 2019

35

evropa

germanuli sisustis gacxadeba germanias uZlurebis risxva Seipyrobs, radgan amerikisgan damoukidebloba ar SeuZlia andreas kluti, mTavari redaqtori, Handelsblatt Global berlini

2

019 wels germanias krizisi elodeba. es ar iqneba arc ekonomikuri da arc politikuri. saubaria inteleqtualur, fsiqologiur krizisze, romelic aranakleb mtkivneulia. germanuli farTo sazogadoeba aRmoaCens imas, rac elitisTvis didi xania naTelia: Pax Americana-s samyaroSi qveyanas adekvaturi sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika ar gaaCnia. es sakiTxi dakavSirebuli ar aris merkelis memkvidris vinaobasTan. germanias axali kancleri SesaZloa ukve 2019 wels eyolos (yvelaze gvian — 2021 wels). dasavleT germaniis pirveli kancleris, konrad adenaueris epoqidan, germanuli sagareo politika ormagi `dasavluri kavSiris~ koncefcias efuZneboda: pirveli mimarTuleba iyo amerika da NATO, xolo meore — safrangeTi da evrokavSiri. amerikuli armia da birTvuli fari germaniis ruseTisgan dacvas uzrunvelyofda. sanacvlod, germaniam uari Tqva militarizmze (TiTqosda mis erovnul interesze) da TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebs daemorCila — rogorc vaWrobis, ise usafrTxoebis sferoSi. aseTi viTareba germaniisTvis mogebiani aRmoCnda. qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReoba gaizarda da saerTaSoriso asparezze germanuli diplomatia Tavs mediduri toniT saubris saSualebasac aZlevda. msgavsi ganawileba amerikelebs trampamdec yelSi amouvidaT. 2011 wels Statebis Tavdacvis mdivani robert geiTsi, evropasa da germanias samxedro politikis Seusabamobis Sesaxeb afrTxilebda da mxolod amerikis xarjze germaniis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis politikis dasruleba moiTxova. germanuli elita TandaTan am logikas eTanxmeboda. 2014 wels, qveynis prezidentma ioahim gaukma globalur asparezze germaniis rolis gaZlierebis mowodeba gaakeTa, rasac bevri daeTanxma. Tumca, am Temebis ganxilvas farTo sazogadoebamde arasodes miuRwevia. saarCevno kampaniebi mTlianad germaniis Sida sakiTxebze iyo fokusirebuli. am yvelafers trampis gamarjvebiT gamowveuli Soki mohyva. daaxloebiT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, proatlantikurad ganwyobilebi (ZiriTadad, qristiandemokratebi) merkelis garemocvidan imedovnebdnen, rom trampis agresiul ritorikas misi ofisis pasuxismgebloba daabalansebda. amerikis mimarT tradiciulad skeptikurad ganwyobilebi (ZiriTadad, socialdemokratebi) im daskvnamde mividnen, rom germaniis sasargeblod urTierTobebis gadaxedvis droa. rac ufro xSirad moixseniebda trampi germanias, rogorc mowinaaRmdeges, miT metad Zlierdeboda skeptikosTa poziciebi.

2019 wels germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, haiko maasma erTgvari damoukideblobis deklaracia gaavrcela. igi amtkicebda, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, germania amerikis sapirwone unda gamxdariyo. amisaTvis ki, erTaderTi gza Sidaevropuli konsolidacia da `mravalpolusianobis~ momxreebTan (kanada, iaponia da sxva) axali aliansebis Seqmna iyo. amgvarad, 2019 wlis gariJraJze, germania amerikasTan dapirispirebis reJimSi imyofeba. konfliqtebi moicavs klimatis Sesaxeb parizis SeTanxmebas (germania momxre, amerika — winaaRmdegi), iranis birTvul

SeTanxmebas (analogiurad), `CrdiloeTis nakadi 2~ gazsadens (analogiurad). uTanxmoebebi vrceldeba vaWrobis sferoze da amerikuli internetgigantebis evropaSi dominirebis (gadasaxadebisgan Tavis aridebis) Taobazec. uTanxmoebebi samxedro danaxarjebze, NATO-s me-5 Tavis ganmartebebze. `dasavlur Rirebulebebze~ am dapirispirebis kulminaciaa.

2019 wlis ganmavlobaSi germanuli politikuri istebliSmenti, Tavis evropel partniorebTan erTad, baton maasis deklarirebuli ideebis realizebas Seecdeba. isini saerTaSoriso sagadamxdelo sistemis Seqmnas Seecdebian, romlis gakontrolebas (SWIFTisgan gansxvavebiT) amerika ver SeZlebs. NATO-s evropuli alternativis amoqmedebis mcdelobebic iqneba, damaxasiaTeblad arafrismTqmeli akronimebiT, rogoricaa PESCO (mudmivmoqmedi struqturuli komisia) an CARD (Tavdacvis yovelwliuri koordinirebuli mimoxilva). isev da isev, am mcdelobebis ukan mdgomni or rames aRmoaCenen: pirveli — evropa metismetad gaxleCilia imisaTvis, rom germaniis ideebis irgvliv gaerTianeba SeZlos; da meore — amerikis yovlismomcveli upiratesobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sapirwones gamoCena naklebad mosalodnelia, miT umetes — germaniis saxiT.

`qariSxali da Seteva~ memarcxene da memarjvene germaneli populistebi (maT prorusulad da antiamerikulad ganwyobil Zalebad miiCneven) Zvel germanul fantaziebs gaaRviveben, rogoricaa dasavleTTan da aRmosavleTTan Tanabari distancirebis idea. aseve, germaniis birTvul saxelmwifod gadaqcevis Sesaxeb adre warmoudgenel mosazrebebsac gavigebT. umravlesoba Cveuli uaryofis pozicias SeinarCunebs. zigmar gabrieli ambobs: `igi (trampi) yoveldRe gvaxsenebs, Tu raoden sustebi varT~. es saSiSi samyaroa da germania misTvis mzad ar aris. 2019 wels germanelebi amas gaacnobiereben da imedgacruebas miecemian. n

2019 mokled angela merkelis gadadgomis Semdeg, germaniis qristiandemokratiul kavSirs axali lideri eyoleba

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msoflio 2019

miwaze gruxuniT daSveba ruseTis lideri kvlav ubralo mokvdavs daemsgavseba noa sneideri, moskovis korespondenti, The Economist, moskovi

T

avisi prezidentobis mesame vadis dros (20122018), vladimir putini rusuli didebis panTeonamde amaRlda. yirimis aneqsiam Cveulebrivi prezidenti msoflio asparezze ruseTis xelaxali gandidebis simbolod gadaaqcia. misi mowonebis reitingi ruseTSi 80%-mde gaizarda da Semdgomi ekonomikuri recesiis miuxedavad, didi xniT SenarCunda. 2016 wlis miwuruls, The Economist-is erTma respondentma kremlidan putini ase aRwera: `promeTes tipis qarizmatuli lideri — RmerTkaci, titani, romelmac adamianebs cecxli aCuqa~.

2019 wels, roca prezidentad meoTxe vadiT yofna Cveulebrivi xdeba, batoni putini kvlav mokvdavs daemsgavseba. geopolitikuri triukebis brwyinvalebas yoveldRiuri rutina Caanacvlebs — ekonomikis samzareulos stagnacia da mzardi socialuri problemebi. es uku- politika metamorfoza ukve dawyebulia. mediaze kontrols da politikuri velidan konkurentebis CamoSorebas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, mowonebis reitingi putinis realuri mxardaWeris gazomvisTvis srulyofili instrumenti ar aris. Tumca reitingi sazogadoebrivi azris tendenciebs asaxavs. uSualod saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg, 2018 wlis martSi, batoni putinis mowonebis reitingi daaxloebiT 82%-s Seadgenda. seqtemberSi es maCvenebeli 67%-mde daeca (yirimis aneqsiis Semdgom, msgavsi dabali Sedegi arasodes yofila). aseve Semcirda prezidentis ndobis reitingi — 60%idan (2018-is dasawyisSi) 39%-mde (seqtemberSi).

dramatizmis nakleboba ar iqneba arCevnebs ukrainaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi ar mohyveba arkadi ostrovski, ruseTis redaqtori, The Economist

Z

alze cotaa ukrainis msgavsi qveyana, sadac amden istoriul, gardamtex moments, saboloo jamSi, aseTi umniSvnelo cvlilebebi moaqvs. erTi Taobis ganmavlobaSi, ukraina sabWoTa kavSirs gamoeyo, ori revolucia gadaitana, teritoriebis nawili dakarga, omSi ibrZola. Tumca, mmarTvelobis sistema, rodesac ramdenime oligarqiuli jgufi qveynis ekonomikur da politikur dRis wesrigs gansazRvravs, kvlavac uryevia. am korufciuli, myarad damkvidrebuli sistemis gamo, qveynis nayofieri miwebisa da ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis miuxedavad, ukraina evropis meore uRaribesi qveyanaa. 1990 wels ukrainis mSp (erT sul mosaxleze) poloneTisas Seesabameboda, magram dRes misi mxolod mexuTedia.

2014 wlis kievis `Rirsebis revoluciis~ Sedegad, moskovis proteJem, prezidentma viqtor ianukoviCma Zalaufleba dakarga. sazogadoebaSi mmarTvelobis mTliani sistemis Secvlis molodini gaCnda. revoluciis 5 wlisTavze, ukraina kvlav igives molodinSia. 2019 wels ukrainaSi morigi saprezidento (martSi)

2019 mokled plovdivi bulgareTSi da matera italiaSi evropis kulturis dedaqalaqebi arian. fineTis dedaqalaqi helsinki da franguli qalaqi lioni `Wkviani turizmis~ pirvel evropul dedaqalaqebad gamocxaddnen

ukmayofilebis bolo mizezi gaxda mTavrobis winadadeba sapensio asakis gazrdis Sesaxeb, 60-idan 65 wlamde mamakacebisTvis da 55-dan 63-mde qalebisaTvis. sazogadoebrivi protestis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, kremlma gadawyvetilebisgan putinis distancireba scada. prezidentis gankargulebiT, qalTa sapensio asaki, gamocxadebuli 63-is nacvlad, 60 wlamde Semcirda. amas kremlisTvis sasurveli Sedegi ar moutania. ruseTis moqalaqeebi gasaprotesteblad quCebSi gamovidnen. 2018 wlis Semodgomaze, adgilobriv arCevnebze, kremlis mier mxardaWerili gubernatorobis kandidatebi oTx regionSi damarcxdnen. ruseTis `marTvadi demokratiisTvis~ es Zalze iSviaTi movlenaa.

2019 wels, rodesac sapensio reformis aRsruleba da saparlamento (oqtomberSi) arCevnebi gaimarTeba. kandidatebis simravlis miuxedavad, arCevani sakmaod SezRuduli iqneba. politikur scenaze ori gamokveTili, gamocdili lideri iqneba — moqmedi prezidenti petro poroSenko da oligarqi, populisti da poroSenkos staJiani mowinaaRmdege — iulia timoSenko. orives politikuri kariera 2000-iani wlebidan daiwyo da arcerTi maTgani amomrCevlebSi gansakuTrebul ndobas ar iwvevs. or gamokveTil liderTan SedarebiT, gamarjvebis naklebi Sansi aqvT Tavdacvis yofil ministrs, anatoli gricenkos, romelic oligarqebis mxardaWeriT ar sargeblobs; energetikis yofil ministrs, iuri boikos, romelic ianukoviCis kabinetSi muSaobda da qveynis samxreT-aRmosavleTis klanebis interesebs warmoadgens. saprezidento rbolaSi monawileobas ar gamoricxavs rokvarskvlavi da samoqalaqo aqtivisti, slava vakarCuki. Tu ase iqneba, igi imedgacruebuli reformatorebis konsolidirebas SeZlebs, magram gamarjvebisTvis urTulesi gzis gavla mouwevs. TviT arCevnebi Sous daemsgavseba, magram siurprizebis gareSe. es yvelaferi ukrainel amomrCevlebs ukve nanaxi aqvT. adamianebs carieli dapirebebi mobezrdaT. batoni poroSenkos mTavari slogania: `armia, ena, sarwmunoeba. Cven Cveni gziT mivdivarT~. lozungi mis ukrainis patriotad warmoCenas emsaxureba, romelic brZolaSi CarTul qveyanas ruseTis agresiisgan icavs. amisaTvis batoni poroSenko samxedro aRlumebs awyobs, evrokavSirSi da NATO-Si gaerTianebis miswrafebis konstituciaSi asaxvas iTxovs, ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ruseTisgan gamoyofas mxars

msoflio 2019

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evropa

daiwyeba, problemebi kidev ufro gaRrmavdeba. qveynis ganviTarebis kursTan dakavSirebiT, pesimisturi ganwyoba gaizrdeba. rusuli ekonomika kvlav stagnaciis fazaSi iqneba, 2%-ze dabali zrdis maCvenebliT. londonSi sergei skripalis mowamvlis braldebebis gamo, aseve robert miuleris gamoZiebis mixedviT amerikis arCevnebSi ruseTis Carevaze saubrebis gaaqtiurebis fonze, dasavluri sanqciebi gamkacrdeba.

Sedegad, rublze zemoqmedeba gaizrdeba da investiciebi Seferxdeba. inflaciuri procesebis mosaTokad, erovnul banks maRali saprocento ganakveTebis SenarCuneba mouwevs. sagareo avantiurebiTa da mtris xatis SeqmniT, warsulSi, batoni putini mis mxardasaWerad sazogadoebrivi azris konsolidirebas axerxebda. samomavlod, es uaRresad rTuli amocana iqneba. yirimis aneqsiasTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi eiforia ukve minavlda. rusebi siriis omis ambebis mosmeniT daiRalnen. sociologebi sagareo politikiT sazogadoebis mzard ukmayofilebas aRniSnaven. adamianebs surT, rom maTi liderebi qveynis Sida saqmeebze ufro met fokusirebas axdendnen. SesaZloa, kremlma sapasuxod `mexuTe kolonis~ winaaRmdeg brZola gaaaqtiuros. aseT SemTxvevaSi, axalgazrda aqtivistebisa da socialuri mediis momxmareblebis mimarT represiebi kidev ufro intensiurad ganxorcieldeba. es yvelaferi putinis Semdgomi epoqisTvis mzadebis fonze moxdeba. 2024 wlisTvis baton putins arCevani eqneba — Zalauflebis SenarCunebisTvis konstituciiT iJongliorebs, Tu am Zalauflebas memkvidres gadascems. erTi SexedviT, amaze fiqri jer adrea. arCevnebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, ruseTSi raime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani politikuri movlena dagegmili ar aris. Tumca, rogorc kremlis yofili mrCeveli, gleb pavlovski ambobs, `ruseTSi movlenebi maSin xdeba, rodesac kalendari arafers gviCvenebs~. uWers. qalbatoni timoSenkos ritorika analogiuria, im gansxvavebiT, rom qveynis lideris misia man unda ikisros. am or dauZinebel mowinaaRmdeges namdvili reformebisa da korufciasTan realuri brZolis mimarT cinikuri damokidebuleba aerTianebs. ukrainis prezidentis vinaobis garkvevas arCevnebis meore turi dasWirdeba. ase rom, siurprizebi gamoricxuli ar aris. viTarebas kidev ufro arTulebs is, rom ukrainis arCevnebSi mxolod ukrainelebi ar iqnebian CarTulni. qalbatoni timoSenkos kandidatura ruseTis prezident vladimir putinisTvis sruliad misaRebia. maT erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis didi gamocdileba aqvT. putini timoSenkos aRiqvams, rogorc cinikos populists, romelTanac saqmis daWera da SeTanxmebis miRweva SesaZlebelia. arCevnebze ruseTi mxars dauWers koaliciur gaerTianebas, romelic ukrainis samxreT-dasavleT regionebs warmoadgens (aq rusul enaze mosaubre mosaxleoba Warbobs). ruseTs imedi aqvs, rom am gziT ukrainis momavalze gadamwyvet gavlenas moipovebs. ruseTisgan dazianebuli da sakuTari elitisgan dasustebuli ukraina suverenitetis dakargvis safrTxis winaSea. saukeTeso gamosavali damamZimebel warsulTan kavSiris gawyveta iqneboda, magram arsebuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es rTulad warmosadgenia. ufro didi albaTobiT, miuxedavad revoluciebisa, ukraina gadarCeba da nel-nela ganviTardeba. SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis miuRebloba is aucilebeli boroteba aRmoCndes, romelic samomavlo ganviTarebis sawindari gaxdeba. n

Sedegebis droa safrangeTis prezidentma unda aCvenos, rom misi reformebi muSaobs

What

if

SeZleben balkaneli mezoblebi — serbeTi da kosovo, SeTanxmebis miRwevas? dapirispireba aTwleulebia grZeldeba. aseTi SeTanxmeba serbeTis evrointegraciis process daaCqarebs da kosovos gawevrianebis proceduris dawyebac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba. Tu am SeTanxmebis mixedviT sazRvrebi Seicvleba (magaliTad, eTnikuri serbebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeT kosovosa da albanuri umravlesobis mqone serbuli teritoriebis gacvla), es `pandoras yuTis gaxsna~ iqneba. viTareba gamwvavdeba bosniaSi, sadac serbi da xorvati nacionalistebi avtonomias ufro kategoriulad moiTxoven

amCnevT mokrZalebis raime niSans?

sofi pederi, parizis biuros xelmZRvaneli, The Economist, parizi

2

019 weli safrangeTis axalgazrda prezident emanuel makronisTvis rTuli iqneba. frangi amomrCevlebi Seecdebian gaarkvion, ubralod TviTdajerebuli lideri airCies, Tu namdvili reformatori, romelic safrangeTs ukeTesi momavlisken wauZRveba. batoni makroni kritikas yuradRebas ar miaqcevs da misi samoqmedo programis aRsrulebas gaagrZelebs. pirveli ianvridan safrangeTSi gadaxdis wyarodan Semosavlis dabegvris sistema amoqmeddeba. warsuls Cabardeba meTodi, romlis mixedviTac gadasaxadis wlis ganmavlobaSi daricxva da Semdeg gadaxda xdeboda. es garkveul winaaRmdegobebs gamoiwvevs. zogierTi saxelfaso ganacemebis Semcirebaze daiCivlebs. dRis wesrigSi umuSevrobis Semweobebis da sapensio sistemis reformirebis sakiTxic dadgeba. safrangeTis amJamindeli sapensio sistema, Tavisi ocdaTxuTmeti sqemiT, naklebad gamWvirvale da mouqnelia. batoni makroni ecdeba sistemis unificireba moxdes da erTiani Sefasebis meqanizmi dainergos, raTa pensiebi ufro samarTliani, gamWvirvale da muSaxelis mobilurobaze morgebuli gaxdes. reformis mizania, Sromis bazris mobilurobis waxaliseba da Tanamedrove bazris riskis Sesabamisi socialuri sistemis danergva. baton makrons myari saparlamento umravlesoba hyavs. misi mTavroba erTpartiulia da erT-erTi yvelaze stabiluri evropaSi. mTavrobis Semadgenloba 2018 wels ganaxlda da 2019 wels ufro saqmeze fokusirebuli egebeba. wlis bolosTvis makronma SesaZloa ramdenime Cinovniki moisaklisos. isini 2020 wlisTvis dagegmil saarCevno bataliebSi Caebmebian. savaraudod, premierministric Seicvleba, Tu eduard filipi gadawyvets, rom parizis meris postze kenWi iyaros. amave dros, opozicia erovnul asambleaSi kvlav danawevrebuli da daTrgunvili iqneba. bevri mouTmeneli amomrCeveli Tavis imedgacruebas gamoxatavs da makronis reitingi Semcirdeba. amiT, upirvelesad, ultramemarjvene marin le peni isargeblebs. maisSi misi partia, axali saxelwodebiT `safrangeTis erovnuli fronti~, evroparlamentis arCevnebSi Caebmeba. qalbatoni le peni makronis proevropuli elitis mowinaaRmdegeTa interesebs daicavs. 2017 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis debate-

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2019 mokled SvedeTSi saTamaSo industriis SezRudvebi nawilobriv uqmdeba. onlainsamorineebi amoqmeddeba

bze katastrofuli gamosvlis miuxedavad, marin le penma safrangeTSi eleqtoraluri poziciebis ganmtkiceba moaxerxa da reitingebis saTaveSi moeqca. es liberaluri evropisTvis kidev erTi dartymaa. saerTo evropul sarbielze baton makrons Tavisi `win respublikas!~ saSinao warmatebis gameoreba gauWirdeba (rodesac misma axalma Zalam partiuli politika Tavdayira daayena). evropis memarjvene-centristuli partiebis ndobis mopovebis mcdeloba germaniis kancler angela merkelTan urTierTobebs daZabavs.

Tumca, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, batoni makroni mTavari evropuli xma iqneba, romelic proteqcionizmisa da populizmis narativs SeewinaaRmdegeba. igi progresuli liberalizmis damcvelad da nacionalizmis bneli Zalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZolad warmoaCens Tavs. germanuli evroskepticizmis miuxedavad, makroni integraciuli procesebis gaRrmavebas Seecdeba da germanias evrozonis reformirebisken mouwodebs. makrons trampis mravalmxrivobis koncefci-

msoflio 2019 aze daTanxmebis warumatebeli mcdelobebi hqonda. mas naklebi diplomatiuri urTierTobebi aqvs ruseTTan, siriasTan da iranTan. am yvelafris miuxedavad, safrangeTis prezidenti saerTaSoriso asparezze aqtiuri iqneba. batoni makroni klimatis cvlilebis winaaRmdeg sayovelTao brZolis gaaqtiurebas Seecdeba, gansakuTrebiT didi Svideulis samitze, romelic agvistoSi, safrangeTis biaricSi gaimarTeba.

Tumca, mTavari gamowveva batoni makronisTvis (yofili sainvesticio bankiri) frangi xalxis darwmuneba iqneba, rom misi saSinao reformebi mxolod mdidrebisa da globalisturi elitis interesebs ar emsaxureba. am gziT misi politikis karikaturizacia Zalian martivi iqneba. makronma unda aCvenos, rom misi mamoZravebeli idea individualuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas da sisusteebisgan `emansipirebas~ ukavSirdeba. es idea adamianebis cxovrebis gaumjobesebas unda emsaxurebodes, yovelgvari mediduri qedmaRlobis Cvenebis gareSe. n

sami ocwleuli da dekada SfoTiani NATO iubilesTvis emzadeba SaSank joSi, Tavdacvis redaqtori, The Economist

2

019 wlis aprilSi NATO-s daarsebidan 70 weli sruldeba. sazeimo aRniSvnisTvis mizezi namdvilad aris. msoflio istoriaSi es umsxvilesi, uZlieresi da yvelaze xangrZlivi samxedro aliansia. misi samxedro xarjebi izrdeba, swavlebebi farTovdeba da wevrTa raodenoba imatebs. Tumca, problemebic saxezea — evropasa da aSS-Si populistur ganwyobaTa moZliereba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebul transatlantikur konsensuss safrTxes uqmnis. upirveles yovlisa, kargi ambiT daviwyoT: 2014 wels ruseTis ukrainaSi SeWris da yirimis aneqsiis Semdeg, aliansma transformacia ganicada. rogorc marSireba erT-erTi diplomati aRniSnavs, urTierTobebi NATO- 70 wlis evrokavSiris formatSi dramatulad umjobesdeba. iubilesken aliansis SeiaraRebuli ZalebisTvis evropis Sida sazRvrebis gadakveTa Zalze gamartivda (biurokratiuli barierebi moixsna). aliansi sul ufro masStabur samxedro wvrTnebs axorcielebs. am gziT, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi civi omis droindeli unar-Cvevebis aRdgena xdeba, romlebic gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daikarga. organizaciis Semadgenlobac gafarTovdeba. rogorc Cans, makedonia saberZneTTan SeTanxmebas male miaRwevs (uTanxmoeba qveynis dasaxelebis irgvliv) da ianvridan NATO-Si gawevrianebis grZelvadian proceduras daiwyebs. 2019 wels, latviaSi axali Stabi gaixsneba, romelic baltiis regionSi axlaxan gagzavnil aliansis kontingents (aTasobiT jariskaci) zedamxedvelobas gauwevs. axali atlantikuri generaluri Stabi arqtikaSi arsebul gamowvevebzec izrunebs, maT Soris — meamboxe ruse- mTavari Tis Sekavebaze. eraySi mimdinare sawvrTneli misia `isdiskomfortis lamuri saxelmwifos~ aRorZinebas SeuSlis xels. magram ukanasknel wlebSi dasavlur politikaSi wyaro isev areulobis Semtani Zalebis mimarT imuniteti NATO- amerikis sac ar gaaCnia. daZabulobis zrdis erTi wyaroa popu- prezidenti listuri partiebis gaZliereba, rogoricaa `Crdiloiqneba eTis liga~ italiaSi. liga ruseTis mimarT simpaTiebs ar malavs da aliansis eqspansionizmze ieriSs miitans. meore konfliqtis wyaro CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis SeuTanxmeblobaa. wevr qveynebs, rogorebicaa po-

loneTi da estoneTi, upirvelesad, rusuli safrTxe aSinebT. amave dros, samxreTis qveynebSi (saberZneTi, espaneTi), xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT, migraciul nakadebs, afrikul da aRmosavlur konfliqtebs ufro ufrTxian. mxareebi, aliansis farglebSi, TavianTi prioritetebis win wamowevas Seecdebian. mesame problema TurqeTia, romelsac urTierTobebi dasavlel partniorebTan sul ufro eZabeba. metic — 2019 wels TurqeTi bolo Taobis rusuli sahaero Tavdacvis sistemebis Sesyidvas gegmavs. es SesaZloa SeuTavsebeli iyos aliansis saerTo sahaero Tavdacvis sistemasTan da sahaero xomaldebis Sesaxeb sensitiuri informaciis gaJonva gamoiwvios. dabolos: diskomfortis mTavari wyaro isev amerikis prezidenti iqneba, romelic mokavSireebs movaleobebisgan Tavis aridebaSi adanaSaulebs. bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, evropa samxedro xarjebs mudmivad zrdis. am TvalsazrisiT, aliansis wevrebis naxevarze meti samizne moTxovnebs ukve akmayofilebs (mSp-is 2%-iT Tavdacvis dafinanseba 2024 wels). trampisTvis SesaZloa es sakmarisi ar iyos. igi aliansis wevrebisgan miznis gaormagebas — samxedro xarjebis 4%-mde gazrdas iTxovs.

4 aprils, aliansis wevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi vaSingtonSi Seikribebian. 1949 wels, imave qalaqSi, SeTanxmeba gaformda, romelmac NATO-s Cauyara safuZveli. evropasa da kanadaSi imedovneben, rom es zeimis safuZveli iqneba da ara sayovelTao isterikisa.

40

evropa

msoflio 2019

danawevrebuli espaneTi

win, populizmo! italia finansur safrTxesTan „flirts gaabams“

reformebis meore raundis aucilebloba

jon huperi, italiis korespondenti, The Economist, romi

maikl ridi, ufrosi redaqtori, laTinuri amerika da espaneTi,

The Economist, madridi

i

e

spaneTis politika 2015 wlidan mudmivi ryevebis reJimSia. orpartiuli marTvis sistema oTxad danawevrda. kataloniis nacionalizmi separatizmSi gadaizarda. Sedegad, susti, umciresobis mTavroba Camoyalibda. 2019 wels Catarebuli arCevnebis seria daadasturebs, rom oTxpartiuli sistema SenarCundeba, magram SesaZloa axali, Zlieri, formaluri koaliciebi Seiqmnas. socialisti premierministri pedro sanCesi ucnobia saerTo arCevnebs rodisTvis gamoacxadebs, da es mTavari kiTxvaa. konservatori winamorbedis CamoSorebis Semdeg, sanCesma ganacxada, rom Zalauflebas 2020 wels parlamentis vadis amowurvamde SeinarCunebs. Tumca 350-wevrian parlamentSi socialistebs mxolod 84 adgili aqvT. Tu batoni sanCesis mier wardgenili 2019 wlis biujeti saparlamento mxardaWeras ver moipovebs, mas wlis dasawyisSi wasvla mouwevs. Tumca, sxva SemTxvevaSi, aseTi umciresoba parlamentSi sanCess albaT mainc aiZulebda arCevnebi noembrisTvis gamoecxadebina. katalonia kvlav safrTxis wyaro iqneba. ianvarSi im separatisti 18 lideris saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva iwyeba, romlebmac 2017 wels ukanono referendumi moawyves da kataloniis damoukidebloba gamoacxades. es sasamarTlo ganxilva, gansakuTrebiT patimrobebis Sefardebis SemTxvevaSi, kataloniuri separatizmis cecxls kidev ufro gaaRvivebs. espanelTa ganwyobis gageba 26 maiss iqneba SesaZlebeli, rodesac saerTo-evropuli arCevnebi municipaluri da regionuli mTavrobebis arCevnebis TariRs emTxveva. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS barselonas meris arCevnebi moeqceva. aq gamarjvebas iunionistur platformaze mdgomi, barselonaSi dabadebuli safrangeTis yofili premieri manuel valsi Seecdeba. mZime brZolis gadatana mas ada kolosTan — Podemosis wevr merTan mouwevs. espaneTs Zlieri, reformistuli mTavroba sWirdeba. qveynis ekonomikis aRdgenis procesSi Cndeba signalebi, rom ganaTlebisa da sapensio sistemis saswrafo reformireba aucilebelia. kataloniis problemas mxolod dro ver moagvarebs. kenWisyris Semdeg, politikosebs TanamSromloba mouwevT. n

2019 mokled sabiujeto dafinansebaze myofi italiis saxelmwifo televizia RAI inglisur enaze mauwyeblobas iwyebs da msoflios italiis siaxleebs gaacnobs

katalonieli

talia yovelTvis rTulad prognozirebadia, magram erTi ram danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: 2019 wlis 2 maiss, misi yvelaze cnobili inteleqtualis, leonardo da vinCis gardacvalebidan 500 weli sruldeba. es movlena mravali gamofenis mowyobiT aRiniSneba. erT-erTi maTgani luvrSi iqneba, sadac da vinCis SeZlebisdagvarad bevri namuSevari gamoifineba. italiis warsul didebasa da Tanamedroveobis problemebs Soris didi kontrastia. neli ekonomikuri zrda da politikuri klounada dRevandeli italiisTvis tipuri movlenebia. 2019 wels italia ufro Raribi egebeba, vidre 2000 wels iyo (realuri maCveneblebiT). prognozTa umravlesobis mixedviT, momaval wels italiis ekonomika 1%-ze odnav metiT gaizrdeba.

Tumca, mTavrobas sxvagvarad miaCnia. qveynis finansTa ministri, jovani tria amtkicebs, rom mSp 1.6%-iT gaizrdeba da saxelmwifo vali marTvadi iqneba. iqneba ki es ase? baton trias mier wardgenilma biujetma briuselSi da finansur bazrebze SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. biujetis samizne deficiti mSp-is 2.4%-iT ganisazRvra. SesaZloa, es bevri ar aris, magram italia gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa. qveyanas aranormalurad didi saxelmwifo vali aqvs — mSp-is 120%. memarcxene-centristebis wina mTavroba ambobda, rom sabiujeto deficits mSp-is 0.8%-mde Seamcirebda. ivnisis TveSi, antiistebliSmenturi `xuTi varskvlavis moZraobis~ (M5S) da ultramemarjvene `CrdiloeTis ligis~ mier koaliciuri mTavrobis Camoyalibebis Semdegac, samizne sabiujeto deficitis molodini 2%-s ar aRemateboda. ekonomikis reagireba axal stimulebze am ori partiis samomavlo perspeqtivebisTvis gadamwyveti iqneba. rodesac briuselisa da sakuTari amomrCevlebis imedgacruebas Soris arCevanis aucilebloba dadga, luiji di maiom (`xuTi varskvlavis moZraobis~ lideri) da mateo salvinim (ligis xelmZRvaneli) sakuTari amomrCevlebisTvis gacemuli dapirebebis Sesruleba amjobines. `xuTi varskvlavis moZraoba~ italielebs RaribebisTvis da umuSevrebisTvis garantirebuli minimaluri Semosavlebis SemoRebas dahpirda. CrdiloeTis ligam gadasaxadebis Semcirebis piroba dado. orive partiam sapensio reformis SeCerebas dauWira mxari. am gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas 2019 wels unda velodoT. Sesabamisad, izrdeba riski, rom italiis sajaro finansebi umarTavi gaxdeba, rac evrozonaSi krizisis ganaxlebis sawindari iqneba. gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, italiaSi `xuTi varskvlavis moZraobis~ mxardaWera mcirdeba, xolo `CrdiloeTis ligis~ popularoba izrdeba. koaliciuri mTavrobis Camoyalibebidan sami Tvis Tavze, ligam Tavisi reitingis gaormageba SeZlo da 30%-iani maCvenebliT `xuTi varskvlavis moZraobas~ gadauswro. es zrda ZiriTadad imigraciasTan mimarTebaSi batoni salvinis xistma poziciam ganapiroba. baton salvinis axla arCevanis fufuneba aqvs. mas SeuZlia `xuTi varskvlavis moZraobasTan~ koalicia SeinarCunos, an kvlav memarjvene aliansis ualternativo liderad mogvevlinos (rogorc 2018 wlis saerTo arCevnebze). am arCevanisas, batoni salvinisTvis STagoneba ara leonardo, aramed makiaveli iqneba.n

41

msoflio 2019

SeerTebuli Statebi

amave seqciaSi: 42 demokratebi 2020 wlisTvis samzadisSi 43 kavanos sasamarTlo 44 „milenialebi“ „bebi-bumerebis“ pirispir

44 uolt uitmenis dabadebidan orasi wlisTavi 45 RvTis nebiT erTi eri?

46 obamas dabruneba 46 ekonomikis „SuSxuna“ faqtori 47 lorin paueli jobsi saarCevno uflebebze

iZebneba: ukeTesi angelozebi partiuli polarizacia da misi gamwvavebisTvis mowodebuli prezidenti imas niSnavs, rom win mZime weli gvelis jeims astili, vaSingtonis biuros ufrosi da mesvete,

The Economist, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

m

if

axla, roca demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontroleben, maT donald trampis winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procedurebis dawyeba SeuZliaT. maTgan ufro frTxilebi miiCneven, rom es SesaZloa kontrproduqciuli aRmoCndes, magram ra iqneba, Tu cduneba Zalian didi gamodga? Tu warmomadgenelTa palata prezidentis impiCments mainc moaxerxebs, ofisidan mis gaZevebas senatis wevrTa ori mesamedis Tanxmoba sWirdeba. es mosalodneli araa, Tuki ra Tqma unda, gansakuTrebul saqmeTa gamomZiebeli, robert miuleri iseT gamanadgurebel utyuar mtkicebulebas ar warmoadgens, rom respublikelebs sxva araferi darCebaT imis garda, rom gadawyviton – `prezident maik pensis dro movida~

s

mas mere, rac amerika prezident donald trampis pirveli saprezidento vadis Suawels miuaxlovda, fxizeli damkvirveblebi aRniSnaven, rom qveyana ase gayofili 1850-iani wlebis Semdeg ar yofila. es SesaZloa sasacilodac JRerdes, radgan monobasTan dakavSirebul konfliqtTan SedarebiT, rac omis win 4 milioni afroamerikelis mdgomareobasa da samxreTis Statebis ekonomikur bazas exeboda, dRevandeli partiuli kinklaoba trivialurad gamoiyureba. samoqalaqo oms aravin winaswarmetyvelebs. amave dros, Sedareba xazs usvams imas, Tu ramdenad yovlismomcvelia amerikis amJamindeli gaxleCiloba. es da dapirispirebis gaRrmavebisken mowodebuli prezidenti 2019 wels winaaRmdegobebiT daRdasmul morig wlad aqceven.

1850-ian wlebSi orive dapirispirebul mxares erovnul identobasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoeba amoZravebda, rasac maRali imigraciisa da dasavleTis StatebSi monobis gavrcelebis perspeqtiva kvebavda.

Crdilouri da samxreTuli media metismetad partiuli iyo. politikosebi ukompromisoni iyvnen monobasTan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc saqmeSi Careva umaRles sasamarTlos eTxova. am ukanasknelis ganCinebam `dred skoti sanfordis winaaRmdeg~ daadgina — `Savkanianebi imdenad arasrulfasovnebi iyvnen, rom maT ar hqondaT uflebebi, romelTaTvisac TeTrkanians pativi unda eca~. mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebisadmi SewinaaRmdegeba ajanyebuli respublikuri partiisTvis gamaerTianebeli slogani aRmoCnda. msgavsi garemoebebi dResac ikveTeba. amave dros, maSindel da dRevandel droebas yvelaze metad is amsgavsebs, Tu rogor uwyobs partiuli polarizacia xels orive mxaris radikalizaciasac.

swored ise, rogorc monobis irgvliv dapirispireba egzistencialur sakiTxad iqca rogorc Crdiloelebis, aseve samxreTelebisaTvis, respublikelebic da demokratebic erTmaneTs Tavisi cxovrebis wesisTvis safrTxis Semcvelad aRiqvamen. isini sul ufro metad gaucxoebulebi xdebian, maTi socializacia da TanamSromloba metad saTuo xdeba. politikur mecnierebaTa specialistebi amas im procesis Sedegad miiCneven, romelmac Tanamedrove rasobrivi, geografiuli da partiuli identobebi Camoayaliba.1960ian wlebSi, ufro mZime politikuri uTanxmoebis periodSi, respublikelebs mainc sakmaod bevri Savkaniani mxardamWeri hyavdaT, xolo demokratebs bevri samxreTeli. amJamad respublikuri partia TeTrebisTvisaa, gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi, xolo demokratiuli partia — yvela danarCenisTvis. batoni trampi amas perspeqtivad miiCnevs. amerikis gaxleCilobaze TamaSi misi politikuri meTodia. is momxreebs aiZulebs, mtrebsa da mas Soris airCion. swored es xsnis imas, Tu ratom Seicvala trampis reitingi Zalze umniSvnelod misi administraciis skandalebisa da calkeuli warmatebebis fonze. amerikelTa daaxloebiT 37-42% mas uWers mxars. arCevnebis dros trampis saarCevno Stabis wevrebsa da rus hakerebs Soris SesaZlo garigebis gamomZiebelma batonma miulerma trampisTvis yvelaze gamanadgurebeli angariSic rom warmoadginos, misi mxardaWera didad mainc ver Semcirdeba. es ver Seakavebs demokratebs. mas Semdeg, rac warmomadgenelTa palataze kontroli daibrunes, sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis uflebis mqone calkeuli komitetebis CaTvliT, isini batoni trampis finansuri da sxva saqmeebis gamoZiebas daiwyeben. am gamoZiebaTa Sedegebi kongresSi disputebis mTavari Tema gaxdeba. mcirea kongresis mier mniSvnelovani kanonmdeblobis miRebis perspeqtivac, infrastruqturis paketis miRebis marginaluri Sansis CaTvliT. kongresis mier

What

42

SeerTebuli Statebi

msoflio 2019

rigi 2020 wlisTvis demokratebi donald trampis saprezidento mmarTvelobis brZolaSi gamosawvevad rigSi dgebian jon praido, SeerTebuli Statebis redaqtori, The Economist

y

ovel or weliwadSi erTxel kongresis arCevnebisa da xangrZlivi saprezidento praimeris kombinacia imas niSnavs, rom erTi arCevnebis damTavrebisTanave, momdevno arCevnebze iwyeba fiqri. asea 2019 welsac. demokratiuli partiidan nominaciis mosapoveblad, brZola Tavidanve uaRresad seriozuli iqneba. bolo saprezidento kampaniisas, donald trampma ganacxada, rom brZolas ciklis Sesabamisi wlis ivnisSi daiwyebda. am gancxadebis daanonsebis RonisZiebas, romelic niu-iorkis Trump Tower-Si gaimarTa, bevri damswre ar hyolia, vinaidan aravin icoda, iqneboda Tu ara es realuri kampania, Tu mxolodRa politikuri fandi. es faqti, Tavis mxriv, prognozebis moyvarulTaTvis seriozuli gafrTxileba unda gaxdes. ar Cans gamokveTili figura (wina arCevnebze hilari klintonis msgavsad), romlis rigi 2020 wels dadgeba. savaraudo nominantis dasaxeleba erTgvari gamocanaa, magram amave dros, SeiZleba imis Tqma, Tu rogori unda iyos demokratebis idealuri saprezidento kandidati. erTi varianti romeliRac Statis gamocdili gubernatoris warmoCenaa. es damajereblad kompetenturi adamiani unda iyos. amgvarad, trampis Sous dawyebidan oTxi wlis Tavze, mosawyeni pirovneba amaRelvebeli arCevani unda gaxdes, magram demokratebs amosarCevad namdvilad ar hyavT bevri gamocdili gubernatori. vinc hyavT, maT Soris sasurvelze bevrad meti warmoadgens aRmosavleT an dasavleT sanapiroebis Statebs. nacadi wesia, partiam ar SearCios kandidati, romelic atlantis an wynari okeanidan ara umetes orasi milis daSorebiT cxovrobs. antrepreneri, prezidentze mniSvnelovnad mdidari (maikl blumbergis msgavsad) SesaZloa macduri gamoZiebis dawyeba demokratebis liderebs aseve saSualebas miscems, win aRudgnen TavianTi momxreebis moTxovnas prezidentis winaaRmdeg impiCmentis proceduris dasawyebad, ramac, maTive SiSiT, SesaZloa ukuSedegi moitanos. senatis respublikuri umravlesoba, romelmac Sualeduri arCevnebis Semdeg gaimyara poziciebi, baton tramps mtkiced uWers mxars da impiCmentis warumatebeli mcdeloba mis mimarT simpaTias mxolod gaaZlierebs.

vis sWirdeba kongresi?

2019 mokled grinviC vilijSi stounuolis darbevidan ormocdaaTi wlisTavze niuiorki msoflios udides lgbtuflebaTa praidis aRlums maspinZlobs

kongresis mier Seviwroebuli batoni trampi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SesaZleblobaTa zRvars Seamowmebs. ikveTeba imigraciis irgvliv kidev erTi dapirispireba, riTac administracia daJinebiT cdilobs ganaaxlos migranti bavSvebisa da maTi mSoblebis daSorebis, rogorc imigraciis prevenciis, politika. batoni trampis sagareo politikaSi, romelic, rogorc wesi, qveynis SigniT frustrirebuli prezidentebis tradiciuli resursia, ufro arsebiTi progresi dafiqsirdeba. CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli ganiaraRebis mcdeloba qmedebebze met laparaks moitans. kim Cen ini trampis wesebiT ar iTamaSebs, magram batoni trampi am faqtis aRiarebas sulac ar apirebs da Tavisi politika ukve gamoacxada warmatebulad.

arCevani aRmoCndes, magram Zneli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tu is plutokrati partiis praimeris etapze Sors wavides. maSin, roca respublikelebs uyvarT politikuri novaciebi (gaxsovT herman keini?), Cveulebriv demokratebs bevrad fxizeli xedva aqvT da miiCneven, rom mTavrobaSi muSaobis gamocdileba saprezidento kandidatisTvis soliduri aqtivia. sakabelo televiziebisTvis yvelaze sanatreli varianti trampisa da opras dapirispirebaa, magram Tu demokratebi Cveuli moqmedebis sqemas ar Secvlian, warmatebis Sansi selebriTi kandidatebsac ar eqnebaT. politikur mecnierebaSi veeberTela masala dagrovda, romelic miuTiTebs, rom amomrCevlebis realuri motivatori partiebisadmi negatiuri ganwyoba an meore mxaris miuReblobaa. Tu es marTalia, demokratebma iseTi kandidati unda SearCion, romelic yvelaze naklebad waaxalisebs mtrul ganwyobas respublikelebSi. Tu trampis momxreTa Soris adamianTa didi raodenobaa midrekili qalTmoZuleobisa da rasizmisken, rogorc amas bevri demokrati miiCnevs, maSin partiam savaraudod, TeTrkaniani mamakaci unda SearCios. swored es hfens naTels imas, Tu Teoriulad ratom SeiZleba iyos mimzidveli barak obamas viceprezident jo baidenis kandidatura. ufro axalgazrda mamakaci garkveuli samxedro gamocdilebiT kidev ukeTesi iqneboda.

TeTrkaniani mamakacis SerCeva SesaZloa laCrul qmedebad Sefasdes. mravali demokratisTvis samarTliani iqneba `qveynis mTavari mtaceblis~ damxoba senator elisabed uorenis, qamala harisis an kirsten jilibrendis mier, magram saarCevno kampaniebi, Marvel comics-is msgavsad, iSviaTad mimdinareobs. cxadi mxolod isaa, rom kandidatTa ricxvi didi iqneba, rac 2019 wlis demokratTa brZolas qaosurs gaxdis. prezidentobis mravali maZiebeli 2019 wels imaze fiqrSi iwyebs, rom Tuki es batonma trampma SeZlo, isini ratomRa ver moaxerxeben prezidentobas? amave dros, misi administracia gaamwvavebs CineTze Setevas vaWrobisa da sxva sakiTxebis irgvliv. amas Sedegad gamwvavebuli savaWo omi da samxreT CineTis zRvaSi gazrdili samxedro daZabuloba mohyveba. CineTidan sxva qveynebSi miwodebis jaWvebis gadatanas bevri amerikuli kompaniac seriozulad Seecdeba.

CineTze aseTi Seteva adre unda mietanaT, magram trampis qaosuri da proteqcionisti administracia saTanadod SeiaraRebuli araa am nabijis pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gadasadgmelad. is kidev ufro naklebad kompetenturi gamoCndeba sanimuSo Tavdacvis ministr jeims matisis postidan CamoSorebis Semdeg, rac amerikis mokavSireTaTvis seriozuli SeSfoTebis sagania. batoni trampisTvis miuRebeli iyo matisis xSiri mcdeloba, SeezRuda prezidentis impulsuri instinqtebi, rasac trampis sagareo politikis uwyebis gundis sxva wevrebi (maT Soris, Tavdacvis ministr maik pompeos CaTvliT), mxolod axaliseben. batoni trampi sul ufro met yuradRebas miapyrobs 2020 wlis xelaxali arCevnebis mosagebad gasamarT brZolaze. demokrati kandidatebis rigi, nominaciis misaRebad, sakmaod grZeli iqneba (ix. CanarTi), xolo batoni trampi yvela maTgans xSirad galanZRavs. 2019 weli amerikuli politikisTvis destruqciulia, magram 2020 masze uaresi iqneba.n

msoflio 2019

SeerTebuli Statebi

43

kavanos sasamarTlo mosamarTleTa mTeli Taobebi Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac amerikis umaRlesi sasamarTlo aseTi konservatiuli da politikurad angaJirebuli iyo jon fesmeni, vaSingtonis korespondenti, The Economist, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

T

iTqmis sami TvisTavze, mas Semdeg, rac prezidentma donald trampma bret kavano umaRles sasamarTloSi msajulis kandidatad daasaxela, man senatis Tanxmoba mxolod ori xmis upiratesobiT miiRo. es istoriaSi sul meore SemTxvevaa, roca kandidats aseTi umniSvnelo upiratesobiT amtkiceben. es imitom moxda, rom demokratebi kvlav gaRizianebulni arian imiT, Tu rogor datoves respublikelebma umaRlesi sasamarTlos erTi msajulis adgili vakanturi barak obamas prezidentobis bolo wels. maSin maT obamas nominirebuli merik garlandis kandidatura arc ki ganixiles. garda amisa, kavanos damtkiceba gaaWianura misTvis wayenebulma mravalma braldebam arasaTanado seqsualur qcevaSi — kavanom yvela maTgani uaryo. dabolos: kavanom senatis iuridiuli komitetis winaSe gamosvlisas partiuli mikerZoebulobac gamoavlina (kavanom mis mimarT wayenebul braldebaSi bralmdeblebi `klintonebis saxeliT SurisZiebaSi~ daadanaSaula, rac mtkicebulebebs moklebuli SeTqmulebis Teoriaa). marad `meryevi~ entoni kenedis CanacvlebiT, batonma kavanom umaRles sasamarTlos aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad, myari konservatiuli umravlesoba moutana. isic da batoni trampis kidev erTi daniSnuli, nil gorsaCic, sul axlaxan gadascdnen 50 wlis mijnas, amitom maT konservatorTa umravlesobis ganmtkiceba da momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi amerikis cxovrebisa da politikis gansazRvra SeeZlebaT. amerikeli liberalebisTvis am movlenas Semdegi umTavresi orgvari safrTxe aqvs. pirveli: baton kavanos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis eqspansionisturi xedva aqvs. mravali SiSobs, rom masTan, rogorc mexuTe konservator msajulTan erTad, sasamarTlo batoni trampisTvis iseTive pasiuri da rbili iqneba, rogorc respublikelebis mier nominirebuli kongresi iyo. brZola baton trampsa da sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis uflebis gamoyenebis mosurne demokratebis mier marTul warmomadgenlobiT palatas Soris, SesaZloa 2019 wels sasamarTlos karTan misvlamde dasruldes. meore: liberalebi SfoTaven, rom myarad konservatiul sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaauqmos 1973 wlis verdiqti `rou ueidis~ winaaRmdeg, romlis Tanaxmad, aborti konstituciur uflebad aRiares. arCevanis momxre respublikeli senatori, siuzan kolinzi, romelmac kavanos damtkicebaSi gadamwyveti xma uzrunvelyo, aseT SiSebs gadaWarbebulad miiCnevs.

mimarTulebis cvla marTla gadaWarbebulia es SiSebi? amerikelebs amis gasarkvevad albaT didxans cda ar mouwevT. federalur sasamarTlo sistemaSi TandaTanobiT gzas ikvalavs aTeulze meti sarCeli Statebis doneze abortebis gzaze arsebuli SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg.

2016 wels sasamarTlom swored batoni kenedis, rogorc mexuTe gadamwyveti xmis mimcemis, wyalobiT gaauqma texasSi arsebuli regulaciebi, romlebic abortis Camtareblebisgan adgilobriv saavadmyofoebSi privilegiebiT sargeblobis uflebas iTxovda (am privilegiebis mopoveba rTulia). abortis uflebis momxreebi

SiSoben, rom baton kavanos sapirispiro mimarTulebiT mexuTe xmis micema SeuZlia.

1992 wels mas Semdeg, rac umaRlesma sasamarTlom rous verdiqts, mxari dauWira, Tumca SezRuda misi moqmedebis areali, Statebs abortebis regulirebis saSualeba miecaT. amasTanave, Statebs aekrZalaT abortis msurveli qalebisTvis `aramarTlzomieri SezRudvebi~ daewesebinaT. konservatiulma Statebma am frazis moqmedebis sazRvrebis Semowmeba scades iseTi garTulebuli da samedicino TvalsazrisiT umizno moTxovnebiT, rogorebic iyo abortebis Casatarebel klinikebSi koridorebis zomebis daweseba an qalebisgan eqoskopiis proceduris meSveobiT nayofis guliscemis mosmenis moTxovna. StatebisTvis uflebis micemiT, Tavad gadaewyvitaT, ra CaTvliliyo `aramarTlzomier SezRudvad~, abortebi konservatiul StatebSi qalebisTvis praqtikulad xelmiuwvdomeli xdeboda rous regulaciis radikaluri (da radikaluri Sedegebis momtani) nabijebiT gadasinjvis gareSe. iseve, rogorc batoni trampis mier umaRles sasamarTloSi daniSnuli meore msajuli, baton gorsaCs, baton kavanosac `Sevronis aqtis~ SedarebiT bundovani xedva aqvs. am aqtis mixedviT, sasamarTlos SeuZlia sajaro uwyebebs federaluri kanonis `gonivruli~ interpretaciis ufleba misces. liberalebi SiSoben, rom amas iseTi federaluri funqciebis gabaibureba SeuZlia, rogoricaa garemos dacva, Tumca aman SesaZloa maT sasargeblodac imoqmedos. batoni kenedis `Sevronis~ mimarT skeptikuri ganCinebidan erT-erTma, gaauqma kanonis moqmedeba, romelic imigrantebis deportacias aiolebda. batoni trampis yofil ufros strategoss, stiv benons `administraciuli saxelmwifos dekonstruqcia~ surda. batoni kavano, rogorc Cans, mis odnav Sekavebas dahyabuldeba.

SesaZloa, sasamarTlos poziciis cvlileba ise gamokveTili ar gamodges, rogorc liberalebi SiSoben. msajulebi cxra daxurul kafsulaSi ar moqmedeben, isini erTmaneTzec axdenen zegavlenas. marTalia, ufrosi mosamarTle jon robertsi konservatoria, Tumca is institucionalisticaa da didad awuxebs sasamarTlos legitimuroba. batoni robertsi axla sasamarTlos `medianuri~ msajulia da SesaZloa gaurbodes iseT garemoebebs, romlebic misgan politikurad memarjvene oTx kolegasTan daaxloebas gulisxmobs. amis mizezi isaa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo partiuli politikis kidev erT instrumentad iqneba aRqmuli. amasobaSi 2020 welic axlovdeba. demokratebi TavianT amomrCevlebs arc kavanos damtkicebiT aRSfoTebas da arc batoni garlandis adgilis moparvas daaviwyeben. batoni robertsis instituciuri SeSfoTeba, SesaZloa metad mokrZalebuli da nagvianevi aRmoCndes. n

2019 mokled kaliforniaSi saTavo ofisis mqone saaqcio sazogadoebebi valdebulni xdebian, wlis bolomde sameTvalyureo sabWoSi sul mcire, erTi qali Seiyvanon

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momdevno Taoba 2019 wels `milenialebi~ `bebi bumerebs~ ricxovnobiT gadaaswreben jonaTan roCi, ufrosi samecniero TanamSromeli,

Brookings Institution, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

e

rTi Taoba yvelas samarTavad! 1946-1964 wlebSi dabadebuli `bebi bumerebi~ xuT aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikaSi yvelaze mravalricxovani kohorta iyo. 1993 wlis Semdeg, oTxive prezidenti am Taobas ekuTvnoda, magram 2019Si maTi mwvervalze dgomis droc amoiwura.

Taoba sakmarisad warmosaxviTi cnebaa, magram farTod miRebuli ganmartebebis gamoyenebiT, Pew Research Centre askvnis, rom 2019 wels bebi bumerebs ricxobrivad sxvebi gadaaswreben. jgufi, romelic ufro didi kohorta gaxdeba, egreT wodebuli `milenialebi~ gaxdebian, romlebic `bumerebisgan~ bevrad gansxvavdebian. bumerebs, romlebic amerikis warmatebisa da gavlenis pikis dros izrdebodnen da triumfiT imarjvebdnen samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis brZolaSi, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg, qveynis marTvisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba gauCndaT. xSirad konfrontaciulni da moralistebi, isini poltikis apokalipsuri msoflmxedvelobiT aRiqvamdnen da wina Taobebis winaaRmdeg da sakuTar rigebSic kulturul omebs awarmoebdnen. maTSi meti iyo kolejebSi naswavli, vidre

nebismier wina kohortaSi da ufro naklebi msaxurobda jarSi wina TaobebTan SedarebiT. axalgazrdobaSi mojanyeni, isini, rogorc mSoblebi, Svilebis ukidures damcvelebad mogvevlinen. sajaro finansebiTa da sapensio sistemiT, maT sakuTari Tavi asargebles da TavianT Svilebs saxelmwifo valis autaneli tvirTi ahkides.

1981-1996 wlebSi dabadebuli `milenialebi~ sxva planetaze izrdebodnen. 9/11-iT, finansuri krizisiT, skolebSi masobrivi mkvlelobebiT travmirebulebs da TavianTi qveynis Zalmosilebis fardobiT dakninebis mocqiralT, maT pragmatul idealistebad aRweren. isini miiCnevian adamianebad, visac msoflios ukeTesobisken Secvlis eimedeba, magram `bumerebisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli mesianuri mizanswrafvis gareSe. es pirveli Taobaa, romelic cifrul samyaroSi Tavs mTlianad ise grZnobs, rogorc mSobliur garemoSi. es aseve bolo Taobacaa, romelsac kvleviTi proeqtebis fizikur biblioTekebSi momzadebis procesi axsovs. mSoblebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad arian dakavSirebuli politikur partiebTan da socialurad ufro metad liberalurebi arian. gansxvavebuli rasebis warmomadgenelTa qorwinebaze, erTsqesianTa qorwinebasa da marixuanis legalizaciis marTebulobaze, isini bevrs arc ki dafiqrdebian. isini rasobrivadac ufro mravalferovanni arian: Pew-s mixed-

imediani simwvanis qsovilidan amozrdili amerikis homerosis orasi wlisTavi jon fesmeni, vaSingtonis korespondenti, The Economist, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

s

anam poeti gaxdeboda, long ailendis patara qalaqSi, 1819 wlis 31 maiss dabadebuli uolt uitmeni Jurnalistad, asoTamwyobad, mSeneblad da maswavleblad muSaobda. misi namuSevari uxeSi, sivrceSi ganfenili, guluxvi da aqedan gamomdinare, unikaluri, mxolod amerikisTvis damaxasaTebeli nacionalizmis gamoxatulebaa. misi demokratiulobac anCxlia. `rasac me vuSveb, Senc unda dauSva~, — werda is `balaxis foTlebSi~ — mis udides SedevrSi, — `radgan yvela atomi, romelic me mekuTvnis, rogorc sikeTe, Senc gekuTvnis~. es im dros daiwera, roca msoflios udides nawils demokratia araTu sisuleled, saSiSadac miaCnda. misi axalgazrda qveyana, rogorc igi `amerikaSi~ werda, iyo `Tanaswori qaliSvilebisa da Tanaswori vaJebis sauflo/maradiulad wilnayari dedamiwasTan, TavisuflebasTan, kanonTan da siyvarulTan/diadi, naTeli, aRmarTuli, mjdomare deda~. dRes amerikis sidiades veravin daayenebs eWvqveS, Tumca axla bevri imasac SiSobs, rom igi ufro metad yanyalebs, vidre simaRlidan gadmogvyurebs. ras ifiqrebda Tavis qveyanaze amerikis udidesi poeti dabadebidan 200 wlis Tavze? rogorc erT-erTi diadi amerikelebis kohortidan, uitmeni maincdamainc ar dagidevdaT organizebul religias: `aqamde arasodes yofila sxva

uolti gvicqers dasawyisi amaze meti/da arasodes iqneba amaze meti srulyofileba, vidre axlaa/arc meti samoTxe da jojoxeTi, vidre axlaa~. eWvgareSea, Tomas jefersonis an benjamin franklinis msgavsad, masac SeezizReboda axlandeli amerikuli politikis mkvebavi moCvenebiTi piiteti.

msoflio 2019

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viT, maTi 56% TeTrkaniania, `bumerebis~ TiTqmis sami meoTxedisgan gansxvavebiT. isini aseve ufro naklebad religiurni arian (ixileT CanarTi momdevno gverdze). maTi progresuli socialuri Sexedulebebi ukve cvlis korporaciebsa da kulturas. `milenialebi~ moelian, biznesi gaxdes lokaluri, mwvane da socialurad cnobieri. aucilebeli araa, maT kerZo saxli da manqana hqondeT. swored ise, rogorc #MeToo moZraobis TvalsaCino efeqtis SemTxvevaSi gamoCnda, isini ver eguebian seqsualur da saofise qcevis praqtikas, romelsac maTi mSoblebi upirobod misaRebad aRiqvamdnen. dabolos: maT ar uyvarT prezidenti donald trampi. misi mowonebis reitingebSi mkafiod gamoiyofa asakobrivi Sreebi, maT Soris ki, `milenialebi~ yvelaze uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilni. maTi rasobrivi mravalferovnebisa da memarcxeneobisken midrekili Sexedulebebis gamo, `milenialebis~ ricxvi sakmarisia amerikuli politikis `gadasatvirTad~. ra iqneba amis Semdeg? `bumerebisgan~ gansxvavebiT, romlebic saarCevno jixurebisken garbodnen, `milenialebi~ Sin rCebian. saprezidento arCevnebisas, maTgan mxolod meoTxedma Seiwuxa Tavi xmis micemiT. marTalia, maTi wili saarCevno uflebis mqone mosaxleobaSi male gadaaWarbebs `bumerebis~ wils, Tumca `milenialebis~ gavlena `bumerebisas~ CamorCeba. `bumerebma~ SesaZloa kidev didxans SeinarCunon gavlena, mas Semdegac ki, rac maTi rigebi SeTxeldeba. jonaTan roCi avtoria wignisa `bednierebis mrudi: ratom xdeba cxovreba ukeTesi saswavlo asakis miRwevis Semdeg~. (Green Tree, 2018) n

ras ityoda dRevandelobis TavSeukavebel partiul azrovnebaze? igi, rogorc samoqalaqo omis periodSi cxovrebis gamocdilebis mqone (igi monobis mgznebare mowinaaRmdege da unionistTa momxre iyo.

Tumca ar ubrZolia, magram unionistebis daWril jariskacebs kolumbiis olqis vaSingtonis hospitlebSi naxulobda), gakvirvebuli ar darCeboda, Tumca uTuod dawyvetda guls qveynis ase Rrmad gamxleCavi politikuri dapirispireba. amasTanave, politikas mis monagarSi mcire adgili Tu uWiravs. is, upirvelesad, `umaRlesi klasis mematiane iyo (sol belous fraza) da adamianur urTierTobaTa poeti lirikosi. `me TqvenTan var, TqvenTan, Taobis kacebo da qalebo da mraval TaobasTan amieridan~, — werda igi `bruklinis boranSi~, — `rasac Sen grZnob, roca mdinaresa da cas xedav, aseve mec/swored ise, rogorc yoveli Tqvengani erTia cocxal xalxSi, mec erTi var xalxSi~. bruklins niu-iorkTan axla ukve xidebi da ara bornebi akavSirebs, magram ra akavSirebT amerikelebs erTmaneTTan? es dRevandelobis umwvavesi SekiTxvaa da is iseve metafizikuria, rogorc politikuri. uitmeni werda, rom amerika mxolod iwyebda sakuTari Tavis gansazRvras, rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg. marTalia, axla omi horizontze ar Cans, magram amerikis polarizacia TiTqmis iseTivea. amerikelebi erTmaneTisgan mTlianad gancalkevebul politikur gundebad cxovroben, romlebsac eSiniaT da sZulT erTmaneTis. qveynis amJamindel mdgomareobaSi es garemoeba uitmens yvelaze metad SeZravda. `visac erTmaneTi uyvarT, uZlevelni unda gaxdnen~, — werda igi `balaxis foTlebSi~, uitmeni ar werda maTze, visac erTmaneTi ar uyvardaT.

RvTis nebiT, erTi eri? amerikelTa religiuroba, % vinc sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs 30 evangelist protestantad 25 20

arareligiurad 15 10

meinstrimul protestantad

5 0

1972

80

90

2000

10

16

wyaro: saerTo sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxva

rwmenis dakargva religiidan gasvlis gzaze miRweuli etapi lein grini, Espresso-s redaqtori, The Economist

T 2019 mokled 400 weli afrikelTa dokumenturad pirveli dadasturebuli Camosvlidan qveyanaSi, romelic amJamad SeerTebuli Statebia, qveynis istoriis mtkivneul cvlilebas aRniSnavs. 1619 wlis agvistoSi 20 afrikeli ZaliT gadmosxes virjiniis Statis port point komfortSi

avisi religiurobiT, amerika kvlavac gamorCeul qveynad rCeba mdidar demokratiaTa Soris. amave dros, bevrs gamorCa mxedvelobidan, Tu ramdenad naklebad morwmune xdeba es qveyana. im fonze, roca yvela drois yvelaze naklebad religiuri `milenialebis~ Taoba ricxovnobiT TandaTanobiT uswrebs `beibi bumerebs~, maTi arareligiuroba qveyanaSi Zalze gansxvavebul landSafts qmnis. eqspertebi, Pew Research Centre-is msgavsad, TavianT kvlevebSi tradiciulad ganasxvavebdnen kaTolikeebs, meinstrimul protestantebs, evangelist protestantebsa da Savkanian protestantebs am jgufebis religiuri da socialuri Taviseburebebis gamo. maTve Seqmnes termini `arcerTni— aTeistebis, agnostikosebisa da maT dasaxasiaTeblad, visac ar gaaCnda religiuri kuTvnileba. `arcerTni~ ricxviT ukve aWarbeben kaTolikeebsa da meinstrimul protestantebs. 2019 wels maT SesaZloa evangelistebis ricxvsac gadaaswron. male ufro meti `arcerTi~ iqneba, vidre qristianTa erTi romelime jgufi. yvelaze asakovani Taobebi yvelaze religiurebi arian, xolo yvelaze axalgazrdebi yvelaze naklebad morwmuneni. amgvarad, kohortebis ubralo cvlileba amerikas ufro naklebad religiurs xdis. metic — maSin, roca uwin, asakis matebasTan erTad, Zveli Taobebi ufro religiurebi xdebodnen, es ase aRaraa — `milenialebi~ 2007 da 2014 wlebs Soris Catarebul gamokiTxvebs Soris kidev ufro naklebad religiurebi gaxdnen. marTlac, yvela Taobis adamiani tovebs eklesias. mrevlis yvelaze dramatuli dakargva kaTolikurma eklesiam ganicada. amerikis mosaxleobis sruli 13% yofili kaTolikea, zogi sxva eklesias uerTdeba, magram umetesoba `arcerTTa~ rigebs avsebs. amis mniSvnelovani mizezi seqsualuri skandalicaa. evropelebs kvlavac gaakvirvebT is, Tu ramdenad xSirad loculoben amerikeli liderebi sajarod da TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi RmerTs uxmoben, Tumca qveyana sul ufro sekularuli xdeba. marTalia, ukve bevria maTi ricxvi, vinc gamokvlevebSi sakuTar Tavs aTeistad an agnostikosad moixseniebs, magram eWvi araa — maTi ricxvic didia, vinc amis Riad dasafiqsireblad jer mzad araa.

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`SuSxunis~ faqtori rogor SeuZlia gaxurebul Sromis bazars gavlena moaxdinos ekonomikaze saumaia keinsi, SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikuri korespondenti,

The Economist, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

2

xmauri scenis miRma obamebi kvlav aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi figurebis rolSi gvevlinebian adam robertsi, Sua dasavleTis korespondenti The Economist, Cikago

T

eTri saxlis datovebis Semdeg, TiTqmis ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, barak obama sajaro sivrceSi ar gamoCenila. amas man `scenis graciozulad datoveba uwoda~. igi dros ojaxTan atarebda, amzadebda memuarebs da CikagoSi obamas fondis Seqmnas gegmavda, magram Sualeduri arCevnebis win asparezze kvlav gamoCnda. pirvelad es 2018 wlis seqtemberSi, sajaro gamosvliT gaakeTa, xolo mogvianebiT, bevr Sekrebaze ganacxada, rom zomieri Rirebulebebi da demokratia safrTxeSi iyo. man donald trampi `usircxvilo tyuilisTvis~ gakicxa da Tqva, rom misi memkvidre `gaugonar~ saqmeebs sCadioda. maT Soris, ver axerxebda nacistebis mxardamWerTa saTanadod dagmobas. `proJeqtoris Suqi~ miSel obamasac miswvda. noemberSi man CikagoSi Tavisi memuarebis sapromocio turi daiwyo. es obamas sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani personis rangSi dabrunebis mxolod dasawyisia. wyvilma Netflix-Tan SeTanxmeba gaaforma TavianTi axali firmis, Higher Ground Productions-is mier Seqmnili arapolitikuri programebis distribuciis Taobaze. es programebi, romlebic sajaro sivrceSi 2019 wlis bolos unda gamoCndnen, moxaliseobaze da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis brZolaze mogviTxroben.

CikagoSi batoni obamas fondic TandaTanobiT miiRebs konkretul formebs. 2019 wels mSeneblebi saprezidento centris saZirkvels Cayrian, xolo Semdeg mSeneblobas sam weliwads moandomeben. programebi ukve xorcieldeba: 20 axalgazrda samoqalaqo CarTulobis promocias eweva, maT Soris, qalaqis Savkaniani axalgazrdebis dasaxmareblad. `2019 wels aqselerators davawvebiT~, — acxadebs erT-erTi organizatori. sajaro sivrceSi dabruneba batoni obamasTvis garkveul risksac Seicavs. SesaZloa, is kvlavac gadaiqces batoni trampis komfortul samizned. amave dros, Cumad yofnac SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. baton obamas surs istorikosebsa da Tavis amomrCevels sakuTari miRwevebi Seaxsenos. magaliTad, ekonomikuri aRmavloba, romelsac batoni trampi iCemebs. memuarebis, fondebisa da prezidentobis Semdgomi saqmianobis mizani nawilobriv sakuTari memkvidreobis dacvacaa, jandacvis reformis CaTvliT. amis ukeT gakeTeba laparakiTaa SesaZlebeli da ara dumiliT.

2019 mokled karis daketvidan TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis gasvlis Semdeg, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi iwyeba amerikis erT-erT udides kinos sasaxleSi, CIKAGOS UPTOWN THEATRE-Si

019 wels amerikis ekonomika kvlavac ufro diadi gaxdeba. momxmarebelTa optimizmi bums ganicdis, Sromis bazrebi ikumSeba da fiskaluri stimuli kvlavac miikvlevs gzas sistemaSi. im fonze, roca prezidenti donald trampi Tavisi ekonomikuri warmatebebis Sesaxeb tvitebs avrcelebs, Ria bazris federaluri komitetis (FOMC) wevrebi ganagrZoben saprocento ganakveTis zrdas, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi `fskerze ido~. federaluri rezervis meTauri, jerom paueli ganakveTebis im `neitralur~ wertilamde awevas cdilobs, roca politika ekonomikas ukve aRar `amoqaCavs~. idealur SemTxvevaSi, es niSnuli stabilur fasebsa da maqsimalurad SesaZlebel dasaqmebas uzrunvelyofs. amave dros, aravin icis, zustad sad mdebareobs es erTgvarad mistikuri wertili (amaze Tavad batonma pauelmac aRniSna). Tu am wertilis mdebareobis zusti Sefasebac ki moxerxdeba (rac SeuZlebelia), igi SesaZloa droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvalos kidec. amgvarad, Ria bazris federaluri komiteti saprocento ganakveTebs aRma ubiZgebs, gaiTvaliswinebs ra Sromis bazris siZlieris niSnebs imis dasturad, rom es strategia ekonomikas `fskerze ar dauSvebs~. fuladi politikis mesveurebic gaaxSireben TavianT sakomunikacio RonisZiebebs. ianvridan dawyebuli, izrdeba komitetis yvela Sekrebis Semdeg Casatarebeli preskonferenciebis regularuloba. SesaZloa, Ria bazrebis federalurma komitetma batoni trampis fiskaluri stimulis sawinaRmdego pozicia airCios. `qorebis~ nawilis azriT, federaluri rezervi ufro swrafad unda moqmedebdes. isini gvafrTxileben, rom Sromis bazridan usargeblo tvirTis mocilebis procesi sacaa damTavrdeba da inflacia Zalian axlosaa. centraluri bankebis mesveurebma inflaciis moTokvas aTwleulebi Sealies da inflaciuri molodinis Zalian dabali done, ukve miRweul warmatebasTan erTad, maT manevrirebis saSualebas uqmnis. batoni pauelis gancxadebiT, Ria bazris federalur komitets inflaciuri molodinis zrda rom SeemCnia, ekonomikaSi maSinve unda Careuliyo. dauregulirebelma, `SuSxuna~ Sromis bazarma SesaZloa kompaniebi aiZulos, dasaqmebulebisTvis brZolis procesSi maTTvis gazrdili realuri xelfasebis gadasaxdelad, mogeba moiklon. optimistebi aseve imedovneben, rom dasaqmebulTa Soris 25-54 wlis mamakacTa wili recesiamdeli periodis maRal maCvenebels daubrundeba. TumcaRa, pesimistebis varaudiT, ufro siRrmiseuli tendenciebi am ori Sedegis dadgomas nakleb savaraudos xdis. isini mianiSneben teqnologiur cvlilebebze, romlebic dabalkvalificiuri muSaxelis bazridan gariyvis, grZelvadian periodSi profkavSirebis mniSvnelobis klebisa da sabazro koncentraciis zrdis tendenciebs qmnian. maTi azriT, aseTi Zalebis winaaRmdeg TviT SemWidrovebul Sromis bazars ar ZaluZs ZalTa balansi dasaqmebulTa sasargeblod myarad Secvalos. marTalia, Sromis bazris koniunqturam SesaZloa aiZulos firmebi, gazardon xelfasebi, magram skeptikosTa fiqriT, kompaniebi, amis pasuxad, ubralod, fasebsac gazrdian. n

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saarCevno gayalbebis realuri skandali

e lorin pauel jobsi, EMERSON COLLECTIVE-s damfuZnebeli da prezidenti mogviwodebs saarCevno uflebaTa dasacavad sazogadoebrivi wnexis gasazrdelad

s istoriebi wina, `bneli epoqis~ gamoZaxilad aRiqmeba. kanzasis StatSi, kanoni, romelic adamianebs moqalaqeobis dokumenturad dadasturebas avaldebulebs, 35 aTasze met rezidents xmis micemis uflebis misaRebad, registraciis gavlis SesaZleblobas ublokavs. jorjiaSi, Statis mdivani, gubernatorobis respublikeli kandidati srulmasStabian Setevas axorcielebs Savkanian amomrCevelze, rac xmis micemis uflebis mosapoveblad wardgenili, 50 000 aTasze meti gancxadebis msvlelobis SeCerebas da dabalSemosavlian, metwilad afroamerikelebiT dasaxlebul sagrafoebSi cxridan Svidi saarCevno ubnis daxurvas moicavs. CrdiloeT karolinaSi Statis sakanonmdeblo organos sakonstitucio cvlileba Semoaqvs, romelic xmis mimcemebs avaldebulebs, proceduris mimdinareobisas warmoadginon piradobis mowmoba fotosTan erTad. es moTxovna federalurma sasamarTlom ukve miiCnia diskriminaciulad Savkaniani amomrCevlebis winaaRmdeg. CrdiloeT dakotaSi, Statis kanoni, romelic umaRlesma sasamarTlom daamtkica, mkvidri mosaxleobis Temebs saarCevno uflebas arTmevs, moTxovs ra maTgan sacxovrebeli misamarTis damadasturebeli sabuTis wardgenas, romelsac mkvidri mosaxleobidan cota vinme Tu flobs.

SesaZloa es samarcxvino warsulis magaliTebad JRers, magram sinamdvileSi isini samarcxvino awmyos asaxaven. yvela maTgani amomrCevelTa Seviwroebis kampaniis nawilia, romelic mTeli SeerTebuli Statebis masStabiT mimdinareobs. Statidan StatSi konservatiuli kanonmdeblebi axal dabrkolebebs ageben imisaTvis, raTa amomrCevlebi, gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdebi da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi, saarCevno yuTebs moaSoron. es mcdeloba atarebs yvela niSan-Tvisebas jim qrous sistemisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, amerikis samxreTSi me-20 saukunis Suamde gabatonebul diskriminaciis legalizebul sistemas warmoadgenda. am mcdelobiTve cocxldeba respublikis pirvel dReebSi arsebuli saarCevno SezRudvebi. damfuZneblebis mier Seqmnili TviTmmarTvelobis sistema saarCevno uflebas fundamentur uflebad ki aRiarebda, Tumca mas mxolod TeTrkanian mamakac miwaTmflobelebs aniWebda. xmis micema, damfuZnebelTa CanafiqriT, mxolod rCeulTaTvis gankuTvnili privilegia iyo.

simarTle, romelic TavisTavad cxadi unda iyos saarCevno uflebis yvela moqalaqeze gasavrceleblad, saWiro gaxda asormocdaaTwliani, brZoliT mopovebuli progresi, samoqalaqo omis, aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis kampaniebis aTwleulebis, sakonstitucio cvlilebebisa da samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis CaTvliT. am procesis mimdinareobisas, xmis micema amerikis kanonsa da cnobierebaSi privilegiidan fundamentur uflebad gadaiqca. miuxedavad amisa, saarCevno uflebas yovelTvis utevdnen da misi xelaxali damkvidreba da dacva kvlavac aucilebelia. 1965 wels epoqaluri saarCevno uflebebis aqtis miReba

gaxda wyalgamyofi afroamerikeli amomrCevlebis uflebaTa dacvisTvis warmoebul brZolaSi. miuxedavad amisa, diskriminacia kvlavac arsebobda. 2013 wels umaRlesi sasamarTlos warmomadgenelTa umravlesobam ganacxada, rom `Cveni qveyana Seicvala~ da umciresobebis saarCevno ufleba garkveul damcav meqanizmebs aRar saWiroebda. gadawyvetilebis miRebiT, romelmac saarCevno uflebaTa aqtis aRsrulebis mTeli rigi muxlebi gaauqma, sasamarTlom kari gauxsna Statebis sakanonmdeblo organoebs da ufro dabali instanciis sasamarTloebs eSmakuri diskriminaciuli praqtikis mTeli wyebis kodificirebisTvis.

200-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi, amerika saarCevno uflebis ganuxreli gafarToebis gzas adga. gasul aTwleulSi, am tendenciis ukusvla dafiqsirda sagangaSo siswrafiTa da efeqtianobiT — xSirad maTive xeliT, vinc miiCnevs, rom dRevandeli amomrCevlebi gayalbebis farTod gavrcelebul praqtikaSi arian SemCneulni. sinamdvileSi, amomrCevlis nawilis farTod gavrcelebul gayalbebis praqtikaSi CarTulobis mtkiceba Tavadaa udidesi siyalbe. uamravi

rac 2019 wlis dasawyisidan gvWirdeba, meti demokratiaa kvleva adasturebs, rom aseTi borotmoqmedebis ricxvi `uaRresad mcirea~. sinamdvileSi, msgavsi diskriminaciuli zomebi specifikuradaa mimarTuli im jgufebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic umetesad demokratebs aZleven xmas, — axalgazrda, xmis pirvelad mimcemi amomrCevlebis, imigrantebisa da maT winaaRmdeg, visTvisac inglisuri mSobliuri ena araa. maT ricxvSi Sedian istoriulad marginalizebuli Raribebi, laTino da afroamerikelTa Temebic. monacemTa da kompiuteruli modelirebis gamoyenebam, amomrCevelTa SezRudva erTgvar mecnierebas miuaxlova, ganamtkica ra socialuri da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis realizaciis gzaze aRmarTuli Zveli barierebi. es taqtika demokratiis winaSe mdgari fundamenturi safrTxea. amerikaSi gaCnda saSiSroeba, rom saarCevno ufleba gadaiqceva privilegiad, romliTac ukve mxolod privilegirebulni isargebleben, riTac kidev ufro koncentrirebuli gaxdeba mcirericxovan mdidarTa xelSi moqceuli Zalaufleba. Cveni amJamindeli svlagezi uaryofaa im Rirebulebebisa, romlebmac amerikelTa Taobebs misca saSualeba, wvlili SeetanaT `ufro srulyofili erTobis~ SeqmnaSi. rac 2019 wlis dasawyisidan gvWirdeba, meti demokratiaa. saxeldobr, moqalaqeTa wnexisa da saxalxo aqtivizmis zrda, msgavsad meoce saukunis udidesi socialuri moZraobebisa, amjerad saarCevno uflebis, rogorc moqalaqeobis ganuyofeli nawilis, aRsadgenad. saarCevno uflebis SezRudva moqalaqis gaCumebas niSnavs. yoveli Cvengani, romelsac saarCevno yuTTan SeuzRudavi wvdoma aqvs, valdebulia xma aRimaRlos Cveni Tanamoqalaqe amerikelebis, Cveni saerTo momavlis dasacavad. sasworze, arc meti arc naklebi, Cveni demokratiis gadarCena da siZliere devs.

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amave seqciaSi: 50 gandis 150-e dabadebis dRe 51 iaponia meti turistis misaRebad emzadeba 52 indonezia prezidents irCevs

52 53 54 54

aziuri demokratia ieriSs igeriebs CrdiloeT korea: ucnauri `Zmakacoba~ indoeTma britaneTs gadauswro rTuli arCevani avstraliisTvis

brZola indoeTis sulisTvis ra gadawydeba, roca msoflios yvelaze xalxmravali demokratiis mosaxleoba saarCevno jixurebs miaSurebs maqs rodenbeki, samxreT aziis biuros ufrosi, The Economist, deli

m

2019 mokled durgam Ceruvis dakiduli xidi (haidarabadis axlos) indoeTSi ugrZesi amgvari xidi gaxdeba da indoeTimianmaritailandis damakavSirebeli 1400 kilometri sigrZis (870milis) gza moZraobisTvis gaixsneba

s

oimarageT namkinebi. es sasusnavi 2019 wels indoelTaTvis yvelaze sasurveli iqneba, roca isini mayurebelTa tribunebze adgilebs daikaveben. ringze ki qveynis damoukideblobis 71 wlis ganmavlobaSi ukiduresad daZabuli da mniSvnelovani saarCevno brZola gaimarTeba. msoflios yvelaze xalxmravali demokratiis mosaxleoba gvian gazafxulze, musonis sezonis win, roca temperatura piks aRwevs, saarCevno jixurebisken gaeSureba. am dros ara mxolod amindi iqneba cxeli. brZola erTgvari referendumic gaxdeba 68 wlis premierministr narendra modisTvis, romelmac 2014 wels induri politikis bolo sam aTwleulSi pirvelad, Tavis indoeTis saxalxo partias (BJP) erTpartiuli saparlamento umravlesoba moutana. am damajerebel gamarjvebaSi aisaxa mosaxleobis farTo mxardaWera partiis biznesisadmi keTilganwyobisa da induisturi nacionalizmis kombinaciiT Sedgenili dRis wesrigisadmi. miuxedavad amisa, xelisuflebaSi yofnidan xuTi wlisTavze gujaraTeli yofili Cais mkrefavi biWis Saravandedi mniSvnelovnad gafermkrTalda. pastelis ferebSi gadawyvetili Tavisufali perangiT Semosili da msoflio liderebis gadaxvevaSi gawafuli modi ukve Tavad gamoiyureba eliturad. misi partia, Tavisi platformianad, romelic batoni modis xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis Suawels uZlevel Zalad aRiqmeboda, naklebad STambeWdavi gaxda. mdidari da erTguli patronebis wyalobiT, indoeTis saxalxo partias kvlavac nebismier metoqeze meti fuli aqvs. es indur saarCevno procesSi umTavresi aqtivia, iseve, rogorc partiis upiratesi disciplinirebuloba, ukeTesi taqtikosi xelmZRvanelebi, da rac

mTavaria, siaxlove induist nacionalistur saxalxo jgufebTan, romlebic partias mTeli qveynis masStabiT saimedo moieriSe razmebiT uzrunvelyofen. miuxedavad mTeli misi Zalmosilebisa, partiis xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis ganmavlobaSi naCvenebi Sedegi, mravali TvalsazrisiT moulodnelad susti aRmoCnda. aman mniSvnelovan mxardamWerTa gaucxoeba gamoiwvia. amaTgan erT-erTi bizneswarmomadgenlebi arian, romelTagan bevri batoni modis mZlavr mandats Tavisufali bazris dasamkvidreblad gasatarebeli reformebis daCqarebis SesaZleblobad miiCnevda. amis nacvlad, cudad dagegmili myisieri `demonetizaciis~ politikis Sedegad, 2016 wlis induri valutis 86%iT gaufasurebam, 2018 wels brunvaze gaumarTleblad maRali da rTuli gadasaxadis gauazrebeli RonisZiebis tlanqad SemoRebam da saxelmwifo bankebSi uimedo valebis mosalodneli krizisis mogvarebis mcdelobis Cagdebam, batoni modis miRwevebi SesamCnevad daCrdila.

TumcaRa, indoeTis ekonomikuri zrdis damabrkolebeli miwisa da Sromis kanonmdeblobis reviziis, aseve susti angariSvaldebulebisa da araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizaciis sakiTxebSi indoeTis saxalxo partiis gaubedavobam imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. marTalia, ekonomikur zrdaSi batonma modim soliduri Sedegebi aCvena, magram misma winamorbedebma mets miaRwies. indoeTis uzarmazari sociumis meore nawilis Semadgenel fermerebs, dabali kastebis indusebsa da religiur umciresobasac mieca mizezi indoeTis saxalxo partiisadmi simpaTiis dasakargad. batoni modis mmarTveloba indoeTis naklebad privilegirebuli nawilisken mimarTuli uxeSi Zaladobis zrdiTac aRiniSna, rasac xSirad memarjvene indus nacionalistebTan asocirebuli pirebi Tu jgufebi uWerdnen mxars. navTobze mzardma fasebma, Sesusteb-

50

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saxelmwifos Semqmnels pativs miageben indoeTi mahaTma gandis 150-e dabadebis dRes zeimobs abhiSek kumari, StatgareSe korespondenti, mumbai

u

perango kacma ukbilo RimiliT, pensneTi da jibis saaTiT britaneTis imperia Tavisi CakriT (sarTavi maqo) ganaiaraRa da brZolebi SimSilobiTa da xangrZlivi msvlelobebiT warmarTa. axla xalxi mis saxes maisurebsa da tolCebze xedavs, romlebic gandis swavlebebs gvacnoben. 2019 wlis 2 oqtombers gujaraTis Statis porbandarSi mohandas gandis dabadebidan 150 weli Sesrulda. indoeTis mTavroba `eris mamis~ dabadebis dRes qveynis SigniT da sazRvargareTac izeimebs. mzaddeba globaluri velogarbeni mis pativsacemad. `jaipuris fexebis banakebSi~ Raribebs xelovnur kidurebs daurigeben, gandis mier 1930 wels organizebuli britanelebis mier marilze gadasaxadis

2019 mokled bugenvilis mosaxleoba referendumze jixurebisken gaemarTeba da gadawyvets, papua axali gvineis nawilad darCes Tu damoukidebeli qveyana gaxdes

dawesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saprotesto grZeli marSis mosagonrad. gandis humanitaruli faseulobebisaTvis pativis misagebad, mcire danaSaulSi msjavrdebul aTasobiT patimars gaaTavisufleben. delis muzeumSi turistebs misi guliscemis mosmena SeeZlebaT, rac gandis 1975 wlis eleqtrokardiogramis Cvenebis wakiTxviT aRadgines. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom gandis misi iubiles mokrZalebuli aRniSvna moewoneboda. igi albaT Seaqebda premierministr narendra modis ambiciur, `sufTa indoeTis misiad~ wodebul RonisZiebas, rac mahaTmas dabadebis dRis aRniSvnamde, indoeTSi sajaro defekaciis Cvevis daZlevas iTvaliswinebs. amave dros, mas daamwuxrebda induisti nacionalistebis Zaladoba (Tavad isic 1948 wels induistma nacionalistma mokla) da arasakmarisi Zalisxmeva mravalsaukunovani induri senis, miulegendis rTva karebelTa kastis gasauqmeblad. mankierebisa, rasac gandi mTeli cxovreba ebrZoda. marTalia, adamianTa da cxovelTa eqskrementebis xeliT gatana 25 wlis win aikrZala, Tumca dalitebi (warsulSi — miukarebelni) kvlavac amiT arian dakavebulni. mas daamwuxrebda isic, rom dRevandel politikosebs iumoris grZnoba Ralatobs. maTi dacinvisaTvis animaciuri filmebis Semqmnelebsa da Stand Up-komikosebs regularulad apatimreben. `iumoris grZnoba rom ar mqonoda~, — werda gandi 1928 wels, — didi xnis win moviklavdi Tavs~. seriozuli brZolisa da asketuri cxovrebis miuxedavad, gandi sulac ar iyo gaucinari gandegili. reportioris SekiTxvaze, Tu ras fiqrobda dasavleTis civilizaciaze, man upasuxa: `vfiqrob, es kargi idea iqneboda~.

ulma indurma rupiam da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze sarealizacio fasebis Semcirebam, Raribebic daazarala. modis mTavrobis marTvis diqtatorulma stilma inteleqtualebis, Jurnalistebis, akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenlebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris sxva SemqmnelTa gariyvac gamoiwvia. nacvlad imisa, rom cvlilebebisadmi Caketili istebliSmentis sulis SemxuTveli dominacia daesrulebina, rogorc amas bevri imedovnebda, indoeTis saxalxo partiam ucvleli, Zveli sistemis samarTavad, ubralod, Tavisi momxreebi daniSna. es yvelaferi batoni modis mtrebis, upiratesad, indoeTis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis memkvidre kongresis partiis wisqvilze asxams wyals. igive efeqts iZleva indoeTis cvalebad politikur TamaSSi yvelaze mZlavri rolis Semsrulebeli Zala, maRal Tanamdebobaze myofTa sawinaaRmdego ganwyoba. modis metoqe gasul aTwleulebSi mZlavri kongresis partia rom yofiliyo, indoeTis saxalxo partiis bedi, savaraudod, ukve gadawyvetili iqneboda. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul doneze indoeTis saxalxo partiis erTaderTi metoqea da aseve erTaderTia, romelic indoeTis yvela StatSia warmodgenili, kongresi sakuTari Tavis aCrdiliRaa. misi lideric, politikuri gawafulobiT, baton modisTan axlosac ver mova. marTalia, rahul gandi ufro axalgazrdaa da ukve gaizarda `kron princis~ donemde neru-gandis dinastiaSi, romelic kongress oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSi marTavda, magram mas aklia indoeTis saxalxo

partiis lideris bunebrivi Seupovroba. aravin elis, rom kongresi indoeTis saxalxo partias mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT daamarcxebs. Tavad batoni gandic sakmaod TavSekavebulia sakuTar sapremierministro ambiciebze saubrisas. kongresisaTvis savaraudo strategia indoeTis saxalxo partiis sawinaaRmdego ZalebTan erTad koaliciis Sekvraa, romelic umetesad regionuli da identobaze dafuZnebuli im partiebis erToblioba iqneba, romelTa popularobis zrda gasuli wlebis gamokveTili maxasiaTebelia. Tu kongresi aseTi koaliciis erTobis SenarCunebas moaxerxebs, rac metad saTuoa, maSin batoni modis dReeebi daTvlili iqneba.

TumcaRa, es is ar aris, rac am arCevnebs amgvar gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. partiebsa da pirovnebebs Soris brZolis miRma, indoelebi qveynis sulisaTvis mimdinare brZolasac SeigrZnoben. Tu baton modis meore vadiTac airCeven, SesaZloa, misi partia kidev ufro tlanqad Seudges gacilebiT naklebad tolerantuli da rigiduli indoeTis Tavisi, induistur-nacionalisturi xedvis damkvidrebas. Tu Zalauflebas kongresi da misi mokavSireebis Wreli erToba daeufleba, kritikosebi SiSoben, rom indoeTi gaurkvevlobisa da korufciis gardasul epoqas daubrundeba. ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom nebismieri Zalis gamarjvebis SemTxevvaSi, indoeTi kvlavac metad mravalferovani darCeba imisaTvis, rom romeliRac erTi politikuri Zalis dominacia SesaZlebeli iyos. n

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diax, Cven riokani iaponia ufro meti ucxoeli turistis misaRebad emzadeba sara berki, tokios biuros ufrosi, The Economist, tokio

i

aponia memkvidreobis gamaognebeli mravalferovnebiTaa dajildoebuli. tokios caTambjenebisa da Sibuias gzajvaredinis garda, aq ixilavT kiotos diad taZrebs da baRebs, xeluxlebel tropikul plaJebs okinavaze da msoflios erT-erT saukeTeso samTo-saTxilamuro trasebs hokaidoze. uxvadaa sanaxaoba sumodan da biesbolidan dawyebuli, onsenebiTa (cxeli wyaroebi) da karaokeTi damTavrebuli, rasac suSi da sakec avsebs. cxadia, iaponuri kompaniebi da mTavroba turizms fuladi Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod miiCnevs. qveyana 2020 wels 47 milioni turistis miRebas isaxavs miznad.

2019 wels ucxoelTa mopatiJebis mcdeloba ufro intensiuri gaxdeba, radganac tokio Semodgomaze ragbis msoflio Tasis, xolo 2020 wels olimpiuri da paraolimpiuri TamaSebis maspinZlobisTvis emzadeba.

2017 wels qveyanas daaxloebiT 29 milioni kaci ewvia da es ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. 2018 wlis pirvel oTx TveSi qveyanaSi ufro meti ucxoeli Camovida, vidre mTlianad 2013 wels.

2019 wels mTavrobis Zalisxmeva upiratesad qveynis turistebisTvis maTi CamosvlisTanave ufro megobrulad qcevas moxmardeba. mTavroba imedovnebs, rom isini qveyanaSi ufro metxans darCebian da momavalSic dabrundebian. xelisufleba Seecdeba gaamartivos qveynis teritoriaze gadaadgileba iaponuris codnis gareSe. taqsis mZRolebs ukve dauriges saTargmni furclebi ucxoelebTan komunikaciis gasaadvileblad. sastumroebis muSakebsa da momsaxurebis sferoSi sxva dasaqmebulebs enis kursebi utardebaT, magram am process dro sWirdeba. amasobaSi, maT Targmnis kompiuteruli aplikaciebiT uzrunvelyofen. momaval wels umTavresi sazrunavi stumarTa dabinaveba iqneba. feSenebelur riokanebsa da moZvelebul biznes otelebs Soris arsebuli saSualo klasis sastumroTa niSa kvlavac mcirea. 2018 wels saxlis gaziarebis dasaregulireblad mouqneli kanonis miRebam, stumarTa da maspinZelTa damakavSirebeli platfor-

mis, Airbnb-sa da misi msgavsi firmebis SeTavazebaTa ricxvi Seamcira. infrastruqturis gamarTulobis uzrunvelyofa damatebiTi amocanaa. dauyovnebliv unda Seiqmnas damatebiTi saimigracio ofisebi. momavalze fiqris procesSi axali asafreni bilikebis (maT Soris tokios naritas aeroportSi) mSeneblobis gegmebi ganviTardeba. ufro bevrma biznesma unda aRiaros sakredito baraTebi, rogorc gadaxdis saSualeba, rac mniSvnelovania im ekonomikaSi, romelSic kvlavac naRdi angariSsworeba dominirebs.

vakanturi situaciebi marTalia, 2019 wels turistebs bevri ram gauadvildebaT, magram sxva dabrkolebebi maTTvis ufro TvalSisacemi gaxdeba. erT-erTi SezRudvaa is, rom turistuli biznesebis umetesoba kadrebis naklebobas waawydeba, rom araferi vTqvaT kadrebis unarebis deficitze. iaponia muSaxelis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis — samuSaos maZiebel yovel pirze aq saSualod samuSaoze ayvanis 1.6 gancxadeba modis. zogi sastumro pensionerebs asaqmebs an deficitis Sesavsebad, imigraciis zrdis lobirebiTaa dakavebuli. magram es sakmarisi ar aris. adgilobrivi media SiSobs, rom TviT olimpiadac ki ver SeZlebs RonisZiebaze wesrigis dasacavad saWiro 80 000 moxalisis mozidvas. amave dros, udidesi gamowveva mTavrobisaTvis 2019 wels turistebis mozRvavebiT iaponelTa gaRizianebis marTva iqneba. ukve igrZnoba ukmayofileba, rom fulTan erTad, ucxoelebs xmauri da qveynis atmosferosa da kulturul normebSi cvlilebebic SemoaqvT. kiotos mosaxleoba ukve didi xania Civis, rom qalaqis taZrebis mimdebare teritoria mTlianad gadafara maRaziaTa dausrulebelma rigebma, romlebic sezamis, maCa sofotu kurimus nayinisa da iaffasiani suvenirebis gayidviT arian dakavebulni. mTavrobam unda daarwmunos vizitorebi, rom sami didi varskvlavis — tokios, kiotosa da osakas gareTac arsebobs RirsSesaniSnaobani. amave dros, igi mosaxleobasac unda miexmaros, turistebis mier gaweuli xarjebiT maqsimalurad isargeblos. n

2019 mokled axal zelandiaSi turizmi swrafad izrdeba da es qveyana saerTaSoriso vizitorebze dawesebuli 35 axalzelandiuri dolaris gadasaxadis akrefiT, 80 milioni axalzelandiuri dolaris (52 milioni aSS dolari) miRebas imedovnebs. avstralielebi da wynari okeanis forumis 16 qveyana am gadasaxadisgan Tavisuflebi arian

52

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msoflio 2019

filmis gagrZeleba indoneziis saprezidento arCevnebisas gancdili nacnobi grZnoba gai skriveni, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis korespondenti, The Economist, singapuri

e 2019 mokled avstralia regionuli safrTxeebis monitoringis mizniT, wynari okeanis integraciis centrs afuZnebs

rTi SexedviT, 2019 wlis aprilis indoneziis saprezidento arCevnebi 2014 wlis brZolis gameorebaa. yofili avejis eqsportiori, jokovad cnobili joko vidodo, romelic `xalxis kandidatad~ moiazreba, kvlav daupirispirdeba yofil general prabovo subiantos. wina jerze jokovim xmaTa 53%-iT gaimarjva, Tumca amJamad brZolis velze dapirispirebul mxareTa poziciebi msoflios mesame, yvelaze xalxmraval demokratiaSi uwindelze bevrad metad dauaxlovda erTmaneTs. religia 2014 welTan SedarebiT nakleb rols iTamaSebs. jokovi ukve didi xania mowyvladia naklebmorwmuneobis braldebebisadmi, rac seriozuli problemaa qveyanaSi, sadac muslimebi umravlesobas Seadgenen. man sagareo politika Tavisi, rogorc islamuri politikis erTguli politikosis imijis gansamtkiceblad gamoiyena. magaliTad, mianmarSi rohinjas ltolvilebisa da palestinisadmi meti mxardaWeris advokatirebiT. jokovim kampaniis partnioradac qveynis udidesi muslimuri organizaciis lideri airCia. saarCevno proceduris cvlileba siaxles Semoitans. pirvelad istoriaSi, saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebi erTdroulad Catardeba. romel kandidats axeirebs es, naTeli araa. jokovis xelisuflebaSi yofnis xuTma welmac Secvala bevri ram. igi iSviaTad uSvebda xelidan fo-

tosesiebSi monawileobis Sanss. amave dros, is axalbeda reformatori aRaraa da Tavisi monagari unda daicvas. pirveli brZolis veli ekonomika iqneba. infrastruqturaze gaweulma uzarmazarma xarjebma jokovis dapirebuli mSp-is 7%-iani zrda ver moitana — ekonomika daaxloebiT 5%-iT Tu izrdeboda. areulobam sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebze indoneziamdec miaRwia da zrdis maCveneblis kidev ufro kleba gamoiwvia. seqtemberSi rupiis kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi bolo 20 weliwadSi umcires niSnulamde daeca. meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi prezidentis CineTTan aSkara siaxlovea. es sakiTxi sakmaod mwvavea indoneziaSi, sadac eTnikuri Cinelebi biznesSi dominireben. jokovis mravali infrastruqturuli proeqti CineTma daafinansa. es Tema win wamoiwevs ianvarSi, roca eTnikur Cinels, jakartis yofil gubernatorsa da jokovis mokavSire basuki Tahaja purnamas cixidan gaaTavisufleben. mkrexelobaSi SeTiTxnili braldebiT, man samsaxuri dakarga da 2017 wels cixeSi aRmoCnda. yvelafer amas jokovi xalxisTvis maamebeli SeRavaTebis darigebiT upasuxebs. agvistoSi man saxelmwifo biujetSi sawvavze subsidiebis didi da sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa anazRaurebis zrda daaanonsa. indonezieli xalxis kaci populizmisken gadaixreba.

Tavis mxriv, batoni prabovo amomrCevels ekonomikuri nacionalizmis Tavis versias dahpirdeba, rac globaluri konkurenciis Zalebisgan indonezielTa dacvasac moicavs. oponentisgan gansxvavebiT, is saarCevno kampaniis warmarTvis didostati da STambeWdavi oratoria. am Tvisebebma mas 2014 wels mZlavri mxardaWeris mobilizeba SeaZlebina. miuxedavad amisa, jokovi gamokiTxvebSi gamokveTilad liderobs da gamarjvebis aSkara favoritia. am arCevnebSi dasakargi mxolod mas aqvs. n

demokratia ieriSs igeriebs aziis umetes nawilSi avtoritarebi TavdacviT poziciaSi aRmoCndebian edvard makbraidi, aziis redaqtori, The Economist

b

olo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aziis umetes nawilSi avtoritarebi poziciebs imagrebdnen, demokratebi ki ukan ixevdnen. yirgizeTidan filipinebamde, mTavrobebi, romlebic uwin demokratiulad aRiqmebodnen, opozicias aviwroebdnen da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas zRudavdnen. samxedroformianma adamianebma zogan Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes, rogorc tailandSi, an kuluarebidan marTavdnen movlenebs da uxeSad aviwroebdnen moqlaqeebs, rogorc birmaSi. yovel droebiT `gamonaTebas~ (magaliTad, malaiziasa da maldivebze Zalovnebis arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebidan CamoSoreba) ramdenime imedgacrueba moyva (gayalbebuli arCevnebi kambojaSi, arCevnebis gadadeba tailandSi, opoziciis neitralizacia bangladeSSi). TumcaRa, 2019 wels demokratia scenaze dabrundeba. aziis ori udidesi demokratia — indoeTi da indonezia atarebs arCevnebs. am ori qveynis jamuri mosaxleoba msoflio mosaxleobis mexuTeds Seadgens. arCevnebiT dadasturdeba, rom marTalia demokratia saukeTesod ar gamoiyureba, magram is cocxalia da orive qveyanaSi moqmedebs. winsvla dafiqsirdeba sxva sferoebSic. bolo

arCevnebi tailandSi — cru Tu namdvili?

xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, generlebi, romlebic tailandSi Zalauflebas floben, yovelwliurad arCevnebis momdevno 12 TveSi Catarebis valdebulebas iRebdnen, Tumca yovel jerze axerxebdnen arCevnebis TariRis gadawevas. 2019 wels isini bolosdabolos arCevnebis Catarebis nebas darTaven. uxvad iqneba darRvevebic, axali konstitucia warmatebuli iqneba ganzraxuli amocanis SesrulebaSi, rac yofil premierministr taqsin Sinavatras mxardamWeri kandidatebisTvis 2001 wlis Semdeg pirvelad umravlesobis warTmevas iTvaliswinebs. praioT Can-oCa, mmarTveli xuntis meTauri, brZolaSi xelisuflebaSi dasarCenad Caebmeba. miuxedavad amisa, generlebs arCeul politikosebTan TanamSromloba mouwevT da demokratiis marTva rTuli iqneba.

2019 wels msgavs gakveTils pakistanis umaRlesi

msoflio 2019

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azia

yelamde Cafluli ucnauri `Zmakacoba~ CrdiloeT koreasTan ufro mtkice xdeba dominik zigleri, banianis mesvete, The Economist, seuli

n

uTu marTla erTi weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac prezidenti donald trampi da CrdiloeT koreis diqtatori kim Cen ini TavianT qveynebs konfliqtisken miaqanebdnen da Tanac baqiaobdnen imiT, Tu romel maTgans hqonda wvdoma ufro did birTvul RilakTan? 2019 wels movlenaTa dadebiTi ganviTareba, rac ormxrivi muqaris Sewyvetis Semdeg 2018 wlis dasawyisSi iRebs saTaves, kvlavac gagvaocebs. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ori liderisa da maTi moulodneli megobrobis Suamavals, samxreT koreis prezident mun je ins nobelis premiac ki miakuTvnon?

2019 wels batoni kimi birTvuli da balistikuri raketebis gamocdis SeCerebis SeTanxmebas ar daarRvevs. is pirveli CrdiloeTkoreeli lideri iqneba, romelic samxreT koreis dedaqalaq seulSi imogzaurebs baton munTan 2018 wels Catarebuli sami samitis Semdeg. am samitTagan ukanasknelSi, romelic fxenianSi Catarda, batonma munma sivrceSi Sekrebil 150 000 Crdilokoreels pirdapir mimarTa. es am daxuruli qveynisTvis araordinaruli movlena iyo, Tumca arc ise gamaognebeli, rogoric realiTi TV Sou, romelSic amerikisa da CrdiloeT koreis liderebi ivnisSi erTmaneTs singapurSi Sexvdnen. saubrisas singapurSi batonma trampma, aRtacebulma axalgazrda diqtatoriT, romelmac sakuTari biZa sikvdiliT dasaja, mokla Zma da asiaTasobiT Crdilokoreels gulagSi amyofebs, igi `mxecis~ metsaxeliT cnobil,

samxedro eSelonic daiswavlis. mas Semdeg, rac agvistoSi imran xanis premierministrad daniSvnas Seuwyo xeli, armia gaocebuli iqneba imiT, Tu ra swrafad izrdeba daZabuloba mis mTavrobaSi. batoni xani moindomebs daamtkicos, rom marioneti ar aris da Tavisi eleqtoruli bazis interesTa dakmayofilebas ecdeba. mravali im puStunTagani, romelmac xans xma misca, gaRizianebulia samxedro Zalebis mier islamisti teroristebis sawinaaRmdego kampaniis warmoebisas adamianTa uflebebis darRveviT. igive bedi elis filipinebis umaRles mTavarsardal rodrigo dutertes. misi eqvswliani vadis naxevari ivnisSi amoiwureba da kongresis mxardaWeris mopoveba gauWirdeba. bangladeSsa da kambojaSi, sadac xelisuflebam umowyalod daarbia Tavisi kritikosebi arCevnebSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, represiebi Semsubuqdeba. am qveynebis liderebis, Seix hasina vajedisa da hun senis motivebi uangaro ar iqneba — maT ucxoelebis mier TavianTi mTavrobebis kritikis Serbileba surT. samwuxarod, karg siaxleebs naklebad unda velodoT. gasul wels mianmaridan bangladeSs TavSefarebul rohinjas devnilTa gaWirvebac ar Semsubuqdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor aRiqmeba amerikasTan birTvuli ganiaraRebis sakiTxze mimdinare molaparakebebi, CrdiloeT koreaSi aravinaa iseTi suleli, rom 2019 wlis fiqciur arCevnebSi xma mmarTveli partiis winaaRmdeg misces. marTlac, rac unda mohyves am molaparakebebs, rigiTi CrdiloeT koreelebis groteskuli Cagvra kvlavac dausjeli darCeba.

ase unda wavideT Cvenc Sexvedraze

What

if

miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsuri da TavSeukavebelia, filipinebis prezident rodrigo dutertes afiqrebs Tavisi janmrTelobis arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba. ra moxdeba, Tu avadmyofoba baton dutertes gadadgomas aiZulebs? mohyveba Tu ara amas qaosi? baton dutertes sZuls misi moadgile, leni robredo, romelic calke airCies 2016 wels da acxadebs, rom es ukanaskneli metismetad sustia am pasuxismgeblobis asaRebad. duterte gardacvlili diqtatoris, ferdinand markosis vaJs amjobinebs, romelic sasamarTloSi amtkicebs, rom batonma robredom iTaRliTa da miiTvisa viceprezidentoba. davis gadawyvetas SesaZloa wlebi dasWirdes. Tu batoni duterte saqmianobis gagrZelebas veRar SeZlebs, memkvidris sakiTxi savaraudod sxva legaluri manevrirebiT gadawydeba. arsebulma administraciam ukve did warmatebas miaRwia moxveuli gzebis povnaSi

amerikis prezidentis javSnian limuzinSi SeipatiJa. am Sekrebis Sedegad, erToblivi deklaracia SemuSavda, romliTac batonma kimma Tavisi birTvuli arsenalis demontaJis piroba dado usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da amerikasTan mSvidobiani urTierTobebis sanacvlod. 2019 wlis dasawyisSi batoni trampi kvlavac xotbas Seasxams batoni kimis gulwrfelobasa da brwyinvalebas. skeptikosebi isev Seecdebian dabejiTebiT amtkicon, rom am xelSekrulebis fasi im qaRaldze naklebia, romelzedac is weria. maTi azriT, batoni kimi arasodes Seeleva birTvul iaraRs da baton tramps ubralod Tvalebi aqvs axveuli. amave dros, mxolod garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg SeZleben isini ganacxadon, rom ueWveli marcxis Sesaxeb didi xniT adre gvafrTxilebdnen. batonebi — trampi, kimi da muni iolad ar daTmoben metad uCveulo, improvizebul `zevidan-qveviT~ diplomatias, romelmac am sami adamianis bedi erTmaneTs gadaajaWva. yovel SemTxvevaSi, droebiT mainc. koreis naxevarkunZulze ganmuxtvis mcdelobisas uCveulobas swored es triumvirati qmnis. cxadia, misi warmatebisTvis ekonomikuri, usafrTxoebisa da strategiuli faqtorebis gamaognebeli damTxvevaa saWiro. samive lideri qarizmatulia da winamorbedebisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. mamis, kim Cen irisgan gansxvavebiT, batoni kimi miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri izolacia da volatiluri mojanyeoba misi reJimis usafrTxoebas ar waadgeba. batoni muni progresistia, romelmac ofisi korumpirebuli da cinikuri memarjvene administraciebis gaZevebis Semdeg daikava. igi fiqrobs, rom tragikuli istoriis mqone koreis naxevarkunZuli gzajvaredinze dgas. baton tramps ki amouxsneli `reptiliis grZnoba~ aqvs, rom SeuZlia Seqmnas istoria da msoflios udidesi birTvuli safrTxis gauvnebelyofisTvis saxeli moixveWos. ase rom, 2019 wels `realiTi Sou~ mcire xniT kvlav gagrZeldeba. batoni kimi da misi meuRle trampebis ojaxs Sexvdebian. am dros mas albaT `mxecis~ saWesTan dajdomac mouwevs. SesaZloa, mesame samitic ki Catardes. SesaZloa gaformdes raime formis `samSvidobo deklaraciac~, romelic koreis omis formaluri dasasrulisken mouwodebs.

TumcaRa, odesme aucilebeli iqneba konkretuli Sedegebis demonstrirebac, rac moicavs baton kimis mier birTvuli arsenalis demontaJisTvis konkretuli nabijebis gadadgmas. batoni trampis pirveli vada swrafad iwureba da mas SeTanxmebis miRweva surs. amis Semdeg yvelaze did wnexSi batoni muni moeqceva.

Tu samxreT koreis lideri ver SeZlebs daarwmunos gaero, Searbilos CrdiloeT koreisadmi dawesebuli sanqciebi, baton kims SesaZloa yovelgvari interesi daekargos birTvuli ganiaraRebisa, Tuki aseTi ram mas marTla hqonda. amave dros, Tu batoni muni baton kimTan Sesarigeblad metismeti enTuziazmiT imoqmedebs, trampis administraciaSi mokalaTebuli `qorebi~TavianT boss aSkarad mianiSneben imaze, rom procesi arasasurveli mimarTulebiT viTardeba. n

54

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msoflio 2019

avstralia gadawyvetilebas iRebs

Sedegiani gamodevneba indoeTis ekonomika bolosdabolos britaneTisas gauswrebs

rTuli arCevani istoriasa da momavalTan dakavSirebiT

saimon koqsi, ekonomikis ufrosi avtori, The Economist, honkongi

robert milikeni, avstraliis korespondenti, The Economist, sidnei

1

947 wels, roca indoeTma damoukidebloba moipova, misi mSp, oficialuri gacvliTi kursiT britaneTis mSp-is naxevarze naklebi iyo. am oficialuri gacvliTi kursis SenarCuneba SeuZleblamde rTuli aRmoCnda. 1991 wels, ramdenime dramatuli devalvaciis Semdeg, indoeTis ekonomikis sidide britaneTis ekonomikis meoTxedze naklebi iyo. maSin fantastikuri iyo imis prognozireba, rac axla sakmaod sarwmunoa — 2019 wels sabazro gacvliT kursze gadaangariSebiT, indoeTis mSp, rogorc iqna, `ueWvelad~ gadaaswrebs misi yofili koloniuri mmarTvelisas. sityva `ueWvelad~ mniSvnelovania. bevri saqoneli da momsaxureba indoeTSi ufro iafia, vidre britaneTSi. es niSnavs, rom 100 rupias indoeTSi gacilebiT meti Zala aqvs, vidre imave raodenobis girvanqebs britaneTSi. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT (indoeTisa da britaneTis Sedareba msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis mixedviT da ara sabazro gacvliTi kursiT), indoeTis ekonomikam britaneTisas didi xnis win gadauswro da axla masze gacilebiT didia. marTalia, magram msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti ekonomikis realuri sididis ukeTesi sazomia, Tumca amiT, globalur ekonomikur statuss ver iyidiT. 1991 wlidan indoeTis winsvla imaze bevrad swrafi aRmoCnda, vidre optimistebs warmoedginaT. am saukunis dasawyisSi, Goldman Sachs-ma Seqmna termini BRICS im oTxi didi ganviTarebadi ekonomikis aRsaniSnavad (brazilia, ruseTi, indoeTi da CineTi), romlebsac sabolood didi Svideulis metoqeoba da misi daCrdilva SeeZleboda. indoeTis SemTxvevaSi, es momavali ufro swrafad dadga, vidre amas Goldman Sachs eloda — misi winandeli prognozebiT, indoeTs britaneTisTvis 2022 wels unda gadaeswro. indoeTi ar aris pirveli kolonia, romelic yofili mmarTvelis ekonomikur Zalmosilebas gautolda. Sesabamisad, braziliam da aSS-m didi xnis win daCrdiles portugalia da britaneTi. araoficialur ierarqiaSi aseTi cvlilebebi is SemTxveva unda iyos, rac aRmavali saxelmwifoebis siamayes sZens, Tumca es yovelTvis xelsayreli ar aris. meqsikis simboluri triumfis momentebi warmavali aRmoCnda. misma ekonomikam espaneTisas 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gadauswro, magram igi defoltiTa da uwesrigobiT maleve dazaralda ganviTarebuli laTinuri amerikis savale krizisis dros. espaneTs igi 1993 wels kvlav miuaxlovda, TumcaRa maleve CaeSva tekilas krizisSi 1994 wels. safinanso panika, tekilas krizisi da laTinuri amerikis savale krizisic aSS-is fuladi politikis cvlilebiTa da dolaris gamyarebiT iyo gamowveuli. aSS-Si sargeblis ganakveTebis zrdam ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebi 2018 welsac azarala da induri rupiis kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi rekordulad dabal niSnulamde daswia. marTalia, britaneTi male ukan darCeba, magram dolaris imperiuli Zalmosilebisgan Tavis daRweva Znelia. n

2

2019 mokled oqtombridan turistebs uluruze (aiers roki) asvla aekrZalebaT. am monoliTuri qviSaqvis formacias centralur avstraliaSi anangus xalxi sakralurad miiCnevs

019 wels axali samxreT uelsis provinciul qalaq daboSi uiliam fergiusonis Zegli aRimarTeba. aborigenma aqtivistma fergiusonma am qalaqSi 1937 wels avstraliis ZirZveli mosaxleobis samoqalaqo uflebebis kampaniis wamowyebas Seuwyo xeli. TumcaRa, sayovelTao yuradRebas mxolod es Zegli rodi miipyrobs. 2019 wels qveyanam unda gadawyvitos, rogor aRniSnos Seqmnidan 250-e wlisTavi 2020 wels, roca kapitanma kukma es kontinenti britaneTis sakuTrebad gamoacxada. sidneis haidparkSi kukis me-19 saukunis Zeglis pedestals aweria, rom man es teritoria 1770 wels aRmoaCina. 2017 wlis bolos, saprotesto aqciis monawileebma Zegli grafitis saRebaviT dafares. aborigenebis winaprebi avstraliaSi 50 000 wlis win Canan. isini kukis `aRmoCenas~ ufro dapyrobad miiCneven, ramac isini meorexarisxovan moqalaqeebad aqcia. amgvarad, fergiusonisa da kukis Zeglebic kukis aRmoCenis aRniSvnasTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli omebis SuagulSi moeqceva. am Tematikis nawili avstraliis politikaSic aisaxeba. 2018 wels konservatiulma liberalurma partiam premierministris Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla Tavisufali bazris qomagi da socialuri progresisti malkolm Ternbuli. gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, rom maisSi daniSnul arCevnebs bil Sortenis memarcxenecentristuli Sromis partia moigebs. man referendumis Catarebis piroba dado, romlis mixedviT, aborigenTa uflebebi avstraliis konstituciaSi unda aisaxos. igi plebiscitis Catarebasac apirebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, unda dasruldes Tu ara avstraliis sakonstitucio kavSiri britaneTis monarqiasTan da qveyana respublika gaxdes. batoni Ternbuli 2010 wlis Semdeg ukve meoTxe premierministria, romelic liberalurma da Sromis partiebma samwliani vadis dasrulebamde Camoaciles xelisuflebas. liderebis xSiri cvlis aTwleulma avstralia federaluri energetikuli strategiis gareSe datova. sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, Tu rogor unda gaumklavdes qveyana CineTis mzard gavlenas wynari okeanis regionSi, Tanac imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CineTi ukve avstraliis udidesi savaWro partnioria. orive qveyana `Tanmxvedr strategiul interesebze~ saubrobs, raSic samxreT CineTis zRvaSi CineTis samxedro moqmedebisadmi SeSfoTeba igulisxmeba. indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis regionis saqmeebSi amerikis CarTulobasTan dakavSirebuli gaurkvevloba suraTs kidev ufro bundovans xdis. recesiis gareSe ganvlili rekorduli 27 wlis Semdeg, mSp solidur zrdas 2019 welsac ganagrZobs. ekonomist sol esleikis gaangariSebiT, avstraliis mosaxleobis swrafi zrda (2017 wels igi TiTqmis 400000-iT gaizarda da 2018 wlis miwuruls 25 milions gadaaWarba) ekonomikis zrdis tempis sul mcire naxevars uzrunvelyofs. magram politikosebma ukve daiwyes qalaqebis gadatvirTuli gzebisa da maRali sabinao fasebis problemebis imigraciaze gadabraleba. qveyanaSi SemomsvlelTa ricxvis SezRudvisken mowodebebma, SesaZloa avstraliis saarako ekonomikur `garbens~ avnos. n

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CineTi

amave seqciaSi: 58 oTxi maisis moZraoba 100 wlis Tavze 59 msubuqi damokidebuleba ekonomikisadmi 59 Cinuri simRera honkongSi 60 poni mateqnologiebis socialuri sikeTis Sesaxeb

2019 mokled CineTma qvanaxSiris energiaze uari ganacxada da bunebrivi airis umsxvilesi importiori gaxda. manamde, lideri iaponia iyo

undoblobis didi kedeli amerikasa da CineTs Soris konfrontacia vaWrobis sferos gascdeba devid reni, pekinis biuros xelmZRvaneli da Caguanis mesvete, The Economist , pekini

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019 wels, si Zinpins da CineTis komunistur partias SesaZloa bevri sirTule da marcxi SexvdeT, magram erTi warmateba udavo iqneba — maT daqsaqsuli amerikuli elitis CineTis sawinaaRmdegod gaerTianeba moaxerxes. es amerikuli erToba mniSvnelovan Sida uTanxmoebebs gadafaravs. erT-erTi banaki erovnuli usafrTxoebis dargSi trampis TanaSemweebis umravlesobas, armiis generlebs, dazvervis Sefebs, kongresis orive partiis warmomadgenlebs aerTianebs. es gundi CineTs msoflio wesrigis mTavar safrTxed monaTlavs. amerikuli erovnuli usafrTxoebis istebliSmenti CineTs brals wauyenebs, rom erTi partiis mier marTuli es giganti msoflio vaWrobis wesebs arRvevs, aqtiurad awarmoebs SpionaJs, regionSi amerikis partniorebze zemoqmedebas axdens da aviwroebs sakuTar moqalaqeebs rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis gareT. meore banakSi, praqtikulad, mxolod erTi adamiani iqneba — amerikis uprecedento prezidenti, batoni trampi. igi albaT Tavis cinikur aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavs imis gamo, rom CineTis liderebi TamaSis wesebis ugulvebelyofas xangrZlivad da warmatebiT axerxeben. tramps moewoneba, rom CineTi sakuTar interesebs yvelaferze win ayenebs. aseve ganacxadebs, rom warmatebisTvis amerikamac msgavsi merkantiluri, proteqcionisturi politika unda awarmoos. 2019 wels, iseve rogorc manamde, amerikis mokavSireebs trampi `ubileTo mgzavrebad~ moixseniebs, romlebic Tavisi usafrTxoebis safasurs ar ixdian. saerTaSoriso normebsa da uflebebis dacvas igi agdebulad moixseniebs. 2019 wlis erT-erTi mtkivneuli Temaa CineTis mier qveynis ukiduresi dasavleTis, sinZianis

provinciaSi mcxovreb muslim uiRurTa Seubralebeli Seviwroeba. am Temaze kongresis mosmenebis gamarTvas unda velodoT. mosmenebze ganixilaven mamtkicebel sabuTebs, romlebiTac aTasobiT uiRuris specialur `saganmanaTleblo~ banakebSi gamoketvis faqti gamoaSkaravdeba. amis paralelurad, moemzadeT, rom trampi aSkara simpaTias gamoxatavs Cinelebis poziciisadmi, rac islamuri teroris asalagmavad `rkinis xelis~ gamoyenebas aucileblad miiCnevs. amave dros, CineTis sakiTxSi trampsa da mis xelqveiTebs erTi TvalSisacemi, magram martivad aRsaqmeli azri gaaerTianebs. CineTma ukve aCvena neba da SesaZlebloba, rom igi ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri da samxedro zesaxelmwifo xdeba. am ambiciebis mosaTokad, trampi da misi gundi swrafi saSualebebis gamoZebnas Seecdebian. SesaZloa, kongress SesTavazon kanoni, romelic StatebSi Cineli investorebis damatebiT Semowmebebs daawesebs. kongresi savaraudod federalur dafinansebas akrZalavs im universitetebisTvis, romlebic TavianT kampusebSi saqmianobis saSualebas konfucis instituts aZleven. amerikis sadazvervo samsaxurebma SesaZloa Cinur SpionaJTan (maT Soris — kiberSpionaJi) dakavSirebuli informaciis gaJonva moawyon. faqizi warmoebis CineTidan gadatanis mizniT, trampis administracia da kongresi amerikul kompaniebze erTobliv zemoqmedebas ganaxorcieleben. yovelive aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, Cinuri pasuxi albaT siurprizi aRmoCndeba. 2019 weli amerika-CineTis savaWro omze saubrebiT iwyeba, Tumca momavali wlis dasasruli sxvagvari iqneba. CineTis liderebisTvis momavali weli rTuli gamodgeba. ekonomikuri zrda neldeba. Cinuri `valis maxeSi moqcevis diplomatiis~ mimarT ukmayofileba msoflioSi Zlierdeba. bevr aziur, afrikul da samxreT amerikul

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maisis yvavilebi studentebi da akademiuri wreebi saukuniswinandel protests xelaxla iazreben stefani staderi, CineTis biznesis korespondenti,

The Economist, Sanxai

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989 wlis tiananmenis moednis studenturi gamosvlebi istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebidan da internetqselidan rom gaqres, mexsierebaSi pirveli, oTxi maisis 1919 wlis protesti amotivtivdeba. ukve didi xania, moZraoba rac oTxi maisis moZraobis patriotuli energia CineTis mmarTvelma komunisturma partiam STanTqa. Ci- axali proneTis nebismier skolaSi aswavlian, rom Tanamedrove testisaTvis Cinuri saxelmwifos saTaveebi antiimperialistur kvlavac protests ukavSirdeba. versalis zavis mixedviT, ger- STagonebis maniis mier kontrolirebadi CineTis teritoriebi iaponias gadaeca. maSindeli CineTis mTavrobis mkveTri wyaroa reaqciis ararsebobis pirobebSi, aTasobiT studenti quCaSi gamovida. inteleqtualuri protestisa da dasavleTis mimarT imedgacruebis Sedegad, 1921 wels, CineTSi komunisturi partia iSva. Tumca, oficialuri narativis garda, oTxi maisis movlenebis sxva waxnagebic dRemde aqtualuria. patriotul miswrafebebSi xelisuflebis darwmunebis 100 wlis SemmizniT, 1989 wlis gamosvlebisas, studentebi maisis deg, kvlavac aqtualuri moZraobis memkvidreobiTobas usvamdnen xazs. `axali oTxi maisis moZraobis manifestis~ gamoqveyneba amis dasturi iyo. partiuli xazic ki aRiarebs (Tumca naklebi enTuziazmiT), rom 1919 wlis movlenebs destruqciuli xasiaTi hqonda. akademiuri wreebis zogierTi naklebad radikaluri warmomadgeneli CineTSi cdilobs am movlenebis istoriuli mniSvneloba xelaxla gaiazros. CineTis erovnuli identobis koncefciis win wamowevis paralelurad, aucilebeli gaxda ufro ZirZveli, WeSmaritad Cinuri orientirebis gamoZebna.

2019 mokled Tiangong-2— CineTis kosmosuri laboratoria dedamiwaze brundeba da gegmis Sesabamisad, ganadgurebas eqvemdebareba

qveyanas infrastruqturis ganviTarebisTvis CineTisgan aRebuli valebis gastumreba uWirs. sinZianis provinciaSi mimdinare movlenebis gamo, muslimuri qveynebi TavianT SeSfoTebas ufro aqtiurad gamoxataven. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, liderebi pekinSi savaraudod bevrad damyolebi aRmoCndebian, vidre amas bevri elodeba. trampis mier dawesebul savaWro tarifebs pekinSi sarkisebrad ar upasuxeben. isini amerikuli da evropuli biznesisTvis manamde daxurul seqtorebs gaxsnian, investiciebze SezRudvebs Searbileben da miliardobiT dolaris Rirebulebis amerikul nawarms Seisyidian. farTomasStabian sabaJo da sagadasaxado Semowmebebs amerikuli kompaniebis mimarT CineTi ar ganaxorcielebs da amas logikuri axsna aqvs. msgavsi zomebi ucxour kompaniebs sainvesticio riskis xelaxali Sefasebisken ubiZgebs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, zogierTma amerikulma kompaniam SesaZloa CineTidan warmoebis gadatana daaCqaros. aseT pirobebSi, komunisti liderebi maqsimalurad Seecdebian iaponuri, evropuli da koreuli korporaciebi Cinur bazarze SesvliT daaintereson. amave dros, qveynis samecniero-teqnologiuri poziciebis gamtkicebas yovelmxriv xels Seuwyoben.

amave dros, CineTis saukeTeso universitetebSi, aqtivisti studentebi oTxi maisis sulis gamoRviZebas cdiloben. axlaxan, mcirericxovanma aqtivistebma samxreT CineTis qarxnebSi damoukidebel muSaTa gaerTianebebi Camoayalibes. muSaTa uflebebis dasacavad, quCis gamosvlebi moewyo. asobiT axalgazrdam mxardamWer gancxadebebs moawera xeli, romlebic Semdeg socialuri qselebiT gavrcelda. pekinis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, iu sini Tavis werilSi prezident si Zinpins mimarTavs, rom misi aqtivizmisaTvis STagonebis wyaro ara ucxouri, aramed oTxi maisis idealebia. bevri studenti, qalbaton sinis msgavsad, CarTulia moZraobaSi #MeToo, da qalTa mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. qalTa uflebebis wina planze wamoweva swored 1919 wlis movlenebs ukavSirdeba. msgavsi mowodebebi da patriotuli suliskveTebis xazgasma aqtivistebs saxelmwifos mkacri politikisgan ver icavs. yvelaze aqtiuri studentebi policiam daakava. bevrze TvalTvali dawesda. tiananmenis movlenebis 30 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifo kontroli kidev ufro gaZlierdeba. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 100 wlis Semdeg, oTxi maisis moZraoba axali protestisaTvis kvlavac STagonebis wyaroa (rogorc ritorikis, ise faseulobebis TvalsazrisiT). axali Taobis studentebisTvis es gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. maTTvis 1989 wlis sisxlisRvra ukve Soreuli warsulia (Sesabamisad, SiSic naklebia). rTulia visaubroT oTxi maisis moZraobaze misi sasargeblo sazogadoebrivi aqtivizmis moxseniebis gareSe. sxvadasxva interpretacias Soris, SesaZloa es am movlenebis umTavresi memkvidreoba iyos.

aseTi angariSiani politikis wyalobiT, amerikasTan savaWro daZabuloba 2019 wels SenarCundeba, magram feTqebadi xasiaTis ar iqneba. amerikuli miwodebis jaWvebi CineTSi dasustdeba, magram ar gawydeba. moklevadian WrilSi, konkurenciis logika CineTsa da amerikas konfrontaciis sxvadasxva mimarTulebisken ubiZgebs. trampis mier CrdiloeT koreasTan wamowyebuli birTvuli molaparakebebis procesSi, CineTi dadebiTi rolis Sesrulebas ar Seecdeba — arsebuli sanqciebis moTxovnebs ar Seasrulebs da axali sanqciebis SemoRebas ar daeTanxmeba. samxreT CineTis zRvaSi qveyana ufro qmediT zomebs ganaxorcielebs da damatebiTi SeiaraRebis sistemebs ganalagebs. amerikul da Cinur sazRvao Zalebs Soris fizikuri dapirispirebis riski maRali iqneba. saerTaSoriso asparezze (gaero da sxva forumebi), Cinuri diplomatia Statebis sawinaaRmdego xazs gaatarebs da xSirad ruseTs dauWers mxars. msoflio amerikasa da CineTs Soris axali tipis konfrontaciisTvis unda moemzados. es arc savaWro omi iqneba da arc Rirebulebebis gamo dapirispireba (batoni trampi amisaTvis metismetad amoraluria). es ufro urTierTSekaveba iqneba — undoblobis didi kedeli. n

msoflio 2019

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saomari mdgomareobis maragebi trampis savaWro tarifebis sapasuxod, CineTi finansur SezRudvebs Seasustebs saimon rabinoviCi, aziis ekonomikis redaqtori, The Economist, Sanxai

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018 wels, savaWro omis Sesaxeb imdeni iTqva da daiwera, rom es ambavi SesaZloa moZvelebuladac ki aRiqmeba. savaWro omi CineTis wliuri zrdas 7%-dan 6%-mde Tu Seamcirebs, rac aseTi zomis ekonomikisTvis es cudi maCvenebeli sulac ar aris. savaWro omi CineTs aiZulebs misTvis arasasurveli nabijebi gadadgas. upirvelesad, es aris `finansuri nawilis Semcirebis~ saxeliT cnobili, ekonomikaSi valebis mkveTri dafarvis kampaniis araoficialuri dasruleba. valis donis (romelic finansuri sistemebisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxis Semcvelia) stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis mxriv, CineTma garkveul progress ukve miaRwia. amave dros, mTavroba iZulebuli iqneba mkacri sabiujeto politikis Serbilebaze ifiqros. amis niSnebi ukve saxezea: qalaqebisTvis infrastruqturuli obligaciebis gamoSvebis procedura gamartivda. 2019 wels, korporaciuli gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba, fiskaluri deficiti gaizrdeba da Crdilovan bankebze zemoqmedeba Serbildeba. eqsportis Sesustebis pirobebSi, es RonisZiebebi CineTis ekonomikisTvis damcavis rols Seasrulebs. amave dros, Serbilebis amgvari politika valis gazrdasac niSnavs. CineTis valuta — iuani, mTavrobisTvis diskomfortis kidev erTi wyaro iqneba. gasul wlebSi, iuanis sasurveli kursis SenarCunebisTvis da qveynidan fulis gadinebis SesazRudad, CineTma bevri ibrZola. am TvalsazrisiT, savaWro balansis gauaresebis fonze, 2019 kvlav gamowvevis weli iqneba. iuanis saerTaSoriso valutad gadasaqcevad, kapitalis moZraobaze kontrolis Semcireba erTerTi aucilebeli pirobaa, magram arsebul realobaSi, CineTs politikis gamkacreba mouwevs. gasul wels arsebobda molodini, rom CineTSi, bolosdabolos, qonebis gadasaxadi dawesdeboda.

misi ararseboba samSeneblo bazris `buStis~ warmoqmnas uwyobs xels. Tumca, seqtorSi investiciebis mkveTri Semcirebis SiSis gamo, mTavroba am nabijisgan Tavs Seikavebs. dadebiTi mxarec arsebobs: ekonomikis Senelebis kvaldakval, CineTis mTavrobam SesaZloa ufro Rrma reformebi wamoiwyos. savaraudod, erT-erTi aseTi reforma fiskaluri sistemis modernizacia iqneba, depresiul regionebsa da qalaqebze meti fokusirebiT. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT savalalo viTareba qveynis CrdiloaRmosavleT regionebSi aRiniSneba. centraluri mTavroba Semosavlebis ufro dabalansebulad ganawilebas Seecdeba. kidev erTi SesaZlo reforma ekonomikis liberalizacias ukavSirdeba. CineTi Seecdeba msoflio daarwmunos, rom qveynis zrda yvelasTvis sikeTis momtania. am mizniT, 2018 wels manqana-danadgarebze da teqstilze importis gadasaxadi Semcirda (saSualod, 9.9%-dan 7.5%-mde). 2019 wels importze tarifebis Semcireba kvlav mosalodnelia. ucxoel investorebs finansur bazrebze wvdoma gaumartivdebaT. CineTi zogierT sakiTxs arafrisdidebiT ar daTmobs. amerikelma Suamavlebma kategoriulad moiTxoves mrewvelobis subsidirebisa da adgilobriv kompaniebze teqnologiebis gadacemisTvis ucxouri investorebis iZulebis praqtikis Sewyveta. am ukanasknelis arseboba CineTma kategoriulad uaryo (miuxedavad wardgenili faqtebisa), xolo subsidirebas Sesabamisi RirebulebiTi jaWvis ganuyofel nawilad ganixilavs da mis gadaxedvas ar apirebs. metad rTuli warmosadgenia iseTi CineTi, romelic trampis mosawon nabijebs gadadgams da savaWro oms daasrulebs. sinamdvileSi, qveynis xangrZlivi konfrontaciisTvis mzadebas unda velodoT (im imediT, rom amerikuli ekonomikac dazaraldeba). CineTi `fsons imaze Camodis~, rom tkivils amerikaze ukeT gadaitans. 2019 wels kidev ufro meti amgvari `ekliani~ gamowveva gvelodeba. n

2019 mokled `sartylisa da gzis samiti~ meored imarTeba, savaraudod — pekinSi

disharmoniuli notebi pekini honkongs Cinuri repertuaridan simReris Sesrulebas aiZulebs jeims iani, CineTis korespondenti, The Economist, honkongi

m

onk kokis stadionidan SeZaxilebis guguni ismis. es xmauri Zalze waagavs stadionze gulSematkivarTa aRSfoTebas, rodesac msaji maspinZel gunds sjis. magram amjerad, xmauris mizezi CineTis himnis gadafarvis mcdelobaa. yoveli matCis dros himnis Sesruleba honkongSi savaldebuloa. SesaZloa, 2019 wels honkongelebi msgavsi qmedebis gamo dajarimdnen (50000-mde honkonguri dolariT, rac 6380 amerikul dolars Seadgens). rogorc honkongis liderma, keri lamma 2018 wels samomavlo dRis wesrigis ganxilvisas ganacxada, `kanoni himnis Sesaxeb~ 2019 wels amoqmeddeba. brZaneba erovnuli himnis upativcemulobis Sesaxeb materikuli CineTis teritoriaze ukve ZalaSia.

materikis Carevas bevri aprotestebs

Tumca, pekinma honkongs kanonis sakuTari versiis SemuSaveba mosTxova.

Tavis droze, honkongma pekinisgan farTo avtonomiis dapireba miiRo — `erTi qveyana, ori sistema~. ase rom, avtonomiis saqmeebSi materikis Carevas (realuri Tu warmosaxviTi) bevri aprotestebs. gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, honkongis mcxovreblebi sakuTar Tavs ufro `azielebad an `msoflios moqalaqeebad~ aRiqvamen, vidre Cinelebad.

SemoTavazebuli kanonproeqtis mixedviT, himnis teqstis Secvla an simReris Segnebulad arasworad Sesruleba kanondarRvevad CaiTvleba. kidev erTi darRveva iqneba, Tu sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi himnis Sesrulebisas fexze ar wamodgebian. kanonis aRsruleba martivi ar iqneba, Tumca urC moqalaqeebs saqme musikasTan eqnebaT.

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sikeTis qmna teqnologiebis meSveobiT

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TENCENT-is aRmasrulebeli direqtori, poni ma huatengi teqnologiebis sazogadoebriv sikeTeze saubrobs

obiluri internetisa da smartfonebis sayovelTao gavrcelebasTan erTad, socialuri qselebi da axali tipis servisebi Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis uamrav aspeqts cvlian. danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT, es evolucia CineTSi ufro swrafi tempiT mimdinareobs da gacilebiT Rrma xasiaTi aqvs. Sesabamisi tendencia 2019 wels kidev ufro gamoxatuli iqneba. axali teqnologiebi sxvadasxva tradiciul sferoebSi gavrceldeba, rogoricaa sacalo vaWroba da finansebi. magaliTisaTvis, SenJeni aviRoT — qalaqi, sadac 20 wlis win kompania Tencent dafuZnda.

Cven aq SegviZlia onlain vivaWroT, restornebSi kerZebi adgilze motaniT SevukveToT, komunaluri da sazogadoebrivi transportis gadasaxadebi gadavixadoT, samedicino Semowmebaze CaveweroT, an Tundac, qorwineba davaregistriroT. am yvelafers smartfonis ekranze TiTis mxolod ramdenime Sexeba sWirdeba. internetma da sxva Tanamedrove teqnologiebma bevri Cvenganis cxovrebis xarisxi ukve gaaumjobesa (rac adre warmoudgenelic ki iyo). es yvelaferi namdvilad misasalmebelia.

Tumca erTi kiTxva mainc mawuxebs: SevZlebT gamoviyenoT teqnologiebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis pirTaTvis cxovrebis tvirTis Sesamsubuqeblad? uamravi adamiani mzad aris qvelmoqmedeba gaswios, daexmaros avadmyofebsa Tu Raribebs.

Tumca am daxmarebis organizebas, Segrovebas da adresatamde mitanas garkveuli dro sWirdeba. sxvadasxva moulodnelobebis gamo, es dro SesaZloa kidev ufro gaizardos.

teqnologiuri qvelmoqmedeba Cveni saxlebidan iwyeba

oTxi wlis winTencent-ma CineTSi pirveli onlain saqvelmoqmedo kampania wamoiwyo. amisaTvis gamoiyenes socialuri aplikacia Weixin, romelic msoflioSi WeChat-is saxeliT aris cnobili. Weixin-is gadaxdis instrumentis meSveobiT, saqvelmoqmedo miznebisTvis Tanxis pirdapir gadaricxvisa da monitoringis saSualeba nebismier msurvels mieca. `9.9 qvelmoqmedebis dRes~ (kampania yoveli wlis 9 seqtembers imarTeba) 2,1 miliardi iuani (309 mln amerikuli dolari ) Segrovda. 49,5-ma milionma donorma CineTis masStabiT 7300-ze meti saqvelmoqmedo organizacia daafinansa. mjera, rom teqnologiebis daxmarebiT, filantropia Cvenis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdeba. aseTi qvelmoqmedeba ufro saxaliso, inovaciuri da farTo masebisTvis xelmisawvdomia. magaliTad, `nabijebiT qvelmoqmedebis programa~ — Weixin-s momxmarebelTa nabijebis raodenobis Sesabamisad, programaSi CarTuli organizaciebi saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciebis odenobas gansazRvraven. aseve aRsaniSnavia `xmovani qvelmoqmedebis programa~ — smartfonis momxmareblebi Weixin-is gamoy-

enebiT, leqsebsa da moTxrobebs kiTxuloben, romlebic usinaTloebisTvis audiowignebad gardaiqmnebian. momavals Tu ganvWvretT, mosaxleobis dabereba, CineTsa da jandacvis globalursistemaze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas iqoniebs.

SevZlebT teqnologiebis gamoyenebas jandacvis sistemis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad? ra SeiZleba movimoqmedoT pacientebis tkivilisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis stresis Sesamsubuqeblad?

CineTSi eqimis profesiul Camoyalibebas 8 weli sWirdeba. amave dros, samedicino servisebze moTxovna miwodebas bevrad sWarbobs. medikosTa momzadebisTvis saWiro drois Semcirebis gzebi ar arsebobs, magram teqnologiebis gamoyenebas am procesis gaumjobeseba da dargis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba SeuZlia.

SesaZloa, filantropia Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdes eqimTaTvis xelovnuri inteleqti mniSvnelovani damxmare instrumentia, sami mimarTulebiT: upirvelesad, SesaZlebeli xdeba martivi, magram mosabezrebeli amocanebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa magaliTad, angariSebis Sedgena. aseT SemTxvevebSi, eqimebs uSualo movaleobis SesrulebisTvis meti dro darCebaT. xelovnuri inteleqtis meSveobiT, aseve SesaZlebelia samedicino suraTebis analizi, arsebul monacemTa bazaSi SedarebiT. es midgoma diagnostikis sizustes gazrdis. dazianebuli kerebis gamovlenas da polipebis xasiaTis winaswar Sefasebas axla mxolod wamis meaTedi esaWiroeba. da mesame — SesaZlebelia samedicino suraTsa da paTologiur genebs Soris kavSirebis gansazRvra da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis generireba. es meTodi samedicino servisebis personificirebas iTvaliswinebs. pacientebsa da eqimebs distanciuri dakavSireba socialuri platformebis meSveobiT SeuZliaT. Sedegad, warsuls Cabardeba Semawuxebeli lodinis dro. smartfonebis gamoyenebiT, adamianebi eqimTan konsultaciebs martivad CaniSnaven. Tu misvla SeuZlebelia, eqimTan videogasaubreba ewyoba. Weixin-is meSveobiT, gadaxdebis ganxorcieleba da Sesyiduli medikamentis uaxloes afTiaqSi miRebac SesaZlebelia. internetma Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi fexi myarad moikida da yvelaze SemoqmedebiT gonebaTa fantaziebs asaxavs. me-5 Taobis mobiluri interneti (5G) cifrul evolucias daaCqarebs. es procesi tradiciul biznesebsa da dargebs gardaqmnis. maS gamoviyenoT axali SesaZleblobebi ara mxolod biznesis zrdisTvis, aramed SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis pirebisTvis damatebiTi Rirebulebis Sesaqmneladac.

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amave seqciaSi: 62 Senelebuli socialuri media 63 realiTi televiziis gavlena politikaze 64 globalistebi nacionalistebis winaaRmdeg 65 safrTxeSi myofi saxeobebi 65 Cveni prognozebi SarSan

66 samoqalaqo partniorobis popularoba 67 klimatis cvlileba: ganzraxvaTa meryeoba 68 albaTobis suraTi 69 stiven pinkeri tendenciebs ganixilavs

urTierTkavSiris Tavsatexi adamianebis internetSi CarTva calsaxad sikeTe ar aris ludvig sigeli, teqnologiebis redaqtori, The Economist

2

2019 mokled 500 wlis win, msoflios garSemo samogzaurod, seviliidan fernando magelani gaemgzavra

metic~, — acxadebs kidev erTi organizaciis, `adamianuri teqnologiebis centris~ warmomadgeneli sendi parakilasi. ganviTarebad qveynebSi momxmareblebs mediasTan urTierTobis SedarebiT naklebi gamocdileba aqvT. Sesabamisad, isini globaluri qselidan miRebul informacias naklebad kritikulad afaseben. maT arCevanic naklebi aqvT. Rarib qveynebSi internetgigantebi kidev ufro dominantur poziciebs floben. magaliTad, Facebook-is `Tavisufali safuZvlebis~ programis naklebad gamocdili momxmareblebi SesaZloa ver acnobierebdnen, rom maTTvis informaciis mxolod mcire (winaswar SerCeuli) nakadia xelmisawvdomi. Rarib qveynebSi instituciebic naklebad ganviTarebulia, rac yalbi axali ambebis mimarT maT mowyvladobas ganapirobebs. dezinformaciaTa gavrcelebisTvis gansakuTrebiT tipur `noyier niadags~ mesame qveynebSi avtokratiuli mmarTvelobis gavrceleba qmnis (msgavsi reJimebi am xerxs xSirad mimarTaven). mianmarSi Facebook-i rohinjas eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT siZulvilis gasaRviveblad gamoiyenes. igive platforma filipinebSi populistma rodrigo dutertem Zalauflebis mopovebis instrumentis saxiT oponentebis mimarT cilismwamebluri kampaniebis sawarmoeblad gamoiyena.

Facebook-iT duterte gaprezidentebis Semdegac sargeblobs. indoeTSi WhatsApp gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania. am aplikacias iq 200 milionze meti momxmarebeli hyavs da igi Worebis masobrivi gavrcelebis saSualebad iqca.

s

019 wels, sagazeTo publikaciebis saTaurebi gvacnoben, rom `msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari onlainreJimSia~. gaangariSebebi msoflio telekomunikaciebis kavSiris (ITU) monacemebs eyrdnoba. gaero-s es saagento miiCnevs, rom internetze wvdoma male dedamiwis mosaxleobis 50%-s eqneba.

ITU internetze wvdomad miiCnevs, Tu pirma bolo sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi internetiT erTxel mainc isargebla. aseTi liberaluri daSvebis miuxedavad, prognozi marTlac STambeWdavia. aTwleulis win igive maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 20%-s Seadgenda. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris `cifruli sxvaobis~ Semcireba calsaxad sikeTed unda miviCnioT. kvlevebi adastureben, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi internetis gavrcelebis 10%-iani zrda maTi mSp-is 1.35%-ian zrdas Seesabameba. globalur qselze wvdomis gaumjobesebisTvis ITU-s kidev bevri idea aqvs. es aqtualuria, radgan bolo periodSi zrdis Seneleba fiqsirdeba. 2018 wels gamoqveynebul angariSSi, gaeros farTozoliani qselis mdgradi ganviTarebis saagento mTavrobebisTvis ramdenime rekomendacias iZleva, maT Soris cifruli biznesis mxardaWerisa da satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebze gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb. interesTa jgufi, `aliansi xelmisawvdomi internetisaTvis~ (A4AI) globalur qselze wvdomis danaxarjebis Semcirebazea fokusirebuli. dargSi konkurenciis waxalisebiT da sixSireebis ufro efeqtiani ganawilebiT es SesaZlebelia. aliansis azriT, erTi gigabaiti monacemebis gadacemis xarjis saSualo yovelTviuri Semosavlebis 2%-mde Semcireba mTavrobebis mizani unda iyos. amave organizaciis mier gamoqveynebuli `xelmisawvdomobis angariSis~ mixedviT, aRniSnul samizne maCvenebels gamokvleuli 61 qveynidan 24 akmayofilebs. internetis gavrcelebisTvis teqnologiuri gigantebic zrunaven. magaliTad, Facebook-is `Tavisufali safuZvlebis~ programa 65 qveyanas moicavs. programis farglebSi, smartfonebis momxmareblebi monacemebze SezRudul wvdomas iReben. Sesabamisad, Facebook da WhatsApp aplikaciebiT sargebloba ufasoa. amave dros, internetsa da mis bazaze Seqmnil socialur medias ara mxolod ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis efeqti aqvs. es teqnologia SesaZloa problemebis wyaroc iyos. saubaria socialuri mediis meSveobiT yalbi ambebis gavrcelebis kampaniebze mdidar qveynebSi. magaliTad, amerikaSi trampis arCevisas da britaneTSi `breqsiTis~ Taobaze gamarTuli referendumis dros. magram negatiuri efeqtebi Rarib qveynebSi SesaZloa kidev ufro SemaSfoTebeli iyos. `problemebi igivea, rac dasavleTis qveynebSi da

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Senelebuli socialuri media wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare optimizaciis da sayovelTao yuradRebis mopovebis Semdeg, socialuri qselebi saqmianobas `amuxruWeben~ leo mirani, axali ambebis redaqtori, The Economist

g

asuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi swrafi kvebis popularobis mkveTr zrdas e.w. `slou fudis~ (auCqarebeli kvebis) koncefciis ganviTareba mohyva. 2000-ian wlebSi realiTi-televiziebis bumma SemdgomSi `neli televiziis~ inspirireba moaxdina. analogiurad, 2019 wels smartfonebis gamudmebul zuzunSi, notifikaciebiT, mesijebiT, tvitebiTa da postebiT, `neli socialuri media~ daibadeba. procesi ukve dawyebulia. Tavis droze socialurma qselebma yvelaferi gaakeTes, raTa momxmareblebs SeuzRudavi servisi yovelgvari Seferxebis gareSe mieRoT. postebisa da Setyobinebebis gaziareba, gadamisamarTeba, uaRresad gamartivebuli iyo. magram axla, servis-provaiderebma frTxili `damuxruWeba~ daiwyes. ivlisSi WhatsApp-is aplikaciaSi momxmarebelTa did jgufze Setyobinebebis erTianad gadamisamarTeba SeizRuda. Instagram-Si (aplikacia fotografiebis gaziarebisTvis) axali funqcia daemata, romelsac `ukve yvelaferi nanaxi gaqvs~ ewoda. momxmareblebi programul Setyobinebas iReben, rom ukanaskneli ori dRis postebi ukve daaTvalieres da sxva saqmeebis keTebis droa. Facebook-momxmareblebs saSualebas aZlevs socialur qselSi gatarebuli dro Seamowmon da garkveuli periodiT programuli Setyobinebebis miReba SezRudon. seqtemberSi Twitter-ma ganacxada, rom qselSi maqsimalurad didi drois gatarebaze morgebul programuli Setyobinebebis specialur algoriTms gaauqmebs da tvitebi aplikaciaSi martivi qronologiuri wesiT (reversuli principiT) aisaxeba. rodesac es da sxva cvlilebebi warmatebiT amoseriuli mkvlelebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi aseTi Woris gamo, qveynis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi mdebare jarxandis StatSi 7 adamiani mokles. unda SeCerdes Tu ara meti adamianis CarTva globalur qselSi, sanam maT Sesabamisi unarebi da codna eqnebaT? batoni parakilasi fiqrobs, rom es araswori midgoma iqneboda. idea paternalisturia da ar imuSavebs. internetizaciis mxardaWeris programebis gareSec, globalur qselSi CarTvas sul ufro meti adamiani moisurvebs. SeuZlebelia maT smartfonebis gamoyeneba SeezRudoT (miT umetes, mudmivi gaiafebis fonze). aseTi nabiji politikur winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevda. garkveul internetservisebze SezRudva, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mxolod droebiTi Sedegis momtania. 2018 wels, rodesac Sri-lankaSi socialuri mediis umravlesoba SezRudes (eTnikuri brZolebis CasaxSobad), akrZalvis gverdis avlis mizniT, adamianebma VPN qselebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. am problemis gadaWraze morgebuli politika jer kidev Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia, — acxadebs A4AI-is warmomadgeneli, dhanaraj Takuri. zogi winadadeba iTvaliswinebs iseT RonisZiebebs, rogorebicaa mediaganaTlebis gaumjobeseba, usafrTxo onlainsivrceebis Seqmna, socialuri mediis moxmarebis dabegvra (ugandis mcdelobebis msgavsad). arcerTi maTgani ar gamoiyureba damajereblad. am TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli praqtikis Secvlis aucileblobaSi internetgigantebis darwmuneba SesaZloa ufro efeqtiani

grZelvadian WrilSi, `Seneleba~ socialuri qselebis momxmareblebs met bednierebas moutans

2019 mokled Tebervlis TveSi, vatikanSi, papi franciske oTxdRian samits umaspinZlebs, romlis ZiriTadi Tema bavSvTa dacva iqneba

qmeddeba, socialuri qselebi aRmoaCenen, rom maTi saqmianobis mTavari sazomi — `momxmarebelTa CarTuloba~ (qselSi gatarebuli dro) Semcirda. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba SesaZloa servisis mimwodebeli kompaniebis Semosavlebis klebas ganapirobebdes.

Tumca, grZelvadian WrilSi, `Seneleba~ amave qselebis momxmareblebs ufro bedniers gaxdis. aseTi Senelebis kidev erTi Sedegi yalbi da siZulvilis Semcveli informaciis gavrcelebis SezRudva iqneba.

Twitter-is Setyobinebebis asaxvis algoriTmi, iseve, rogorc WhatsApp-is mesijebis gadamisamarTebis wesi, informaciis virusul gavrcelebas amartivebda. msgavsi gavrcelebisTvis barierebis SemoReba SesaZloa yalbi, gadaumowmebeli informaciis gavrcelebis efeqtiani prevencia iyos. SesaZloa indoeTis magaliTze dadasturdes (sadac WhatsApp-is mier informaciis kontroli SedarebiT rTulia da virusulma Worebma `linCis wesiT gasamarTlebebi~ gamoiwvia), rom informaciis gavrcelebis Seneleba namdvilad efeqtiania.

Facebook-i, romelic Instagram-isa da WhatsApp-is mflobelia, acxadebs, rom adamianebis mier socialur qselSi gatarebuli dro `gacnobierebuli, dadebiTi da STagonebis wyaro~ unda iyos. dadasturebuli faqtia, rom mudmivad qselSi yofna adamianebze negatiurad aisaxeba. Facebook-isTvis bevrad momgebiania momxmareblebma polarizebuli azrebis gacnoba da aplikaciebiT atvirTuli fotosuraTebis Tvaliereba Seamciron, vidre, saboloo jamSi, socialuri qselebis moxmarebaze uari Tqvan. drois kontrolis axali funqciebi Cqarosnul avtomagistralze arsebul iSviaT sagzao niSnebsa da siCqaris SemzRudavebs waagavs. 2019 wels aseTi niSnebi da siCqaris SezRudvebi gamravldeba. aRmoCndes. aseTi midgoma TanxvedraSia `WEB-is Sesaxeb SeTanxmebasTan~. es gaxlavT iniciativa, romelic globaluri qselis gamomgonebelma, ser tim bernerslim wamoiwyo. iniciativis mizans internetis Riaobis principis SenarCuneba warmoadgens. socialuri mediaplatformebis kontentis gaziarebis garTuleba erT-erTi variantia. magaliTad aviRoT informaciis gavrcelebis tempis Seneleba (ixileT suraTi). Facebook-ma WhatsApp-is aplikaciaSi momxmarebelTa did jgufze informaciis gadamisamarTeba SesamCnevad gaarTula. onlainkompaniebs warmomadgenlobebi unda hqondeT qveynebSi, sadac TavianT servisebs avrceleben. es adgilobriv xelisuflebebTan koordinirebul muSaobas gaamartivebs (didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, mianmarSi Facebook-s ofisi ar gaaCnda). rogorc wesi, yalbi informacia adamianebisTvis mimzidvelia, aqedan gamomdinare, internet mediakompaniebma TavianTi biznesmodeli xelaxla unda gaiazron. dResdReobiT, kompaniebi fokusirebulni momxmarebelTa raodenobis maqsimalizaciaze arian, rac reklamebis mizidvas uzrunvelyofs.

SemuSavebuli politikis efeqtianobis miuxedavad, internetizaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi swrafad ar gaqreba. `gamosworebis dawyebamde saqme kidev ufro cudad wava~, — ambobs renata avila, globaluri qselis fondis~ warmomadgeneli. mxolod internetizacia sakmarisi ar aris. avilas azriT, `adamianebi momavlisTvis unda movamzadoT~. n

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mimis cieb-cxeleba politikur realobaze `realiTi televiziebis~ gavlena kidev ufro gaizrdeba an siao mina, teqnologi, SAN FRANCISCO

2

019 wels globaluri real-politikisa da realiTi televiziebis kolizia gagrZeldeba. am konteqstSi, 2018 wlis ambebi ganvixiloT. prezident trampisa da kim Cen inis Sexvedra varskvlavur RonisZiebas daemsgavsa. YouTube-ze am movlenis treileri gavrcelda, romelic, TiTqosda ori supergmiris Sexvedras aanonsebda. Sexvedraze damswreebs brendirebuli maisurebi da mexsierebis baraTebi daurigdaT. israelis premierministrma, beniamin neTaniahum Instagram-ze kiTxva-pasuxis sesia moawyo (`mkiTxeT nebismieri ram~). ruseTis internetis kvleviTi saagentos mier internetmimebis winaaRmdegobebis provocirebis mizniT gamoyenebis praqtikas farda aexada. es yovelive TanxvedraSia ufro farTo tendenciasTan, romelic mTavrobebis mier gasarTobi xasiaTis mediasaSualebebis sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, 2017 wels, Cinurma mediaplatforma Tencent-ma videoTamaSi gamouSva, romelic momxmareblebs prezident si Zinpinis aplodismentebiT misalmebis saSualebas aZlevs. mianmaris samxedro xunta onlain-propagandas popvarskvlavebis virtualuri fan-gverdebis meSveobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi eweoda. raRa Tqma unda, am movlenis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia realiTi-televiziis varskvlavi, romelic prezidentad iqca — batoni trampi. samauwyeblo kompania CBS-s yofilma xelmZRvanelma ganacxada, rom batoni trampis kandidatura `SesaZloa amerikisTvis kargi ar iyos, magram igi gadasarevia CBS-sTvis~ (satelevizio reitingebisTvis da SemosavlebisTvis). axali ambebis momxmareblebisTvis mediasaSualebebis praqtikulad SeuzRudavi arCevani arsebobs, romlebic siurprizebis, skandalebis, dramatuli movlenebis mudmiv gaSuqebas uzrunvelyofen. sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis mipyrobis konteqstSi, politikosebisTvis da mauwyeblebisTvis, aseTi viTareba umniSvnelovanesia. aRniSnuli modeli ara marto televiziebis SemTxvevaSi muSaobs. politikis realiTi Sous stilSi warmoCena axali ambebis onlainsaagentoebs myvirala mediagaremoSi momxmarebelTa mozidvaSi exmareba. msgavsi saagentoebi xSirad biujetis Sekvecis aucileblobis winaSe dganan da maTi keTildReoba reklamebis ganTavsebazea damokidebuli (Sesabamisad, momxmarebelTa raodenoba gadamwyveti faqtoria). socialuri mediaplatformebis biznesmodelic reklamebis ganTavsebas efuZneba. isini TavianTi algoriTmebis optimizacias axdenen, raTa momxmarebelTa maqsimaluri CarTuloba da stabiluri Semosavlebi uzrunvelyon. realiTi televiziebis aRmavloba ekonomikurma faqtorebma ganapiroba. mzardi sawarmoo danaxarjebis pirobebSi da saeTero drois Sevsebis mizniT, satelevizio studiebma axali, dabalbiujetiani formatebis Zieba daiwyes. amave dros, axal proeqtebs Semosavlebis efeqtianad generireba unda moexdina. yvelaze warmatebuli realiTi Sou fokusirebulia Semosavlebis maqsimalizaciaze da amisaTvis monawileebis televiziis miRma brendirebasac axdens — wignebiT, moduri tansacmlis xazebiT, saTamaSoe-

What

if

axalSobilTaTvis gankuTvnili sabavSvo yuTebi `damwyebis kompleqti~, Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobis da siRaribis Semcirebis mizniT, fineTSi 1930-ian wlebSi SemoiRes. yovel axal mSobels TiTo kompleqti ufasod ergeba, Tu is damwyebi dedebisTvis gankuTvnil bavSvTa movlis kursebs eswreba. fineTs msoflioSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis erT-erTi yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli aqvs. msoflioSi 2,5 milioni bavSvi dabadebidan eqvs TveSi kvdeba. ra moxdeba, Tu sabavSvo yuTebs yvelgan SemoiReben? msgavsi proeqti Sotlandiam 2017 wels daiwyo. avstraliis axal samxreT uelsSi 2019 wlidan imaves apireben. Tu Sedegebi fineTis analogiuri iqneba, CvilTa sabavSvo yuTebi sxvaganac gavrceldeba

biT, videoTamaSebiT, realuri cxovrebis faqtebiT. aseTi midgomis politikaSi gamoyenebis pioneri batoni trampi gaxldaT. magaliTad, brendirebuli qudebis gavrceleba masze datanili sloganiT: `gavxadoT amerika kvlavac diadi~. 2019 wels, msgavs xerxs sxva politikosebic gamoiyeneben. mTavrobebi mediis Tanamedrove formebs saTavisod warsulSic iTvisebdnen. SesaZloa es istoriuli tendenciis kanonzomieri gagrZeleba iyos. gebelsi da franklin ruzvelti radios erTnairi warmatebiT iyenebdnen. reiganma Tavisi prezidentoba satelevizio gadacemebis ciklebs moargo. CineTis komunisturi partia kulturuli revoluciis Sesaxeb filmebs iRebda. axla realiTi-televizia instrumentia, romelsac mTavrobebi saerTaSoriso da sakuTari mosaxleobis ganwyobebis formirebisTvis iyeneben. didi xania, rac studiebma erTi WeSmariteba gaacnobieres: realiTi-televiziis Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom realurad gamoiyureba. sinamdvileSi, igi dadgmul scenarebs da gonivrul redaqtirebas emyareba. es saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli mediapolitikis idealuri formulaa. es ukve yoveldRiurobis nawilia.

kimi, kanie da teilori

an siao mina, avtori wignisa `mimebi da moZraobebi~ (gamoicema 2019 wels, Beacon Press-is mier)

demokratiul qveynebSi, arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebi gansakuTrebiT skandaluria da politikosTa emociebs mZafrad asaxavs. avtoritarul qveynebSi, liderebi propagandistuli miznebisTvis popkulturas, mimebs da TamaSebs iyeneben. mTel msoflioSi, ZiriTadi movlenebi warmoudgeneli iqneba Tanmxlebi Instagram-is treilerebis, brendirebuli nivTebis, TiTqosda moulodneli eqspromtebis gareSe, romlebic sagazeTo publikaciebis saTaurebs Seavseben. socialuri qselebis meSveobiT, kamaTSi sul ufro meti politikosi CaerTveba. 2019 wlis geopolitikuri dinamikis gaazrebisTvis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobis Semswavlel studentebs Zalian gamoadgebaT, Tu socialur qselebSi kims (kardaSian-uesti da ara jon uni) kanies da teilors Soris mimdinare bataliebs ganixilaven. n

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didi politikuri gaTiSuloba globalistebi da nacionalistebi mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdebian bisa da nacionalistebis dapirispirebis asparezad gadaiqceva. parlaments dRemde centristuli (memarcxene da memarjvene) Zalebi akontroleben. orive es politikuri dajgufeba evropis erTianobis ideis garSemo Tanxmdeba da kavSiris SigniT nacionaluri suverenitetis SezRudvas problemad ar aRiqvams.

Tumca evropis nacionalisturi partiebi Zalebs ikreben. pan-evropuli nacionalistur-populisturi frontis Seqmnis mcdelobebs trampis kabinetis yofili mTavari mrCeveli, stiv benoni axalisebs. man politikuri aliansi `moZraoba~ Camoayaliba, romelic iseT nacionalistur partiebs aerTianebs, rogorebicaa, safrangeTis `erovnuli fronti~, italiis `CrdiloeTis liga~ da belgiis `saxalxo partia~. evropul arCevnebs xSirad saprotesto xmebis mobilizeba axasiaTebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, `moZraobasTan~ dakavSirebulma partiebma 2019 wlis maisSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwion. Tu ase moxdeba, evroparlamenti axal moulodnel mniSvnelobas SeiZens. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi igi evropis integraciuli procesebis gaRrmavebis funqcias asrulebda. 2019 wels, evroparlamenti SesaZloa nacionalistebma globalistebTan brZolis platformad gamoiyenon.

gedeon raqmani, sagareo saqmeTa mTavari komentatori, Financial Times

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019 wlis ganmavlobaSi globalistebisa da nacionalistebis urTierTdapirispireba msoflio politikis mTavari Tema iqneba. evropaSi, aziaSi, afrikaSi da amerikis kontinentebze, am brZolas gansxvavebuli gamovlinebebi eqneba. terminebi — `globalisti~ da `nacionalisti~ Sinaarss absoluturi sizustiT ar gamoxataven, magram im gaTiSulobas aRweren, romelmac gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebi moicva (simdidrisa da kulturuli Taviseburebebis miuxedavad). donald trampi yvelaze gavleniani politikosia, romelic globalistebis winaaRmdeg Ria kampanias awarmoebs. amerikis prezidenti am termins im elitis gakicxvisas iyenebs, romelmac (misi TqmiT) amerikeli muSebi ucxour interesebs Seswira. batonma trampma ekonomikuri proteqcionizmis idea Zalauflebisa da interesebis dabalansebis mcdelobad warmoadgina. amgvari midgoma gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri 2018 wels gaxda. trampis koncefciis (`amerika, upirveles yovlisa~) ekonomikuri safuZveli bundovania. samagierod, naTelia, rom misma faqtorma amerikuli eleqtoratis mkveTri dayofa ganapiroba. trampis amomrCevlebi ZiriTadad megapolisebis gareT cxovroben da umaRles ganaTlebas, oponentebTan SedarebiT, naklebad iReben. am mxriv, trampis koalicia Zalian waagavs britanelebs, romlebmac 2016 wlis referendumze `breqsiTs~ dauWires mxari. politikosebi evrokavSirSi, rogoricaa italieli mateo salvini da ungreli viqtor orbani, nacionalistTa axal talRas warmoadgenen. TurqeTis patara qalaqebSi mcxovrebi `Savi Turqebi~ prezident rejef taip erdoRanis gulmxurvale mxardamWerebi arian. mkveTrad sapirispiro pozicia aqvT ufro sekularul, internacionalist `TeTr Turqebs~. ekonomikuri recesiis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, Turquli sazogadoebis gaTiSuloba kidev ufro gaRrmavdeba. aziis qveynebSi aseve TvalSisacemia did qalaqebSi mcxovrebi saSualo klasisa da araurbanuli zonis mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba da eleqtoraluri gemovneba. tailandis soflebSi mcxovreb `wiTlebsa~ da bangkokis `yviTlebs~ Soris am gansxvavebis dones 2019 wlis saerTo arCevnebi gviCvenebs.

2019 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mTel msoflioSi globalistTa da nacionalistTa gaTiSulobis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gaizrdeba. Sualeduri arCevnebis Semdeg, amerikis `kulturuli omi~ gamwvavdeba. maisSi dagegmili evroparlamentis arCevnebi globaliste-

gansxvavebuli qveynebi, msgavsi konfrontacia

2019 mokled ianvridan golfistebi axali wesebiT ixelmZRvaneleben. axla burTis dagdeba muxlis simaRlidan iqneba SesaZlebeli (adre mxolod mxris simaRlidan iyo). dartymis dros, burTze ramdenjerme Sexebis gamo, dajarimeba uqmdeba. golfis mesveurebi (ori mmarTveli organo) imedovneben, rom es TamaSs ufro Tanamedroves gaxdis da mis temps aaCqarebs

nacionalistur-globalisturi gaTiSuloba afrikisa da aziis qveynebis arCevnebzec iCens Tavs. samxreT afrikaSi, saparlamento arCevnebze `ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mebrZolebs~ (EFF) axali SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. isini kompensirebis gareSe TeTri mosaxleobis kuTvnili miwebis eqspropriacias iTxoven. am moZraobis mier populistur-nacionalisturi Temis gaRvivebas is faqtic uwyobs xels, rom yofili biznesmeni da qveynis prezidenti siril ramapoza warsulSi saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi wamyvan poziciebze muSaobda. batonma ramapozam unda Seafasos, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs miwis fondis gadanawilebis moTxovnis dakmayofilebas ise, rom msxvili biznesisa da ucxoeli investorebis gaucxoeba ar moxdes. indoeTisa da indoneziis arCevnebi politikuri gaTiSulobis aziur versias gviCvenebs. indoeTis premierministrma narendra modim da misma partiam induri nacionalizmisa da Tavisufali bazris idea gaaerTianes. Tumca, ekonomikuri wnexis pirobebSi, misi mTavroba proteqcionizmisken gadaixara. indoneziaSi saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebi aprilis TveSi gaimarTeba. moqmedi prezidenti joko vidodo (aseve cnobilia, rogorc jokovi) frTxili reformatoria, romelic islamistebis zemoqmedebiT nacionalisturi politikis gatarebisken ixreba. jokovim viceprezidentobis kandidatad konservatiuli, religiuri figura wamoayena. es faqti investorebSi indoneziis, rogorc zomieri islamis bastionis, imijs daazaralebs. es arCevnebi SesaZloa globalizmis momavlis Sesaxeb dawyebuli sayovelTao diskusiis konteqstSi ganvixiloT. globalizaciis irgvliv farTo konsensusi 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, ramac Ria bazrebamde migviyvana. msoflioSi nacionalistur-populisturi partiebis aRzeveba am tendenciis Semobrunebis safrTxes qmnis. nacionalistebisa da globalistebis dapirispireba, 2019 wels, didi saerTaSoriso politikuri movlena iqneba. n

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kvlav gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe veluri florisa da faunis saxeobebiT aralegaluri vaWrobis aRkveTis mcdelobebi ufro aqtualuri gaxdeba saimon longi, saerTaSoriso redaqtori, The Economist

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SeibraleT pangolinebi los ZvliT movaWrem axal, pangolinebis bazarze gadainacvla. mis xorcsa da rqovan qerclze Sav bazarze didi moTxovnaa. cxovelTa aralegalur bazarze pangolinebi gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe arsebuli yvelaze popularuli saxeobaa. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi maTi populacia praqtikulad aRar arsebobs da brakonierebma afrikas miaSures. martorqebTan mimarTebaSic msgavsi viTareba Seiqmna. 1993 wels CineTSi vaWrobis akrZalvis Semdeg, martorqis rqaze moTxovna daeca. CineTSi gayidvebis Semcirebis fonze, martorqis rqaze moTxovna vietnamSi gaizarda.1993 wels CineTSi vefxvis ZvliT vaWrobac aikrZala. Sedegad, bazari lomisa da leopardis Zvlebze gadaerTo. CamonaTvali kidev SeiZleba gagrZeldes. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 2018 wlidan CineTma akrZalvebi Searbila. ase rom, kolombos Sexvedra urTierTmilocvebis

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adaSenebis safrTxis winaSe arsebuli saxeobebiT mraval miliarddolariani globaluri vaWroba dedamiwis biomravalferovnebis sagangaSo tempiT Semcirebis umniSvnelovanesi mizezia. sxva mraval saxeobasTan erTad, riskis zonaSi rCebian `qarizmatuli mega-faunis~ warmomadgenlebic: spiloebi, vefxvebi, lomebi da martorqebi. 2019 wels problema gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS moeqceva. `gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe arsebuli veluri faunisa da floris saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb konvenciis~ (CITES) egidiT, maisis TveSi, kolomboSi (Sri-lanka) morigi samiti Sedgeba. msgavsi Sexvedrebi yovel sam weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba. samitze kriminalebis dasjisa da cxovelTa gadarCenis axali dapirebebi gaicema. Tumca, es kriminalebi kvlav erTi nabijiT win iqnebian. aralegaluri vaWrobis aRkveTis mcdelobebi ganuzraxveli Sedegebis kanonzomierebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. TiTqmis yoveli warmateba axal problemas qmnis. magaliTad, gasuli periodis erTerTi mniSvnelovani garRveva iyo CineTis mier spilos ZvliTa da misgan damzadebuli produqtebiT vaWrobis akrZalva (amoqmedda 2018 wels). Sedegad, spilos Zvlis fasi SesamCnevad daeca, Tumca zogierTma spi-

ambebi moulodnelobebis Sesaxeb Cveni SarSandeli prognozi ufro Tamami unda yofiliyo deniel franklini, redaqtori, msoflio 2019 wels

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venma magiurma kristalma SarSan uamravi movlena da tendencia iwinaswarmetyvela, romelTa albaToba 2018 wlisTvis didi Canda. am prognozebs Soris iyo sakmaod Zlieri globaluri ekonomika; mavnebeli prezidenti trampi; CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli drama; gazrdili eWvebi CineTis mimarT; winaaRmdegobebi `breqsiTis~ irgvliv; mzardi zemoqmedeba teqnologiur gigantebze. da mainc, Cvens prognozebSi ufro Tamamebi unda vyofiliyaviT. rogorc aRmoCnda, 2018 wels manamde warmoudgeneli movlenebi realobad iqca. magaliTad, batoni trampi kidev ufro metad trampi aRmoCnda, vidre Cven velodiT. man arsebul msoflio wesrigze ieriSi miitana, partniorebi (germania da kanada) mwvaved gaakritika, vladimir putins dauaxlovda da CineTTan srulmasStabiani savaWro omi wamoiwyo. trampisgan iranis birTvuli SeTanxmebis dagmobas velodiT, magram man es SeTanxmeba ubralod daasamara. Cven miviCnieT, rom CrdiloeT koreasTan `didi garigeba~ SesaZlebeli iyo, magram naklebad mosalodneli. ver gaviTvaliswineT, rom batoni trampi `patara raketa-adamianTan~ singapurSi Sexvedras gamarTavda (`Cven erTmaneTi Segviyvarda~, — ambobs axla igi).

Cven `breqsiTis~ procesis sirTule viwinaswarmetyveleT. amis gamo, mkacri politikis momxre konservatorebi miiCnevdnen, rom cudi SeTanxmebis gaformebas misi saerTod ararseboba sjobs. Tumca winaswar saTanadod ver SevafaseT `breqsiTis~ Taobaze britaneTis uTavbolo vaWroba evrokavSirTan da sakuTar TavTan. amerikis ekonomikisTvis karg wels vvaraudobdiT, Tumca ara finansuri bazrebis aseT STambeWdav zrdas. es saTuos xdis Cvens eWvebs (dRemde) finansuri seqtoris zrdis SesaZlo riskis Sesaxeb. vfiqrobdiT, rom bareli navTobis fasi 50 dolaris farglebSi iqneboda. seqtemberSi fasma oTxi wlis sarekordo maCvenebels miaRwia da 85 dolari Seadgina. rac Seexeba personaliebs, zogierTi gamorCeuli lideris wasvla sworad vivaraudeT: reqs tilersoni aSS-Si da jeikob zuma samxreT afrikaSi. amave dros, Cven SevcdiT zogierTi maTganis mier postis SenarCunebis prognozSi. magaliTad, robert mugabe zimbabveSi (da arsen vengeri `arsenalSi~). vfiqrobdiT, rom mateo salvinis da luiji di maios monawileobiT, italiaSi koaliciuri mTavrobis formireba SesaZlo, magram Soreuli perspeqtiva iyo. gakveTilebi 2019 wlisTvis? elodeT rRvevas. da kidev: frTxilad iyaviT, Tu Tqven nikola maduro, tereza mei, angela merkeli an Tundac (gamoricxuli araferia) donald trampi xarT.

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me Sen erTgulebas orSabaTs Semogficav ratom xdeba samoqalaqo partnioroba sul ufro popularuli heteroseqsual wyvilebSi joel badi, socialur sakiTxTa redaqtori, The Economist

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019 wels, sul ufro meti heteroseqsuali wyvili sakmaod karg tansacmelSi gamoewyoba da zomierad mimzidvel adgilebs miaSurebs. es adamianebi erTmaneTs pirobas miscemen, oRond ara saSinlad oficialur, sadResaswaulo dapirebas. am yvelafris Semdeg, isini saqorwino mogzaurobaSi wasvlis magivrad, samsaxurebs daubrundebian. samoqalaqo partniorobas, qorwinebasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT naklebi brwyinvaleba aqvs, Tumca es `naRebmoxdili~ uzarmazari socialuri movlenaa — qorwinebis dasavwarmateba luri institutis yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, saqorwino kontraqtis SemoRebis Semdeg. es statusi 2004 wels SemoiRes da mxolod homoseqgasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac homosualebisTvis ganisazRvreboda. erTsqesiani qorwineseqsualma wyvilebma qorwinebis uflebis moTxovna bebis daSvebis Semdeg, qveyanaSi disbalansi Seiqmna. daiwyes, zogierTi mTavroba maTi gulebis mogebas homoseqsual wyvilebs samoqalaqo partniorobaSi naxevarzomebiT Seecada. samoqalaqo partniorobisTSesvla an daqorwineba SeeZloT, xolo heteroseqsuavis qorwinebis analogiuri uflebebi ganisazRvra. lebs mxolod daqorwineba. 2018 wlis ivnisSi umaRamave dros, qorwinebad oficialurad aRiarebuli iyo lesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom es samarTlianomxolod qalisa da mamakacis kavSiri. aseTi midgoma bis princips ar Seesabameba da mTavrobam samoqalaqo konservatiuli oponentebis gaCumebas isaxavda miznad. partniorobis ufleba yvelaze gaavrcela. zog qveyanaSi samoqalaqo partnioroba mxolod homoratom unda surdeT heteroseqsual wyvilebs seqsuali wyvilebisTvis ganixileboda, xolo zogiaseTi arasrulfasovani (ase vTqvaT, `naRebmoxdierT maTganSi (safrangeTi, holandia, axali zelandia, li~) qorwineba? tradiciuli qorwinebis instituti samxreT afrika) — heteroseqsualebisTvisac.

Seicvala. es ukve aRar aris SeTanxmeba samudamo sawyis etapze daintereseba umniSvnelo iyo.

Tanacxovrebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove qorwineba ufro holandiaSi samoqalaqo partniorobis statusis Seimis sajaro demonstrirebaa, rom adamianebs, rommoRebisas, 1998 wels, am uflebiT mxolod 1616-ma lebic umravles SemTxvevaSi ukve erTad cxovroben heteroseqsualma da 3010-ma homoseqsualma wyvilma (SesaZloa, Svilebic hyavT), erTmaneTis mimarT Rrma isargebla. 2017 wels, igive maCvenebelma heteroseqgrZnobebi aqvT. swored amitom, saqorwino asaki izsualebisTvis 17 000 Seadgina. holandiaSi, yovel oTx rdeba, ganSorebebis raodenoba mcirdeba, xolo qorqorwinebaze erTi samoqalaqo partnioroba modis. wilebs guluxvoba da sentimentaluroba axasiaTebT. frangma wyvilebma axali statusis mimarT kidev ufro qorwinebis magram qorwinebis statusis evoluciam carieli meti enTuziazmi gamoiCines. 2015 wels heteroseqsusivrce datova. adamianebs, romlebic xangrZlivi urTstatusis alTa samoqalaqo partniorobis registrirebuli ierTobebisken ar miiswrafvian, an qorwinebasTan dakaraodenoba (182 000) qorwinebaTa maCvenebels (223 000) evoluciam vSirebuli xarjebis gaweva ar SeuZliaT (an ar surT), TiTqmis gauTanabrda. carieli gansxvavebuli instituti esaWiroebaT. bevrisTvis dReisaTvis, bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi homose- sivrce swored aseTi instituti praqtikuli da araglamuruqsual wyvilTa qorwineba nebadarTulia, xolo samoli samoqalaqo partniorobaa. holandiaSi am statusis datova qalaqo partniorobam sxva elferi SeiZina. inglisSi gaformebisTvis yvelaze popularuli dRe orSabaTia.

2019 mokled NY ANSTALT, msoflioSi uaxlesi `humanuri~ cixe grenlandiis yvelaze saSiS damnaSaveebs miiRebs. arqiteqtorebi amboben, rom cixe patara sofels waagavs. igi msjavrdebulTa reabilitacias da sazogadoebaSi reintegracias Seuwyobs xels

festivali ar iqneba. SesaZloa, aseTi molodini 2016 wlis samitis delegatebs namdvilad hqonodaT. wina, iohanesburgis Sexvedraze SeTanxmebisaTvis, `gardamtexi momentis~ dadgoma daaanonses. konvenciis danarTebs axali saxeobebi daemata da savaWro regulaciebs daeqvemdebara. konvenciis 152-ma wevrma qveyanam aseve xeli moawera SeTanxmebas kiberdanaSaulTa, korufciis da moTxovnis SezRudvis Sesaxeb. CITES amayad acxadebda, rom `flora da fauna ukve aRsrulebis, ganviTarebisa da dafinansebis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dRis wesrigSia~. safrTxis ilustrirebis mizniT, aRsaniSnavia, rom CITES-is nusxaSi faunis 5800 da floris 30 000 saxeoba iricxeba. safrTxis Sesabamisad miRebuli zomebis adekvaturobis Sefasebis konteqstSi, kolombos Sexvedra kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre wina samiti. ase fiqrobs aralegaluri vaWrobis Temaze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizacia Traffic-is politikis direqtori, sabri zaini. am mimarTulebiT progresi SeiniSneba, — ambobs igi. dRes saxeobebiT aralegal-

uri internetvaWroba mniSvnelovnad garTulebulia. sakiTxma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina da arsebuli politikis xarvezad aRiares (rasac 2017 wlis oqtomberSi londonSi gamarTulma konferenciamac Seuwyo xeli). progresi aRiniSneba infrastruqturuli monitoringis gaumjobesebis kuTxiTac, kerZod: gadamzidavi kompaniebis mier tvirTebis Semowmeba; bankebis mier saeWvo fuladi tranzaqciebis gadamowmeba.

Tumca, kolomboSi aRniSnaven, rom konvenciis pirobebis aRsruleba bevr qveyanaSi aradamakmayofilebelia. rodesac calkeul bazarze moTxovna izRudeba, sxva qveynebSi vaWrobis gaaqtiureba xdeba. zogierTs miaCnia, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dainteresebis gareSe, biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, vaWroba mTlianad akrZaluli ar unda iyos. oponentebi miiCneven, rom akrZalvis nawilobriv moxsna aralegaluri vaWrobis `gaTeTrebis~ risks gazrdis da moTxovnis stimulirebas moaxdens. erTi ram naTelia — es diskusia kvlav didi xani gagrZeldeba. n

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ganzraxvaTa meryeoba klimatis cvlilebasTan mimarTebaSi, aSS-is gaorebuli ganwyoba mas parizis SeTanxmebis datovebis da amave SeTanxmebis pirobebis Sesrulebis saSualebasac aZlevs ian piotrovski, garemos dacvis korespondenti, The Economist

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aprezidento kampaniis dros, donald trampma klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb parizis 2015 wlis SeTanxmeba dagmo, rogorc misi winamorbedebis mier xelmowerili erT-erTi saSineli xelSekruleba. parizis aqti 2016 wlis 4 noembers, 55 qveynis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad amoqmedda. am qveynebze saTburis gazebis globaluri emisiis aranakleb 55% modioda. oTxi dRis Semdeg, batoni trampi prezidentad airCies. momdevno wlis ivnisSi trampma ganacxada, rom amerika (emisiebis meore umsxvilesi wyaro msoflioSi) parizis SeTanxmebas datovebda. am SeTanxmebis teqsts guldasmiT Tu amovikiTxavT, aRmovaCenT, rom gasvlis erTwliani proceduris dawyebamde, wevrebma sami weli unda moicadon. batoni trampis klimaturi gardasaxva Tu ar moxdeba (rac naklebad mosalodnelia), gasvlis process igi 2019 wlis noemberSi daiwyebs. manamde amerika parizis SeTanxmebis wevrad darCeba, romelic miznad isaxavs globaluri saSualo temperaturis zrdis industrializaciis dawyebamde arsebul donesTan SedarebiT ara umetes 2 gradusiT maRal donemde, idealur SemTxvevaSi ki 1.5 gradusiT maRal donemde SezRudvis mcdelobas. parizis SeTanxmebis monawileebi, imavdroulad, klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb gaeros CarCo-konvenciis mxareebic arian. batoni trampi konvenciidan gasvlas ar apirebs. gaeros egidiT gamarTul Sexvedrebze (konvenciis dRis wesrigis farglebSi) amerika Tavis delegaciebs kvlavac miavlens. ase iqneba 2018 wlis dekemberSic, poloneTSi, sadac parizis SeTanxmebis implementaciis wesebi sabolood unda dazustdes. amerikis warmomadgenlebi am Tavyrilobebze kvlavac disonanss Seitanen, iseve, rogorc tailandSi (emisiis SemcirebisTvis da klimatis cvlilebis adaptaciisTvis, ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebis ganxilvazec ki uari ganacxades). uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi, amerika parizis SeTanxmebis wevri Tan iqneba da Tanac ara. trampma ganacxada, rom igi mxars ar uWers misi winamorbedis mier aRebul valdebulebas, 2025 wlisTvis, 2005 wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, amerikis mier saTburi gazebis emisiis 26-28-iT Semcirebas. amave dros, qalaqebisa da Statebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, es valdebuleba 60%-iT ukve Sesrulebulia. trampis administraciam obamas mier SemoRebuli energosadgurebis emisiebis limitebi da avtomobilebis mier sawvavis moxmarebis standarti gaauqma, magram amerikis gubernatorebi da merebi dekarbonizaciis ambiciuri gegmis Sesrulebas damoukideblad agrZeleben.

amas lokalurad akeTeben adgilobrivma iniciativebma SesaZloa federalur doneze obamas mier aRiarebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba uzrunvelyon. kaliforniaSi kanoni amoqmedda, romelic 2045 wlisTvis Statis mier eleqtroenergiis generirebas mxolod ekologiurad sufTa wyaroebisgan iTvaliswinebs. demokratebis kontrolqveS myofma sxva Statebmac analogiuri RonisZiebebi ukve ganaxorcieles, an samomavlod ganixilaven. zogierT im StatSic ki, romlebsac trampis

globaluri gafrTxileba

2019 mokled nai anstolti, msoflios uaxlesi sapyrobile iwyebs yvelaze saSiSi kriminalebis miRebas. misi arqiteqtorebi amboben, rom cixe daaproeqtes rogorc patara sofeli, raTa waaxalison patimrebis reabilitacia da reintegracia sociumSi

mxardamWeri, `klimat-skeptikosebi~ marTaven (maT Soris — ilinoisi), ganaxlebadi energiis gamomuSaveba mkveTrad gaizarda. eleqtroenergiis warmoebaSi qaris sadgurebis xvedriTi wilis mixedviT, texasi yvela Stats uswrebs. klimatTan dakavSirebuli politikis araerTgvarovnebis niSnebi federalur donezec SeimCneva. prezidentis mier klimaturi kvlevebis xarjebis Sekvecis morigi mcdelobebi kongresma uaryo. saprezidento strategiaSi klimatis cvlileba asaxuli aRar aris, magram pentagoni mas kvlav mniSvnelovani riskis wyarod ganixilavs. Tavdacvis uwyebis azriT, klimatis cvlilebiT, safrTxe SesaZloa amerikul samxedro obieqtebs SeeqmnaT (wylis donis matebis an gaudabnoebis gamo), an arastabilur regionebSi viTareba gauaresdes (magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTSi).

Tavis mxriv, `klimat-skeptikosi~ mTavarsardali ekologiurad sufTa birTvuli energiis gamoyenebis mimarT dadebiTad aris ganwyobili. amasTan, prezidentma mxari dauWira kanons, romelic emisiebis Semcirebis (maTi miwisqveS dagrovebis gziT) SemTxvevaSi, kompaniebisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs iTvaliswinebs. qvanaxSiris mompovebelTa mimarT batoni trampis keTilganwyoba sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tumca misi administracia ekologiurad am yvelaze saSiSi nedleulis moxmarebis Semdgom Semcirebas varaudobs. qvanaxSirs iafi fiqlis bunebrivi airi da sul ufro xelmisawvdomi ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebi (qarisa da mzis) Caanacvleben. amerikis garda, midgoma sxvaganac garkveulwilad araerTgvarovania. CineTis prezidenti si Zinpini Tavis proklimatur ritorikas inarCunebs, Tumca qmedebebSi es naklebad aisaxeba. `mwvane imijis~ mqone germaniis mcdelobebiT, evrokavSiris qveynebSi parizis SeTanxmebis farglebSi aRebuli valdebulebebis gamkacreba ver moxerxda (kerZod, ufro mkacri standarti avtomobilebis gamonabolqvze). sul ufro meti finansuri kompania acxadebs maT portfelebze klimatTan dakavSirebul riskTa gavlenis Taobaze. Tumca, es riski mowyvladi kompaniebis aqciebis fasebze unda aisaxos. neli progresis mdumare aRiarebasTan erTad, gaeros generaluri mdivani, antonio gutieresi seqtemberSi samitis mowvevas apirebs, sadac msoflio liderebs ufro qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatarebisken mouwodebs. moelodeT, rom trampi am Sexvedras gamotovebs. n

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albaTobis suraTi bolo wlebSi msoflio TiTqos karuselze moZraobs. es gvaxsenebs, Tuki Sexseneba gvWirdeba, rom momavali gaurkvevelia. ra moxdeba 2019 wels? jeims frenSamma Cveni monacemTa gundidan masebis sibrZnes mimarTa (maT Soris — prognozebis bazars, finansur fiuCersebs, eqspertTa panelebs) ama Tu im movlenis albaTobis dasadgenad. ase rom, airCieT — SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom momavali RmerTebis kalTaSia, an albaTobis Cveneul rukaze politika

ekonomika

konfliqti da bunebrivi kataklizmebi

90% amerika CineTTan savaWro deficits SeinarCunebs

75 % saudis arabeTSi muhamad bin salmani Zalauflebas SeinarCunebs

kultura

sporti

biznesi

95% saukeTeso filmisTvis `oskars~ mamakaci reJisori moipovebs

85% ilon maski Tesla-s direqtori aRaraa

80% baSar al asadi siriis prezidentad rCeba

75% Apple-i msoflios yvelaze Zvirad Rirebul kompaniad rCeba

60% britaneTi evrokavSirs 2019 wlis 29 marts datovebs

40% venesuelas prezidenti nikolas maduro gadadgeba

40% istoriaSi yvelaze maRali saSualo globaluri temperatura dafiqsirdeba

ra Sansebia 2019-Si?

30% amerikaSi recesiaa: mSp zedized ori kvartlis ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba 35% warmomadgenelTa palata prezident trampis impiCments SeZlebs

15% amerikis safondo birJis kraxi S&P 15% amerika irans ecema 20% raketas esvris

10% amerikis floti CineTs Seejaxeba samxreT CineTis zRvaSi

wyaroebi: Betfair; Federal Reserve; Bank of Minneapolis; PredictIt; Royal United Services Institute; The Economist

50% axali zelandia ragbis mamakacTa msoflio Tasis gamarjvebulia 20% `mefe lomi~, romelSic bionse TamaSobs, 2019 wlis yvelaze Semosavliani filmi iqneba 25% iens vaidmani evro25% inglisi pis centraluri bankis Tavis miwaze kriketis msoflio prezidentis postze mario dragis cvlis.

Tass igebs

20% amerika FIFA-s safexburTo msoflio 5% aramiwieri Tass igebs qalTa Soris civilizacia aRmoCenilia 5% adamiani maraTons 5% West TexasInter2 saaTze nakleb droSi mediate barelze 90 amerikul dolars gairbens aRwevs jeims frenSami, monacemTa Jurnalisti, The Economist

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tendenciebis kvaldakval

a

grZelvadiani tendenciebis mixedviT, momaval wlebSi kidev ufro met progress unda velodoT — ambobs stiven pinkeri, jonstonis ojaxis profesori, harvardis universiteti

xal ambebs rom daveyrdnoT, msoflio 2019 wels depresiuli iqneba. mediapublikaciebi terorizmis, omebis, uTanasworobis, garemos dabinZurebis Sesaxeb gvamcnoben. magram Jurnalistika (yvelaze piruTvnelic ki), Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, iZulebulia realobis gamrudebuli suraTi gviCvenos. axali ambebi mxolod momxdar movlenebs asaxavs, rogoricaa omebi da epidemiebi, da ara imas, rac TavisTavad SeiZleba arsebobdes, rogoricaa mSvidoba da janmrTeloba. viTarebis depresiul aRweras Jurnalistikis ZiriTadi Tviseba ganapirobebs. warumateblobis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba Jurnalistis profesiul movaleobad miiCneva, xolo warmatebis Sesaxeb — sazogadoebriv urTierTobad. es yvelaferi bazars qmnis sxvadasxva destruqciuli ZalisTvis, rogorebic arian teroristebi, masobrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi afeqturi iaraRis msrolelebi, trolebi da politikosebi, romlebic informaciis gavrcelebis procesSi SiSisa da aRSfoTebis SegrZnebas aZliereben.

Jurnalistikis xarvezebi daundoblad warmoSobs Cveni fsiqologiis xarvezebs. adamianTa cnobiereba risks im ambebisa da vizualuri masalebis mixedviT afasebs, romlebsac misi Sinagani saZiebo sistema miawodebs. es sistema prioritetul mniSvnelobas gamomsaxvelobis simkveTres da movlenaTa siaxles aniWebs. amgvarad, adamianebs eqmnebaT gancda, rom qariSxals ufro meti msxverpli mohyveba, vidre asTmis Setevas. sinamdvileSi, am ukanasknelis gamo, sikvdilianoba 80-jer metia. samyaros srulyofili suraTis misaRebad, Tqven unda daTvaloT. monacemebi franklin pirsis dakvirvebas adasturebs: `ukeTesi warsulis~ aRqma sxva araferia, Tu ara Cveni susti mexsierebis Sedegi. sinamdvileSi, gasuli aTwleulebis samyaroSi ufro meti iyo omebSi sikvdilianoba, mkvlelobebi, infeqciuri daavadebebi, terorizmi, siRaribe, avtokratiebi, birTvuli SeiaraReba, garemos dabinZureba da ase Semdeg.

sagazeTo saTaurebis miRma

stiven pinkeri. avtori wignisa „ganmanaTlebloba dRes: „gonierebis, mecnierebis, humanizmisa da progresisaTvis“ (Viking, 2018)

es yvelaferi warmoudgenlad rom ar mogeCvenoT, gaixseneT gasuli saukunis 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis orniSna inflacia, umuSevroba, rigebi sawvavze, birTvuli dapirispireba amerikasa da sabWoeTs Soris, komunisturi diqtaturebi aRmosavleT evropaSi, faSisturi reJimebi espaneTsa da portugaliaSi, samxedro xuntis mmarTvelobebi laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi, marqsistuli da separatistuli teroristuli brigadebi evropaSi, samoqalaqo omebi da iran-erayis omi, sadac naxevar milionze meti adamiani daiRupa. bolo aTwleulTa SeumCneveli gaumjobesebani bevrad grZelvadiani progresis nawilia. me-18 saukunis Semdeg, adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 30-idan 71 wlamde gaizarda, ukiduresi siRaribe 90%-dan 10%-mde Semcirda, mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa wili 12%dan 83%-mde gaizarda, xolo demokratiul qveynebSi mcxovrebTa wili — 1%-dan or mesamedamde.

1945 wlis Semdeg, saxelmwifoebs Soris omebi iSviaToba gaxda da omis msxverplTa ricxvi 10ze metjer Semcirda. rasobrivi da seqsualuri umciresobebis, qalTa uflebebis revoluciebis Sedegad, milionobiT adamianis sicocxle gaxangrZlivda. warsulis Sedegebi samomavlo warmatebis garantias ar iZleva, Tumca istoria cikluri ar aris da sargebels aucileblad danakargi ar mosdevs. saeWvoa, rodesme adamianTa msxverplad Sewirva, monaTa auqcionebi, dasaWuriseba, eretikosTa koconze dawva an saarCevno ufleba mxolod mamakacebisTvis dabrundes. aseve naklebad mosalodnelia axali msoflio omi, garemos ukontrolo dabinZureba da ganaTleba mxolod mamakacebisTvis.

Zalebi, romlebmac progresi ganapirobes (ganaTleba, keTildReoba, dakavSirebuloba) albaT ukan aRar Sebrundebian. ufro mdidar samyaros garemos dacva, kriminalis gakontrole-

samyaros srulyofili suraTis misaRebad, unda daTvaloT ba, socialuri sferos gaumjobeseba, sakuTari moqalaqeebis swavleba da mkurnaloba bevrad ukeT SeuZlia. ufro ganaTlebuli samyaro garemos dacvasa da adamianis uflebebs ukeT gaiTavisebs. yvelaferi, yovelTvis, yvelasTvis da yvelgan, rasakvirvelia, ar umjobesdeba. progresi adamianis gamomgoneblobis nayofia, romelic mas problemis gadaWris saSualebas aZlevs. problemebi gardauvalia da maTi gadaWra axal problemebs warmoSobs (romlebic aseve unda mogvardes). amasTan, yvelaze didi problemebis daZleva (magaliTad, klimatis cvlileba) garantirebuli ar aris. dRes SeSfoTebis mTavari wyaro isaa, rom avtoritaruli populizmis aRzeveba progresisTvis safrTxes qmnis. am SemTxvevaSic, populistTa aqtivobis gavleniT (`tvitebis~ gamoqveynebiT) Seqmnili sagazeTo saTaurebi dominant qarTa flugeris rols ver Seasruleben. Tanamedroveobis gulmxurvale populisti, rogorc wesi, araqalaqeli, naklebad ganaTlebuli, religiuri, TeTrkaniani da `bebibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenelia. magram demografiis mixedviT, xvalindeli dRis ZiriTadi eleqtorati urbanuli, ufro ganaTlebuli, sekularuli, eTnikurad gansxvavebuli da `milienialTa~ Taobis individebis erToblioba iqneba. amasTan, izolacionizmi da agresiuli nacionalizmi SesaZlebelia globalizaciis SeuCerebelma talRam walekos. calkeuli qveynebis problemebis (migracia, pandemiebi, terorizmi, kiberdanaSaulebi, gandegili qveynebi) mogvarebas sul ufro xSirad saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba. aravin icis, ukanaskneli aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis progresi momaval wels rogor saxes miiRebs, magram samyaros SecnobisTvis, kvaldakval, tendenciebs unda mivyveT da ara sagazeTo publikaciebis saTaurebs.

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2018 wels, daarsebidan 175-e wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad, THE ECONOMIST-ma proeqti `Ria momavali~ wamoiwyo. es aris saubrebi 21-e saukuneSi, bazrebis, teqnologiebis Tavisuflebis rolis Sesaxeb. specialur ganyofilebaSi warmogidgenT ramdenime gansakuTrebiT saintereso Temas, romlebic 2019 wels da Semdgom rezonansuli iqneba. economist.com/openfuture

amave seqciaSi: 73 anjelina joli devnilTa Sesaxeb 74 prizebi eseebSi: gamarjvebuli azrebi 75 zeid raad al huseini aqtivizmis Sesaxeb 76 kristin lagardi mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis Sesaxeb

nacionalizmis miRma sami globaluri problema kacobriobisa da dedamiwis mimarT erTgulebis saWiroebas warmoSobs iuval noa harari, istorikosi da avtori

r

amdenime TaobisTvis, samyaros marTva egreT wodebuli `globaluri liberaluri wesrigis~ mixedviT xorcieldeboda. am maRalfardovani sityvebis miRma is idea imaleba, rom adamianebs saerTo ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba aqvT da romeliRac sazogadoebriv dajgufebas sxvebTan upiratesi mdgomareoba ar unda hqondes. amitom, TanamSromloba ufro keTilgonivrulia, vidre konfliqtis gaCaReba. saerTo Rirebulebebis dasacavad da interesTa realizebisTvis, adamianebma erToblivad unda izrunon. aseTi TanamSromlobis waxalisebis saukeTeso saSualeba ideebis, saqonlis, fulis globaluri masStabiT Tavisufali mimoqceva da adamianTa SeuzRudavi mimosvlaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom globalur liberalur wesrigs uamravi xarvezi aqvs, igi alternativebs Soris saukeTesoa. 21-e saukunis Tavisufali samyaro iseTi ayvavebuli, jansaRi da mSvidobiania, rogorc arasdros. pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi SimSiliT ufro naklebi adamiani iRupeba, vidre WarbwonianobiT; epidemiebis Sedegad bevrad naklebi adamiani iRupeba, vidre siberiT; Zaladoba gacilebiT nakleb

msxverpls iwvevs, vidre ubeduri SemTxvevebi. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi liberaluri wesrigis rwmenas kargaven. mTeli msoflios masStabiT, mTavrobebi migracias zRudaven, savaWro barierebs qmnian, ucxoeTidan wamosuli ideebisTvis cenzuras uweseben da sakuTar qveynebs kedlebiT dacul cixesimagreebad aqceven. Tu es gagrZeldeba, globaluri liberaluri wesrigi CamoiSleba. ram SeiZleba Secvalos igi? nacionalizms SesaZloa bevri kargi idea hqondes imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes konkretuli eri, magram samwuxarod, am koncefcias globalur doneze sicocxlisunariani ganviTarebis gegmis SeTavazeba ar SeuZlia. zogierTi nacionalisti imedovnebs, rom msoflio kedlebiT dayofili, magram megobruli cixesimagreebis qseli gaxdeba. TiToeuli Caketili qveyana Tavis unikalur identobas da interesebs daicavs, da amave dros, mSvidobianad TanamSromlobasa da vaWrobas moaxerxebs. ar iarsebebs imigracia, multikulturalizmi, globaluri elita, da arc globaluri omi. am xedvis problema isaa, rom cixe-simagreebi iSviaTad arian megobrulni. warsulSi, erebad

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msoflios mkveTri dayofa omebis safuZveli xdeboda. universaluri faseulobebisa da globaluri organizaciebis gareSe, konkurent qveynebs saerTo wesebze SeTanxmeba ar SeuZliaT. arseboben ufro radikaluri poziciis momxre nacionalistebic. isini amtkiceben, rom globalur doneze TanamSromlobis aucilebloba saerTod ar dgas. yoveli eri mxolod Tavis interesebze unda zrunavdes da danarCeni samyaros mimarT aranairi valdebuleba ar unda hqondes. `cixe-simagreebma~ TavianTi `xidebi unda akecon~ da `kedlebi gaamagron~. danarCeni samyaro ki, eSmaksac wauRia.

jgufuri loialobis cneba mxolod bolo ramdenime aTaswleulSi gaCnda

nacionalizmis globalizmiT dabalanseba es nihilisturi pozicia saR azrs moklebulia. Tanamedrove ekonomika globaluri savaWro qselis gareSe funqcionirebas ver SeZlebs. moswons es vinmes Tu ara, dRes kacobrioba sami globaluri problemis winaSe dgas, romlebic erovnul sazRvrebs ar cnoben. maTi mogvareba mxolod saerTo TanamSromlobiT aris SesaZlebeli. es problemebia: birTvuli omis safrTxe, klimatis cvlileba da Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT gamowveuli destruqcia. birTvuli zamTrisgan an globaluri daTbobisgan veranairi kedeli ver daicavs. arcerT qveyanas xelovnur inteleqtTan da bioinJineriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis regulireba damoukideblad ar SeuZlia. adamianisTvis saSiSi robotebis warmoebas mxolod evrokavSiri an adamianis genur modificirebas mxolod amerika Tu akrZalavs. es sakmarisi ar iqneba. upiratesi sargeblis moxveWis mizniT, romeliRac erTi qveyana saxifaTo gzas Tu daadgeba, sxvebsac msgavsi sarisko nabijebis gadadgma mouwevT (raTa ar CamorCnen). ase rom, rodesac politikosebisgan gvesmis fraza: `Cemi qveyana upirveles yovlisa~, Cven mas unda vkiTxoT: rogor SeuZlia am qveyanas damoukideblad birTvuli omis prevencia, klimatis cvlilebis SeCereba da saSiSi teqnologiebis regulireba? am sami problemis warmatebiT mogvarebisTvis, ufro meti, da ara naklebi, globaluri TanamSromloba gvWirdeba. Cven globaluri identoba unda SevqmnaT da adamianebs xeli SevuwyoT, raTa isini mTlianad ka-

iuval noa harari, avtori wignebisa - `sapiensi~ (Harvill Secker), `homo deusi~ (Harvill Secker) da `21 gakveTili 21-e saukunisTvis~ (Jonathan Cape)

cobriobis da planeta dedamiwis erTgulebic iyvnen (sakuTari erebis garda). globaluri identobis SeqmnisTvis nacionalizmi dauZlevel barierad ar unda iqces. adamianis erovnuli identoba sakmaod adaptirebadi cnebaa. dRevandeli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis arseboba adamianTa fsiqologiisa da biologiis ganuyofeli nawili ar aris. 5000 wlis winaT, italielebi, rusebi an Turqebi ar arsebobdnen. diax, adamianebi socialuri cxovelebi arian, romelTac jgufuri loialobis moTxovnileba genSi aqvT, Tumca milionobiT wlis win isini mcirericxovan, izolirebul sazogadoebriv jgufebad arsebobdnen da ara didi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis farglebSi. saboloo jamSi, homo sapiensma iswavla, Tu rogor gamoiyenos kultura farTomasStabiani TanamSromlobis safuZvlad, rac misi, rogorc saxeobis, warmatebas didwilad ganapirobebs. kulturebs adaptaciis unari aqvT. WianWvelebisgan da Simpanzeebisgan gansxvavebiT, sapiensebs TviTorganizeba sxvadasxva gziT SeuZliaT. maT Soris, `bunebrivi gza~ arcerTi ar gaxlavT. qalaqi — saxelmwifo ar aris ufro bunebrivi, vidre imperia. iseve, rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifo ar aris ufro bunebrivi, vidre pirvelyofili Temuri wyoba. es yvelaferi sapiensis meniuSi arsebuli ofciebia da arCevans cvladi garemo ganapirobebs. didi erebi mxolod bolo ramdenime aTaswleulSi Camoyalibdnen. evoluciis JamTa svlis gadmosaxedidan, es mxolod `guSindeli dRea~. erebis formireba farTomasStabiani problemebis gadaWris aucileblobam ganapiroba, rac mcirericxovan Temebs sakuTari ZalebiT ar SeeZloT. Cven winaSe 21-e saukuneSi mdgari globaluri problemebi kidev ufro farTomasStabiania. maTi damoukideblad gadaWra did erebsac ar SeuZliaT. amgvarad, logikuri iqneba Cveni loialobis nawili mainc globalur identobaSi avsaxoT. es ar niSnavs msoflio mTavrobis Seqmnas an kulturuli, erovnuli Tu religiuri gansxvavebebis waSlas. me SemiZlia erTsa da imave dros, erTdroulad ramdenime identobis erTguli viyo — Cemi ojaxi, sofeli, profesia, samSoblo, da amave dros, Cemi planeta da kacobrioba mTlianad. simarTlea, rom mravlis erTguleba zogjer winaaRmdegobebis wyaroa da aseT dros gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalian rTulia. magram vin Tqva, rom cxovreba martivia? is rTulia da amas unda SeveguoT. zogjer samsaxurs ojaxis win vayenebT, zogjer — piriqiT. analogiurad, erovnuli interesi zogjer upirvelesi unda iyos, magram garkveul garemoebebSi, kacobriobis globaluri saWiroebebi prioritetulia.

xma mieciT momavlis xedvis mqoneT ras niSnavs es yvelaferi praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT? rodesac Semdegi arCevnebi moaxlovdeba da politikosebs Tqveni xmis miReba moundebaT, maT oTxi ram hkiTxeT: • Tu agirCeven, ras moimoqmedebT birTvuli omis riskis Sesamcireblad?

• ras moimoqmedebT klimatis cvlilebis riskis Sesamcireblad?

• ras moimoqmedebT saSiSi teqnologiebis regulirebisTvis, rogoricaa xelovnuri inteleqti da bioinJineria?

• dabolos: rogori warmogidgeniaT samyaro 2040 wlisTvis? gviTxariT, rogor gesaxebaT yvelaze uaresi da saukeTeso scenarebi?

Tu romeliRac politikosi am kiTxvebs ver gaigebs an mudmivad warsulis Sesaxeb isaubrebs (momavlis gonivruli xedvis warmodgenis gareSe), maT xma ar misceT. n ICopyright © Yuval Noah Harari 2018

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rogor unda mogvardes ltolvilTa krizisi

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Tel msoflioSi ltolvilTa ricxvi bolo eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad izrdeba. Zaladobasa da Seviwroebas daaxloebiT 68 milioni adamiani gamoeqca. es ricxvi amerikis mosaxleobis mexuTeds da ruseTis mosaxleobis naxevars Seesabameba da britaneTis mTel mosaxleobas aRemateba. amave dros, humanitaruli mxardaWera dafinansebis naklebobas mudmivad ganicdis. 2018 wlis seqtembris mdgomareobiT, gaeros ltolvilTa saagentom, ltolvilTa umaRlesma komisarma da misma partniorebma siriidan ltolvilTa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa sabaziso daxmarebisTvis moTxovnili dafinansebis mxolod 31% miiRes. sxva mimarTulebebiTac aseve mZime viTarebaa. arsebuli biujeti konfliqtebis Sedegad dazaralebuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi aucilebeli humanitaruli saWiroebebis naxevarze naklebs faravs. Tu araferi Seicvala, ltolvilTa mzardi raodenobisa da mwiri resursebis es tendencia gagrZeldeba, rac 2019 wels mZime Sedegebamde migviyvans. es ar aris mdgradi situacia. problemis pasuxi ar unda veZioT im qveynebSi, romlebic ltolvilebTan dakavSirebiT mkacr calmxriv zomebs iReben. es midgoma humanitarul Rirebulebebsa da pasuxismgeblobebs ewinaaRmdegeba da problemas mxolod gaaRrmavebs. sanacvlod, msoflioSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenoba am movlenis gamomwvevi konfliqtebis prevenciis da gadaWris gziT unda SevamciroT. erToblivi qmedebis mizniT, adamianebi da qveynebi saerTo universaluri miswrafebebis garSemo unda gavaerTianoT, rogorebicaa usafrTxoeba, Rirseba da Tanasworoba. es ar unda ganxorcieldes Cvens saxlSi usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri keTildReobis xarjze, magram globaluri problemebis konteqstSi, am amocanas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs.

uflebebi, dafinanseba, qmedeba modiT, faqtebs SevxedoT. pirveli: ltolvilTa 85%-s dabali an saSualo Semosavlebis mqone qveynebi ifareben. Zaladobis Sedegad adgilnacvali pirebis umravlesoba maTive qveynebis sazRvrebs ar toveben. isinic, vinc iZulebulni arian samSoblo datovon, cdiloben sakuTar saxlebs Zalian ar daSordnen da mezobel qveynebs afareben Tavs. ltolvilTa mxolod 1% rCeba samudamod sacxovreblad mimReb qveyanaSi (maT Soris, dasavleT evropis qveynebSi). mTavari SedarebiT Rarib qveynebze modis. ver vityviT, rom isini mudmivad ase gaagrZeleben, mdidari qveynebis mier gatarebuli politikis miuxedavad. Tu pasuxismgeblobebs ufro samarTlianad ar gadavanawilebT, disbalansiT gamowveuli daZabuloba ltolvilebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeba (rac 2019 wels savsebiT mosalodnelia). meore: kargad gvesmis dasavleTis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa didsulovnebis da Sedegad,

adamianebis gadarCenis mniSvneloba. magram isic unda gavacnobieroT, rom humanitaruli miznebisTvis yovelwliurad gaRebuli miliardobiT dolari 68 milioni ltolvilis saWiroebebisTvis sakmarisi ar aris. aRarafers vambobT viTarebaze, Tu maTi raodenoba gaizrdeba. mesame, ltolvilTa (gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisaris mandatis mixedviT) ori mesamedi mxolod xuTi qveynidanaa: siria, avRaneTi, samxreT sudani, mianmari da somali. am qveynebSi mSvidobis damyareba devnilTa samSobloSi dabrunebis da msoflioSi maTi raodenobis Semcirebis sawindari iqneba. demokratiul qveynebSi, Cven, rogorc amomrCevelma, politikosebs unda movTxovoT pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvaze: maT mier warmarTuli politika problemas safuZvelSive rogor moagvarebs?

Cveni raodenobis Semcireba warsulSi ukve movaxerxeT. 2001 wels, rodesac gaeros ltolvilTa umaRles komisarTan muSaoba daviwye, msoflioSi ltolvilebis raodenoba Semcirda. Cemi erT-erTi pirveli misia kambojeli ltolvilebis samSobloSi dabrunebis procesSi gacileba iyo. uamrav adamians Sevxvdi, romlebmac yofili iugoslaviis konfliqtis amowurvis Semdeg, sakuTar saxlebs miaSures. ufro Soreuli istoria rom gavixsenoT, meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg milionobiT ltolvili samSoblos daubrunda. es strategia xedvas, Tanamimdevrobas da Zalas gulisxmobs. oRond ara Zalis parodias, romelic ltolvilTa winaaRmdeg mZime molaparakebebSi gamoiyeneba. qveynebSi mSvidobis damyarebis, viTarebis stabilizacias da kanonis uzenaesobis dacvas myari neba da Sesabamisi diplomatiuri unarebi sWirdeba. ltolvili yvelaze mowyvladi mamakaci, qali an bavSvia, romelsac sakuTari sacxovreblis datoveba aiZules. aseTi adamiani sakuTari saxelmwifos mfarvelobiT ver sargeblobs da xSirad, gadarCenisTvis minimaluri saSualebebic ar gaaCnia. adamianis msgavsi mdgomareoba gamowvevaa Cveni rwmenisTvis Tanabari uflebebisa da daculobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

Cven ltolvilTa raodenobis Semcireba warsulSi ukve movaxerxeT Cven gaTiSulobis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, Tumca istoria aCvenebs, rom SegviZlia gaverTiandeT, globaluri krizisi davZlioT, Cveni miznis aRqma da sxva erebis mimarT Tanaziarobis grZnoba ganvaaxloT. es Ria sazogadoebis yvelaze didi Zalaa.

2019 wels upasuxod ar unda davtovoT isini, vinc sazogadoebrivi SeSfoTebis sakuTari politikuri upiratesobis mopovebisTvis gamoyenebas apireben. Cven dRes gamocdis winaSe varT. Cveni pasuxi Cvensave adamianurobis sazomi iqneba.

momaval wels, ltolvilTa mdgomareobaze Cveni pasuxi Cvenive humanurobis sazomi iqneba — ase fiqrobs msaxiobi da gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisaris specialuri warmomadgeneli, anjelina joli

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gamarjvebuli azrebi amonakrebi 16-25 wlis asakis pirebisTvis Semdgari konkursis farglebSi miRebuli `gamarjvebuli eseebidan~ xuTi Temis Sesaxeb

Ria sazRvrebi

momxmareblebs alternatiuli, ufro iafi gadaxdis meqanizmebi ar SesTavazon (naRdi fuli, Visa an Mastercard). saqme SesaZloa erTi SexedviT uwyinari Candes, magram sinamdvileSi konkurenciis politikis erTerT udides gamowvevas ukavSirdeba: rogor moveqceT kompaniebs, romlebic momxmarebelTa or gansxvavebul jgufs emsaxurebian. cifruli platformebis gavrcelebasTan da gavlenis zrdasTan erTad, maTi samarTliani operirebis uzrunvelyofas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.

imigracia tolerantobas aZlierebs Tu asustebs?

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alaiziidan axal zelandiaSi gadasaxlebisas yvelaferi gamovcadeT. Cven viswavleT (Tumca, uxalisod) marmitis tostze moTavseba, iseve rogorc brinjis naxarSSi. vcadeT (aseve uxalisod) araqisi da saneleblebi satais sousSi, nacvlad araqisis karaqisa da naRebisa. yofis ufro bneli mxarec vixileT — Smagi gabrazeba da faruli diskriminacia, romelic zogjer daufarav rasizmSi gadadis. imigrantTa mimarT tolerantoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi maT gulgril ignorirebas gulisxmobs, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi — aSkarad mtrul damokidebulebas, rac ubralod `aucilebeli borotebis ataniT~ iniRbeba. Cven imigrantTa sabanko angariSebs da sauniversiteto diplomebs miRmac unda gavixedoT. unda SevamCnioT maTi unikaluri kultura, perspeqtivebi da cxovrebis stili. mxolod `tolerantulebi~ ar unda viyoT. Cven maTi miReba, pativiscema da gagebac unda SevZloT.

denzel Cangi axali zelandiidan, oTagos universitetis 19 wlis studenti

Ria ideebi ras unda niSnavdes sityvis Tavisuflebis valdebuleba kampusSi?

o

Txi wlis win, Cemi samSoblo, yofili komunisturi saxelmwifo aRmosavleT evropaSi, davtove da `Tavisufal miwaze~ saswavleblad erT-erT kerZo universitets mivaSure. me mivdiodi amerikis yvelaze liberalur nawilSi da Tan mimqonda Tavisuflebis siyvaruli, romelic im qveynis mtkivneuli istoriidan daibada, sadac cenzura zemoqiedebisTvis Zlieri iyo. Cemi kampusSi yofnis pirvel kviras, erT-erTma studentma teqnologiebis sferoSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis politika eWvqveS daayena. pasuxis nacvlad, man mxolod iarliyebi miiRo: `fanatikosi~, `qalTmoZule~ , `... fobi~. misi `privilegia~ (TeTrkaniani heteroseqsuali mamakaci) ara mxolod diskusiaSi monawileobis uflebas TiTqosda arTmevda, aramed TviT aseTi saubari CaiTvala Seusabamod da Seuracxmyofelad.

katerina kremi bulgareTidan, stenfordis universitetis 23 wlis kursdamTavrebuli

Ria bazrebi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis pirobebSi, romelia saukeTeso gza konkurenciis ganviTarebisTvis?

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merikis politikis irgvliv atexili xmauris fonze, bolo wlebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi antimonopoliuri wesebis SemoReba praqtikulad SeumCneveli aRmoCnda. sasamarTlo dava, ohaios Stati American Express-is winaaRmdeg, am ukanasknelis sasargeblod dasrulda. kompaniam kanonieri ufleba miiRo, movaWreebs xeli SeuSalos, raTa maT

Sarlota greisi britaneTidan, oqsfordis universitetis 23 wlis studenti

Ria progresi gadawonis xelovnuri inteleqtis sargebeli mis risks?

x sruli eseebi, aseve konkursis wesebi SegiZliaT moiZioT aq: Economist. com/essays

elovnuri inteleqtis (AI) ganviTarebas bevri gaurkvevloba ukavSirdeba, romlebic saTanado yuradRebas imsaxurebs. magram, Seucnoblis SiSma xelovnuri inteleqtis pasuxismgebliani progresi ver unda SeaCeros. eqspertTa SeSfoTebis ignorirebis nacvlad mTavrobebma xelovnuri inteleqtis mkvlevrebTan, dialogi unda daiwyon. praqtikul gamoyenebasa da usafrTxoebas Soris balansis uzrunvelyofas Sesabamisi regulaciebis SemoReba sWirdeba. swored es unda gaxdes msgavsi diskusiebis sagani. xelovnuri inteleqti Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve gvexmareba. teqnologiis progresi gagrZeldeba da Sedegad, axali sasargeblo aplikaciebi Seiqmneba. swori politikis pirobebSi, Cven SegviZlia iseTi momavali avaSenoT, sadac xelovnuri inteleqtis sistemebi megobrulni iqnebian da borotis mzraxvelTa xelebSi ar aRmoCndebian.

frenk ruta amerikidan, kolumbiis universitetis 24 wlis studenti

Ria sazogadoeba politikuri koreqtuloba zedmetad Sors wavida?

T

anamedrove gagebiT, frazas, `politkoreqtuloba zedmetad Sors wavida~, ramdenime gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. pirveli: axalgazrda Taobis adamianTa kritikis dros, xSirad maT `fifqebs~ uwodeben. am terminiT xazs usvamen axalgazrdebis ufro metad mgrZnobiarobas da naklebad elastikurobas, ufros TaobebTan SedarebiT. politkoreqtulobis kidev erTi negatiuri aRqma `sityvis Tavisuflebas~ ukavSirdeba. kerZod, politikurad koreqtuli enis gamoyenebis davaldebuleba sityvisa da fiqris Tavisuflebas zRudavs. rogori formiTac unda aRniSnon, ZiriTadi idea ucvlelia: `tolerantobis~ ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba im liberalur, ganmanaTleblur Rirebulebebs emuqreba, romlebic Tanamedrove dasavleTis safuZvelia, magram `politkoreqtulobaze~ aqcentirebas xSirad cinikuri miznebisTvis axdenen. es aris `kvamlis farda~ regresivizmisTvis. liberaluri argumentebiT misi sapirispiro idea iniRbeba. julia saimonsi avstraliidan, LSE-is 26 wlis kursdamTavrebuli

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saxalxo Sekreba simxdalesTan, sisastikesa da tanjvasTan erTad, Cven gverdiT gmirebic arseboben. ra moxdeba, isini erTad rom Seikribon?

zeid raad al huseini, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa yofili

umaRlesi komisari

u

inston CerCili amtkicebda, rom adamianis Rirsebebs Soris simamace yvelaze dasafasebelia, radgan igi yvela danarCenis pirvelwyaroa. is marTali iyo — Tavisi saukeTeso gamovlinebiT, simamace Tavganwirvas, Zaladobaze uaris Tqmas, Tavmdablobas niSnavs. igi universalur principebs efuZneba da gansakuTrebuli siZlieris gamoxatulebaa. gavixsenoT mahaTma gandi an martin luTer kingi. samwuxarod, simamace iSviaTi movlenacaa. zogierTi Tanamedrove politikosi, rogorebic arian donald trampi amerikaSi, viqtor orbani ungreTSi da mateo salvini italiaSi, sakuTari Tavis qveynis WeSmarit liderad warmoCenisTvis, Zalebs ar iSureben. Tavisi pirovnebis gandidebas isini sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli yvelaze mowyvladi sakiTxebis manipulirebiT cdiloben. aseTi liderebi mCagvrel CxubisTavebs hgvanan. msoflioSi maTi momravleba sxva politikosTa usaxurobis damsaxurebaa. sakuTari TaviT zedmetad dakavebulni an demagogiis winaSe uZlurni, aseTi politikosebi gaCumebas da dokumentebis usagno brunvas farad iyeneben. Zalian bevri samiti profesiuli JargoniT da kliSeebiT gajerebul uazro Sexvedras emsgavseba. gulwrfeli TanamSromlobis neba ar arsebobs. iSleba sistemebi, romlebic globaluri problemebis winaSe mdgari qveynebis erToblivi, adekvaturi qmedebebisTvis aucilebelia. politikosebi sakuTar personebze arian fokusirebulni an boRmiT aRsavseni.

Sesabamisad, daucvelebze zrunva prioritetulad ar esaxebaT. es ara marto maT, aramed yvelas momavals safrTxes uqmnis. magram imedic arsebobs: qsenofobebisa da Sarlatanebis arCevis nacvlad, Cveni yuradReba saxalxo aqtivistebs unda mivapyroT. isini sazogadoebrivi liderebi arian, romlebsac samoqalaqo uflebebis dasacavad nebismieri msxverplis gaReba SeuZliaT

(sakuTari Tavisac ki). maTi simamace gulwrfeli da Tavdauzogavia.

WeSmariti lideroba avRaneTSi sima samaris muSaobas waagavs. igi qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis damoukidebel komisias xelmZRvanelobs da piradi safrTxis Semcveli uamravi muqaris miuxedavad, amas uSiSrad akeTebs. es tailandSi ngkana neelapaijitis saqmianobac waagavs. qmris ugzoukvlod dakargvis Semdeg, 2004 wlidan, adamianTa Zaladobrivi gatacebebis winaaRmdeg igi TavganwirviT ibrZvis. kongoeli ginekologi, denis mukvege kidev erTi saxalxo gmiria. igi gaupatiurebis msxverpl qalebze zrunavs. es saxelebi Cvens realobaSi arsebuli zneobrivi simamacisa da liderobis magaliTebia. 2018 wels, mSvidobis dargSi nobelis premia denis mukveges da inadia murads — adamianis uflebaTa iezid damcvels, saziarod gadaecaT. es aCvenebs, rom saxalxo liderTa xma msoflios esmis. zogierTi saxalxo aqtivisti individualurad saqmianobs da Tavisi adgilobrivi Temis interesebs icavs. sxva saxalxo liderebi ufro masStabur socialur moZraobebs udganan saTaveSi. maTi qmedebebi koordinirebuli ar aris.

msoflios aqtivistebo, SeerTdiT! ra moxdeba, Tu es realoba gaxdeba? ra moxdeba, Tu yvela sazogadoebrivi moZraoba Riad da aqtiurad erTmaneTs dauWers mxars? ra Sedegs miviRebT, Tu mTel msoflioSi 100 milioni an meti moqalaqe ugunurobis, egoizmis, sisastikisa da sxva borotebis (rac Cvens keTildReobas emuqreba) winaaRmdeg saprotesto marSs gamarTavs? koordinirebul, fokusirebul adamianis uflebebis moZraobas biznesis liderTa mxardaWerac esaWiroeba. didi biznesis finansebi da TanamSromloba SesaZloa is `Sokuri Terapia~ iyos saSiSi an usargeblo politikosebisTvis romlebic kacobriobas safrTxes uqmnian. 2019 wels ZalTa Sekrebisa da saerTo sikeTis misaRwevad, erTiani frontiT gamosvlis droa. n

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me axla nawyvets vwer, sadac vvaraudob, Tu ratom sWirdeba muhamed bin salmans Tavisufali presa. quveiTis sagamomcemlo kanonmdeblobas nimuSad vTavazob. (iq) mediadebatebis saSualebas ufro iZleva... magram emirs ar akritikebs... me eqstremisti ar var... Cven (reJimis cvlileba) saudis arabeTSi ar gvWirdeba.... me mxolod sistemis reforma minda. msurs, rom sistemam saubris saSualeba momces. jamal haSogi, Jurnalisti (interviu Cawerilia mis mkvlelobamde saudis arabeTis saelCoSi, stambolSi) adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia cifrul uflebebsac aSkarad unda moicavdes. Tuki xelovnuri inteleqti sazogadoebas unda emsaxuros, igi umaRles eTikur standarts unda Seesabamebodes. samyaro, ufro samarTliani, SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT ver gaxdeba. sazogadoebisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebis paralelurad, Cven instituciebi gvWirdeba, romlebic eTikuri normebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs da adamianur Rirsebas SeinarCunebs. mustafa suleimani, DEEPMIND-is TanadamfuZnebeli veranairi institucia ver dagvexmareba, Tu humanurobis saerTo SegrZnebas davkargavT, Tu adamianebi yvelgan sakuTar Tavs msxverplad aRiqvamen da sxvaTa uflebebs SurisZiebis motiviT Selaxaven. istoria gvaswavlis, rom sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulni da brZenni yovelTvis aguriT aSeneben, xolo mxdalni da TviTkmayofilni — CaliT. madlen olbraiti, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili saxelmwifo mdivani

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inkluziurobis memkvidreobisken

r

Semosavlebisa da genderuli uTanasworobis problemis mogvarebas SesaZloa uzarmazari ekonomikuri gavlena hqondes, — ambobs kristin lagardi, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mmarTveli direqtori

ogori memkvidreoba gvsurs davtovoT? Tu gvinda, 21-e saukunis didi gamowvevebi davZlioT, es SekiTxva sakuTar Tavs unda davusvaT. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi iseTi msoflios konturebs gulisxmobs, rogoric Cven gvinda da gvWirdeba: ufro samarTliani, siRaribisgan da deprivaciisgan Tavisufali; msoflio, romelic pativs scems bunebriv zRvars. mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mandatTan ikveTeba imdenad, ramdenadac isini gavlenas axdenen mdgrad da inkluziur ekonomikur zrdaze. instituciebisa da globaluri kooperirebis mimarT rwmenis dakargvis erTgvar antidots ganviTarebis swored es miznebi warmoadgenen. 2030 wlisTvis, mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis misaRwevad, Cveni yuradReba inkluziurobas unda mivapyroT — rogorc Semosavlebis, ise genderuli Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT. swored es unda gaxdes prioriteti 2019 wels da Semdgom.

Semosavlebis uTanabrobiT daviwyoT, romelic globaluri ekonomikis erT-erTi umTavresi gamowveva gaxda. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, zogierTma regionma siRaribis Semcirebasa da saSualo klasis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT SesamCnev progress miaRwia. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynebs Soris uTanasworoba Semcirda, ase ver vityviT viTarebaze amave qveynebis SigniT. 1980 wlis Semdeg, globaluri ekonomikuri zrdiT, msoflio mosaxleobis umdidresma 1%ma orjer metad isargebla, vidre uRaribesma 50%-ma. am periodis ganmavlobaSi, ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlebis uTanabroba Rrmavdeboda. mizezebi nawilobriv teqnologiebSi unda veZioT, aseve globaluri integraciis procesSi da politikaSi, romelic kapitalis muSaxelze upiratesobas gulisxmobda.

Sedegebi sagangaSoa. ganviTarebul ekonomikaSi uTanasworobis zrda mTeli sazogadoebrivi jgufebisa da arsebuli cxovrebis wesis gaqrobas iwvevs. uTanasworobis Sedegad, socialuri integraciisa da saerTo bedis gancdis rRvevas viRebT. windaxedulobis demonizaciiT da TanamSromlobis SezRudulobiT Canacvlebis tendencia kidev ufro mZafrdeba.

sapasuxo nabijebi uTanasworoba meritokratiuli sazogadoebis ideas Zirs uTxris, radgan umciresoba materialur da aramaterialur sikeTeebs ufro metad iRebs. es sikeTeebi aucilebelia winsvlisTvis ganaTlebis, kulturulad gamdidrebis Tu kargi kavSirebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT. msxvili sazogadoebrivi jgufebis aseTi gariyuloba (romlis meSveobiTac Sedegebis uTanasworoba SesaZleblobebis uTanasworobas asazrdoebs) produqtiulobas azianebs. radgan ekonomika gariyulTa unarebs da talantebs veRar iyenebs.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas genderul uTanasworobaze? samwuxaro realoba isaa, rom gogonebi da qalebi mTel msoflioSi yoveldRiur diskriminacias, Seviwroebas da Zaladobas kvlavac ganicdian. qveynebis daaxloebiT 90%-Si qalTa ekonomikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi SezRudva kvlav aqtualuria. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis SefasebiT, afrikis saharis samxreT nawilSi, genderuli uTanasworobis aTi procentiT Semcirebam SesaZloa ekonomika xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ori procentuli punqtiT gazardos. kargi is aris, rom qalTa gaaqtiurebis fonze, mamakacebi ar unda dakargon. 2019 wels qalTa ufro meti CarTulobiT, ekonomikas maTi niWiT, unarebiT, unikaluri perspeqtivebiT da ideebiT sargebloba SeeZleba. meti mravalferovneba produqtiulobis da Semosavlebis yvelasTvis zrdaSi unda aisaxos. rogor gavzardoT qalTa CarTuloba? dabali Semosavlis mqone qveynebSi es gulisxmobs jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi genderuli xarvezebis Semcirebas; finansuri CarTulobis xelSewyobas; infrastruqturul investiciebs; sufTa wylisa da sanitaruli pirobebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebas. ganviTarebul qveynebSi TvalsaCino Sedegebis momtani iqneba politika, romelic gulisxmobs: dekretuli Svebulebebis garantirebas; bavSvze zrunvis

finansuri seqtori meti mravalferovnebiT did sargebels miiRebs xelmisawvdom da maRali xarisxis saSualebebze wvdomis uzrunvelyofas. korporaciul samyaroSi qali liderebis win wamowevis saWiroebac arsebobs. erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad, menejmentSi ufrosis an kompaniis gamgeobaSi kidev erTi qalis damateba aqtivebze ukugebis 8-13 sabaziso punqtiT (procentuli punqtis measedi) zrdas iwvevs. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kidev erTi kvleva gviCvenebs, rom bankebis mmarTvelobaSi qalTa maRali wili ufro met finansur moqnilobas ukavSirdeba. amasTan, meti qalis yofna bankebis sameTvalyureo sabWoebSi finansuri stabilurobis gaumjobesebas ganapirobebs. win kvlavac grZeli gzaa. mTel msoflioSi, bankis sabWos wevrebis mexuTedze naklebi da xelmZRvanelis mxolod 2% qalia. finansuri seqtori meti mravalferovnebiT did sargebels miiRebs. liderobis ufro mravalferovani Sexedulebebi gulisxmobs, rom jgufuri azrovnebisa da mikerZoebulobis WaobSi CaZirvis albaToba naklebia. amas ki gonivrul gadawyvetilebebamde da grZelvadian mdgradobaze fokusirebamde mivyavarT. Cven unda vimuSaoT am miznebze 2019 wels. maTi sworad gageba Cvens, Cveni Svilebisa da maTi Svilebis momavals gansazRvravs.

77

msoflio 2019

msoflio ricxvebSi The world in numbers qveynebi The world in numbers Countries evropa avstria 78 belgia 78 bulgareTi 78 xorvatia 78 CexeTis respublika 78 dania 78 estoneTi 78 fineTi 78 safrangeTi 78 germania 78 saberZneTi 79

Countries ungreTi 79 irlandia 79 italia 79 latvia 79 lietuva 79 niderlandebi 79 norvegia 79 poloneTi 79 portugalia 79 rumineTi 80 ruseTi 80 slovakeTi 80 espaneTi 80

azia avstralia 81 CineTi 81 honkongi 81 indoeTi 81 indonezia 81 iaponia 81

mSp

kolumbia 84 kuba 84 ekvadori 84 peru 84 urugvai 84

CrdiloeT amerika kanada 83 meqsika 83 SeerTebuli Statebi 83

yazaxeTi 81 malaizia 81 axali zelandia 82 pakistani 82 filipinebi 82 singapuri 82 samxreT korea 82 Sri-lanka 82 taivani 82 tailandi 82 uzbekeTi 82 vietnami 82

SvedeTi 80 Sveicaria 80 TurqeTi 80 ukraina 80 didi britaneTi 80

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika alJiri 84 angola 84 kameruni 84 egvipte 84 eTiopia 84

laTinuri amerika argentina 83 bolivia 83 brazilia 83 Cile 83

irani 85 erayi 85 israeli 85 iordania 85 kenia 85 libani 85 libani 85 maroko 85 nigeria 85 saudis arabeTi 85 samxreT afrika 85 siria 85 zimbabve 85

aTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi qveyana

cvlileba wina welTan SedarebiT %

siria, bangladeSi, indoeTi, butani, eTiopia, laosi, ruanda, mianmari, kamboja, monRoleTi -2

0

2

4

6

2019 wels siria yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika iqneba. daaRwevs ra Tavs samoqa-2 0 2 4 6 laqo omis qaoss, lokalur doneze brZolebi uwyvetad gagrZeldeba. nawilobriv aRdgenis procesi daiwyeba mTavrobisa da qurTebis kontrolirebul olqebSi. qveyanaSi sirieli eqspatriatebis gamogzavnili saxsrebis Semodineba daiwyeba, rac samomxmareblo xarjebs gaaZlierebs. yvelaze swrafi zrda sanapiro regionSi dafiqsirdeba, xolo xelaxla damuSavebul sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze warmoebis ganaxleba eqsports gazrdis. navTobisa da gazis warmoebac ki gaizrdeba.

CrdiloeTi amerika

meqsika

aRmosavleTi evropa

britaneTi germania safrangeTi

kanada

aSS

dasavleTi evropa

ruseTi monRoleTi CineTi

siria irani

axlo aRmosavleTi & CrdiloeTi afrika kuba venesuela nigeria

samx.korea butani bangladeSi saudis laosi arabeTi indoeTi mianmari kamboja eTiopia

the other top-ten countries azia topaTeulsMost sxvaof qveynebi politikuri ruanda indonezia laTinuri are using a period of political stabil stabilurobisa da ufro metad xelsayreli amerika ity and a mostly favourable global globaluri ekonomikuri garemos xangrZlibrazilia Most of the other top-ten countries economic environment to engineer vi naxtomisebriare zrdis misaRwevad iyeneben. (iaponiis, avstraliisa using a period of political sustained catch-up growth.

This isstabil saharis samxreTi es exeba aTeulis or afrikul qveyanas, eTioavstralia da axali zelandiis ity and mostly favourable global the case for athe two African entrants, afrika samxreT gamoklebiT) piasa (marTalia, misi soflis meurneobiT economic environment to engineer Ethiopia (whose sparkling pace of afrika nasazrdoebi STambeWdavi zrda Semcirda, sustained catch-up growth.

Thisbut is agriculture-led growth has slowed avstralia axali zelandia magram sakmarisi aRmoCnda lider qveyanaTa case for two African is stillthe enough tothe earn fifth place)entrants, and Ethiopia (whose pace siaSi mexuTe adgilis mosapoveblad) da ru-of Rwanda, as well as forsparkling Bangladesh. agriculture-led growth has from slowed but and Myanmar will benefit andas, aseveLaos bangladeSs. laosi da mianmari is still proeqtebiT enough to earn fifth place) and didi energetikuli ixeireben, Rwanda, monRoleTi, as well as for Bangladesh. iseve, rogorc butani. romelic Laos and Myanmar will benefit from 2018 wels nedleulze fasebis vardnis dolariviT myari dasaqmebis zrdis aTwleuli Semdeg aTeulidan gamovarda, 2019 wels momcalkeuli ganviTarebadi qveynebis valutis kursi umuSevrobis done % povebeli saqmianobis gamococxlebis Semdeg amerikul dolarTan mimarTebaSi siaSi kvlav dabrundeba.

2008=100, Sebrunebuli skala am jgufSi erTaderTi didi ekonomika indoeTia. igi mZlavr, 7%-ian an ufro maRal zrdas daafiqsirebs momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, rasac momxmarebelTa mier saxsrebis Tavisufali xarjva uwyobs xels.

2019 wlis prognozi, Tu sxvagvarad araa miTiTebuli. inflacia: saSualo wliuri maCvenebeli. mSp dolarebSi gaangariSebulia 2019 wlis dolaris gacvliTi kursis prognozis mixedviT (mSp msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis (mup) mixedviT naCvenebia frCxilebSi). yvela ricxvi gamartivebulia damrgvalebis gziT.

safrangeTi

indonezia kanada

samx.afrika

meqsika brazilia

britaneTi

ruseTi TurqeTi

aSS germania iaponia

argentina

78

qveynebi

msoflio 2019 inflacia:

evropa

mosaxleoba:

breqsitis balansi britaneTi, evropis qveynebTan vaWroba, 2017, $ mlrd.

germania, safrangeTi holandia irlandia belgia espaneTi italia SvedeTi poloneTi rumineTi saberZneTi

eqsporti britaneTSi

avstria mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.9 % 55410 $ (mup:58210 a$)

inflacia:

importi britaneTidan

separatistulma partia `vlaams belangma~ poziciebi gaimyara da maisis arCevnebze seriozuli perspeqtivebi uCndeba.

1.9%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %): mosaxleoba:

-0.2 8.6 milioni

bulgareTi mSp zrda:

2019 wels evropis yvelaze axalgazrda lideri, 33 wlis kancleri sebastian kurci gauZRveba memarjvene-centristuli avstriis saxalxo partiisa da ukiduresi memarjvene Tavisuflebis partiis koalicias. es partiebi imigraciis Sekavebisa da TavSesafris maZiebelTaTvis sargeblis SezRudvis saerTo interesma gaaerTiana. am ori Zalis gansxvaveba ufro didia ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca progresi dafiqsirdeba biznesis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad SemuSavebuli mokrZalebuli programis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT. ekonomikis zrdis tempi grZelvadiani tendenciis doneze dafiqsirdeba.

Tvali adevneT: siCqaris cvlileba. avstriis Ria ekonomika gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia sagareo Sokebisadmi. aSS-sa da evropas Soris satarifo omis eskalacia, gansakuTrebiT saavtomobilo seqtorSi, saziano iqneba.

mSp erT sulze:

3.2% 9740 $ (mup: 22820 $)

inflacia:

3.0%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

memarjvene-centristuli partia `moqalaqeebi bulgareTis evropuli ganviTarebisaTvis~ mier marTuli mTavroba, premierministr boiko borisovis xelmZRvanelobiT, Sida dapirispirebebis gamo SesaZloa xelisuflebas droze adre gamoeTxovos. uTanxmoebani ultranacionalistur partiasTan, sasamarTlo reformasTan, korufciasTan da saarCevno cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, Seasusteben mcire partiebis poziciebs, rac mTavrobis myife upiratesobas safrTxes uqmnis. evros srulfasovan SemoRebamde, ivlisSi qveyana evropis savaluto meqanizms SeuerTdeba.

xorvatia mSp erT sulze:

belgia 1.6 % 47830 $ (mup: 50390 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

2.7% 15470 $ (mup: 28380 $)

inflacia:

mSp zrda:

1.9 % -0.9 11.6 milioni

memarcxene-centristuli oTxi partiis koaliciam, romelic flamandiur da frankofonur amomrCevelTa bazebs aerTianebs, gverdiT gadado uTanxmoebani reformis farTo programis gansaxorcieleblad da karg mdgomareobaSia maisis arCevnebis Semdeg Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. evropis qveynebSi erToblivi moTxovnis zrdis kvalobaze, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis, gamkacrebuli sabiujeto kontrolisa da ukeTesi biznesgaremos Seqmnis politika solidur zrdas moitans.

Tvali adevneT: gamoyofa. mas Semdeg, rac axali flamandiuri aliansis saxiT mTavrobaSi myofma flamandielma liderebma fokusi liberaluri reformebisken gadaanacvles, flamandiurma

-0.2 7.0 milioni

mSp zrda:

mSp erT sulze:

2.0%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

1.5%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-0.6 4.1 milioni

koalicia, romelic 2017 wels wina mTavrobis kolafsis Semdeg Seiqmna da konservatiul, xorvatiis demokratiul erTobasa da liberaluri xorvatiis saxalxo partiis parlamentarebs aerTianebs, aseve aRmoCnda naadrevi daSlis safrTxis winaSe. xorvatiis demokratiuli erTobis lidersa da premierministr andrei plenkoviCs centrisken kidev ufro metad gadanacvleba surs, magram mas winaaRmdegobas uweven rogorc partiis SigniT, ise mis gareT. emigracia da muSaxelis deficiti ekonomikas amuxruWebs.

CexeTis respublika mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.0% 24940 $ (mup: 40780 $)

0.7 10.6 milioni

premierministri andrei babisi da misi centristuli, ANO-s moZraoba CexeTis social-demokratiul partiasTan aliansiT Sedgenil umciresobis mTavrobas udgas saTaveSi da mniSvnelovani kanonmdeblobis gasatanad bohemiisa da moraviis komunisturi patiis mxardaWera sWirdeba. yofili biznesmeni, batoni babisi mzadaa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi memarcxne ZalebTan saTanamSromlod. Tu amis SesaZlebloba miecema, igi riggareSe arCevnebsac daniSnavs, imisaTvis, rom biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis Tavisi politikuri platformisTvis ufro stabiluri saparlamento umravlesobis mopoveba scados. amgvarad, arCevnebis daniSvna SesaZlebelia. ekonomika Seneldeba. es SezRudavs miwodebis mxares da `gadaxurebul~ Sromis bazars, rac bolodroindeli swrafi zrdis safasuri aRmoCnda.

dania mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.0% 61640 $ (mup: 55190 $)

inflacia:

1.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-0.9 5.8 milioni

liberaluri partiis mier marTuli koalicia ivnisis arCevnebs `koWlobiT miaRwevs~ (Tumca, SesaZloa arCevnebi ufro adrec Catardes) da sakanonmdeblo umravlesobis mosapoveblad antisaimigracio daniis saxalxo partiazea damokidebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom 2015 wels memarjvene-centristul speqtrSi yvelaze meti xma moipova, daniis saxalxo partiam mTavrobaSi adgilebze uari Tqva, magram bolo dros memarcxene-centristul social-demokratebs daukavSirda, riTac tradiciuli memarjvene-memarcxene gamyofi xazebi daarRvia. mosalodnelia, rom social-demokratebi arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRweven da marTvis sadaveebis damoukideblad aRebas Seecdebian. imigracia umTavresi saarCevno sakiTxi iqneba da yvela partia ufro mkacr pozicias SemuSavebs. mzardi dasaqmeba da maRali samomxmareblo xarjebi ekonomikur zrdas stabilurobas SeunarCunebs.

estoneTi mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.3% 23860 $ (mup:35190 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

3.3 % -0.4 1.3 milioni

martis arCevnebi Sejibri iqneba koaliciuri mTavrobis mmarTvel, centris partiasa (saxelis miuxedavad, es ufro metad memarcxene partiaa) da opoziciur, reformis partias Soris. gamokveTil upiratesobas romeliRac maTgani ar flobs da Sedegze gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SesaZloa social-

demokratiuli partiis poziciam iqonios. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra mimarTulebisa iqneba axali mTavroba, mas problemebis mTel speqtrTan Sejaxeba mouwevs — dawyebuli mosaxleobis daberebiTa da soflad siRaribiT, da ruseTis agresiiT damTavrebuli. mzardi xelfasebi xarjvasa da ekonomikur zrdas waeSveleba.

fineTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.8% 50770 $ (mup:42770 $)

inflacia:

1.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-0.4 5.6 milioni

ukiduresi memarjvene partnioris moSorebis Semdeg, centris partiis mier marTuli saxelisuflebo koalicia `koWlobiT miaRwevs~ aprilis sayovelTao arCevnebs, romlis Sedegebis prognozireba Zalze Znelia metoqeTa Tanabari Sansis gamo. kargma ekonomikurma Sedegebma xelisuflebaSi myofTa poziciebi gaamyara, Tumca opoziciuri social-demokratiuli partiis reitingi, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, maRalia da igi mTavrobis mxardaWeris Semcirebis kvalobaze, mdgomareobas kidev ufro gaimyarebs. biznescikli simwifis etaps uaxlovdeba, xolo globaluri proteqcionizmis qarpiri ekonomikur zrdas Seanelebs.

Tvali adevneT: ojaxis mxardaWera. ivlisSi patara qalaqi sonkiaiarvi colebis xelSi ayvanis msoflio Cempionats umaspinZlebs. gamarjvebuli partniorebi prizad colis wonis ludsa da `colis xelSi amyvani produqtebis~ CanTas miiReben.

safrangeTi mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.6 % 44090 $ (mup: 47090 $)

inflacia:

1.5 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-2.3 65.5 milioni

prezidenti emanuel makroni parlamentis mxardaWeras gamoiyenebs da biznesisa da mTavrobis reformis ambiciuri programis ganxorcielebas Seecdeba, mosaxleobaSi mxardaWeris klebisa da sakuTar partiaSi winaaRmdegobis zrdis fonze. man ukve moigeria nacionaluri rkinigzis kompaniis reformis mowinaaRmdege mcire zomis, Tumca mZlavri profkavSiris moZraoba. cvlilebebisaTvis gamzadebuli sxva `xelSeuxebeli~ sferoebi moicavs garTulebul kanonmdeblobas, SeRavaTebis mouqnel sistemas da rTul sapensio reJims. batoni makroni sagareo politikasac waruZRveba da evropul reformebs energias SesZens, aRudgeba ra win amerikis unilateruli prezidentis, donald trampis qmedebebs.

germania mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze: inflacia:

1.8% 50520 $ (mup: 54650 $) 1.9%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

1.1 82.8 milioni

farTo koalicia, romelic memarjvene-centristul germaniis qristian-demokratiul kavSirsa da bavariis qristian-socialur kavSirs aerTianebs, da memarcxenecentristul germaniis socialdemokratiul partiasac moicavs, kancler angela merkelis xelisuflebaSi meoTxe vadiT yofnas ganapirobebs. am partiebis urTierToba bevrad arastabiluri iqneba, vidre adre. TiTqmis ueWvelia, rom es qalbatoni merkelis bolo vadaa da yvela partia xelisuflebis mosapoveblad moemzadeba. amave dros, social-demokratiuli partia, romelic wina koaliciuri TanamSromlobiT dazaralda, Tavisi mZlavri partniorebisgan gamijvnis gzebis Ziebas Seecdeba. mTavroba mets daxarjavs infrastruqturasa da bavSvTa jandacvaze, magram tarifebiT, breqsitis negatiuri SedegebiTa da avtomanqanebis gamonabolqvis skandaliT daRdasmuli ekonomikuri zrda Seneldeba.

saberZneTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.0% 19890 $ (mup: 28750 $)

inflacia:

1.3 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-0.6

ungreTi mSp erT sulze: inflacia: biujetis balansi: mosaxleoba:

vaWroba zrdas Seaferxebs, xolo amerikaSi evropul avtoeqsportze tarifebis SemoRebis perspeqtiva `horizontze Rrublebs moaquCebs~.

irlandia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.6 % 78530 $ (mup: $ 83750$)

inflacia:

1.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is%): mosaxleoba:

-0.5 4.8 milioni

`fine gelis~ umciresobis mier marTuli koaliciuri mTavroba, romelsac principul sakiTxebze xmebis saTanado raodenobis mosagroveblad opoziciuri `faina feilis~ mxardaWera sWirdeba, xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis dasrulebamde daiSleba. amis gamo, SesaZloa arCevnebi 2019 welsac Catardes. amis Sedegi umciresobis kidev erTi arastabiluri mTavroba iqneba, romelSic dominant partias sakanonmdeblo warmatebisTvis opoziciis mxardaWera dasWirdeba. ekonomika ufro Senelebuli zrdis tendencias SeiZens.

Tvali adevneT: krizisi breqsitTan dakavSirebiT. evrokavSiridan britaneTis gasvla, pirobebis miuxedavad, gaarTulebs irlandiis urTierTobas mis umsxviles savaWro partniorTan.

11.1 milioni

memarcxene-memarjvene koalicia, premierministr aleqsis ciprasis xelmZRvanelobiT, problemebs waawydeba xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis bolomde miyvanisas. amisgamo, SesaZloa seqtembrisTvis daniSnuli arCevnebi ufro adre Catardes. ekonomika gamococxldeba rigiT mesame stimulirebis tranSis miRebis Semdeg, xolo turistebisgan miRebuli Semosavali da sacalo vaWoba gadafaravs fiskaluri simkacrisa da Semcirebuli vaWrobis negatiur Sedegebs. bevri parametriT, ekonomika winakrizisul doneze qvemoT rCeba, magram uaresi ukan darCa. myife sabanko sistema, pirveladi sabiujeto proficitis miRwevis aucilebeli amocana da dune zrda, nebismier axal mTavrobas sakmaris sazrunavs Seuqmnis.

mSp-s zrda:

79

qveynebi

msoflio 2019

2.9 % 16880 $ (mup: 31960 $) 3.3 % (mSp-s %): -2.1 9.7 milioni

premierministr viqtor orbanis populisturi da nacionalisturi mTavroba da misi `fideSis~ partia xelisuflebaSi yofnis mesame vadas araliberaluri politikis gatarebis gamo, evrokavSiris sanqciebis fonze xvdeba. igi mainc `zurgis qariT~ mxardaWerili imoZravebs, rasac sakanonmdeblo organoSi soliduri umravlesoba, opoziciis daqsaqsuloba da mZlavri ekonomika ganapirobebs.

Sromis SekumSuli bazari, sabiujeto kontroli da Senelebuli

italia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.1%

erTi memarjvene-centristuli, proevropuli mTavroba unda Seeqmna, rac damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg Catarebuli yvela arCevnebis logikuri Sedegi iyo. orma axalma partiam — populisturma `vin flobs saxelmwifos?~ da axalma konservatiulma partiam memarjvene-centristi amomrCevlebis xmebis umetesoba miiRes, riTac mmarTvel koalicias pirvelad `gauCnda bzari~. konsensusi mtkice safinanso politikasTan da evropasTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxze ucvleli darCeba da mTavroba Semosavlebis mZafr uTanasworobas SeebrZoleba.

lietuva mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze: inflacia:

inflacia:

1.4 % (mSp-is %): -2.9

mosaxleoba:

mosaxleoba:

-0.1 2.9 milioni

lietuvas glexTa, mwvaneebis erTobisa da lietuvas socialdemokratiuli partiis koaliciuri mTavroba, romelic 2016 wels CamoSlili administraciis memkvidrea, parlamentSi umciresobas flobs da SesaZloa Tavadac `waiforxilos~ 2020 wels daniSnul arCevnebamde. vadamdeli arCevnebi kidev erT memarjvenecentristul koalicias Seqmnis. korufcia kvlavac fexmokidebulia biznessa da politikaSi, magram ekonomika soliduri tempiT zrdas gaagrZelebs.

59.2 milioni

niderlandebi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

antiistebliSmentis `xuTi varskvlavis moZraobisa~ da antiimigraciuli `CrdiloeTis ligis~ ucnauri wyvilis koalicia winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri zomebis nazavis ganxorcielebas ecdeba, rac moicavs rogorc gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, ise saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdas da evrokavSiris sabiujeto disciplinis Sesrulebis arcTu mtkice valdebulebas. orive partia pirvelobas eswrafvis, ramac SesaZloa arCevnebis maisSi gadmotana moitanos, roca evroparlamentis arCevnebic tardeba. ekonomika susti iqneba.

Tvali adevneT: qerqis zeda fena.

16 qveynis supervarskvlavi mcxobeli erTmaneTs milanis pureulis msoflio CempionatSi Seejibreba (ar unda agerioT safrangeTSi Casatarebel comeulis msoflio TasSi).

latvia mSs-s zrda:

3.7 % 18860 $ (mup: 22780 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

3.3 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

36210 $ (mup: 42940 $)

biujetis balansi:

mSp erT sulze:

3.3% 19700 $ (mup: 35320 $)

1.7 % -0.8 1.9 milioni

2018 wlis miwurulis arCevnebma politikuri fragmentacia gamoavlina. elodnen, rom arCevnebis Semdgom molaparakebebskidev

2.5 % 55260 $ (mup: 57520 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

1.8% -1.0 17.3 milioni

norvegia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.8% 84690 $ (mup: 64920 $)

inflacia:

2.2%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

5.2 milioni

marTalia konservatorebiT, liberalebiTa da progresis partiiT Sedgenili susti memarjvene-centristuli umciresobis mTavroba skandalebma da saprotesto gamosvlebma azarala, Tumca igi Tavisi vadis gasrulebas mainc SeZlebs. es, nawilobriv mTavari opoziciuri partiis, leiboristebis poziciebis sisustiTac aixsneba. konservatorTa lideri da premierministri erna solbergi wnexSi moaqcevs qristian-demokratebs, romlebmac koaliciuri molaparakebebi datoves da solbergis imeds, Seeqmna memarjvene-centristuli aliansi, `civi wyali gadaasxes~. qristiandemokratebi kvlav SemouerTdnen koalicias, rac solbergisaTvis umravlesobas uzrunvelyofs. politika koncentrirebuli iqneba ekonomikis navTobze damokidebulebidan diversifikaciaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom mzardi fasebi ekonomikis zrdas uwyobs xels.

Tvali adevneT: wyalqveSa sousi.

2019 wlis dasawyisSi norvegiis samxreTSi evropaSi pirveli wyalqveSa restorani gaixsneba da kerZebsa da sazRvao kvlevebis miRwevebs gaaerTianebs.

poloneTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.5 % 16420 $ (mup: 32620 $)

inflacia:

2.0%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

memarjvene-centristuli koaliciuri mTavroba mxolod TiTo-TiTo adgiliT uswrebs opozicias parlamentis orTave palataSi da wlis dasawyisis provinciul arCevnebze senatis umravlesobas dakargavs, rac opoziciasTan ZiriTadi kanonebis misaRebad molaparakebisken ubiZgebs. miuxedavad amisa, premierministr mark rutes mesame mTavrobam unda moaxerxos sakanonmdeblo procesis marTva, sul mcire, am wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc. partiam `TavisuflebisaTvis~, romelic evropeli nacionalistebis winamorbedia, ukve nawilobriv dakarga xibli, magram kvlavac gavleniani rCeba. batoni rute ufro met sagadasaxado Sekvecasa da ganaTlebaze xarjebis zrdas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc policiasa da Tavdacvaze asignebebis zrdas.

Tvali adevneT: xidi metad Sors.

600 manqaniT Sedgenili avtokolona seqtemberSi meore msoflio omis warumatebeli` market gardenis operaciis~ 75 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad omis dros gavlil marSruts gaimeorebs.

5.2

mosaxleoba:

-2.5 38.3 milioni

mmarTvelma kanonisa da samarTlianobis partiam kanonierebis sakuTari standartis Riad dafiqsirebiTa da sanqciebis muqaris ignorirebiT, evrokavSiri SeaSfoTa. 2019 wlis miwuruls Casatarebel arCevnebze es partia, savaraudod, meored moipovebs xelisuflebas. mTavroba, CexeTis respublikis, ungreTisa da slovakeTis kolega mTavrobebis msgavsad, nacionalisturi dRis wesrigiT gamodis, rac evrokavSiris principebs ewinaaRmdegeba. am gamomwvev pozicias amomrCevelTa xmebi moaqvs, iseve, rogorc mzard ekonomikas, rac saavtomobilo eqsportis zrdam da samomxmareblo xarjebis bumma moitana.

portugalia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.8% 24030 $ (mup: 34520 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

1.8 % -1.1 10.3 milioni

socialist premierministr antonio koStas marTulma, memarcxeneobisken midrekilma umciresobis mTavrobam Sidapartiuli dapiri-

80

qveynebi

spirebebis miuxedavad, erTianoba SeinarCuna, Tumca oqtombris arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad, SesaZloa es dasruldes. opoziciuri memarjvene-centristuli social-demokratiuli partia uRimRamo pedro pasos koelios gadadgomis Semdeg, axali liderSipiT ecdeba sakuTari Tavis, rogorc sarwmuno alternativis, damkvidrebas. amis miuxedavad, savaraudod, socialisturi partiis mTavroba xelisuflebaSi darCeba — koaliciaSi darCenis an umravlesobis sakuTari ZalebiT mopovebis gziT. zrda 2017 wlis pikur maCvenebelze naklebi iqneba.

rumineTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.7% 12840 $ (mup: 29100 $)

inflacia:

3.6%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is%): mosaxleoba:

-3.4 19.4 milioni

daZabuloba SenarCundeba kanonis uzenaesobis damcvel prezident klaus iohanissa da mmarTvel social-demokratiul partias Soris, romelmac swored kanonis uzenaesobas Seutia. Tu batoni iohanisi noemberSi an dekemberSi gasamarTi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi ar dabrundeba, daZabuloba moiklebs, Tumca rumineTma SesaZloa dakargos evrokavSiris wevrobisas marTvis administrirebis sferoSi miRweuli progresi. eqspansionisturi fiskaluri politika ekonomikis zrdas uzrunvelyofs.

Tvali adevneT: datusaRebis dRe. SesaZloa ofisis datoveba mouwios parlamentis qveda palatis prezident liviu dragneas, romelsac dapatimreba emuqreba, Tumca ganaCenis gasaCivreba SeuZlia.

ruseTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.8 % 11150 $ (mup: 27430 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

4.5% -0.4 146.9 milioni

vladimir putinis reJimi saerTaSoriso sanqciebs, mwir saSinao da ucxour investiciebs, ekonomikis struqturul sisustesa da mosaxleobis daberebis problemebs awydeba, Tumca prezidenti mosaxleobis gaWirvebas gamoiyenebs da xelisuflebas SeinarCunebs. marTalia, gaizrdeba saprotesto muxti, magram mas daundoblad CaaxSoben. politika fokusirebuli iqneba mTavrobis mier ekonomikis, saxelmwifo institutebisa da socialuri da politikuri forumebis kontrolze. sabolood, yuradRebas miipyrobs 2024 wels putinis mmarTvelobis dasasruls memkvidris gamovlenis sakiTxi (da imaze, Seecdeba Tu ara igi vadebis SezRudvis gauqmebas). magram amJamad qveynis poziciebis dacvaze orientirebuli da konservatiuli saSinao politikuri kursi stazissa da minimalur ekonomikur zrdas uzrunvelyofs.

msoflio 2019

Tvali adevneT: Tqven mogxsnes! yazanSi agvistoSi Casatarebel unarebis msoflio SejibrSi msoflios 70-ze meti qveynis ostatebi da Segirdebi davalebis swrafad SesrulebaSi ipaeqreben.

slovakeTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.8% 20790 $ (mup: 35270 $)

inflacia:

2.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-0.7 5.5 milioni

mTavroba politikuri skandaliT zaralobs, romelmac aw ukve yofili premierministri robert fiko 2018 wlis dasawyisSi xelisuflebas Camoacila. amitomac, naadrevi arCevnebi savsebiT SesaZlebelia. batoni fikos social-demokratiuli mimarTulebis partia, romelic koalicias meTaurobs, gadaudebel daxmarebas saWiroebs. arCevnebis Semdegac ki, SesaZloa is kvlavac udides partiad darCes, magram adgilebs dakargavs da koaliciis Seqmna gauWirdeba. batoni fikos xeldasxmuli memkvidre, peter pelegrini infrastruqturaSi investirebis zrdis, jandacvis reformisa da sasoflo da saqalaqo dasaxlebebs Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri uTanasworobis daZlevis politikis gatarebas ecdeba. meti samuSao adgilebi da mzardi xelfasebi ekonomikis zrdas uzrunvelyofs.

Tvali adevneT: SeRavaTebis mateba. socialuri RonisZiebebis asignebebi 500-600 milioni evroTi (575-690 milioni aSS dolari) gaizrdeba, rac moicavs pensiebisa da SeRavaTebis zrdas asakiani moqalaqeebisa da bavSvebisaTvis, aseve gadasaxadebis Semcirebas maT mier moxmarebul saqonelze.

espaneTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.3% 32370 $ (mup: 41560 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

daZlevis Semdeg aRebul inercias SeinarCunebs, xolo dasaqmebis, xelfasebisa da xarjebis mateba ekonomikur zrdas ganapirobebs.

Tvali adevneT: kataloniis zarali. axalma mTavrobam kataloniel separatistebTan arsebuli dapirispireba Searbila, Tumca daTmobebs ar unda velodoT.

2.1 % -1.9 46.4milioni

2018 wlis SuaSi winamorbedi saxalxo partiis (PP) umciresobis administraciisadmi undoblobis votumis gamocxadebiT da am ukanasknelis xelisuflebidan Camocilebis Semdeg, espaneTis mTavrobas mSromelTa socialisturi partiis (PSOE) umciresobis kabineti marTavs. parlamentis qveda palatis 350-adgilidan mxolod 84-is makontrolebeli es politikuri Zala espaneTis yvela drois usustesi demokratiuli mTavrobaa. marTalia, igi Seecdeba Tavi vadis bolomde miiyvanos, Tumca riggareSe arCevnebi mainc SesaZlebelia. amave dros, ori tradiciuli partiis — mSromelTa socialisturi da saxalxo partiebis, aseve axalbeda `podemosisa~ da `siudadanosis~ interesebis erTmaneTisgan oTxive mimarTulebiT daSoreba imas niSnavs, rom aSkara umravlesobis Seqmna mosalodneli araa. ekonomika krizisis

SvedeTi mSp-is zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.1% 56870 $ (mup: 54900 $)

inflacia:

2.2%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

0.9 10.1 milioni

2018 wlis bolos Catarebuli arCevnebidan SvedeTi `Camokidebuli~ parlamentiT gamovida, romelSic balanss ukiduresi memarjvene SvedeTis demokratebi uzrunvelyofen. arCevnebis Semdgomi koaliciis Sesaqmnelad molaparakebebi gaiweleba, magram memarjvene-centristuli administraciis Seqmna yvelaze mosalodneli Sedegia. axali mTavroba, konfiguraciis miuxedavad, memkvidreobaSi liberaluri monetaruli politikiT, sacxovrebeli farTis mSeneblobis bumiTa da mZlavri samomxmareblo moTxovniT gamagrebul ekonomikas miiRebs. uZravi qonebis bazris `gagrilebis~ kvalobaze, zrda Seneldeba.

Sveicaria mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.9% 80490 $ (mup: 68830 $)

inflacia:

1.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

0.3 8.6 milioni

oqtomberSi oTxi partiisgan Semdgar mTavrobas vada gaudis, manamde ki Sveicariis xalxis partiam, romelic kvartetis yvelaze memarjvene Zalaa, SesaZloa axali referendumi Caataros, romliTac gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis evrokavSiris wesebis ukugdebas moiTxovs. xalxma igives misca xma 2014 wels, Tumca RonisZieba Serbilebuli formiT gatarda briuselTan uTanxmoebis Tavidan asacileblad. am ganaxlebuli cdis SeCereba bevrad rTuli iqneba. mTavroba ekonomikuri zrdis gasamyareblad struqturuli reformebis gatarebas apirebs, magram amomrCevlebs socialuri SeRavaTebi ar eTmobaT. amgvarad, progresi neli iqneba. odnav Semcirdeba zrdac, roca amerikuli proteqcionizmi evropul vaWrobasac moswvdeba.

TurqeTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

4.6% 10660 $ (mup: 29800 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

10.8% -3.1 83.0 milioni

gazrdili ZalauflebiT aRWurvil da opoziciis sisustiT gulmocemul prezident rejef taip erdoRans yvelafris gakeTeba

SeuZlia, rasac isurvebs. TumcaRa, misma qmedebebma ukve sakmaod SeaSfoTa ucxoeli investorebi, visi mxardaWerac aucilebelia TurqeTis ekonomikis stabilurobisaTvis. erdoRani ar aris mzad ndobis mosapoveblad nabijebi gadadgas, ris gamoc igi riskavs, erovnuli valuta liris 2018 wlis panika srulmasStabian ekonomikur krizisad aqcios. es ki mis mmarTvelobas safrTxes Seuqmnis.

Tu ekonomikis stabilizacia moxerxda, dinamikuri kerZo seqtori da xangrZlivvadiani saxelmwifo investireba zrdas Seuwyobs xels.

ukraina mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.8% 3250 $ (mup: 9650 $)

inflacia:

8.1 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-2.5 42.0 milioni

biznesjgufebsa da politikur Zalebs Soris arsebuli bneliT moculi kavSirebi, rac 2014 wels Camogdebuli ianukoviCis reJimis maxasiaTebeli iyo, kvlav brundeba da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan SeTanxmebuli reformebis ganxorcieldeba neldeba. miwis marTvis regulaciebis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da energiis seqtoris cvlilebebis gegmebi gaibna da konfliqti Rvivis qveynis aRmosavleTSi, sadac ruseTis momxre Zalebi separatistul saomar kampanias awarmoeben. martSi daniSnul arCevnebSi, SesaZloa prezidenti petro poroSenko yofil premierministr iulia timoSenkosTan damarcxdes, xolo am ukanasknelis partia, wlis miwuruls dagegmil arCevnebSi, savaraudod, saparlamento umravlesobas moipovebs.

didi britaneTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.5 % 43210 $ (mup: 45700 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

1.9 % -1.6 67.0 milioni

premierministr tereza meis konservatiuli mTavroba martSi qveyanas evrokavSiridan gasvlaSi gauZRveba, riTac daiwyeba gardamavali etapi 2021 wels gasaformebeli axali savaWro SeTanxmebis farglebSi sruli gancalkevebisken. cxadi ar aris, Tu rogor gaivlis am process Rrmad gaxleCili qveyana. Tu amas ver SeZlebs, SesaZloa qalbaton meis mTavrobam kolafsi ganicados da igi breqsitis momxre konservatorebma an memarcxene jeremi korbinis leiboristulma partiam Caanacvlos.

Tvali adevneT: mimdinare sakiTxebi. ivnisSi oqsfordSiris qalaq uitniSi vini puhis wvrilmanebis 36-e msoflio Cempionati Catardeba. am sportis popularizacia 1928 wels `vini puhisa da megobrebis~ gamocemas mohyva.

81

qveynebi

msoflio 2019

biujetis balansi: (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

azia azia mosaxleoba 65 wlis, % mTlianad 1950 2017 2030 2050 CineTi, iaponia

pakistani, filipinebi, indoeTi, indonezia , malaizia,

wyaro: msoflio banki

avstralia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.3% 60370 $ (mup: 53180 $)

inflacia:

2.4%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-0.8 25.1 milioni

premierministr skot morisons, romelic memarjvene-centristul mTavrobas saTaveSi 2018 wels martis krizisis Semdeg Caudga, noembris CaTvliT, arCevnebis Catarebamde Zalauflebis konsolidaciaze zrunva uwevda. is, savaraudod, warmatebas ver miaRwevs. leiboristuli mTavroba memkvidreobaSi albaT `gaberil~ uZravi qonebis bazars da bumis Semdgomi sirTuleebiT SeWirvebul mompovebel seqtors miiRebs.

Tvali adevneT: didi problema.

SesaZloa, leiboristul mTavrobas ufro naklebad obstruqciul senatTan mouwios urTierToba, wina mTavrobasTan SedarebiT.amis mizezi isaa, rom saparlamento cxovrebis axalma wesebma politikas raime erT viwro problemaze koncentrirebuli kandidatebi unda Camoacilos, rac anelebda progress.

CineTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

6.2% 9807 $ (mup: 19430 $)

inflacia:

2.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-4.0 1.39 miliardi

CineTis ujiaTi prezidenti si Zinpini xasiaTis Serbilebis niSnebs ar aCvenebs, magram misi warmatebuli svla xelisufle-

marTvadi daSveba CineTi, mSp-is zrda wina welTan SedarebiT %

baSi yofnis vadis SemzRudavi sakonstitucio kontrolis meqanizmebis gasauqmeblad, axal risks qmnis. kerZod, xelisuflebaSi Zinpinis maameblebis dominireba qveynis politikas araTanmimdevruls xdis, rac prezidentis janmrTelobis gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidris gamonaxvis perspeqtivas gaaZnelebs. ekonomikuri zrda kidev ufro Seneldeba, xolo politikis fokusi gadainacvlebs sammagi gamowvevis — garemos totaluri dabinZurebis, Crdilovani benqingisa da soflad siRaribis daZlevis sakiTxebisken. monetaruli politika kvlavac msubuqi darCeba, amerikasTan savaWro omis safrTxe kvlavac SenarCundeba.

Tvali adevneT: didi frTa. pekinis samxreT uban dasinSi msoflios udidesi aeroportis terminali gaixsneba.

honkongi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.7 % 50100 $ (mup:66980 $)

inflacia:

2.3 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

0.7 7.5 milioni

administraciuli mdivani keri lami sakanonmdeblo sabWoSi (parlamentSi) opoziciuri figurebis kooptacias Seecdeba, riTac Zirs gamouTxris honkongis mcdelobas, winaaRmdegoba gauwios kontinentidan momaval zemoqmedebas. amave dros, igi ukuagdebs kontinentis mier mxardaWeril antidiversiul kanonmdeblobas, romelsac honkongis `lokalistebi~ represiulad miiCneven. presis Tavisufleba, akademiuri damoukidebloba da politikuri avtonomia kidev ufro daknindeba sasamarTlos damoukideblobasTan erTad. amerika-CineTis gamwvavebuli savaWro omis aCrdili ufro metad Seanelebs ekonomikas.

Tvali adevneT: TqviT da aCveneT. M+ — xelovnebis uzarmazari axali centri 2019 wlis bolos gaixsneba da xelovnebis Tavisuflebis cenzuriT SezRudviT SeSfoTebis fonze Caivlis.

indoeTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze: inflacia:

7.6 % 2200 $ (mup: 8290 $) 4.9%

-3.2 1.37 miliardi

mmarTveli eronul-demokratiuli aliansi aprilSi an maisSi daniSnul parlamentis qveda palatis arCevnebSi xelisuflebaSi yofnas meore vadiT daibevebs, Tumca misi umravlesoba Semcirdeba. premierministr narendra modis SesaZloa kidev ufro myari Zalauflebis miRebis imedi hqondes, vinaidan indoeTis saxalxo partiis STambeWdavi Sedegebi Statebis arCevnebSi ufro mtkice kontrolis ganxorcielebaSi aisaxeba parlamentis zeda palataze, sadac Statebia warmodgenili. arCevnebamde, politikis prioriteti socialuri daxmareba iqneba, Tumca mogvianebiT kvlav biznesis sakiTxebs daubrundeba. ekonomikuri zrda daCqardeba.

Tvali adevneT: Cinuri samiti. batoni modi CineTis prezident si ZinpinTan araformalur samits ukve meored Caatarebs ormxrivi urTierTobis Sesarbileblad.

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

liberalur-demokratiuli partiis liderad mesamed arCevis Semdeg, premierministri sinZo abe axal wels amaRlebul ganwyobaze daiwyebs. mxardaWeras igi pacifisturi konstituciis reformis dasawyebad gamoiyenebs. es sakiTxi referendumze gamova. batoni abe politikurad SedarebiT mSvid wels unda elodos, romelic mas saetapo 2020 welTan miaaxloebs, rac mas iaponiis uaxles istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi vadiT moqmed liderad aqcevs. `abenomika~, romelic ekonomikis aTwleulebze gawelili stagnaciidan amosayvanad Seiqmna, mokrZalebul Sedegebs moitans.

yazaxeTi mSp-is zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.4 % 9150 $ (mup: 28280 $)

inflacia:

6.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is%): mosaxleoba:

indonezia

-3.9 126.9 milioni

-1.2 18.6 milioni

aprilis arCevnebSi joko vidodo kidev erTi vadiT moipovebs prezidentobas da miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTari partia ar hyavs, sakanonmdeblo organoSi mxardamWerebs SeinarCunebs. instituciuri reformebis dapirebebi `wyals gahyveba~, maT Soris korufciasTan brZolac ki, da marTalia kerZo interesebi kanonmdeblobas eRobeba, magram es sakiTxi kvlavac kampaniis nawilad darCeba. biznesgaremos gasaumjobeseblad mimarTuli mcdeloba ekonomikas sasurvel mdgomareobas unarCunebs.

2017 wlis sakonstitucio reformebi miuTiTebs, rom sabWoTa eris dasasrulis Semdeg, qveynis saTaveSi myofi nursulTan nazarbaevi, savaraudod, Tanamdebobas datovebs. Tumca is, Tu rodis da rogor moxdeba es, rogorc yovelTvis, gaurkveveli rCeba. liderebis cvla mcireoden politikur gardaqmnas Tu moitans, xolo axali prezidenti kvlavac Zalismieri meTodebiT miRweul saxalxo mxardaWerasa da yalb arCevnebs daeyrdnoba. imis kvalobaze, rom winmswrebi zrdis potenciali TandaTan iwureba, ekonomikuri progresis miRweva sul ufro garTuldeba, ris gamoc gaizrdeba mosaxleobis ukmayofileba. ekonomikis navTobze damokidebulebis Semcirebis mudmivi mizani kvlavac iluzoruli iqneba.

iaponia

malaizia

mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

4.9% 4300 $ (mup: 14010 $)

inflacia:

4.7 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

-2.6 265.3 milioni

1.4 % 41750 $ (mup: 46160 $)

inflacia:

1.4%

mSp zrda: mSp erT sulze:

5.4 % 11820 $ (mup: 33220 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

1.5 % -3.5 32.5 milioni

2019 piradad wlis Sua periodSi tailandeli amomrCevlebi saarCevno ubnebze misvliT demokratiis dabrunebas aRniSnaven. amave dros, xelisuflebidan mimavali generlebi politikur scenas ise frTxilad moawyoben, rom amomrCevlebma 2006 wels gaZevebuli yofili prezidentis, taqsin Sinavatras momxreTa romeliRac fraqciidan ar amoirCion kandidati. bolo dros demokratia 2007 wels aRdga da taqsinis momxreebma amis Semdeg zedized sami arCevnebi moiges, rasac 2014 wels samxedroTa putCi mohyva. axali konstitucia xuntas zeda palatis kontrolis saSualebas aZlevs, maSin, roca didi partiebi qveda palataSi iqnebian gamomwyvdeuli. parlamenti premierministrs airCevs. marTalia, xuntis xelmZRvaneli, praiuT Can-oCa acxadebs, rom TanamdebobisTvis brZolas ar apirebs, magram savaraudod, arsebobs mizezi, ris gamoc is politikuri Sekrebebis akrZalvis pirobebSi, winasaarCevno SexvedrebSi monawileobs.

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mahaThir mohamadis mTavroba Senelebuli, Tumca kvlavac swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi niadags moamzadebs 2020 wels anvar ibrahimisTvis liderobis gadasacemad, romelic reabilitirebulia politikurad motivirebuli xangrZlivi patimrobis dasrulebis Semdeg. `pakatan harapanis~ koaliciis hegemonias safrTxe mxolod Signidan emuqreba, Tumca mis wevrebs Soris ideologiuri da Zalauflebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli Sexla-Semoxla kontrols daeqvemdebareba.

axali zelandia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.1% 40430 $ (mup: 42670 $)

inflacia:

2.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

0.8

mosaxleoba:

4.9 milioni

leiboristTa umciresobis mTavroba premier-ministr jasinda ardernis meTaurobiT mwvaneTa daxmarebas saWiroebs kanonmdeblobis gasatanad da mowyvladia calkeuli politikuri sakiTxebis irgvliv populisturi elferis matarebeli Sidapartiuli amboxisadmi. igi sajaro seqtoris momsaxureTa ukmayofilebasac awydeba, romelTac ufro maRali xelfasebi surT. miuxedavad amisa, sabinao reformisa da regionebSi investirebis politikis ganxorcielebas Seecdeba. ekonomikur zrdas Sesustebuli sagareo vaWroba da mkacri fuladi politika Seanelebs.

Tvali adevneT: saxalxo politika. SesaZlebelia Catardes referendumi kanafis rekreaciuli gamoyenebis legalizaciaze, rasac `mwvaneebi~ mxardaWeris sanacvlo pirobad ayeneben.

pakistani mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

5.0 % 1490 $ (mup: 6120 $)

inflacia:

5.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

-5.6

mosaxleoba:

filipinebi mSp-is zrda:

6.1 % 3274$ (mup: 9500 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is%): mosaxleoba:

SenarCuneba maSinac ki, roca es ukanaskneli birTvul ganiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT danapirebs ar Seasrulebs.

zurgis qari filipinebi, piradi gankargvadi Semosavali zrda wina welTan SedarebiT %

Sri lanka mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

4.1 % -2.6 108.1 milioni

4.7 % 4630 $ (mup: 14810 $ )

inflacia:

5.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

prezidentma rodrigo dutertem kongresi gadaibira patronaJisa da korufciuli sqemebis nazaviT, magram es SeiZleba Seicvalos, vinaidan maisisaTvis dagegmili arCevnebi opoziciuri partiebisTvis axal SesaZleblobas qmnis. konstituciuri reformis gegma, romelic ukve meoTxed wamoayena bolo oTxma prezidentma, wina gegmebze Sors ver wava. gamwvavdeba komunistebisa da islamistebis amboxi, globaluri pirobebis gamkacreba ki ekonomikur zrdas Seanelebs.

koaliciuri mTavrobis pozicia oqtomberSi Seirya, da savaraudod, mas amJamindel prezident maiTripala sirisenas meTaurobiT axali mTavroba Secvlis, romelSic yofili prezidenti, mahinda rajapaqsa ukve premierministradaa wardgenili. wlis SuagulSi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisgan miRebuli dafinansebis paketi iwureba, magram gegmis mixedviT ganxorcielebuli reformebi ekonomikis zrdas uzrunvelyofs.

taivani mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.0 % 25670 $ (mup: 54730 $)

singapuri

mosaxleoba:

mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.9% 63870a $ (mup: 99050 $)

inflacia:

1.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

- 0.5 5.9 milioni

politikuri mmarTveloba aqcents 2021 wlis arCevnebisTvis mzadebasa da premierministris memkvidris SerCevaze gadaitans, vinaidan li sien lungi scenidan wasvlas apirebs. sami kandidati ministri TavTavisi damsaxurebebis warmoCenas Seecdeba. gadawyvetilebas batoni li da misi uaxloesi wre miiRebs.

Tvali adevneT: raflis bileTebi. singapuri britaneTis koloniuri armiis oficris, am Tanamedrove teritoriis damfuZneblis, ser stamford raflis kunZulze Camosvlis 200 wlisTavs aRniSnavs.

samxreT korea mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.8 % 35430 $ (mup: 42190 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is%): mosaxleoba:

1.3 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

1.7% 0.8

-1.1 23.6 milioni

demokratiuli progresuli partia, romelsac prezidenti cai in veni meTaurobs, prezidentis postsa da parlamentze kontrols 2020 wlis arCevnebis Semdgomac SeinarCunebs. Tumca, amas swored imdenad ganapirobebs partiis siZliere, ramdenadac opoziciuri `gomindanis~ sisuste. mTavroba regionebs Soris arsebuli uTanasaworobis daZlevisa da infrastruqturaSi investirebis politikis gatarebas ecdeba. dasaqmebis reformirebasTan erTad, aman biznesis warmoebis pirobebic unda gaaumjobesos. samomxmareblo eleqtrosaqonelze globaluri moTxovna simwifis stadiaSia, rac ekonomikur zrdas CarCoebSi moaqcevs.

Tvali adevneT: saboloo siCqare. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare dagegmvis Semdeg, daiwyeba mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi taibeis aeroportis irgvliv komerciuli development-proeqtis, `taoiuan aerotropolisis~ asaSeneblad.

51.3 milioni

prezidenti mun je ini liberaluri minjus partiidan, popularobis pikzea, rasac CrdiloeT koreasTan urTierTobis ganmuxtvis iniciativis gamo miaRwia. igi umciresobaSi yofniT gamowveul uxerxulobas CamoiSorebs da Seecdeba ganaxorcielos saxelmwifo xarjebisa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT moTxovnis stimulirebis politika. xalxis mxardaWeris SenarCuneba amerikasTan myar urTierTobebs moiTxovs, prezident donald trampis uprecedento baqiaobis fonze. saWiro iqneba CrdiloeT koreasTan mWidro urTierTobis

tailandi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

3.6% 7290 $ (mup: 19950 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

es mmarTveli xuntis meTauri, praiuT Can oCa gaxdes. Serbildeba xuntis mier samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis SezRudva, Tumca ara imdenad, rom saxalxo protesti SeCerdes. mTavroba ekonomikis aRorZinebas prioritetad miiCnevs da msxvili infrastruqturuli da industriuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebas Seudgeba.

-5.3 21.0 milioni

inflacia:

204.6 milioni

protestebiTa da sakanonmdeblo gamowvevebiT Sobili koaliciuri mTavroba, romelsac kriketis yofili moTamaSe imran xani meTaurobs, Zalauflebis swrafad ganmtkicebas ecdeba. privatizacia prioritetad darCeba, magram kerZo interesebi amas win gadaeRobeba. SromiTi kanonmdeblobis reforma da maregulirebeli garemos gaumjobesebac winaaRmdegobas waawydeba. CineTis `sartylisa da gzis~ investiciebi infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas moitans, magram energetika mzard moTxovnas CamorCeba.

mSp erT sulze:

msoflio 2019

1.6 % -2.5 69.3 milioni

2016 wels mefe bumibol aduliadeis gardacvalebis gamo gadadebuli arCevnebi wlis Sua periodSi Catardeba. samxedroebis mier gaZevebuli tyupebis, taqsin da ingluk Sinavatrebis partia `feu tai~ karg Sedegebs aCvenebs. miuxedavad amisa, es ar iqneba sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom jars xeli SeeSalos, premierad `Tavisi~ politikosi gaamwesos. SesaZloa,

uzbekeTi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

5.1 % 1300 $ (mup: 7580 $)

inflacia:

12.0%

biujetis balansi:

(mSp-is %): 0.5

mosaxleoba:

32.8 milioni

prezidenti mirzioevi, romelic 2016 wels qveyanas xelisuflebaSi xangrZlivad myofi avtokratis, islam qarimovis gardacvalebis Semdeg Caudga saTaveSi, ucxoel investorebTan urTierTobis gabmas cdilobs da regionuli kavSirurTierTobebis gaumjobeseba surs, sakuTari poziciis usafrTxoebaze fiqrobs da masStabur demokratiul reformebs Tavs aridebs. 2017 wels valutis 48%-iT devalvaciis gamo dawyebuli ekonomikuri liberalizacia gaRrmavdeba, magram mTavroba qveynis elitas kvlavac gariyul poziciaSi amyofebs. politikuri ukmayofilebis gamoxatvas ar miesalmebian.

Tvali adevneT: Zalauflebis TamaSebi. qveyana birTvuli energetikis aTwlian programas wamoiwyebs, rac misi pirveli birTvuli eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobasac moicavs.

vietnami mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

6.5% 2660 $ (mup: 7850 $)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is%): mosaxleoba:

4.1 % -6.1 97.4 milioni

komunisturi partiis rigebSi metoqe politikuri midgomebi erTmaneTs Seejaxeba, Tumca generalur mdivan nguen fu trongis erTpartiuli mmarTveloba kvlavac SenarCundeba. marTalia, mTavrobis kampaniam korufciis winaaRmdeg Sexla-Semoxla gamoiwvia, magram igi mainc gagrZeldeba, radganac qrTami swored erT-erTia im mcirericxovan safrTxeTagan, rac partias emuqreba. cnobil moRvaweTa devna ukmayofilebas Searbilebs, magram wvrilman korufciasTan mosaxleobis yoveldRiuri Sejaxeba aCvenebs, rom problema kvlavac dgas. ekonomikur zrdas TandaTanobiTi pro-biznesreformebi waadgeba.

Tvali adevneT: vaWrobis zrda. 2019 wels mTavroba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis inauguracias imedovnebs, Tumca gamoxatvisa da asociaciis TavisuflebasTan, religiur TavisuflebasTan da Sromis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi briuselSi xelSekrulebis xelmoweris gadadebis safrTxes Seicavs.

83

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msoflio 2019

CrdiloeTi amerika

laTinuri amerika

mSp erT sul mosaxleze, msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis mixedviT $’ 000

ukeTesad dakavSirebulni laTinuri amerika, yovel - 100 kacze maRalsiCqariani interneti

amerika kanada Cile

argentina

meqsika

brazilia

kolumbia

ekvadori

kanada mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.8% $ 47640 (mup: $ 49660)

inflacia:

2.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-2.4 37.3 milioni

premierministri jastin triudo oqtombris arCevnebze meored gamarjvebas ecdeba, magram amjerad mas bevrad mZime brZola elis. mTavari opoziciuri partiebi, romelTa SigniT areulobam 2015 wels mis damajerebel gamarjvebas Seuwyo xeli, axali liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT Zalebs ikreben. triudos liberaluri partiis mTavroba mets daxarjavs infrastruqturaze da garemosdacviT regulaciebs gaamkacrebs. centraluri banki monetaruli politikis gamkacrebis ciklis mimdinareobas zedamxedvelobs. zrda neli iqneba. `qarpirs~ savaWro daZabulobac gaaZlierebs.

Tvali adevneT: sakuTrebis safrTxe. fasebis zrdis Senelebisa da gayidvebis vardnis kvalobaze, `gadaxurebuli~ uZravi qonebis bazaric `grildeba~. amave dros, mzardi sargeblis ganakveTi, valebis mqone saojaxo meurneobebs risks uqmnis, ris gamoc giravnobis defoltebis zrda ekonomikas azianebs.

meqsika mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

1.9% $9460 (mup: $19290)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

3.9 % -2.2 132.3 milioni

`amlos~ metsaxeliT cnobilma memarcxene populistma andres manuel lopes obradorma didi upiratesobiT moigo 2018 wlis arCevnebi, romelic TiTqos hegemoniur mdgomareobaSi myofi instituciuri revoluciuri partiisTvis iyo gamzadebuli da

acxadebs, rom 1910 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, es meqsikis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi momentia. realoba ufro mokrZalebuli iqneba. korufciis winaaRmdeg gamocxadebuli jvarosnuli laSqroba nela waiwevs da wina mTavrobis politikis umTavresi elementebis, magaliTad, ganaTlebis reformisa da sanavTobo seqtoris gaxsnis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba SesaZloa gadaidos an SeCerdes kidec. Sesustebuli biznesgaremo da Crdiloamerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis, axla ukve SeerTebuli Statebi-kanada-meqsikis SeTanxmebis farglebSi, savaWro pirobebis gauareseba zrdas SezRudavs.

Tvali adevneT: wminda `amlos~ cecxli. baton lopes obradoris wignis saTauri `mismine, tramp~ miuTiTebs imaze, rom amerikasTan urTierToba, savaraudod, daZabulia.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

mosaxleoba:

mSp erT sulze:

2.2% $11,450 (mup: $23020)

inflacia:

22.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-5.2 45.1 milioni

2018 wlis bolos prezidenti mauricio makri iZulebuli gaxda pesoze Seteva moegeriebina, fiskaluri ekonomikis politika gaemkacrebina da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisTvis sesxis tranSebis miRebis daCqarebis moTxovniT miemarTa. winamorbed kristina fernandes de kirxneris dros Seqmnil fiskalur da monetarul damaxinjebebTan gamklaveba makris ukve uWirda, roca mxardaWera dakarga da oqtombris arCevnebs anderdogis statusiT Sexvdeba. TumcaRa, Tu ekonomika gamoswordeba, SesaZloa man meore vadiT arCeva moaxerxos.

mSp-s zrda:

4.2%

mSp erT sulze: 2.2%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

mSp-s zrda:

bolivia

$64070 (mup: $64068)

inflacia:

argentina

2.4 % - 5.8 331.9 milioni

donald trampis TeTri saxli 2019 wels kidev ufro qaosuri gaxdeba impiCmentis moTxovnis gaJRerebis Semdeg da ruseTTan saidumlo kavSirebis gamoZiebis mimdinareobis pirobebSi. magram es Zalian cotas niSnavs amomrCevelTa im 40%-isTvis, vinc mas nebismier SemTxvevaSi dauWers mxars. 2018 wels gadasaxadebis SekveciT miRebuli adrenalinis `inieqciisa~ da federaluri rezervis mier sargeblis ganakveTis gazrdis Semdeg, ekonomika Seneldeba. 2019 wlis bolosken SesaZloa recesiis dawyebasac velodoT.

7.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %): mosaxleoba:

radikaluri memarjvene frTis warmomadgeneli, avtoritaruli instinqtebis mqone Jair bolsonaro 2018 wlis dasasrulis arCevnebis damajereblad mogebis Semdeg Zalauflebas miiRebs, magram misi prosabazro dRis wesrigi fragmentirebul kongresSi `damuxruWdeba~, sadac misi liberaluri socialuri partia adgilebis 10%-ze naklebs flobs. gansakuTrebiT mwvavea sayovelTao sapensio reformisa da sagadasaxado da xarjviTi RonisZiebebis sakiTxebi, rac sajaro finansebis mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad sasicocxlod aucileblad miiCneva. saTuo gaxdeba braziliis liberalurdemokratiuli Rirebulebebis SenarCunebis sakiTxi iseTi lideris pirobebSi, romelic maTi ugulvebelyofiT gamoirCeva.

Tvali adevneT: xmis micema blokurad. marTalia maRali zrda aRar aerTianebT, magram BRICSis qveynebis ekonomika kvlavac mniSvnelovania. oqtomberSi brazilia BRICS-is rigiT me-11 samits umaspinZlebs.

-3.2 11.4 milioni

Cile mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

memarcxene prezidenti evo moralesi oqtomberSi meoTxe vadiT arCevisTvis ibrZolebs. amisi saSualeba mas sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam misca, romliTac marTvis vadebis SezRudva gauqmda. is gaimarjvebs korufciuli skandalebis memkvidreobaSi miRebis miuxedavad, radganac xalxis mZlavri mxardaWeriT sargeblobs da opozicia daqsaqsulia. amis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki, misi `socializmisken svlis~ partia erovnul asambleaSi sakonstitucio umravlesobas dakargavs. liberaluri sagadasaxado da xarjviTi politika ekonomikuri zrdis tendencias SeinarCunebs.

brazilia mSp-s zrda:

2.6% $9240 (mup: $16640)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

venesuela

$3820 (mup: $8300)

inflacia:

mSp erT sulze:

peru

4.1% -5.6 210.7 milioni

3.6 % $ 17220 (mup: $ 26460)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

3.1% -1.5 18.3 milioni

prezidenti sebastian pinera `gaswi, Ciles~ memarjvene-centristuli koaliciidan zrdis wamaxalisebel politikas gaatarebs fragmentirebuli kongresis pirobebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo sacobis warmoqmnis riski maRali rCeba. sakanonmdeblo dRis wesrigi moicavs sapensio reformas, imigraciis xelaxal gaazrebas haiteli da venesueleli migrantebis Semodinebis mier Seqmnili gazrdili daZabulobis fonze, aseve uTanasworobis Semcirebis RonisZiebebs. xarjvis SezRudva Seamcirebs sabiujeto deficits, saqmes ki spilenZis gayidviT miRebuli Semosavlebis zrda waeSveleba.

Tvali adevneT: okeanis dro. aziawynari okeanis regionis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis samiti, romelsac Cile noemberSi, santiagoSi umaspinZlebs, fokusire-

84

qveynebi

buli iqneba kavSirgabmulobasa da ekonomikaSi qalebis rolze.

mSp erT sulze:

mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

paragvai

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika

mSp-s zrda:

kolumbia 3.1% $6,990 (mup: $16020)

inflacia:

2.9%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-1.7 49.9 milioni

ivan dukes memarjvene-centristuli demokratiuli centris partia xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadas kongresis umravlesobis mxardaWeriTa da winamorbed xuan manuel santosis mier datovebuli soliduri ekonomikuri politikis gagrZelebiT iwyebs. batoni duke gaamkacrebs mTavrobis pozicias yofili kolumbiis revoluciuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis partizanebTan (FARC) molaparakebisas, rac gadadebs didi xnis nanatri mSvidobis dividendis dadgomas, xolo disidentebTan da sxva SeiaraRebul ZalebTan brZola kvlav grZeldeba. ekonomika bolodroindeli zrdis xelSemwyobi reformebisgan stimuls miiRebs.

4.0% $6580 (mup: $13990)

inflacia:

4.5%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

`kolorados~ memarjvene partia xelisuflebas morigi vadiT aiRebs, Tumca saprezidento uflebamosilebebs modernizator reformist orasio kartesisgan mario abdos gadaabarebs. batoni abdo winamorbedis mier ganxorcielebuli ramdenime reformis kurss Secvlis, magram misi politikac, zogadad, sabazro ekonomikis mxardamWeri iqneba. bevri ram iqneba damokidebuli sakanonmdeblo organos Semadgenlobaze, sadac mTavrobas umravlesoba ar eqneba. 2018 wlis eqstravagantur sabiujeto xarjebs moTokaven.

mSp erT sulze:

1.5%

inflacia:

5.4%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-6.7 11.4milioni

migel dias-kaneli 2018 wels revoluciis Semdeg pirveli lideri gaxda, romelic kastros klans ar ekuTvnis, magram raul kastro komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelad rCeba da armiis marTvis sadaveebs flobs. sakonstitucio reforma, romelic plebiscitze 2019 wels unda gamoitanon, xelaxla SemoiRebs premier-ministris Tanamdebobas da batoni diaskanelis Zalauflebas kidev ufro Seasustebs. prezidentma mainc unda SearCios premierministri. amgvarad, Zalauflebis vertikali SenarCundeba. ekonomikuri reforma win `xoxviT~ wava.

ekvadori

peru

mSp erT sulze:

-1.7% $6150 (mup: $12050)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-s %): mosaxleoba:

1.4 % -3.7 17.3 milioni

memarcxene prezidentma lenin morenom sabazro ekonomikis zomieri xelSewyobis pozicia daikava 2018 wels sakanonmdeblo umravlesobis dakargvis Semdeg. samTamadno, telekomunikaciebis, eleqtroenergetikisa da transportis xelSewyobis mcdeloba ekonomikas navTobze damokidebulebisgan Camoacilebs. batoni moreno 2021 wlisTvis dabalansebul pirvelad biujets eswrafvis sesxebis stabilizaciis mizniT da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisgan distancirebisTvis.

alJiri

mSp erT sulze:

4.0% $7540 (mup: $13250) 2.9% -2.7 32.6 milioni

prezidentma martin viskaram memarjvene-centristuli partiidan `peruelebi cvlilebisTvis~ Zalaufleba mas Semdeg moipova, rac 2018 wels interesTa konfliqtis braldebiT pedro pablo kuCinski gadadga. igi mtrulad ganwyobili kongresis wyalobis imedzeRaa, sadac misi partia 130 adgilidan mxolod 18-s flobs. magram ekonomikis SesaniSnavi mdgomareobisa da konkresis saSineli reputaciis fonze, baton viskaras dRis wesrigs obstruqcia mTlianad ver moSlis.

Tvali adevneT: gaagrZeleT dakari. msoflios urTulesi mZRolebis Sejibri — 41-e rbolis dasawyebad, dakaris rali perus daubrundeba mas Semdeg, rac qveyanam 2018 wels mis sawyis etapebs umaspinZla.

urugvai mSp erT sulze:

3.1 % $18610 (mup: $25020)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

2.8% $4720 (mup: $16070)

inflacia:

mSp-s zrda:

mSp-s zrda:

mSp-s zrda:

axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi afrika (erayis garda)

mSp erT sulze:

mosaxleoba:

$9740 (mup: $13870)

Semcirebuli nakadebi axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, $ - mSp-Si

mSp-s zrda:

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

mSp-s zrda:

-1.5 7.0 milioni

inflacia:

kuba

msoflio 2019

7.0% -3.3 3.5 milioni

farTo frontis partiam 2019 wlis arCevnebze xelisufleba meoTxe vadiT unda moipovos, Tumca prezident tabare vaskesis vada SezRudulia. xelisuflebaSi yofnis bolo wels igi biujetis dasabalanseblad gamoiyenebs, Sekvecs ra xarjebs da gazrdis gadasaxadebs — miuxedavad imisa, rom fiskaluri ekonomikis politikam SesaZloa partiis Sansi daakninos. maSin, roca farTo frontis fraqciebi erTmaneTSi davoben, ori opoziciuri partia erTmaneTs esxmis Tavs. saxelmwifo xarjebi ekonomikis energiulobas uzrunvelyofs.

6.9%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-5.2 42.9 milioni

aprilis saprezidento arCevnebSi abdelazis butaflika mexuTe vadiT gaprezidentebas ecdeba da gaimarjvebs kidec, SeinarCunebs ra Zalauflebas qveyanaSi, sadac medianuri asaki 28 wels Seadgens. asakovani da janmrTelobaSeryeuli batoni buteflika samoqalaqo da samxedro elitis interesebis efeqtian gamtarad rCeba. cudad marTuli ekonomika imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi protestisa da represiis foni kvlav SenarCundeba. navTobis warmoeba da fasebi maRali darCeba.

angola mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.5% $3640 (mup: $6520)

inflacia:

24.7%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-4.0 31.8 milioni

prezidenti Juan lurenSu xelisuflebaSi yofnis xangrZlivi staJis mqone winamorbedis — Joze eduardu duS santuSis gavlenis qsels sakuTariT Caanacvlebs. man ukve gamocvala armiisa da policiis liderebi da gaauqma kontraqtebi saxelmwifo mediebTan, magram frTxilad imoqmedebs gajavrebuli dainteresebuli jgufebis gaRizianebis fonze. ekonomika kvlavac navTobze damokidebuli darCeba da gazrdili fasebi zrdas ganamtkicebs.

kameruni mSp-s zrda: mSp erT suleze:

4.6 % $1610 (mup: $3970)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

1.3% -3.6 25.3 milioni

2018 wlis bolos, arCevnebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg, pol biia Tavis meSvide saprezidento

sub-saharis afrika

vadas daiwyebs da misi `kamerunis xalxis demokratiuli moZraoba~ 2019 wels sakanonmdeblo organoSi arCevnebis Semdeg kidev erTxel moipovebs umravlesobas. Status Quo dasavleTis inglisurenovan jgufebs Tanabari warmomadgenlobis gareSe tovebs, rac aq separatistuli amboxis garantia. amave dros, CrdiloeTSi islamisti eqstremistebi stabilurobas kidev ufro met safrTxes uqmnian. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mxardaWerili politika ekonomikur zrdas waeSveleba.

egvipte mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

5.6% $2700 (mup: $13120)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

13.6% -8.9 99.5 milioni

abdel fatah al-sisi, romelic 2018 wlis arCevnebSi damajerebeli gamarjvebis Semdeg prezidentobis uflebamosilebis meore vadiT ganxorcielebas Seudga, zrdis xelSemwyobi reformebis gatarebas ecdeba. maSin, roca ekonomikis gaumjobesebisa da rkinisebri represiebis gamo socialuri ukmayofileba mcirdeba, protesti naklebad yovlismomcveli iqneba, xolo mTavroba kidev ufro Seaviwroebs jihadistur dajgufebebs.

eTiopia mSp-szrda: mSp erT sulze: inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

7.3% $620(mup: $2170) 8.0% -3.4 110.1 milioni

reformatori premierministri, abii amedi ambiciuri modernizaciis dRis wesrigis ganxorcielebas ecdeba, waawydeba ra misive mmarTveli partiis SigniT konservatorTa winaaRmdegobas. samSvidobo SeTanxmeba mezobel eritreasTan, rac misi erT-erTi pirveli politikuri nabijia, dividendebs moitans da ekonomikis feTqebadi tempiT zrda SenarCundeba.

irani

iordania

mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

85

qveynebi

msoflio 2019

-3.4 % $6144 (mup: $19520)

inflacia:

16.5%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-3.0 82.8 milioni

prezidenti hasan ruhani ganaxlebuli amerikuli sanqciebiT miRebuli zianis fonze, xisti politikuri poziciis mqone oponentebis mzard dapirispirebas awydeba. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebis programa CixSi moeqceva, magram saxalxo protestma da politikurma winaaRmdegobam, SesaZloa mas ofisic ki daatovebinos. sanqciebi navTobis eqsports Sekvecs da biznesis `Tavdajerebulobas~ Searyevs, rac ekonomikas recesiaSi gadaisvris.

mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.8% $4290 (mup: $9210)

inflacia:

3.1 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

mefe abdala I I jaris mxardaWeriT, modernizaciis da biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis politikas gaatarebs. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis TanadgomiT ekonomikis marTva, miznad isaxavs sabiujeto deficitis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas. xelisuflebas cali Tvali saxalxo protestze eWireba, vinaidan SesaZloa, fiskaluri disciplina metismetad mkacri aRmoCndes.

kenia mSp-s zrda:

erayi

mSp erT sulze:

mSp erT sulze:

5.3% $5790 (mup: $17330)

inflacia: mosaxleoba:

3.8 40.4 milioni

populistma Siitma kleri kalma muqTada al-sadrma da misma mxardamWerebma 2018 wlis arCevnebiT umravlesoba moipoves. amis Semdeg man gadado molaparakebebi koaliciis Seqmnis Taobaze, cudi mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli protestisadmi solidarobis niSnad. roca molaparakebebi dasruldeba, saero premier-ministri haider al-abadi xelisuflebaSi darCeba.

CrdiloeTSi qurTebi kvlavac SfoTaven — mas Semdeg, rac 2017 wels maTi damoukideblobis moTxovna fexqveS gaTeles. `islamuri saxelmwifos~ damarcxebis Semdeg, ekonomika navTobis gazrdili warmoebiTa da biznesisTvis ukeTesi pirobebiT isargeblebs.

israeli mSp-s zrda:

3.3% $42300 (mup: $41120)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

6.2%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-6.2 52.2 milioni

2.0%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

mSp erT sulze:

5.8% $1730(mup: $3630)

inflacia:

mSp-s zrda:

-5.0 10.6 milioni

1.8% -2.8 9.0 milioni

memarjvene premierministr beniamin neTaniahus korufciul garigebebSi monawileobis braldebebis mogerieba uwevs maSin, roca misi mmarTveli koalicia 2019 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisTvis emzadeba. memarcxene-centristuli partiebi Zalas ikreben, magram neTaniahu mainc favoritad miiCneva da ukve mexuTed unda Caudges mTavrobas saTaveSi. yvelanairi politikuri mrwamsis liderebi sabazro ekonomikis momxreebad mogvevlinebian, xolo neTaniahus mTavroba biujetis dabalansebas populistur xarjvas amjobinebs.

prezidentma uhuri keniatam da mTavarma opoziciurma liderma raila odingam winaaRmdegobebi daZlies mas Semdeg, rac 2017 wlis arCevnebSi gamwvavebulma dapirispirebam demokratiul wesrigs safrTxe Seuqmna. sagadasaxado bazis gafarToebisa da xarjvis kontrolis mcdeloba, sabiujeto balanss gaamyarebs. amasTanave, qveyana emzadeba gaxdes navTobis eqsportioric, rac mimdinare angariSis deficitsac Seamcirebs.

libani mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

2.6% $10140 (mup: $15500)

inflacia:

4.5%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-7.1 6.2 milioni

religiuri da piradi dapirispirebebiT gaxleCili qveynis suniti mxardamWerebi SeewinaaRmdegebian iranis mxardaWeril Siitur dajgufeba `hezbolas~ mzard gavlenas, romelmac 2018 wlis arCevnebSi soliduri Sedegebi moipova. axali mTavrobis Camoyalibebis molaparakebebma SesaZloa `hezbola~ premierministr saad hariris `sunitebis momavlis moZraobasTan~ arakomfortul koaliciaSi moaqcios. dapirispirebis talRa ministrebis yuradRebas sxva movlenaze gadaitans.maRalCinosnebi aqamde biurokratizmTan da meqrTameobasTan brZolaze iyvnen orientirebulni.

libia mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

4.0% $8540 (mup: $19210)

inflacia: biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

19.6% -3.7 6.3 milioni

kadafis Semdgomi qaosuri periodis gavlis mere, qveyana wesrig-

deba da 2019 wels arCevnebi unda Caataros. wesrigi unda damyardes moqiSpe mxareebs Soris qveynis dasavleT nawilSi, romelsac gaeros mxardaWerili reJimi marTavs, da aRmosavleTSic, sadac yvelaze mZlavri samxedro lideri — xalifa haftari flobs Zalauflebas. politikuri procesi damokidebulia imaze, gadawyvets Tu ara generali haftari mmarTvelobis ZaladobiT Tu konstituciuri meqanizmebiT xelSi Cagdebas.

bulebis Semcirebasac ecdeba, risTvisac saxelmwifo aqtivebs alternatiuli investiciebisTvis gamoiyenebs.

Tvali adevneT: qalaqis sazRvrebSi. municipalur arCevnebSi, romelic dekemberSia daniSnuli, qalebsac SeeZlebaT monawileobis miReba, Tumca maTi umravlesoba Tavs ar Seiwuxebs.

samxreT afrika mSp-szrda:

maroko

mSp erT sulze: inflacia:

mSp-szrda: mSp erTsulze:

3.3 % $3360 (mup: $9090)

inflacia: mosaxleoba:

-3.7 36.6 milioni

gaizrdeba saxalxo gamosvlebi, magram es ver Searyevs mefe mohamed VI-is Zalauflebas, romelic protests uxvi xarjviTa da mokrZalebuli reformebiT upasuxebs. fragmentirebuli koaliciuri mTavroba `xoxviT~ ganagrZobs svlas. politika soliduri biujetis uzrunvelyofaze iqneba aqcentirebuli da ukmayofiloTa `yidvis~ saSualebebis SenarCunebasac ecdeba. servisis industriaSi zrda energiuli iqneba.

mosaxleoba:

nigeria

siria mSp-s zrda:

9.9% $1800 (mup: $4540)

inflacia:

19.6%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

mSp-szrda:

1.9%

mosaxleoba:

-8.4 18.6 milioni

$2410 (mup: $6020)

inflacia:

13.6%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %): mosaxleoba:

-2.0 201.0milioni

prezidenti muhamadu buhari, Tebervlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT, vadas gaixangrZlivebs, vinaidan SesaZlebelia opoziciurma koaliciam swored arCevnebis win ganicados kolafsi. xangrZlivi politikuri sisustis prognozebi qveynis CrdiloeTSi islamisturi amboxis winaaRmdeg progresis miRwevis mcireoden Sanss tovebs. igive exeba nacionalistur ganwyobebs navTobis mwarmoebel nigeriis deltaSi da separatizms biafris regionSi. sabazro ekonomikis xelSemwyobi reformebi `damuxruWdeba~, rac kidev erTxel Seanelebs zrdas.

baSar al-asadma aRadgina xelisufleba qveynis umetes nawilze, did qveynebs Soris warmarTuli hibriduli omis damTavrebis Semdeg, romlis Sedegi ruseTisa da iranis sasargeblod warimarTa. umeteswilad qurTebiT dasaxlebul aRmosavleTSi dasavleTis qveynebis mxardaWerilma meamboxeebma anklavebis Seqmna SeZles, maSin, roca TurqeTis mokavSireebi CrdiloeTSi teritoriis dacvas cdiloben. es yvelaferi qveynis daSlis safrTxes qmnis. omis wlebis Semdeg, stabilurobis msgavseba moklevadian ekonomikur gamococxlebas gamoiwvevs.

zimbabve mSp-s zrda: mSp erT sulze:

saudis arabeTi

inflacia:

mSp-s zrda:

mosaxleoba:

2.0%

2.1% $1200 (mup: $2230)

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

8.1% -8.7 17.3 milioni

$22580 (mup: $54750)

inflacia:

2.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

-2.2

mosaxleoba:

-3.4 58.1milioni

araugvianes agvistoSi daniSnuli saparlamento arCevnebis win, afrikis erovnulma kongresma poziciebi gaimyara bneliT mocul prezident jeikob zumas Semrigebluri pragmatikosiT, siril ramafosaTi Canacvlebis Semdeg. ramafosa frTxilad imoqmedebs klanuri interesebisa da korufciis winaaRmdeg, da amave dros gamoacocxlebs zumas periodSi paralizebul sabazro reformebs.

mSp erT sulze:

mSp erT sulze:

5.7%

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

1.4 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-is %):

mSp erT sulze:

1.8% $6750 (mup: $14140)

34.6 milioni

jamal haSogis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli skandalis Semdeg (ixileT CanarTi), mefe salman bin abdel-aziz al saudidan mis Svilze, muhamad bin salmanze Zalauflebis gadacemis procesi gadaideba. populisturi reformebis garda, romelic antikorufciuli marSis pirvel fazas moicavda, ufliswuli ekonomikis navTobze damokide-

prezident emerson mnangagvas mxolod mokrZalebuli mandati aqvs robert mugabes ramdenime aTwleulis mmarTvelobis Sedegad dagrovebuli simaxinjeebis reviziisTvis. bevri ram iqneba damokidebuli mosaxleobis reaqciaze, romelsac politikuri Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri aRmavloba swyuria. aqedan, arcerTia mosalodneli. SeiaraRebulma Zalebma SesaZloa politikuri rolic ikisron — imis kvalobaze, rom swrafad kargaven privilegiebs.

86

industria

msoflio 2019

msoflio ricxvebSi industria

86 saavtomobilo industria 86 Tavdacvisa da aerokosmosuri industria 87 energetika 87 garTobis industria 87 finansuri momsaxureba

87 sursaTi da sof. meurneoba 87 jandacva 88 infrastruqtura 88 kompiuteruli programebi da momsaxureba 88 media

88 uZravi qoneba 89 nedleuli da wiaRiseulis mopoveba 89 sacalo vaWroba 89 telekomi 89 mogzauroba da turizmi

aTi biznestendencia 2019 wels

01 bazel 3-is sabanko wesebi amoqmedebas iwyebs, xolo amerika fulad politikas amkacrebs da TandaTan wyvets raodenobrivi Serbilebis politikas. Secdomis SemTxvevaSi, safondo bazarze areulobaa mosalodneli

02 proteqcionizmi amerikul mrewvelobasa da msoflio vaWrobas azaralebs, xolo globalur ekonomikur zrdas msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetze gadaangariSebiT wliur 4%-ze qvemoT Camoiyvans

03 navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia (OPEC) da ruseTi `onkanebs gaxsnian~ da amerikuli sawvavi fiqlis sabadoebis mogeba moiklebs. navTobis saSualo fasi barelze 73 amerikul dolaramde daecema.

04 infrastruqtura 20 trilioni dolaris investicias izidavs, romlis naxevari aziaze modis

05 sacalo movaWreebi, mTlianobaSi 3%-iT mets gayidian, magram eleqtronuli komerciis xarjebi 21%-iT moimatebs. sul ufro meti tradiciuli maRazia ganicdis problemebs.

06 internetTan wvdoma izrdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSi, xolo ganviTarebul bazrebze 5G-teqnologia Semodis. kompiuterul programebsa da momsaxurebaze, aseve komunikaciebze xarjebi 5%-iT gaizrdeba

07 `breqsiTi ~ bazrebze areulobas Seitans — uZravi qonebidan dawyebuli, finansebiT damTavrebuli. britanuli bankebi saqmianobaSi axal dabrkolebebs awydebian, magram londonis siTi evropis finansur habad rCeba.

08 msoflioSi turistebis stumrobis ricxvi 1.5 miliards aRwevs, rac 1.5 trilioni dolaris Semosavals moitans. safrangeTi yvelaze popularuli daniSnulebis adgili, xolo CineTi mogzaurTa yvelaze didi wyaro iqneba.

CineTi 5.9 trln

danarCeni azia 3.7 trln

danarCeni msoflio 0.9 trln

09 mwvane energetika Zalas ikrebs. amerikam SesaZloa oficialurad daiwyos parizis klimatis SeTanxmebidan gamosvlis procesi, magram CineTis axali kanonmdebloba eleqtroavtomobilebis gayidvebs gazrdis.

10 ganviTarebadi qveynebi — nigeriidan dawyebuli, omaniT damTavrebuli, zrdian mosaxleobis jandacvis servisebiT dafarvas. Sedegad, globaluri jandacvis xarjebi erT sul mosaxleze 1500 dolars gadaaWarbebs.

biznesgaremo

msgavsad, eleqtromobilebis gaziarebis servisis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. amave dros, ufro mciregabaritian `mwvane~ manqanebs gzis gakvalva gauWirdebaT. amerikul bazars aq mimdinare emisiasTan dakavSirebuli iuridiuli brZolebi Caketavs. garemosdacviTi samizneebis federalur doneze gauqmebas kalifornia aRudgeba win. sportuli avtomobilebi kvlavac popularuli darCeba; Tata Motors-i kompaqtur jips gamouSvebs, magram misiNano-sTvis — erT dros iafi avtomobilebis revoluciis lokomotivisTvis, 2019 weli SesaZloa ukanaskneli aRmoCndes.

Tvali adevneT: saqonlis adgilze mitana gsurT? avtomwarmoeblebi TviTmavali avtomobilebis teqnologias im doneze aviTareben, rom mZRolebs, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gzisTvis yuradRebis daTmoba aRar uwevT. Waymo Tavis `robotaqsis~ servisebs arizonaSi gaafarToebs, xolo GM Tavis Cruise AV-s gamouSvebs, romelsac saWe ar aqvs. regulaciebis TvalsazrisiT, samoqmedo sivrce ukve mTlianadaa momzadebuli, Tumca amerikis senatma jer kidev unda daasrulos sakanonmdeblo muSaoba. 2019 wels SesaZloa ganviTarebis liderobis funqcia avtonomiur satvirTo avtomobilebs daekisroT.

savaWro uTanxmoeba aSS-sa da CineTs Soris msoflios ekonomikur zrdas vnebs, xolo srulfasovani savaWro omis perspeqtiva biznesisTvis udidesi riskia. garda amisa, msoflio ekonomika amerikasa da CineTSi arsebul situacias sarkisebrad aireklavs. sul mcire, wlis dasawyisSi, zrda jansaRi iqneba, Tumca mowyvladi gaxdeba arastabilurobisadmi, romelmac SesaZloa zrda mogvianebiT SezRudos. CineTis firmebsa da momxmareblebs gunebas gaufuWebs gamkacrebuli monetaruli politika da Crdilovani finansebis Seviwroveba. amerika saprocento ganakveTs gazrdis, xolo mis msgavsad, obligaciebis gamosyidvis politikas iaponiac Sewyvets, rac ganviTarebadi qveynebidan kapitalis gadinebas gamoiwvevs. donald trampis proteqcionistuli politika qveynebs axali savaWro kavSirebis Seqmnisken ubiZgebs, magram msoflio vaWroba mainc Seneldeba.

2019 prognozebi, Tu sxvagvarad araa miTiTebuli. msoflios jamuri maCveneblebi gamoyvanilia 60 qveynis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa mSp msoflios mSp-s 95%-s Seadgens. london@eiu.com

saavtomobilo industria

wvima

dari

mze

2019 wels liTonebze, komponentebsa da Zravebze tarifebi avtomwarmoeblebs SeaSfoTebs da maT miwodebis marSrutebisa da warmoebis gegmebis xelaxali gaazrebisken ubiZgebs. Crdiloamerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis (NAFTA), axla ukve amerikakanada-meqsikis SeTanxmebad (USCMA) wodebuli paqti, gaaZvirebs meqsikuri maragnawilebis fass. problemebs moitans `breqsiTi ~ da amerikis mier iranisTvis dawesebuli sanqciebi. avtomobilebze fasebi aiwevs. amave dros, ganviTarebadi qveynebidan momavali impulsi personaluri da komerciuli avtomobilebis gayidvebs 5%iT gazrdis, TiTqmis 105 milion erTeulamde. firmebi gamoSvebas gazrdian, keniaSi Nissan-i manqanebis awyobas daiwyebs, xolo PSA — nigeriaSi. SAIC-i pirveli Cinuri avtomwarmoebeli iqneba, romelic indoeTSi gaxsnis qarxanas. eleqtroavtomobilebTan dakavSirebuli axali kanonebi `axali energetikis avtomobilebis~ gayidvas CineTSi 1.4 milion erTeulamde gazrdis. globalurad, emisiis regulirebis gamkacreba da axali qarxnebis gaxsna eleqtromobilebis gayidvis niSnuls 2 milionze zemoT daafiqsirebs.

Volvo tradiciul sawvavze dafuZnebuli axali modelebis ganviTarebas mTlianad Sewyvets da mravali qalaqi, parizSi Renault-is

Tavdacva

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2019 wels gadatvirTuli aeroportebi grZel rigebsa da gadadebul reisebs niSnavs, magram TviTmfrinavebis damamzadeblebisTvis es caSi kidev ufro meti TviTmfrinavis gaSvebis imedia. prognozi mziania da sareitingo saagento Moody’s didi zomebis TviTmfrinavebis gayidvis 8%-ian zrdas elis. navTobze fasebi kvlav gaizarda, amitom aviakompaniebi sawvavis efeqtianobaze damyarebul, viwro fiuzelaJis mqone TviTmfrinavebs amjobineben. evropuli Airbus-i 2019 wlis bolomde TveSi 63 A320 tipis xomalds gamouSvebs. misi amerikeli metoqe, Boeing-i, romelic SekveTebs 2018 wels ufro swrafad igebda, TveSi 57 viwrofiuzelaJian 737-s gamouSvebs. aviakompaniebi indoeTSi, CineTsa da dubaiSi momxmareblebs SeinarCuneben. indoeTis udidesma aviakompaniam, Airbus-is erTerTma umsxvilesma momxmarebelma, IndiGo-m SesaZloa 2019 wels romSi, milansa da ciurixSi reisebi daniSnos. emiratebma dubai afrikaSi mimavalTaTvis habad aqcia. aviaciaSi garkveuli poziciebis mqone ganviTarebadi qveynebi SesaZloa Tavdacvisa da aerokosmosuri industriis warmoebis bazad gadaiqcnen, — acxadebs sabuRaltro firma EY. Sekvecebis wlebis Semdeg, Tavdacvis industriis kontraqtorebi 2019 wels Tavdacvaze globaluri xarjebis zrdas miesalmebian. donald trampi amerikis samxedro biujets 716 miliard dolaramde gazrdis. aqedan TiTqmis 8 miliardi msoflios uZviresi samxedro TviTmfrinavebis, Lockheed Martin-is F-35 `stelsis~ programas moxmardeba. Lockheed-ma SesaZloa TurqeTSi momxmarebeli dakargos,

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msoflio 2019 Tuki es qveyana rusul S-400-is saraketo SeiaraRebas iyidis. ruseTi am sistemis miwodebis dawyebas 2019 wlidan gegmavs. axlo aRmosavleTis areulobisa da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli arsenalis garda, globalur xarjvas axali problema — kiberusafrTxoeba ganapirobebs.

Tvali adevneT: mardi SeiaraReba. axali epoqis teqnologiuri firmebi, amerikuli SpaceX-is msgavsad, bazebze momuSave Tavdacvis kontraqtorebs aviwroeben. robotebisa da xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT, maT iaraRis ufro swrafad da iafad damzadeba SeuZliaT tradiciul mwarmoeblebTan SedarebiT. aziur qveynebSi Tavdacvis moqnil teqnologiebze xarjebis zrdis kvalobaze, dasavleTis kontraqtorebs tendenciisTvis fexis awyoba mouwevT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, brZolis wagebas riskaven.

ris gamoc gazze moTxovna 3%-ze metiT Semcirdeba. ganviTarebadi qveynebi ufro met gaTxierebul gazs moiTxoven. CineTSi gazis importi iaponiaSi gazis importis moculobas albaT ukve 2019 wlis bolos gadaaWarbebs. mxolod evrokavSiri moixmars mets da 2019 wels Gazprom-is CrdiloeTis nakadi 2-is navTobsadenis mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg, aq miwodebac gaizrdeba 55 miliard kubur metramde.

Tvali adevneT: narinjisferi gangaSi. mwvane energias morigi kargi (metwilad) weli eqneba, amerikaSic ki. amerikis energetikis saministro miiCnevs, rom qari hidroenergetikaze didi ganaxlebadi energiis wyaro iqneba da axali turbinebis montaJis Semdeg, masze generirebuli energiis 7% mova.

axali kontenti da gafarToebuli realoba ganapirobebs, firmebi ki Pokémon GO-s axali versiis bazrisTvis miwodebas cdiloben.

Tvali adevneT: Cinuri Netflix-i. man Cinur auditorias metad popularuli Souebi gaacno, rogorebicaa `Savi sarke~ da `ucnauri ambebi~.

2019 wels CineTis udidesi strimingis servisi iQiyi, iseve, rogorc misi ucxoeli metoqeebi, ufro mets daabandebs originalur kontentSi. igi maT gadaswrebas videoTamaSebisa da sxva produqtebis SeTavazebaSi xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT Seecdeba. bazris optimisti moTamaSeebi Semosavlebis gaormagebasa da TiTqmis 6 miliard dolaramde zrdas elian.

finansuri momsaxureba

garTobis industria

energetika wvima wvima

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Brent-is standartuli nedli navTobis barelis fasi odnav Semcirdeba — saSualod, 73 dolaramde, magram aqamde mimavali gza `oRroCoRro~ iqneba. fasebis vardnas ganapirobebs navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciasa (OPEC) da ruseTs Soris fasebis SesanarCuneblad miwodebis SezRudvis SeTanxmebis TandaTanobiTi SeCereba. saudis arabeTi saukeTeso poziciaSia warmoebis gasazrdelad. warmoebis maCveneblebi moiklebs fiqliT mdidar amerikaSi. CineTis `mada~ Savi oqros moxmarebisa, Semcirdeba, radganac, rogorc misi ekonomika, aseve Cinur-amerikuli savaWro Sexla-Semoxla, ufro met investors daakavebinebs uaryofiT pozicias navTobTan mimarTebaSi. amave dros, geopolitikuri viTarebis simwvave fasebis did vardnas SeuSlis xels. safrTxeebi moicavs amerikis mier ruseTisTvis damatebiTi sanqciebis dawesebis risks, saudis arabeTis iranTan metoqeobas, da sirTuleebs nigeriaSi, libiasa da eraySi. navTobis gauyidavi maragebic sakmaod mwiria. amgvarad, 2019 wels umTavresi SeSfoTebis sagani navTobis fasebis meryeoba iqneba. am momentisTvis, udidesi kompaniebi (BP, Chevron, Exxon, Shell and Total) kapitalur xarjebs savaraudod 5%-iT gazrdian, — prognozirebs Moody’s. bunebriv gazSi investireba sul ufro metad mimzidveli xdeba. gazis zrda xSirad qvanaxSiris xarjze xdeboda. es amerikaSic asea, sadac mTavrobis mcdeloba qvanaxSiris industriis gamococxlebisa, marcxs iwvnevs. gamonaklisi iaponiaa — aqauri kolegebi qvanaxSiris gamoyenebas uWeren mxars,

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PwC-is informaciiT, cifruli teqnologiebiT stimulirebuli xarjva garTobasa da mediaze 2019 wels komfortulad gadaaswrebs 2 trilion dolars. fasiani televiziis Sedegebs daCrdilavs internetvideo, romelsac mZlavri zrdis kidev erTi weli elis. amerika misi udidesi bazari darCeba 24 miliardi dolaris brunviT, magram SesaZloa mas CineTi wamoewios. CineTis Sinauri `mZimewonosnebi~ globalur moTamaSeebs warmatebiT igerieben da JPMorgan Chase-is prognoziT, 2019 wels CineTis onlain videoindustria stagnacias daZlevs. suraTi kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba, roca sul ufro meti Cineli mayurebeli gadawyvets kontentisTvis fulis gadaxdas. indoeTSi fasiani televizia mTeli satalevizio Semosavlebis 95%-s uzrunvelyofs, magram internetvideo swrafad miiwevs win regulirebis Serbilebisa da mobiluri kavSiriT dafarvis gaumjobesebasTan erTad. onlain videoindustriis udidesi saxeli — Netflix-i, brZolis simwvaves 2019 wels, Disney-is sakuTari strimingservisebis gaSvebis Semdeg SeigrZnobs da dakargavs Marvel-is filmebsa da Disney-is iseT klasikas, rogoricaa `moana~ da `mzeTunaxavi da urCxuli~. aziis kinoindustriaSi sakaso Semosavlebis 9%-iani zrda dafiqsirdeba da es kontinenti globaluri xarjebis 40%-s moicavs. bolosdabolos, CineTi msoflios udidesi kinofilmebis bazari gaxdeba. amis miuxedavad, holivuds Zalian gauWirdeba Cinuri auditoriis dapyroba adgilobrivi, iaponuri da induri konkurenciis fonze. videoTamaSebis Semosavali 89 miliard dolars miaRwevs, — iuwyeba onlainbazris kvlevis portali Statista. amas gaiafebuli virtualuri realobis yursasmenebi,

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2019 wels centraluri bankebi frTxilad imoqmedeben, TavianTi gonivruli standartis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki. globalurad, sabanko depozitebis zrdis tempi sesxebis zrdis temps gadaaWarbebs, magram aziaSi movlenebi am tendenciis sapirispirod ganviTardeba, vinaidan rbili fuladi politika CineTSi kvlavac ZalaSia. sabanko aqtivebis krebsiTi moculoba 6%-iT gaizrdeba da 150 trilion dolars miaRwevs. amerikis bankebi frTxilad gazrdian aqtivebs, rasac ufro maRali marJebi da dabali gadasaxadebi ganapirobebs. aseve imoqmedeben ambiciuri aziuri bankebic da ukan moitoveben fulis deficitiT SeWirvebul evropel kolegebs. yvela banki `erTmaneTTan jajguriT~ gaikvalavs gzas da finansuri teqnologiiskompaniebs Seuamxanagdeba, xolo indoeTis gadaxdebis bazari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miipyrobs. evropidan aziaSi gavrceldeba Ria sabanko modelebi, romlebic momxmareblebs waaxalisebs, daisakuTron da gamoiyenon TavianTi finansuri monacemebi. amave dros, finansuri teqnologiebis regulaciebi bevrgan gamkacrdeba. sadazRvevo premiebis zrda mSp-is zrdas gadaaswrebs, rasac ganviTarebad bazrebze onlaingayidvebi da CineTSi sicocxlis dazRvevaze moTxovnis zrda asazrdoebs. kapitalis bazrebze algoriTmuli treidingi, robokonsaltingi da blokCeini xarjebs ki Sekvecen, magram dasaqmebas Seuqmnian safrTxes.

Tvali adevneT: CineTis giganturi Ant-i. msoflios udidesi finansuri teqnologiis kompania Alibaba-s filials ukve 870 milioni globaluri momxmarebeli hyavs — umeteswilad, Alipay-momsaxurebisaTvis. 2018 wels Ant-ma 14 miliardi dolari moizida gafarToebisaTvis, rac amerikasa da indoeTs moicavs. arsebobs safrTxec, rac

CineTSi misi dominaciis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli maregulirebeli garemos gauaresebaSi gamoixateba.

sursaTi da soflis meurneoba 2018 wlis aCqarebuli zrdis

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Semdeg, 2019 wels fermis karTan fasebi mxolod 0.5%-iT gaizrdeba. sarezervo mosavalma gazarda maragebi, romlebic bevrad ver Semcirdeba. amindi fermerebisTvis kvlavac xelsayreli iqneba, Tumca Zlieri dolari ganviTarebad qveynebSi sursaTis importze moTxovnas mniSvnelovnad SezRudavs. riski umTavresad adamianuria da donald tramps ukavSirdeba. savaWro davebma SesaZloa `gadmoapirqvavos~ im produqciis bazrebi, romlebic amerikas CineTSi didi raodenobiT Seaqvs. magaliTad, soiis SemTxvevaSi, CineTi gamokveTilad udidesi importioria da didadaa amerikaze damokidebuli, Tumca ukve eZebs axal momwodeblebs. magaliTad, brazilias. `mwvane produqtebisadmi~ momxmareblebis mxardaWera SezRudavs sursaTis calkeuli saxeobebis warmoebas. es exeba garemosTvis saziano palmis zeTis moyvanas, romelsac margarinisa da sxva produqtebis warmoebaSi iyeneben.

Tvali adevneT: agro-algoriTmebi. sabirJo sasoflo-sameurneo saqonliT vaWrobis saxlebi teqnologiur revoluciaSi didxans rCebodnen `maCanCalebad~. algoriTmebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi valutiT vaWrobis oTx mexuTeds ganageben, magram sasoflo-sameurneo saqonlis vaWrobis mxolod naxevriT Semoifarglebian. bolosdabolos, marcvleulis, pirutyvisa da msgavsi saqonliT movaWreebi win miiweven, — 2019 wels isini didi Tanxebs daabandeben didi monacemebis damuSavebisa da algoriTmuli vaWrobisTvis saWiro sistemebSi.

jandacva

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2019 wels sayovelTao jandacvis gafarToebis globaluri tendencia `waiforxilebs~. barak obamas jandacvis reformebis safuZveli, savaldebulo dafarva yvela amerikelisTvis, donald trampis wyalobiT dasruldeba. sanacvlod, damsaqmeblebs ufro SezRuduli, iafi dafarvis SemoTavazeba SeeZlebaT, magram gacilebiT

88 didi arCevani waaxalisebs aTvisebas, — acxadeben respublikelebi. kongresis sabiujeto ofisis gaangariSebiT, am servisis misaRebad, 3 milioniT naklebi amerikeli warmoadgens ganacxads. sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraoben iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebi, rogorebic samxreT afrika da omani arian. isini imedovneben miiRon kanonmdebloba, romelic 2019 wels moqalaqeebis jandacvis dazRvevis yidvas daavaldebulebs. amave dros, egvipte Tavis jandacvis aqts axorcielebs. nigeria didi xniT gadadebul pirveladi jandacvis sakanonmdeblo pakets miiRebs. misi mizani poliomielitis damarcxebaa (bolo SemTxveva 2016 wels dafiqsirda). nigeriuli warmateba am daavadebiT SeWirvebul mxolod or qveyanas datovebs msoflio rukaze — es avRaneTi da pakistania. erT sulze globaluri jandacvis xarjebi 2019 wels 63 dolariT gaizrdeba da 1553 dolars miaRwevs. qveynebi xarjebis monitorings gasweven. cxovrebis stilis gaumjobeseba uiafesi SesaZleblobaa, amis miRweva ki Saqarze ufro maRali gadasaxadiTa da mowevis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdeblobiT SeiZleba. globalurad, `gaxurdeba~iaf samedicino personalze nadiroba. wamlebis mwarmoeblebi, romelTa nawarmi 1.3 trilion dolaris Semosavals moitans, gamkacrebuli kanonmdeblobis mosagerieblad momxmarebels mTel rig wamlebze gauyinaven fasebs, magram mzardi savaWro barierebi konkurencias SezRudavs. axlo momavalSi krizisi emuqreba iransa da britaneTs. iranis farmacevtuli importi metwilad Tavisufalia tarifebisa da sanqciebisgan, magram Sesyidvebis dafinanseba gaZneldeba. britaneTSi, „breqsiTTan“ dakavSirebiT evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebis miuRwevlobam SesaZloa samkurnalo preparatebis Warbi maragebis dagroveba gamoiwvios. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samkurnalo saSualebebis evropuli saagento londonidan amsterdamSi gadava. progresi mosalodnelia robotikis inovaciidan, xelovnuri inteleqtidan, nanoteqnologiidan, Rerovani ujredebidan, genuri Terapiidan da Zveli yaidis wamlebis aRmoCenidanac ki. sakvlev da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebze globaluri xarjebi, amerikis 2017 wlis sagadasaxado reformis wyalobiT, 177 miliard dolars miaRwevs, — varaudobs sakvlevi firma EvaluatePharma. bolodroindeli Cavardnidan aRmavlobas ganicdis alchaimeris daavadebis kvlevac, xolo kvlevis ZiriTadi aqcenti adreuli biomarkerebis gamovlenaze gamaxvildeba.

Tvali adevneT: genebis koreqtireba. 2019 wels amerikaSi adamianis genomis cvlilebis CRISPR mZlavri teqnikis meSveobiT mkurnalobis adamianze gamocda daiwyeba. sxvagan, cdebiT, sisxlis funqcionirebis moSlasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi unda gvauwyon. cxovelebze Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom

industria

msoflio 2019

CRISPR-is meSveobiT, SesaZlebelia kunTebis distrofiis mkurnaloba ZaRlebSi da supercxenebis Seqmnac ki. adamianTaTvis am teqnologiis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi gonebisTvis miuwvdomelia.

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2019 wels vaWrobas amerikisa da CineTis metoqeoba emuqreba, Tumca infrastruqturaSi investiciebs Seuwyobs xels. saeqsporto bazrebis diversifikaciis msurveli CineTi `sartylisa da gzis~ iniciativis farglebSi gazrdis investirebas. am programis farglebSi, igi 68 qveyanaSi 8 trilioni dolaris investirebas gegmavs.

CineTis iniciativas amerika- avstraliasa da iaponiasTan gaformebuli axali infrastruqturuli SeTanxmebiT upasuxebs. es CineTs ar aSfoTebs da igi, regionuli ganviTarebis mizniT, infrastruqturis gasamarTad, adgilobrivi mTavrobisTvis met obligacias gamouSvebs.

Sedegad, aziis erToblivi fiqsirebuli investiciebi 2019 wels 1.6%-iT gaizrdeba da 9.5 trilion dolars miaRwevs, rac mTliani globaluri maCveneblis — 20.5 trilionis TiTqmis naxevaria. CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaze am maCveneblis 20-20 procenti modis. evropaSi sagzao infrastruqturaSi dagvianebul investiciebs 2018 wels italiaSi xidis dangreva miscems stimuls. bolosdabolos, gaixsneba centraluri londonis sarkinigzo gadasasvleli, romelic transportiT mosargebleebs did Svebas moutans. amerikaSi donald tramps gauWirdeba Seasrulos danapirebi da infrastruqturis mSeneblobaSi 1.5 trilioni moizidos, axali stimulebisa da federaluri fondirebis 200 miliardi dolariT zrdis miuxedavad. axlo aRmosavleTSi ganaxldeba arasanavTobo ekonomikis gaZlierebis mcdeloba da portebis, satransporto kvanZebis, teqnologiuri habebisa da jandacvis obieqtebis mSenebloba Zalas moikrebs. arabTa gaerTianebul saamiroebSi mSeneblobis gamococxlebas arcTu male, 2020 wels gasamarTi msoflio gamofenisTvis mzadeba asazrdoebs.

komp. programebi da momsaxureba

gamoiyeneben — simsuqnis maCveneblebis winaswarmetyvelebidan, kompiuteruli TamaSebis gaumjobesebamde. miuxedavad amisa, 2019 wels xelovnuri inteleqtiT aRtaceba mis mier naCveneb realur Sedegze meti iqneba, radganac igi kompiuterul programebsa da momsaxurebaze xarjvis mxolod umniSvnelo nawilad darCeba. xelovnuri inteleqtis udides xarjebs programebi moicavs, romlis Semosavlebi 7.5%-iT gaizrdeba da 700 miliard dolars miaRwevs, — varaudobs kvleviTi firma Forrester-i. kompiuteruli programebze, momsaxurebasa da komunikaciebze globaluri xarjebi 5%-iT gaizrdeba, rasac udidesi bazris, aSS-is 6%-iani zrda waexmareba. ufro swrafad ganviTardeba indoeTi — 10%, rasac Zlieri ekonomikuri zrda Seuwyobs xels. CineTSi, romlis mTavroba 2019 wels qveynis `Rrublovani~ gamoTvlis simZlavreebis 2015 wlis maCveneblidan gaormagebas gegmavs, zrda 8% iqneba.

2019 wels `Rrublovani~ gamoTvlebi kompiuteruli programirebis, momsaxurebisa da komunikaciis xarjebis mesamedi iqneba, xolo programireba, rogorc momsaxureba, zrdas kidev ufro daaCqarebs. momsaxurebis biznesaplikaciebis Semosavlebi mexuTediT imatebs da 100 miliardi dolaris niSnuls gadaaWarbebs. Goldman Sachs-is mier 2018 wlis ivlisSi gamoqveynebuli angariSis mixedviT, didi kompaniebis sainformacio samsaxurebis direqtorebi 2019 wels TavianTi kompaniebis kompiuteruli momsaxurebisa da servisebis daaxloebiT mesamedis sajaro `Rrublovan~ servisebze ganTavsebas elian, rac ukve didi naxtomia. angariSi karg siaxleebs Seicavs Microsoft-isTvisac, romelic udidesi `Rrublovani~ moTamaSis — Amazon Web Services-is gaSvebas gegmavs. mTavari sainformacio samsaxurebis direqtorebi aseve miiCnevdnen, rom maTi kompaniebi 2021 wlisTvis Microsoft-is Azure-s da AWS-sac gamoiyeneben. kompiuteruli aRWurviloba kvlavac programirebaze nakleb Tanxebs moitans da Forrester-is prognoziT, kompiuteruli da sakomunikacio mowyobilobebis gayidvis maCveneblebi 2019 wels 3-4%-iT gaizrdeba. isini gaumjobesebuli Windows 10-is teqnikisa da ganaxlebuli tabletebis gayidviT ixeireben. sabolood, `Rrublovani~ servisebis gavrceleba aRWurvilobis mwarmoebelTa perspeqtivebs ar daCrdilavs da amJamad maTTvis caze imedis sxivi gaielvebs, — varaudobs Forrester-i.

media

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xelovnuri inteleqtis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba. mas yvelaferSi

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SesaniSnavi 2018 wlis Semdeg, 2019 wels sareklamo biznesis Semosavlebis zrda 4%-mde Seneldeba, — prognozirebs sakonsultacio firma Magna Global-i. mobiluri kavSiris wili swrafad izrdeba da cifruli sareklamo xarjebis 60%-s gadaaWarbebs. TiTqmis yoveli damatebiTi dolari cifrul reklamaze daixarjeba, — varaudobs media sainvesticio kompania GroupM. amis mizezi isaa, rom momxmareblebi internets TiTqmis yvelafrisTvis mimarTaven — dawyebuli taqsis gaCerebiT da saxlis daqiravebiT damTavrebuli. Facebook-ze, YouTube-ze, da Instagram-ze wvdomis gamo, `zegavlenis marketingi~ modaSi iqneba, TumcaRa cnobadi saxeebis mier saqonlis mowonebis gavlenis gazomva metad rTulia. PwC-is informaciiT, mobiluri telefonebis displeebze ganTavsebuli reklamebis jamuri brunva 2019 wels 93 miliard dolars miaRwevs. marTalia 2019 wels amerika udides sareklamo bazrad darCeba, magram ufro swrafad CineTi gaizrdeba (6.6% amerikis 2.2%-Tan SedarebiT), — acxadebs GroupM. fasiani Ziebisa da videoreklamebis `mada~ orive qveyanas ulevi aqvs, rasac mobiluri kavSiriT internetTan wvdomis maRali done ganapirobebs. axal msoflio cifrul wesrigSi televizia da beWduri reklama TavianT xibls kidev ufro dakargaven. Zenith Media-s prognoziT, gazeTebi 2019 wels reklamis 10%-ze naklebs moizidaven. marTalia, satelevizio reklamis mdgomareoba odnav ukeTesia, magram misi wili mTeli sareklamo xarjebis mesamedze metad Semcirdeba.

uZravi qoneba

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binaTmSeneblobis kraxis aTi wlisTavze, aSS saxlebs ise swrafad ar aSenebs, fasebis zrda rom SeaCeros. fasebi 2019 wels 3.5%-iT gaizrdeba, — iuwyeba profesiuli gaerTianeba, realtorTa erovnuli asociacia. saxlebis miwodeba SezRudulia da isini naklebad xelmisawvdomi xdeba. am mdgomareobas mzardi saprocento ganakveTi namdvilad ver amsubuqebs. bevri amerikelisTvis sacxovrebel adgilas darCena erTaderTi arCevani iqneba. amis gamo, gaizrdeba sacxovrebeli farTis gaumjobesebis survili, rac avejis damamzadeblebsa da TviTmomsaxurebis firmebis saqmianobas waaxalisebs. evropaSi monetaruli politika rbili darCeba, rac aqauri uZravi qonebis investorTaTvis kargi ambavia. amave dros, „breqsiTi“ britaneTSi uZrav qonebaSi investirebas azartul TamaSs miamsgavsebs. mravali myidveli mocdas

da movlenebze dakvirvebas arCevs, martis bolos „breqsiTis“ dRis dadgomamde. eqspertebis fiqriT, fasebi 2019 wels 2%-iT `axoxdeba~, Tumca gaurkvevloba yovlismomcvelia. ori ram mainc naTeli gaxdeba: uZravi qonebis bazari londonSi, romelic evrokavSiris mravali moqalaqis saxlia, mniSvnelobas dakargavs da rac ufro mkacri iqneba „breqsiTis“ Sedegebi, miT metad daecema londonis poziciebi.

CineTis ganzraxva, ekonomikas `Jangbadi moaklos~, imas niSnavs, rom uZravi qonebiT spekulirebis SesazRudad, meti energia daixarjeba. aq zrdis Semcirebisa da amerikuli dolaris gamyarebis pirobebSi, honkongSi `stratosferoSi aWrili~ uZravi qonebis bazaric, bolosdabolos `miwaze unda daeces` — aq 190 kvadratuli futis (daaxloebiT, 18 kvadratuli metri) farTis bina 380 aTasi dolari Rirs. 2019 wels, 2017 wlis donidan, fasi 15%-iT Semcirdeba.

Tvali adevneT: uZravi qonebis teqnologiebi. umeteswilad, uZravi qoneba teqnologiuri rRvevisTvis miuwvdomlad miiCneva, magram cvlilebebi mainc dgeba. uZravi qonebis agentTa Soris sul ufro farTod gavrceldeba virtualuri realobiT daTvalierebis teqnologiebi. maRaziebi wvril momxmareblebs virtualuri vaWrobis saSualebas miscemen avejis gamosaxulebebis samganzomilebiani CvenebiT. gamWriaxi xelovnuri inteleqtis sensorebi, tradiciuli teqnologiebiT agebul Senobebs, romlebic naxSirbadis emisiis or mexuTeds ganapirobeben, ufro energoefeqturs gaxdian. erTi aseTi, Intel-is mier israelis qalaq feTaf-TikvaSi mowyobili ofisi, saboloo formas 2019 wels miiRebs da msoflios `uWkvianesi~ oTaxis statusze ganacxadebs pretenzias.

nedleuli da wiaRiseulis mopoveba

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myar nedleulze fasebi meryevi iyo. es donald trampis mier liTonebze dawesebul tarifebs unda davabraloT. kerZod, aluminze 10, xolo foladze 25%-iani tarifis SemoRebas, aseve kanadis, meqsikis, evrokavSirisa da CineTis mier sapasuxo RonisZiebebis miRebas. 2019 wels evrokavSiri wnexs SeinarCunebs, Tumca meqsika da kanada poziciebs Searbileben. batoni trampis politikis erTerTi umTavresi efeqti, miwodebis Semcirebis garda, ZiriTad liTonebSi gadaxdili gazrdili fasia. msoflios danarCen nawilSi firmebi Semcirebul fasebs gadaixdian, rac imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom uwin amerikaSi eqsportisTvis gamiznuli nedleuli

ar gaigzavna. es ki miwodebas gazrdis. igive efeqts iqoniebs CineTidan foladis mzardi mowodeba, rac am qveyanaSi moxmarebis SemcirebiTaa gamowveuli. sabolood, aluminisa da foladis fasebi, Sesabamisad, 3%-iTa da 17%-iT Semcirdeba. EIU-is liTonebis globaluri indeqsi moTxovnis Semcirebis fonze umniSvnelod imatebs. liTonis erTi saxeoba, romlis fasic trendis sawinaaRmdegod gaizrdeba, spilenZia. Tu spilenZze moTxovna gaizrdeba, 2020-iani wlebis Sua periodisTvis misi deficiti Camoyalibdeba. am liTonis fasebi 2019-Si 3%-iT imatebs da momdevno wlebSi kidev ufro metad gaizrdeba, rac nawilobriv eleqtromobilebis damamzadebelTa gazrdili moTxovniT aixsneba. samxreT amerikisa da indoneziis did maRaroebSi sawarmoo konfliqtebis riski fasebs kidev ufro gazrdis. igive efeqts iqoniebs CineTis mudmivi `liTonis SimSili~.

Tvali adevneT: oqros zoli.

Cinurma Zijin Mining-ma avstraliasa da afrikaSi didi aqtivebi SeiZina. axla igi ukve 1.4 miliard dolarad kanaduri mompoveblis, Nevsun Resources-is Sesyidvas ecdeba.

Nevsun-is gvirgvinis udidesi `brilianti~ serbeTSi mdebare timokis spilenZisa da oqros maRaroa, romlis teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebis Sedgena 2019 wels unda dasruldes. Zijin-s misi warmoebaSi swrafad CarTva surs.

sacalo vaWroba

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2019 wels msoflio sacalo vaWrobis zrda soliduri iqneba — 3%. maSin, roca, eleqtronuli komerciis kompaniebi, magaliTad, Amazon-i, yvavis, tradiciul maRaziebs ki mZime droeba udgaT. gansakuTrebiT mZimea viTareba amerikaSi, sadac 2018 wels `sacalo gakotrebis welic~ ki uwodes. erTi cnobili brendi, romelsac maRaziebis daxurva mouxda, Toys R Us iyo.

Walmart-ic ki iZulebulia axali taqtikiT SeiaraRdes. 2019 wlis ianvarSi sacalo vaWrobis es giganti ureceptod gacemuli wamlebis gayidvas iwyebs. igi indoeTis dinamikuri onlain sacalo vaWrobis soliduri wilis dauflebasac ecdeba Flipkart-Si 16 miliardi dolaris investirebis gziT. es imedismomcemi nabijia, vinaidan indoeTis eleqtronuli komerciis bazari 2019 wels 24%-iT gaizrdeba, — varaudobs kvleviTi firma Statista. indoeTi da CineTi ganviTarebadi qveynebis sacalo vaWrobis zrdas udganan saTaveSi. wina planze vietnami, indonezia, malaizia da filipinebic gamovlen, radganac aziasa da avstralaziaSi 2019 wels

gayidvis maCvenebeli 5%-iT imatebs, rac CrdiloeT amerikis temps orjer Warbobs. evropis gajerebuli bazari stagnaciaSi iqneba, xolo „breqsiTiT“ dasustebuli britanuli valuta nislian albionze saqonlis fasebs gaaZvirebs.

2019 wels ruseTsa da mis mezoblebSi gayidvis maCveneblebi 4%-iT moimatebs, gazrdili moTxovnisa da 2018 wels momatebuli navTobis fasebis gamo. sabirJo saqonelze dabali fasebiT miRebuli uaryofiTi efeqtebis daZlevas, romlebmac laTinuri amerikis valutebi gaaufasura da inflacia gazarda, nel-nela es regionic daiwyebs.

dafone Hutchison Australia-s merjeri miipyrobs.

Tvali adevneT: Wkvianuri svlebi.

Apple-i, Samsung-i, Huawei, LG da sxvebi 2019 wels bazarze mexuTe Taobis smartfonis pirvel partias gamoitanen. vrceldeba miTqma-moTqma modelebze, romlebic filmebis wamebSi CamotvirTvis, aseve gafarToebuli realobisa da holografiuli displeebis dRis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnis saSualebas iZleva.

mogzauroba da turizmi

telekomi wvima

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operatorebis mogeba kidev ufro SeizRudeba. momxmarebelTa `mada~ zarebze, monacemebsa da gzavnilebze kvlavac usazRvroa da mis dasakmayofileblad isini sul ufro xSirad iyeneben ufaso provaiderebs: WeChat-s, WhatsApp-sa da sxvebs. tradiciul satelekomunikacio firmebs Semosavlis axali wyaroebi sWirdebaT. mobiluri monacemebis trefiki xmovani komunikaciis trefiks Warbobs da amis gamo, isini me-5 TaobisTvis qselebis sixSireebs yiduloben. mobiluri kompaniebisTvis umTavresi ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebia. internetis mier meti momxmareblis mopovebis kvalobaze, monacemebze moTxovnis zrda investiciebs waaxalisebs. sadeniani kavSiris momwodeblebisTvis prognozi `moRuSulia~: 2019 wels yovel as adamianze mxolod 17 sadeniani abonenti iqneba, maSin, roca mobiluri kavSiriT mosargebleTa ricxvi 117-s Seadgens. ganviTarebadi qveynebi, magaliTad indoeTi, indonezia da brazilia, smartfonebis damamzadeblebisTvis didi samizneebi iqneba. Samsung-i da Apple-i mZafr konkurencias waawydebian iafi provaiderebisgan, kerZod, Xiaomis, Vivo-sa da Oppo-sgan. amasTanave, yvelas mouwevs imasTan Segueba, rom sul ufro garTuldeba, momxmareblis telefonis gamocvlaSi daarwmuneba — gayidvebis mrudi brtyeli gaxda. garigebebis sferoSi suraTi gaurkvevelia. merjerebisa da kompaniebis Sesyidvebis jamuri Rirebuleba 2019 wels 394 miliard dolars gautoldeba, rac 2018 wlis sarekordo maCvenebelze — 468 miliard dolarze bevrad naklebi iqneba, — varaudobs iuridiuli forma Baker McKenzie. amave dros, amerikeli maregulireblebis moqmedma, SedarebiT liberalurma Taobam, SesaZloa ufro meti garigebis gaformebas darTos neba. 2019 wels maqsimalur yuradRebas TPG Telecom-isa da Vo-

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aRmavali moTxovna da navTobze fasebis zrda 2019 wels turistebs jibeebis moqeqvas aiZulebs. Carlson Wagonlit-is prognoziT, sahaero mgzavrobis fasi 3%-iT izrdeba, xolo sastumro oTaxebis fasi 5%-iT gaZvirdeba. sastumroebs onlainkonkurentebis gamZafrebuli Setevis mogerieba mouwevT — Airbnb Tvals korporaciul klienturas daadgams, Tumca regulaciebis gamkacrebis kvalobaze, oTaxebis gaziarebis bazris zrdac Seferxdeba. miuxedavad amisa, turistuli vizitebis ricxvi axal rekordul maCvenebelze — 1.5 miliard dolarze dafiqsirdeba, xolo miRebuli Semosavlebi 1.5 trilion dolars gadaaWarbebs. am Tanxis mesamedze meti evropas moicavs, xolo safrangeTi kvlavac yvelaze popularuli daniSnulebis adgili iqneba. msoflioSi turistebis udidesi wyaro kvlavac CineTia. ufro naklebad misawvdomi turistuli daniSnulebis adgilebi poziciebs gaimagreben, vinaidan 2019 wels aviakompaniebic `gaSlian frTebs~. keniis turizmis saministro saharis samxreT afrikaSi EasyJet-is anRyanair-is Semotyuebas imedovnebs, Kenya Airways-is frenaTa rukis gafarToebis kvalobaze. ruanda `fsons~ axal turistul marSrutebsa da axal aeroportze `Camova~. terorizmi da bunebrivi kataklizmebi risks qmnis. indonezias, romlis prezidentic kunZulbalisaTvis axali `aslis Seqmnis~ gegmebs amuSavebs, 2019 wels 20 milioni turistis mozidva surs, 2017 wlis 11.5 milionTan SedarebiT. sxva mimarTulebebi, magaliTad egvipte, teroristuli aqtebisadmi mowyvladi darCeba. garemoze zemoqmedeba kvlavac grZelvadiani sazrunavia — turistuli industria xom globaluri saTburis gazebis gamoyofis 8%-s ganapirobebs. safrangeTis mier monblanze asvlaTa limitis daweseba didi siurprizi aravisTvis ar iqneba.

ახალი თაობის იტალიური ენერგოეფექტური ახალი თაობის თაობის იტალიური ენერგოეფექტური ცენტრალური გათბობის ქვაბები ახალი იტალიური ენერგოეფექტური ცენტრალურიგათბობის გათბობის ქვაბები ცენტრალური ქვაბები

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94 95 96 97 98 99

amave seqciaSi: 92 biznesis politika 93 #METOO, nawili meore 94 mwvervalissiliciumis veli 94 teqnologiuri gigantebis gvema 95 moda da xelovnuri inteleqti 96 rRveva avtoindustriaSi

veeberTela axali sahaero habebi beisboli evropaSi gadadis tobias liutke startapebis Sesaxeb putinis gazsadenebi marixuanas industriis aRmavloba izabel koCeri energetikis Sesaxeb

ukeTesi ar arsebobs amerikeli bosebi cxovrebis garTulebisTvis unda emzadon patrik fulisi, Schumpeter-is mesvete, The Economist

a

zrda amerikuli firmebis mogebis 19%-iT Semcirebas ganapirobebs. meore saSiSroeba vaWrobaa. bizneswreebi eWvoben, rom ekonomistebi alarmistebad swored maSin iqcevian, roca tarifebze yvirils iwyeben. jerjerobiT vaWrobis pirobebis gauaresebis zegavlena ekonomikaze umniSvnelo iyo, magram es SeZleba Seicvalos, Tu CineTTan davis eskalacia moxdeba da momgebian, magaliTad, smartfonebis miwodebis jaWvebs daazianebs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, firmebs TavianTi warmoebis sistemebis mowyobis xelaxali gaazreba mouwevT. gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, amerikulma kompaniebma globalizaciidan didi sargebeli miiRes. swored esaa imis mizezi, rom msoflios yvelaze ZviradRirebuli 50 kompaniidan 30 amerikulia. axla korporaciuli bosebis axalma Taobam iseTi mtkice miwodebis jaWvebi unda aagon, romlebic maTi savaWro davebis samyaroSi sicocxlisunarianobas SeunarCunebs. danaxarjebi SesaZloa mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 2018 wlis ivlisisa da oqtombris Sua periodSi S&P 500-is kompaniaTa 44% investorebTan saubrisas tarifebis sakiTxs ganixilavda, rac niSnavs, rom es maTTvis umTavresi sakiTxia, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT mogeba-zaralis uwyisebze saTanadod jerac ar asaxula. sabolood, umTavresi safrTxe biznessa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobis gauaresebaa. igi kvlavac avismomaswaveblad arastabiluri rCeba Lehman Brothers-is kolafsidan aTi wlis Tavze. garkveuli azriT, amerikis polarizebuli sajaro diskursi da kulturuli omebi didi kompaniebisTvis sasargeblo gamodga im azriT, rom sazogadoebis yuradReba

s

merikis didi firmebis mmarTvelebisTvis 2008 wlis finansuri krizisis Semdgomi rva weli mZime Sromis periodi iyo. marTalia mogebis marJebi maRali gaxldaT, Tumca gayidvebi duned izrdeboda. sameTvalyureo sabWos TavmjdomareTa ovalur kabinetebSi megobruli saubrebi aRar imarTeboda, kompaniebis xelmZRvanelTa sajaro gamosvlebSi monaniebis tonebi JRerda, xolo bankebi da aqcionerebi bosebs investiciebis mkacr kontrols sTxodnen, Tuki am bosebisgan romeliRac jef bezosi ar iyo. 2016 wels, roca prezident barak obamas mmarTvelobis bolos ekonomikam energia daagrova, movlenebis cvlileba daiwyo. Semdeg movida prezidenti trampi. gadasaxadebis Semcirebis, qveynis SigniT deregulaciebisa da sazRvargareT CineTTan brZolis misma formulam korporaciebis sameTvalyureo sabWoebs ki aama, magram mravali amomrCeveli gaaRiziana. wina wlebis stagnaciis Semdeg, 2019-SiUSA Inc-ma `aiwyvita~. 2019 wels gaWirdeba imis danaxva, Tu kidev rogor unda gaumjobesdes suraTi, Tumca is, Tu rogor SeiZleba gauaresdes igi, bevrad cxadi gaxdeba.

2018 wlis bumi axdenil ocnebas hgavda. S&P 500is firmebis 90% oqtombrisTvis mzardi gayidvebiT iwonebda Tavs, bolo aTwleulis saSualo 69%-Tan da 2009 wlis 36%-Tan SedarebiT. firmebis daaxloebiT 52%-is marJebic izrdeba. saboloo jamSi, S&P 500-is mogeba wina welTan SedarebiT 25%-iT, gadasaxadebis Semdeg ki 16%-iT gaizarda. dadebiTma ganwyobam firmebs meti investirebisken ubiZga. kapitaluri, sakvlev-sakonstruqtoro da danergvis xarjebi 18%iT gaizarda. siliciumis velSi mdebare kompaniebi bums ganicdidnen, iseve, rogorc samSeneblo kompaniebi, romlebmac 2006 wlis Semdeg udidesi mogeba naxes.

SesaZlebelia am Tavbrudamxvevi simaRlidan kidev ufro zemoT asvla? respublikelebs gauWirdebaT 2017 wlis dekembris sagadasaxado Sekvecebis msgavsi teqtonikuri reformebis kongresSi gatana. safondo birJa ukve `Zviria~. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu CineTi savaWro omSi saswaulebrivad kapitulacias gamoacxadebs da amerikul saqonelze asobiT miliardi dolariT metis gadaxdas dayabuldeba, USAInc-is Semosavali sul ramdenime procentiT gaizrdeba. amasobaSi horizontze sami didi safrTxe moCans. upirvelesad, mogebis `gaberil~ marJebs simwifis stadiasTan miaxloebuli ekonomikuri cikli `moaSTobs~. recesia mtkivneuli iqneba, magram SekumSuli Sromis bazari xelfasebs zemoT kidev ufro Zlier ubiZgebs. firmebma, romlebsac mravali muSaki hyavT, magaliTad, restornebma da amanaTebis darigebis operatorebma, ukve Seamcires personali, Tumca qarpirSi muSaobisTvis sxvebic unda emzadon. sxva cvladebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi, xelfasis yoveli 5%-iani

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gaRviZebis droa kompaniebs ufro maRali politikuri cnobiereba marTebT filip kogani, bartlebis mimomxilveli, The Economist

r

oca sportuli samosis mwarmoebelma Nike-im 2018 wlis Semodgomaze Tavisi marketinguli kampaniisTvis cnobadi saxis SerCeva gadawyvita, usafrTxo arCevani garantirebuli hqonda. amis sanacvlod, aSS-Si erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi aTleti, kolin kaperniki SearCia. am kvoterbekma erovnuli himnis gaJRerebisas daiCoqa rasizmisa da policiis daundoblobis gasaprotesteblad. igi amerikis prezidentma gakicxa, nacionalurma safexburTo ligam ki sulac moikveTa.

kompaniis gadawyvetilebas myisieri ukureaqcia moyva, xolo trampis zogierTma mxardamWerma Nike-is fexsacmelebic ki dawva, selfebi gadaiRo da socialur mediaze ganaTavsa. miuxedavad amisa, sul ramdenime kviraSi onlaingayidvebi aRzevda da Nike-is aqciebis fasma wlis umaRles niSnuls miaRwia. uTanxmoebam am brendisTvis erTgvari ufaso reklamis roli Seasrula.

Nike-is gadawyvetileba magaliTi iyo imisa, rasac `gaRviZebul kapitalizms~ eZaxian. amaSi igulisxmeba kompaniebis TanagrZnoba liberaluri politikuriSexedulebebisadmi. es trendi 2019 wels gaRrmavdeba. warsulSi mravali kompania arCevda, zogi momxmareblis Seuracxyofis SiSiT, SeumCneveli politikuri pozicia daeWira. Tu gavimeorebT sityvebs, romlebsac saxelganTqmul kalaTburTels, maikl jordans miaweren: `botasebs respublikelebic icvamen~. magram dRes kompaniebs politikidan srulad mowyveta aRar SeuZliaT. batoni trampi xSirad utevs maT produqciis sazRvargareT damzadebisa da imis gamo, rom mis dRis wesrigis ar uWeren mxars. parlamentarebi teqnologiuri kompaniebis direqtorebs ibareben da maT imisTvis `amaTraxeben~, rom win ver

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic kompaniebisgan reagirebas moiTxovs, kvlavac aqtualuri iqneba

sxva sakiTxebze gadaitana. radikaluri cvlilebebis ideebs kvlavac gverdiT gadadeben. magaliTad, aseTi bedi elis masaCusetsis demokrat senator elisabed uorenis kanonproeqts, romelic sameTvalyureo sabWoebSi wevrTa sul mcire 40%-is korporaciis momuSaveTaTvis daTmobas iTvaliswinebs. politikuri speqtris marcxniv populisturma gadaxram SesaZloa gadasaxadebis Sekvecis sapirispiro an agresiuli antisatrasto politikis SemoReba moitanos.

Tu istoria raimes gvaswavlis, ciklis am monakveTSi mravali korporaciuli bosi sakuTar Tavs

aRudgnen siZulvilis enas, teroristebis ujredebis Seqmnasa da bavSvTa abuCad agdebas. mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic kompaniebisgan reagirebas moiTxovs, kvlavac aqtualuri iqneba. floridis qalaq parklendSi momxdari masobrivi mkvlelobis Semdeg, Delta-m da United Airlines-ma meTofeTa erovnuli asociaciis wevrebze fasdaklebebis gacema Sewyvites. iseve, rogorc Nike-is epizodSi, amas memarjveneTa reaqcia mohyva, Tumca saaviacio kompaniebi mtkiced dadgnen Tavian poziciebze. Delta-s saTavo ofisis StatSi, jorjiaSi, am kompaniisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis gauqmebis gegma uxmaurod gadades gverdiT. `gaRviZebuli kapitalizmi~ kompaniebisTvis misaRebi svlagezia. isini darwmunebulni unda iyvnen, rom maTi momxmareblebi marTebul demografiul segmentSi arian. isini aseve darwmunebulni unda iyvnen, rom politikur oponirebasac SeZleben. calkeuli amerikuli Statebis mogerieba advilia, federaluri mTavroba da evrokavSiri ki sxva saqmea. CrdiloeT karolinam gaauqma transgenderuli tualetebis akrZalva korporaciuli boikotis Semdeg, magram Target-s gayidvebi Seumcirda mas Semdeg, rac Senobebis transgenderTaTvis misaRebad mowyobas sajarod dauWira mxari. amerikasa da danarCen msoflios Soris savaWro disputebis eskalaciisa da breqsitis axal etapze gadasvlis fonze, kompaniebi 2019 wels sul ufro xSirad iqnebian CaTrulni politikur davebSi. globaluri miwodebis jaWvebSi CarTuli multinacionaluri kompaniebis produqciis komponentebs mravali sazRvris gadakveTa uwevT. bevri firma kmayofili iqneba perspeqtiviT, romelic aiZulebs airCios msoflios udides ekonomikas, amerikasa da CineTs Soris, romelic, Tavis mxriv, msoflios udidesi mimwodebelia. dabolos: evropaSi populisturi partiebis bolodroindeli warmateba kulturuli dapirispirebebis gamwvavebas moitans. momuSaveTa potenciuri deficiti mraval kompanias gazrdili imigraciis mxardaWerisken ubiZgebs, rac nativisti politikosebis gaRizianebas gamoiwvevs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis umaRlesi sasamarTlos ufro konservatiuli SemadgenlobiT Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva abortebisa da erTsqesiani wyvilebis qorwinebis sakiTxTa politikur dRis wesrigSi dabrunebas moitans. erTi romeliRac qveynis Taviseburebebze morgebuli korporaciuli kampania SesaZloa sxvagan damRupveli aRmoCndes. aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi politikaSi iseve kargad unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni, rogorc debatebis samzadisSi myofi saprezidento kandidatebi.

uxvi anazRaurebis paketiT daajildovebs da kompaniis dauflebasac gadaawyvetinebs. gonier liderebs ukve 2019 wlisTvis unda hqondeT alternatiuli gegma. qariSxlisgan saukeTeso dacva cixe-simagris msgavsi sabalanso uwyisis flobaa. samwuxarod, S&P 500-is kompaniebis meoTxedis neto davalianeba maT mTlian operaciul mogebas samjer aRemateba, rac Warbvalianobis utyuari sazomia. kompaniaTa es jgufi moicavs iseT gigantebs, rogorebicaa Kraft Foods da Hilton. roca mwvervalze imyofebiT, udidesi Secdomaa fiqri, rom sul iq darCebiT. n

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mETOO, nawili meore samuSao adgilze progresisken svla araTanabari iqneba saSa nota, sajaro politikis redaqtori, The Economist

m

xolod gandegils Tu gamoepareboda, rom 2018, zedapirulad mainc, qalTa weli iyo. aSS-Si #MeToo-m da #TimesUp-ma qalTa mimarT uTanabro damokidebuleba ufro reliefurad gamokveTes. es ara mxolod maT Seviwroebasa da Seuracxyofas, aramed ZalauflebasTan maT SezRudul wvdomasac exeba. pirvelad istoriaSi, britanul kompaniebs genderuli niSniT anazRaurebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb angariSgeba daevalaT, ramac samuSao adgilze uTanasworobisa da maTi mizezebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb diskusias daudo saTave. aman direqtorebi aiZula, aexsnaT TavianTi pozicia da ganemartaT, ras moimoqmedebdnen msgavsi viTarebis sapasuxod. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, iqmneba macdunebeli molodini, rom 2019 weli qalebisTvis dasaqmebis adgilze mxolod progress moitans. samwuxarod, es ase araa. cxadia, grZelvadiani periodisTvis moZraobis mimarTuleba mkafiod ikveTeba, magram iseve, rogorc yvelanairi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, progresi sworxazovani ar iqneba. dasaqmebis samyaroSi 2019 wels ori umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi iqneba: #MeToo-s mkveTri ukandaxeva da genderTan dakavSirebuli monacemebis Selamazebis mcdeloba. ukandaxevis adreuli niSnebi ukve Cans (ix. diagrama). `metismetad Sors xom ar wavida #MeToo?~ — es kiTxva 2018 wels sakmaod xSirad ismoda da yalbi braldebebisadmi SiSs asaxavda. amaSi Canda braldebulTa uZlurebac, daecvaT Tavi moZaladeTagan, aseve isic, rom moZaladeebs sakmaod xSirad ureven umwifar axalgazrda mamakacebTan, romelTac saTanado qcevis wesebi gamomuSavebuli jerac ar aqvT. bret kavanos amerikis umaRles sasamarTloSi daniSvnis mosmenebis dasrulebis Semdeg, ukandaxevam ukve adamianuri forma miiRo respublikeli senatoris, lindzi gremis saxiT, romelmac ganacxada: `me martoxela TeTrkaniani mamakaci var samxreTi karolinadan da mirCies momeketa, magram me ar gavCumdebi~. haStagi #HimToo trenduli gaxda tvitebSi, romlebic gvafrTxilebdnen, rom `vaJebis dedebi SeSfoTebulebi unda iyvnen~ da `arcerTi mamakacia usafrTxod~. magram realuri ukandaxeva bevrad niuansuri iqneba, vidre batoni gremis mZvinvare tirada da gacilebiT damazianebeli qalebisTvis. 2019 wels sammagi problema ikveTeba: upirvelesad, asakovani mamakacebi moeridebian TavianT qal kolegebs Seviwroebis yalbi braldebis an galanturobis arasworad gagebis SiSiT. samuSao sivrceSi qalTa uflebebis advokatirebis organizacia Lean In-is 2018 wlis kvlevis Tanaxmad, #MeToo-s gaaqtiurebis Semdeg gaizarda mamakacTa ricxvi, romlebic SeSfoTebulni arian qalTan marto muSaobis, mogzaurobis, sadilobis (`pensis wesi~) an misTvis mentorobis gawevis perspeqtiviT. meore — dadebiTi motivebis mqone zogi RonisZieba, magaliTad treningSi investireba an `nulovani tolerantobis~ politika kontrproduqtiuli iqneba. samuSao adgilze treningi #MeToo-sadmi pasuxis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma gamodga 2018 wels, Tumca gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom cudi treningi (magaliTad, karikaturuli qmedebebis aRwera), samuSao adgilze diskriminaciasa da mikerZoebulobas, Semci-

rebis nacvlad, savaraudod, zrdis. `nulovani tolerantobis~ gancxadebebi SesaZloa mkacrad JRers, magram maT namdvilad SeuZliaT xeli SeuSalon adamianebs, Seusabamo saqcielis Sesaxeb saTanado organoebs Seatyobinon. mesame — TiTqmis gardauvalia, rom 2019 weli #MeToo-sa da genderis sakiTxebis moyirWebas moitans. mas Semdeg, rac mediis yuradRebas Camoicilebs, zog firmas cduneba Seeqmneba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunos (iseve, rogorc aqcionerebi da dasaqmebulebi), rom am mimarTulebiT sakmarisad bevri gaakeTa. dabolos: am wels kidev ufro meti genderuli indeqsi Seiqmneba, rac moicavs reitingebsa da samizne maCveneblebs. vinaidan firmebs TavianTi genderuli miRwevebis demonstrireba endomebaT, kaliforniaSi miiRes kanoni, romelic Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebebs 2019 wlis bolomde sameTvalyureo sabWoSi sul mcire erTi, xolo 2021 wlisTvis meti qali Seyvanas sTxovs. islandia 2018 wels pirveli qveyana gaxda, romelic did kompaniebs avalebulebs daadasturon, rom Tanabari samuSaosTvis Tanabrad ixdian. es qveyana am valdebulebas 2019 wels saSualo zomis kompaniebzec gaavrcelebs.

saqme bevrad rTuladaa eWvi araa, britanuli presa mosvenebas ar miscems firmebs, romlebSic gasaSualoebuli genderuli uTanasworoba gaizarda, rasac regresis damadasturebel faqtad warmoaCenen. es Secdoma iqneba. im sferoebSi momuSave kompaniebSi, sadac mamakacebi dominireben, gasaSualoebuli genderuli gansxvavebebi SesaZloa gaizardos kidec, Tuki isini swor politikas atareben. gansxvavebebi gaizrdeba maSin, roca muSaobas ufro met umaRlesdamTavrebul axalgazrda qals daawyebineben. is firmebic ki, romlebic maRal Tanamdebobebze meti qalis daniSvnas cdiloben, SesaZloa ver ascdnen gasaSualoebuli gasxvavebis droebiT zrdas maRalxelfasian momuSaveTa pirveli meoTxedisTvis, vinaidan umaRles Tanamdebobebs ufro meti axalgazrda qali daikavebs. amgvarad, korporaciebis meTaurebisTvis 2019 is weli iqneba, roca unda ufrTxildnen #MeToo-s SiSs mamakac liderTa Soris. am SiSma mamakacebs saofise sivrceSi SesaZloa uneblie diskriminaciiskenac ki ubiZgos. investorebma da aqtivistebma, romlebsac firmebis gamWvirvale angariSgebis uzrunvelyofa surT, mzera SerCeuli monacemebisa da primitiuli daangariSebebis miRma unda miapyron. n

2019 mokled strimingis omebi gamwvavdeba, roca DISNEY-c da WARNERMEDIA-c TiTqmis erTdroulad CauSveben momxmareblis pirdapiri momsaxurebis servisebs

moitans ki mouTmenloba Sedegs?

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veli mwvervalze siliciumis velis brwyinvaleba SefermkrTaldeba aleqsandra suiC basi, amerikis teqnologiis redaqtori,

The Economist, san-francisko

w

leuls siliciumis velis Tavdapirveli startapis Seqmnis 80 wlisTavi aRiniSneba.

1939 wels bil hiuletma da devid pakardma TavianTi `bartyi~ kompania Hewlett-Packard-i stenfordis universitetTan axlos, garaJSi daafuZnes. am ori adamianis warmatebam gamogonebisa da SemoqmedebisTvis antreprenerTa mTeli Taoba STaagona. dRes ukve es garaJi kaliforniis istoriuli RirsSesaniSnaobis nawilia. san-franciskos yures olqi, sadac siliciumis veli mdebareobs, kvlavac msoflios wamyvani teqnologiuri habia. 2017 wels am regionSi mdebare kompaniebSi venCurulma kapitalistebma 24.3 miliardi amerikuli dolari daabandes, rac mTlianad amerikaSi dabandebuli venCuruli kapitalis mesamedia. olqi Tavs iwonebs niWieri antreprenerebisa da inJinrebis kombinaciiT, amerikis wamyvan universitetebTan siaxloviT, venCuruli kapitalis didi moculobiTa da gariskvis kulturiT. es mravali wamyvani teqnologiuri firmis, maT Soris Apple-is, Alphabet-is (Google-is mSobeli kompania),

Facebook-is, Netflix-isa da Tesla-s dabadebis adgilia. miuxedavad bevri upiratesobisa, siliciumis veli 2019 wels erTgvar `teqnologiur imigracias~ ganicdis da naklebad mimzidveli gaxdeba startapebis Seqmnisa da zrdisTvis. am cvlilebebs 3 mizezi ganapirobebs: upirvelesad, siliciumis velma Seqmna instrumentebi, romlebic kompaniis nebismieri adgilidan an nebismier adgilas marTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. gzavnilebis, aplikaciebis, videokonferenciebis, produqtiulobis programuli uzrunvelofis, miznebis dasaxvis instrumentebisa da mravali sxva saSualebis kombinaciiT, startapebi `damrRvevi~ struqturebi xdeba, romelTa dasaqmebulebi mTel msoflioSi arian gabneulni. es imas niSnavs, rom siliciumis velis eqspertizisa da talantis bazis gamoyenebas mravali startapi iq yofnis gareSe SeZlebs. meore — siliciumis veli naklebad mimzidveli imitom xdeba, rom mkacri sabiujeto ekonomiis pirobebSi, onovaciebi SesaZlebeli ukve aRaraa. amerikis mSeneblobisa da urbanuli ganviTarebis saministros informaciiT, amJamad san-franciskoSi cxovrebis xarjebi amerikaSi umaRlesia, xolo weliwadSi 120000 aTas dolarze naklebi Semosavlis mqone ojaxi `da-

gigantebi, romelTa gamaTraxebasac yvela eSureba didi teqnologiuri firmebi meti kritikis misaRebad unda moemzadon aleqsandra suiC basi

u

ol stritis lanZRva Zalian hgavs 2009 wels. dRes politikosebi TavianT gaRizianebas amerikis yvelaze warmatebuli teqnologiuri firmebisken mimarTaven. Alphabet-i (Google-is mSobeli kompania), Amazon-i, Apple da Facebook-i axali `cudi biWebi~ arian. kritikosebi amboben, rom isini metismetad didebi, xels uSlian konkurencias, qmnian damokidebulebas momxmarebelSi da angreven demokratias. didi teqnologiuri firmebi evropaSi ukve karga xania arapopularulebi arian da kritikosTa rigebs 2019 wels ufro meti amerikelic SeuerTdeba. marTalia, demokratebsa da respublikelebs bevri saerTo xedva ara aqvT, magram isini Tanxmdebian, rom didi teqnologiuri kompaniebi sazogadoebisTvis safrTxes qmnian. prezidentma donald trampma ukve mouRera

dasavleTis umZlavresi korporaciebis kicxva popularuli iqneba

muSti Google-sa da Amazon-s, xolo elisabed uoreni da berni sandersi, romlebic 2020 wels prezidentobisTvis ibrZoleben, teqnologiur firmebs mravali socialuri senis wyarod aRiqvamen.

TumcaRa, es dartymebi teqnologiur firmebs did zians ver miayenebs. maTTvis yvelaze seriozuli safrTxe saxelmwifos antimonopoliuri RonisZiebebia, msgavsad amerikis mTavrobis mcdelobisa, 1990iani wlebis bolos Microsoft-i daeSala. TumcaRa, aseTi saqmeebis Sedgenasa da msvlelobas wlebi sWirdeba da 2020 wlamde maTi wamowyebisTvis aravis eqneba politikuri neba. amasobaSi, Tvali adevneT saxelmwifos sxva tipis dapirispirebas teqnologiur gigantebTan. 2019 wlis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli da evropeli regulatorebi didi teqnologiuri firmebis im garigebebs dablokaven, romliTac es ukanasknelni iseTi startapebis gadaylapvas Seecdebian, romelSic potenciuri konkurenti Cans.

2018 wels internetfirmebma lobirebaze rekorduli Tanxebi gaiRes. 2019 wels isini kampaniebze dasaxarj resursebze kidev ufro mets mimarTaven vaSingtonsa da briuselSi mokavSireTa gulis mosagebad. miuxedavad amisa, politikosebi TavianTi ritorikis SesanarCuneblad teqgigantebTan distanciis SenarCunebas Seecdebian. es gansakuTrebiT amerikel politikosebs exebaT, romlebsac prezidentobaze uWiravT Tvali. dasavleTis umZlavresi korporaciebis kicxva popularuli saarCevno strategia iqneba.

CineTSi 2019 wels didi Roris wels izeimeben. dasavleTSi es iqneba weli, roca politikosebi teqnologiur firmebs warmosaxaven im ZaRlad, romelic cudad iqceva, da romelsac `wamoTaqeba~ da `sabeli~ sWirdeba.

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balSemosavlianad~ miiCneva. es maRali xarjebi imas niSnavs, rom sul ufro nakleb adamians SeuZlia gariskos da Seumowmebel startapSi daiwyos muSaoba. swored amitom, ufro meti xalxi sxvagan cxovrebas arCevs. 2017 wels yures olqis ramdenime sagrafoSi bolo aTwleulSi yvelaze maRali emigracia dafiqsirda. uZravi qonebis firma Redfin-is servisebis momxmarebelTa 21%, romlebic san-franciskoSi cxovroben, sacxovreblad sxvagan gadasvlas apireben. komerciuli uZravi qonebis firma CBRS-is informaciiT, san-franciskoSi 500 dasaqmebulze gaTvlili kompaniisTvis gankuTvnili 7000 kvadratuli metri farTis mqone ofisis wliuri qira 62.4 milioni amerikuli dolaria, rac 50%-iT aRemateba portlendisa da atlantis saSualo qiras, xolo vankuverisa da torontos qiras ki orjer. 2019 wels firmebis dasafuZneblad sul ufro meti antrepreneri mianiWebs upiratesobas sxva qalaqebs, an meore ofisis sxva qalaqSi swrafad gaxsnas gadawyvets, raTa saqmianobis masStabi yures olqis gareT gazardos. bolo mizezi, ris gamoc siliciumis veli dinamizmis nawils kargavs, teqnologiuri gigantebis CrdilSi yofnis arasasurveli perspeqtivaa. dRevandeli teqnologiuri firmebi gacilebiT mZlavri, moqnili da eqspansionisturebi arian TavianT ambiciebSi, wina Taobis kompaniebTan SedarebiT, rac startapebs gafurCqnis Sanss umcirebs. `es sfero aqamde arasodes yofila ase dominirebuli. adre yovelTvis iyvnen didi kompaniebi, Tumca amis msgavsi suraTi arasodes yofila, — acxadebs venCuruli kapitalisti da Facebook-is sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri, piter tili. igi yures olqidan los-anjelesSi gadasvlas gegmavs da misi prognoziT, yures olqis gavlena sxva teqnologiur habebTan SedarebiT TandaTan mcirdeba.

xelovnuri inteleqti modaSia modis industria sacaa `daWkviandeba~ en makilvoi, ufrosi redaqtori, The Economist

m

ocnebaTa veli teqnologiuri gigantebis sulisSemxuTveli gavlena ideebis bazarze yvelgan zemoqmedebs, gansakuTrebiT — yures olqis talantis bazarze. radganac gigantebi ase warmatebulni arian, maT SeuZliaT Tavs ufleba miscen, dasaqmebulebsa da saSualo rgolis menejerebsac ki didi anazRaureba da aqciebi SeaZlion, rac startapebisTvis rekrutirebas ukiduresad problemurs xdis. xelovnuri inteleqtis sferoSi akademiuri xarisxis mqone inJinrebs axla profesionali aTletebiviT uxdian da isini weliwadSi 5-10 milioni dolaris kompensacias iReben. gigantebis `sacecebidan~ Sors myof qalaqebs SeuZliaT daexmaron startapebs, xelmisawvdomi pirobebiT aiyvanon personali da Seamciron sxvis mier misi mitacebis riski. siliciumis veli sakuTari warmatebis msxverpli gaxda. mas veraferi Secvlis, rogorc msoflios wamyvan teqnologiur habs, Tumca misi mniSvnelobis SemcirebiT, bevri ixeirebs los-anjelesis, portlendis, dalasis, torontos, londonis, berlinis, pekinisa da Senjenis CaTvliT. magram sawyeni iqneba, Tu siliciumis veli uol strits daemsgavseba, romelic mxolod fulzea orientirebuli da sadac sul ramdenime giganti dominirebs, romlebic `gakotrebisTvis metismetad didebi arian~. siliciumis velma swored imitom Seqmna msoflio mniSvnelobis uamravi gamogoneba, rom unikaluri startap-identoba hqonda, dainteresebul pirebs biznesqselebiT Tavisufali sargeblobis saSualebas aZlevda, axalisebda riskian antreprenerebs da aZlierebda imis rwmenas, rom damwyeb firmebs liderebis Seviwroeba SeeZloT. momavali weli gamocdis, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia siliciumis vels upiratesobis SenarCuneba maSin, roca inovatorebs saqmis sxvagan wamowyebis perspeqtiva acdunebT. n

2019 mokled induri dabalbiujetiani aviakompania INDIGO indoeTidan londonSi pirdapir reiss daniSnavs. mgzavrebs SeeZlebaT aeroportSi HAWAIIAN AIRLINES-is bostonihonolulus pirdapiri reisis mgzavrebze adre gamocxaddnen, romelic 12 saaTze odnav naklebi frenis droiT, aSS-Si ugrZesi komerciuli reisi iqneba

oda inovaciuri, magram dabalefeqtiani biznesia. tansacmlis onlainmyidvelebi SekveTili navaWris 50%-s abruneben, radgan mas ver irgeben. globaluri tansacmlis industrias es weliwadSi 62 miliardi amerikuli dolari ujdeba. brendebi Warb maragebs agroveben, vinaidan momxmarebelTa survilebis zustad gamocnoba uWirT da Semdeg fasebis dagdeba uwevT, rac maT marJebs vnebs.

2019 wels axal tendencias unda velodoT, romelic mTel industrias moicavs. xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyeneba am problemebis mosagvareblad sayovelTao xasiaTs miiRebs. sxva sacalod movaWreTa msgavsad, modis qselebi momxmarebelTa Cvevebis Sesaxeb monacemTa mTebs floben. manqanuri daswavlis gamoyenebiT, maTi damuSaveba gayidvebis ufro zusti prognozirebis saSualebas iZleva, rac maragebis swor drosa da swori mimarTulebiT moZraobas niSnavs, — ambobs akim bergi sakonsultacio firma McKinsey-dan. momdevno wlis trendebis prognozirebisTvis realur SesaZleblobas qmnis momxmarebelTa onlainCvevebis Seswavla. analitikuri firma Edited exmareba firmebs Tvali adevnon socialuri mediis tendenciebs, aseve popularuli blogerebis rekomendaciebis agregirebas axdens. magaliTad, am gziT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, gaxdeba Tu ara momwvano feri momdevno zafxulis wamyvani trendi an iqneba Tu ara oqrosferi Sarvali yvelaze moduri tanisamosi floridis gareT. xelovnuri inteleqti onlainSoperebs daexmareba, ufro zustad Seafason saqonlis forma da morgeba, rac Seamcirebs dabrunebis albaTobas. mas `sxeulis sando geometriis xelaxali Seqmnisas, sakmaod kargi samuSaos gaweva SeuZlia~, — ambobs Amazon-is mier Sesyiduli 3D-skanirebis firma Body Labs-is yofili warmomadgeneli uiliam o’fareli. misi teqnologia aanalizebs momxmarebelTa atvirTul fotoebs, maTi realobasTan miaxloebuli sxeulis modelis Sesaqmnelad. es tanisamosis virtualurad morgebisa da sxvadasxva kuTxidan Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva. es gaaiafebs kervas masobrivi bazris brendebisTvisac ki. silamaze mayureblis xelovnur inteleqtSia.

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swrafi rbolis zolSi sami didi tendencia personaluri transportis kidev ufro mniSvnelovani mdgeneli gaxdeba saimon raiti, brifingebis redaqtoris moadgile, The Economist

2019 mokled samxreT afrikis erT-erTi udidesi kompania NASPERS 100-milionian fonds qmnis qveynis teqnologiur startapebSi investirebisTvis — iseve, rogorc 200 milioni dolaris fonds samxreT afrikaSi arsebul teqnologiur kompaniebSi momdevno sami wlis ganmavlobaSi investirebisTvis

g

adaadgileba erT dros gulisxmobda arCevans fexiT moZraobas, sajaro transports an manqanis yidvas Soris, romelSic sawvavi unda Cagesxa, saWesTan damjdariyavi da fexi muxruWisTvis migebjina. cvlilebebi Zalas ikrebs, avtomwarmoeblebisa da teqnologiuri gigantebis meSveobiT, rasac sami didi tendenciac emateba. eleqtromobilebi gandevnian tradiciul sawvavze momuSave avtomobilebs. mobiluri servisebi avtomobilebis gaziarebisa da gadaadgilebisas, mgzavrebis damatebasTan erTad, TandaTanobiT Slian zRvars kerZo da sazogadoebriv transports Soris. isini anacvleben avtobusebsa da matareblebs, iseve, rogorc kerZo avtomobilebs. avtonomiuri manqanebi tarebis unar-Cvevebs male zedmetad aqceven.

2019 wels am samive mimarTulebiT didi cvlilebebi moxdeba. eleqtromobilebi, TavianTi Tanabari da uxmauro aqseleraciiT, kidev ufro myarad daimkvidreben adgils yoveldRiurobaSi. Tesla, romelic bazris wamyvan segments udgas saTaveSi, sul ufro met konkurencias waawydeba. axali Jaguar I-Pace-s da pirveli Audi e-tron-s saojaxo Mercedes-Benz EQ da Volvo XC 40 eleqtromobilebi SeuerTdebian. premiumbazars arCevaniT Cinuri Tesla, BMW-s modelebi da 2020 wels gamosaSvebad dagegmili Volvo-s Polestar-is qvebrendic gaajereben. mZRolebs, romlebic ufro iaf eleqtroavtomobilebs eZeben, arCev-

sahaero omi orma axalma aeroportma SesaZloa aviaciaSi morigi proteqcionistuli ukusvla gamoiwvios Carlz ridi, onlainbiznesisa da finansebis redaqtori, The Economist

T

anamedrove aeroportebi Sua saukuneebis kaTedralebs waagavs — isini uzarmazaria da maT mSeneblobas aTwleulebi sWirdeba. germaniis tevtonuri efeqtianobis miuxedavad, berlinis axali aeroporti, romelic 2011 wels unda gaexsnaT, jerac araa Ria da misi mSeneblobisas ukve 65000 Secdomaze metia daSvebuli. yvelaze metad gaWianurebuli proeqti londonis hiTrous aeroportis mesame asafreni bilikia. Tavdapirvelad, igi britaneTis mTavrobis kabinetma 1946 wels daamtkica, Tumca xmaurTan da dabinZurebasTan dakavSirebuli davebis gamo, jerac ar augiaT. amave dros, gasaocrad mokle xanSi, xuT weliwadze nakleb droSi, Turqi da Cineli mSeneblebis patara armiebma stambolisa da pekinis Semogarenis nawilebi msoflios or udides saerTaSoriso aeroportebad aqcies. isini erTmaneTs msoflios morigi megahabis statuss Seecilebian da dubais ajobeben. amaTgan pirveli, stambolis aeroportis gaxsna, 2018 wlis dekemberSia navaraudevi. misi sami asafreni

isini erTmaneTs morig globalur megahabad gadaqcevaSi Seejibrebian

ani gaezrdebaT. VW-is, Ford-is, Skoda-s, Mini-sa da sxva mravali saavtomobilo markis modelebi gaisad an axlo momavalSi gasayidad gamova da sakuTrebis mTliani xarjebis mixedviT, Sidawvis Zravis avtomobilebTan konkurencias daiwyeben. rac ufro didi manZilis gavlas SeZleben es avtomobilebi energiis Seuvseblad da rac ufro metad ganviTardeba energiis mimwodebeli infrastruqtura, sul ufro iklebs momxmarebelTa SiSi (ra Tqma unda, xarjic), romelic maT eleqtromobilebze gadasvlaSi uSlis xels. evropeli avtomwarmoeblebic gegmaven eleqtromobilebis teqnologiebis mobilur servisebTan Serwymas, risi saSualebiTac mogebis generacias imedovneben. amis mizezi isaa, rom axalgazrda momxmareblebi manqanis moklevadian qiraobasa da gaziarebiT mgzavrobas arCeven da avtomobilis sakuTrebasTan

biliki dRiuri 3000 gafrenis, xolo weliwadSi 90 milioni mgzavris momsaxurebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. 2028 wels aq ukve eqvsi asafreni biliki iqneba, weliwadSi ki 200 milioni mgzavri ifrens. pekinis dacinis aeroporti 2019 wlis Semodgomaze unda gaixsnas. msoflos udidesi aeroportis statusisTvis isic ibrZolebs 8 asafreni bilikiTa da Tavdapirvelad wliurad 100 milioni mgzavrbrunviT. axali simZlavreebi saWiroa CineTSi swrafad mzardi sahaero mogzaurobis moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad. savaWro jguf IATA-s informaciiT, 2022 wlisTvis CineTi aSS-s gadauswrebs da msoflios udidesi aviaciis bazari gaxdeba, 2036 wels ki mgzavrTbrunva 1.5 miliards miaRwevs. aeroportebis sidide sulac araa is, ris gamoc saaviacio industriis mesveurebs Tma yalyze udgebaT. mRelvarebis ufro mniSvnelovani sagani im aviaxazebis mzardi wilia bazarze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT makavSirebel frenebs emsaxurebian. gasuli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, sparseTis yuris saaviacio kompaniebma — dubais Emirates-ma, abu dabis Etihad-ma da Qatar Airwaysma es bazari daipyres da wili CamoarTves tradiciul flagman kompaniebs evropidan da aziidan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, arabuli kompaniebis aseTi warmatebis mizezebs saxelmwifosgan miRebul subsidiebSi xedaven. amerikulma gadamzidavebma kampania wamoiwyes imisaTvis, rom qveynis mTavrobas gaeuqmebina yuris qveynebTan Tavisufali sahaero sivrcis SeTanxmebebi da SeezRuda am qveynebis kompaniebis mier SeerTebul StatebSi reisebis ricxvi. evropaSi Air France-KLM da

msoflio 2019

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dakavSirebul xarjebs maqsimalurad eridebian. avtomobilebis movla-patronoba ufro advilia da akmayofilebs sul ufro meti qalaqis survils, saavtomobilo emisia nulamde daiyvanon.

VW-s, Renault-s da PSA-s aqvT eleqtromobilebis gaziarebis sqemebi, romlebic gaiSveba an gafarTovdeba 2019 wels. VW amas germaniaSi 2020 wels saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanamde daiwyebs. ori franguli firma parizs moemsaxureba, vidre saqmianobas sxvagan gaavrcelebs. yvelaze Tamami nabiji mobiluri kavSirisa da eleqtrobis avtonomiurobasTan Sewyvileba iqneba. marTalia ramdenime firma (Google-is avtonomiuri avtomobilebis danayofis, Waymo-s meTaurobiT) ukve cdis TviTmaval `robotaqsebs~, Tumca isini jerac Sidawvis Zravaze momuSave avtomobilebia. General Motors-i imedovnebs, rom 2019 wels maT amerikis ramdenime qalaqSi didi zomis `robotaqsis~ servisis gaSvebiT gadaaswrebs. es, savaraudod, san-franciskoSi moxdeba — im teqnologiuri firmebis dabadebis adgilas, sadac saavtomobilo industriis darRvevas cdiloben. did qalaqebSi gadaadgilebis saSualebebi gafarTovdeba imis kvalobaze, rom `robotaqsebi~ da gaziarebis sxva servisebi saqalaqo satransporto sistemis nawili gaxdeba, xolo satransporto saSualebebs sul ufro xSirad SeuerTdeba eleqtroskuterebi da velosipedebi. am procesSi CarTuli firmebisTvis umTavresi kiTxvaa, rogor iSovon fuli. avtomwarmoeblebs sakmaod CaxlarTuli gardamavali epoqis gavla mouwevT mxolod avtomobilebis gayidvebidan maTTan erTad servisebis gayidvamde. teqnologiur firmebs wamyvani avtomwarmoeblebisgan manqanebi dasWirdebaT, Tuki transportis mobilurobis zrdis sferoSi TavianTi ambiciebis dakmayofileba surT. 2019 wels maTgan ufro mWidro TanamSromlobas unda elodoT, radganac isini gacilebiT Rirebuli biznesmodelebis moZiebas Seecdebian. n Lufthansa ukve didi xania #868 regulaciis reviziis mizniT ewevian lobistur saqmianobas, rac evrokavSirs saSualebas miscemda sanqciebi daewesebina im ucxouri aviakompaniebisTvis, romlebic subsidiebiT sargebloben. amave dros, am zomebis gareSe yures qveynebis mgzavrbrunva ar moimatebda regionis dabali ekonomikuri zrdisa da cudi biznesgaremos gamo (magaliTad, Etihad-ma brunvis gasazrdelad, umciresobis wilebi SeiZina kompaniebSi, romlebic sabolood gakotrdnen). 2018 wlis seqtembris angariSebSi Cans, rom Emirates-i da Etihad-i erTmaneTis poziciebis gasamyareblad merjers gegmavdnen. swored am dros, TamaSSi pekinisa da stambolis axali giganturi habebi erTvebian, rac kidev ufro zrdis meryeobas bazarze. amerikuli da evropuli aviaxazebi 2019 wels subsidirebis sawinaaRmdego kampanias gaaZliereben, Tumca amas umniSvnelo Sedegi Tu mohyveba. pekinis gavliT, evropidan avstraliisken iafi makavSirebeli frenebi ara imdenad subsidiebis damsaxurebaa, ramdenadac Sedegi mcdelobisa, daizogos adgilebi ukve mogebian reisebze, — acxadebs uil hortoni saaviacio sakonsultacio firma CAPA-dan. Turkish Airlines mcireoden subsidiebs iRebs. 2017 wels man mxolod 60 milioni dolaris Semweoba miiRo, TiTqmis 11 miliardi dolaris brunvasTan SedarebiT. iafi Turquli lira mas saerTaSoriso bazris wilis gazrdaSi daexmareba, vinaidan adgilobrivi ekipaJis daqiravebisa da sxva Sesabamisi xarjebi moiklebs. emzadeT konkurentuli wnexis zrdisTvis.

beisbolis mTavari liga (MLB) britaneTSi Tavis pirvel bazas aRwevs dan rozenheki, monacemTa redaqtori, The Economist

e

2019 mokled GOOGLE afarToebs Tavis kerZo wyalqveSa kabelebis qsels sami kompaniis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT. CURIECABLE amerikis dasavleTis sanapiros CilesTan akavSirebs. regionuli partniorebis erToblivi organizacia, HK-G honkongs guamTan aerTebs, xolo kidev erTi erToblivi organizacia 4500 milis (7200 kilometris) sigrZis HAVFRUE CABLE amerikasa da CrdiloeT evropas daakavSirebs

vropelebma bevri araferi uwyian beisbolze. erT-ori ramis garda, am TamaSze, kontinentis mkvidrTaTvis isaa cnobili, rom beisbolis mTavari liga Tavis saCempiono Sejibrs qedmaRlurad `msoflio serias~ uwodebs, rac cota ar iyos metismetia im ligisTvis, romelSic mxolod erTi kanaduri klubi monawileobs 29 amerikulTan erTad. sinamdvileSi, beisboli gacilebiT naklebad provinciulia, vidre evropelebi fiqroben. es yvelaze popularuli sportis saxeobaa espanurenovan karibis kunZulebze da iaponiaSi, aseve samxreT koreasa da taivanSi. amave dros, beisbolis mTavari liga ukve karga xania regularuli sezonis matCebs atarebs axlomdebare (meqsikaSi, 1996 wlidan) da Soreul qveynebSi (avstralia, 2014 wlidan), da dafarvis gavrcelebas imedovnebs. 2019 wlis sezoni tokioSi gaixsneba. miuxedavad amisa, liga fexburTze gadareul evropas yovelTvis ganixilavda, rogorc beisbolSi gonivruli investirebisTvis mtrul teritorias. es momdevno ivnisSi Seicvleba, roca beisbolis mTavari liga, Tavisi yvelaze mwvave metoqeobis orive monawiles — `niu-iork iankizsa~ da `boston red soqss~ ormatCiani seriis gasamarTad londonSi miavlens. Teoriulad, amisaTvis inglisi nayofieri miwa unda iyos. inglissa da amerikas saerTo ena aqvT, inglisi beisbolis `uaxloesi naTesavis~ — kriketis samSoblocaa. profesiuli sportis sxva amerikuli saxeobebi aq warmatebulia. uemblis stadionze fexburTis erovnuli liga weliwadSi 3-4 matCs yidis, xolo erovnuli sakalaTburTo asociaciis mier O2 arenaze Catarebul erT matCze daswreba aseulobiT girvanqa Rirs. beisboli SesaZlebelia ufro rTulad gasayidi aRmoCndes. misi mTavari liga sezonze fexburTis erovnul ligaze aTjer met TamaSs atarebs, ris gamoc individualuri Sexvedrebi gacilebiT naklebmniSvnlovania. garda amisa, beisboli, amerikul fexburTTan SedarebiT, bukmekerebis gacilebiT nakleb interess izidavs, es ukanasknelni ki britaneli fanebis im nawils warmoadgenen, vinc yvelaze kargad icnobs sportis ucxour saxeobebs. modunebuli tempisa da aqcentis xelis Tu Tvalzomis koordinaciaze, aseve zust moZraobebze aqcentiT, beisboli kalaTburTTan SedarebiT gacilebiT naklebad aTletur sanaxaobas gvTavazobs. sportis am saxeobaSi arasodes yofila maikl jordanis msgavsi globaluri supervarskvlavi, sakuTari saerTaSoriso profili rom gaezarda. mxolod ori dagegmili TamaSiT, albaT mainc SesaZlebeli gaxdeba zafxulis olimpiuri TamaSebisTvis specialurad agebul London Stadium-ze sakmarisi raodenobis damswreTa Segroveba. isini umetesad cnobismoyvare adgilobrivebi da samSoblomonatrebuli amerikelebi iqnebian. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es eqsperimenti warmatebuli iqneba, amerikis `erovnuli gasarTobi~ upirvelesad mainc `Sinaur garTobad~ darCeba n

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rogor gadavarCinoT antrepreneroba

r biznesis dawyebis xelisSemSleli dabrkolebebi unda moiSalos, — acxadebs SHOPIFY-s damfuZnebeli da aRmasrulebeli direqtori, tobias liutke

a iqneba, xval Tu gaiRviZebT da aRmoaCenT, rom musika aRar arsebobs? warmoidgineT, ra ganZs dakargavda planeta. iqneboda es samyaros aRsasruli? ara, magram es is samyaro aRar iqneboda, romelic momewoneboda. axla musika antreprenerobiT CaanacvleT. ra iqneboda, erT dRes rom gageRviZaT da antrepreneroba gamqraliyo? marTalia, startapebis kulturas modurad Cacmuli aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi cnobadobas aniWeben, Tumca antrepreneroba ukve aTwleulebia daRmasvlas ganicdis. 1978 wlidan dRemde, aSS-Si axali biznesebis ricxvi, Brookings Institution-is informaciiT, TiTqmis ganaxevrda. igive tendencia SeiniSneba TiTqmis yvela industriul qveyanaSi. Fraser Institute-ma 2001-2007 wlebi 2008-2014 wlebs Seadara da daaskvna, rom amerikaSi startapebis Seqmnis ricxvma 18.6%-iT iklo, avstraliaSi 20.3%-iT, kanadaSi 8.5%-iT, xolo britaneTSi — 7.5%-iT. antrepreneroba 2019 wels ar mokvdeba, magram is safrTxeSia. `bebi bumi~ Cavlilia, xolo `milenialebis~ mier axali biznesis wamowyebis albaToba 50 welze asakovanTa albaTobis mxolod naxevaria, — aCvenebs Gallup-is kvleva. mraval qveyanaSi mosaxleobis zrdis tempi swrafad mcirdeba. cxadia, antreprenerobis SesustebaSi demografia Tavis rols TamaSobs, magram me sxva Teoriac maqvs. arc ise didi xnis win, yvela dasaxlebaSi arsebobda mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi. yvela samezoblos sWirdeboda yasabi, mcxobeli an meSandle. amis Semdeg didi maRaziebi gaCnda da yvelaferi Seicvala. roca fizikur da cifrul samyaroSi didi sacalo movaWreebi dominireben, tradiciuli antreprenerebisTvis sivrce izRudeba. gaCnda sxva dabrkolebebic. antreprenerobis bevri kategoria licenzias moiTxovs. amerikaSi mark cukerbergs Facebook-is Seqmna daukiTxavad SeuZlia, magram mTavrobis nebarTvis gareSe, Tmas veravis SekreWs.

Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva vici, rom rTulia biznesis dawyeba. es mosawyenicaa. es fundamenturad iracionaluri wamowyebaa. msoflioSi wamyvani biznes-saganmanaTleblo kompania actionCOACH-is damfuZnebel bred sagersis gamonaTqvamis perifrazi rom gavakeToT, 100 saaTs muSaobT, raTa kviraSi 9, sxvisTvis 40 saaTi muSaobas aaridoT Tavi. magram swored esaa yvelaze Zvirfasi ram antreprenerebisTvis. maT albaT maincdamainc ar undaT msoflios dapyroba, maT ubralod mzis qveS kuTvnili adgilis mopoveba surT. isini damoukideblobas eswrafvian. upirvelesi mizezi, ris gamoc Shopify-s movaWreebs sakuTari biznesis marTva moswonT, gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas Tavisuflebaa. ramdeni Cvengani isurvebda aseT Tavisuflebas, ase rTuli rom ar iyos? ifiqreT maTze, vinc 1849 wels san-franciskoSi Segrovda. gana

oqros cieb-cxeleba mxolod oqros exeboda? es SesaZleblobis mopovebac iyo. mxolod weraqvi unda ageRoT xelSi da Tqven `oqrosi~ xdebodiT. antreprenerobis SesanarCuneblad, igi ufro martivi unda gavxadoT. energiuli qalaqebis SesanarCuneblad da dasaqmebis gasazrdelad, yvela moTamaSem — mTavrobebma, bankebma, teqnologiis mimwodeblebma — antreprenerebis gzaze arsebuli dabrkolebebis Sesamcireblad unda ibrZolon. amave dros, unda gavafarTovoT antreprenerobis ganmarteba Silicon Valley-s stereotipebis miRma. antreprenerebi imigrantebsac moicaven, romlebic sakuTari ojaxebisTvis sarCos mosapoveblad iRvwian. roca germaniidan kanadaSi movxvdi, onlainsnoubordebis maRazia Snowdevil davasrule, vinaidan samuSao vizas ver viRebdi. programuli uzrunvelyofa, romelic am maRaziisTvis Sevqmeni, sabolood Shopify gaxda. amerikis mosaxleobis aRweris biuros monacemebiT, antreprenerobis klebadi dinamikis miuxedavad, qveyanaSi gaizarda imigrantebis kuTvnili

antreprenerobis SesanarCuneblad, igi ufro martivi unda gavxadoT biznesebis ricxvi 2007 wlis 14%-dan 2016 wlis 16%-mde. Fortune 500-is kompaniaTa 43%-is damfuZneblebi, imigrantebi an maTi Svilebi arian. antreprenerebi aseve moicavs axalgazrda dedebs, romelTac Sin meti drois gatareba surT. Cveni yovelwliuri gamokiTxviT, qalebis ricxvi, romelTaTvisac biznesis dawyebis umTavresi motivacia Sinidan muSaobis survili iyo, 75%-iT aRemateba amgvari motivis mqone mamakacTa ricxvs. adamianebi, romlebic Tavs tradiciuli orisgan gansxvavebul genders miakuTvneben, oTxjer ufro meti albaTobiT xdebian antreprenerebi, vinaidan dasaqmebis sxvagan povna ar SeuZliaT. antrepreneroba yovelTvis gzneba araa. xandaxan is saWiroebacaa. gasuli ramdenime saukunis progresis sulisCamdgmelebi antreprenerebi arian. am adamianebze wignebs vkiTxulobT — endriu karnegidan dawyebuli, Nike-is fil naitiT damTavrebuli. antrepreneroba uZvelesi profesiaa. ar SegviZlia mis gaqrobas gulxeldakrefilebma vuyuroT. meti xalxi gvWirdeba garaJSi, samzareuloSi, saRamoebze, raTa samyaro ukeTesi gaxadon TavianTi TavisTvis da sxvebisTvisac. kargi ambebi ki ra gvaqvs? swori mimarTulebiT mivdivarT. teqnologia, rogorc gafarToebuli realoba, antreprenerobis axal kategoriebs aCens. biznesis dawyeba ufro xelmisawvdomia axali teqnologiuri platformebiT, xolo adamianis SemoqmedebiTi swrafva gaZlierdeba ufro meti samuSaos avtomatizaciis kvalobaze. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad, antrepreneroba aRmasvlis gzas daadgeba da misi ayvavebisTvis erTad vimuSavebT.

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Bering Sea

AR CT IC OC EAN London

GERMANY Ru ssian gas and oil pipelines

Berlin

Nord Str eam 2

Kiev

Moscow

UKRAINE

Med. Sea Istanbul Ankara

R U S S I A

Kovyktinskoye gasfield

Amur

Crimea

Black TURKEY Sea

Sea of Okhotsk

Chayandinskoye gasfield

Power of Siberi a

Tu rkStr eam

C HINA

K A Z A K H STAN

Caspian Sea

MONG OLI A Beijing

Source: Global Oil and Gas Features Database

ruseTidan amuris gavliT CineTTan axali energetikuli kavSirebi dasavleTisTvis geopolitikur safrTxes Seicavs henri triqsi, biznesis saqmeTa redaqtoris moadgile, The Economist

c

ivi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, ruseTis bunebrivi gazis eqsporti imdenad ukavSirdeba kremlis strategiuli interesebis ganmtkicebas, ramdenadac ekonomikurs. amgvarad, saxelmwifo gigant Gazprom-is mier 2019 wels sami megaproeqtis dasrulebis, kerZod CineTSi, germaniasa da TurqeTSi, geopolitikuri talRebi mTel msoflios miswvdeba.

3000 kilometri sigrZis (1900 mili) `cimbiris Zalis~ gazsadeni, romelic sabolood aRmosavleT cimbiris Caiandinskoes da koviktinskoes gazis sabadoebs mdinare amuris gadakveTiT CineTs daakavSirebs, ukve 2019 wels unda amoqmeddes, da misi gamtaroba sabolood wliur 38 miliard kubur metrs miaRwevs. dasavleTis mier ruseTis navTobisa da gazis industriis nawilisTvis dawesebuli sanqciebis miuxedavad, gaszadeni CineTSi gazze moTxovnis naxtomisebri zrdis dakmayofilebas isaxavs miznad, swored maSin, roca CineTma amerikasTan mimdinare savaWro omis farglebSi,10%iani tarifi daawesa amerikul gaTxierebul bunebriv gazze. energetikaSi, iseve rogorc didi politikis sxva sferoebSic, ruseTi da CineTi sul ufro uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs. es 55 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis garigeba CineTTan, romelmac prezident putinis `aziisken Sebruneba~ uzrunvelyo, 2014 wels daido, roca Gazpromis evropeli klientebi yirimis aneqsiam aRaSfoTa da roca isini ruseTs gazis miwodebis alternatiuli wyaroebze gadasvliT daemuqren. miuxedavad amisa, swored amis Semdeg, rusuli gazis eqsporti evropaSi sarekordo niSnulze avida. es garemoeba Gazprom-s xelsayrel poziciaSi ayenebs, ganaviTaros kidev ori didi proeqti — `CrdiloeTis nakadi 2~ germaniisken da TurqeTTan damakavSirebeli, `Turqul nakadad~ cnobili kidev erTi proeqti. orive am proeqts mniSvnelovani strategiuli Sedegebi mohyveba, vinaidan isini saSualebas aZleven Gazprom-s didad Seamciros Tavisi damokidebuleba dapirispirebuli qveynis, ukrainis teritoriaze gamaval

satranzito derefnebze, romelTa meSveobiTac rusuli gazis umetesi nawili evropas miewodeba. briuselisa da bevri evropuli qveynis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, romlebic ukrainis mimarT simpaTias gamoxataven, `CrdiloeTis nakadi 2~-is mSenebloba ukve daiwyo. es ruseTidan germaniaSi pirdapir bunebrivi gazis gatanis simZlavres orjer gazrdis, da mis mSeneblobaSi `gazpromi~ da xuTi didi evropeli mxardamWeri monawileobs. amerikelma oficialurma pirebma ganacxades, rom kremlis sawinaaRmdego sanqciebi SesaZloa proeqtebis damfinanseblebzec — germanul Uniper-sa da Wintershall-ze, avstriis OMV-ze, safrangeTis Engie-ze, aseve anglo-holandiur gigant Royal Dutch Shell-zec gavrceldes. aman SesaZloa `CrdiloeTis nakadi 2~-is mSenebloba dasawyisSive SeaCeros. prezidentma donald trampma sajarod gakila germania, romelic, misi azriT, riskavs, gaxdes `mTlianad damokidebuli~ rusul energiaze, Tuki ar Secvlis politikur kurss. Tumca amaze cinikosebi amboben, rom `CrdiloeTis nakadi 2~-is SeCerebis umTavresi mizani evropaSi amerikuli gaTxierebuli gazis gayidvis gazrdaa. amasobaSi, 15.75 miliardi kuburi metri gamtarobis mqone Turqmenuli gazsadeni or marSruts moicavs. pirveli maTgani ruseTidan TurqeTSi Savi zRvis gavliT miemarTeba, xolo meore — TurqeTidan evropaSi. pirvelis umetesi nawilis mSenebloba dasrulebulia, xolo meores dasruleba 2019 wlis bolos igegmeba.

mogeba fuWi ocnebaa winsvlis miuxedavad, yvelaferi ruseTis sasargeblod ar dasruldeba. evrokavSiris antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis gamo, Gazprom-s ekrZaleba evrokavSiris teritoriaze Turkstream-is gazsadenebis operireba, rac mas evropeli partniorebis Zebnisken ubiZgebs. samive megaproeqti Gazprom-s momavali mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls daakargvinebs, misi momxmareblebi ki sul ufro metad ecdebian alternatiuli variantebis moZiebas. magaliTad, tankerebiT gaTxierebuli gazis importsa da ganaxlebad energias. es maT Gazprom-Tan ufro mkacri pirobebiT SeTanxmebebis dadebas SeaZlebinebs. SesaZloa, batoni putinis mier gazsadenebze dadebuli fsoni sulac ar aRmoCndes momgebiani. n

What

if

SNAPCHAT-is fotogzavnilebis aplikaciis Semqmneli kompania SNAP-is aqciaTa fasi 2018 wels 10 dolarze qvemoT daeSva, mas Semdeg, rac kompania FACEBOOK-sa da INSTAGRAMTan mwvave konkurencias waawyda. ra moxdeba, Tu SNAP-is aqciaTa fasebi kidev ufro Semcirdeba?

SesaZlo myidvelebia socialur mediaSi `maCanCala~ GOOGLE da DISNEY, romelmac SesaZloa SNAPCHAT-is axalgazrda auditoria miizidos. magram `Wkviani fuli~ axla ukve AMAZON-is xelTaa, mas Semdeg, rac eleqtronuli komerciis am gigantma 2018 wels SNAP-Tan xelSekruleba gaaforma, romliTac SNAPCHAT-is momxmareblebs TavianT fotoebSi moxvedrili nivTebis identificireba da yidva SeuZliaT

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biznesi

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eiforiaSi CrdiloeT amerikaSi kanafis mimarT damokidebulebis Serbilebis kvalobaze, samomxmareblo xarjebi caSi aiWreba nataSa loderi, jandacvis korespondenti, The Economist

2019 mokled IKEA 13-wliani molaparakebis Semdeg pirvel maRazias ukrainis dedaqalaq kievSi xsnis

marixuana moqmedebaSi

q

iT vila amerikaSi dafasebuli kacia. man gamoigona bestseleri ludis brendi Blue Moon Belgian White Ale, magram ludsaxarS gigant, MillerCoors-Si gatarebuli 32 wlis Semdeg, gadawyvita samsaxuri mietovebina da TrobaSi axali didi ram aRmoeCina — kanafze dayenebuli ludi. batoni vila kanafis samyaros cvlilebis amaRelvebeli axali talRis qimze moeqca. CrdiloeT amerikaSi zrdasrul 75 milion adamians kanafis legalurad yidva SeuZlia da Arcview Market Research & bds Analytics-is informaciiT, 2019 wels misi gayidvis maCveneblebi 40%-iT gaizrdeba. SesaZleblobebi uzarmazaria. kanadam da kaliforniam kanafis rekreaciuli gamoyenebis legalizacia 2018 wels moaxdines da 2019 wels axali maRaziebis aSenebis kvalobaze, gayidvis maCveneblebis dramatuli zrdaa mosalodneli. kaliforniis mravali qalaqi da sagrafo Tavdapirvelad aseTi maRaziebis agebis uflebas ar iZleoda, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kanafis legalurad miwodeba onlaingayidvebis meSveobiT Statis yvela wertilSia SesaZlebeli, sacalo vaWrobis obieqtebisadmi winaaRmdegoba 2019 wels damarcxdeba, — acxadebs BDS Analytics-is mmarTveli direqtori, tom adamsi. globalurad legaluri rekreaciuli narkotikebis gayidva, da ara samedicino daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba iqneba swored is mamoZravebeli, rac Arcview-is prognoziT xarjvas 2020 wlisTvis 32 miliard amerikul dolaramde gaasammagebs. urugvaisa da SveicariaSi gayidva ukve nebadarTulia, magram zrdis mTavari wyaro CrdiloeT amerika iqneba.

1961 wlidan gaeros narkotikuli saSualebebis konvenciis gamo, qveynebis umravlesoba mihyva amerikis liderobas, romelSic kanafi ara mxolod opioidebiviT sazianod, aramed raime samedicino daniSnulebis armqoned miiCneoda. es orive damokidebuleba yovelTvis aralogikuri iyo. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis daJineba, rom kanafs samedicino daniSnuleba ar gaaCnda, kidev ufro kuriozulad gamoCnda, roca britanulma farmacevtulma kompania GW Pharmaceuticals-ma kanafis safuZvelze masobrivi daniSnulebis preparatebi Seqmna.

mas Semdeg, rac amerikaSi Serbilda damokidebuleba legaluri rbili narkotikebis mimarT, gaisma kiTxva: dauSvebs Tu ara federaluri mTavroba mis rekategorizacias, rogorc naklebad saziano narkotikisas? izrdeba wnexi kanonmdeblobaze, raTa is gaxdes ufro naTeli imisaTvis, rom yovel Stats SeeZlos msubuqi narkotikis legalizacia Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT, federaluri mTavrobis mier individebisa da firmebis devnis SiSis gareSe. es kanafis industriaSi veeberTela investiciebs gauxsnis gzas da `damuxtavs zrdas~, — acxadebs batoni adamsi.

viziti bankSi arsebulma kanonmdeblobam ukve waaxalisa sakmao inovaciebi marixuanaze damzadebul samomxmareblo saqonelSi. rbil sasmelebSi ukve Cndeba arafsiqoaqtiuri ingredienti kanabidioli, rasac SfoTvisa da qronikuli tkivilis SerbilebaSi misi kargi reputacia ganapirobebs. rbili sasmelebis giganti, Coca-Cola-c ki aRiarebs, rom sakiTxiT dainteresebulia. sxvebi, baton vilas msgavsad, sasmelebsa da kvebis produqtebSi kanafis maTrobela nawilis, tetrahidrokabinolis CarTvas fiqroben. am bazars ukve sasmelebis mravalma didma firmam daadga Tvali, xolo kaliforniis redond biCSi mdebare Rebel Coast Winery ukve tetrahidrokabinolze dayenebul Sauvignon Blanc-sac yidis. axalgazrdebis TavSekavebam, moewiaT kanafi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli motivebiT, misi miwodebis sxva meTodebis ayvaveba gamoiwvia, rac moicavs sensualur lubrikantebs, `daTunia kanfetebs~, aorTqlebad siTxeebsa da enisqveS dasadeb abebs. am axalma produqtebma moiTxova kanafis, rogorc ingredientis, reformulireba, raTa is gaexada ugemo da SemZle, gamoewvia TiTqmis myisieri `Trobis momenti~, — rogorc batoni adamsi acxadebs. ylapvis Semdeg, kanafis efeqtebis myisieri SegrZneba, alkoholis msgavsad, misi socialuri moxmarebis saSualebas iZleva. es aseve Warbi moxmarebis problemis Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZleva, romelsac maSin aqvs adgili, roca momxmareblebs eCvenebaT, rom preparati ar moqmedebs. momavlis istorikosebi 2019-s mniSvnelovan wlad aRricxaven, kanafis mimarT globaluri damokidebulebis `gagrilebis~ gamo. n

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moaxdineT decentralizacia, digitizacia da dekarbonizacia

s

naxSirbaduli sawvavis saziano memkvidreobis daZleva SesaZlebelia, — acxadebs izabel koCeri, ENGIE-s aRmasrulebeli direqtori

tokholmidan vankuverSi frenis bolos landSafts davxede, romelic ucnaurad hgavda imas, rac davtove: haeri ruxi iyo, damZimebuli tyis xanZris kvamliT. es ori qalaqi, Cveulebriv, haeris saukeTeso xarisxiT amayobs, magram gasuli weli janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi riskis gamoCeniT aRiniSna. rogorc amboben, aseTi haeriT sunTqva iseve sazianoa, rogorc dReSi 7 sigaretis moweva. klimatis cvlilebebma cxeli da mSrali pirobebi moitana, rac zrdis cecxlis gaCenis saSiSroebas. dedamiwis 18 yvelaze cxeli zafxulidan 17 2001 wlis Semdeg dafiqsirda. mravali wlis win Cemma kompaniam bazars daaswro da eleqtrogeneraciis warmoebis tradiciuli sferoebidan, kerZod qvanaxSiridan, divesticia gadawyvita. Cven darwmunebulni viyaviT, rom momavlis energetikis imijis cvlilebaze pasuxismgebloba unda gvekisra. sadReisod, marTalia xanZrebis, gvalvebis, qariSxlebisa da wyaldidobebis ricxvi wlidan wlamde izrdeba, magram kargi ambebic xdeba. energetikis ekonomika Cumad icvleba. mzis energiis fasi umTavresi konvenciuri wyaroebiT gamomuSavebuli energiis fasze qvemoT daeSva. 2018 wels xeli movawereT SeTanxmebas, romliTac senegalSi mzis energiis kilovat saaTis fasi 0.038 evroTi (0.043 amerikuli dolariT) ganisazRvra, rac qvanaxSiriT gamomuSavebuli energiis fasis mexuTedia. 2010-2017 wlebSi mzis energiis fasi 73%-iT Semcirda.

2018 wlis agvistoSi kaliforniam, romelic didad dazaralda tyis xanZrebiT, miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, 2045 wlisTvis misi eleqtroenergiis 100% naxSirbadisgan Tavisufali wyaroebiT unda iwarmoebodes. es energiis warmoebaSi ufro gonivruli midgomebis danergvis politikuri wnexis asaxvaa. amerikis sxva Statebmac igive moimoqmedes. am axali realobis miReba erTaderTi gzaa, viyoT konkurentunariani klimatis cvlilebebiT daRdasmul msoflioSi. am axali epoqis momtani teqnologiebi decentralizebuli, cifruli da naxSirbadisgan Tavisufalia.

momavali sami tipis politikaSia parizSi, Cveni korporaciuli saTavo ofisis qvemoT, umZRolo eleqtromobilebis danaxva SegiZliaT. eleqtromobilebis ricxvi izrdeba: 2015 wels ukve milioni aseTi avtomobili iyo gzebze, 2017 wels ki — 3 milioni. ofisebsa da qarxnebSi avtomatizacia swrafad farTovdeba. `sagnebis internetTan~ dakavSirebuli xelsawyoebis — sensorebis, displeebis, personaluri kompiuterebis ricxvi, savaraudod, CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi erT sul mosaxleze 11-s miaRwevs. yvela maTgani mravaljeradi batareiT isargeblebs. jamSi, isini energiis moxmarebisa da Senaxvis uzarmazar ganawilebul qsels warmoadgenen. energiis warmoebac ufro decentralizebu-

li xdeba. dabali ekologiuri zegavlenis mqone eleqtrosadgurebi, xelmisawvdomi energiiT, afrikisa da aziis Soreul kuTxeebs uzrunvelyofen da daasruleben energiaze wvdomis sirTuleebs. gaziareba kidev ufro Seamcirebs xarjebs da gazrdis sistemis saimedoobas. Tu Cems mezobels ufro meti energia sWirdeba dRes, roca me Sin ar var, mas Cemi Warbi simZlavriT sargebloba SeuZlia. cifruli qseli am gadanawilebuli qselebis dakavSirebas iwyebs. maT swavla, optimizeba

energetikaSi inovaciis tempi daCqardeba da dabalanseba SeeZlebaT Cvens moTxovnebTan adaptaciisTvis. maT SeeZlebaT gaTiSon Suqi an gagviZRvnen sibneleSi moZraobisas, moaxdinon Cveni manqanebis siCqaris optimizacia, moZraobis nakadi da qarxnebis efeqtianoba. energetika informaciuli ekonomikis safuZvelia. cifruli kompaniebi energiaze moTxovnis did nawils Seqmnian. gamanawilebeli sistemis usafrTxoeba da monacemTa daculoba dRes ukve erTmaneTTan ganuyofladaa gadajaWvuli. es kavSiri kidev ufro kritikuli gaxdeba kompaniebisa da qveynebis usafrTxoebisTvis. rac ufro metad dainteresebulni gaxdebian adamianebi sufTa haeriT, grili temperaturiTa da usafrTxo sacxovrisiT, da maSin, roca, axali wyaroebiT energiis gamomuSavebis xarjebi konvenciuri wesiT generacias gamouTxris Zirs, kompaniebi miT metad moeqcevian wnexSi, eZion axali, energetikaze dafuZnebuli konkurentuli upiratesoba. xvalindeli dRis energetikuli kompania sul ufro metad iqneba dainteresebuli misi momsaxurebis wyaroebiTa da xarisxiT — iseve, rogorc inovaciiT. industria ara mxolod mzisa da qaris energiis gavrcelebas ixilavs, aramed mudmiv inovaciebsac seqtorebis mTel wyebaSi. msoflioSi liTiumis SezRuduli miwodeba energiis Senaxvis sazRvrebs moxazavs, maSin, roca Cven momavali Taobis teqnologiebis Ziebas ganvagrZobT. Cven SevqmniT sistemebs, romlebic Cvensave keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs da droTa ganmavlobaSi namarxi sawvavis mavne memkvidreobis daZlevasac ki movaxerxebT. am cvlilebebisTvis xelis SeSla ara mxolod araeTikuri, aramed ekonomikurad upasuxismgeblocaa: energetikaSi inovaciebis tempi daCqardeba, xolo axali teqnologiebi Zvels Caanacvlebs. axali energetikis sami politika — decentralizacia, digitalizacia da dekarbonizacia energetikuli revoluciis gulia. is Seqmnis swraf da globalur transformacias garmosdacviTi da ekonomikuri miznebisken swrafvaSi. es momavlis iseTi xedvaa, romelic dauyovnebliv unda gaviTavisoT.

`Suxman jgufi~ 8000-wliani qarTuli tradiciebis kvaldakval

nuca abramiSvili: `Suxman jgufis~ generaluri direqtori

„saqarTvelo — Rvinis samSobloa~ — ase iwyeba qveynis wardgineba, rogorc politikur, diplomatiur, ekonomikur Tu ubralod xalxTa wreebSi qveynis gareT Tu qveyanaSi Camosul stumrebTan. Semdeg mosdevs qarTuli tradiciebis, stumar-maspinZlobis, gastronomiis, geografiuli mdebareobis, unikaluri bunebisa da eqskluziuri anbanis wardgena. aseve, im qarTuli aramaterialuri aqtivebis wardgena, romelic bolo dros iuneskom aRiara (qvevri, qarTuli polifonia da sxva). saqarTvelo, Tavisi gardamavali ekonomikiT da Tanamedrove dasavluri swori kursiT, mokle droSi, namdvilad moxvda msoflio yuradRebis centrSi, rogorc erT-erTi patara, magram mniSvnelovnad warmatebuli, mzardi ekonomikis mqone, ambiciuri da topreformatori qveyana regionSi. `Suxman jgufis~ saqmanoba swored 8000-wliani qarTuli tradiciebis gagrZelebas, gaziarebas da amavdroulad, qveynis imijis popularizacias ukavSirdeba. kompania `Suxman vains jorjiasTvis~, warmoadgende erT-erT mniSvnelovan meRvineobas, didi pasuxismgebloba da pativia. TiToeuli eqsportirebuli Rvino Tu TiToeuli miRebuli stumari, qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis da popularizaciis winapirobaa, meRvineoba-mevenaxeoba ki maRali socialuri pasuxismgebloba. kompania swored im wamyvan ekonomikis sferoebs aerTianebs, romelic qarTuli ekonomikisTvis umniSvnelovanesia. `Suxman jgufis~ TiToeuli mimarTuleba dayvanilia e.w. niSur produqtad da momsaxurebad, sadac xarisxi umTavresia.

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msoflio 2019

finansebi

108 gadaxdis Cinuri meTodebi globaluri xdeba 109 navTobi da cxoveluri instinqtebi 110 ekonomiqsis momdevno nabijebi 111 steisi kaningemi: bazrebi da mTavari quCa

amave seqciaSi: 104 savaWro dokumentaciis Sedgena cifrul formatze gadadis 105 globaluri ekonomika: jer aSS 106 samaxsovro Canaweri siTize 107 antikorufciuli mcdelobebi 108 evropuli bankebi: velodoT merjerebs?

Seni tempi Tu Cemi? aqciebis fasebi, 1 marti 2009=100

400

S&P 500

S&P 500 American aqciaTa indeqsi

350

MSCI Global ganviTarebuli qveynebis indeqsi

300

Euro Stoxx 50 European safondo birJis indeqsi

250

MSCI

200

Euro Stoxx

150 100

2009

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

konvergenciis Teoria ratom Rirs „fsonis dadeba“ imaze, rom evropuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis kompaniaTa aqciebi amerikisas wamoeweva jon o’salivani, Buttonwood-is mesvete, The Economist

c

airCieT, rac ufro mogwonT umeteswilad, investorebi pirveli an misi msgavsi xedvisken ixrebian. Bank of America Merrill Lynch-is momzadebuli mimoxilvis safuZvliani gacnobiT irkveva, rom menejerebs msoflio ekonomikis yvelaze pesimisturi or something like it. A closely watched survey by Bank of xedva aqvT 2008 wlis Semdeg. maTi TiTqmis naxevari miiCnevs, rom amerikis ekonomika sxva ekonomikebis donemde gloomiest the world November daeSveba. view amaveof dros, maTi economy mxolod since meTxedze naklebi 2008.

Almost half think that America’s economy will be fiqrobs, rom evropa da azia poziciebs gaiumjobesedragged down to the level of other economies, compared ben da amerikasTan CamorCenas Seamcireben. arsebobs with less than quarter who think that EuropeSesvlasTan and Asia gamoTqma, roma aRmavali bazrebis simwifeSi erTad, `viwrovdeba maTi svlis derefanic~. es bunewill improve to close the gap.

An old saying contends brivi movlenaa da asaxavs investorTa midrekilebas, that bull markets tend to narrow as they age.

There is a moiSoron dabali to ukugebis momtani aqtivebi dahave gaaornatural inclination turn away from assets that magonbadly fsoni romlebmac kargi Sedegebi done andimtoaqtivebze, double down on assets that have done aCvenes.

Merrill Lynch Lynch-is kvlevis mixedviT, es swored well.

The Merrill survey suggests this is what in isaa, rasac investorebi akeTeben. amboben, rom isini vestors are doing. They say they are inclined to stick with amerikul aqciebs amjobineben da ganviTarebadi qveyAmerican stocks and steer clear of emerging markets. nebisgan Tavis Sors daWeras cdiloben. amave dros, investorTa interesi ukeT dakmayo-

2019 mokled brunvaSi Semodis evros 100 da 200-iani nominalis kupiurebi, romlebic zomiT ufro patara, mtkice da daculia. es ukanaskneli kupiurebia `evropis seriidan~, romelTa or damcav niSanSi miTologiuri personaJia gamosaxuli

s

nobili ekonomisti herbert staini skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili `pirquSi mecnierebis~ mimarT. misi azriT, ekonomistebma bevri araferi ician imaze meti, rac ar SeiZleba mudmivad gagrZeldes, magram Tu raime mudmivad ar grZeldeba, is Cerdeba kidec. investorebi, romlebic 2019 wlis prognozs ecnobian, swored imaze ifiqreben, rac ar SeiZleba mudmivad gagrZeldes. S&P 500-is wamyvani kompaniebis aqciaTa krebsiTi Rirebuleba 2009 wlis Semdeg gaoTxmagda. liderma amerikulma aqciebma bevrad ukeTesi Sedegi aCvena, evropul da ganviTarebadi qveynebis aqciebTan SedarebiT (ix. diagrama). es nawilobriv amerikis ekonomikis siZlieresac asaxavs. Tqma imisa, rom es upiratesoba mudmivad ar gagrZeldeba, iseve, rogorc amas batoni staini SeniSnavda, bevris Tqmas namdvilad ar niSnavs. investorebs ki Semdeg umTavres kiTxvequestions for investors are: how soon will it stop? And bze pasuxi ainteresebT: ramdenad swrafad SeCerdeba just as important, how? zrdis procesi?exactly aseve mniSvnelovania kiTxva — saxelBroadly there are two dobr, rogor moxdeba es? views. The first, cautious viewamasTan says, in essence, that America and the of thexedakavSirebiT, arsebobs orirest zogadi world will converge

by America falling back. America’s dva. pirveli — frTxili xedvis mixedviT, aSS da danstockmarket is pricey.

Its economy has enjoyed a long arCeni msoflio amerikis TandaTanobiTi ukandaxevis growth will slow as the stimulus fasiani from expansion. fonze, konvergencias ganicdian. amerikuli qaRaldebis gajerebulia. misma ekonomikam the tax cuts of bazari 2018 fades.

There is a growing risk that xangrZlivi eqspansiiT mSp-is zrda Senelthe Federal Reserve, whichisargebla. has been steadily increasing deba 2018 wlis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis efeqtebis interest rates, will tip the economy into recession.

The `minavlebis~ kvalobaze. riski imisa, rom fedrest of the world looks evenizrdeba more vulnerable.

Emerging eraluri saprocento ganakveTebs markets arerezervi, in a funk.romelic The euro zone remains accidentTanmimdevrulad ekonomikas recesiisken prone and still lacks a zrdida, shared mechanism for supporting ubiZgebs. danarCeni msoflio kidev ufro mowyvladia. ganviTarebadi qveynebi sustad gamoiyurebian. evrozona araa daculi SemTxveviTi movlenebis negatiuri

Sedegebis mimarT da jer kidev ar aqvs saerTo meqanizmi ekonomikis fiskaluri politikiT stimulirebisTvis. CineTis ekonomikam stimuli dakarga, donald trampis savaWro omebi ki mudmiv safrTxes qmnis. meore, ufro optimisturi xedviT, konvergencia danarCeni msoflios amerikasTan gaTanabrebis kvalobaze moxdeba. am xedviT, amerika recesias Tavs aaridebs, vinaidan `fedis~ direqtorebs kargad esmiT monetaruli politikis metismetad gamkacrebis riski. aseTi xedviT, fiskaluri riskis gaziarebis Sansi evrozonaSi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre zogadad miiCneva. am xedviT, savaWro omebis safrTxeSic SeiZleba dadebiTis danaxva, vinaidan aman SesaZloa CineTis xelisufleba aiZulos, ekonomikis stimulireba daiwyos. fuladi politika ukve Serbilda da dRis wesrigSi gadasaxadebis Semcireba dgas.

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fildeba CamorCenil bazrebze „fsonis Camosvlis“ SemTxvevaSi. Tavdapirvelad aSS-Si, Semdeg ki evrozonaSi, erTimeoris miyolebiT Camoyalibebuli krizisebis Semdeg, romelsac ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebze sirTuleebic mohyva, maTi frTxili pozicia savsebiT gasagebia. TumcaRa es imasac niSnavs, rom SesaZloa investorebs msoflio ekonomikis dadebiTi siaxleebic gamoeparoT. marTlac, konvergencia mxolod imitomaa ufro mosalodneli, rom investorebi misi armoxdenisTvis emzadebian. amJamad maTi umravlesobis portfeli amerikuli aqciebiTaa gadatvirTuli. es imas niSnavs, rom momavalSi sul ufro mcire gaxdeba am aqciebis potenciur myidvelTa ricxvi, ris gamoc am aqciaTa fasis Semdgomi zrdis potencialic SezRuduli xdeba. amis sapirispirod, sul umniSvnelo dadebiT movlenas ganviTarebad qveynebSi aqciaTa fasebis dramatuli zrda SeuZlia gamoiwvios. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, perspeqtiulia araamerikuli aqciebis yidva swored imitom, rom maTi naklovanebebi Zalian aSkaraa. amaSi dadebiTi metia, vidre uaryofiTi.

araamerikuli aqtivebis Sefasebac maT sasargeblod icvleba. amerikul aqciebTan SedarebiT, evrozonisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebis aqciebi iafi Cans, rac imas niSnavs, rom investorebs samizne kompaniebis momavali mogebis nakadebis misaRebad, aqciebis sayidlad Tavdapirvelad ufro naklebi Tanxis gaReba uwevT. ar arsebobs kanoni, romlis mixedviT, iafi aqciebis Semdgomi gaiafeba SeuZlebelia. investorebs SesaZloa meti moTmineba dasWirdeT, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi maRalia Sansi, rom araamerikuli fasiani qaRaldebi ufro maRal mogebas moitanen. sabolood, raRa Tqma unda, ekonomika zrdis zRvars miaRwevs. mas pauzis gareSe zrda ar SeuZlia. amave dros, Tu stainis perifrazirebas gavakeTebT, Tuki mxolod imaze `CamovalT fsons~, rac mudmivad grZeldeba, bevri veraferi SegvrCeba xelSi. investorebs yovelTvis akvirvebT ekonomikisa da aqtivebis bazrebis cvlilebebi. 2019 wels savsebiT SesaZlebelia didi moulodneloba swored is iyos, rom aqamdeCamorCenili qveynebi dawinaurebulebs wamoewevian. n

qaRaldebi — sanagveSi logistikaSi qaRaldebiT saqmis warmoebis kompiuterebiT Canacvlebas uzarmazari ekonomikuri stimulis motana SeuZlia Carlz ridi, onlainbiznesisa da finansebis redaqtori, The Economist

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ravali myidvelisTvis, amanaTis Sin mitana arasodes yofila ase iafi da swrafi. eleqtronuli komerciis giganti, Amazon-i 50 qalaqSi SekveTebs erT-or saaTSi asrulebs. misi mzardi da momZlavrebuli konkurentis, Cinuri JD-s SekveTebis 90% erT dReSi sruldeba. amave dros, didi moculobis tvirTebis adgilze mitana kvlavac mtkivneulad nel da Zvir procesad rCeba. firmebis umetesobas ori an sami dRe sWirdeba haeriT an wyliT paletisa Tu konteineris gadasatanad saWiro dokumenturi SemoTavazebis misaRebad. mitanis siCqare aseve arasaimedoa — gemiT CineTidan evropaSi konteineris Casvlas daaxloebiT 30-90 dRe sWirdeba. sahaero transporti warmoudgenlad Zviria. Sanxaidan londonamde, dagzavnis firma DHL-is meSveobiT, 70-kilogramiani amanaTis gadagzavnas imave wonis adamianis TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobaze samjer meti dro da bileTSi gadasaxdel fasze oTxjer meti Tanxa sWirdeba. problema metwilad iuridiuli dokumentaciis daxarisxebas, sabaJo Semowmebas, sadazRvevo kontraqtebsa da vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul sxva sabuTebis Sedgenas ukavSirdeba. msoflios udidesma sakonteinero gadazidvis firma Maersk-ma daadgina, rom 2014 wels indoeTidan niderlandebSi avokados erTi partiis Catanas, am procesSi CarTuli 30 mxaris 200 komunikacia dasWirda Sesabamisi dokumentaciis Sesadgenad. tvirTis gadamgzavnebi am yvelafris organizebisTvis veeba fuls Souloben. sakonsultacio firma BCG-is mixedviT, amaze 2014 wels logistikis industriis gamoSvebis TiTqmis meoTxedi, anu wliurad daaxloebiT 895 miliardi dolari modioda. es biznesi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze teqnofobiuria. firmebis umetesoba kvlavac telefonisa da faqsis meSveobiT komunikacias amjobineben. zRviT gadazidvisas, satransporto zeddebulebi, romlebiTac gadazidvis iuridiuli mxare gvardeba, kvlavac fizikuri qaRaldis furclebia da es cnoba, savaraudod, Sua

saukuneebis italiaSi mcxovreb maT Semqmnel movaWreebsac SeuZliaT. miuxedavad amisa, am sabuTebis Sedgenis digitalizacia mainc daiwyo. teqnologiuri kompaniebis xelSewyobiT, bankebi, mzRvevelebi da mTavrobebi Zalebs aerTianeben cifruli vaWrobis platformebis Sesaqmnelad, sadac kompiuterebi mZime samuSaos asruleben. teqnologiurma gigantma IBM-ma da bankma UBS-ma am mizniT Batavia-d saxeldebuli platforma ukve CauSves moqmedebaSi. sxva evropeli bankebi calke proeqtebs — Marco Polo-sa da We.Trade-s uWeren mxars. amave dros, yvelaze saintereso 2019 wels singapurisa da honkongis mTavrobaTa mier gasaSvebad gamzadebuli globaluri vaWrobiT urTierTdakavSirebulobis (Global Trade Connectivity Network) platformaa. es am qveynebs Soris vaWrobis digitalizacias moaxdens. vinaidan proeqts ramdenime Cinuri banki uWers mxars, arsebobs imedi, rom sistemaSi globaluri vaWrobis meSvidedis ganmkargavi kontinenturi CineTic CaerTveba. am yvelafris gavlena SesaZloa didi aRmoCndes. qaRaldebis Tavidan moSoreba Seamcirebs transportirebis danaxarjebs, rasac vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba unda mohyves. gaeros SefasebiT, savaWro dokumentaciis sruli digitalizacia aziaSi regionis vaWrobis wliurad 257 miliardi dolariT gaumjobesebis zrdis potencials qmnis, transportirebis dros potenciali 44%-iT, xarjebs ki 31%-iT amcirebs. zogi ekonomistis varaudiT, gaumjobesebis potenciali imaze metia, imaze metia, vidre regionis mTeli tarifebis gauqmeba. gazrdili vidre amerikuli proteqcionizmi ueWvelad Seamcirebs mTeli aziis globalur zrdas momdevno wlebSi, magram vaWrobis tarifebis digitalizaciiT mTavrobebsa da kompaniebs zaralis gauqmeba nawilobriv dafarva namdvilad SeeZlebaT.

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jer aSS Tu 2019 wels amerikis ekonomika Seneldeba, is mTel msoflios Caiyolebs henri kari, ekonomiqsis redaqtori, The Economist

2019 mokled

2

018 wlis siaxleebisTvis Tvalis gadavleba namdvilad ver gafiqrebinebT, rom is ekonomikisTvis kargi weli iyo. prezidentma donald trampma amerikis mokavSireebs tarifebi dauwesa da CineTTan `sarkisebri~ savaWro omi wamoiwyo. rogorc ki federalurma rezervma saprocento ganakveTebi gazarda, argentinasa da TurqeTs ekonomikuri problemebi SeeqmnaT. dolarSi denominirebuli valis mqone sxva qveynebi `watortmandnen~. monetaruli politikis gamkacrebam mogebis mrudi, rac grZelvadiani da moklevadiani obligaciebis amonagebebs Soris arsebuli saxiTac SegviZlia warmovidginoT, erTgvarad `Seabrtyela~. xSirad es sxvaoba recesiebis win uaryofiTi xdeba. CineTsa da evropaSi zrda Senelda. britaneTi potenciurad saziano `breqsiTisTvis~ emzadeboda. geopolitikurma daZabulobam da cudma klimaturma pirobebma navTobis fasebis barelze 80 dolarze zrdas Seuwyo xeli. miuxedavad amisa, msoflio ekonomikam winsvla ganagrZo. savaraudod, 2018 wels igi 4%-ze odnav naklebiT gaizarda. amas amerikas unda vumadlodeT, sadac moTxovna uryevad Zlieri iyo. wlis dasawyisSi batoni trampis mier Sekvecili gadasaxadebisa da momWirne biujetis kombinaciam mSp-is 1%-is toli fiskaluri stimuli warmoqmna. aman `fedis~ mier saprocento ganakveTis zrdis miuxedavad, amerikis ekonomikas dinamika SeunarCuna. momxmareblebsac da firmebsac ulevi naRdi fuli aqvT da mravali maTgani verc ki grZnobs im uamrav risks, romliTac haeria gajerebuli. ramdenime wlis win msoflio ekonomika sinqronizebuli aRmasvlis stadiaze imyofeboda, axla ki misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba amerikis guluxvobazea damokidebuli. Senelebulia zrda evrozonaSi, ris gamo evropis centraluri bankis gadawyvetileba, Sewyvitos raodenobrivi Serbilebis programa, naadrevi Cans. italiis populisturma mTavrobam gaacocxla eWvi qveynis valis mdgradobasTan dakavSirebT. marTalia iaponis centralurma bankmac gamoavlina agresiuli politikis calkeuli niSnebi, magram zrda iqac neldeba. CineTs uWirs safinanso sistemis usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri miznebis Sesrulebis amocanaTa dabalanseba. 2019 wels am qveyanaSi zrda, savaraudod, ara 7%-is, aramed 6%-is farglebSi iqneba, rac gasul wlebSi normad miiCneoda. investorebi yvelgan Relaven.

daRmarTze daSveba gagrZeldeba ki amerikuli bumi da Sealamazebs globalur suraTs? dadebiT ganwyobas qmnis is, rom sabiujeto `onkani~ jerjerobiT kvlavac Ria rCeba. gadasaxadebis Semcirebis gavlena maqsimums 2019 wels miaRwevs. rogorc Cans, `fedi~ saprocento ganakveTebis mxolod etapobrivi zrdis valdebulebas daicavs. es imdenad TandaTanobiT moxdeba, rom `zeims ar CaSlis~. miuxedavad amisa, bevri 2020 wels amerikaSi recesias winaswarmetyvelebs. TandaTanobiTi midgomis miuxedavad, `fedi~ riskis wyarod rCeba, vinaidan centraluri banki did gaurkvevlobas awydeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rodis unda daasrulos saprocento ganakveTis zrdis procesi. Tu igi politikas ukugebis mrudis inversiis stadiaze gaamkacrebs, ise, rogorc

imisaTvis, rom `bazel 3~-is moTxovnebi daakmayofilos, bankebis minimaluri kapitali 2019 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis riskiT Sewonili aqtivebis minimum 8%-s unda gautoldes

1990-iani wlebis bumis dros, problemebs ver avcdebiT. aseve SesaZlebelia problemebis finansur seqtorSi aRmocenebac. mimdinare eqspansiis periodSi, uklebliv yvela tipis aqtivi gaZvirda. es imas niSnavs, rom aSkarad gamokveTili araa `metismetad gaZvirebuli~ aqtivTa klasi, rogorc es gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos dotkomebis, xolo 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi iyo. Tu yvelaze didi safrTxis dasaxeleba mouwevT, analitikosTa umetesoba TviTkmayofil korporaciebs axsenebs, romlebmac metismetad bevri isesxes. obligaciebis bazarze sesxis xarisxi daeca. sainvesticio reitingis mqone korporaciuli obligaciebis nawili, romlebsac udablesi sainvesticio Sefaseba — BBB mieniWa, 2009 wlis 30%-ze naklebidan 45%mde gaizarda, — iuwyeba banki Goldman Sachs-i. obligaciaTa aseT emitentebs `sanagvis~ statusidan mxolod erTi sareitingo daqveiTeba da amis mizezad aqciaTa masobrivi gayidva aSorebT. 2014 wlis Semdeg, neto sakredito mxari mkveTrad gazardes A reitingis firmebmac ki. calkeul investorebs aSfoTebT metismetad didi sakredito mxriT datvirTuli bazari, romelSic sesxebis umetesoba mcuravi saprocento sargebliTaa gacemuli. zedmetad mkacrma `fedma~ SesaZloa problema Seuqmnas msesxeblebs, romlebsac kreditebis gastumreba e.w. mcuravi sargeblis ganakveTiT uwevT. es ufro mosalodnelia, Tu mudmivad klebadi dasaqmebis Sedegad, kidev ufro daCqardeba xelfasebis zrda, rac, Tavis mxriv, metad Seamcirebs mogebas. safinanso bazris mcireodeni „waforxilebac“ ki investorebs `daculi navsayudelis~ saswrafo Zebnisken ubiZgebs. es ki ufro aSkarad gamokveTs dolaris siZlieres, rac sasurveli sulac ar aris im fonze, rom vaWrobiT Sewonili am valutis kursi, 2018 wlis dasawyisidan ukve 10%-iT gaizarda. dolaris aRmasvlis kvalobaze, daeca ganviTarebadi qveynebis valutaTa kursi da safondo bazrebi. amave dros, imeds iZleva is, rom umTavresi ganviTarebadi qveynebidan mxolod argentina da TurqeTi aRmoCndnen didi sirTuleebis winaSe, radganac inflaciasa da mimdinare angariSis deficits yvela sxva qveyana met-naklebad akontrolebs. daculebi Zlieri dolarisgan arc sxvebi arian — monetaruli politikis `WanWikebis ufro mWidrod moWeris~ SemTxvevaSi da dolarSi denominirebuli sesxebiT, „tkivils“ sxva ekonomikebic SeigrZnoben. dabolos: arsebobs savaWro davebis mudmivi riskic. problemebi, romlebsac batoni trampi miwodebis globalur jaWvebs uqmnis, kidev erTi sakiTxia, romelic fiskalurma stimulma gadafara. unda vaRiaroT — amerikis ekonomika sakmarisad didia imisaTvis, rom moklevadian periodSi vaWrobis pirobebis gauaresebam problemebi Seuqmnas. es is fufunebaa, romelic `breqsiTis~ samzadisSi myof britanelTa Surs iwvevs. amave dros, gaurkvevloba da ufro maRali tarifebis perspeqtiva antreprenerul `cxovelur instinqtebs~ zRudavs. naklebi Tavdajerebuloba qmnis ufro didi savaWro dapirispirebis grZelvadiani zianis risks — TviT amerikisTvisac ki. raRas unda velodoT amis fonze? rogorc yovelTvis, gardauvali vardnis winaswarmetyveleba sarisko saqmea. amave dros, globaluri ekonomika sinqronizebul aRmasvlas namdvilad ar ganicdis. kondiciebi gansxvavebulia. horizontze imdeni safrTxe Cans, rom rTuli araa imis danaxva, Tu rogor SeiZleba movlenebi uaresobisken Seicvalos. n

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gacnobierebuli ganwyvileba londonis siTis samaxsovro Canaweri „breqsitis“ Semdeg laionel barberi, redaqtori, Financial Times

1.

londonis siTis istoria mudmivi istoriaa sakuTari Tavis xelaxla `gamogonebisa~ 1600 wels britaneTis ostindoeTis kompaniis dafuZnebidan margaret tetCeris mier londonis safondo birJis masStabur deregulaciamde. am samaxsovro CanawerSi mocemulia strategia „breqsitis“ Semdgomi epoqisaTvis. es ar aris mcdeloba bleri-braunis wlebis `msubuqi Sexebis~ regulaciebTan mibrunebisa da arc advokatirebaa evrokavSirTan bmis `sruli gawyvetisa~, romelsac mTavrobis kabinetSi zogierTi Tqveni kolega ase miamiturad uWerda mxars. CanaweriT mxolod gonivrul Sualeds gTavazobT. 2. niu-iorkTan erTad, siTi msoflios oridan erT-erT udides finansur centrad rCeba. Cveni kapitalis bazrebi Rrma, Ria da mzardia. Cven kontinenturi metoqeebi ver Segvaryeven, radgan maT ar aqvT arc mada da arc SesaZlebloba transsasazRvro safinanso riskis marTvisa. gaerTianebul samefoze msoflios foreqs-vaWrobis 37% (safrangeTsa da germaniaze, Sesabamisad 3% da 2%) da saprocento ganakveTis svopis 95% modis. evrokavSiris kompaniebis mier gamoSvebuli valisa da aqciebis daaxloebiT naxevris anderraitings britaneTSi bazirebuli bankebi axdenen.

3. „breqsitis“ momxreebi baqiaoben, rom siTi evrokavSirs ufro metad sWirdeba, vidre siTis evrokavSiri. magram es namdvilad ar aris mniSvnelovani. mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor gaumklavdebian siTi da evrokavSiri prezident donald trampisgan momaval aSkara da realur safrTxes. erT dros globalizaciis damcveli, meore msoflio omis Semdgom liberalur wesrigs Slis, uwesebs ra industriul tarifebs mokavSireebs, dolars sanqciebis instrumentad iyenebs da utevs germanias, rogorc `ubileTo mgzavrs~.

4. Cven rbilad unda SevaxsenoT sakuTar megobrebs parizsa da berlinSi, rom ar iqneba brZnuli, Tuki isini londons daazianeben axla mzakvrulad moqmedi amerikis sasargeblod. niuiorkTan SedarebiT, frankfurti da parizi juja finansuri centrebia. siTi garantirebuli fsonia. es bismarkisa da riSelies Sesaferi realuri politikaa.

5. siTi evrokavSirTan metismetad ar unda davakavSiroT. kulturuli gansxvavebebi Zalian Rrmaa da pirdapir ukavSirdeba kapitalis bazrebze riskis marTvis fundamentur principebs. kontinentze harmonizacias eswrafvian. evrokavSiris maregulireblebs kapitalis dacva da krizisis dros misi sakuTar teritoriaze Senaxva surT. inglisis bankis damokidebuleba finansuri miqceva-moqcevebisadmi bevrad Tavisufalia.

6. gaerTianebul samefoSi mdebare finansur institutebs aRar eqnebaT SeuzRudavi wvdoma friqciebisgan Tavisufal erTian bazarTan. amave dros, siTi ubralo —wesebis mimRebis~ rols ar unda dasjerdes. CvenTvis saukeTeso gzaa, daviwyoT msgavsi maregulirebeli kodeqsebis SedgeniT, SevTanxmdeT saerTo principebze da TandaTanobiT gamovideT evrokavSiris sistemidan mkafiod gawerili vadebiTa da gafrTxilebis periodebiT. SegiZliaT amas `gacnobierebuli ganwyvileba~ uwodoT. 7. britaneTi kvlavac unda darCes globalur forumebSi liberaluri, sabazro ekonomikisadmi megobruli principebis damcveli. ar SeiZleba Ria viyoT biznesisTvis da daxuruli ucxoelebisTvis. Cveni kanaduri `importi~, inglisis bankis mmarTveli mark kerni dRemde efeqturad asrulebs finansuri stabilurobis sabWos meTauris funqciebs. evrokavSiris gareT, didi saerTaSoriso kontraqtebisTvis ufro mZime brZola mogviwevs.

8. gaerTianebulma samefom mzera Tavisi tradiciuli siZlieris sferoebis, magaliTad, dazRvevisa (am sferoSi xelovnuri inteleqtiT gamowveuli teqnologiuri rRveva ukve gardauvalia) da aqtivebis marTvis (mowyvladia parizsa da luqsemburgTan brZolaSi) miRma unda mimarTos. aqcenti unda gavamaxviloT samomavlo perspeqtivaze, rogoricaa mdgradi finansebi da Cinuri iuaniT transsasazRvro vaWroba.

9. Cveni maregulirebeli sistema civi gonebiT unda gavaanalizoT. axla dro araa jorj ozbornis krizisis Semdgomi meqanizmebis moSlisTvis (TumcaRa, es SesaZloa macdunebelic iyos, premierministro). amave dros, siTiSi ganTavsebuli institutebi ar tyuian, roca regulirebaSi arsebul zeddebebze, gaormagebasa da fragmentaciaze Civian. bankebi TavianTi biujetebis TiTqmis sam meoTxeds xarjaven krizisis Semdgomi regulaciebis dacvaze.

10. dabolos: sityva `finteqi~. es Cveni finansuri infrastruqturis modernizebisTvis saukeTeso fsonia, raTa bankebs davexmaroT teqnologiuri gigantebisgan momdinare konkurenciasTan gasamklaveblad.

11. daskvnis saxiT davZenT, rom siTi sasicocxlo erovnuli da globaluri aqtivia. mas didebuli warsuli da bundovani awmyo aqvs. cotaodeni warmosaxva, da siTis SesaniSnavi momavalic eqneba.

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finansebi

sanaxevrod gakeTebuli saqme korporaciuli korufciis winaaRmdeg mkacri zomebis gatarebis mcdeloba imedgacruebas moitans gamoiyvana mopovebiTi industriis gamWvirvalobis iniciatividan, romelic kargi mmarTvelobis globaluri standartia. es gamarjveba iyo amerikuli firmebisTvis, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Ciodnen, rom gamWvirvalobis moTxovnebi maT wamgebian pirobebSi ayenebda rus da Cinel konkurentebTan SedarebiT, vis mTavrobebsac sazRvargareT meqrTameobis problema naklebad awuxebT. evropaSi suraTi arc ise cxadia. zogi mimarTulebiT progresi SeiniSneba, sxvagan ki ukusvlas aqvs adgili. antikorufciuli kampaniis mesveurTa udidesi SeSfoTebis sagani kontinentis umsxvilesi finansuri centri — britaneTia. mTavroba mkacri toniT elaparakeba ruseTs nervul-paralitikuri nivTierebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevisa da sxva provokaciebis sakiTxebze, da londonSi Senaxuli oligarqebis fulis dapatimrebiT imuqreba. amave dros, man aucileblad unda aCvenos — `breqsiTi~ bizness ar daazaralebs. es imas niSnavs, rom ritorikis miuxedavad, meqrTameobisa da fulis gaTeTrebis mimarT SesaZloa samarTaldamcavebma ufro Serbilebuli poziciebi daiWiron. mimomxilvelTa nawili miuTiTebs britaneTSi da amerikaSi gavrcelebuli sisxlis samarTlis devnis gadavadebis analogiuri praqtikis popularobis zrdaze. es praqtika korufciaSi mxilebul firmebs aZlevs saSualebas devna jarimis gadaxdiTa da pirobiTi sasjelis korporaciuli ekvivalentis `moxdiT~ daamTavron. es maregulirebelTa poziciis Sesustebis aSkara niSania. metic — britaneTsa da sxva evropul qveynebs aSkarad akliaT TavianTi mkacri antikorufciuli kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebisTvis Sesabamisi resursebi.

SesaZloa yvelaze didi imedgacrueba `fuye~ kompaniebis mesakuTreTa gamovlenaSi progresis nakleboba gaxdes, arada, es finansur damnaSaveTa mier gamoyenebuli yvelaze popularuli instrumentia, maT Soris amerikaSic, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze gaumWvirvale calkeuli kompaniebis adgilsamyofelia. gamWvirvalobis momxre kanonmdeblebi kongresSi TiTqmis ueWvelad kidev erTxel miiReben mandats, farda axadon korporaciul saidumloebas, magram 2019 maTi weli ar iqneba. batoni trampisTvis, romlis uZravi qonebis biznesma sakmaod ixeira luqsklasis apartamentebis mdidari ucxoelebis saidumlo kompaniebze miyidviT, es sakiTxi prioriteti araa.

meTiu valensia, gansakuTrebul davalebaTa redaqtori,

The Economist

g

asul aTwleulSi korporaciul da finansur borotmoqmedebasTan brZola intensiuri gaxda. amas globalurma safinanso krizismac ubiZga. krizisma gaamwvava sazogadoebis gaRizianeba am movlenis mimarT, rac bevrma plutokratiul banditizmad monaTla. brZolis gamwvavebis meore faqtori monacemTa gaJonva gaxda, `panamis dokumentebisa~ da `samoTxis dokumentebis~ msgavsad. am masalebiT gamovlinda TaRliTuri sqemebi gadasaxadebis dasamalad da korufciuli Semosavlebis, aseve borotmoqmedebiT mopovebuli sxva sargeblis ukanonod, xSirad `saidumlo iurisdiqciebSi~ gadamalvis SemTxvevebi. miuxedavad amisa, inercia neldeba da 2019 weli korufciasTan mebrZolTaTvis imedis gamacruebeli iqneba. miuxedavad amisa, RirsSesaniSnavi mainc bevria. meqrTameobas ufro Zlierad ebrZvian. amis magaliTia FIFA-s skandalic, ramac msoflios umaRlesi safexburTo organos ramdenime funqcionerisTvis bralis wayeneba moitana. yuradsaRebia braziliis `manqanebis recxvis~ operaciac, romlis samizne qveynis sanavTobo gigant Petrobras-Si e.w. `fulis moxsnis~ praqtika gaxda. saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobam Sedegebi moitana rTuli korufciuli saqmeebis gamoZiebaSi, romlebic mravali qveynis interesebs exeboda. antikorufciuli kampaniis mwarmoeblebi amave dros wuxils gamoTvamen, rom SesaZloa es danaSaulTan brZolaSi miRweuli umaRlesi Sedegi aRmoCndes. isini SiSoben, rom ekonomikaSi konkurentuli wnexis zrdis kvalobaze, amieridan es mcdeloba amerikisa da evropis mTavrobebisTvis naklebi prioriteti iqneba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ukve didi xania magaliTs aZlevs sxvebs finansuri `oinebis~ gamovleniTa da maT ukan mdgom pirTa dajarimebiTa da dapatimrebiT (sanimuSoa amerikelTa mcdeloba FIFA-s korumpirebuli maRalCinosnebis gamovlenisa, maSin, roca evropul qveynebs moqmedebis survili arc ki hqoniaT). donald trampis mmarTvelobisas, aqcentebi ase mkafio aRaraa. prezidenti meqrTameobis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdeblobas, magaliTad, sazRvargareT korufciis Sesaxeb kanons, amerikuli firmebisTvis usamarTlod SemzRudvelad miiCnevs. es kanoni, misi azriT, maT konkurentunarianobas amcirebs. sirakuzis universitetis monacemebis mixedviT, federaluri samarTaldamcavebis mier maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa mier Cadenili danaSaulis gamovlenili SemTxvevebis ricxvi bolo 20 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi umciresia, Tumca es kleba barak obamas administraciis funqcionirebisas daiwyo. batoni trampis mier antikorufciuli regulaciebis arealis SezRudvis Sedegebi yvelaze kargad navTobis, gazisa da mopovebiTi mrewvelobis sferoebSi igrZnoba. es is dargebia, romlebic TaRliTuri garigebebis siWarbiT gamoirCeva. trampma amerika

2019 mokled honkongis fasiani qaRaldebisa da fiuCersebis komisia korporaciul TaRliTobaSi CarTuli 60 kompaniisa da individis winaaRmdeg Tavis istoriaSi udides sasamarTlo process iwyebs

ara mxolod gamWvirvalobis imedad iq, sadac korporaciuli gamWvirvalobis mimarTulebiT progresi dafiqsirda, ukusvlac araa gamoricxuli. antikorufciuli saqmianoba 2016 wels gaifurCqna, roca britaneTi pirveli qveyana Seiqna, romelmac kompaniebis mesakuTreTa reestri Seqmna. TumcaRa, mravali SiSobs, rom es reestri swrafad xdeba cudad ganxorcielebuli kargi ideis magaliTi. 2018 wels maregulireblebma reestrSi yalbi Canawerebi gamoavlines. samwuxarod, es sakmaod nacnobi suraTia da male sanimuSo reformasac moakldeba brwyinvaleba.

2019 wels yvelas gamoafxizlebs imis Segneba, rom martoden gamWvirvaloba panacea araa. n

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martosuli kreditorebi ramdenime evropuli banki kavSirs ganamtkicebs patrik leini, sabanko saqmis redaqtori, The Economist

2019 mokled CITIGROUP axal britanul banks afuZnebs londonSi saTavo ofisiT, `breqsiTis~ Semdgom britaneTSi samomxmareblo biznesis samarTavad, rac regulatorebis nebarTvas moiTxovs

a

ucilebeli araa evrokavSiris moxeleebs didxans usminoT imisaTvis, rom sityvebis kombinacias `erTiani bazari~ mokraT yuri. TumcaRa, kavSiris fundamenturi saqmianobidan erTerTi — finansebi, kvlavac erovnuli niSniT fragmentirebuli rCeba. saTqmelia, rom bevri evropuli banki (Nordea, Santander-i da sxva mravali) ukve `icnobs ucxo qveynebis dedaqalaqebis mTavar quCebs~, TumcaRa, evropis centraluri bankis mixedviT, evrozonis bankebis mier gacemuli sesxebis 86% gamsesxeblebis Tanamemamuleebze gaicema. es TiTqmis imdenivea, rac 2007-2008

Cinelebi modian

wlebis safinanso krizisis dros. ufro Rrma integracia didi xania dagvianebulia da mis misaRwevad yvelaze mkafio gza evropuli bankebis Serwymaa. unda velodoT, rom 2019 wels sul mcire `erTi Tvalebgabrwyinebuli wyvili daaanonsebs SeuRlebas~. ukve didi xania haerSi trialebs miTqmamoTqma mravalnairi kombinaciis Sesaxeb. Worebma safrangeTis samive udidesi banki: BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole da Société Générale germaniis meore udides banks, Commerzbank-s daukavSira. Commerzbank-s SeeZlo italiur UniCredit-Tan SeerTeba, romelic ukve flobs germanul HypoVereinsbank-s, iseve, rogorc biznesebs centralur evropaSi. CamoTvla rom davasruloT, davZenT, rom UniCredit-i da Société Générale-i pirobi-

warmoeblebma 1990-ian wlebSi Seqmnes. isini bazris wilebs sxvebis xarjze ori mTavari mizeziT moipoveben. pirvelia Cinuri bazris sidide da Cinuri ekonomikis xangrZlivi zrda. meore mizezi maTi gamoyenebis simaT TavianTi matriculi StrixkodebiT (QR) icnobT martivea. igi iaficaa da mxolod smartfons moiTxovs. imis dasanaxad, Tu rogor damkvidrdeba gadaxdis saimon longi, saerTaSoriso redaqtori, The Economist es formebi, ganvixiloT fineTi. finuri angariSsworebis firma ePassi Seiqmna kompiuteruli proadme, miyruebul adgilas, liTonis diskoebi gramirebis kompaniaSi, romlis personali 2007 wels da marTkuTxa qaRaldis formebi (naRd fulad daJinebiT moiTxovda mepatroneebisgan gadasaxadebicnobili) kvlavac gadaxdis yvelaze popularul sgan Tavisufali arafuladi SeRavaTebis miRebas. es saSualebad rCeba. sakvirvelia, magram moqalaqeTa SeRavaTebi satrenaJoro darbanawili qaRaldis naWrebs kvlavac kalmiT avsebs, Semzis abonementebsa da masaJebsac deg xels awers, asvams TariRs da fostiT agzavnis (es moicavda (fineTi sacxovreblad Cekebia). amave dros, gadaxdis sami sxva forma xdeba sasiamovno qveyanaa). kompaniam, roufro popularuli. esenia internetgadaricxva, aseve melic am servisebs uwin qaRaldis xelmowerili, koduri nomriT avTentirebuli plasvauCerebis meSveobiT akeTebda, tikuri baraTi (Cipi da pini), an momwodeblis termi`cifruli pativmoyvareoba~ igrZnalTan axlos `ukontaqto~ signaliT gadagzavnili no da produqtis cifruli Semcvtranzaqcia. gadaxdis mesame popularuli forma mobileli Seqmna — Tavdapirvelad teluri telefonia. 2019 wels es meqanizmi kidev ufro qsturi Setyobinebebis, Semdeg ki popularuli gaxdeba, xolo angariSsworebis Cinuri smartfonis aplikaciis saxiT. misi saSualebebi mTel msoflioSi Seupovrad moipoveben meSveobiT, momxmareblebs gadaxdis adgils. mimRebis SerCeva siis sortirebis sazRvargareT ori Cinuri sistema imyarebs an rukaze moniSvniT SeeZloT. poziciebs. erTia Alipay — smartfonebze dafuZneb- `Casaxutebeli~ Semdeg is Alipay-s Seuamxanagda, surda ra momsaxuli sistema, romelic Cinuri eleqtronuli ko- matriculi ureboda 300 000-400 000 Cinel turists, romelic fimerciis gigant Alibaba-s onlainplatforma Taobao- Strixkodebi neTs yovelwliurad santa klausis sanaxavad da sxva sTvis Seiqmna. axla Alibaba-s Svilobili kompania Ant sanaxaobebisTvis stumrobda. male kompania mixvda, Financial-is brendiT Seqmnili es firma 870 milionze rom matriculi Strixkodebi Tavisi produqtisTvimet momxmarebels iCemebs. misi metoqea WeChat Paysac imuSavebda. ePassi-s warmomadgeneli aleqsander Cinelebis umravlesoba orives iyenebs. iini acxadebs, rom mas samogzaurod mxolod amobeorive maTgani sazRvargareTac farTovdeba. erTWdili matriculi Strixkodebi da ori smartfoni erTi kvlevis mixedviT, Alipay-s momxmarebelTa mesasWirdeba. Tavdapirvelad, gamyidvelebi, romlebsac medi ucxoelia. 2018 wlis zafxulSi man 2.6-jer meti is daukavSirda, aseT urTierTobebs TavSekavebiT ucxouri tranzaqcia daamuSava, vidre gasuli wlis Sexvdnen, Tumca maleve gaacnobieres sistemis mimimave periodSi. WeChat Pay-s msgavsad, igi sazRvargazidveli mxareebi. 2018 wels ePassi-m daaanonsa norreT Cineli turistebis mzardi raodenobis momsaxdikul qveynebSi udides bank Nordea-sTan Seamxanageba, urebisTvis gavida. mas 40-ze met qveyanaSi arsebuli matricul Strixkodebze dafuZnebuli mobiluri ganyofilebebi iReben. sakuTari saxlSi, gafarToebasgadaxdis sistemis ufro farTo auditoriisTvis SeTan erTad, Alipay wilebs yidulobs aziaSi adgilobriTavazebis mizniT. vi angariSsworebis kompaniebSi, rac moicavs Paytm-s SesaZloa, zogi adamiani matriculi Strixkodebis indoeTSi, ePaisa-s pakistanSi da Dana-s indoneziaSi. revolucias enTuziazmiT ar Sexvdes, magram CineTi WeChat Pay samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSic imkvidrebs gadaxdis Cinuri maTac „amoiRebs samizneSi“ saxelmwifos mier kontroTavs. lirebadi firma China UnionPay-s meSveobiT, romelic maTi SeTavazebuli angariSsworebis sisteme- meTodebi CineTis gadaxdis baraTebis bazarze dominirebs. mis bi CineTSi imdenad sayovelTaoa, rom mowyalebis mTel baraTebs ukve 41 milioni savaWro dawesebuleba da 170 mTxovnelebic ki iyeneben. sistema efuZneba mamsoflioSi qveynis bankomati aRiarebs. igi sazRvargareT gaWratricul Strixkodebs (QR), TeTri da Savi wertilebis kvadratul matricebs, romlebic iaponurma avtom- gavrceldeba sac gegmavs.

s

msoflio 2019

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finansebi

Tad, da realuradac, ukve partniorebi (UniCredit-is frangi bosi, Jan pier mustie ukve marTavda Société Générale-s sainvesticio banks) arian. uamravi Zalmosili adamiani evrokomisiaSi, evropis centralur banksa da danarCen bankebSi miesalmeba aseT garigebebs. globaluri standartiT, didi evropuli bankebic ki industriis autsaiderebi arian. sabazro RirebulebiT, mxolod britanuli HSBC xvdeba msoflios pirvel aTeulSi, Tanac igi fulis umetes nawils aziaSi Soulobs. krizisis Semdeg, aSS-is aRmavalma gigantebma da Cinurma `urCxulebma~ evropelebi ukan moitoves. Wall Street-is bankebi `beberi kontinentis~ sainvesticio bankebis ligis cxrilSic dominireben. kvleviTi firma Dealogic-is mixedviT, evrozonis arcerTi banki, maT Soris erT dros amayi Deutsche Bank-ic ki, ar Sesula pirvel xuTeulSi 2018 wlis pirveli cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi (ix. cxrili). ufro didi zoma ara mxolod ganamtkicebs evropul siamayes. mudmivi danaxarjebis Sekvecis meSveobiT, merjerebi kompaniebsa da saojaxo meurneobebs gaiafebuli sesxebiT uzrunvelyofen. cxadia, mwvervalisken mimaval gzaze mravali dabrkolebaa. xarjebis Semcirebis gzebis moZieba sxvadasxva qveynis bankebis Serwymisas ufro rTulia, vidre adgilobrivi bankebis merjeris SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT — riTeil benqingSi. am sferoSi filialebis qseli erTmaneTs ar faravs da gansxvavebebi sabuRaltro standartsa da saqmis warmoebis enebSi arc ise ioli dasaZlevia. saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebs, romlebic megamerjerebs miesalmebian, Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza jerac ar moumzadebiaT. erTiani bazrisTvis gankuTvnili wesebis saerTo sistema — evropis sabanko kavSiri, jerac dausrulebelia. mas jer kidev aklia depozitebis dazRvevis saerTo sqema, romelic germanuli danazogebiT italiaSi sesxebis dafinansebis saSualebas Seqmnida. arc amis swrafad Seqmnaa mosalodneli, vinaidan germania kvlavac Zalze did winaaRmdegobas uwevs `daudevari samxreTisTvis~ finansuri garantiebis micemis ideas. marTalia evrozonas sabanko zedamxedvelobisa da `Cavardnili~ msesxeblebis `gamoxsnis~ saerTo sistemebi aqvs, magram kvlavac saxezea uamravi erovnuli variacia (magaliTad, erT klientze gacemuli sesxebis sididisa da gakotrebis kanonebis CaTvliT). miuxedavad amisa, erTiani bazris logika qveynebis sabanko sistemas erTmaneTTan kavSirisken ubiZgebs. bankebma poziciebi SesaZloa sxvebis Sesyidvis gareSec moipovon. ase magaliTad, BNP Paribas acxadebs, rom germaniis or udides banks nel-nela arTmevs bizness, magram aseTi mokle nabijebiT Sors wasvla gaZneldeba. mokrZalebulma merjerebma ki SesaZloa ufro didi cvlilebebic moitanon. niderlandebis ING germaniaSi mesame udidesi sacalo banki gaxda erTi filialis gaxsnis gareSec ki, 1998-2003 wlebSi onlainbankis TandaTanobiTi Sesyidvis gziT. erovnul doneze konsolidaciisTvis sivrce kvlavac didia. germaniaSi 1600 bankia, romlebic iyofa kerZo, sajaro seqtorisa da kooperaciul kreditorebad. maT Soris udidesi Deutsche, aseve Commerzbank-is potenciuri partnioria, Tumca arcerT maTgans albaT ar surs partnioris problemebis gaziareba. italiasa da espaneTSi sust, momcro bankebs kvlavac sWirdebaT mowesrigeba Zalebis SeerTebis an ufro did bankebTan Serwymis gziT. didi saerTaSoriso garigebebic amis erT-erTi gzaa. sabolood, evropul bankebs `kunTebis gasaZliereblad~, erTmaneTTan SeerTebis gziT, gamsxvileba mouwevT. n

SfoTvis droeba emzadeT arastabiluri navTobis bazrisTvis Sarlot hovardi, energetikisa da sabirJo saqonlis redaqtori, The Economist, niu-iorki

n

What

if

UBER-is debiuti safondo birJaze 2019 wels unda Sedges. iqneba ki es istoriaSi udidesi aqciebis pirveladi ganTavseba? rekords amJamad ALIBABA flobs, romelmac 25 miliardi dolari moizida (kompania 230 miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli) 2014 wels niu-iorkis safondo birJaze debiutisas.

UBER-i gasuli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi 76 miliard dolarad Sefasda, magram sainvesticio bankebma, romlebsac mgzavrebis damatebis firmis pirveladi ganTavsebis anderraitingi surT, igi 120 miliard dolarad Seafases. aseTi SefasebiT, UBER-s ALIBABA-s rekordis mosaxsnelad investorebisTvis Tavisi aqciebis mxolod 21%-is SeTavazeba mouwevs

avTobis fasebs daJinebiT akvirdebian da es asec unda xdebodes. fasebis zrdasa da klebas globaluri balansis Secvla da ekonomikebis recesiaSi gadasrola SeuZlia. 2018 wels nedli navTobis fasi 2014 wlis cadaziduli donidan yvelaze maRal maCvenebelze dafiqsirda da mxolod moTxovnis Semcirebis SiSiT daiwyo kleba. prezidentma donald trampma Tavis tvitSi brZana, rom navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacias (OPEC) warmoeba unda gaezarda. 2019 wels OPEC-is wevr saxelmwifoebs fasebis moTokva romc surdeT, naTeli araa, SeZleben Tu ara isini amas. navTobis bazars udidesi biZgi noemberSi mieca. amerikam 2017 wels msoflioSi nedli navTobis meoTxe udidesi mwarmoeblis, iranis winaaRmdeg sanqciebi SemoiRo. baton tramps iranuli eqsportis nulamde dayvana surs. TumcaRa, CineTi albaT gaagrZelebs iranuli nedli navTobis imports da trampis administracias sanqciebis erTgvari Serbileba mouwevs. miuxedavad amisa, iranis mier sazRvargareT gadatvirTuli navTobis moculoba Semcirdeba. sxva mwarmoeblebma SesaZloa deficiti verc ki Seavson. amocanis SesrulebaSi gadamwyveti saudis arabeTis poziciaa, romelic aqamde navTobis bazris centraluri bankis funqciebs asrulebda. am samefos axali, mZlavri partniori gauCnda ruseTis saxiT. mas Semdeg, rac aSS-Si navTobis warmoeba naxtomisebrad gaizarda, ruseTma da saudis arabeTma warmoebis koordinaciisTvis TanamSromloba daiwyes. amasTan, saudis arabeTi gansakuTrebiT mondomebulia, miaRwios fasebis stabilizacias da daaSoSminos mokavSireebi, romlebic TurqeTSi saudel Jurnalist jamal haSogis mkvlelobam aRaSfoTa. maT amocanas sami faqtori arTulebs: pirveli — saudis eqsporti ukve Zalian didia da bevri treideri eWvobs, rom samefos moTxovnis swrafad dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia. meore — sxva didi navTobmwarmoeblebis poziciac aramyaria. venesuelaSi krizisia da misi gamoSveba kidev ufro Semcirdeba. marTalia, nigeriasa da libiaSi warmoeba izrdeba, magram politikurma arastabilurobam SesaZloa es swrafad Secvalos. erayis warmoeba ukve aWarbebs CineTisa da kanadisas. mesame faqtori — amerikis gamoSvebasTan dakavSirebuli gaurkvevlobaa. 2019 wels energetikis saerTaSoriso saagentos prognoziT, amerikis sanavTobo bumi msoflios navTobwarmoebaSi udidesi naxtomia mas Semdeg, rac saagentom gamoSvebis aRricxva daiwyo.

2019 wels navTobiT axali sadenebi unda Seivsos, Tumca proeqtebis gadadebac SesaZlebelia.

2019 wlis Semdeg saidan unda velodoT axal miwodebas? sanavTobo kompaniebis umetesma nawilma investiciebi Seamcira. 2014 wlidan 2017 wlamde kapitaluri xarjva TiTqmis ganaxevrda. fuli sul ufro metad miemarTeba amerikuli fiqlisken, sadac WaburRilebi ufro swrafad iZlevian navTobs, magram aseve swrafad iwurebian. firmebma „dakarges mada“ ZviradRirebul, grZelvadian proeqtebSi investirebisa.

2019 wels fasebi SesaZloa sakmarisad gaizardos, rac maT xelaxla `aRuZravs madas~. n

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savaluto sakiTxebi 2019 wels ekonomistebi aqcents gadaudebel, magram Seuswavlel sakiTxebze gaamaxvileben raian aventi, Tavisufali gacvliTi mesvete, The Economist, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

e

konomistebi mudmivad datvirTulni arian, rom ar CamorCnen msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebs. am profesias uwevs iseT fenomenebTan urTierToba, rogorebicaa kriptovaluta da manqanuri daswavla. ekonomiqsi tradiciuli sakiTxebis zrdis, uTanasworobisa da finansuri krizisebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvlevasac agrZelebs. Tumca, 2019 wels yuradRebas aqamde Seuswavleli sakiTxebi — globalizaciis epoqaSi vaWrobis gavlena, mzardi sabazro koncentraciis Sedegebi da Tavad ekonomikur disciplinaSi genderuli disbalansi miipyrobs. es Temebi seminarebisa da konferenciebis dRis wesrigis umTavresi sakiTxebi iqneba. vaWroba ekonomistTa daJinebuli interesis erTerTi uZvelesi sagania, magram igi maT axla im aspeqtSi aRelvebs, rac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ar momxdara. amis mizezi politikuri movlenebia. 2019 wels prezident donald trampis omi globaluri savaWro sistemis winaaRmdeg kidev ufro gamwvavdeba. sirTuleebs qmnis `breqsiTic~. ekonomistebi Seiswavlian, erTi mxriv, globalizaciis ukusvlas, aseve swraf zrdasa da vaWrobas Soris arsebul kavSirs, xolo meore mxriv, ukmayofilo dasaqmebulebSi politikuri populistebis popularobis zrdas. globaluri miwodebis jaWvebis zrdam saerTaSoriso vaWrobis uprecedento ganviTareba moitana da rTuli ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba Seqmna. ekonomistebma unda daadginon, Tu ra xdeba maSin, roca politikosebi amas xels uSlian. momavali kvleva Seiswavlis, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens proteqcionistuli savaWro da savaluto politika globalur ekonomikaze dabali saprocento ganakveTebis pirobebSi. aseT dros mTavrobebs sakmaod xSirad uWirT TavianTi ekonomikebis vardnisgan dacva. magaliTad, centralur bankebs SezRuduli resursi aqvT, saprocento ganakveTebis SemcirebiT ekonomikas stimuli miawodon. amgvarad, `mezoblis gaRaribebis~ politika ufro mimzidveli Cans (gavixsenoT 1930-ianebi), rogorc politikurad komfortuli gza zrdis SesanarCuneblad. amave dros, aseTi politikis samizneebi tarifebis, devalvaciebisa da sazRvargareTidan momavali sxva problemebis dasabalanseblad, ufro SezRudul makroekonomikur instrumentebs floben. sxva ekonomistebi Seafaseben imas, Tu Tanamedrove konteqstSi ramdenad mohyveba savaWro omebs Semosavlisa da keTildReobis ufro didi Semcireba, vidre warsulSi. zogadi analizi aCvenebs, rom es asec unda iyos. ekonomistebi SeeWidebian axal rTul kiTxvebs industriul koncentraciasa da didi firmebis sabazro ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT. ukanasknel dros Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom amerikis ekonomikis mraval seqtorSi sul ufro dominireben mcirericxovani giganti kompaniebi, romlebsac fasebisa da xelfasebis karnaxis bevrad meti SesaZlebloba aqvT, vidre warsulSi. ekonomistebma erTmaneTTan polemikaSi uamravi sadiskusio statia „gamoacxves“ imis dasturad, Tu raoden farTod gavrcelebuli da seriozuli problemaa es. 2019 wels axali kvlevebi aCvenebs imas, Tu ramdenad amcirebs koncentracia xelfasebs, investiciebsa da inovaciebs. zogi swavluli urTules

prognozis Sejibris gamarjvebuli `msoflio 2018 wels~ prognozirebis gamowvevaSi gamarjvebas vulocavT jo giliss niu-iorkis federaluri satranzito administraciidan.

Sejibri Good Judgment (GJ)-Tan TanamSromlobiT iyo organizebuli.

RonisZieba noembridan oqtombramde grZeldeba da misma monawileebma ekonomikuri, politikuri da biznesmovlenebis prognozi unda gaakeTon. batoni gulisi ukve oTxi welia GJ-s `superprognoziori~ xdeba. gjopen.com/economist

ekonomiqsi 101

kiTxvebsac ar emaleba. kerZod, ra unda gakeTdes gigantebTan dakavSirebiT? imis kvalobaze, rom evropisa da amerikis mTavrobebi nel-nela, Tumca ueWvelad amzadeben daxvewil politikas giganti teqnologiuri firmebis regulirebisTvis, ekonomistebis namuSevarma SesaZloa ekonomikur politikazec moaxdinos didi gavlena da rigiTi adamianebis cxovrebazec aisaxos. ufro yofiTi problemebis sferoSi, ekonomistebi genderuli diskriminaciis sakiTxebze muSaoben. es exeba rogorc ekonomikur profesias, aseve Sromis bazarsac. gasuli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi profesiul wreebSi gaimarTa dagvianebuli diskusiebi aq arsebul araTanabar SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebiT. bolodroindel statiebSi naCvenebia, rom qalebs ufro maRal akademiur standarts sTxoven, vidre mamakacebs, xolo qali ekonomistebi ufro naklebad arian warmodgenili saxelmZRvaneloebSi. amave dros, roca onlain ekonomikur forumebze diskusiis warmoebisas qali ekonomistebisa da kursdamTavrebulebis namuSevrebs ganixilaven, maT mamakacebze xSirad axasiaTeben uxeSi, seqsualizebuli terminebiT.

gamrudebuli profesia sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciam ekonomistTa wreSi faseulobaTa gadafasebas Seuwyo xeli da axal, saintereso kvlevebsac daudo saTave. zogi axali kvleva ufro Rrmad Seiswavlis gamoqveynebaTa paterns da aRniSnavs, rom ekonomistTa Soris qalebis wilis zrdas (1970-iani wlebis 8%-idan dRevandel 29%-mde), ar mohyolia gamoqveynebul statiaTa Soris qali ekonomistebis statiaTa wilis amgvarive zrda. uaxlesi kvlevebis nawilSi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia migneba, rom SesaZloa Tavad ekonomiqsis swavleba uwyobs xels mamakaci studentebis mier qalTa sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis gaRrmavebas. es mignebebi avsebs sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul sxva kvlevebs, riTac droSi gaxangrZlivebuli uTanasworobis gamomwvevi mizezebis gageba unda gaadvildes. sakiTxebi rTulia. arc isaa moulodneli, rom odnav pesimisturic. amave dros, es asaxavs ekonomistTa yuradRebis mipyrobas yvelaze mwvave problematikaze, rac aSkarad aisaxeba yoveldRiurobaze. ekonomiqsisTvis es amaRelvebeli weli unda gamodges. n

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mxare, sadac rqaeulni danavardoben

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roca kompaniebi Ria xdebian, sargebels yvela iRebs, — fiqrobs niuiorkis safondo birJis jgufis prezidenti, steisi kaningemi

995 wlis agvistoSi, sul raRac erTi wlis Semdeg, rac Cemi kariera niu-iorkis safondo birJis (NYSE) `iatakze~ daviwye, antreprenerma da programuli uzrunvelyofis inJinerma, mark andrisenma Tavisi internetstartapi pirveladi SeTavazebiT birJaze gamoitana. Netscape-is aqciebi SemoTavazebuli 28 dolaridan, SuadRemde tyviasaviT aiWra 74.75 dolaramde. im dRes, bazris daxurvisas, Netscape 3 miliardi dolari Rirda da dotkomebis bumic daiwyo. es savaWro `iatakze~ muSaobisTvis TavzexelaRebuli dro iyo. amerikuli aqciebis fasebi eqsponencialurad izrdeboda da internetkompaniebSi investiciebma bazari waleka. NYSEze yoveldRe adrenalinis moWarbebuli doza igrZnoboda da brokerebi SeSlilebiviT darbodnen savaWro postebs Soris, raTa mosalodneli xuTwliani `xarebis rbolis~ nawili gamxdariyvnen. bazari kidev ufro gaaZliera NYSE-s wesebis evoluciam, romlebic kompaniebis Ria bazarze gamotanas aregulirebdnen. aman axali epoqis startapebs, wina or saukuneSi bazarze gamosuli kompaniebisgan gansxvavebiT, pirvelad misca saSualeba Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebebi gamxdariyvnen. marTalia, 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bumi CaifuSa, magram gadarCenili kompaniebi teq. seqtoris swored im goliaTebad iqcnen, romlebic `yvelaze stabiluri kompaniebis~ indeqsis fundaments qmnian.

TiTqmis meoTxedi saukune gavida mas Semdeg, rac NYSE-is `iatakze~ staJiorad Sevdgi fexi, axla ki birJas vxelmZRvanelob. dRes imaze naklebi Ria saaqcio sazogadoebaa, vidre adre, magram maTi jamuri Rirebuleba Zvelze bevrad metia. aq kotirebuli aqciebis jamuri fasi finansuri krizisis Semdgom aTwleulSi gasammagda da 10 trilioni dolaridan 30 trilion dolaramde gaizarda.

bazris `mTavari quCa~ moixveWes ki sacalo investorebma aqciaTa fasebis fenomenaluri zrdiT Seqmnili sargebeli? — arc ise, rogorc SeeZloT. amJamad kompaniebs Ria fulis mosapoveblad bevrad didxans mocda uwevT. im droisaTvis, roca Ria bazrebze warmatebuli kompaniebis aqciaTa yidva xdeba SesaZlebeli, maT fasSi ukve gazrdili sabazro Sefasebaa asaxuli.

Cven kidev erTi aRmavali tendenciis bazris periodSi vcxovrobT, sadac teq. firmebi inovaciebis axali talRis qimze moeqcnen. `rqaeulni~— Airbnb, Uber da WeWork Tamamad arRveven biznesmodelebs im momxmarebelTa da biznesebis dasakmayofileblad, romlebic ufro moqnil, moTxovnaze orientirebul servisebs eZeben. bevr SemTxvevaSi, es STamagonebel startapebs aTavsebs im adgilas, sadac yvelaze naklebi winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeuZliaT. kerZo fondebidan fuli uxvadaa, startapebi ki ufro naklebi maregulirebeli valdebulebebisa da Semowmebis pirobebSi finansdeba. Sedegad, sacalo investorebs mocda uwevT. momavalSi, iseve rogorc warsulSi, kapi-

talis bazrebis gafurCqvnisaTvis safondo birJebi kargad unda axerxebdnen axali inovaciuri kompaniebis antrepreneruli suliskveTebisTvis saTanado mimarTulebis micemas. rogor SegviZlia ukeT vimoqmedoT? 2019 wels unda gamovikvlioT gzebi, romlebic kompaniebs umcireben barierebs, gaxdnen Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebebi da amave dros dotkomis `buStis~ xafangsac averidoT. aviRoT magaliTad Spotify. musikis strimingis es platforma 2018 wlis aprilidan NYSEzea kotirebuli, rogorc globaluri warmomadgenlobis mqone kargad kapitalizebuli brendi. misTvis aucilebeli ar iyo kapitalis mozidva, magram Ria saaqcio sazogadoebis statusiT miRebuli sxva sargebeli surda, maT Soris likvidobis Seqmna im aqcionerebisTvis, romlebmac fuli kompaniaSi jer kidev maSin daabandes, roca Spotify jer mxolod misi aRmasrulebeli direqtoris, daniel ekis ocneba iyo da meti araferi. tradiciuli aqciebis pirveladi ganTavseba ubralod ar Seesabameboda maTi TamaSis wesebs.

Spotify-s finansuri direqtoriT, bari makkartiT aRfrTovanebuli da masTan momuSave Cveni gundi ganTavsebis wesebis modernizaciis damtkicebas eloda, radganac Zveli wesebi kompanias

moixveWes ki sacalo investorebma am fenomenaluri aRmasvliT sargebeli? xel-fexs ukravda. 12-Tviani mcdelobis ganmavlobaSi, fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisias axali kanonproeqtebi SevTavazeT, romlebic NYSE-ze kompaniis Riad ganTavsebis wesebis ganaxlebas exeboda. procesi rTuli iyo, magram gamocdad Rirda.

Spotify pirveli kompania gaxda, romelmac am cvlilebebiT isargebla, gverdi auara ra aqciebis pirveladi ganTavsebis tradiciul `sagastrolo prezentaciebs~, romelic misi xedvis gamWvirvaled gaziarebis demokratiulma mcdelobam Caanacvla. amis Semdeg, imis gamoyenebiT, rasac NYSE-is `iatakze~ pirdapir ganTavsebas uwodeben, Spotify-m Tanabari wvdoma SesTavaza myidvelebs da gamyidvelebsac. vaWroba uproblemod daiwyo. marTalia, Spotify-s gakvaluli gza yvelasTvis misaRebi ar aris, magram mis kvals SesaZloa sxva kompaniebic mihyvnen.

2019 wels Ria saaqcio sazogadoebebis regulirebis reJimis reformirebisTvis daCqarebul samuSaoebs vixilavT. dod-frenkis kanonis farglebSi, aRricxvianobis mkacri standarti SemoiRes. aseTi RonisZieba aucilebeli iyo aTi wlis winandeli safinanso kolafsis Semdeg. axla ki is gamoviyenoT, rac amis Semdeg viswavleT. momavalSi aqcenti imaze unda gamaxvildes, Tu rogor unda SevuwyoT xeli kerZo kompaniebs, Riad SesTavazon TavianTi aqciebi `mTavari quCis~ investorebs — ufro Wkviani, gamozomili regulaciebis moqmedebis pirobebSi.

www.entrepreneur.ge

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amave seqciaSi: 114 viziti „ultima Tuleze“ 115 saxis amocnobis aRzeveba 116 motivtive atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi 116 antarqtikis dnobis gasazomad

117 gafarToebuli realobis „mkvleli“ aplikacia 118 dizainerTa bavSvebisken 119 fabiola jianoti: fundamenturi kvleva

gza gauxseniT mTvarisken rbolas APOLLO 11-is misiidan 50 wlis Semdeg, samyaro mTvareze dasabruneblad emzadeba oliver mortoni, brifingebis redaqtori, The Economist

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2019 mokled bolo Taobis uzarmazar teleskopze muSaoba intensiur fazaSi Sedis. `didi sinoptikuri kvleviTi teleskopi~ cis ubnis mudmiv fotografirebas da kvlevas Seudgeba, romelic erTdroulad 49 savse mTvaris realuri zomis Sesabamisi iqneba

s

969 wels, rodesac nil armstrongma mTvareze fexi daadga, bevri fiqrobda, rom SeuZlebeli aRaraferia (an ufro meti iqneboda SesaZlebeli, vidre SemdgomSi realurad moxda). mTvaris mimarTulebiT ramdenime gafrenis Sesrulebis Semdeg, aSS amayi iyo, rom misi miRwevebis gameoreba aravis SeeZlo. resursebis sxvagvarad gadanawilebis saWiroebis gamo, mTvarisken frenebi Sewyda, Tumca amerikuli gamowveva aravis autacebia. dResdReobiT, iseve rogorc 1969 wels, mTliani dedamiwa Tavisi sruli brwyinvalebiT mxolod TeTrkanian amerikelebs uxilavT da mxolod oTxi maTgania kvlav cocxali. Tumca, axalgazrda mamakacebi da qalebi sxvadasxva qveynidan mzad arian, maTi warmateba gaimeoron. nawilobriv, es gamowveulia imiT, rom uhaero mTvare dRes ufro mimzidvelad gamoiyureba. ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mTvaris polusebze yinuli da sxva arastabiluri naerTebi aRmoaCines. aman SesaZloa mTvareze stacionaruli bazis mowyobis SesaZlebloba gaaCinos, rac dedamiwis bunebriv Tanamgzavrze frenebs mniSvnelovnad gaaiafebs (Tu frenebi ganaxldeba). mTvareze dabrunebis TvalsazrisiT, mis resursebze aranakleb mniSvnelovania (SesaZloa ufro metadac), teqnologiuri nou-hau sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, kerZo seqtoris mzardi interesi da axali saxelmwifo midgomebi.

2018 wlis bolos, mTvarisken sami kosmosuri xomaldi daiZra. gegmis mixedviT, isini dedamiwis Tanamgzavris zedapirze 2019 wels daeSvebian. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT ambiciuria Cinuri Chang’e 4, romelic mTvaris Soreul mxares kosmosuri aparatis daSvebis CineTis meore mcdeloba iqneba. proeqtis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, es amgvari pirveli faqti iqne-

ba. rogorc Cans, CineTma adamianebis mTvareze gagzavna myarad gadawyvita, SesaZloa 2030-ian wlebSi (amis Sesaxeb oficialuri gancxadeba jer ar gakeTebula). indoeTis kosmosuri aparatis, Chandrayaan-2-is gafrena am qveynis meore misia iqneba mTvareze da pirveli, romelic zedapirze daSvebas iTvaliswinebs. kidev erT aparats, garda mTvareze pirveli gafrenisa, sxva mniSvnelobac aqvs: israelis mTvaris misia ara mxolod saxelmwifos mcdelobebiT xorcieldeba. proeqts didwilad israelis kosmosuri saagento afinansebs, Tumca kerZo Semowirulobebis moculobac mniSvnelovania. amasTan, kosmosuri misiis uSalo ganmaxorcielebeli kerZo arakomerciuli organizacia SpaceIL-i iqneba.

SpaceIL 2007 wels Google-is mier wamowyebul proeqt xPrize-Si monawileobis mizniT Seiqmna. proeqtis mixedviT, gundi, romelic mTvaris zedapirze safreni aparatis daSvebas da dedamiwaze maRali garCevadobis videogamosaxulebis gamogzavnas pirvelad moaxerxebda, 20 mln dolariT dajildovdeboda. teqnologiur gigants prizis gadaxda ar mouwia da proeqti 2018 wlis dasawyisSi daixura. Tumca, Google-is winadadebiT STagonebul zogierT gunds muSaoba ar Seuwyvetia. SpaceIL-is msgavsad, iaponuri organizacia ispace 2020 wels mTvareze misiis Sesrulebas apirebs. asevea amerikuli Moon Express da Astrobotics, romlebic 2019 wels amerikis kosmosuri saagentosgan (NASA) axali dafinansebis mopovebas Seecdebian.

2020-iani wlebisTvis, mTvaresTan dakavSirebiT, NASA-s igive gegmebi aqvs, rac 2010-ian wlebSi dedamiwis dabal orbitaze ganaxorciela — mTvaris zedapiramde misaRwevad, kerZo seqtoris SesaZleblobebis Seqmnis stimulireba. saagentos mier gacemuli teqnologiuri ganviTarebis grantebi da saerTaSoriso kosmosur saagentomde tvirTis gadatanis xelSekrulebebi SpaceX-is kosmosuri programis gasaxorcieleblad gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. ilon maskis mier Seqmnili kompania kosmosis aTvisebis sakiTxSi kerZo

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`ultima Tulesaken~ mzis sistemis erT-erT yvelaze moSorebul kuTxeSi Sexvedris dro axlovdeba tim krosi, samecniero korespondenti, The Economist

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ela, magram Seuqcevadad, mzis sistemis Seswavla mimdinareobs. TviT adamianebma jerjerobiT mxolod mTvaremde miRweva SeZles, magram maT mier Seqmnili roboti-emisrebi ufro Sors wavidnen. isini mzis sistemis yovel planetas minimum erTxel ewvivnen (zogierTs — ramdenjerme). marsis orbitaze da mis zedapirze dakvirvebas ukve uamravi zondi awarmoebs. kosmosurma xomaldma kometaze daSveba SeZlo da mecnierebs asteroiduli mtvris sinjebi dedamiwaze Camoutana. ukanaskneli bastioni axla mzis sistemis gare napirebia. 2015 wels kosmosurma zondma, saxelad `axali horizontebi~, plutons Cauqrola. maSin es kosmosuri aparatis mier gamokvleuli, dedamiwidan yvelaze daSorebuli obieqti iyo (2006 wels, misiis dawyebisas, plutoni jer kidev planetad miiCneoda. mogvianebiT, imave wels, saerTaSoriso astronomiulma kavSirma misTvis es statusi Seusabamod CaTvala). 2019 wels, axali wlis Rames, `axali horizontebi~ axal rekords daamyarebs. NASA-s zondi 2014 MU69-s, anu `ultima Tules~ saxeliT cnobil kosmosur sxeuls miaRwevs. dedamiwasTan SedarebiT, obieqti mzisgan ormocjer Sors mdebareobs, xolo plutonidan 1,6 miliardi kilometri aSorebs. es iqneba dedamiwidan yvelaze daSorebuli obieqti mzis sistemaSi, kosmosur xomalds odesme rom miuRwevia. `axali horizontebi~ kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor qmnian mecnierebi sikeTes, saWiroebidan gamomdinare. zondis siCqare imdenad maRalia, rom plutonis orbitaze SeCerebas ver SeZlebs. `axali horizontebi~ Rrma kosmosSi operirebisTvis saTanadod aris aRWurvili (energias, mzis panelebis magivrad, plu-

mecnierebi imedovneben, rom `ultima Tules~ siSore mas drois kafsulad aqcevs

seqtoris dominant flagmanad Camoyalibda. kompaniebi, rogorebicaa Moon Express da Astrobotics, mTvaris zedapirze daSvebis teqnologiis gasaumjobeseblad saWiro grantebisTvis ibrZvian. male, igive brZola mTvareze samecniero tvirTebis gadatanis xelSekrulebebisTvisac gaCaRdeba. orive es kompania dedamiwis Tanamgzavrze misiis Sesrulebas 2020 wlisTvis imedovnebs. amerikis kosmosuri saagento kerZo seqtorisgan axali kosmosuri sadguris (saxelwodebiT, Gateway) pirveli modulis Seqmnis winadadebebsac elodeba. sadguri orbitaze, mTvaresa da dedamiwas Soris ganTavsdeba, saidanac astronavtebs oliver mortoni, mTvaris zedapirze daSveba an zondebis distanciurad avtori wignisa `mTvare: marTva SeeZlebaT. momavlis istoria~ kerZo seqtoris axali kosmosuri SesaZleblobebis (gamoicema 2019 wels, xazgasasmelad, aRsaniSnavia iaponeli miliarderis, Economist Books-is iusaku maezavas mier SpaceX-sTan gaformebuli konmier)

toniumis daSliT gamoimuSavebs). maRali siCqare operatorebs saSualebas aZlevs, plutonamde miRwevis Semdeg, zondi sxva obieqtisken mimarTon. `ultima Tules~ Sesaxeb cota ram aris cnobili. kosmosuri obieqti 2014 wels aRmoaCines (amaze misi sruli, oficialuri saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs). es `axali horizontebis~ misiisaTvis daniSnulebis punqtebis Ziebis Sedegi iyo. `ultima Tule~, iseve rogorc plutoni, koiperis sartyelSi mdebareobs. sartyeli mcire kosmosuri sxeulebisgan Semdgari masiuri diskoa, romelic mzis sistemis formirebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. igi neptunis orbitisgan didi daSorebiT mdebareobs da asteroidebis sartyels Zalian waagavs. mecnierebi imedovneben, rom `ultima Tules~ siSore (da aqedan gamomdinare — dabali temperatura) mas drois kafsulad aqcevs, sadac mzis nisleulis qimiuri SenaerTebi iqneba Semonaxuli. 4,6 miliardi wlis winaT gazmtverovani, kosmosuri Rrubeli SeikumSa da mzis sistema Camoyalibda. amave dros, zonds axlomdebare kosmosuri sxeulebis sabaziso Sefaseba SeuZlia. es mecnierebs koiperis sartyelSi arsebuli obieqtebis Sesaxeb ukeTes warmodgenas Seuqmnis. magram mecnierebs lodini mouwevT. dedamiwidan zondis ukiduresad daSorebis gamo, radiosignalebi sustia da monacemTa gadacemas didi dro sWirdeba. `ultima Tules~ Sesaxeb `axali horizontebi~ daaxloebiT 50 gigabaitis moculobis monacemebs Seagrovebs. es ramdenime, maRali garCevadobis kinofilmis zomas Seesabameba. dedamiwaze, internetis standartuli siCqaris pirobebSi, am moculobis informaciis CamotvirTvas daaxloebiT 1 saaTi esaWiroeba. koiperis sartylidan igive moculobis monacemebi rom miviRoT, 2020 wlis seqtembramde mocda mogviwevs.

traqti. ilon maskis kompaniis kosmosuri xomaldiT batoni maezava mTvareze gamgzavrebas rva artistTan erTad apirebs. SesaZloa es 2023 wels moxdes, im erTerTi xomaldiT, romelsac SpaceX marsis misiisaTvis amzadebs. SesaZloa mimdevrebic gamoCndnen da msgavsi kosmosuri aparati mTvareze namdvilad daeSvas. es rTuli amocana ar iqneba, Tuki batoni maskis ambiciebs asruleba uweria. `apolos~ programis gariJraJze, prezidentma jon kenedim Tavis gamosvlaSi aRniSna, amerika mTvareze gamgzavrebis gamowvevas iRebs `ara imitom, rom es martivia, aramed imitom, rom es rTulia~. adamianTa mTvareze gamgzavreba kvlav rTuli amocanaa. Tumca, bevrad ganviTarebuli kosmosuri teqnologiebis pirobebSi, amis ganxorcieleba dRes SedarebiT martivia. axal teqnikur SesaZleblobebs adamianTa Sesabamisi miswrafeba Tu miemateba, es misiis Sesasruleblad sakmarisi iqneba. n

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mosiarule barkodebi adamianis saxe manqanurad amocnobadi xdeba hal hodsoni, teqnologiebis korespondenti, The Economist

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abeluri televizia (CCTV) urbanuli cxovrebis nacnobi komponentia. qalaqis moednebze, quCis kuTxeebSi, tranzitul sistemebSi uamravi kameraa, romlebic kriminalis prevenciisTvis gamoiyeneba. did megapolisebSi aseTi kamerebis raodenoba aTasobiTaa. isini uzarmazari moculobis videokadrebs iReben, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba Zalze dabali xarisxisaa, usagnoa da sayureblad gamousadegari. ukanaskneli teqnologiuri miRwevebis safuZvelze, Seiqmna programuli uzrunvelyofa, romelic foto an videogamosaxulebidan adamianis saxis unikaluri anabeWdis identificirebas bevrad meti sizustiT axdens, vidre Zveli teqnologiebi. es saSualebas iZleva, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi adamianTa didi jgufis avtomaturi identificireba ganxorcieldes. adamianebis mier igive samuSaos Sesruleba warmoudgenlad Zviri iqneboda. amomcnobi programuli uzrunvelyofa adamianis saxes barkodad aqcevs. saTvalTvalo kamera skanerad gadaiqceva, romelic gamvlelTa katalogizacias ganaxorcielebs. policiis mier axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba jer farTod gavrcelebuli ar aris. maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli saxis amomcnobi sistemebi mcdaria. personalur monacemTa dacvaze momuSave organizaciam Big Brother Watch, britaneTis samxreT uelsis policiis mier sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebze saxis amomcnobi sistemebis ori wlis muSaoba gamoikvlia. cdomilebaTa maCvenebelma 91% Seadgina, rac imas niSnavs, rom yoveli asi adamianidan sistemam mxolod cxra amoicno sworad. amgvari viTareba didxans ar gagrZeldeba. sakabelo televiziebisa da policiis saTvalTvalo kamerebs ganviTarebis axali ciklisgan sul cota dro aSorebs. male, maRali garCevadobis gamosaxulebis safuZvelze momuSave saxis amocnobis algoriTmebi gacilebiT met sizustes uzrunvelyofs. kamerebis sistema SesaZlebelia saxis amocnobis daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmnas. ori an meti saTvalTvalo kamera saxis ramdenime kuTxiT dafiqsirebas SeZlebs, rac Semdgom identificirebas gaamartivebs. amgvari teqnologia bazarze axla ikidebs fexs. movlenebi 2019 wels daCqardeba.

SesaZlo Sedegebi SeSfoTebis safuZvels iZleva. saxelmwifoebs saxis amocnobis axali teqnologiebis borotad gamoyeneba martivad SeeZlebaT, vinaidan sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi amomcnob mowyobilobebs swored isini gankargaven. magaliTad, SesaZloa, saxelmwifo organoebma saprotestod gamosul adamianTa saxeebi aRbeWdon, kriminaluri warsulis mqoneni daakavon, xolo danarCenTa saxis anabeWdebi saeWvo pirTa nusxaSi asaxon. teqnologiis borotad gamoyeneba kerZo kompaniebsac SeeZlebaT. SesaZloa maRaziebma monacemTa baza Seqmnan (da gaaziaron), romelSic klientTa personaluri monacemebi aisaxeba (saxis anabeWdi, ra saxis produqtebi ainteresebT). saxis amocnobas cifruli da fizikuri TvalTvalis gaerTianebis potencialic aqvs. sistema calkeul saxes misamarTad gadaaqcevs, romelic realur samyaroSi piris qmedebebs mis onlainprofilTan daakavSirebs (an piriqiT). internetTvalTvalis da fizikuri

kamera mzad aris

2019 mokled LE GRAND K (sxvagvarad cnobilia, rogorc kilogramis saerTaSoriso prototipi — etaloni), liTonis naWeri, romlis mixedviT standartuli kilogrami gaizomeba, maisidan Tavis frangul sacavSi aRar iqneba. misi Secvla ufro zusti definiciiT moxdeba

biometriis (rogoricaa saxis amocnoba) kombinacia imas niSnavs, rom 2019 wlidan adamians privatuli sivrce SesamCnevad SeezRudeba. magaliTad, amerikaSi beisbolis mTavari liga (Major League Baseball) axali sistemis SemoRebas gegmavs, romlis mixedviT fanebs stadionze Sesvla bileTebis eleqtronuli validaciis da saxis skanirebis Semdeg SeeZlebaT. sistemis amoqmedebis Semdeg, dacul sivrceebSi gadaadgileba mxolod avtorizebul pirebs SeeZlebaT. aeroportebi atlantadan bangaloramde, axali sistemebis gamoyenebiT, mgzavrTa TvalTvals usafrTxoebisa da migraciis kontrolis miznebidan gamomdinare ganaxorcieleben. teqnologiuri kompania SITA-s kvlevis mixedviT, aeroportebisa da aviakompaniebis sami meoTxedi axal teqnologiebSi investirebas axorcieleben, an Sesabamis Temebze kvlevebs atareben. Apple-is erT-erTi mTavari konkurenti, Samsung-i, 2019 wlidan Tavis axal telefonebSi saxis amocnobis samganzomilebiani sistemis SemoRebas apirebs, romelic iPhone-is sistema Face id-is analogi iqneba. axali teqnologiebidan momdinare yvela potenciuri zianis warmodgena rTuli amocanaa. onlainreklamebis sawyis etapze cota vinme Tu warmoidgenda viTarebas, roca gansakuTrebiT gazviadebuli ambebi ufro farTod vrceldeba da gacilebiT meti gavlena aqvT, vidre movlenebis zustad amsaxvel (niuansebis CaTvliT) informacias. ase rom, saxis amocnobis teqnologiis potenciuri zianisa da mniSvnelovani principebis SesaZlo xelyofis gamo, SeSfoTebas realuri safuZveli aqvs. adamianebs sivrce sWirdebaT, sadac maT ar uTvalTvaleben da survilisamebr Tavisuflad Sekreba SeuZliaT. msoflio sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli saxis amomcnobi sistemebiT imas niSnavs, rom Sexvedra finjan yavaze, SuaRamis gaseirneba, viziti maRaziaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba adamianTa saxeebis aRbeWdvisa da amocnobis gareSe. individis uflebebis damcavi kanonebi amgvari TvalTvalis SezRudvis mTavari imedia. saxis amocnobis `pandoras yuTi~ ukve gaixsna, magram SesaZlo negatiuri Sedegebis marTva jer kidev SesaZlebelia. n

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energetikuli TamaSi ruseTi motivtive atomur eleqtrosadgurebze gadadis benjamin sazerlendi, Tavisufali korespondenti, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi

o 2019 mokled larsenis yinulovani Selfis gamosakvlevad, uedelis zRvis ekosistemis Sesaswavlad da ernest Sekltonis gemis narCenebis mosaZieblad, antarqtikaSi ueldonis zRvis eqspedicia iwyeba. polarul mkvlevar Sekltons Tavisi gemis, ENDURANCE-is antarqtikis yinulebSi mitoveba 1915 wels mouwia

desme, 2019 wlis zamTris miwuruls, unikaluri barJa `akademikosi lomonosovi~ gezs arqtikuli wylebisken aiRebs da Soreul aRmosavleT cimbiris pevekTan Ruzas CauSvebs, romelic ruseTSi CrdiloeTis ukiduresi qalaqia.

Tu yvelaferi gegmis mixedviT iqneba, barJaze ori birTvuli reaqtori amuSavdeba, romlebic regionul qsels eleqtroenergias miawvdis. damatebiTi energia aucilebelia. 2019 wels, amave regionSi moZvelebuli eleqtrosadgurebis, maT Soris atomuris, demontaJi daiwyeba. amave dros, regionSi navTobisa da gazis mopovebiTi samuSaoebis dawyebac igegmeba. Tumca, `rosatoms~ (saxelmwifo giganti, romelsac barJa ekuTvnis) ufro Sors mimavali gegmebi aqvs, vidre pevekis zonis energouzrunvelyofa. globaluri energetikuli bazrisTvis ruseTs Tavisi `unikaluri SeTavazebis~ agresiul garemoSi operirebis usafrTxoebisa da upiratesobebis demonstrirebac surs, — ambobs vitali trutnevi, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli da `rosatomis~ warmomadgeneli moskovidan. misi gancxadebiT, meore Taobis (saeqsporto varianti) motivtive atomuri sadgurebis Seqmnaze muSaoba ukve daiwyo. es `optimizebuli~ varianti ufro met eleqtroenergias gamoimuSavebs, vidre 70-megavatiani `akademikosi lomonosovi~ (savsebiT sakmarisia 40 000 ojaxisTvis). garemosdacviTi organizacia Greenpeace-is warmomadgenlebi `akademikos lomonosovs~ `motivtive Cernobils~ da `birTvul titaniks~ uwodeben. ruseTSi Greenpeace-is energetikuli kampaniebis orga-

Tveitsidan pasuxebs unda velodoT zRvis donis matebis prognozirebisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani misia iwyeba alun andersoni, samecniero Jurnalisti da avtori

2

019 wlis dasawyisSi, antarqtikul zafxulSi, amerikuli kvleviTi xomaldi `naTaniel bi palmeri~ amundsenis zRvis gavliT 120 km (75 mili) sigrZis Tveitsis myinvarisken gaemarTeba. xomaldis bortze 100 mecnierisgan Semdgari gundis pirveli nawili iqneba. mecnierebma pasuxi unda gascen sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis kiTxvas: gaxda myinvari saxifaTod arastabiluri? Tu es ase aRmoCndeba, unda gairkves, igi okeaneSi ramdenad swrafad aRmoCndeba. movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba grZelvadian SiSs ukavSirdeba, romelic antarqtikuli yinulis dnobis Sedegad okeanis donis sami metriT matebas gulisxmobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sanapiro qalaqebi da mdinaris deltebi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. eqspedicias mecnierebi britanuli Rothera-s da amerikuli McMurdo-s sadgurebidanac SeuerTdebian.

msoflio 2019

nizator raSid alimovis azriT, es proeqti birTvuli SeiaraRebis gavrcelebis safrTxesac aZlierebs. batoni alimovi sankt-peterburgidanaa — qalaqidan, sadac barJis mSenebloba dasrulda. aseT gancxadebebs panikiorobad miiCnevs bulat nigmatulini. aTaswleulebis gzagasayarze, rodesac `akademikos lomonosovis~ proeqti damtkicda, batoni nigmatulini ruseTis atomuri energetikis ministris moadgiled muSaobda. misi gancxadebiT, barJaze igive reaqtorebi da sxva mowyobiloba gamoiyeneba, romlebic ruseTis udides atomur yinulmWrelebze da wyalqveSa navebSi warmatebiT muSaobs. amasTan, barJa cunamize gaTvlil talRamtexis ukan ganTavsdeba. baton nigmatulinis azriT, sqemis sisuste ekonomikuri da ara teqnologiuri xasiaTisaa. barJis mSeneblobis xarjebi ise dramatulad gaizarda, rom nigmatulinma Tavisi mxardaWera ukanac ki waiRo (garkveuli periodiT). `rosatomSi~ acxadeben, rom mSeneblobis xarjebi maTi `komerciuli saidumloebaa~. eqspertebis azriT, proeqtis Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 500 milion dolars Seadgens. potenciuri myidvelebi ukve arseboben. maT Sorisaa Cile, indonezia, filipinebi da zogierTi axloaRmosavluri qveyana, sadac wylis gamamtknarebel qarxnebs bevri energia sWirdeba. Tumca, SekveTebi jer arcerT qveyanas ar warudgenia. es nawilobriv imiTac aixsneba, rom motivtive sadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis TviTRirebuleba jer ucnobia. `akademikos lomonosovis~ debiuts 2019 wels bevri daakvirdeba. ase fiqrobs moskovSi mdebare energetikisa da finansebis kvleviTi institutis warmomadgeneli, sergei kondratievi. misi azriT, qvanaxSirze da gazze momuSave energosadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia SesaZloa ufro iafia, magram birTvul barJas Tavisi upiratesobebi aqvs, gansakuTrebiT arqtikaSi. did manZilebze, zogjer gayinuli sazRvao marSrutebiT, rTulad transportirebadi wiaRiseuli sawvavis mudmivi miwodebis saWiroeba aRar iqneba. ucxoeTSi gayidvebis perspeqtivebi kvlavac bundovania, magram ufro meti birTvuli barJis mSenemyinvaris zedapirze mcire zomis, TxilamurebiT aRWurvili TviTmfrinavebiT daeSvebian. kidev ufro meti mecnieri eqspedicias noemberSi, antarqtikuli zafxulis dabrunebisTanave SeuerTdeba. es yovelive 50 milioni dolaris biujetis mqone, britanul-amerikuli `Tveitsis myinvaris TanamSromlobis~ saerTaSoriso proeqtis nawilia. klimatis cvlilebis Sedegad, zRvis donis matebis gaangariSebebSi, Tveitsi mTavari moulodnelobis faqtoria. es ara mxolod myinvaris uzarmazari farTobidan gamomdinareobs, romelic 182 000 kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens (daaxloebiT floridas zomis), aramed myinvaris dasavleT antarqtikis yinulovani masis nawilisTvis sacobis funqciasac asrulebs.

Tanamgzavruli dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom Tveitsis yinuli sul ufro mzardi tempiT dneba. saswrafo wesiT, mecnierebma myinvaris qveda plastebi unda gamoikvlion, sadac ZiriTadi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs. mimarTulebaSecvlili qarebis zemoqmedebiT, gamTbari okeanis wyali myinvaris wina mxrisken miedineba. yinulis dnoba qvemodan mimdinareobs, rac myinvaris `saZirkvlis zonas~ amcirebs. Sedegad, yinulovani masa iSleba da okeaneSi curdeba, rac wylis Tbili nakadebis myinvaris siRrmisken Semdgom winsvlas ganapirobebs. avtonomiuri wyalqveSa aparatebiT, yinulis dno-

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mkurnali saTvaleebi qirurgiasa da fsiqiatriaSi gafarToebuli realobis gamoyeneba iwyeba jefri kari, mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis redaqtori, The Economist

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bloba ruseTis Sida moxmarebisTvis savsebiT realisturad gamoiyureba. pirveli birTvuli barJis mier gamomuSavebuli energiis momaval momxmareblebs siciveSi ver datoveben, rodesac ramdenime wlis Semdeg, birTvuli sawvavis Secvlis mizniT, sadguris muSaoba SeCerdeba. Tumca, axali mSeneblobebisTvis es erTaderTi mizezi ar aris. arqtikis yinulovani sivrce mcirdeba da amasTan, regionis mniSvneloba satransporto nakadebis, wiaRiseulis mopovebis da samxedro bazebis ganlagebis konteqstSi izrdeba. oivind osterudi, oslos universitetidan, fiqrobs, rom birTvul barJebs ruseTi `Wadrakis figurebad~ ganixilavs, romlebic `dafaze~ gonivrulad unda ganTavsdnen, arqtikaSi qveynis strategiuli amocanebis Sesabamisad. istervudis azriT, mniSvnelovania, rom ruseTis pirvel birTvul barJas da arqtikis sadavo lomonosovis qeds saerTo saxelwodeba aqvT. ruseTi am qeds Tavisi kontinenturi Selfis wyalqveSa gagrZelebad miiCnevs. Tu qveynis es pretenzia konkurentebis mosazrebebze gaimarjvebs, igi sazRvao resursebze kontrols mniSvnelovnad gaaZlierebs. rogorc Cans, CineTi `motivtive~ birTvuli energiisgan igive sikeTeebs elodeba. sami saxelmwifo kompania daaxloebiT 20 birTvuli barJis mSeneblobas apirebs, raTa samxreT CineTis zRvis sadavo wylebSi CineTis gavlena gaZlierdes. Tumca, suhong hi, teqnikuri standartis ganmsazRvreli Lloyd’s Registeris warmomadgeneli, ambobs, rom misi kompania CineTs kvlavac usafrTxoebis SesaZlo maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb uwevs konsultaciebs. es imas niSnavs, rom ruseTi wlebiT win aris. n bis zonebs gamoikvleven. amasTan, igive ubnebamde miRwevis mizniT, myinvaris zedapirze burRviTi samuSaoebi daiwyeba. specialuri radarebiTa da seismometrebiT myinvaris kldovan saZirkvels Seiswavlian. sxva mkvlevrebi Seecdebian okeanis fskeris SeswavliT daadginon, msgavsi kolafsi warsulSic xom ar momxdara. momavalSi, zRvis donis matebasTan dakavSirebuli prognozebi araerTgvarovania. zogierTi maTgani gansakuTrebiT saxifaTo perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs. pesimistur prognozebs is ganapirobebs, rom antarqtikuli yinulis dnobis procesi (romelmac SesaZloa grandiozuli masStabi miiRos) saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris. ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi, yovel aswleulSi zRvis donis TiTo metriT mateba realisturad gamoiyureba. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba uzarmazar problemebs warmoSobs, magram ufro saSiSi prognozebic arsebobs. erT-erTi maTganis mixedviT, Tbili nakadis myinvaris siRrmeSi etapobrivi SeRwevisas, okeaneSi sul ufro meti yinulovani masa Cacurdeba. Tveitsidan aisbergebis warmoqmna droTa ganmavlobaSi zomaSi zrdis tendencias miiRebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, zRvis done ufro swrafad moimatebs. Tveitsis myinvarze eqspediciis meSveobiT, ufro zust prognozebs 2025 wlisTvis unda velodoT.

2019 mokled keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba qimiuri elementebis perioduli sistemis saerTaSoriso weliwadSi. yovelives mizani iubiles `sazeimo aRniSvna da popularizaciaa~. perioduli sistema 150 wlis win dimitri mendeleevma SeimuSava

afarToebuli realoba, romelic realur garemoSi virtualuri samyaros elementebis ganTavsebas gulisxmobs, jerjerobiT `mkvleli aplikaciis~ gamoCenas elodeba. daintereseba didia Tavdacvis sferoSi — iseve, rogorc samrewvelo da videoTamaSebis biznesis mxridan. Tumca, 2019 wels, semantikurad rom vTqvaT, sapirispiro, `sicocxlis gadamrCeni aplikaciis~ Seqmnas unda velodoT. erT-erTi sfero, sadac axali teqnologiebi didi cvlilebebis provocirebas axdenen, medicinaa. saTanadod modificirebuli gafarToebuli realoba uxilavs (an rTulad xilvads) martivad garCevads xdis. amis erT-erTi magaliTia samganzomilebiani gafarToebuli realobis gamoyeneba limfuri kvanZis amosaZirkvad (ARILE). Sesabamisi meTodika germaniaSi, darmStadSi, fraunhoferis institutis mier SemuSavda. ARILE gankuTvnilia kanis kibos yvelaze saSiSi formis, avTvisebiani melanomis mkurnalobisTvis. melanoma kanis xiluli dazianebuli ubnebiT gamoixateba. es procesi e.w. sasignalo limfuri kvanZidan iwyeba da organizmSi swrafad vrceldeba. samwuxarod, am kvanZebis SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT SemCneva uaRresad rTulia. ARILE-is mixedviT, kvanZSi specialuri nivTierebis Seyvana xdeba, romelic infrawiTeli Suqis zemoqmedebis qveS fluorescirebs. kamerebis gamoyenebiT, TiToeuli kvanZis struqturis fluorescencia da samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba fiqsirdeba. miRebuli suraTi realur kvanZze proecirdeba da qirurgi, specialuri saTvalis meSveobiT, gafarToebul realobas xedavs. Sedegad, kvanZis yvela nawilisa da irgvliv mdebare simsivnuri ujredebis moSoreba (gavrcelebis procesis dawyebamde) SesaZlebeli xdeba.

ARILE-is principi sxva saxis qirurgiaSic inergeba. jgufebi muSaoben Microsoft-is HoloLens-is sistemis gamoyenebaze, romlis saSualebiT, pacientis organizmis winaswar daskanerebuli ubnebi realur organizmze aisaxeba. Sesabamisad, operaciebis dros, qirurgebs vizualuri kontroli umartivdebaT. dukis universitetis mkvlevrebi, programuli uzrunvelyofis mwarmoebel holandiur kompania InfoSupport-Tan erTad, HoloLens-is gamoyenebis neiroqirurgiaSi danergvaze muSaoben. londonis saimperatoro kolejSi igive teqnologiis aTvisebas sisxlZarRvebisTvis cdiloben. stenfordis universitetSi gafarToebuli realobis mkerdis qirurgiaSi praqtikul gamoyenebaze muSaoben. gafarToebuli realobis gamoyeneba autizmiT daavadebuli bavSvebis mkurnalobaSic igegmeba. masaCusetsSi bazirebuli kompania Brain Power, `emociuri sibrmavis~ dasaZlevad, mowyobiloba Google Glass-is adaptirebas cdilobs. mowyobilobis kamera bavSvis mier xilul gamosaxulebebs aRbeWdavs da `RrubelSi~ atvirTavs. miRebuli gamosaxulebebis gaSifvra xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT moxdeba. es Terapiuli TamaSebis saSualebas iZleva, imis mixedviT, Tu ras xedavs bavSvi konkretul momentSi (magaliTad, `gansazRvre emocia~ an `gamoicani swori reaqcia~). midgoma axla gamocdebis procesSia. warsulSi es meTodi, kompiuterul monitorebze dayrdnobiT, sakmaod efeqtiani aRmoCnda. ase, rom warmatebis molodini didia. n

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mimdevrobebi da Sedegebi genetikuri skriningis axali teqnika `dizaineruli bavSvebis~ mimarTulebiT pirvel nabijebs dgams ananio bataCaria, samecniero korespondenti, The Economist

s

ul male, ori bioteqnologiuri kompania In Vitro-ganayofierebiT dainteresebul wyvilebs embrionis dedis saSvilosnoSi moTavsebamde skrinings SesTavazebs. preipmlantaciur etapze aseTi genetikuri diagnozireba ukve 30 welia, rac erTeuli genis qromosomuli gadaxrebis an genetikuri darRvevebis gamovlenis mizniT gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, fibrozul-kistozuri degeneracia). kompania MyOme, romelic kaliforniaSi, menlo parkSi 2019 wels amoqmeddeba, da CrdiloeT brunsvikSi, niu-

gebi (Genomic Prediction-Si amboben, rom maTi midgoma msgavsia, magram identuri ar aris). meore miRweva dnm-is mimdevrobis gansazRvris maRal siCqares da dabal danaxarjebs ukavSirdeba, rac adamianis genetikuri informaciis ufro meti moculobiT miRebas ganapirobebs. miRebuli Sedegebis Tanamedrove, `Wkviani~ manqanuri algoriTmebis analizis safuZvelze, SesaZlebeli xdeba riskis profilebis gansazRvra iseT daavadebebze, rogorebicaa diabeti, mkerdis kibo, gulis daavadebebi da sxva. mTavari Sedegi isaa, rom adamianis dnm-is mimdevrobis safuZvelze, daavadebis `poligenuri riskebis qulis~ gaangariSeba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba. aseTi gaangariSeba aTasobiT, an Tundac milionobiT saerTo genetikuri variantis SefasebiT xorcieldeba.

TiToeuli maTgani mxolod mcire risks Seicavs, magram mTlianobaSi garkveuli daavadebebis ganviTarebis albaTobas zrdian.

arabunebrivi gadarCeva

What

if

Tanamedrove xelovnuri inteleqtis (AI) sistemebs, romlebic `Rrma daswavlis~ princips eyrdnobian, ganviTarebisaTvis aTasobiT an milionobiT magaliTis gaTvaliswineba esaWiroebaT. aseTi viTareba momgebiania didi monacemTa bazebis mqone internetgigantebisTvis da CineTisTvis. ra iqneboda AI, monacemebis naklebad momTxovni rom yofiliyo? moTxovnili monacemebis moculobis SemcirebisTvis, mkvlevrebi msoflio masStabiT alternatiuli midgomebis SemuSavebas cdiloben. am mimarTulebiT SesaZlo garRveva, SedarebiT mcire zomis kompaniebis CarTulobis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis da xelovnuri inteleqtis gamoyenebis sferos gazrdis (sadac `saswavlo~ monacemebi naklebad kritikulia)

jersiSi bazirebuli kompania Genomic Prediction gacilebiT revoluciuri meTodis warmodgenas apireben. am or kompanias imedi aqvT, rom biopsiiT miRebuli ramdenime ujredisa da mSobelTa genomuri mimdevrobebis SeswavliT, embrionis genomis sruli mimdevrobis rekonstruirebas SeZleben. Sedegad, kompaniebs daavadebaTa farTo speqtris konteqstSi, embrionis ganviTarebis riskis Sefasebis saSualeba eqnebaT (TeoriaSi). Sesaswavli daavadebebi SesaZloa uaRresad rTuli iyos. sakiTxi genomis sxvadasxva nawilebSi aTasobiT genetikur variants (saerTo mutaciebs) moicavs. am revoluciur cvlilebas safuZvlad ori miRweva udevs: pirveli maTgania embrionis genomis zusti suraTis misaRebad aucilebeli meTodi. genetikuri monacemebi, romlebic embrionisgan asaRebi mcire raodenobis dnm-is Tanmimdevrobis dadgeniT miiReba, yovelTvis `xmauriania~. amave dros, mSobelTa genomis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebelia. swored am SesaZleblobiT sargebloben kompaniebi da rTuli kompiuteruli algoriTmebis gamoyenebiT, cdiloben mSoblebis qromosomebis calkeul segmentebs embrionis genomSi maqsimalurad miaxloebuli analogebi gamouZebnon (aseTi msgavseba, didi albaTobiT, memkvidreobiTobas ganapirobebs). Sedegad viRebT embrionis genomis TiTqmis srulyofil mimdevrobas, romelsac 99%-iani sizuste aqvs. amas adasturebs MyOme-is damfuZneblebis, akaS kumarisa da meTiu rabinoviCis, aseve maTi kolegebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sede-

magaliTad, mkerdis kibos aRmosaCeni standartuli testi ori genis (brca1 da brca2) saSiSi mutaciis gamovlenas gulisxmobs. amerikaSi msgavsi mutacia yoveli 500-dan erT qals aReniSneba. amave dros, mxolod erTi genis mutirebis SemTxvevaSi, daavadebis riskis zrdas 5 an 6 faqtori ganapirobebs. `poligenuri riskebis qulis~ gaangariSebisas, daaxloebiT 5000 genetikur variants iTvaliswineben.

Sedegad, SesaZlebelia qalebis 1,5%-is gamovlena, romlebSic daavadebis ganviTarebis albaToba saSualo maCveneblTan SedarebiT samjer ufro maRalia da amave dros, brca1 an brca2-s mutacia ar aReniSnebaT. In Vitro-ganayofierebis SemTxvevaSi (axalSobilTa 1-2% amerikaSi), mSoblebs Svilebis janmrTelobis optimizacia maT dabadebamde SeuZliaT, rac bunebrivi daorsulebisas xelmisawvdomi ar aris. rodesac meTodologia farTod gavrceldeba (es gardauvalia), bevri wyvili In Vitro-ganayofierebas survilisamebr airCevs da ara aucileblobidan gamomdinare. orive kompania acxadebs, rom eTikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, embrionebis skrinings mxolod daavadebebis gamovlenis mizniT moaxdenen. Tumca, aranairi teqnikuri mizezi ar arsebobs, rom igive meTodi momavali pirovnebis sxva niSan-Tvisebebis Sesafasebladac ar gamoiyenon, rogoricaa simaRle, an Tundac inteleqti. meTodikas SezRudvebic aqvs. amJamad poligenuri riskis gaangariSeba mxolod evropuli warmomavlobis pirebisTvis aris SesaZlebeli. mosaxleobis sxva jgufebSi genetikuri mimdevrobebi saTanadod gansazRvruli jerjerobiT ar gaxlavT, da kidev — SesaZloa poligenur qulaTa sistema inteleqtis doneze calkeuli genetikuri variantis gavlenas mianiSnebdes, magram genebsa da pirovnebis niSan-Tvisebebs Soris kavSiri kvlavac bundovania. es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom embrionis genomis srulyofil gaSifvras kidev ufro meti miRweva da Sroma dasWirdeba. Tumca, 2019 wels, maT, visac sakmarisi finansuri saxsrebi aqvT, TavianTi momavali STamomavlisTvis janmrTelobisa da dRegrZelobis uzrunvelyofis meti Sansi eqnebaT. n

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fundamenturi mecniereba msoflios problemebis mogvarebas xels Seuwyobs, — ambobs fabiola jianoti, CERN-is generaluri direqtori

019 wels, samyaro kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi udidesi geniis gardacvalebidan 500 wlisTavs aRniSnavs. 1519 wlis 2 maiss leonardo davinCi gardaicvala da kulturul-samecniero memkvidreoba dagvitova, romelic dRemde aqtualuria. Tumca maSin, rodesac misi xelovneba ukve saukuneebia aRfrTovanebas iwvevs, samecniero miRwevebis aRiarebas bevrad meti dro dasWirda. mecnierebas es axasiaTebs: ideebis daRvinebas zogjer didi dro da msoflioSi uamravi adamianis gaerTianeba sWirdeba. mecniereba universaluria da igi adamianebs aerTianebs. universaluri imitom, rom faqtebs, da ara mosazrebebs eyrdnoba – rogorc unda fiqrobdeT, dedamiwis nebismier adgilas da nebismier dros, vaSli erTnairad vardeba. gamaerTianebeli imitom, rom Semecnebis miswrafeba yvelasTvis saziaroa. samecniero codnas pasporti, sqesobrivi, rasobrivi da partiuli kuTvnileba ar gaaCnia. ase rom, danawevrebul samyaroSi, mecnierebas adamianTa dakavSirebis sacicocxlod mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia. adgili, sadac mec vmuSaob, zemoT gamoTqmuli azris dadasturebaa. Cven mZlavr manqanebsa da nawilakebis amaCqareblebs vmarTavT, raTa samyaros Semadgeneli materiis fundamenturi elementebi gamovikvlioT. mTeli msoflios masStabiT, es saqme 17000 mecniers aerTianebs. saerTo miznis misaRwevad, TiToeuli maTgani gulmodgined Sromobs.

CERN-is STagonebiT, axlo aRmosavleTSi (iordania) fundamentur da gamoyenebiT kvlevebze laboratoria SESAME muSaobs. dawesebulebaSi mecnierebi regionis iseTi qveynebidan Seikribnen, rogoricaa kviprosi, egvipte, irani, israeli, iordania, pakistani, palestina da TurqeTi. mecnierebi harmoniulad TanamSromloben da erTmaneTs sakuTar gamocdilebas uziareben.

CERN-is da SESAME-is magvari dawesebulebebi geopolitikur problemebs pirdapiri gziT ver moagvareben, magram maT barierebis moSla SeuZliaT. isini gviCveneben magaliTs, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia saerTo mizniT gaerTianebul kacobriobas.

Tvali gavusworoT faqtebs Tanamedrove sazogadoeba uamravi gamowvevis winaSe dgas, rogoricaa klimatis cvlileba, energouzrunvelyofa, sasursaTo usafrTxoeba, sazogadoebrivi jandacva da bevri sxva. samecniero TanamSromloba am problemebis gadaWris ganuyofeli nawilia. mecniereba Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSic umniSvnelovanes rols unda asrulebdes. nebismieri gadawyvetileba obieqtur faqtebsa da mecnierul dasabuTebas unda eyrdnobodes. inovaciuri ideebis gareSe (rasac samecniero kvlevebis ganxorcieleba sWirdeba), progre-

si adre Tu gvian SeCerdeba. istoria aCvenebs, rom ZiriTadi garRvevebi saboloo jamSi fundamenturi kvlevebis Sedegia. es kidev erT iubiles maxsenebs.

1919 wels, albert ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria britanelma mecnierma, artur edingtonma daamtkica. fardobiToba, iseve rogorc kvanturi meqanika, me-20 saukunis fizikis orientiria. orive maTgani erTad samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis. Tumca, SemuSavebis etapze, isini ezoTerul, abstraqtul cnebebad ganixileboda, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba ar gaaCnia.

100 wlis Semdeg Cven ukve viciT, rom fardobiToba da kvanturi meqanika usargeblo cnebebi

samecniero TanamSromloba problemebis gadaWris ganuyofeli nawilia ar aris. kvanturi meqanikis gareSe, Tanamedrove, tranzistorebze dafuZnebuli eleqtronika ar iarsebebda — iseve, rogorc globaluri pozicionirebis sistema (GPS), fardobiTobis gareSe. amave dros, ainStainisa da kvanturi meqanikis Semqmnelebis mizani ar yofila aseTi eleqtronikis an sanavigacio sistemis gamogoneba. maT samyaros mowyobis Secnoba surdaT. mecnieruli aRmoCenidan mis praqtikul gamoyenebamde SeiZleba didi dro gavides. SesaZloa, leonardosa da zogierTi misi SesaniSnavi Canaxatis realobad qcevisTvis saWiro dro izolirebuli SemTxveva iyos. igive TvalsazrisiT, ainStainis kvlevebidan GPS-is amoqmedebamde gasuli ramdenime aTwleuli ufro tipuria.

Cemi saqmianobis sferos — nawilakebis fizikas Tavisi cnobili magaliTi aqvs, romelic SesaZloa gzis dasawyisSi iyos. higsis bozonis Sesaxeb pirveli varaudi 1964 wels gamoiTqva, xolo misi aRmoCena 2012 wels moxerxda. Tuki bozonis praqtikuli gamoyeneba odesme SesaZlebelia, axla verafriT vityvi, rogor SeiZleba es moxdes an rodis.

Tumca, higsis bozoni Cvens kulturas ukve amdidrebs. misi aRmoCenisTvis gamoyenebul instrumentebs sxva uamrav sferoSic praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs, rogoricaa samedicino diagnostikuri vizualizacia, simsivnuri daavadebebis mkurnaloba, mzis panelebis warmoeba da istoriuli reliqtebis analizi. kacobriobisTvis `usargeblo codnis~ mniSvnelobis aRwera ise srulyofilad ar SemiZlia, rogorc es abraham fleqnerma (perspeqtiuli kvlevebis prinstonis institutis damfuZnebelma) brwyinvaled moaxerxa. misi statia, saTauriT `usargeblo codnis sargebeli~, 1939 wels gamoqveynda. momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod, fundamenturi mecnierebis warmatebuli funqcionireba mTavrobebis amocanaa, raTa momavlis ainStaini an leonardo ar davkargoT.

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msoflio 2019 amave seqciaSi: 121 kulturuli apropriaciis omebi 121 mxardaWera mkvidr enebs 123 aqtioruli TamaSis wre 123 mxatvari qalebi mkveTri ganaTebis qveS

xelovnebiT gavsebuli farduli niu-iorkSi kulturis axali, ambiciuri sasaxle karebs xsnis fiameta roko, kulturis korespondenti,

The Economist da 1843

2

1-e saukunis dasawyisSi, niu-iorki 2012 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebis maspinZlobisTvis ibrZoda. Zveli sarkinigzo ubnis adgilas, romelsac Hudson Yards-s (`hadson iards~) uwodebdnen, axali stadioni unda aSenebuliyo. proeqtis mixedviT, High Line parkis ukan mcire zomis kulturuli sivrcis mowyoba igegmeboda. olimpiadis Semdeg, stadioni safexburTo klub New York Jets-is mflobelobaSi unda gadasuliyo. saboloo jamSi, olimpiuri TamaSebis maspinZloba londons ergo da New York Jets-ma axali stadioni ver miiRo. sanacvlod, axalma proeqtma saxelad `kulturis farduli~ (Semdgom, ubralod `farduli~) mzis sinaTle ixila. kultura didi biznesad gadaiqca. AEA Consultingis ukanaskneli kvlevis mixedviT, 2017 wels msoflioSi daaxloebiT 107 mniSvnelovani kulturis obieqti amoqmedda: muzeumebi, sakoncerto arenebi, kulturuli raionebi... zogierTi maTgani `TeTr spilos~ daemsgavseba, Tumca amoqmeddeba iseTi centrebic, romlebic inovaciuri programebiT da unikaluri Live-sanaxaobebiT uamrav vizitors miizidaven. farduli, romelic 2019 wlis zafxulSi gaixsneba, swored am gzas daadgeba.

2017-2018 wlebSi niu-iorkis brodveis miuziklebze bileTebis saSualo fasi 126 dolars Seadgenda. aseTi fasi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris. safaso politikis (bileTebis mesamedi ufaso an 5 dolarze naklebi iqneba), Senobis dizainis, dasaqmebis specifikis TvalsazrisiT, farduli sruliad gansxvavebul koncefcias efuZneba. niu-iorkis yofili meri, miliarderi maikl blumbergi fardulis ideam imdenad moxibla, rom proeqtis ganxorcielebisTvis 2012 wlis dasawyisSi 75 mln dolari gaiRo. 51 wlis aleqs putsi proeqtis sulisCamdgmeli da am Sous mTavari warmmarTvelia. man pirvelad yuradReba manCesteris saerTaSoriso festivalis organizebisas miipyro. es iyo cekvis, operisa da Teatris

2019 mokled madridis „prados“ muzeumi Tavis me-200 wlisTavs aRniSnavs. wlis ganmavlobaSi mTel espaneTSi sazeimo, maT Soris gasvliTi RonisZiebebi moewyoba

124 leonardo da vinCi 2019 wels ewveva 125 bauhauzi 100 wlisaa 126 nil makgregori: humboldtis forumi

Live-warmodgenebis `bienale~. putsma dainaxa, rom kulturuli samyaro Caketil, izolirebul sivrceebSi operirebs: saopero dadgmebi — operis sasaxleSi, simfoniuri musika — sakoncerto darbazebSi da a.S. niu-iorks praqtikulad yvela aseTi sivrce aqvs, magram rogorc fardulis arqiteqtorTa firmis Diller, Scofidio & Renfro-s warmomadgeneli elisabed dileri ambobs, mas ar gaaCnia erTiani kulturuli sivrce, romelic am yvelafers erT WerqveS mouyris Tavs. imisaTvis, rom unikaluroba SeiZinos, farduli moqnili unda iyos. `adgili, romelic Tavisi SigTavsiT mudmivad ganaxlebadi iqneba~, — ambobs dizaineri devid roqueli. batoni putsisTvis STagonebis wyaro iyo `xalisis sasaxle~. mravalfunqciuri kulturuli centris es proeqti, specialurad londonisTvis 1964 wels Seiqmna. sasaxles aSeneba ar ewera, magram proeqti mravali arqiteqtorisTvis STagonebis wyarod iqca. magaliTad, riCard rojersi da renco piano, rodesac parizis pompidus centris proeqts qmnidnen (1979iani wlebi). fardulisTvis es niSnavs xelovnebis sxvadasxva mimdinareobaze da sxvadasxva auditoriaze gaTvlili, adaptirebadi sivrceebis Seqmnas. Rilakze TiTis erTi daWeriT, SesaZlebeli iqneba am sivrcis tevadoba gaizardos an Semcirdes, daregulirdes ganaTeba, gadaxurva da a.S. `rogori iqneba xelovneba 20 wlis Semdeg? an 40 wlis Semdeg? — kiTxulobs qalbatoni dileri da iqve ambobs: `Cven es ar viciT. rogor SeiZleba Seqmna Senoba raime ucnobisTvis?~ Tumca naTelia, rom `mas didi simZlavre unda hqondes — maqsimaluri tevadoba da eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa. aseve, Senobas adaptirebadi xasiaTi unda hqondes~. fardulis Sinaarsobriv datvirTvasTan dakavSirebiT, batoni putsis midgoma iseTive ambiciuria, rogoric TviT Senoba. xelovnebis nimuSebis Seqmna da RonisZiebebis mowyoba or ZiriTad ideas daefuZneba. upirvelesad, fardulma saxelovnebo samyaros CarTuloba unda uzrunvelyos. fardulma aseve wamoiwyo proeqti, romelic yovel eqvs TveSi erTxel 50 artistis dafinansebas, sarepeticio da sakoncerto sivrciT maT uzrunvelyofas iTvaliswinebs. meore idea gulisxmobs axali artproeqtebis ganxorcielebisTvis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis artistTa Tavmoyras. 2019 wels ramdenime aseTi originaluri proeqtis dawyeba igegmeba. erT-erTi maTgani germaneli mxatvrisa da fotografis, gerhard rixteris, ori kompozitoris — amerikeli stiv reiCis da estoneli arvo piartis urTierTTanamSromlobis nayofi iqneba. proeqtis mizania Live-warmodgenis mowyoba `yurebisTvis, TvalebisTvis da gulisTvis~. xelovnebis moyvarulebi baton rixteris namuSevrebs daaTvaliereben da imavdroulad, specialurad Seqmnil musikalur kompoziciebs mousmenen. kidev erTi axali produqti kulturis anTropologis, morin mahonis kvlevas efuZneba. stiv makquini (gansakuTrebiT cnobilia, rogorc `monobis 12 welis~ reJisori) `amerikis saundtrekis~ Seqmnaze muSaobs. `es aris musika, romelmac samyaro Semoiara~, — ambobs qalbatoni mahoni. niu-iorks rom davubrundeT, farduli iqneba sivrce, sadac xelovnebas xelaxla aRmovaCenT. n

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me brals vdeb droa kulturuli apropriaciis sakiTxma simwvave dakargos endriu mileri, kulturis redaqtori, The Economist

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omani monobis, Teatraluri warmodgena devnilebis an filmi homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb: sensitiuri, umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli Tematikis amsaxveli xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, romlebic 2019 wels aurzaurs gamoiwveven. ufro naklebad Tematikis gamo da ufro metad TviT artistebis gamo (TeTrkaniani romanisti an heteroseqsuali reJisori). kulturuli apropriaciis garSemo xangrZlivi dava kulminacias miaRwevs. karl uve knausgoris moculobiTi avtobiografiuli romanis, `Cemi brZola~, bolo tomis gamocema 2018 wlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi literaturuli movlena iyo. sakuTari cxovrebis aRweris gamo, baton nausgords safrTxe daemuqra: gaCnda ojaxis wevrebis eqspluataciis braldebebi da ganawyenebuli naTesavebisgan sasamarTloSi Civilis muqara. samagierod, aravin ambobda, rom knausgorma misgan gansxvavebuli adamianebis istoriebis miTviseba (apropriacia) moaxdina.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mravalferovani literaturuli gemovnebis mqone mwerlebs gamomcemlebi da negatiuri mimomxilvelebi kritikis qar-cecxlSi atareben. 2016 wels Tavisi gaxmaurebuli gamosvlisas, laionel Sraiverma aRniSna, rom mwerlebs `vuaeristuli, kleptomaniakaluri da prezumpciuri~ xasiaTi bunebrivad aqvT. mas imedi hqonda, rom kulturili apropriaciis garSemo atexili aurzauri mxolod droe-

xelovnebisa da literaturis azri, rac sxvaTa cxovrebisa da perspeqtivebis axsnaSi mdgomareobs, mTlianad daikargeba

yovel sityvaze gamokideba mkvidri enebis gacocxlebis mcdelobebi gaaqtiurdeba melisa heikikia, redaqtoris asistenti, The World in 2019

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odesac ena kvdeba, samyaros aRqmis erTi unikaluri saSualebac ikargeba. bevri mkvidri enisTvis dro iwureba. eqspertebis SefasebiT, dedamiwaze daaxloebiT 6700 enaze saubroben. maTi 40% SesaZloa saukunis bolomde gaqres. gaerom 2019 weli mkvidri enebis saerTaSoriso wlad gamoacxada da am safrTxisadmi yuradRebis mipyrobas cdilobs. neli tempiT, magram mainc, problemis mogvarebisTvis, qveynebi ufro meti resursis mobilizebas axdenen.

2019 wlis oqtomberSi, kanadaSi mkvidri enebis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba igegmeba. eskimosebisa da metisebis sasaubro 65 enas kanada oficialurad aRiarebs da maTi swavlebisTvis resursebsac gamoyofs. 1880-1996 wlebSi kanadaSi saxelmwifo skolainternatebi funqcionirebda, sadac mkvidri eTnikuri warmomavlobis bavSvebs mSobliur enaze saubrisTvis fizikurad sjidnen (maT Soris — eleqtroSokebis gamoyenebiT).

biTi axireba iqneboda. es ase ar aRmoCnda. winaaRmdegobebi mxolod prozauli nawarmoebebiT ar Semoifargleba: TeTri amerikeli poeti, romelic afroamerikul slengs iyenebs; Sou monrealSi, sadac TeTrkaniani momRerlebi monaTmflobelobis Temaze mRerian; ingliseli Sefmzareuli, romelic Tavis saqmianobaSi iamaikur motivebs iyenebs; tradiciul Cinur samosSi gamowyobili studenti iutadan...

2018 wels am yvelaferma Twitter-Si didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia. msgavs qcevas artistebisTvis legitimuri axsna aqvs — SemoqmedebiTi Ziebisa da damyayebuli stereotipebisgan gaTavisuflebis survili. gansxvavebuli adamianebis an adgilmdebareobis asaxvis inteleqtualur kolonializmad Seracxva normaluri movlena ar aris. mamakacis mier qalis Sinagani samyaros asaxvis akrZalva niSnavs, rom `madam bovari~ da `ana karenina~ ar unda arsebobdnen. sad gadis zRvari? tiudorebis msaxuris, tomas kromvelis Sesaxeb, hilari mantelis trilogiis daskvniTi nawili aucileblad gamoicema (wina tomebma bukeris premia daimsaxura). kromvelis cxovrebisa da tragikuli bedis apropriaciaSi qalbatoni manteli jer ar daudanaSaulebiaT. Tumca, SesaZloa es drois sakiTxi iyos. dogmas bolomde Tu ganvaviTarebT, batoni knausgoris midgoma (sakuTari Tavis asaxva) erTaderTi swori gza iqneba. xelovnebisa da literaturis azri, anu sxvaTa cxovrebisa da perspeqtivebis axsna, mTlianad daikargeba. am artistuli sasowarkveTis miRma ufro Rrma, adamianuri sasowarkveTa imaleba. dogmis mixedviT, adamianebi imdenad gansxvavebulebi arian, rom erTmaneTis gageba da gamocdilebis gaziareba ar SeuZliaT. sakmarisia. 2019 wels vnebaTaRelva isev iqneba, magram kulturuli apropriaciis Sesaxeb Civilebma simwvave unda dakargos.

`mkvidri enebis aRorZinebisTvis, Cven imdenive Zalisxmevis xilva gvsurs, ramdenic kanadam am enebis amoZirkvisTvis ar daiSura~, — ambobs peri bel-gardi, kanadel indielTa asambleis xelmZRvaneli. enis oficialuri aRiareba mkvidri erebis kulturis aRorZinebis gzaze pirveli nabijia. am TvalsazrisiT, maorebis istoria warmatebis magaliTia. 1987 wels, axal zelandiaSi oficialurad aRiarebisas, mSobliur enas srulyofilad maori mosaxleobis mxolod 20%-mde flobda. dRes maorebis enas gaqrobis saSiSroeba aRar emuqreba. meore nabiji am enebis swavlebaa. am mxriv, axali teqnologiebi damxmared gvevlineba. Duolingo popularuli saswavlo-lingvisturi aplikaciaa. axlaxan mis katalogs havaisa da navahos enebic daemata. organizacia BASAbali balis enaze mosaubre soflis mosaxleobas Facebook-is meSveobiT ukavSirdeba. `Tqvi es saamis enaze~ onlainleqsikonia, romelic gavrcelebul Tanamedrove Jargons CrdiloeT evropis saamis xalxis enaze Targmnis. enebis gadarCenas maTi damcvelebi esaWiroeba. balize Cinovnikebs paraskevobiT adgilobrivi enis gamoyenebas sTxoven. gaeros mier mkvidri enebis wlis gamocxadeba saTaves daudebs axal proeqtebs, romlebic aTasobiT enas gaqrobisgan gadaarCenen. 2019 wlis gamowveva yuradRebis mipyroba da saubris dawyeba iqneba. n

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aqtioruli TamaSis wre sanaxavi ufro meti iqneba, vidre odesme gvinaxavs reiCel loidi, prosperos blogis redaqtori, The Economist

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zeTunaxavi da urCxulis~ (1991 w.) mTavari gmiri, gogona beli, axali wignis SesarCevad soflis wignebis maRaziaSi midis. bolo vizitis Semdeg, maRaziaSi wignebi ar ganaxlebula. beli ubralod lurj ydaSi gaxveul toms iTxovs. `Sen xom es ukve orjer waikiTxe~, — ekiTxeba gamyidveli, — `ho, magram es Cemi sayvarelia~, — miugebs beli. es fraza mTlianad am zRapris mimzidvelobas SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs. uolt disneis kompania ukve didi xania mayureblebs amgvari istoriebiT ajadoebs. Tayvanismcemlebs drodadro maTi ganmeorebiTi xilvac axarebT (iseve, rogorc bels sayvareli wignis gadakiTxva). Sesabamisad, am jadosnuri istoriebis kinorimeiqebs gasul wlebSi Tavbrudamxvevi warmateba xvdaT. Zveli, sayvareli animaciebi ukve kinoekranebze samsaxiobo xelovnebisa da kompiuteruli grafikis gamoyenebiT cocxldeba. 2017 wels `mzeTunaxavisa da urCxulis~ kinoversiac gamovida, ema uotsonis, iuen makgregorisa da ema tompsonis monawileobiT. filmma kinogaqiravebiT 1.3 mlrd dolaris Semosavali moitana da im wlis meore yvelaze maRalSemosavliani filmi gaxda. erTi wliT adre, ekranebze gamosulma `junglebis wignma~ (originaluri versia — 1967 w.) 967 mln dolari

2019 mokled ivlisSi, niderlandebis muzeumSi, rembrandtis namuSevris, `Ramis guSagis~ restavracia daiwyeba. muzeumis stumrebs restavraciis procesis xilvis saSualeba eqnebaT. igegmeba mravalwliani samuSaos LIVEtranslaciac

Seagrova da wlis Semosavliani filmebis reitingSi me-5 adgili daikava. filmebma kritikosTa aRiarebac moipova: Rotten Tomatoes-s mixedviT (saiti filmebis Sefasebebis agregacias axdens), `junglebis wignis~ Sefasebebis 95% dadebiTi iyo. rasakvirvelia, Disney am kursis gagrZelebas apirebs. 2019 wels dRis sinaTles kidev sami srulmetraJiani filmi ixilavs: `dambo~ — martSi, `aladini~ — maisSi da `mefe lomi~ — ivlisSi. winamorbedebis msgavsad, am proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad, varskvlavuri reJisorebi (tim bartoni — `dambo, gai riCi — `aladini~) da msaxiobebi SeirCnen (`mefe lomis~ personaJebs donald gloveri da bionse gaaxmovaneben). warmoebaSi aseve CaeSveba: `mulani~, `Tinker beli~, `fifqia da Svidi juja~, `rouz redi~ da `piter peni~. axali versia gacilebiT meti unda iyos, vidre Zvelis gameoreba. rimeikebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba da uaxlesi teqnologiebi. qalbatonma uotsonma misi personaJisTvis (gogona beli) meti TviTmyofadoba moiTxova — `qali, romlis rogorc misabaZi magaliTis, gansaxierebas movisurveb~. `junglebis wignis~ gadaRebisas, ion favrom novatoruli, fotorealisturi vizualuri efeqtebi gamoiyena. es meTodi `mefe lomze~ muSaobisas aseve aqtualuri iqneba. zRaprebi SesaZloa Zveli iyos, magram marjve xelebis mcdelobebiT, isini axal jadosnur samyarod aRiqmebian. n

portretebi da mxatvari qalebi renesansisa da barokos epoqis mxatvari qalebi yuradRebis centrSi moeqcevian imogen uaiti, redaqtoris asistenti, wignebi da xelovneba, The Economist

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Tulia mas Tvali mowyvitoT. kargad ganaTebul saxelosnoSi londonis erovnuli galereis wamyvani restavratori, lari keiti artemizia jentileskis avtoportretis aRdgenaze muSaobs. jentileski pirveli qali iyo, romelmac me17 saukunis florenciaSi Accademia delle Arti del Disegno-s (samxatvro akademia) kari SeaRo. sakuTari Tavi tiloze man qalwulTa mfarveli wmindanis, borbalze wamebuli gauTxovari katerinas saxiT gamosaxa. jentileski TviTonac wamebis msxverpli iyo. romSi misi gaupatiurebis saqmis 7-Tviani ganxilvisas, artemizias TiTebi tkivilamde mWidrod hqonda erTmaneTze gadaWdobili. igi am dros agostino tasis winaaRmdeg Cvenebas aZlevda. tasim Tavisi mowafe, jentileski 17 wlis asakSi gaaupatiura. mkacri, magram mSvidi mzera uaRresad metyvelia. baton keits TiTqosda TviT tilos avtori akvirdeba, raTa man 400 wlis qmnileba ar daazianos. erovnulma galeream namuSevari 3.6 mln girvanqad (4.7 mln dolari) SeiZina. `avtoportreti, rogorc wminda katerina aleqsandrieli~ mxatvari qalis mier Sesrulebuli mxolod 21-e tiloa, romelic galereis 2300-namuSevrian koleqcias daamSvenebs. restavraciis Semdeg, 2019 wlis dasawyisSi, avtopor-

artemizias namuSevari

treti karavajos namuSevrebis gverdiT gamoifineba. momaval wels yuradRebis centrSi kidev erTi xelovani qalbatoni moeqceva. 2019 wlis oqtombris TveSi, muzeumSi `santa maria novela~ (florencia) plautila nelis restavrirebuli namuSevari — `ukanaskneli vaxSami~ gamoifineba. nelim — dominikelma monazonma, imden mfarvels mihyida Tavisi tiloebi, rom me-16 saukunis xelovnebis istorikosma, jorjo vazarim aRniSna: `yvela maTganis moxsenieba damRleli iqneboda~. aseve oqtombris TveSi, madridis `pradoSi~ soponisba angisolas namuSevrebi gamoifineba (miqelanjelos mowafe 90 wlis asakSi mefe filipe I I -s karis mxatvari iyo). iqve, lavinia fontanas Semoqmedebac iqneba warmodgenili (qalbatoni, romelic 11-jer iyo orsulad, ori papis mfarvelobiT sargeblobda da erT-erTi pirveli mdedrobiTi sqesis mxatvari gaxldaT, da romelmac tiloze gaSiSvlebuli qali gamosaxa). epoqaSi, rodesac qali mxolod dedis rolSi ganixileboda, am mxatvrebma `TavianTi statusis, rogorc qalis, Sesaxeb xmamaRali ganacxadi xelovnebis meSveobiT gaakeTes~, — ambobs jil burki, edinburgis universitetis xelovnebis istoriis leqtori. nelim Tavisi droisaTvis radikaluri nabiji gadadga — sakuTar namuSevarze xelmowera daitana Semdegi mowodebiT: `iloceT mxatvrisaTvis~.

2019 wels bevri Tayvanismcemeli asec moiqceva.

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leonardo da vinCi 2019 wels stumrobs fermweris axlad aRmoCenili Canawerebis rveulSi, romelic gardacvalebamde (2 maisi 1519) ramdenime TviT adre Seqmna, leonardo 2019 wels Tavis mogzaurobas aRwers, rogorc mistikur droSi mogzauri leonardo da vinCi — adamiani renesansis epoqidan, niu-iorki, palo alto, parizi da Sanxai.

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2019 mokled safrangeTSi Le Pass Culture-s programa iwyeba.

18 wlis axalgazrdebs 500 evros (580 amerikuli dolaris) kreditis miRebis saSualeba eqnebaT. Tanxa kulturis RonisZiebebs an sagnebs unda moxmardes — wignebi, filmebi, kompaqtdiskebi, koncertebi da a.S.

dinareSi wyals rom Seexebi, es boloa, ramac Caiara da pirveli, rac modis. asea Cveni awmyoc, magram dRes Cems saxelosnos ucnauri stumari ewvia, TiTqos arsaidan gaCnda. sxva droebis mkvidri imiT erToba, rom adamianebs Soreul droSi amogzaurebs, magram saidumlod, radgan sakuTari xalxisgan es akrZaluli aqvs. man didsulovnad SemomTavaza 500 wliT momavalSi gamgzavreba, Tuki amas saidumlod Sevinaxav. karg adamians axlis Secnoba mudam surs. ase rom, mis winadadebas davTanxmdi. stumarma miTxra, rom ubralo tansacmliT unda Sevimoso. unda moviqce rogorc brZeni, romelic mravali welia ganmartoebiT cxovrobs da adamianebTan saubars gaurbis. man SuSis Savi marTkuTxa naWeri da yurze sabnevi gadmomca. es ukanaskneli ucxo enaze saubars CemTvis sruliad gasagebs xdis. Tu es SuSis naWeri mudmivad CemTan iqneba, Cemi xilva momavlis adamianebs ar gaakvirvebT. ucnaur manqanebs adamianebi SeumCnevlad da Tvalis daxamxamebaSi samyaros Soreul kuTxeebSi gadahyavT. Cemma stumarma ase wamiyvana SanxaiSi — qalaqi Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveyana CineTSi. aseve vimogzaure niu-iorkSi — qveyanaSi dasavleTis mxares, romelsac amerigo vespuCis saxeli uwodes. aq saocari simaRlis SuSis Senobebi vixile, qvisa da aguris gareSe nagebi. zogierT maTganze feradi Suqebi moCans, TiTqosda sul sxva adgilebisken momzirali fanjrebi. am Senobebis zemoT, caSi, uamravi mfrinavi manqanaa, romlebsac adamianebic gadahyavT da nivTebic gadaaqvT. isini gansxvavdebian im manqanebisgan, romlebsac Cems sizmrebSi vxedavdi. CitebiviT da peplebiviT moZravi frTebi sulac ar aqvT. imisaTvis, rom ifrinon, navTismagvari siTxe sWirdebaT da miwaze dabrunebisas am siTxiT ikvebebian, rogorc lampa navTiT. am diadi qalaqebis Senobebs Soris uTvalavi rkinis etli daqris, romlebsac cxenebi ar sWirdebaT. es manqanebic navTiT ikvebebian. isini mTlianad rkinisani ar arian, ucnaurad msubuqi da drekadi masalebic ureviaT. es ucnauri masala mtkicea, magram nebismieri forma da feri SeiZleba miiRos. misgan uamrav sxvadasxva nivTs amzadeben.

Suqs, romelic Senobebs alamazebs, navTi ar sWirdeba. amisaTvis sxva, uxilavi siTxe gamoiyeneba, romelic rkinis TokebSi miedineba. es rkinis Tokebi ucnaur masalaSia gaxveuli. uxilavi siTxiT Rumelebi Tbeba da SeSa sulac ar aris saWiro. kidev, am siTxis meSveobiT, SenobebSi kibeebi da rkinis yuTebic moZraoben da adamianebi gadahyavT. barbiTis an sxva sakravis xma imdenad Zlierdeba, rom erTad Sekrebil zRva xalxsac ki esmis. magram CemTvis yvelaze gasaocari mesame siTxea, romelic uxilavad haerSi miedineba. misi wyalobiT, naxatebi, werilebi da xma SuSis patara marTkuTxa naWrebze aisaxeba. aseTi SuSa samyaroSi mcire fanjarasaviTaa, sagnebs ise asaxavs, rom vercerTi ferweruli tilo ver Seedreba. imdenad momnusxvelia es pata-

ra SuSa, rom adamianebi mudmivad Cahyureben. ferwera erTaderTi aRar aris, romelic bunebis xilul xatebas qmnis. rogorc sarkea upirvelesi, yvelaze zusti mxatvroba, es nivTic sarkesaviTaa, romelic sagnebs uzustesad asaxavs.

Cven kaliforniis miwasac vewvieT. aq vnaxeT mfrinavi manqana, romelic sagnebs caSi cecxlis svetze atyorcnis. es sagnebi zecaSi rCebian da dedamiwas garSemo mTvaresaviT uvlian. am manqanis gamomgonebelma etlic Seqmna, romelic TviTmarTvadia. Zalian mindoda misi gacnoba, magram Cemi stumari SiSobs, rom SeZlebs da amomicnobs. rogorc Cans, Cemi saxeli, saxe da namuSevrebi am droSi daviwyebuli ar aris. didi pativia, rom bevr Cems ideas frTebi Seasxes, Tanac iseTi sagnebiTa da masalebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb Cems droSi araferi smeniaT. erTi aseTi idea iyo mfrinavi manqana mbrunavi frTebiT an Tundac aparati wyalqveS sunTqvisTvis. aseve didi pativia CemTvis, rom sakuTari naxatebi uaRresad dafasebuli maqvs.

Sin dabrunebamde parizs vewvie, sadac Cemi `jokonda~ metad sapatio adgilas gamoufeniaT. amaze maxsendeba, rom naxati aucileblad unda davasrulo. n gaSifrulia da Targmnilia tom stendeijis mier. redaqtori, The Economist

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TviT ubraloeba aswlovani bauhauzis mudmivi eleganturoba barbara beki, specialuri ambebis redaqtori, The Economist

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orma funqciisgan gamomdinareobs~ — es fraza mWidrod daukavSirda „bauhauzs“, xelovnebisa da dizainis germanul skolas, romelsac 1919 wlis aprilSi arqiteqtorma valter gropiusma daudo saTave. axali skolisTvis Tavis manifestSi gropiusma arqiteqtorebs, mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs `ostatobis safuZvlebTan dabrunebisken~ da `momavlis axali Senobis Sesaqmnelad~ gaerTianebisken mouwoda. „bauhauzis“ 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, festivalebi, gamofenebi da sxvadasxva RonisZieba ara marto germaniaSi ewyoba. am RirsSesaniSnav movlenas msoflios bevr qveyanaSi aRniSnaven, maT Soris: CineTSi, iaponiaSi da braziliaSi. sam germanul qalaqSi, sadac skola warmatebiT dafuZnda, sami axali muzeumi ixsneba. mizani aris Cveneba imisa, rom skolis revoluciuri dizaineruli ideebi kvlav aqtualuria. uSualod skola SedarebiT mcire zomis iyo (sul 150 studenti) da mxolod 14 weli iarseba. Tavdapirvelad, skola qalaq vaimarSi funqcionirebda. 1925 wels dasauSi gadaitanes, xolo 1932 wels — berlinSi. radikaluri ideebis gamo, skola mudmivad xelisuflebis politikuri zemoqmedebis pirobebSi muSaobda. xelmZRvanelis postze gropiusis Semdeg kidev ori arqiteqtori muSaobda — hans meieri da ludvig mais van der rohi. 1933 wels, nacistebis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi, skolam saqmianobis Sewyvetis gadawyvetileba miiRo. „bauhauz“ (Bauhaus) sityvasityviT `mSeneblobis saxls~ niSnavs. gropiusis manifestis mixedviT, `nebismieri xelovnebis saboloo daniSnuleba mSeneblobaa~. xanmokle arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, skolam arqiteqtorebis garda, sxvadasxva sferoSi momuSave uamravi SesaniSnavi artisti da dizaineri miizida — dawyebuli grafikiT da damTavrebuli Teatris avejis dizainiT. maT Soris iyvnen pol klee, iozef albersi, vasili kandinski, laslo mooli-negi, laionel finingeri, oskar Slemeri da marsel breu. am artistebs inovaciebisken swrafvis, eqsperimentebisa da samyaros xelaxali gaazrebis idea aerTianebdaT. maTi ZalisxmeviT, arqiteqtura da dizaini Tavis safuZvlebamde gamartivda. aqcentebma racionalizmze, funqciurobaze gadainacvla. ornamentuli gaformeba faqtobrivad uaryofili iyo.

maRali xarisxisa da produqtis xelmisawvdomobis misaRwevad, ostatoba umniSvnelovanesi gaxldaT. Tumca, masobrivi warmoebac did rols asrulebda. nawarmis mdgradobaze fokusirebiT, „bauhauzis“ mimdevrebma sakuTar dros gadauswres. xelovneba, xeloba da teqnologiebi gaerTianda. skolas uzarmazari gavlena hqonda (daxurvis Semdegac ki). aq ucxoeli studentebisa da profesuris SesaniSnavi kontingenti mudmivad iyo. isini skolas axali, inovaciuri ideebiT amdidrebdnen. skolis Semdeg, ucxoelebi samSobloSi kidev ufro meti codniT aRWurvilebi brundebodnen. daxurvis Semdeg, bevr studentsa da profesors germaniis datoveba mouwia. zogs imis gamo, rom ebraeli iyo, an maTi samuSao aikrZala, rogorc Entartete Kunst („gadagvarebuli xelovneba“). germaniis iZulebiT datovebis Semdeg, bevrma artistma aSS-s miaSura da prestiJul saswavleblebSi gaagrZela saqmianoba (magaliTad, harvardis universiteti). „bauhauzelebma“ TavianTi codna amerikel axalgazrdebs gauziares da maTTvis STagonebis wyarod iqcnen. sxvebma Tavi israels Seafares. 1930-ian wlebSi, germanelma ebraelma arqiteqtorebma TeTri qalaqi Tel-avivi daaproeqtes, sadac „bauhauzis“ stilSi 4000-ze meti Senobaa (yvelaze msxvili koncentracia msoflioSi). Tel-avivi axla UNESCO-s kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglTa nusxaSia. „bauhauzis“ zogierTi mimdevari germaniaSi darCa da saqmianoba omis Semdgom gaagrZela. bauhauzis stilSi daproeqtebuli Senobebi dRemde Tanamedroved gamoiyureba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas skolis yvelaze mTavar da grZelvadian warmatebaze — avejisa da yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebis dizainze. broieris `vasilis savarZlebi~ da mis van der roes `barselonas savarZlebi~ mTel msoflioSi uamravi korporaciis ofisebs amSvenebs. 1923-1924 wlebSi iozef hartvigis mier Seqmnil Wadrakis dafaze bazarze kvlavac didi moTxovnaa (maRal safaso segmentSi). kritikosebi amboben, rom „bauhauzi“ ufro metad iyo orientirebuli sagnis formasa da stilze da naklebad adamianebze — am sagnebis momxmareblebze. es simarTlea. „bauhauzis“ sworkuTxa Seminuli saxlebi simyudroviT namdvilad ar gamoirCeva, magram „bauhauzelebis“ mizani momxmareblebze orientirebuli dizainis Seqmna ar yofila — maT samyaros Secvla surdaT da es SeZles kidec. n

2019 mokled san migel de aliende — meqsikis istoriuli qalaqi, amerikis kontinentis kulturis dedaqalaqia. jildos miReba 45 qveyanaSi 2 mln dolaris Rirebulebis sareklamo kampaniis dafinansebasac niSnavs. es qalaqSi turistebis raodenobas kidev ufro gazrdis. san migel de aliendes `msoflioSi saukeTeso patara qalaqs~ uwodeben

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warsulidan afeTqeba berlinSi

2 humboldtis forumis damfuZnebeli da direqtori, neil makgregori varaudobs, rom germaniis didi muzeumi sazogadoebrivi debatebis dawyebas Seuwyobs xels

019 wlis 14 seqtembers berlinis quCebs safestivalo musikis hangebi moefineba.

Tanamedrove ekologiis mamis, aleqsandre humboldtis 250-e dabadebis dRis aRsaniSnavad, inteleqtualuri elitis warmomadgenlebi Seikribebian. isini sazeimo viTarebaSi uzarmazar Senobas gaxsnian, romelsac `humboldtis forumi~ ewodeba. es iqneba samuzeumo kompleqsi, sadac qalaq berlinisa da humboldtis universitetis kuTvnili koleqcia gamoifineba. Tumca, upirvelesad, eqspoziciaze saxelmwifo muzeumebSi (yofili prusiuli) daculi aziuri, amerikuli da afrikuli eqsponatebi moxvdeba. amasTan, forumi sxvadasxva gamofenis, warmodgenebis da (rac SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyos) sazogadoebrivi debatebis centric iqneba. maSin, roca diadi luvri frangebis kulturul ambiciebs ganaxorcielebs, humboldtis forumi msoflioSi germaniis rolze kiTxvebs warmoSobs (zogjer uxerxuls). germaneli politikosebi am kiTxvebs ar gaurbian. axali forumic swored amisTvis Sendeba. humboldtis forumi pativs miagebs evropis erT-erT udides mecniers. aseve, igi germanuli Erinnerungskultur-is („xsovnis kultura“) winaaRmdegobrivi eqspansiis gamoxatulebaa — mudmivi sazogadoebrivi diskusia istoriis bneli periodebis Sesaxeb. germania amas mSvenivrad axerxebs. nacizmis tirania da gdr-is brutaloba ise safuZvlianad da Riad aris Seswavlili, rom maTi gakveTilebi germanuli politikuri diskursis nawilia. gaCnda moTxovna, rom germanuli saxelmwifos araadamianurobis kidev erTi etapic iyos ganxiluli: kaizeris kolonializmi afrikaSi. forumi am ganxilvisTvis mTavari arena iqneba.

istoriuli mniSvneloba

2015 wlidan 2018 wlis ivnisamde nil makgregori humboldtis forumis direqtori iyo. axla igi forumis saerTaSoriso mrCevelTa sabWos Tavmjdomarea. 2002-2015 wlebSi batoni makgregori britaneTis muzeums xelmZRvanelobda. igi gaxlavT avtori wignisa `cxovreba RmerTebTan erTad: rwmenisa da adamianebis Sesaxeb~ (Allen Lane, 2018).

amgvari simboluri datvirTva bevr Senobas ar gaaCnia. forumi germaniis dedaqalaqis uZveles centrSi mdebareobs. misi eqsterieri zusti rekonstruqciis Sedegia: Senobis sami fasadi prusiis mefeTa da kaizerebis sasaxlis zusti aslia. 2019 wlis seqtemberSi unter den lindenis quCis stumrebi verafriT mixvdebian, rom maT winaSe mdebare Senoba 1710 wels mefis mier agebuli da 1918 wels kaizer vilhelm I I -is mier mitovebuli sasaxle ar aris. sinamdvileSi, rogorc prusiuli militarizmis simbolo, sasaxle komunistebma 1952 wels daangries. mis adgilas liToniTa da SuSiT nagebi respublikis sasaxle aRmarTes. 1989 wlamde, sasaxleSi gdr-is marionetuli parlamenti muSaobda. aqve, aRmosavleT berlinis mcxovreblebs koncertebisTvis, cekvebisTvis da boulingisTvis gamoyofil sivrceebs sTavazobdnen. respublikis sasaxle germaniis

gaerTianebis Semdeg daangries. barokos stilis sasaxlis aRdgenis Sesaxeb federaluri mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, berlins istoriuli Senoba daubrundeba. turistebisTvis es sasiamovno ambavia. arqiteqturis kritikosebi aRdgenil sasaxles ubralod, imitaciad aRiqvamen. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, es komunisturi germaniis apologetebis aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevs, romlebic amas gdr-is memkvidreobaze triumfatori dasavleTis SurisZiebis aqtad monaTlaven. sasaxlis interieri kidev ufro meti kamaTis safuZveli gaxdeba. kaizeris sasaxlis am rekonstruqciaSi koloniur epoqaSi mopovebuli mravali nivTi iqneba warmodgenili. iseve, rogorc sxva evropeli kolonizatorebi, ger-

humboldtis forumi warsulsa da momavals apirispirebs mania afrikaSi eqspropriaciis, mkvlelobebisa da eqspluataciis praqtikas iyenebda. 1905-1907 wlebis maji-majis ajanyeba tanganikaSi sisxlSi CaaxSves (gadamwvari miwis taqtika). msxverplis raodenobam 250 aTass miaRwia. namibiaSi, germanuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi namasa da hereros eTnikur jgufebs meTodurad udabnoSi aZevebdnen, riTac SimSilisTvis da sikvdilisTvis wiravdnen. axla es me-20 saukunis pirvel genocidad ganixileba, iseve, rogorc germaniis pirveli nabiji msoflio omebamde da holokostamde. germanuli kolonializmis danaSaulTa Sefaseba sazogadoebaSi aqtualuri gaxda. bevri am faqtebs nacizmis sisastikes adarebs da Sesabamis midgomas moiTxovs. kolonializmTan asocirebuli eqsponatebi im sasaxlis aslSi gamoifineba, romelSic kaizerma pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba gamoacxada. bevri adamianis mier es provokaciad aRiqmeba da Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi debatebis sagani gaxdeba. sakiTxi mxolod istoriul wiaRsvlebs rodi exeba. ras moaswavebs es Tanamedrove germaniisTvis, evropisa da afrikis urTierTobis konteqstSi? warsuli codvebisTvis germaniam reparaciebi unda gasces? unda daubrundes Tu ara mitacebuli faseulobebi Zvel, kanonier mflobelebs? ras niSnavs es imigraciis konteqstSi? humboldtis forumi warsulsa da momavals apirispirebs. am procesSi gamoTqmuli argumentebi kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom Tanamedrove germanias Tavisi warsulis gulwrfeli, obieqturi Sefaseba swadia, gansxvavebiT safrangeTisgan (Tavisi alJiruli istoriiT) da inglisisgan (irlandiuri istoriiT). daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas — germanias surs gansxvavebuli iyos.

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saerTo zRva glova erTi evropuli ideis dasamarebis gamo en rou, nekrologis redaqtori, The Economist

2

016 wlis 24 ivniss, paraskevs, saseqsis sanapiros Tavze mzem amoanaTa. amave dros, Sokismomgvreli axali ambavic gavrcelda. kontinenturi evropisa da britaneTis gamyofi srutis sigane sul raRac 60 milia, magram es manZili ucabedad TiTqosda 600 milad gadaiqca.

SeTanxmebebi zogjer irRveva da aliansebic iSleba, magram ris dasabams moaswavebda es dRe da riT dasruldeba es yvelaferi 2019 wels, rTuli saTqmelia. es ar iyo gansakuTrebiT naTeli momavlis imedi evrokavSiridan gasvlis momxreTaTvis da arc sayovelTao aRtyinebis gamoxatuleba, rogorc masobrivi, saxalxo gamosvlebis dros. britaneTs evropul ojaxSi yovelTvis frTxili, zogjer gaRizianebuli pozicia hqonda da gancalkevebiT idga. rogorc Cans, is, rac referendumis dros `gardaicvala~, bevrad fundamenturi xasiaTis iyo — erTiani sivrcis aRqma. danakargi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved igrZnoba britaneTisa da kontinenturi evropis damakavSirebel la-manSis napirebze. miuvali kldeebi da daculobis grZnoba sanapiro zolisa da istoriis ganuyofeli, magram mcire nawilia. bevrad mniSvnelovania srutis gaswvriv mdebare mdinaris SesarTavebi, qviSiani napirebi Tu yvela sxva is adgili, sadac adamianebs fexis dadgma SeuZliaT. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi asec xdeboda — normanebi pevensiSi, plantagenetebi normandiaSi, iparavdnen, sesxulobdnen an yidulobdnen yovelive maTTvis Rirebuls. Sekavebisa da SesaZleblobebis, uaryofisa da Tanxmobis nazavi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ormxrivad yalibdeboda. es urTierTkavSiri, ukve ganviTarebuli saxiT, me-20 saukunis Sua wlebSi yvelasTvis misaRebi gaxda. xangrZlivi, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse urTierTobebis istoria daviwyebuli ar aris: saseqsSi gaZarcvuli da gadamwvari eklesiebis gamo, frangebs dRemde adanaSauleben. meore mxriv, safrangeTis samxreTdasavleTSi mdebare uamrav kldesa Tu xevs inglisel momxvdurTa saxeliT moixsenieben. napoleonis jarebisagan Tavdasacavad, inglisis sanapiro zolze aRmarTuli martelos koSkebidan qvemexebi kvlav safrangeTisken imzireba. Tumca aqve, frang stumrebs CaiTa da namcxvrebiT gulTbilad umaspinZldebian. kontinentidan vizitorebs inglisSi xSirad uwodeben ubralod `iqidan~ Camosulebs. am dros, manZilis aRqma praqtikulad ar arsebobs. matarebel Eurostar-is mgzavrebi zRvisqveSa marSrutsa da pa-de-kales peizaJebs ukve mieCvivnen da es rutinul mgzavrobad aRiqmeba.

ase axlos da ase Sors siaxlove cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. sazRvao napiris gamagreba — kedlebis aRmarTva da sapolicio ZalebiT srulad gakontroleba, SeuZlebelia. am WeSmaritebis naTeli dadasturebaa me-18 saukunis kondrabandistebis, iseve, rogorc mogvianebiT migranti kontrabandistebis regularuli mimosvla kontinentsa da kunZulebs Soris. sanapiro dacva yovelTvis pirobiTi cneba iyo. gamyofi wylebis dasaxelebac am siaxloves usvams xazs: srute, anu arxi — TiTqosda orive mxaris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT gayvanili. la Manche, rogorc kargi qurTukis unaklo

mxareebi erTmaneTis anareklebi iyvnen

saxelo. metic — inglisis sanapiros TeTri kldeebis mwvervalidan danaxul Belle Tout-is Suquras, ganumeorebeli silamazis gamo, adgilobrivebi franguladac ki miiCneven. saerTo sivrce bunebrivad gardaiqmneba saerTo miznebad da miswrafebebad. iseve, rogorc sivrce, SuqCrdilebic saziaro iyo, Tanac momxiblav da ara dapirispirebis konteqstSi. franguli da britanuli sanapiroebi erTmaneTis anareklebs warmoadgendnen. ingliselebis aRqmiT, mones ferwerul tiloebze gamosaxuli franguli sanapiros Crdilebi arasworad aris naCvenebi. meore mxriv, frangebis azriT, samxreT inglisis sanapiro zedmetad ganaTebuli Cans. magram am tiloebis ZiriTadi ferebi da SuqCrdilebi (mzian dReebSic ki, odnav nacrisferi da nisliani), mizanscenis Sesabamisi iyo: qarSi daCiavebuli xeebi, ruxi qviT nagebi saxlebi, Tbilad Cacmuli moseirneebi. zRvis xedebic aseve nacnobi da axlobeli iyo, Tavisi momcro zomis talRebiT, romlebSic caSi molivlive Rrublebi irekleba (Rrublebi, romlebic aranair sazRvrebs ar cnoben). kontinenturi evropis (romelsac didwilad safrangeTi ganasaxierebda) da inglisis (mogvianebiT — britaneTis) urTierToba yovelTvis waagavda sarkeebis TamaSsa da Tavbrudamxvev cekvebs. am urTierTobas namdvilad araferi hqonda saerTo indiferentulobasa da manZilis aRqmasTan. moqiSpe tomebi mudmivad gadaadgildebodnen, jgufdebodnen da ikribebodnen, yovelTvis darwunebulebi imaSi, rom erT mSvenier dRes SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT dainaxavdnen erTmaneTs sapirispiro napirebze. referendumma Secvala is, rom erT-erTma mxarem, nebayoflobiT da enTuziazmiT, am urTierTobebis Sewyvetis survili gamoxata. Tumca, zRva da haeri kvlavac saziaroa.

2018 wels saseqsis sanapiro zolidan 8 milis daSorebiT, 116 turbinis mqone qaris giganturi eleqtrosadguri aSenda. RamiT sadguris wiTeli Suqebi horizontze moCans. mzian dReebSi, Soridan igi rkinis bariers waagavs. uxilavi, magram realuri da mtkice axlad aRmarTuli barieri bevrad mniSvnelovania. Tu yvelaferi gegmis mixedviT wava, 2019 wlis 29 marti ideis gardacvalebis TariRi iqneba.

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TERRADA WAREHOUSE . B&C HALL

TERRADA WAREHOUSE . B&CTokyo HALL 2-1-3 Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, 2-1-3 Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo

msoflio 2019

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saqarTvelo seqcia momzadebulia `jorjia Tudei jgufis“ mier

GEORGIA TODAY

10 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac The Economist qarTul enaze pirvelad gamoica. momavlis yvelaze kompetenturi prognozi msoflioSi yvelaze avtoritetuli da gavleniani gamocemisgan, kvlav Tqven winaSea. imedi maqvs, `msoflio 2019~ kvlav moxvdeba qarTvel profesionalTa da liderTa xelSi, visTvisac mniSvnelovania globalur konteqstSi xedavdes saqarTvelos ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. tradiciulad, The Economist-is redaqtorebTan, wamyvan JurnalistebTan da kontributorebad mowveul msoflio liderebTan erTad, statiebis avtorTa ampluaSi qarTvel politikosebsa da biznesliderebsac SexvdebiT.

giorgi SaraSiZe gamomcemeli da generaluri menejeri `jorjia Tudei jgufi~

130 mamuka baxtaZe

141 fransua peSo

147 isa al baSa al noaimi

135 karl harceli

142 daviT feraZe

150 arCil bakuraZe

136 maia cqitiSvili

143 koka guncaZe

151 SoTa berekaSvili

137 giorgi qobulia

144 levan CikvaiZe

152 nino jiblaZe

138 ivane maWavariani

145 mixeil xidureli

153 irakli gogoliSvili

140 levan daviTaSvili

146 giorgi CogovaZe

154 qeTi kenkiSvili

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mamuka baxtaZe: ganaTlebis reforma grZelvadiani reformaa, magram Cveni TiToeuli moqalaqe unda darwmundes, rom es aris erTaderTi swori gza

nterviu saqarTvelos premierministr mamuka baxtaZesTan Cawerilia 2019 wlis 29 ianvars ekonomikur konferenciaze `saqarTvelo da msoflio 2019~

mamuka baxtaZe: saqarTvelos premierministri

giorgi SaraSiZe, Georgia Today: ramdenime dRis win dabrundiT Sveicariidan, sadac monawileoba miiReT davosis msoflio ekonomikur forumSi. es iyo davosSi Tqveni pirveli viziti qveynis premierministris rangSi. minda mogilocoT Sefaseba, romelic rogorc premierministrma, iseTi maRali rangis figurisgan miiReT, rogoricaa evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis prezidenti. man xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom saqarTvelom SeZlo gamxdariyo lideri regionSi da Seeqmna dinamikuri ekonomika, raSic piradad Tqveni, rogorc axalgazrda lideris, damsaxurebazec miuTiTa. rogor SeafasebdiT davosis ekonomikur forums da ra Sedegebs unda velodoT uaxloes momavalSi? rogorc cnobilia, ramdenime msxvil sainvesticio proeqtze ukve seriozulad midis saubari... mamuka baxtaZe, saqarTvelos premierministri: 2019 wlis davosis ekonomikuri forumi gansakuTrebulad warmatebuli iyo saqarTvelosTvis, ramdenime mizezis gamo: pirveli gaxlavT is, rom Cveni strategiis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, rogoricaa vaWroba, finansebi, logistika, turizmi da ganaTleba, regionis ekonomikur centrad, eko-

nomikuri mizidulobis centrad unda gadavaqcioT. es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani gzavnili da swored 2019 wlis davosis forumze miviReT Zalian dadebiTi ukukavSiri yvelasgan. mxedvelobaSi myavs yvela msxvili moTamaSe — rogorc biznesis, aseve politikuri moTamaSeebi. saqarTvelos aqvs yvela winapiroba, iyos warmatebuli am strategiis realizebaSi. meore, rac minda aRvniSno, Seexeboda ganxorcielebul da dagegmil reformebs, romelTa didma nawilma dadebiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura, rogorc ekonomikuri, ise demokratiuli transformaciis mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelo saukeTeso magaliTad mohyavT da amayi var, rodesac megobari qveynebi gvTxoven daxmarebas am mimarTulebiT. mesame mizezia is inovaciuri da sakmaod Tamami reformebi, romelTa ganxorcielebasac vapirebT. magaliTisTvis, kompaniebis onlainregistraciasa da sabanko angariSebis gaxsnis iniciativas moviyvan. saqarTvelosTvis strategiuli 30-ze meti qveynis moqalaqe SeZlebs am servisiT sargeblobas. minda aseve aRvniSno axali sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, romlis ganxilvac axla mimdinareobs da survili maqvs, male avamoqmedoT, radgan msxvil transnacionalur kompaniebs miecemaT saSualeba, mTavari ofisebi saqarTveloSi gaxsnan da regions saqarTvelos ofisebidan moemsaxuron. Cven maT gansakuTrebul sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs vTavazobT.

msoflio 2019

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igive SeTavazeba gveqneba maRalteqnologiuri kompaniebisTvisac, Tuki isini kvlevebisa da samrewvelo infrastruqturis nawils saqarTveloSi Seqmnian. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi qveynisTvis kritikulad mniSvnelovania, Tumca aseve umTavresia, wlidan wlamde izrdebodes pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis xarisxi, gansakuTrebiT maRali damatebiTi Rirebulebis Seqmnis potencialiT. Cven SemTxvevaSi ki es swored maRalteqnologiuri investiciaa. darwmunebuli var, rogorc ki sakanonmdeblo bazas davxvewT, gveqneba investiciebi maRal teqnologiebSi, maT Soris xelovnur inteleqtSic. ra Tqma unda, es yvelaferi ukve aisaxa davosSi gamarTuli molaparakebebisas. Cven ar gviwevda saubari erTi romeliRac seqtoris warmomadgenelTan, radgan saqarTvelo, rogorc sainvesticiod mimzidveli qveyana, ara mxolod erTi an ori seqtoris, aramed zogadad aq arsebuli sainvesticio klimatis gamo gaxda saintereso. Cven gvinda, mivaRwioT ekonomikur diversifikacias. saubaria samomxmareblo produqciaze, masStabur investiciebze ganaxlebad energetikaSi. es yvelaferi maZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom davosis 2019 wlis forumi gansakuTrebulad warmatebuli iyo saqarTvelosTvis. Tumca, roca erTi wlis Semdeg, 2020 wels kvlav CavalT forumze, ukve konkretuli magaliTebi unda CavitanoT, konkretuli SedegebiT unda warvdgeT msoflio liderebis winaSe da kidev ufro meti interesi unda gavaCinoT saqarTvelos mimarT. davosis ekonomikur forumze ramdenjerme gaiJRera saqarTvelos mier gaumjobesebulma maCveneblebma saerTaSoriso reitingebSi, romelTa Soris yvelaze warmatebuli msoflio bankis biznesis warmoebis reitingSi me-6 adgilze dawinaurebaa. Tumca, Tqven gaqvT gacilebiT ambiciuri gegma, rac ZiriTad saerTaSoriso reitingebSi saqarTvelos topxuTeulSi moxvedras iTvaliswinebs. ramdenad realuria es gegma da ra periodSi SeiZleba miaRwios saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan dawinaurebas ZiriTad saerTaSoriso reitingebSi? Doing Business-is reitingSi miRweulma aseTma warmatebam daadastura, rom Cven msgavsi ambiciuri amocanebis gadaWra SegviZlia da sxva saerTaSoriso reitingebSic gvaqvs imis resursi, rom wamyvan poziciebze viyoT warmodgenili. me-6 adgilze yofna msoflios yvelaze mniSvnelovan da prestiJul indeqsSi marTlac rom seriozuli warmatebaa. metic — Tu Cven gvaqvs ambicia da xedva, rom saqarTvelo unda iyos ekonomikuri mizidulobis centri, da bunebrivia, Cven es ambicia gvaqvs, Tu ar viqnebiT warmodgenili topxuTeulSi da zogierT reitingSi topsameulSic ki, Cven amas ver mivaRwevT. unda gvesmodes, rom ara mxolod regionul, aramed globalur konkurenciaSi varT CarTuli. Cven rom regionSi wamyvani qveyana varT, es ukve didi warmatebaa, magram rodesac vsaubrobT ekonomikuri mizidulobis centrze, aq laparakia ara mxolod regionul, aramed globalur konteqstSi. vfiqrob, Cven warmatebiT SevZlebT saqarTvelos ufro efeqtian integracias globalur konkurenciaSi. swored amitom aris mniSvnelovani, rom wamyvani reitingebis topxuTeulSi viyoT, xolo zogierT reitingSi topsameulSic ki. aqve minda xazi gavusva, rom es TviTmizani araa, esaa saSualeba, qveyanaSi davZlioT arsebuli ekonomikuri siZneleebi, romlis yvelaze mtkivneuli nawili siRaribea. minda davubrunde kidev erT saerTaSoriso donis reitings — msoflio bankis adamianuri kapitalis indeqss. am reitingSi Cven ver davikvexniT im SedegiT, romelic gvaqvs. saxelmwifos progresi grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi realurad ori mniSvnelovani kriteriumiT unda gavzomoT — ramdenad swrafad vamarcxebT siRaribes da ramdenad win miviwevT adamianuri kapitalis indeqsSi. 21-e saukune — es aris teqnologiuri revoluciebis saukune da aq adamianur kapitals gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. rodesac vsaubrobT ganaTlebis reformaze, swored es aris amosavali wertili. samwuxarod, ise moxda, rom bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, ganaTlebisa da ekonomikuri seqtorebi erTmaneTs ascda. Cveni ekonomikuri gamowvevebis erT-erTi mTavari wyaro swored es acdena gaxlavT. amitom Cveni ganaTlebis reformis amosavali wertili isaa, rom rac SeiZleba swrafad SevqmnaT iseTi adamianuri kapitali, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba 21-e saukuneSi. Rrmad mwams, adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebaSi Cven gvaqvs yvelaze didi potenciali, romelic ganviTarebuli ekonomikebis mqone qveyanaTa ricxvSi mogvaxvedrebs. es iqneba yvelaze rTuli da kompleqsuri reforma, romelic Cven gveqneba gasatarebeli.

2019 weli ganaTlebis reformis wlad gamoacxadeT, rac niSnavs imas, rom ganaTlebis seqtori unda gaxdes dominanti da misma wilma mTlian Sida produqtSi 10%-s unda gadaaWarbos. rac aseve mniSvnelovania, saqarTvelos ekonomika mTliani Sida produqtis 10dan 11 procentamde ganaTlebis xuTive doneze daxarjavs. ganaTlebaSi es saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebis mniSvnelovani zrdaa. aris Tu ara es sakmarisi da momavalSi ra nabijebis gadadgmas apirebT imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika iqces codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikad?

2019 wels Cven viwyebT ganaTlebis masStabur reformas, Tumca vfiqrob, Semdegi 20-30 weli aseve ganaTlebis wlebi unda iyos. es aris gasaRebi yvela problemis dasaZlevad, romelic dRes dgas saqarTvelos winaSe. aseve minda aRvniSno da ganmarteba gavakeTo, ratom vsaubrobT orniSna cifrze mTlian Sida produqtSi. esec martivi makroekonomikuri kvlevis Sedegia, romlis mixedviT, Tu ganaTlebas 10-11 an saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, 12% wili ar aqvs mTlian Sida produqtSi, aseT ekonomikas 21-e saukuneSi konkurenciis gaweva gauWirdeba. Sesabamisad, es araa cifri, romelic ubralod, lamazad JRers. es aris konkretul kvlevebze da Sefasebebze dayrdnobili martivi analizi. Cvenc aqedan amovdivarT. Cven vxedavT, rom dRevandel mocemulobas da im perspeqtivas Soris, romelSic unda viyoT, konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT, gvaqvs Zalian didi sxvaoba. am sxvaobis gamomwvevi mizezi ki swored ganaTleba gaxlavT. ganaTlebis reforma grZelvadiani reformaa, magram Cveni TiToeuli moqalaqe unda darwmundes, rom es aris erTaderTi swori gza. ganaTlebas mTlian Sida produqtSi minimum 10-11% unda hqondes ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, vin iqneba xelisuflebaSi. es erTaderTi swori gzaa. es aris amosavali wertili. Cven gvaqvs konkretuli gegma, Tu rogor unda ganvaxorcieloT ganaTlebis reforma. am gegmis nawili ukve warvadgineT, nawils gazafxulze warvadgenT, nawils — Semodgomaze. es unda gaxdes sajaro diskusiis sagani. rogor mivaRwevT amas? saWiroa amaze msjeloba, magram mizani unda iyos ualternativo. rodis SevZlebT amas? unda SevxedoT sxva warmatebuli qveynebis magaliTebs — mcire aziis qveynebs, romlebmac miaRwies warmatebas. Zalian momwons estoneTis magaliTi, aseve fineTis. Tu maT aviRebT orientirad, maSin albaT 10-wlian ciklze visaubrebT da Sedegs davelodebiT. roca vsaubrobT ekonomikis struqturis cvlilebaze, anu codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaze, amis iluzia arc Cven unda gvqondes da arc sazogadoebas unda

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SevuqmnaT. amas dasWirdeba garkveuli dro, magram es swored dResaa dasawyebi, da swored axla, vinaidan Cven unda viyoT mowinave eri, romelic 21-e saukunis gamowvevebs axal SesaZleblobad gadaaqcevs.

Tqven xSirad saubrobT samarTliani TamaSis wesebis damkvidrebis aucileblobaze. Warbvalianobis problemis gadaWrisken gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabiji — 600 aTasze meti moqalaqis normalur ekonomikur da socialur garemoSi dabruneba, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam fond `qarTusTan~ erTad ganaxorciela, am miznisken gadadgmul nabijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom siRaribis donis Semcireba da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, siRaribis damarcxeba ara erTjeradi aqtiT, aramed mxolod kompleqsuri ekonomikuri reformebis Sedegad miiRweva. ra ekonomikur models gvTavazobT imisaTvis, rom siRaribesTan brZola Seuqcevad procesad iqces? daviwyeb winare istoriidan: Cven memkvidreobiT iseTi ekonomikuri modeli miviReT, romlis Zalian bevr seqtorSi (gansakuTrebiT — finansur seqtorSi) TamaSis usamarTlo wesebi iyo damkvidrebuli, rac badebda seriozul eWvs swrafi inkluziuri ganviTarebisTvis. magaliTad, Tqven naxavdiT bazarze iseT SemTxvevebs, roca adamiani ixdida Ziri Tanxis 90%-s, magaliTad 100 laridan 80 lars, xolo darCenil 20 lars SeiZleba procentis saxiT 1000 laric ki daricxvoda. aseTi bevri magaliTis moyvana SemiZlia. es 600 000 adamianic, romelic e.w. `Sav siaSi~ aRmoCnda, am tipis usamarTlobis magaliTia. rodesac qveynis mosaxleoba 3.7 milionia da aqedan 600 000 Sav siaSi aRmoCndeba, es avtomaturad niSnavs, rom seqtori araefeqtianad funqcionirebs da iq TamaSis wesebi gasamarTia. da Cven es gavakeTeT. gavmarTeT. Cven SevZeliT da moqalaqeebi davazRvieT momavalSi msgavsi riskis Tavidan asacileblad. magram ra gveqna warsulisTvis, im xalxisTvis, vinc ukve `Sav siaSi~ iyo. xSiri gaxldaT SemTxvevebi, roca aseTi tipis adamiani damsaqmebels sTxovda, naRdi saxiT aeRo xelfasi da ara sabanko daricxviT. es xalxi aRmoCnda srulfasovani ekonomikuri cxovrebis miRma. am dros Cveni amocanaa, rac SeiZleba meti adamiani iyos CarTuli ekonomikaSi. swored amitom iyo, rom ganvaxorcieleT erTjeradi solidarobis aqti. madloba fond `qarTus~ — maTi daxmarebis gareSe, Cven amas ver SevZlebdiT. 600 000 adamiani axal wels am problemis gareSe Sexvda. es uprecedento movlena iyo. sxva seqtorebSic gvaqvs msgavsi problemebi. saparlamento donezec vcdilobT maT daregulirebas. magaliTisTvis, SemiZlia farmacia moviyvano. maSin, rodesac importiori Tavisufali gaxldaT dRgisgan, adgilobrivi mwarmoebeli iZulebuli iyo dRg gadaexada. maSin ki msxvili kompaniebis sagadasaxado tvirTi ufro dabali iyo, vidre mcire kompaniebis, ramac sistemis efeqtur funqcionirebaze hpova asaxva. swored aseTi tipis magaliTebi maqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac usamarTlobaze vsaubrob. axali ekonomikuri modeli inkluziurobis process efuZneba. yvela unda iyos CarTuli ekonomikaSi. ar unda arsebobdes didi sxvaoba regionuli da didi qalaqebis ganviTarebas Soris. saWiroa Cven, rogorc saxelmwifos, gvqondes adekvaturi wvdoma kapitalze, qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi mikro da saSualo kompaniebis xvedriTi wili unda gaizardos. 300 kompaniaze ar unda iyos damokidebuli qveynis Sida produqti.

2018 wels 11%-iT gaizarda eqsporti evrokavSiris qveynebSi. es didwilad evrokavSirTan arsebuli Tavisufali savaWro reJimis damsaxurebaa. saqarTvelo im iSviaT gamonaklisTa Sorisaa, romelsac erTdrou-

lad aqvs Tavisufali savaWro reJimi CineTTan da evrokavSirTan. ra gegmebi gaqvT imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis globalur ekonomikaSi integracia ufro daCqardes da Cveni qveyana iqces ualternativo regionul habad evropasa da azias Soris? aqve minda gkiTxoT: ramdenad realuria Tavisufal savaWro reJimze SeTanxmebis miRweva saqarTvelos mTavar strategiul partniorTan — amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan? Cveni amocanaa, saqarTvelo efeqtianad iyos integrirebuli msoflio globalur ekonomikaSi. sxvanairad, Cveni qveyana ver gaxdeba ekonomikuri mizidulobis centri. Sesabamisad, uzarmazari warmateba iyo, rodesac Cven SevZeliT, da saqarTvelos aris erTaderTi qveyana, romelsac aqvs erTiani savaWro sivrce rogorc evropasTan, aseve CineTTan. es aris marTlac istoriuli mniSvnelobis warmateba. Cven unda SevZloT da konkretuli gamoyeneba unda mivceT am savaWro reJimebs. es avtomaturad ar niSnavs, rom Cven SevZlebdiT da gavaormagebdiT an gavasammagebdiT eqsports am bazrebze. magram is darazmva, romelic eqsportSi gvaqvs, gvaCvenebs eqsportis zrdis potencials. miuxedavad imisa, rom vflobT Tavisufal savaWro reJimebs, Cven globalur konkurenciaSi varT. arsebobs moTxovnebi, romlebic aucileblad unda davakmayofiloT. Cveni saerTaSoriso strategia efuZneba imas, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad unda gaxdes evrokavSiris srulfasovani wevri. TavisTavad, es procesi gvaZlevs rogorc ekonomikur, aseve politikur Sedegs, rom standartiT da kriteriumebiT davuaxlovdeT evropas. eqsportis gasazrdelad saWiroa standartisa da am standartis gazomvis infrastruqturis damkvidreba. laboratoriis nawilSi xSirad gvaqvs problemebi, es exeba soflis meurneobisa Tu samSeneblo produqciis eqsports da Zalian mniSvnelovani davalebaa, romelic saministroebs aqvT. es biujetSic gaxlavT gaTvaliswinebuli. meore sakiTxia logistika. samwuxarod, logistikuri Semadgeneli saerTo TviTRirebulebaSi jer kidev maRali gvaqvs, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi amcirebs Cveni saeqsporto produqciis konkurentunarianobas. ra Tqma unda, es sakiTxi mosawesrigebelia. swored amitom, aseT masStabur investiciebs vaxorcielebT infrastruqturaSi. darwmunebuli var, 2022 wlisTvis yvela infrastruqturuli proeqti dasruldeba da Cven am mimarTulebiT yvela problemas gadavWriT. mesame mxare msxvili moTamaSeebis saqarTveloSi Semoyvanas ukavSirdeba. rodesac Cven vsaubrobT eqsportze, unda gvesmodes, rom gviwevs gavxdeT ukve arsebuli biznesmodelebis, arsebul RirebulebaTa jaWvis nawili ukve dadgenili fasebiT. msxvili moTamaSeebis saqarTveloSi Semosvla ki situacias Secvlis. amitom, maT dainteresebas Cvens qveyanaSi investirebiT sasicocxlod didi mniSvneloba aqvs. es aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi gvinda mivceT transnacionalur kompaniebs. amiT qarTul mcire kompaniebsac gauadvildebaT saeqsporto bazrebze muSaoba da isinic Casxdebian RirebulebaTa jaWvSi axali, ufro misaRebi pirobebiT. Cven sxva bazrebTanac aqtiur muSaobas vapirebT Tavisufali savaWro xelSekrulebebis gasaformeblad. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni upirvelesi mizania, Tavisufali savaWro urTierTobis damyareba mTavar strategiul mokavSiresTan — amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aris xelSesaxebi keTilganwyoba vaSingtonSi. Cven Zalian intensiurad vmuSaobT maTTan da arsebobs imis winapiroba, rom ormxrivad daviwyoT Tamami nabijebis gadadgma.

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saqarTvelos yvelaze dinamikurad mzard seqtorad kvlav rCeba turizmi! saxeze gvaqvs turistebisa da saerTaSoriso vizitorebis mniSvnelovnad gazrdili raodenoba, romelic 8 milions aWarbebs. Tumca, cota xnis win Tqven ganacxadeT, rom saWiroa axali prioritetebis dasaxva da potenciuri bazrebis meti diversifikacia. ufro konkretulad, ra cvlilebas unda velodoT turizmis strategiaSi? da miuxedavad miRweuli Sedegebisa da turistebis raodenobis zrdisa, sad xedavT yvelaze sust mxareebs Tanamedrove turizmSi da upirvelesad, ra saxis xarvezebis aRmofxvras unda daeTmos yuradReba? madloba SekiTxvisTvis. daviwyeb bolodan: turizmi Cveni ekonomikis yvelaze dinamikurad ganviTarebadi dargia da aseve darCeba ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. Cven gvinda ganvaxorcieloT garkveuli diversifikacia turizmis sferoSi, Tumca aseve sxvadasxva barieri gvaqvs gadasalaxi. Tu Tqvens kiTxvas mivubrundebiT da gadavxedavT evropidan saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT daniSnul pirdapir aviareisebs, es jer kidev ar aris is raodenoba, rac Cven gvsurs.

Cven evropasTan zRva gvyofs da amitom aviamimosvlas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs — rogorc qveynis turizmis, aseve mTlianad ekonomikisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazRvao qveyana varT, ar viRebT im raodenobis turists zRvis saSualebiT, ramdenic unda miviRoT. am mimarTulebas ganviTareba sWirdeba. 7 200 000-ze meti vizitori, romelic 2018 wels dafiqsirda, Zalian kargi Sedegia. es niSnavs, rom swori aqcentebi gvaqvs gamaxvilebuli ekonomikaSi, Tumca amave dros, sxva momentebic unda SevafasoT. sakuTari teritoriidan da mosaxleobidan gamomdinare, vizitorTa gaormageba da gasammageba, ver vityodi, rom Cveni swori strategia iqneboda. aucileblad xeli unda SevuwyoT turizmis xarisxobrivad zrdas da axali turistuli segmentebis aTvisebas, rogoric aris, magaliTad, saqmiani Sexvedrebis turizmi. kargia, rom bevri axali sastumro Sendeba, magram infrastruqturis TvalsazrisiT, uamravi ram gvaqvs gasamarTi. gvaklia komerciuli centrebi da bevri sxva infrastruqtura, romelic xels Seuwyobda Sexvedrebis turizmis ganviTarebas. aseve gamovyofdi ramdenime saintereso mimarTulebas, romlebic nel-nela viTardeba da

xelSewyoba sWirdeba. gamovyofdi sarekreacio da jandacvis mimarTulebebs. vfiqrob, am orive mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos kargi perspeqtiva aqvs.

Cven ukve CamovayalibeT is 6 prioritetuli mimarTuleba, sadac vfiqrob, konkurentuli upiratesoba gvaqvs da Sesabamisad, maqsimalurad davuWerT mxars TiToeuli maTganis ganviTarebas. aRsaniSnavia aseve kulturuli turizmi. simdidre, romelic saqarTvelos aqvs, ar aris saTanadod aTvisebuli. evropaSi es erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli mimarTulebaa. ar SemiZlia ar davubrunde transportisa da logistikis sakiTxebs. Cven gvWirdeba meti pirdapiri reisi. aRar visaubreb aeroportebSi arsebuli infrastruqturis kidev ufro gamarTvaze. Cven unda gavzardoT gamtarianoba transportis yvela im mimarTulebiT, riTac Semodis turisti — iqneba es sahaero, sazRvao Tu saxmeleTo transporti. isev turizms davubrundeT. xom ar fiqrobT, rom saWiroa ufro meti koordinacia saxelmwifo struqturebs Soris? magaliTad moviyvan kurort bakurianis problemas, romelmac am sezonze gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi, aseve gudauris problemas, sadac miuxedavad `mTis kurortebis marTvis kompaniis~ mier ganxorcielebuli masStaburi proeqtebisa, jer kidev problemad rCeba kurortis infrastruqtura. aseve problemad rCeba fasanauri-gudauris monakveTze satvirTo avtomobilebis mier gzis savali nawilis dakaveba, rac sagrZnoblad aferxebs moZraobas da seriozul diskomforts uqmnis turistebs… rac Seexeba marTvas da menejments, arsebobs mTis kurortebis marTvis kompania, turizmis erovnuli administracia, adgilobrivi municipalitetebi, romlebic muSaoben am mimarTulebiT. realurad, Cven gvaqvs ori samoqmedo gegma — mokle da grZelvadiani. mimdinare moklevadiani infrastruqturuli proeqtebidan, magaliTisTvis davasaxelebdi gudaursa da bakurianSi saparkinge lotebis mowyobas. grZelvadianidan ki gvirabs, romelic yvelaze rTuli samSeneblo nageboba iqneba saqarTveloSi da romlis mSeneblobis dasrulebas 4 weli dasWirdeba. Tumca vidre es gvirabi amoqmeddeba, Cven sxva moklevadian infrastruqturul proeqtebs

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ganvaxorcielebT, rom SevamsubuqoT es problemebi. saqarTvelos samTo-saTxilamuro kurortebs didi potenciali aqvT. gavxseniT yazbegisa da gudauris damakavSirebeli axali sabagiro gza, romlis meSveobiT, kobis, gudaurisa da yazbegis erTian sivrceSi moqcevas SevZlebT. es unikaluri proeqtia. iseTi, rogoric, magaliTad, Sveicariisa da avstriis kurortebze gvinaxavs. Cveni interesi swored isaa, rom samTo kurortebze gavzardoT turistebis raodenoba da es adgilebi oTxsezonian kurortebad vaqcioT. aRniSnuli sabagiro gzac swored am miznis miRwevaSi dagvexmareba. 2020 wlis zamTars ukeTesad SevxvdebiT, Tumca problema gadaiWreba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac gavxsniT grZel gvirabs. minda davamato, rom rogorc iciT, 2023 wels msoflio Cempionats Free Style-Si saqarTvelo umaspinZlebs. turizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zala xom swored aseTi msxvili saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebis maspinZlobaa. 2023 wels Cempionats saukeTesod momzadebulebi unda SevxvdeT. xval am darbazSi specialuri paneli daeTmoba mwvane ekonomikis Temas. msoflios civilizebulma da ganviTarebulma saxelmwifoebma did progress miaRwies, saqarTveloSi ki am mxriv bevri problemaa. Tumca isic faqtia, rom bolo dros saxezea araerTi sasargeblo iniciativa. ra nabijebis gadadgmas apirebT imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika ekologiaze orientirebul ekonomikad, anu realur mwvane ekonomikad Camoyalibdes?

Cvens qveyanaSi mTavari simdidre Cveni sazogadoeba da Cveni bunebaa. mwvane ekonomikas alternativa rom ar aqvs, es globaluri tendenciaa da swored amaSia saqarTvelos bunebrivi upiratesobac, romelic kargad unda gamoviyenoT. Cveni mwvane ekonomika ramdenime prioritets eyrdnoba: pirveli Cveni tyis resursis marTvas Seexeba. umZimesi periodi gaviareT, rodesac araadamianuri meTodebiT xdeboda tyis gaCexva. Tumca, Sveicarieli da avstrieli partniorebis daxmarebiT SemuSavebuli soflis meurneobis strategia, maT Soris tyis resursis marTvis kuTxiT, Zalian gamarTuli dokumentia, romelic Cveni mwvane safaris mdgrad ganviTarebas da Zalian didi ekonomikuri efeqtis miRebas uzrunvelyofs marTvis am modelisgan. CemTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania avstriis warmateba, romelic tyis marTvis am modelze gadavida da ekonomikam ramdenime aseuli milioni evros damatebiTi Semosavali miiRo. Sesabamisad, ar vfiqrob, rom axali velosipedi unda gamovigonoT. Cven bunebam mogvca es simdidre, mas sWirdeba mdgradi ganviTareba da ekonomikis samsaxurSi Cayeneba, ise, rom Cveni tye SevunarCunoT momaval Taobas da saqarTvelos, msoflio rukaze, mwvane ekonomikis mqone qveynis adgili davumkvidroT. meore mimarTuleba transporti gaxlavT. maqsimalurad vexmarebiT Tbilisis municipalitets — wlis bolomde qalaqs e.w. yviTeli avtobusebi moSordeba. gadavdivarT eleqtroavtobusebze da aqve minda gavakeTo gancxadeba, rom Cven gvsurs, msxvili mwarmoebeli kompaniebis saqarTveloSi mozidva imisaTvis, rom adgilobriv bazarze SevZloT eleqtromobilebis awyoba. mesame sakiTxi ki soflis meurneobaa. kerZod, vmuSaobT dokumentze, romelic organuli warmoebis yvela gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobs. soflis meurneobis organuli produqciis warmoeba aris niSa, romelic saqarTvelom unda daikavos. Cven verasodes gavxdebiT masobrivi mwarmoebeli da es arc aris Cveni amocana. Cven unda viyoT Zalian maRali xarisxis soflis meurneobis organuli produqciis mwarmoebeli, romelzec momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis iqneba Zalian didi moTxovna msoflio bazrebze.

dabolos, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani TemiT minda davasruloT Cveni saubari, romelic CemTvis, rogorc mTel msoflioSi cnobil amerikul Jurnal Entrepreneur-is qarTuli versiis redaqtorisTvis, gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. es Tema saqarTveloSi antrepreneruli suliskveTebis Camoyalibebas da zogadad, saqarTvelos antreprenerul qveynad gardaqmnas ukavSirdeba. cnobilia, rom Tqven gansakuTrebiT SegtkivaT guli qarTvel mewarmeebze, antreprenerebze, mcire da saSualo biznesis momavalze. ras gamoyofdiT yvelaze did miRwevad da ra unda gaakeTos mTavrobam imisaTvis, rom umuSevrobis problemas ara erTjeradi CareviT, aramed iseTi ekosistemis SeqmniT ebrZolos, sadac dasaqmebis mTavari wyaro mcire da saSualo biznesi iqneba? ras urCevdiT damwyeb mewarmeebs? am kiTxvas SegiZliaT upasuxoT rogorc qveynis premierministrma, aseve rogorc rigiTma moqalaqem — piradi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT. samewarmeo suliskveTeba nebismieri qveynis warmatebisTvis erTaderTi garanti gaxlavT. rogori garemoc unda Seqmnas mTavrobam, ra masStabis investiciebic unda ganaxorcielos, yvelaferi mainc samewarmeo suliskveTebiT iwyeba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cveni axalgazrdoba. swored maT unda hqondeT samewarmeo suliskveTeba. swored axalgazrduli energia, SemarTeba da samewarmeo suliskveTeba, romelic Cvens sazogadoebaSia, gaxdeba fundamenti imisa, rom saqarTvelo ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveyanaTa ricxvSi Seva. yvelaferi ganwyobiT iwyeba. amitom aris CemTvis mniSvnelovani, axalgazrdebs hqondeT ganwyoba, rom am qveynis momavali maT xelSia. Sesabamisad, samewarmeo suliskveTeba gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagania. rodesac vsaubrob axalgazrduli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze, me swored amas vgulisxmob. ra SegviZlia gavakeToT? ar SemiZlia ar davubrunde ganaTlebis reformis mniSvnelobaze saubars. ganaTlebis reformis paralelurad, vxedav axalgazrduli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. ganaTlebis reforma — es araa abstraqtulad mowyvetili faseuloba. ganaTlebis reformaSi an investiciebSi, romlebic am mimarTulebiT gvinda ganvaxorcieloT, unda moxdes startapekosistemis integracia. axalgazrdebs es samewarmeo suliskveTebis realizebas da sastarto kapitalTan wvdomas gauadvilebs. es amJamad didi barieria CvenTvis, rom qveyanaSi jansaRi sabazro urTierTobebi ganvaviTaroT, raSic evrokavSiri mniSvnelovan daxmarebas gviwevs. vgulisxmob sabanko, sakredito sqemebs. am da msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebiT, Cven gvinda SevamciroT sastarto kapitalis deficiti.

Zalian mniSvnelovania ekosistema, sadac Sedis standarti, procedurebi, ekogaremo, cifruli teqnologiebi. warmatebis winapirobas swored aseTi sistemis SeqmnaSi vxedav, roca saqarTveloSi transnacionaluri kompaniebi daiwyeben operirebas da Cveni startaperebisgan momsaxurebas iyidian. samewarmeo suliskveTeba warmatebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. amis gareSe, warmatebulebi ver viqnebiT. unda irwmunoT, rom am qveynis momavali Tqven xelSia da sakuTari energiiT, mondomebiT, saqarTvelos progresi ufro metad unda daaCqaroT. davosis ekonomikuri forumi, nebismier reitingSi Cveni dawinaureba — es aris signali, rom varT swor gzaze. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom miznamde misasvleli gza moklea, an piriqiT. es niSnavs imas, rom Cven kidev ufro metad ambiciuri gegmebi unda davisaxoT, raTa male davZlioT dRes arsebuli gamowvevebi. n

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saqarTvelo „asafren bilikze“ — qveynis miswrafeba, potenciali da perspeqtivebi karl harceli

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aqarTvelo metaforul asafren bilikze gamovida da asafrenad mzad aris — swored aseTi grZnoba meufleba mas Semdeg, rac eqvsi Tvis win, saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris warmomadgenlobas Cavudeqi saTaveSi. dRes, reformebis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo aRmosavleT partniorobis regionis udavo lideria. swored am faqts pasuxobs evrokavSiris uprecedento politikuri CarTuloba saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi da qveynis ekonomikuri mxardaWera. evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba arasodes yofila aseTi intensiuri. evrokavSiri saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partnioria — pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis TiTqmis naxevari swored evrokavSiridan Semodis.

2014 wlidan, Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis (DCFTA) ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, saqarTvelodan evrokavSiris qveynebSi eqsporti stabilurad izrdeba. es SeTanxmeba met stimuls aZlevs ekonomikuri modernizebis farTomasStabian gegmas da saqarTvelos, rogorc patara da Ria ekonomikis mqone qveyanas, saerTaSoriso bazarze warmatebuli konkurenciis warmoebaSi exmareba. geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, saqarTvelos warmatebiT SeuZlia evropasa da azias, aseve mis regionSi mdebare qveynebs Soris savaWro kavSirebis xelSewyoba.

2017 wlidan, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris savizo reJimis liberalizaciis Sedegad, 300 000 aTasze metma saqarTvelos moqalaqem ukve gamoiyena evropaSi uvizo mimosvlis SesaZlebloba. evrokavSiris programebi: `erazmus+~, `horizonti 2020~ da `SemoqmedebiTi evropa~ xels uwyobs adamianebs Soris kontaqtebis gaRrmavebas. kulturiT, istoriiT, tradiciebiT, RviniT, safirmo kerZebiT, SesaniSnavi bunebiTa da landSaftiT mdidari saqarTvelo idealuria samTo turizmisTvis zafxulSi da saTxilamuro sportisTvis zamTarSi. swored es qmnis qveynis uzarmazar potencials da warmoaCens saqarTvelos, rogorc turizmisTvis mimzidvel, unikalur qveyanas, da evropasa Tu mis farglebs gareT e.w. niSuri produqtebis eqsportiors. prezidentma da mTavrobam samarTlianad miiCnies kulturuli diplomatia mTavar prioritetad, rac udavod xels Seuwyobs brendi `saqarTvelos~ Semdgom popularizacias.

Tumca, sanam saqarTvelo aiRebs kurss da Tavis potencials saTanadod gamoiyenebs, `asafreni biliki~ dabrkolebebisa da riskebisgan srulad unda gaiwmindos. meti Zalisxmeva iqneba saWiro mTavrobis mier gacxadebuli miznebis misaRwevad inkluziuri ekonomikuri zrdis, decentralizaciis, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da ganaTlebis reformis mimarTulebiT, radgan mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 20% jer kidev siRaribeSi cxovrobs, regionebSi keTildReobis done araTanabaria, xolo bevri moqalaqe Sromis bazris miRmaa darCenili. Sesabamisad, adamianur kapitalSi investirebis gareSe, ara marto ekonomikuri zrda Seferxdeba, aramed adre Tu gvian, safrTxe Seeqmneba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mier reformebis

kursis mdgrad mxardaWeras. metic, didi da uwyveti Zalisxmevis gareSe iseT sakvanZo sferoebSi, rogoricaa marTlmsajulebis reforma — sasamarTlo reformis CaTvliT — da maRali donis korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola, sazogadoebasTan mtkice SeTanxmeba ver Sedgeba da qveyana investiciebisTvis WeSmaritad mimzidveli ver gaxdeba. es gamowvevebi kargad aris cnobili saqarTveloSi, Tumca swori kursis Camoyalibebas Zlieri politikuri neba dasWirdeba. igive Seexeba gasul wlebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis dros gamovlenili xarvezebis gamosworebas, SarSandeli saprezidento arCevnebis CaTvliT. imedi maqvs, mimdinare wels gaweuli sakanonmdeblo da sxva erToblivi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, 2020 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisTvis saqarTvelo ukeT iqneba momzadebuli. yoveli ganvlili weli saqarTvelos ukeTes da Zlier qveyanad aqcevs. yoveli ganvlili weli SesaZleblobas aZlevs qveynis moqalaqeebs, gaifarTovon horizonti da meti pasuxismgebloba aiRon rogorc sakuTar bedsa Tu potencialze, ise qveynis potencialze. yovel wels saqarTvelo ukeT aris momzadebuli regionul gamowvevebTan gasamklavebilad da axali SesaZleblobebis gamosayeneblad. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelom Semdgomi demokratiuli da ekonomikuri reformebis gziT, evropisken unda iaros, razec qveyanaSi TiTqmis yvela moqalaqe Tanxmdeba, cotaa iseTi ram, rac xels uSlis politikosebs — nebismieri banakidan — am miznis garSemo gaerTianebasa da imis uzrunvelyofaSi, rom 25 wlis win aRebuli kursi Seuqcevadi gaxdes. dadga dro, `asafreni biliki~ sabolood gaiwmindos da saqarTvelom gezi `Rrublebisken~ aiRos! n

karl harceli: evrokavSiris elCi saqarTveloSi

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saqarTvelos mTavrobis amocana regionebis Tanabari ganviTareba da maTTvis axali SesaZleblobebis Seqmnaa maia cqitiSvili

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maia cqitiSvili: vice-premieri, regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis ministri

ngariSvaldebulebis kuTxiT, sakmaod aqtiurad daviwyeT. ianvarSi 2018 wlis miRwevebi da wlevandeli gegmebi warvudgineT dainteresebul mxareebs, sul raRac ori kviris win ki saqarTvelos parlamentma mogvismina axali konstituciiT dadgenili `ministris saaTis~ formatSi. Cveni saministros saxelwodeba saqmianobis mTavar prioritetebs ukve gansazRvravs. es aris Cveni regionebisa da qveynis infrastruqturis ganviTareba. xSirad aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos siZliere misi regionebis siZliereSia da mTavrobis amocana regionebis Tanabari ganviTareba da axali SesaZleblobebis Seqmnaa. yvela is proeqti — didi Tu mcire, romelic qveyanaSi xorcieldeba, swored regionebSi axali sicocxlis, axali samuSao adgilebis gaCenas emsaxureba. mxolod ase mivaRwevT ekonomikuri zrdis inkluziurobas, anu sargeblis TiToeul moqalaqeze ganawilebas yvelaze mcire dasaxlebaSic ki. infrastruqturis garda, regionis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia Zlieri TviTmmarTveloba. swored amisaTvis vdgamT mniSvnelovan nabijebs regionebis finansuri da adamianuri resursebis gasazrdelad. bunebrivia, regionis ganviTareba unda moxdes erTiani xedviT, yvela samTavrobo uwyebis CarTulobiT. amgvarad infrastruqtura da regionis SesaZleblobebi viTardeba ara fragmentulad, aramed Tanmimdevrulad, regionis potencialis srulad aTvisebis mizniT. regionebis ganviTarebis dagegmvisas, vcdilobT TiToeuli regionis gansakuTrebuli potencialis mqone Zveli kurortebi gavacocxloT, axali gavaCinoT da arsebuli saerTaSoriso standarts SevusabamoT. ase magaliTad, SemuSavda da ukve xorcieldeba abasTumnis sruli ganaxlebis proeqti. vamuSavebT abasTumnis ganviTarebis generalur gegmas, daviwyeT istoriuli saxlebis fasadebis reabilitacia, vgegmavT observatoriis axal turistul obieqtad gadaqcevas, teleskopisa da sabagiros aRdgenas, sainJinro qselis srul ganaxlebas. amiT vqmniT rogorc mosaxleobisTvis mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, ise msxvili biznesinvesticiebis gaCenis winapirobas. aseTive principiT vudgebiT sxva regionebsa da dasaxlebebs. magaliTad, 2018 wlis bolos dasrulebuli kobi-gudauris 7-kilometriani sabagiro TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli proeqtia, magram misi aSenebis saWiroeba kurort gudauris da mTlianad yazbegis municipalitetis turistuli potencialisa da sivrciTi ganviTarebis gegmam gaaCina. sabagiros proeqtiT, praqtikulad daclili kobi mizidulobis axali centri gaxdeba. ganviTardeba Trusos xeobis turistuli infrastruqturac da Tavad kurorti gu-

dauric. mTlianobaSi, es axali areali axal turistul datvirTvas SeiZens, axal investiciebs moizidavs. mcxeTa-mTianeTSi kidev erT, saerTaSoriso Tu Sida turizmisTvis saintereso sivrces vqmniT duSeTis saxiT. dRes qalaqSi ramdenime aTeuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusis mqone istoriuli Senobis reabilitacias viwyebT. vcdilobT biznesis dainteresebas aqve aRmoCenili Satos tipis WilaSvilebis sasaxlis aRsadgenad da infrastruqturis ganviTarebis gziT vaCenT axal SesaZleblobebs — pirvel yovlisa, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis. aseTi xedva gvaqvs praqtikulad qveynis yvela regionis ganviTarebisTvis. imereTSi quTaisis daviT kakabaZis saxviTi xelovnebis galereis reabilitaciac qalaqisTvis sruliad axal mizidulobis centrebs aCens, rac bunebrivad unda gaxdes mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis biZgis mimcemi. vanis gamococxlebas xels Seuwyobs vanis arqeologiuri muzeumi, romelic msoflio donis iqneba da mas Tavisi mnaxveli aucileblad eyoleba. qvemo qarTlSi vasrulebT asureTis germanuli dasaxlebis reabilitacias; raWaSi vgegmavT onis mdidari koleqciis mqone muzeumisTvis axali Senobis aSenebas; samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi — mestiis laRamis ubnisa da uSgulis koSkebis reabilitacias, zugdidis botanikuri baRis srul reabilitacias da nikoseuli sasaxlis aRdgenas; guriaSi baxmaros ganviTarebas da sxv. qveynis potencialis maqsimaluri aTvisebis paralelurad, samwuxarod, jer kidev bevr dasaxlebaSi sabaziso infrastruqturis mowyobiT varT dakavebuli. aris soflebi, sadac Sida gzebi da wyali arasodes yofila. Cveni mizania, regionis mosaxleobas SevuqmnaT Tanamedrove saWiroebebze morgebuli infrastruqtura, raTa qveyanaSi TiToeulma moqalaqem SeZlos ekonomikuri sargeblis miReba. yoveli regionis ganviTarebis paralelurad, mniSvnelovania mTeli qveynis potencialis, misi geostrategiuli mdgomareobis srulad da sworad gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom gavxdeT regionis sagareo vaWrobis nawili. saqarTvelo regionis satransporto da ekonomikuri derefania. saqarTveloze gadis ori umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso magistrali — CrdiloeTsamxreTis da aRmosavleT-dasavleTis. es ar aris mxolod Cveni Sida gza. es aris gza, romelic yvelaze mokle marSrutiT yvelaze did savaWro partniorebTan — evropasTan da CineTTan, saqarTvelos garda, regionis qveynebsac akavSirebs. am gzebis ganviTareba gvaZlevs saSualebas, Cveni geografiuli da istoriuli kavSirebi sakuTari qveynis ekonomikuri siZlierisTvis gamoviyenoT. anakliis portiT ki viCenT axali tvirTbrunvebis SesaZleblobas ukve axal saerTaSoriso derefnebSi. da mainc, pirvel yovlisa, es gzebi Cveni qveynis regionebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan da swored maTTvis aCens axal SesaZleblobebs, damatebiT perspeqtivebs. saqarTvelos regionebs uCndebaT Sansi, integrirdnen msoflio ekonomikaSi. amdenad, gzebis, portebis da sxva logistikuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba mimarTulia Cveni qveynis teritoriaze damatebiTi ekonomikuri aqtivobis, sawarmoebis gaCenisa da Cveni mosaxleobis keTildReobisaken. n

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Cveni mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis mTavari mizani Zlieri kerZo seqtoris Camoyalibebaa giorgi qobulia

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olo wlebSi saqarTveloSi araerTi warmatebuli reforma ganxorcielda, romelmac xeli Seuwyo qveynis konkurentunarianobis gaumjobesebas, saqarTvelos mimarT investorTa ndobis zrdas da rogorc saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis, aseve sareitingo kompaniebis mier qveynis dadebiT Sefasebebs. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis SefasebiT, saqarTvelos saSualovadian periodSi eqneba saSualod 5%-iani ekonomikuri zrda, rac regionis qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRalia. aseve aRsaniSnavia 2019 wlis TebervalSi sareitingo kompania Fitch-is mier saqarTvelos suverenuli sakredito reitingis `BB-~-dan `BB~-mde gaumjobeseba. es kidev ufro aZlierebs saqarTvelos biznesgaremos mimarT saerTaSoriso institutebisa da investorebis ndobas. ekonomikuri politikis gadawyvetilebebma xeli Seuwyo kerZo seqtoris konkurentunarianobis gaumjobesebas, saeqsporto bazrebis mniSvnelovan zrdas da kidev ufro mimzidveli gaxada biznesis keTeba saqarTveloSi. biznesis keTebis simartivisa da sainvesticio mimzidvelobis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo erT-erTi lideri qveyanaa rogorc regionSi, aseve msoflio masStabiT. msoflio bankis Doing Business 2019 wlis angariSis mixedviT, saqarTvelo me-9 adgilidan me-6 adgilze dawinaurda. amasTan, pirvel adgils vikavebT evropisa da centraluri aziis regionSi, rac Cveni qveynis Zalian didi miRwevaa. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev bevri ram gvaqvs gasakeTebeli mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdisTvis.

Cven gvaqvs Zalian konkretuli xedva, Tu rogor unda moxdes qveyanaSi iseTi mniSvnelovani gamowvevebis daZleva, rogoric axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, eqsportis gaZliereba, inovaciuri Tu teqnologiuri seqtorebis ganviTarebaa. am miznebis misaRwevad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania meti investiciis, miT ufro, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidva Cveni qveynis ekonomikaSi. es mniSvnelovania ara marto kapitalis kuTxiT, aramed teqnologiebis mozidvisa da saerTaSoriso bazrebze wvdomis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiTac. dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad da saTanado investiciebis mosazidad, Cven unda gadavlaxoT rigi struqturuli gamowvevebi, romlebic, miuxedavad mravali warmatebuli reformisa, jer kidev xels uSlis Cvens ekonomikas sruli potencialis asaTviseblad. erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan gamowvevad rCeba Cveni muSaxelis kvalifikacia. kvalificiuri muSaxelis nakleboba arsebul biznesebs swrafi gafarToebis saSualebas ar aZlevs da ar qmnis mimzidvelobas qveyanaSi pirdapiri investiciebis mosazidad. amrigad, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani proeqti, romelic ekonomikis saministros iniciativiT ganxorcieldeba, profesiuli gadamzadebis programaa. moklevadian periodSi dagegmili gvaqvs profesiuli gadamzadebis aqtiuri xelSewyoba, romlis farglebSi, ekonomikis

prioritetuli seqtorebis mixedviT moxdeba aqtiuri gadamzadeba sabaziso profesiebSi. vfiqrobT, grZelvadian periodSi swored ganaTlebis xelSewyobam unda uzrunvelyos maRali kvalifikaciisa da sabazro moTxovnebis Sesabamisi samuSao Zalis formireba da Sesabamisad, Sromis bazarze kvalifikaciisa da unarebis SeusabamobiT gamowveuli problemis aRmofxvra. eqsportis ganviTarebisa da eqsportze orientirebuli investiciebis mozidvis kuTxiT, mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa satransporto sistemis efeqtianoba. transportirebis xarji da dro jer kidev sakmaod maRalia saqarTvelodan saqonlis konkurentunariani eqsportisTvis da satranzito tvirTebis mosazidad. amrigad, mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso standartis Sesabamisi satransporto (sagzao, sarkinigzo, sahaero, sazRvao) da logistikuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba. am sferoSi regularuli saborne mimosvlis organizeba Sav zRvaze saqarTvelos da evropas Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani proeqtis magaliTia. eqsportis potencialis asaTviseblad, aranakleb mniSvnelovania Tavisufali vaWrobis kuTxiT miRweuli SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobaTa gamoyeneba, risTvisac saWiroa saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqciis xarisxisa da usafrTxoebis standartebis amaRleba, Sesabamisi sertificirebis sistemis danergva. am mizniT mimdinareobs farTomasStabiani programa evrokavSirTan — Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis pirobebis Sesruleba. saministrosTvis kvlavac prioritetad rCeba mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyoba, mewarmeobisa da axali biznesis waxaliseba. am sferoSi seriozuli gamowvevaa saSualo da mcire biznesis finansebze wvdoma. am sferoSi gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia sakredito-sagarantio sqema, romlis amoqmedeba 2019 wlis pirveli aprilidan igegmeba da mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisTvis finansebze xelmisawvdomobis zrdas, maTTvis likvidobis marTvis gaumjobesebas da axali dargebis dakreditebas.

Cvens samoqmedo gegmaSi, ra Tqma unda, mTavari adgili uWiravs turizmsa da mis ganviTarebas. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, turizmi saqarTvelos ekonomikis Zalze mniSvnelovan dargad Camoyalibda — 2018 wels saerTaSoriso turizmidan miRebulma Semosavlebma rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia da 3 miliard aSS dolars gadaaWarba. Cveni mizania, kidev ufro gavaZlieroT am dargis ganviTareba, sadac ZiriTadi gamowveva turistebis momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebaa, maT Soris infrastruqturis (gzebi, trasporti) ganviTarebis da axali turistuli atraqciebis Seqmnis meSveobiT. Sejamebis saxiT aRvniSnav, rom Cveni mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis mTavar mizans warmoadgens Zlieri kerZo seqtoris Camoyalibeba, rac uzrunvelyofs swraf da inkluziur ekonomikur zrdasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebas. n

giorgi qobulia: saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis ministri

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`Cven yovelTvis Ria varT reformebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT, inovaciuri da cifruli ekonomikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT~

ivane maWavariani

ivane maWavariani: saqarTvelos finansTa ministri

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aqarTvelo regionSi gamorCeulia maRali, stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdiT, rasac saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis prognozebic adasturebs. msoflio ekonomikuri mimoxilvis (WEO) bolo Sedegebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiviT lideria regionSi.

miuxedavad maRali ekonomikuri zrdisa, Cven gvrCeba mTavari gamowvevebi — es aris erT sul mosaxleze dabali Semosavali da mimdinare angariSis deficiti. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian mniSvnelovania, swori ekonomikuri politika, romelmac erTi mxriv, unda uzrunvelyos makroekonomikuri stabiluroba, xolo meore mxriv, xeli Seuwyos swraf ekonomikur zrdas.

Cven gvaqvs mniSvnelovani progresi fiskaluri mdgradobis gaZlierebis mimarTulebiTac. ori wlis win, wamoviwyeT fiskaluri reforma da SevamcireT biujetis deficiti 2.5 procentamde. amave reformis farglebSi, Cven gegmazomierad vamcirebT mimdinare xarjebs mSp-sTan SefardebiT. amavdroulad, sakmaod mdgradad vzrdiT kapitalur danaxarjebs — es aris umniSvnelovanesi infrastruqturuli proeqtebi qveynis satransporto da logistikuri potencialis ganviTarebisTvis. mTavrobis danazogebi istoriul maqsimumzea, rasac biurokratiis xarjebis Semcirebis gziT mivaRwieT. aseve, 3.9 procentamde SevamcireT Sromis anazRaurebis xarjebi mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi. mimdinare xarjebis Semcireba ar iyo ioli, sxvadasxva politikuri konteqstidan gamomdinare. ra Tqma unda, Cven gavzrdiT xarjebs, Tu es exeba socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs, magram am mimarTulebiTac es iqneba gegmazomieri da fiskalurad sworad marTuli. swored amaSi mdgomareobs Cveni fiskaluri disciplina. Cveni pirdapiri ganacxadia: miRweul fiskalur mdgradobas ar SevwiravT politikur koniunqturasa da populizms, imitom, rom zustad fiskaluri da makroekonomikuri stabiluroba aris yovelgvari progresis safuZveli ekonomikaSi. gazrdili fiskaluri stabiluroba da Semcirebuli sagareo mowyvladobis xarisxi ukve aisaxa Cvens sakredito reitingebze, rodesac jer Moody’sma, xolo Semdeg Fitch-ma gagviumjobesa suverenuli sakredito reitingi. sakredito reitingi erT-erTi yvelaze stabiluri reitingia da drois mokle peri-

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odSi iolad misi gaumjobeseba ar xdeba, magram swori ekonomikuri da fiskaluri reformebis saSualebiT, Cven SevZeliT winsvla am mimarTulebiT. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mimdinare angariSis balansi, sadac Cveni reformebis damsaxurebiT, Zalian mniSvnelovan progress mivaRwieT da pirvelad Cveni qveynis istoriaSi, 2018 wlis mesame kvartalSi, gvqonda dadebiTi saldo. eqsportis waxaliseba, Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebebi, samTavrobo danazogebis zrda, sapensio reforma, mogebis gadasaxadis reforma — swored is RonisZiebebia, romlebic ekonomikaSi danazogebis zrdisTvis ganvaxorcieleT da ukve saxeze gvaqvs mimdinare angariSis Semcirebuli deficiti. warmatebuli reformebi Cveni mTavari instrumentia progresis misaRwevad da gvaqvs Zalian mkafio xedva, Tu ra unda movimoqmedoT saSualovadian periodSi, raTa mivaRwioT `sainvesticio reitings~. msoflio bankis `adamianuri kapitalis indeqsSi~ saqarTvelos 61-e adgili uWiravs msoflioSi, rac namdvilad ver vityviT, rom Zalian cudi poziciaa, Tumca arc saxarbieloa. am maCvenebliT, Cven saSualoze maRali Semosavlebis mqone qveynebze odnav win varT. Tumca, Cven gvaqvs ambicia, rom momavalSi am indeqsSic mivaRwioT mniSvnelovan warmatebas. swored amitom, 2019 wlis biujeti SevadgineT praqtikulad, axali filosofiiT. Cven aRar unda vuyuroT ganaTlebisa da jandacvis biujets, rogorc Cveulebriv xarjebs, aramed es danaxarjebi unda iyos investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi. im logikiT, ra logikiTac Cven vzrdiT xarjebs infrastruqturaze, aseve unda davabandoT finansuri resursebi adamianur kapitalSi da es iqneba yvelaze maRali ukugebis mqone investicia. garda amisa, erT-erTi mTavari faqtori, romelic moqmedebs sakredito reitingebze, saxelmwifo institutebis simyare da maTi efeqturobaa. aq Cven sakmaod kargi mdgomareoba gvaqvs da faqtobrivad, evropuli qveynebis doneze varT. Cven meeqvse adgils vflobT biznesis warmoebis simartivis reitingSi. Zalian saamayoa `Ria biujetis indeqsi~, romliTac Cven msoflioSi mexuTe adgilze varT da xuT yvelaze gamWvirvale qveyanaTa rigSi SevdivarT iseT qveynebTan erTad, rogoric aris SvedeTi da dania. instituciuri garemo namdvilad ar aris Cveni susti mxare, magram yovelTvis SeiZleba gaumjobeseba da ra Tqma unda, miRweuliT dakmayofilebas ar vapirebT. Cven varT msoflioSi mesame ekonomika gadasaxadis simciris mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, Cven gadavdgiT nabijebi administrirebis gamartivebis mimarTulebiT da mcire bizness ukve administrirebis danaxarjebi movaSoreT. sagadasaxado sferoSi ganvaxorcieleT Zalian mniSvnelovani reformebi, rogoricaa jarimebis

liberalizacia. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovani iqneba saerTaSoriso reitingebisTvis da rac aseve arsebiTia, upirvelesad, waadgeba mewarmeebs.

Semdegi siaxle, romelsac amJamad parlamenti ganixilavs, specialuri reJimia multinacionaluri saerTaSoriso kompaniebisTvis. es niSnavs, rom msxvil kompaniebs Tavisuflad SeeZlebaT saqarTveloSi gaxsnan ofisebi da isargeblon mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT. ganawilebuli mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi 5 procenti iqneba. garda amisa, multinacionaluri kompaniebi SeZleben kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze gaweuli xarjebis moculobiT sagadasaxado kreditis miRebas. miuxedavad 2018 wels miRweuli Sedegisa, rodesac Cven uprecedentod gavzardeT zedmetad gadaxdili gadasaxadebis dabruneba, wels kidev ufro mniSvnelovani reforma ganvaxorcieleT da dabrunebis meqanizmi sruliad avtomaturi gavxadeT, ramac sagadasaxado zedmetoba Cveulebriv sabanko angariSad gadaaqcia. faqtobrivad, gadamxdels aqvs depoziti finansTa saministros Semosavlebis samsaxurSi da nebismier dros SeuZlia am angariSidan sabanko angariSze martivad gadaricxos Tanxa. rom visaubroT teqnologiur-inovaciur sferoze, aqac erTi saintereso siaxle gvaqvs: SevimuSaveT sistema, romelic blokCein-teqnologiis gamoyenebiT, saSualebas iZleva Zalian martivad da swrafad gaices warmoSobis sertifikati. warmoSobis sertifikatebi (Euro1 da CT1) erTaderTi dokumentia, romelic ormagi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sabaJo gadasaxadis SeRavaTiani reJimiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs gadamxdels, amitom es dokumenti xSirad yalbdeba.

Cveni iniciativa srulad daicavs warmoSobis sertifikatebs gayalbebisgan. am mizniT, blokCeinSi ganvaTavseT sertifikatebi, SevqmeniT programuli moduli, raTa partniori qveynebis mebaJeebma SeZlon sertifikatebis identificireba. amJamad, vmuSaobT sacdel reJimSi. imedi gvaqvs, Cveni mTavari savaWro partniorebic CaerTvebian am procesSi. rodesac vsaubrobT gacifrulebaze, inovaciebze, swored aseTi siaxleebi da eqsperimentebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, SevaRoT sarkmeli cifrul samyaroSi da es unda xdebodes praqtikulad yvela sferoSi. nabij-nabij, Cven imden processa da tranzaqcias gadavitanT cifrul sivrceSi, rom uaxloes 3-5 weliwadSi, gveqneba Tvisebrivad sxva garemo digitalizaciis mimarTulebiT. Cven yovelTvis Ria varT reformebisTvis. gansakuTrebiT, inovaciuri da cifruli ekonomikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT da gvjera, rom es aris uswrafesi gza Cveni qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis.n

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levan daviTaSvili: CvenTvis qarTuli Rvino umTavresi savizito baraTia

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levan daviTaSvili: saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da soflis meurneobis ministri

olo wlebSi qarTuli Rvinis reputacia mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. garda imisa, rom permanentulad Cndeba axali brendebi ucxour bazrebze, qarTuli Rvino ukve msoflio masStabiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs. am etapze qarTul produqcias iaponiis qalaq tokioSi gaecnen. Terrada Republic-is sagamofeno sivrceSi B&C Hall `saqarTvelo — Rvinis samSoblo~, gamofena oficialurad gaixsna. eqspozicia aerTianebs unikalur arqeologiur eqsponatebsa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebs, romlis koncefcia dafuZnebulia qarTuli Rvinis kulturis unikalurobis warmoCenaze. gamofenis stumrebs saSualeba eZlevaT, interaqciis daxmarebiT uZvelesi Rvinis samSobloSi imogzauron. gamofena imarTeba saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativiT, Rvinis erovnuli saagentosa da asociacia `qarTuli Rvinis~ organizebiT, garemos dacvisa da soflis meurneobis saministros, `saqpatentis~ da erovnuli muzeumis mxardaWeriT, msoflioSi umsxvilesi kompania `soni miuziq qomuniqeiSenisa~ da kompania `topanis~ partniorobiT, romelmac uaxlesi teqnologiis meSveobiT, tokioSi uZvelesi qarTuli kulturisa da Rvinis istoria gaacocxla. tokioSi Sekrebil stumrebs saqarTvelos premier-ministrma qarTuli Rvinis unikalur istoriasa da kulturis Sesaxeb mouTxro. `maqvs pativi, ukeT gagacnoT Cemi samSoblo — saqarTvelo, romelic iseTive unikaluria am samyaroSi, rogoric Tqveni amomavali mzis qveyana~, — mimarTa man iaponel xalxs da saqarTvelos erTguli megobrobisTvis madloba gadauxada. qarTuli Rvinis istoriisadmi miZRvnili eqspoziciis gaxsnamde, saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da soflis meurneobis ministri, levan daviTaSvili

iaponel Jurnalistebs qarTuli Rvinis kulturis mniSvnelobaze esaubra da aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos, rogorc Rvinis samSoblos, pozicionireba umniSvnelovanesia qveynis saerTaSoriso imijisa da popularizaciisTvis, romelic xels Seuwyobs Cveni qveynis turistuli da sainvesticio potencialis kidev ufro gazrdas. Jurnalistis kiTxvaze, Tu ra TvisebebiT gamoirCeva qarTuli Rvino, ministrma qarTuli Rvinis dayenebis gansakuTrebul meTodze da gansxvavebuli yurZnis jiSebiT Rvinis dayenebis teqnologiaze gaamaxvila yuradReba da aRniSna, rom 500-ze meti qarTuli adgilobrivi yurZnis jiSia gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi, romelic agrobiomravalferovnebiT yvelaze gamorCeuli qveyanaa, rac qarTuli Rvinis warmatebis formulaa. preskonferenciaze, Tavis emociur gamosvlaSi, levan daviTaSvilma aqcenti swored Rvinis istoriasa da Rvinis dayenebis qarTul tradiciaze gaamaxvila. `saqarTvelosTvis Rvino umTavresi savizito baraTia. platforma, romelsac Cvens iaponel da dainteresebul sazogadoebas vTavazobT, Zalian sainteresoa. vfiqrobT, aseTi formiT gvinda Rvinis kulturisa da istoriis Cveneba gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi gavxadoT. Rvino saqarTveloSi daibada da Cven swored am istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb movuTxrobT iaponel sazogadoebas. Rvino 8 aTasi wlis kulturaa. amdeni welia, rac kacobrioba mas ayenebs. am etapze CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, rom tokios mcxovreblebma da misma stumrebma es tradicia CvenTan erTad gaicnon da gaiziaron.

Rvinis kulturis gacnobiT, saqarTvelos, rogorc qveynis, gacnobac SesaZlebelia. upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli Rvino uZvelesia, gansxvavebuli teqnologiiT dgeba. igi mzaddeba qvevrSi bunebrivi meTodiT da Rvinis dayenebis es teqnika iqca swored iuneskos aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilad. es Zalian advili gasagebia iaponeli RviniT dainteresebuli sazogadoebisTvis, radgan 2003 wels, rodesac Cveni kultura aRiares, aseve iaponiis samzareulos kultura gaxda iuneskos kulturuli memkvidreobis nawili. qarTuli Rvino ara marto Zvelia, aramed gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis matarebelic gaxlavT. igi mzaddeba qarTuli adgilobrivi yurZnis jiSebisgan, romlebic dRes mxolod saqarTveloSi SeiZleba naxoT. msoflios uamravi qveynis produqciisgan qarTuli Rvino amiT aris gamorCeuli da unikaluri~, — ganacxada levan daviTaSvilma. `qarTuli dRisadmi~ miZRvnili miReba, qarTuli Rvinisa da samzareulos degustaciasTan erTad, moicavda kulturul programas, `suxiSvilebisa~ da ansambl `basianis~ monawileobiT. RonisZiebas iaponiis aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da diplomatebi daeswrnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom proeqti pirvelad 2017 wels, safrangeTSi, Rvinis msoflio dedaqalaq bordoSi gaimarTa da mecnierul kvlevas mieZRvna, romlis Sedegad samecniero sazogadoebam saqarTvelo Rvinis samSoblod aRiara. faqtobrivad, amis Semdeg gadawyda, rom eqspozicias msoflio masStabiT unda emogzaura. 2017 wels saerTaSoriso specialistebma daamtkices, rom saqarTvelo meRvineobis samSobloa. n

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saqarTvelos gamowvevebi da SesaZleblobebi fransua peSo

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aqarTvelom ekonomikis reformirebis gza SesaniSnavad ganvlo. 2000-iani wlebis Sua periodidan dawyebuli, saqarTvelom warmatebiT daamarcxa korufcia, gaatara Zireuli sagadasaxado reforma, Seamcira regulirebis tvirTi. aman waaxalisa ekonomikuri aqtivoba da msoflio bankis biznesis keTebis reitingSi saqarTvelos pozicia mkveTrad gaumjobesda (2004 wels 112-e adgilidan, 2019 wels me-6 adgilze). gonivrulma politikam xeli Seuwyo makroekonomikur da finansur stabilurobas qveyanaSi. biujetis deficiti da saxelmwifos vali dabali rCeba. inflaciis targetirebis reJimi metad saimedo gaxda, xolo moqnili gacvliTi kursi saqarTvelos gareSe SokebTan gamklavebaSi daexmara. sabanko seqtori kargadaa daregulirebuli saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier. seqtoris kapitalizaciis maCvenebeli maRalia, igi likviduri da momgebiania. warmatebuli reformebisa da gonivruli politikis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos ekonomikis tempi Senelda da ekonomika jerac ver qmnis sakmaris SesaZleblobebs yvela moqalaqisTvis. saSualod, wliuri zrdis tempi 2003-2007 wlebSi 9.7 iyo, 2010-2014 wlebSi 5.6 procenti, xolo 2015-2017 wlebSi — 3.6 procenti. Seneleba sagareo moTxovnis klebiT da mwarmoeblurobis zrdis SemcirebiTaa gamowveuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, 2008-2009 wlebis finansur kriziss, aseve 2014-2016 wlebSi sawvavis fasebis klebis gavlenas ukavSirdeba regionis ekonomikebze. progresi ver iqna miRweuli siRaribisa da uTanasworobis aRmofxvris kuTxiT. ukidures siRaribeSi myofi mosaxleobis raodenoba TiTqmis ucvlelia 2015 wlis Semdeg. saSualovadian periodSi ekonomikis SedarebiT maRal zrdas velodebiT, Tumca horizontze Savi Rrublebic Cans. ssf-is zrdis prognozi 5 procentia da damokidebulia struqturuli reformebis gatarebaze. aseve mowyvladia savaWro partniorebis zrdis, saerTaSoriso savaWro daZabulobebis mimarT. kreditis dabali zrda, rac sesxis gacemis axali regulaciebis amoqmedebiT aris gamowveuli, agreTve moqmedebs zrdis prognozze. unda gagrZeldes gonivruli makroekonomikuri politika, gacvliTi kursis moqniloba da ucxour valutaSi rezervebis dagroveba. saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli struqturuli gamowvevebi moiTxovs reformebis axal talRas. yuradRebiani investiciebi saxelmwifo infrastruqturaSi gaaumjobesebs qveynis dakavSirebas savaWro partniorebTan, Seamcirebs transportirebis xarjs, da daexmareba saqarTvelos, gaxdes evropa-aziis damakavSirebeli satransporto da logistikuri habi. Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo reforma uzrunvelyofs unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, aamaRlebs dasaqmebulTa produqtiulobas, Seqmnis samuSao adgilebs da ukeTes SesaZleblobebs yvelasTvis. danazogebis mobilizeba da adgilobrivi kapitalis bazris ganviTareba Seqmnis saWiro investiciebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas, Tan Seamcirebs damokidebulebas dafinansebis sagareo wyaroebze. axali sapensio sqema gaaumjobesebs momavali pensionerebis cxovrebis standarts da xels Seuwyobs

dagrovebas da biznesis xelmisawvdomobas laris grZelvadian resursze. sainvesticio fondebis Sesaxeb damuSavebis procesSi arsebuli kanonmdebloba, savaWro infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba da axali kerZo-sajaro partniorobis CarCo-kanonmdeblobis amuSaveba, xels Seuwyobs danazogis mobilizebas da investiciebs. mniSvnelovani progresis miuxedavad, biznesgaremo SesaZlebelia metad gaumjobesdes, raTa kerZo seqtori gaxdes ekonomikuri zrdis mamoZravebeli Zala, Seqmnas samuSao adgilebi. gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba gaaumjobesebs biznesgaremos, SesaZlebels gaxdis Tanxis amoRebas maqsimaluri odenobiT da xels Seuwyobs sawarmos droul reabilitacias. sagadasaxado administraciis gaumjobesebis Zalisxmeva, maT Soris dRg-is anazRaurebisa da sasamarTlo reformebi, Seqmnis Tanamedrove, efeqtur da gamWvirvale sasamarTlo sistemas, rac xels Seuwyobs biznesgaremos da investiciebs waaxalisebs. saqarTvelos ganuxreli interesi da reformebis ganxorcielebis istoria iZleva imeds, rom qveyana warmatebiT gaumklavdeba axal gamowvevebs da misi mosaxleobis cxovrebis standarti amaRldeba. maRali da ufro inkluziuri zrdis miRweva moiTxovs struqturuli reformebis gatarebas, rac kerZo seqtors potencialis gamovlenis saSualebas miscems. n

fransua peSo: ssf-is mudmivi warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi

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`saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ infrastruqturis ganaxleba da saerTaSoriso standartis danergva Cveni mTavari gamowvevaa

daviT feraZe

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daviT feraZe: ss `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ generaluri direqtori

ebismieri qveynis sarkinigzo potencialisTvis mniSvnelovania misi geografiuli mdebareoba, infrastruqtura da dasaqmebulTa profesionalizmi. geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ emsaxureba evropas, samxreT kavkasias, centralur da aRmosavleT azias. samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis qveynebi maTi Warbi bunebrivi resursebidan gamomdinare, aqtiurad sargebloben `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ momsaxurebiT. `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ partnior kompaniebTan erTad aviTarebs damatebiT satranzito marSrutebs da maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Sua derefani (Middle Corridor), axali abreSumis gzis ganuyofeli nawili.

Sua derefnis ganviTarebisTvis, gadazidvebis organizebis gamartivebisa da operaciebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobisTvis mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. `saqarTvelos rkinigzam~ Sua derefnis asociaciis (Transcaspian International Transport Route) wevrebTan erTad SeimuSava gamWoli tarifebi da `erTi fanjris~ principi. Cven dRes ukve gvaqvs gadazidvebi CineTidan evropis mimarTulebiT, amasTanave 2018 wels `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ mier mSrali tvirTebis gadazidvis maCveneblebi gaumjobesda, rac 2019 wlis martis mdgomareobiTac grZeldeba da ZiriTadad sakonteinero gadazidvebma ganapiroba. sakonteinero tvirTbrunvis mateba `saqarTvelos rkinigzaze~ tranzituli tvirTebis matebasTanac aris dakavSirebuli. `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ aqtiurad muSaobs Sua derefnis potencialis efeqturad gamoyenebaze — vmuSaobT baltiispireTSi Cvens partnior kompaniebTan sakonteinero matareblebis — VIKING-is (klaipeda, lietuva — odesa/Cernomorski, ukraina) da ZUBR-is (mugi, estoneTi — Cernomorski, ukraina) Sua derefanTan dakavSirebaze. baltiispireTis qveynebTan urTierTTanamSromloba zrdis derefnebis potencials da qmnis damatebiT perspeqtivebs.

axali safidero xazis Semoyvanis da Sesabamisad saqarTvelos rumineTTan pirdapir dakavSirebis mizniT, aqtiur fazaSia molaparakebebi Cvens ruminel partniorebTan, sazRvao xazebTan da gemebis operatorebTan. Cveni amocanaa saqarTveloze gamavali satransporto derefani vaqcioT msxvil logistikur arteriad azia-evropis satranzito sivrceSi da `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ aqtiur rols TamaSobs am miznis ganxorcielebaSi. aRsaniSnavia `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ mniSvnelovani infrastruqturuli proeqtebi, maT Soris modernizaciis proeqti, romlis farglebSi mimdinareobs arsebuli sarkinigzo infrastruqturis nawilobrivi modernizacia rTul monakveTebze. proeqtis farglebSi mTavar xazze ganaxlda da kapitalurad SekeTda sarkinigzo liandagebi, eleqtromomaragebis sistemebi, sarkinigzo nagebobebi, xidebi da gzagamtarebi. dasrulda saqarTveloSi yvelaze grZeli, 9 km-iani sarkinigzo gvirabis gayvaniTi samuSaoebi. rkinigzis infrastruqturis ganaxleba da saerTaSoriso standartis danergva iqneba ara mxolod 2019 wlis, aramed momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowveva. sarkinigzo infrastruqturis grZelvadian ganviTarebasTan erTad, mudmivad vmuSaobT mgzavrTa gadayvanis mimarTulebiT evropuli standartis danergvaze. dabolos: aRsaniSnavia, rom `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ qveynis erT-erTi umsxvilesi damsaqmebelia 12 000-ze meti TanamSromliT. kompaniis warmateba TiToeuli maTganis profesionalizmisa da Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegia. swored amitom mudmivad vcdilobT dasaqmebulTa keTildReobisTvis sx-

rkinigzis infrastruqturis ganaxleba da saerTaSoriso standartis danergva iqneba ara mxolod 2019 wlis, aramed momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowveva vadasxva socialuri programis ganxorcielebas. amasTanave, viziarebT saxelmwifo politikas profesiuli ganaTlebis udidesi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da vfiqrobT, rom ganaTlebis am seqtoris ganviTareba gazrdis profesiuli kadrebis raodenobas da kvalifikacias saxelmwifoSi. swored amitom, `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ iniciativiT daarsda sarkinigzo transportis koleji, sadac dainerga dualuri swavlebis meTodi (praqtikul samuSaoze dafuZnebuli Teoriuli swavla), riTac gvjera, rom sarkinigzo Sromis bazarze axali, kvalificiuri kadrebis aRzrdas SevuwyobT xels. koleji yvela msurvels aZlevs profesiuli unar-Cvevebis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobas. gvjera, rom Cveni xedvebi da aqtiuri muSaoba `saqarTvelos rkinigzas~ mniSvnelovan adgils daukvidrebs aRmosavleT evropis did evropul sarkinigzo uwyebaSi. n

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infrastruqturis modernizacia da Tanamedrove marTvis sistemebis danergva `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ prioritetia koka guncaZe

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aqarTvelos rkinigzisTvis~, rogorc qveynis erT-erTi strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone kompaniisTvis, dRemde mTavar gamowvevad qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana rCeba. `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ uaxloesi gegmebi gulisxmobs axali tvirTebis mozidvas da maTi transportirebis usafrTxoebas, mgzavrTa momsaxurebis gaumjobesebas, infrastruqturis modernizacias da Tanamedrove marTvis sistemebis danergvas. `saqarTvelos rkinigzisTvis~ mniSvnelovania satranzito gadazidvebi. Sesabamisad, Cven did mniSvnelobas vaniWebT ucxour rkinigzebTan da saerTaSoriso logistikur kompaniebTan TanamSromlobas. `saqarTvelos rkinigza~, Tavis partniorebTan erTad aqtiurad aviTarebs ramdenime satranzito marSruts. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Sua derefani, romelic Cvens qveyanaze gamavali evraziuli derefnis istoriul funqcias atarebs. gvsurs ufro mWidro TanamSromloba davamyaroT satranzito derefanSi Semaval qveynebTan, romelTac ara mxolod sarkinigzo gadazidvebis serviss, aramed srul satranzito jaWvs SevTavazebT, romelic iTvaliswinebs sazRvao portebs da aeroportebs. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze masStaburi infrastruqturuli proeqti — Tbilisi-

maxinjauris mTavari sarkinigzo magistralis modernizacia ukve finalur etapzea. mniSvnelovania, rom misi dasrulebis Semdeg, gaumjobesdeba sarkinigzo infrastruqtura, usafrTxoeba, da gaizrdeba matareblebis siCqare. aRsaniSnavia, rom infrastruqturuli proeqtebi sarkinigzo transportis sferoSi mxolod am seqtoris ganviTarebas ar gulisxmobs. gazrdili investiciebi xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi rogorc turizmis, ise biznesis ganviTarebas. n

koka guncaZe: ss `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare

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`saqarTvelos fosta~ mudmiv ganviTarebasa da xarisxis zrdaze orientirebuli kompaniaa

levan CikvaiZe

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levan CikvaiZe: `saqarTvelos fostis~ generaluri direqtori

aqarTvelos fostisTvis~ 2018 weli metad mniSvnelovani iyo. gatarda mravali reforma, dainerga axali produqtebi da ganxorcielda warmatebuli proeqtebi, ris Sedegadac kompaniam weli mniSvnelovani zrdiT daasrula. 2018 wels kompaniis aqtivis Rirebuleba gaizarda 12 milioni lariT da 85 milioni lari Seadgina, xolo wliuri brunva 90 milioni laridan 103 milion laramde gaizarda. kompanias zrda hqonda rogorc korporaciuli, aseve sacalo gayidvebis mimarTulebiT. `saqarTvelos fosta~ 2018 wels moemsaxura milionamde sacalo momxmarebels da 1 000-mde korporaciul klients. aseve aRsaniSnavia `saqarTvelos fostis~ xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis zrda saerTaSoriso gzavnilebis mimarTulebiT. am kuTxiT saerTaSoriso Sefasebis sistemis mixedviT, kompaniam yvela komponentSi (informaciis gacvla, gzavnilis Cabareba da a.S.) rogorc amanaTis, aseve EMS-gzavnilebis kategoriaSi gadaaWarba 98%-ian niSnuls. rac Seexeba registrirebuli werilobiTi korespondenciis gzavnilebs, 2018 wlis Prime-is reitingis mixedviT, `saqarTvelos fosta~ am organizaciis wevri qveynebis xuTeulSi Sevida da gaaswro msoflios bevr wamyvan safosto administracias. aseve, auditoriuli kompania PWC-is 2018 wlis sami kvartlis monacemebis mixedviT, `saqarTvelos fostam~ msoflio reitingSi meore, xolo evropis masStabiT pirveli adgili daikava. `teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli, momxmarebelze orientirebuli, strategiulad mniSvnelovani da sando partniori~ — ase afaseben `saqarTvelos fostas~ msoflio safosto kavSiris xelmZRvanelebi da msoflios wamyvani safosto operatorebi. gasul wels `saqarTvelos fosta~ fokusirebuli iyo eleqtronuli komerciis mimarTulebiT

produqt `maleoze~ da axlad danergil produqtze `qarTuli produqti msoflios~. `maleos~ mizania qveynis masStabiT, yvela regionis mcxovrebels mieces saSualeba isargeblos eleqtronuli komerciis SeTavazebiT da miiRos srulyofili momsaxureba. produqtis daxmarebiT, saqarTvelos nebismieri teritoriidan SesaZlebeli gaxda martivad da xelmisawvdom fasad amanaTebis gamowera ucxouri onlainmaRaziebidan. `qarTuli produqti msoflios~ gaxlavT eleqtronuli komerciis B2B-mimarTuleba. platforma eleqtronuli komerciiT dakavebul adgilobriv mewarmeebs saSualebas aZlevs `saqarTvelos fostis~ servisis daxmarebiT moaxdinon momxmareblis mier onlainreJimSi SeZenili produqtis myidvelisTvis Cabareba — rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, aseve msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi. `saqarTvelos fostis~ mizania, xeli Seuwyos qveyanaSi eleqtronuli komerciis ganviTarebas da qarTuli warmoebis gafarToebas, rac aseve dadebiT gavlenas iqoniebs teqnologiuri mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos regionebis ganviTarebaze. gasul wels `saqarTvelos fostam~ mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebs umaspinZla. saqarTveloSi Catarda PostEurop-is rigiT 34-e plenaruli sxdoma. RonisZiebis farglebSi, saqarTvelos estumrnen 49 evropuli qveynis 52 safosto operatoris xelmZRvaneli pirebi. sxdomaze ganxilul iqna safosto reformebi, safosto sferos ganviTarebis gegmebi da wevrTa Soris partnioruli kavSirebis gamyarebis SesaZleblobebi. aseve, `saqarTvelos fostis~ mxardaWeriT, pirvelad Cvens qveyanaSi gaimarTa `biznesinovaciebis forumi~, romelsac 100-ze meti saerTaSoriso kompaniis warmomadgeneli eswreboda. maT warmoadgines safosto biznesTan da logistikasTan dakavSirebuli inovaciuri proeqtebi da xedvebi. `saqarTvelos fosta~ mudmiv ganviTarebazea orientirebuli, amitom igi yovelwliurad aumjobesebs momsaxurebis xarisxs, aseve mravalferovans da momxmarebelze morgebuls xdis safosto produqtebs.

2019 wels kompania gegmavs rigi serviscentrebis ganaxlebas Tbilissa da regionebSi, axali servisebis danergvas da mniSvnelovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas rogorc adgilobrivi, ise saerTaSoriso mimarTulebiT, rac kompaniis momsaxurebis xarisxs kidev ufro gaaumjobesebs. `saqarTvelos fosta~ warmoadgens lider erovnul safosto operators, romlis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa momxmareblis uzrunvelyofa universaluri safosto momsaxurebis sferoSi Semavali servisebiT. kompania orientirebulia Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebaze, gamoirCeva rogorc momsaxurebis didi arCevaniT, aseve serviscentrebis yvelaze farTo qseliT saqarTveloSi. amJamad, qveynis masStabiT, kompaniis 82 serviscentri funqcionirebs. `saqarTvelos fosta~ qveynis erT-erTi umsxvilesi damsaqmebelia — kompaniaSi dasaqmebulia 2800-ze meti kadri. `saqarTvelos fosta~ mudmivad zrunavs TanamSromlebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze, risTvisac sistematurad atarebs sxvadasxva saswavlo trenings da dRes kompaniis TanamSromelTa kvalifikacia srulad Seesabameba msoflio standarts. n

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awarmoe saqarTveloSi! — ratom aris axla saukeTeso dro saqarTveloSi investirebisTvis mixeil xidureli

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Res saqarTvelos, rogorc arasdros, aqvs biznesis warmoebis xelsayrelobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba da ndoba. namdvilad saxezea saxelmwifos mzadyofna da qmediTi instrumentebi, ekonomikur zrdaze dadebiTi gavlena iqonios da udavoa, rom qarTvel eqsportiorebs aseve aqvT uprecedento wvdoma saerTaSoriso bazrebze. realurad, dRes is viTarebaa, rodesac saqarTveloSi biznesis wamosawyebad yvelaze xelsayreli droa. Cven investorebTan saubrisas xSirad vambobT, rom saqarTveloSi investirebisTvis 10 wlis win iyo SedarebiT adre, 10 wlis Semdeg ki iqneba SedarebiT gvian, radganac 10 wlis win ar arsebobda biznesis mxardaWeris efeqturi saxelmwifo instrumentebi da gamartivebuli wvdoma saerTaSoriso bazrebze. 10 wlis Semdeg, evrokavSirTan integraciis gzaze qveynis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Semcirdeba gamartivebuli pirobebi da moqniloba. `awarmoe saqarTveloSi~, rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saagento, sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebis gaZlierebiT muSaobs rac SeiZleba meti adamianis CarTvaze ekonomikaSi. kerZod, esenia: adgilobrivi biznesis xelSewyoba, eqsportis waxaliseba da ucxouri investiciebis mozidva.

Cven gvjera, rom xvalindeli ukeTesi ekonomikuri viTareba swored am ZiriTadi, logikurad gadabmuli sami mimarTulebis erTdrouli gaZlierebiT aris SesaZlebeli — qarTveli mewarmeebis, eqsportiori kompaniebis da ucxoeli investorebis TanxvedraSi arsebuli RirebulebaTa jaWvis zrdiT, sadac, qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis procesSi, TiToeuli rgolis sruli potencialis aTviseba TanabarmniSvnelovania. dRes, rodesac saqarTvelo biznesis warmoebis simartiviT msoflio reitingebSi mowinave poziciebze imyofeba, faqtobrivad dasturdeba, rom bizness ar aqvs bazarze Sesvlis problemebi, Tumca CvenTvis kvlav gamowvevad rCeba mcire da saSualo biznesis integrireba RirebulebaTa jaWvSi. Tavis mxriv, am rgolis mTavar gamowvevad rCeba finansebze xelmisawvdomoba da biznesganaTleba.

Cveni saagentos biznesis xelSewyobis sxvadasxva meqanizmi, rogorebicaa finansebze xelmisawvdomobis komponenti, treningebisa da Tanamedrove biznesganaTlebis sxvadasxva programa da a.S. swored am gamowvevaze pasuxia, Cveni mTavari mizani ki sxvadasxva seqtorSi mcire da saSualo biznesis gaZlierebaa, radgan swored is aris qarTuli ekonomikis gamwevi Zala. saagento 2019 wlidan qarTuli biznesis xelSewyobis axal, intensiuri partniorobis modelze gadadis. Cven vcdilobT viyoT yvelaze axlos qarTul biznesTan da yvela programa da ganviTarebis mokle Tu grZelvadiani strategia maT konkretul moTxovnebs da saWiroebebs movargoT. saagento dafinansebuli kompaniebis `meurve~ unda gaxdes pirvelive dRidan `zrdasrulobamde~. unda `gamovzardoT~ isini, gavaZlieroT adgilobriv

bazarze, movamzadoT globalur bazrebze konkurenciaSi monawileobisTvis da Cvenve gaviyvanoT eqsportze, raTa Semdeg, swored am kompaniebma Seuwyon xeli saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebas. magaliTad, amas Tanmimdevrulad akeTebda irlandia 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi da realurad, axla es kompaniebi qmnian irlandiis ekonomikas.

Cven vaxorcielebT eqsportiori kompaniebis kategorizacias, rac dagvexmareba ukeT SevuwyoT xeli qarTuli produqtis warmatebas saerTaSoriso bazrebze — pirvel etapze, mTeli qveynis masStabiT gavesaubrebiT yvela mwarmoebels, raTa sxvadasxva kategoriad davajgufoT imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mzad arian gaxdnen eqsportiorebi, xolo Semdeg, ZiriTadi kategoriebis kompaniebis saWiroebebze morgebul mxardamWer aqtivobebs davgegmavT da Tanmimdevrulad ganvaxorcielebT. gvaqvs Zalian mniSvnelovani siaxle — CineTis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur centrSi — cingtaoSi sruliad usasyidlod vxsniT warmomadgenlobas, romelic moicavs saofise, samuSao da sasawyobo sivrces, sadac mudmivad imuSaveben Cveni eqsportisa da investiciebis xelSewyobis menejerebi. aseve, sivrces da sacxovrebels ufasod davuTmobT CineTis bazriT dainteresebul komerciul kompaniebsac, raTa maT maqsimalurad SevuwyoT xeli qarTuli produqtis eqsportSi da CineTTan Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis gamoyenebaSi. rac Seexeba ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas, SevcvaleT investiciebis mozidvis paradigma.

Cveni TanamSromlebi axorcieleben codnaze dafuZnebul biznesseqtorebSi topinvestorebis mozidvaze individualur muSaobas, rac gulisxmobs potenciur investor kompaniebsa da organizaciebSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebis Seswavlas, maTTan pirdapiri komunikaciis damyarebas da maTze morgebul sainvesticio SeTavazebebsa da pirobebze muSaobas. Cven am kompaniebze Tanmimdevrulad vimuSavebT, vidre ar mivaRwevT warmatebas — movaxvedrebT saqarTvelos maTi saerTaSoriso sainvesticio proeqtebis portfelSi. ar aris martivi xelsayreli biznesgaremos kuTxiT SeinarCuno lideris pozicia ara mxolod regionSi, aramed globalur bazarzec, magram saqarTvelo kvlav axerxebs mowinave poziciebis SenarCunebas da ekonomikuri mizidulobis centrad Camoyalibebas Cveni mTavari konkurentuli upiratesobebiT: gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo baza, biznesis warmoebis gamartivebuli procedurebi da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swori politika. n

mixeil xidureli: saagentos `awarmoe saqarTveloSi~ direqtori

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2019 wels qarTuli aviacia masStaburi siaxleebiT xvdeba!

giorgi CogovaZe

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giorgi CogovaZe: saqarTvelos aeroportebis gaerTianebis direqtori

viacia saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani seqtoria, romelic wlidan wlamde sul ufro dinamikurad viTardeba — amis naTeli magaliTia 2018 wlis Sedegebi: Cvens aeroportebSi mgzavrTa nakadis mniSvnelovani zrda, rac pirdapir aisaxeba saqarTveloSi Semosuli turistebis raodenobaze. saaviacio bazris ganviTareba xels uwyobs turizmis winsvlas, turizmis seqtorSi axali servisebis danergvas, Sesabamisi infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas — swored es yvelaferi erTad, pirdapir aisaxeba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

CvenTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos samive saerTaSoriso aeroportSi mgzavrTa nakadis stabiluri zrda gvaqvs. swored Tanmimdevruli da koordinirebuli muSaobis Sedegad, samive aeroportma SeZlo sakuTari niSis ganviTareba da am yvelaferma, erToblivad, qveynis saaviacio bazris axal etapze gadatana moaxdina.

2018 wels saqarTvelos aeroportebi jamSi 5 033 118 mgzavrs moemsaxura, rac 24%-iT aRemateba 2017 wlis maCvenebels. mgzavrTa nakadis zrdis kuTxiT, gasuli weli quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroportisTvis, romelsac Cven vmarTavT, yvelaze warmatebuli iyo. arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, 2018 wels, quTaisis daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis aeroportis mgzavrTa nakadi pirvelad gascda naxevar milions. 12 Tvis WrilSi, Cven 617 342 mgzavrs movemsaxureT, rac 2017 welTan SedarebiT, 52%-iT metia. Sedegad, evropis aeroportTa saerTaSoriso sabWos (ACI Europe) monacemebiT, quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroporti mgzavrTa nakadis zrdiT evropaSi pirvel adgilze gavida. es saukeTeso maCvenebelia im evropul aeroportebs Soris, romlebis mgzavrTa nakadi xuT milionze naklebia.

pirdapiri mimarTulebebi da xelmisawvdomi fasebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mogzaurobis dagegmvis procesSi. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebaSi quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroports erT-erTi uniSvnelovanesi roli uWiravs. iafma frenebma Cvens moqalaqeebs saSualeba misca imogzauron da iswavlon evropis qveynebSi. am yvelaferSi ki maT xeli Seuwyo, ra Tqma unda, Cveni qveynis umniSvnelovanesma monapovarma — vizaliberalizaciam. quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroports daemata axali servisebi, gaizarda damatebiT komerciuli farTebisa da kvebis obieqtebis raodenoba, imata aeroportis gamtarunarianobamac. 2018 wels Camomfreni mgzavrebis 50% saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi iyvnen da quTaisis aeroporti kvlav inarCunebs Cvens mosaxleobaSi yvelaze moTxovnadi aeroportis statuss. ra Tqma unda am yvelafers xeli Seuwyo evropaSi uvizo mimosvlam. Cveni moqalaqeebi quTaisidan evropis 21 mimarTulebiT dafrinaven. pirveli agvistodan gvemateba kidev 6 axali evropuli mimarTuleba (briuseli, kopenhageni, bazeli, eindhoveni, talini, bari) da daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis aeroportSi aviakompania Wizz Air-is mesame bazirebuli sahaero xomaldi, rac saqarTveloSi damatebiT investiciebs da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebas gulisxmobs.

2018 wels Wizz Air-ma quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis mgzavrTa nakadis 95% gadaiyvana (587 643 mgzavri) da saqarTvelos aviaciis istoriaSi pirvelad, Wizz Air-i bazris lideri gaxda. mgzavrTa nakadis zrdis paralelurad, dRis wesrigSi dadga aeroportis gafarToebis sakiTxic. samomavlod, vfiqrobT, quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroporti, regionul WrilSi, dabalbiujetiani aviakompaniebis centrad vaqcioT. am etapze intensiur reJimSi mimdinareobs axali samgzavro terminalis samSeneblo samuSaoebi da daaxloebiT erT weliwadSi evropaSi erT-erTi yvelaze lamazi aeroporti gveqneba. imedi gvaqvs, sruliad axali koncefciis mqone aeroportidan ufro meti aviakompania ifrens da meti aviareisi Sesruldeba. win bevri ambiciuri gegma gvaqvs. am gegmis erTerTi nawili iyo safrangeTis nacionaluri aviaxazebis, flagmanis — AIR FRANCE-is Semoyvana. 2-wliani molaparakebebi frangul kompanias, ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros `saqarTvelos aeroportebis gaerTianebasa~ da Tbilisis operator kompania Tav Georgia-s Soris warmatebiT dasrulda. saqarTvelos aviabazarze, aviaciis istoriaSi uZvelesi da udidesi aviakompania — AIR FRANCE, SkyTeamis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli aviakompania, pirdapiri regularuli reisebis Sesrulebas Tbilisi-parizis mimarTulebiT iwyebs. vfiqrobT, Tanmimdevruli muSaobis Sedegad, yvela dasaxul amocanas Tavs gavarTmevT — iqneba es saerTaSoriso aeroportebis Tu adgilobrivi aeroportebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. SesaZlebloba Zalian didi gvaqvs. ra Tqma unda, aqtiurad vTanamSromlobT ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrosTan da aseve, turizmis erovnul administraciasTan. erTerTi sakmaod dadebiTi mxare aviakompaniebisTvis aris is, rom sxvadasxva uwyebas erTiani midgoma gvaqvs konkretuli mimarTulebisadmi. n

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saqarTvelo da arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi — 2019 wlis gegmebi

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aqarTvelo aris qveyana, romelic uwyvetliv iswrafvis ganviTarebisken. man ukve SeZlo warmatebis miRweva da globalur rukaze Tavis damkvidreba sxvadasxva sferoSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebis saelCo daaxloebiT 1 wlis win gaixsna, ganvlili mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi, orma saxelmwifom SeZlo TanamSromlobis warmatebiT da nayofierad warmarTva sxvadasxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli SeTanxmebebis gaformebis gziT — iseve, rogorc xeli moewera urTierTgagebis memorandumebsa da SeTanxmebebs, maT Soris, SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado sistemis dawesebas da politikuri konsultaciebis komitetis Seqmnas. garda amisa, aris maRali donis vizitebis gacvlis praqtika. arsebobs ormxrivi urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis mzadyofna, ramdenadac saqarTvelo emzadeba abu dabiSi saelCos gaxsnisTvis da aseve monawileobisTvis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da grandiozul RonisZieba `eqspo 2020~-Si, romelic pirvelad imarTeba samxreT-dasavleTis regionSi. es msoflios erT-erTi umsxvilesi gamofena gaxlavT, romelic 2020 wlis 20 oqtombers dubaiSi gaixsneba da 173 dRe gastans. gamofenaSi monawileobas 190 qveyana, maT Soris saqarTveloc miiRebs. rogorc saamiroebis elCi saqarTveloSi, isa albaSa alnoaimi aRniSnavs, `eqspo 2020~, romlis devizia: `gonebaTa kavSiri da momavlis Seqmna~, saukeTeso platformaa, romelic uamrav saxelmwifos Tavs uyris erT sivrceSi da TiToeul maTgans aZlevs saSualebas, warudginos sakuTari Tavi da produqcia danarCen msoflios, mravlad moizidos investiciebi da axal bazrebze damkvidrdes. `eqspo 2020~ ar Semoifargleba mxolod komerciuli seqtoriT, aramed kulturul sferosac daeTmoba. am SemTxvevaSi ki saqarTvelos, rogorc erT-erT uZveles da Zalian mdidari kulturisa da istoriis mqone qveyanas, didi ekonomikuri da turistuli potenciali aqvs. magaliTisTvis, mas saSualeba eqneba gamofenaze qarTuli xalxuri cekvebi da xelovnebis mravali ganxris nimuSebi, kerZebi mravalferovani samzareulodan, mineraluri wylebi da adgilobrivi warmoebis xelnakeTi nivTebi warmoadginos. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs turizmis industriis gasaviTareblad da Sesabamis Sedegebsac aRwevs. 2018 wels, qveyanam 8 milionze met turists umaspinZla. `eqspo 2020~ xels Seuwyobs am ricxvis zrdas da met ucxoels gauCens saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis survils, vinaidan gamofenas 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 30 milioni stumari ewveva. saqarTvelosa da arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebis erT-erT umTavres mizans ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis aspeqtebi warmoadgens. saamiroebma saqarTveloSi miliard aSS dolaramde investicia ganaxorciela sxvadasxva proeqtis saxiT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo or saxelmwifos Soris megobruli urTierTobebiT da saerTo miswrafebebiT winsvlisken. ganxorcielebulma investiciebma moicva sastumroebis, bankebisa Tu savaWro obiqtebis saqarTvelos masStabiT gaxsna da sacalo biznesis xelSewyoba. arsebobs investiciebis sxva sferoebSi gadinebis SesaZleblobebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, mineraluri wylebis eqsporti, ramdenadac saqarTvelo mdidaria wylis resursebiT. arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebisa da saqarTvelos strategiuli adgilmdebareoba integraciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorTagania. arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebis saxelmwifo ori kontinentis, aziisa da afrikis

gzagasayarsa da samxreT evropidan ramdenime saaTis daSorebiT mdebareobs. mas aqvs portebisa da aeroportebis mowesrigebuli infrastruqtura da sargeblobs usafrTxoebis maRali xarisxiT. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Tavisi xelsayreli lokaciidan gamomdinare, evropasa da azias Soris gzagamtars warmoadgens, rac xels uwyobs rogorc investorebis, aseve mogzaurTa mozidvas, misi portebi ki emsaxureba bazrebs kavkasiis regionSi. arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi, Tavis mxriv, regionSi meorea Zlieri ekonomikis TvalsazrisiT, romelic emyareba codnas, inovacias da mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs msoflio da regionul ekonomikaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, igi msoflios erT-erT turistul da savaWro centradaa miCneuli. rac Seexeba turistTa nakads, wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos saamiroebidan daaxloebiT 15 000 turisti stumrobs, saqarTvelodan ki TiTqmis 6 000 adamiani miemgzavreba arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebis mimarTulebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo doneze moxda sahaero mimosvlis mowesrigeba. mniSvnelovania satransporto seqtoris ganviTareba. or saxelmwifos Soris am mimarTulebiTac mimdinareobs TanamSromloba. yovelkvireulad baTumisa da Tbilisis aeroportebidan dubais saerTaSoriso aeroportis mimarTulebiT 25 frena xorcieldeba, maTi raodenoba ki sezonis Sesabamisad, 40-mde izrdeba. amdenad, saqarTvelos yvelaze intensiuri sahaero mimosvla regionSi arabTa gaerTianebul saamiroebTan aqvs.

SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT saqarTveloSi arsebul adamianur resurss, romelic qveynis warmatebis upirvelesi sawindaria. qarTveli eri sakmaod gonieri da mravali unar-Cvevis mqonea. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia adamianuri kapitalis zrdisa da gaumjobesebisTvis investiciebis gamoyofa, adamianebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba ama Tu im sferoSi, rac Tavis mxriv, samomavlod qveynis ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebas Zalian Seuwyobs xels. arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs saganmanaTleblo sferos ganviTarebas. ixsneba msoflios uZvelesi universitetebis filialebi, rogoricaa sorbonas franguli universiteti, amerikuli da avstraliuri universitetebi; aseve, saamiroebis universitetebi, reitingebSi msoflio umaRlesi donis universitetebis gverdiT ikaveben adgils. garda amisa, saxelmwifo xels uwyobs samedicino momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebas. magaliTisTvis, arsebobs samedicino-gamajansaRebeli kurortebi, rogoricaa klivlendis saavadmyofo abu dabiSi da dubais samedicino qalaqi. saxelmwifo aseve mWidrod TanamSromlobs UNICEF-Tan da did Tanxebs gamoyofs, raTa yvela mozards hqondes wvdoma xarisxian ganaTlebaze. arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebis elCma tolerantobazec isaubra da aRniSna, rom arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi xelmZRvanelobs tolerantobis principiT, pativs scems yvela adamians, ganurCevlad maTi warmomavlobis, kulturuli da religiuri mikuTvnebulobisa. 2019 weli saamiroebSi prezidentma Seix xalifa bin zaid al nihianma tolerantobis wlad gamoacxada da metic — 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals abu dabiSi romis papma da al azharis imamma ahmad muhammad al-taibma Zmobis deklaracias moaweres xeli. n

isa albaSa alnoaimi: arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebis elCi saqarTveloSi

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nenskra hidro: aqcenti socialur proeqtebze Teimuraz kopaZe

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Teimuraz kopaZe: ss `nenskra hidros~ operaciebis marTvis direqtori

enskras hidroeleqtrosadguris proeqti sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri ganxilvis Temad rCeba. proeqtis ganmaxorcielebeli kompaniis - ss `nenskra hidros~ operaciebis marTvis direqtor Teimuraz kopaZes mivmarTeT TxovniT, kidev erTxel ganumartos mkiTxvels am proeqtis arsi, daniSnuleba, is, Tu ra iwvevs nenskras hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis aucileblobas da raSi mdgomareobs am proeqtis unikaluroba. batono Teimuraz, iqneb kidev erTxel ganvumartoT Cvens mkiTxvels nenskras hidroeleqtrosadguris proeqtis daniSnuleba? sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos udidesi hidroeleqtroresursi aqvs, Tumca amJamad misi mxolod 20%-mdea aTvisebuli. es - maSin, roca magaliTad, avstriaSi es maCvenebeli 80%-s Seadgens, SveicariaSi — 90%-s... meore mxriv, izrdeba eleqtroenergiis moxmareba, aTvisebuli resursi ki mzard moTxovnas ver akmayofilebs. amJamad saqarTveloSi warmoebuli eleqtroenergiis umetesi nawili — 80% hesebze gamomuSavdeba. es iwvevs imas, rom Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi, rodesac mdinareebSi wylis done mcirdeba, saqarTvelo eleqtroenergiisa da bunebrivi airis importzea damokidebuli. eleqtroenergiasa da bunebriv airs, romlis mniSvnelovani nawili eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebisTvis gamoiyeneba, saqarTvelo mezobeli qveynebidan — ruseTidan, azerbaijanidan da somxeTidan yidulobs. es ki niSnavs energodamokidebulebas da seriozul datvirTvas ekonomikisTvis. nenskras hidroeleqtrosadguris proeqti, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobis mieraa inicirebuli, saxelmwifo energosistemis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan komponents warmoadgens da misi mTavari daniSnuleba swored importis sagrZnoblad Semcirebaa. nenskra hesis dadgmuli simZlavre 280 mgvt-ia, xolo wliuri gamomuSaveba 1’200.00 gvt.sT iqneba. amasTan, gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia mTlianad saqarTvelos bazars moxmardeba. araerTxel aRiniSna am proeqtis unikaluroba.

Tu SeiZleba, kidev erTxel ganvmartoT, raSi mdgomareobs igi... proeqti saqarTvelos energetikis seqtorisTvis unikaluri BOT (build-operate-transfer) sqemiT xorcieldeba. anu eqspluataciaSi Sesvlidan 36 wlis Semdeg investori — koreis wylis resursebis korporacia K-water hidroeleqtrosadgurs saxelmwifos usasyidlod gadascems. unikaluroba aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxva SemTxvevebSi ucxouri investiciiT aSenebuli hesebi samudamod investoris xelSi rCeba. dReis mdgomareobiT, ra etapzea nenskra hesis proeqti da ra gegmebi gaqvT 2019 wlisTvis?

2018 wlis noemberSi nenskra hesis mSeneblobisTvis winamosamzadebeli samuSaoebi ganvaaxleT. es mestiis municipalitetis soflebSi — Wubersa da nakraSi xidebisa da gzebis mSenebloba-reabilitacias, samSeneblo banakebisa da eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis mSeneblobas gulisxmobs. aRniSnuli samuSaoebi 2019 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcieldeba. vin axorcielebs am yvelafers?

Cveni subkontraqtori `qarTuli samSeneblo konsorciumi~. dReis mdgomareobiT, ra samuSaoebia ukve Catarebuli? aRdgenilia jamSi 10 kilometramde gza, aqtiurad mimdinareobs sareabilitacio samuSaoebi erTdroulad ramdenime monakveTze. aRniSnuli samuSaoebis farglebSi, proeqtiT nenskrasa da nakras xeobebSi 100 tona mzidunarianobis 11 xidis mSeneblobaa gansazRvruli. maTgan orze muSaoba ukve dawyebulia. aRsaniSnavia, rom samSeneblo samuSaoebze da savele banakSi dasaqmebulTa 80% adgilobrivia. radgan dasaqmebas SevexeT, aqve vikiTxavT: eleqtroenergiis importis Semcirebis garda, ras moutans nenskra hesis proeqti saqarTvelos? daviwyoT imiT, rom qonebisa da miwis gadasaxadebi, romelsac proeqti ukve ixdis, mTlianad mestiis municipalitets ericxeba. cifrebis enaze rom visaubroT, mxolod mSeneblobis etapze mestiis municipalitetis biujetSi proeqtidan gadasaxadebis saxiT 20 milioni aSS dolari gadairicxeba. proeqtis aqtiur fazaSi Sesvlisas mSeneblobaze 1000-ze meti adamiani dasaqmdeba. Cvenma kompaniam aiRo valdebuleba, mSeneblobaze upirvelesad adgilobrivi mosaxleoba daasaqmos. ukve am etapze, mosamzadebel samuSaoebze da savele banakSi dasaqmebulTa 80%-ze meti adgilobrivia. garda uSualo dasaqmebisa, orive soflis mosaxleoba proeqtidan e.w. irib sargebelsac iRebs. magaliTad, bevrma adgilobrivma sakuTar saxlSi saojaxo tipis sastumro moawyo, romelTa momsaxurebiTac Cveni da partniori kompaniebis TanamSromlebic aqtiurad sargebloben. ramdenadac viciT, kompania did yuradRebas uTmobs korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi mimdinare socialur proeqtebs. konkretulad ra keTdeba am mimarTulebiT? gvjera, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri gaZliereba da regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kompaniis erT-erTi movaleobaa. am mimarTulebiT kompanias sakmaod didi resursi aqvs gamoyofili — rogorc adamianuri, ise materialuri.

Cveni socialuri proeqtebi sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas moicavs: profesiuli ganaTlebis dafinanseba, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da adgilobrivi infrastruqturis reabilitacia.

Tebervlidan Wubersa da nakraSi sami masStaburi socialuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba daviwyeT. samive mestiis municipalitetTan gaformebuli urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandumis safuZvelze Seiqmna da adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis saWiroebaTa Sefasebas emyareba.

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pirveli maTgani — meqanizaciis proeqti mosaxleobaSi ukve didi popularobiT sargeblobs. mis farglebSi aRniSnuli soflebis mosaxleobas sasoflo-sameurneo da mcire infrastruqturuli samuSaoebis gasaxorcieleblad mZime teqnikiT momsaxureba gaeweva. kerZod, proeqti saSualebas aZlevs nebismier calkeul mosaxles an jgufs, maqsimalurad gamartivebuli proceduris gavliT mimarTon kompanias, romelic maT mZime teqnikiT momsaxurebas gauwevs. sagangebod am proeqtisTvis, kompaniam aTamde erTeuli mZime teqnika gamoyo. teqnikis ama Tu im erTeulis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs `nenskra hidro~ srulad dafaravs. meore — miwis registraciis mxardaWeris proeqtis farglebSi Cveni kompania Wuberisa da nakras yvela saojaxo meurneobas maT sakuTrebaSi an sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebis sakadastro azomviTi naxazis momzadebiT uzrunvelyofas sTavazobs. ss `nenskra hidro~ 400-mde ojaxs gauwevs daxmarebas, miwis nakveTebis jamuri farTi ki 450 ha-s aRwevs. nakveTebis agegmvis, azomvis, sakadastro azomviTi naxazis momzadebisa da miwis registraciis procedurebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis xarjebs `nenskra hidro~ srulad dafaravs. proeqtis mTavari amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos adgilobriv mosaxleobas mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaSi. mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis oficialurad daregistrireba Wuberisa da nakras mcxovreblebs saSualebas miscems, ganaviTaron sasoflo-sameurneo biznesi an saojaxo tipis sastumroebi.

Cveni mesame proeqti ki kvlav dasaqmebis TemasTan gvabrunebs da mZime teqnikis operatorebis momzadebas gulisxmobs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, nenskras hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis aqtiur fazaSi Sesvlisas 1000-ze meti samuSao adgili Seiqmneba da prioriteti adgilobriv mosaxleobas mieniWeba. imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi muSaxelis kvalifikacia Sesabamisi iyos saerTaSoriso mSenebeli kompaniebis standartTan, „nenskra hidrom“ miiRo gadawyvetileba, xeli Seuwyos mosaxleobas profesiul gadamzadebaSi da daafinansos mZime teqnikis im saxeobebis operatorTa trening-kursebi, romlebic nenskra hesis mSeneblobisas yvelaze moTxovnadi iqneba. amasTan, Cveni mizania, ara marto momzaddes nenskra hesis mSeneblobisTvis saWiro kadrebi, aramed, up-

irvelesad xeli SevuwyoT adgilobriv mosaxleobas, dasaqmebis bazarze metad konkurentunariani gaxdes. profesiuli ganaTlebis maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad, `nenskra hidrom~ Sesabamisi xelSekruleba gaaforma ssip kolej `speqtrTan~. programis farglebSi kolejis pedagogebi TviTmclelis, eqskavatoris, greiderisa da satvirTvelis operatorebs moamzadeben. kursis Teoriuli nawili soflebSi — Wubersa da nakraSi tardeba, xolo praqtikul kurss programis beneficiarebi TbilisSi gadian. treningkursebTan dakavSirebul yvela xarjs kompania ss `nenskra hidro~ srulad dafaravs. es Cveni kompaniis socialuri aqtivobebis arasruli CamonaTvalia. Tamamad SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom samomavlod adgilobriv mosaxleobas igive kerZo biznesis gasaviTareblad ufro met saintereso proeqts SevTavazebT. ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, rom proeqtis mesveurTaTvis umTavresi prioriteti usafrTxoebaa. mainc ra uzrunvelyofs mas? daviwyoT imiT, rom proeqtis investori, koreis wylis resursebis korporacia ukve 50 welze metia, warmatebiT axorcielebs maRali sirTulis infrastruqturul proeqtebs wylis resursebis marTvis sferoSi. kompanias 24 qveyanaSi 67 proeqti aqvs ganxorcielebuli da amJamad mravali daniSnulebis 16 kaSxals marTavs. swored usafrTxoebis prioritetulobidan gamomdinare, proeqtSi CarTulebi arian saukeTeso saerTaSoriso eqspertebi, maT Soris teqnikur konsultantad - Sveicariuli kompania Stucky. 1926 wels daarsebuli, igi 5 kontinentze operirebs da aRiarebuli eqspertia kaSxlebis usafrTxoebis dargSi rogorc mSobliur SveicariaSi, aseve sazRvargareT. kompanias 150 metrze maRali 20-ze meti kaSxali aqvs aSenebuli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi — maRalmTian regionebSi. Stucky-s gundi kargad icnobs qarTul realobas, radganac ukve 20 welze metia, saqarTveloSi saqmianobs. nenskra hesis infrastruqturuli nagebobebis asaSeneblad igive mowinave teqnologiebi iqneba gamoyenebuli, rac seismuri da garemos kuTxiT Cvens msgavs regionebSi gamoiyeneba. mowinave teqnologiebi iqneba gamoyenebuli hesis marTvisa da monitoringis nawilSic. n

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`kristali~ — finansuri CarTulobis organizacia

arCil bakuraZe

k

arCil bakuraZe: „kristalis“ sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare

ristalis~ istoria kidev ufro adre — 1998 wlidan iwyeba, roca afxazeTidan devnili axalgazrdebis jgufma quTaisSi wamoviwyeT im droisTvis sruliad warmoudgeneli biznesi — dabalSemosavliani mewarmeebisTvis yovelgvari uzrunvelyofis gareSe mikrosesxebis gacema. maSin 21 wlis viyavi, xolo gundi Cemi ramdenime kurselisgan Sedgeboda. cota mogvianebiT Cveni universitetis leqtors vTxoveT finansebis marTvaSi dagvxmareboda. dResac erTad vagrZelebT `kristalis~ ganviTarebas. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan `kristali~ iyo tipuri axalgazrduli inovaciuri startapi, romlis warmateba ganapiroba Cveni mentorebis da damfinanseblebis mxardaWeram. im dros, mogexsenebaT, startapis dafinansebis meqanizmi praqtikulad ar arsebobda da yvelaferi Cvens enTuziazmsa da ojaxebis daxmarebas eyrdnoboda. SromismoyvareobiT da maRali pasuxismgeblobiT SevZeliT ndobis mopoveba ramdenime donori organizaciisgan, Tumca sagranto resursi sakmaod male, jer kidev 2001 wels amoiwura, ris Semdegac `kristalis~ dafinanseba moziduli sesxebiT xorcieldeboda. Cveni gamWvirvaloba da korporaciuli mmarTvelobis xarisxi sakuTar konkurentul upiratesobad iqca, ris gamoc ufro da ufro meti saerTaSoriso damfinansebeli gvandobda Tavisi aqtivebis marTvas. yovelTvis gansxvavebuli organizaciuli kultura gvqonda, romelic Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis arcerT etapze ar Seesabameboda imdroindel garemos da saqmis keTebis gavrcelebul praqtikas. amitomac gviwevda Status Quo-sTan mudmivi Seuguebloba da winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva — iqneboda es policiasTan Sekruli adgilobrivi kriminali, korumpirebuli sagadasaxado organoebi Tu ufro mogvianebiT, Tavgasuli politikuri prokuratura. Cveni kulturis ganuyofeli nawili iyo da aris adamianze zrunva, misi uflebis dacva da mdgradi ganviTareba. am dros komerciuli warmateba ra Tqma unda mniSvnelovania, magram is aris Cveni saqmianobis erT-erTi Sedegi da ara TviTmizani.

Zalian simboluri iyo, rom `kristalis~ arsebobis 20 wlisTavze miviReT pasuxismgebliani biznesis jildo — `meliora 2018~. minda madloba gadavuxado rogorc konkursis organizators, aseve saerTaSoriso Jiuris, romelmac upirvelesad daafasa Cveni brendis filosofia da kompaniis kultura. albaT mTavari, ris gamoc vajobeT Zalze warmatebul da Tavis seqtorSi lider kompaniebs, iyo is, rom `kristalisTvis~ socialuri pasuxismgebloba ar aris saqmianobis erT-erTi an damatebiTi sfero. socialuri pasuxismgebloba warmodgenilia brendis atributebsa da kompaniis misiaSi, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs `kristalis~ strategiaSi da ikiTxeba Cvens produqtebSi, momxmareblis gamocdilebasa Tu kompaniis yvela mniSvnelovan politikaSi — iqneba es momxmareblis uflebebis dacva, TanamSromlebis keTildReoba da ganviTareba, personalur monacemTa dacva Tu garemoze zrunva.

Tu kargad SeiswavliT `kristalis~ saqmianobas, TvalSi mogxvdebaT axalgazrda mewarmeTa skola, e.w. mwvane produqtebi, romliTac vafinansebT energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiis proeqtebs. wels vgegmavT mewarme qalebisTvis specialuri SeTavazebis Seqmnas. es specialuri servisebi da Cveni yoveldRiuri momsaxureba mimarTulia sakuTari momxmareblebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobisa da finansuri stabilurobisken. `kristali~ izidavs Zalian gabedul, Sromismoyvare adamianebs, romlrbsac SeswevT unari awarmoon biznesi da daamtkicon, rom SeuZlebeli araferia. vfiqrob, `kristalis~ momxmareblebi iZlevian magaliTs mTeli saqarTvelosTvis da yoveldRiurad gvimtkiceben imas, rom siRaribis daZleva SesaZlebelia SromismoyvareobiT, damoukidebeli azrovnebiT, gariskvis unariT, rasac, yovelives, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs mewarmeoba!

Cveni axali startegia is gaxlavT, rom `kristali~ gaxdes `platforma ganviTarebisaTvis~, sadac mewarmeebi SeZleben sakuTari ideebis ganxorcielebas. es strategia Seiqmna msoflio saukeTeso praqtikis Seswavlis, strategiuli marketingisa da cifruli transformaciis kuTxiT momuSave saintereso partniorebTan muSaobis, aseve Cvens momxmareblebTan aqtiuri dialogis safuZvelze. yvelaze saintereso momenti iyo, roca menejments erTi dRe-Rame unda gaetarebina Cveni momxmareblebis saxlebSi. es Cveni partniori organizaciis — holandiis ganviTarebis bankis, FMO-s programis farglebSi moxda. ocwliani arsebobis miuxedavad, yvelas gvaqvs gancda, rom raRac axali da didi etapis dasawyisSi varT. `kristali~finansuri CarTulobis organizaciaa, rac ukeTesad aRwers Cvens arss, saqmianobis mizansa da momsaxurebis nairsaxeobas, romelsac `kristali~ momxmareblebs sTavazobs. Cveni mTavari mizani xom momxmareblebis ekonomikuri warmatebaa, romlis winapiroba unda iyos maTTvis meti SesaZleblobis micema da maTi srulyofili CarTva ekonomikur procesebSi. amitomac kompaniis ganviTarebis mocemul etapze, `kristali~ did aqcents amaxvilebs finansur CarTulobaze. swored am strategiis mxardaWeris kargi niSani iyo ramdenime kviris win Cveni amerikeli da evropeli investorebisgan 10 milioni laris damatebiTi investiciis miReba, rac adasturebs investorebis ndobas rogorc `kristalis~, aseve saqarTvelos mimarT. n

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axali standarti mSeneblobaSi SoTa berekaSvili

o

cze meti Semdgari proeqti, maT Soris sami dasrulebuli da xuTi mimdinare brenduli sastumros mSenebloba da qalaqis istoriuli nagebobebis rekonstruqcia. BK Construction saqarTvelos bazarze ramdenimewliani operirebis Semdeg, 2017 wels m2-Tan gaerTianda da m2-ma samSeneblo-sainJinro mimarTuleba samSeneblo seqtorSi 25-wliani gamocdilebis mqone gunds Caabara. `saqarTvelos bankis~ saTavo ofisis rekonstruqcia gaxldaT saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli Cveni pirveli proeqti. is gansakuTrebuli iyo, erTi mxriv, arqiteqturuli kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare, rac cxadia, CvenTvis, rogorc sainJinro-samSeneblo kompaniisTvis, erTgvari gamowveva iyo, meore mxriv ki aRniSnuli nageboba gamorCeul rols TamaSobda qalaqis iersaxeSi da mis identobaSi, rac gacilebiT sapasuxismgeblos xdida rekonstruqciaze muSaobas. sacxovrebeli kompleqsisgan gansxvavebiT, saofise kompleqsebi Tvisebrivad ufro rTuli xasiaTisaa: aseTi proeqtebi gacilebiT met sainJinro, radikalurad gansxvavebul da kompleqsur gaTbobagagrilebisa da usafrTxoebis sistemebs saWiroebs.

2017 wels BK Capital gaerTianda m2-Tan; Camoyalibda sruliad axali — Tanamedrove xedvisa da standartis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli brendi didi gamocdilebiTa da momavlis mkafio xedviT. Cveni saqmianobis ZiriTad nawils swored m2-is proeqtebisTvis vaxorcielebT, Tumca agreTve vmuSaobT e.w. mesame mxarisTvisac. unda aRiniSnos, rom m2-Tan Serwyma, erTi mxriv, idealuri SesaZlebloba aRmoCnda BK Construction-isTvis bazarze pozicionirebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT. dRes Cveni samSeneblo kompania damkveTebs kompleqsur momsaxurebas sTavazobs, rac proeqtirebis srul ciklsa da samSeneblo menejmentis uzrunvelyofasac gulisxmobs. gveamayeba funikulioris rekonstruqciis proeqtic, romelic 2010-2011 wlebSi ganvaxorcieleT. istoriuli mniSvnelobiT gamovarCevdi maxaTas mTaze iveriis RvTismSoblis xatis saxelobis taZris mSeneblobas. amJamad udides proeqts vaxorcielebT: City Mall Saburtalo 120 000 kv/m samSeneblo farTze; mSenebloba BK Construction-s axali samSeneblo teqnologiebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT, 2 700 000 lari daujda. momavlis gamowvevebi kidev ufro didia. gamovarCevdi Tanamedrove urbanuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT ubnis mSeneblobis proeqts. aRniSnuli proeqtis gasaxorcieleblad mivmarTeT kanadur-amerikul kompania ZGF-s, romelTan erTadac davgegmeT Tanamedrove ubnis ganviTarebis proeqti 10 heqtarze. proeqti aerTianebs sacxovrebel, saofise da savaWro mimarTulebebs; mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs rogorc sarekreacio, aseve adaptirebul skverebsa da sportul moednebs. es CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli proeqtia, vinaidan evropuli da amerikuli tipis axal ubans vqmniT, romelic qalaqis iersaxes ufro mimzidvels gaxdis. gamorCeulad sasiamovnoa is faqti, rom qveyanaSi sami brenduli sastumro Cven avaSeneT: Ramada Encore Tbilisi, Moxy Tbilisi

by Marriott da Radisson Collection Tsinandali. mivesalmebiT imas, rac axla samSeneblo seqtorTan mimarTebiT saqarTveloSi xdeba. vgulisxmob Sromis usafrTxoebis normebis gamkacrebas. moxa-

rulebi varT, rom aRniSnuli regulacia sxva developerul kompaniebTan erTad Tanabar pirobebSi gvayenebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom proeqtebi, romlebsac m2-Tan erTad vaxorcielebdiT, am regulaciebis amoqmedebamdec daculi iyo. yvelaze mZafrad konkurencia sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobis kuTxiT igrZnoba, rac absoluturad piriqiTaa sastumroebis mSeneblobis mimarTulebiT, radgan aseT kompleqsur samuSaoebs bevri qarTuli kompania ver axorcielebs. Cveni upiratesoba Zlieri da gamocdili inJiner-teqnologiuri personalia, romelic erT gundad aerTianebs rogorc veteran, ise axalgazrda profesionalebs — isini erTmaneTs uziareben codnasa da gamocdilebas.

Cveni kompaniis ZiriTadi aqtivi gamocdili kadrebia. BK Construction dReisaTvis 150-mde inJiner-teqnikuri personaliT aris dakompleqtebuli. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, BK Construction-Si daaxloebiT 1100 adamiania dasaqmebuli, Tumca dagegmili masStaburi proeqtebidan gamomdinare, momaval or weliwadSi es cifri minimum gaormagdeba. Cven vfiqrobT, rom uaxloes momavalSi 2500 profesionals davasaqmebT. realobas Tvals Tu gavusworebT, davinaxavT, rom dRes samSeneblo bazarze yvelaze rTulia kvalificiuri teqnikos-inJinrebisa da konkretuli samSeneblo mimarTulebebis specialistTa povna. arsebulma realobam mogvca motivacia da idea, rom dagvefuZnebina profesiuli samSeneblo koleji `konstruqt2~ zestafonSi. `konstruqt2~ saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da sportis saministrosa da developeruli kompania `m2 uZravi qonebis~ saerTo proeqtia, romlis sruli sainvesticio Rirebuleba 4 milioni laria. 11 moklevadiani profesiuli programiT, koleji yovelwliurad 600-mde sertificirebul specialists, xolo saxelmwifo programiT, Sromis usafrTxoebisa da garemosdacviTi teqnologiebis diplomirebul specialistebs moamzadebs. studentebis pirveli nakadis miRebas koleji martSi gegmavs. etapebs rac Seexeba, kursi 2-3-Tvian akademiur swavlebas, xolo Semdeg Cvens obieqtebze samTvian anazRaurebul praqtikul gadamzadebas moicavs. swavla `konstruqt2~-Si ufasoa, xolo kursdamTavrebul studentebs saSualeba eqnebaT BK Construction-is proeqtebSi dasaqmdnen. n

SoTa berekaSvili: m2-is mmarTveli partniori da BK Construction-is generaluri direqtori

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korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba kvlav prioritetad rCeba nino jiblaZe

g

nino jiblaZe: Gulf Georgia-s marketingis direqtori

asul wels kompaniis saqmianoba bevr dadebiT, aseve SedarebiT rTul gamowvevasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.upirvelesad unda iTqvas is, rom rebrendingis farglebSi `galfis~ 50 avtogasamarTi sadguri ganaxlda. es procesi etapobrivad mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT yvela sadgurs moicavs. aseve ganaxlda maRaziebis koncefciac. mTel saqarTveloSi ukve operirebs 60-ze meti Gulf Store. am koncefcias aerTianebs erTi maxasiaTebeli — bevri sxvadasxva momsaxureba erT sivrceSi. Sin dabrunebisas an Tundac samogzaurod wasul mgzavrs SeuZlia erTi gaCerebiT bevri sxvadasxva saqme gaakeTos. upirveles yovlisa, Caasxas sawvavi, isargeblos internetiT, gadaixados sxvadasxva momsaxurebis Tanxa, dalios yava, isargeblos sveli wertiliT an iyidos produqti. dRes aseve gvaqvs swrafi kvebiT momsaxureba — namdvili amerikuli hoTdogebi, romlebic didi mowonebiT sargeblobs Cvens momxmarebelSi. aseve sagrZnoblad moimata momxmareblis kmayofilebam sawvavTan da mis xarisxTan mimarTebaSi. konkretulad G-Force, misi gamorCeuli maxasaTeblebidan gamomdinare, unikalur formulas warmoadgens, rac Zravis cveTisgan dacvaSi gamoxateba. sawvavis xarisxis kontrols regularulad SGS-is saerTaSoriso laboratoriaSi vaxorcielebT, romlis Sedegad `galfis~ G-Force premiumi da evrodizeli yvela kriteriumiT akmayofileben `evro 5~-is standarts — iqneba es gogirdis da tyviis Semcveloba Tu cetanuri ricxvis dasaSvebi limiti. momxmareblis dainteresebas `galfis~ loialurobis programa `galf klubi~, maRali donis servisi da 24-saaTiani qolcentri uzrunvelyofs. `galf klubis~ wevrebs mzardi mudmivi fasdakleba aqvT sawvavze, rasac sul axlaxan sxvadasxva aqcia da Happy Hour daemata. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs kvira dRes `galf klubis~ yvela wevrisTvis litr sawvavze -15 TeTr fasdaklebas. qulebis dagrovebiT moqmedebs aseve fasdakleba sxvadasxva SeTavazebaze, romlebic gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs. gvaqvs fasdaklebebi sxvadasxva maRaziasa Tu obieqtSi. `galf klubis~ wevrebs mudam aqvT mravalferovani arCevanis saSualeba. mxolod `galfSi~ moqmedebs SMS-reportingi, romelic tranzaqciebis Sesaxeb detalur informacias awvdis momxmarebels. momxmarebeli, ki Tavis mxriv gvexmareba momsaxurebis daxvewaSi, agzavnis ra konkretuli tranzaqciis Sefasebas, riTac Cven vigebT maT azrs Cveni qselis operirebisa da stafis Sesaxeb. `galf klubis~ 300 000-mde aqtiuri wevri am programis warmatebasa da momxmareblis kmayofilebaze miuTiTebs.

CvenTvis, rogorc marketingis gundisTvis erTerT yvelaze warmatebul kampanias `moiare saqarT-

velo~, ori welia vaxorcielebT, sadac saqarTvelos sxvadasxva ucnobi Tu nacnobi kuTxis da RirsSesaniSnaobis foto Tu informaciuli reportaJiT gacnoba xdeba. am proeqtis mizani iyo, Cvenive TanamoqalaqeebisTvis da ara mxolod maTTvis saqarTvelos ukeT gacnoba. aris kidev ramdenime kampania, romelic aseve Zalian mniSvnelovan proeqtad migvaCnia. gvyavs 25 ZaRli, romlebic warsulSi `galfis~ sadgurebs xSirad stumrobdnen. Semdeg mogvivida idea, ZaRlebisTvis mogvewyo Sesabamisi sacxovrebeli garemo da asec moviqeciT. axla `galfis~ sadgurebze naxavT xis patara saxlebs, sadac Cveni megobari ZaRlebi cxovroben. aseve xSirad SexvdebiT veterinarebs, romlebic maT sanaxavad modian. ZaRlebs vamaragebT sakvebiT da yvela saWiro proceduras vutarebT. momaval Taobaze zrunva kompaniisTvis prioritetuli sakiTxia. yovelwliurad `galfi~ 15-idan 20mde devnili studentis umaRles ganaTlebas afinansebs. wels ukve 22 studenti davafinanseT, maT Soris iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi da gansakuTrebuli unarebiT dajildoebuli studentebi. `galfi~ aseve zrunavs skverebisa da stadionebis keTilmowyobaze, sadac zaza faCulias monawileobiT yovelwliurad quCis kalaTburTis turniri tardeba da bavSvebs saSualeba eZlevaT, dakavdnen sportiT da cxovrebis aqtiuri stiliT. sul cota xnis win `galfis~ ganaxlebuli mobailaplikacia Seiqmna. interfeisis daxvewiloba da operatiulobis simartive mis gansakuTrebulobas aRniSnavs, momxmarebels saSualeba eZleva erT sivrceSi Tvalyuri adevnos mimdinare aqciebs, naxos tranzaqciebis istoria, dagrovili qulebis raodenoba, `galfis~ uaxloesi serviscentrebi da sadgurebi.

Gulf Georgia-s Sesaxeb Gulf Georgia lideri navTobkompaniaa qarTul bazarze, romelic sawvavis xarisxiTa da momsaxurebis maRali doniT gamoirCeva. 2010 wlis martidan saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso brends oficialurad Sps `san petrolium jorjia" warmoadgens. msoflio brendi 1901 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnda. dReisaTvis Gulf Oil International umaRlesi xarisxis navTobproduqtebis distribucias 100-ze met qveyanaSi axorcielebs da erT-erTi msxvili moTamaSea msoflio bazarze. Gulf Georgia 140 avtogasamarT sadgurs aerTianebs saqarTvelos masStabiT. maTgan 43 TbilisSi mdebareobs. sawvavis imports kompania evropis saukeTeso navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnebidan awarmoebs da xarisxis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT akmayofilebs umaRles standarts. `galfis~ avtogasamarTi sadgurebi gamoirCeva Tanamedrove aRWurvilobiTa da dasavlur standartze dafuZnebuli inovaciuri teqnologiebiT. Cveni mizania, qarTveli avtomflobelebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes maRali xarisxis evropuli sawvavi da dasavluri tipis momsaxureba. `galfi~ warmoadgens erT-erT msxvil damsaqmebels saqarTveloSi. kompaniaSi dRes 1300-ze meti dasaqmebulia da maTi ricxvi yoveldRiurad izrdeba.

Zlieri gundi kompaniisTvis mniSvnelovania. Sesabamisad, is yovelTvis orientirebulia Zlieri kadrebis mozidvaze. n

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`anagi~ — stabilurobis 30 weli irakli gogoliSvili

a

nagis~ biznes-istoria aWaridan iwyeba. 1989 wels baTumelma axalgazrdam, zaza gogotiSvilma megobrebTan erTad kooperativi daafuZna, romelic wlebis Semdeg did kompaniad iqca da qveynis samSeneblo seqtoris lideris pozicia daikava. samSeneblo kompania `anags~ uamravi saintereso proeqti aqvs ganxorcielebuli. gundur principebze dafuZnebuli, ganviTarebaze orientirebuli kompaniis saqmianoba 200-ze met dasrulebul da 22-ze met mimdinare mSeneblobas moicavs. kompaniis generaluri direqtori, irakli gogoliSvili daxloebiT 12 welia `anagis~ gundis wevria. profesiiT finansists, samSeneblo gamocdileba nel-nela daugrovda. saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi, finansuri samsaxuris xelmZRvanelad ramdenimewliani muSaobis Semdeg, samSeneblo sferoSi aRmoCnda da TiTqmis yvela safexuri gaiara — finansuri TanaSemwidan generalur direqtorobamde. `anagSi~ mosvlisTanave, samSeneblo seqtoris mimarT didi interesi gamiCnda. am interesma ki saSualeba momca dargis Taviseburebebi gamego. sakmaod didi da rTuli sferoa, mudmivad viTardeba, axali teqnologiebi inergeba, yovelive amas mudmiv reJimSi Tvalis devneba sWirdeba. am 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo uamravi barieri da Semaferxebeli piroba. maT Soris vgulisxmob 2008 wels, roca samSeneblo samuSaoebis Sesruleba mZime pirobebSi gviwevda. im arastabilur garemoSi ki SeZlo Cvenma kompaniam stabilurad ganviTareba da winsvla~, — ixsenebs irakli gogoliSvili. `anagis~ ZiriTad saqmianobas samoqalaqo-samrewvelo mSenebloba warmoadgens da misi aqtivoba am dargis srul speqtrs moicavs — saproeqto samuSaoebiT dawyebuli, obieqtis eqspluataciaSi CabarebiT damTavrebuli. `anagSi~ sami-oTxi wlis samuSao gegma ukve gawerilia da mimdinare proeqtebTan erTad, perspeqtiul proeqtebzec midis muSaoba. `anagSi~ stabilurad daaxloebiT 2000 adamiania dasaqmebuli. gundi dakompleqtebulia maRalkvalificiuri inJiner-teqnikuri personaliT. kadrebis ZiriTadi birTvi kompanias wlebia moyveba. `anagis~ generaluri direqtoris, irakli gogoliSvilis TqmiT, maTi kompaniis kidev erTi upiratesoba moqnili sagarantio pirobebia. `anagi~ iseT sagarantio pirobebs sTavazobs damkveTebs, rom riskisgan Tavadve azRvevs. kompaniisTvis misaRebia proeqtis dafinansebis nebismieri grafiki. maT Soris, yovelgvari winaswari saavanso gadaxdis gareSe, Sesabamisi garantiebis arsebobis pirobebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu proeqtis dafinanseba saavanso gadaxdiT xdeba, `anagi~ Sesabamis garantiebs gascems. `anagis~ portfolio mravalferovania. kompanias aqvs xuTi mimarTulebis samSeneblo proeqtebi: sazogadoebrivi, sacxovrebeli, sastumroebi, industriuli da kotejebi. `anagis~ da misi partniorebis ZalisxmeviT ukve aSenda: savaWro-gasarTobi centri `isT pointi~, sastumro `hiltoni~ baTumSi, `fordis~ centri, baTumis sabagiro gza, `siTi moli~ da sacurao auzi gldanSi, saxelmwifo musikaluri centri baTumSi, mestiis aeroporti, piaca baTumi, iusticiis saxlebi zugdidSi, lazikasa da ozurgeTSi, mwvane qalaqi lisze, `makdonaldsi~ saburTaloze da a.S. irakli gogoliSvilis TqmiT, dRes kompania uamrav warmatebul proeqts iTvlis. erT-erTi bo-

loa `galerea Tbilisi~, romelmac Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da daniSnulebiT sazogadoebis maRali didi interesi daimsaxura. `anagis~ aqtivzea aseve sahaero konstruqciebis nawilebis mwarmoebeli qarxana, romelic `boingis~ tipis TviTmfrinavebis detalebs awarmoebs. `mimdinare mSeneblobebSi gamovyofdi baTumis safexburTo stadions, romelic 20 aTas mayurebelzea gaTvlili da daproeqtebulia UEFA-s IV kategoriis Sesabamisad. qveynis masStabebiT am tipis sportuli nagebobis mSenebloba minimum 50-wliani periodis ganmavlobaSi ar ganxorcielebula da am TvalsazrisiT Zalian sainteresoa. aqtiurad varT CarTuli sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis mravalfunqciuri Senoba-nagebobebis mSeneblobebSi da rekonstruqciebSi. Tbilisis ganviTarebis fondis dakveTiT, dedaqalaqis Zveli nawilis reabilitaciis programaSi vmonawileobT da `anagisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli maRali pasuxismgeblobiT vasrulebT dakisrebul movaleobas. qveynis galamazebasa da ganviTarebaSi vcdilobT, Cveni wvlili SevitanoT~, — acxadebs irakli gogoliSvili. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wlidan kompaniaSi dainerga da efeqturad funqcionirebs xarisxis marTvis sistema - ISO 9001. ori wlis win `anagma~ warmatebiT gaiara resertificireba standartizaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier dadgenili wesebis mixedviT da moipova ISO 9001:2015 sertifikati. kompaniaSi imedovneben, rom saqarTvelosadmi saerTaSoriso sainvesticio fondebis daintereseba gaizrdeba da qveyanaSi bevri saintereso proeqti ganxorcieldeba. Tavis mxriv, `anagis~ gundi mzadaa Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seasrulos nebismieri sirTulis amocana da izrunos qveynis ganviTarebaze infrastruqturuli kuTxiT. irakli gogoliSvilis TqmiT, kompaniis prioriteti, rogorc marTvaSi, ise uSualod mSeneblobaSi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da sistemebis danergvaa. kompania `anagis~ mTavari mizani damkveTis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis pirnaTlad Sesrulebaa, rac kompaniis grZelvadian saimedoobas ganapirobebs. n

irakli gogoliSvili : kompania „anagis“ generaluri direqtori

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msoflio 2019

GEORGIA TODAY

GWS − xarisxis filosofia qeTi kenkiSvili

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qeTi kenkiSvili: „jiviesis“ elCi

ompania, romelic qveynis istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze rTul da uimedo periodSi daarsda, 20 welze metia meRvineobis adgilobrivi Tu saeqsporto bazris erT-erTi mTavari da msxvili moTamaSea. warmatebis mTavari gasaRebi ki produqciis mudmivad mzardi xarisxia, rac profesionalTa gundis TiToeuli wevris ZiriTadi sazrunavi da orientiria. strategia. prioritetebi „jiviesis“ sakuTrebaSi 400 ha farTobi venaxia. sididis mixedviT, venaxi me-3 adgils ikavebs qarTul meRvineobaSi, saidanac 70% wiTeli da 30% TeTri Rvinis yurZnis nairsaxeobebia. kompania wliurad 3-4 mln boTl Rvinos awarmoebs, romlisTvisac mxolod sakuTar venaxebSi moyvanil yurZens iyenebs. es midgoma menejmentis principuli arCevania — Rvinis mxolod kompaniis venaxSi, maqsimaluri yuradRebisa da kontrolis qveS moyvanili, saukeTeso yurZnis mtevnebisgan dawurva. swored amitom, „jiviesma“ bolo wlebSi 20 mln evroze meti moculobis investicia ZiriTadad mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis srulyofasa da ganviTarebaSi ganaxorciela da Sedegad gamarTuli, maRali standartis Sesabamisi venaxebi da maRali xarisxis aRWurvilobebi miiRo. meRvineobis dauwereli kanoniT, cudi yurZnisgan kargi Rvinis dayeneba SeuZlebelia, maSin, roca kargi yurZnisgan araprofesionali meRvinec ki SeZlebs kargi Rvinis dawurvas. swored amitom, kompaniis kargad gaazrebuli sainvesticio politika kvlav ganviTarebasa da zrdazea orientirebuli da momavali 5 wlis sainvesticio gegma isev mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis srulyofiskenaa mimarTuli. am mizniT, „jiviesi“ uaxloes momavalSi kvlav 20 mln evros moculobis finansur resurss gamoyofs. kompaniis frangi mTavari meRvine, qarTveli meRvineebis did gundTan erTad, tradiciisa da standartis dacviT awarmoebs klasikur da qvevris Rvinis saxeobebs, atarebs kvlevebs venaxsa da laboratoriaSi, rom miiRon Zlieri, aromatuli gemoebi. produqciis maRal xarisxTan erTad, ekologiurad sufTa produqtis miRebis mizniT, „jiviesi“ uars ambobs pesticidebis, agroqimikatebis moxmarebaze da mxolod bunebriv gamanayofiereblebs irCevs. am mizniT, GWS nawilobriv bio-warmoebaze gadavida. brend-arqiteqtura „jiviess“ cqriala da „wynari“ Rvinis saxobebis farTo asortimenti aqvs: TeTri, wiTeli, mSrali, naxevradmSrali, naxevradtkbili; aseve, dagvianebuli mosavlis da bioRvino. brendebi 2 ZiriTadi niSnis — safaso segmentisa da stilis mixedviT iyofa. safaso segmenti moicavs xelmisawvdom dones, brendebiT: „Zveli Tbilisi“, `elibo“, `bialoni“; meore, saSualo gama — premiumi: `Tamada“ da `vismino“; da mesame — superpremialuri da kidev ufro maRla mdgomi, sakulto Rvinis saxeobebia: „Tamadas didebuli rezervebi da qvevri“, aseve SarSan Seqmnili axali, sakulto Rvinis saxeobebi — „saqarTvelos ferebi“.

„stilis mixedviT, brendebi Tanamedrove da tradiciuli SefuTvis, etiketis mixedviT iyofa. Tumca, sakulto Rvinis saxobebis SefuTvis SemTxvevaSi, harmoniuladaa Serwymuli tradiciuli da Tanamedrove xedva, radgan swored qarTveli mxatvris, daviT kakabaZis ferebi gaxda koleqcia „saqarTvelos ferebis“ etiketebis inspiracia, romelic frangma dizainerma Seqmna“, — aRniSnavs qeTi kenkiSvili, „jiviesis“ elCi da „saqarTvelos ferebis“ brendmenejeri. axali, saimijo koleqcia garkveulwilad kompaniis ideuri Rirebulebebis demonstrirebaa. GWS-is amocanaa, Tavisi produqciis saSualebiT tradiciebi da Tanamedrove damokidebulebebi SeuTavsos erTmaneTs da ise miawodos sazogadoebas. amis dadasturebaa kompaniis mier venaSi, „albertinas“ muzeumSi firosmanis naxatebis gamofenis maspinZloba, rac garkveulwilad simboluricaa. „Tamadas“ brendis Rvinis etikets firosmanis cnobili naxati — „5 Tavadis vaxSami“ amSvenebs. eqsporti. sazRvargareT pozicionireba GWS-is mier warmoebuli produqciis udidesi nawili, kerZod, 90% eqsportze gadis da mxolod darCenili 10% faravs adgilobriv bazars. kompanias ucxouri Rvinis bazris sakmaod soliduri adgili uWiravs rogorc evropis, aseve aziis qveynebSi. Rvinis eqsporti xorcieldeba rogorc tradiciul bazarze (ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, belorusia, estoneTi, baltiis qveynebi), aseve axal bazrebze aziaSi: CineTi, honkongi, iaponia. „jiviesis“ Rvinis saxeobebi aseve wardgenilia iseT prestiJul bazrebze, rogorebicaa safrangeTi, avstria, Sveicaria, didi britaneTi, aSS. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2018 wels bordoSi, Rvinis muzeumSi Catarebul gamofenaSi saqarTvelo monawileobda, rogorc „Rvinis akvani“. wels imave tipis gamofena ukve iaponiaSi Catardeba, sadac „jiviesis“ Rvinoc iqneba warmodgenili. `iaponia saintereso bazari aRmoCnda qarTuli RvinisTvis, sadac uzomod afaseben qvevris Rvinos. „GWS ramdenime welia warmatebiT pozicionirebs iaponiis bazarze“, — ambobs qeTi. rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, „jiviesis“ premiumxarisxis Rvinis saxeobebs safrangeTis rTul bazarzec sakmaod dramatuli adgili uWiravs da bevr obieqtze, maT Soris „miSlenis“ varskvlavis mflobel restornebSicaa warmodgenili. umTavresi prioriteti — xarisxi dReisaTvis „jiviesis“ mTavari prioriteti ara warmoebis moculobis zrda, aramed xarisxia, radgan kompaniis menejmentisTvis qarTuli Rvinis Tamami da popularuli pozicionireba msoflio bazarze cxadyofs mzadyofnas, rom Tanamedrove meRvineobaSi principuli mniSvneloba xarisxs mieniWos. „roca am pirobas yvela qarTveli meRvine Seasrulebs, miRweuli iqneba erovnuli mniSvnelobis Sedegi — qarTuli Rvino miCneuli iqnas patara qveyanaSi warmoebul maRalxarisxian Rvinod“, — dasZens qeTi. am principis safuZvelze, „jiviesi“ myarad icavs sakuTari brendebis identobas da uars ambobs Rvinis kerZo etiketebiT, calkeuli damkveTebis survilis Sesabamisad warmoebaze. brendebis zemoT CamoTvlili arqiteqtura ucvlelia da importiorebi Rvinos kompanias arsebuli portfelidan irCeven. „jiviesis“ mizania, eqsportze swored am umniSvnelovanesi niSiT — umaRlesi xarisxiT iyos warmodgenili qarTuli Rvino, rac ara mxolod Rvinis, aramed mTeli qveynis imiji gaxdeba.

20-wliani warmatebuli da mudmivad xarisxis zrdaze orientirebuli saqmianobis gzaze, „jiviess“ 1999 wlidan moyolebuli, 200-mde sapatio jildo aqvs aRebuli, rac, upirvelesad, produqciis stabilurad mzardi xarisxis dadasturebaa. n

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