FIELD BOOK 32-Page Catalog Durable Materials / Made in the U.S.A
catalog 1. an apendix to Cumulus: A Natural, Everyday Pleasure Garden constitution 2. a book containing all the necessary rule sets, terms, and tools to construct (either visually or physically) the territorial pleasure garden
Collection of Terms the absurd - refers to the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent meaning in life and the human inability to find any. anthropocene - elating to or denoting the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been been the dominant influence on climate and the environment. commoner - a person who has right in or over, common land jointly with another or others. cumulus - a heap. a collection of things at the reach of ones hand. debris - the remnant of destructive events as a territory of fragments - a collection of unrecognizable matter - unrecognizable in its orginal form often referring to social disasters - existing as a type of latent hybrid nature in its own right (Subnatures, Smithsons,Viollet-le-Duc, Juline-David Le Roy) dirty - nothing is inherently dirty or dirtlike, rather, dirt is a social category that we assign to specific types of social relatons earth - solid mass subjected to compression to allow for stabilization of other entities, not the material by which plant matter grows enclosure - the process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock for common land formerly held in the open field system. hot house - a sealed, environmentally controlled environment usually made of glass, and containing four basic parts: soil, air, water, and sun. lumbersexual - cultural construct, the lumbersexual is defined by his aesthetic affinity to clothes of the lumberjack, plaid shirt, heavy work boots, thick beard, and yet, the typical lumbersexual lives and works in the city, usually at a high-tech job. The lumbersexual takes on an idealized relationship between himself and a territorial nature much larger than the physical space of the city by which he inhabits, visualizing himself on social media feeds through images of the lone man in the middle of a wild, and untamed, usually sublime nature. luttrell psalter - an old english manuscript that depicts an assumed relationship between the royal elite and the everyday worker. matter out of place: dirt, weeds: matter that has no meaning until it is out of place, in which it then acquires the connotation of the other. national grid - as part of the English National Projection system, areas of territory are broken down into progressively smaler squares to determine an overall reference system. ‘The National Grid is superimposed on all large scale plans and on smaller scale maps, to provide one reference system for the
maps of the whole country’. Old Father Thames - the persona of the Thames River in London, usually depicted as carrying diseases and negatively connotated aspects within its flowing waters. pastoral - the idea of portraying or evoking country life, typically in a romanticized or idealized form soil - a body, an active entity that supports life growth and consists of multiple other, smaller substrates. subnature - a production of the intersection between life and our world, consisting of the tension when dust, weeds, dankness, smoke, gas, exhaust, puddles, and more collect in the city and are intersected with everyday trajectories of the human. sublime - inducing awe, inducing a sense of something larger than thyself: kant’s definition of the sublime. third landscape - as referenced by Gilles Clement to describe post industrial spaces at the peripheries of cities, where rusting buildings, weeds, and industrial debris coalesce. third nature territory - land with a specified characteristic that is not the land by which one occupies weather - a state of atmosphere at a place and time that subjects itself over a population, no one is exempt from the weather. weeds - not inherently unwante, useless, or invasive, yet socially unwanted and undesireable. Plants become weeds when they are out of place in agricultural settings, but also become weeds in other non-natural settings when they disrupt an inherent order.
Cumulus
Territory
Google definition, January 12th, 2015
Google definition, January 12th, 2015
cu·mu·lus
ter·ri·to·ry
ˈkyo͞omyələs
ˈterəˌtôrē
noun
noun
METEOROLOGY
noun: territory; plural noun: territories; noun: Territory; plural noun:
noun: cumulus; plural noun: cumuli 1. a cloud forming rounded masses heaped on each other above a flat base at fairly low altitude.
Territories 1. an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state. “the government was prepared to give up the nuclear weapons on its territory”
Origin mid 17th century (denoting a heap or an accumulation): from Latin,‘heap.’
synonyms: area, area of land, region, enclave; More land with a specified characteristic. “woodland territory”
Google result 1, January 12th, 2015 Cumulus is free software for retrieving, storing and displaying data from an
synonyms: terrain, land, ground, countryside “mountainous territory”
electronic Automatic Weather Station (AWS). Cumulus will store full weather
2. (especially in the US, Canada, or Australia) an organized division of a
records, along with daily, monthly, annual and all-time records, and graphical
country that is not yet admitted to the full rights of a state.
data.
3. an area of knowledge, activity, or experience. “the contentious territory of clinical standards”
Origin late Middle English: from Latin territorium, from terra ‘land.’ The word originally denoted the district surrounding and under the jurisdiction of a town or city, specifically a Roman or provincial city.
A Book of English Pastoral Verse
Pastoral
[1] Edited by John Barrell and John Bull, New York Oxford University Press,
Google definition, January 12th, 2015
1975
pas·to·ral
“The Pastoral Vision is, at base, a false vision, posing a simplistic, non-
adjective
historical relationship between the ruling, landowning class, the poet’s
1. (especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing
patrons, and the workers of the land; as such its function is to mystify and to
of sheep or cattle.
obscure the harshness of actual social and economic organization” (Barrell and Bull, 3).
“scattered pastoral farms”
“The Pastoral is a mythical view of the relationship of men in society, at the
associated with country life.
“the view was pastoral, with rolling fields and grazing sheep”
society” (Barrell and Bull, 3).
synonyms: rural, country, countryside, rustic, agricultural, bucolic;
“The possibility of three different historical locations for a pastoral age gives
service of those who control the political, economic, and cultural strings of
More (of a work of art) portraying or evoking country life, typically in a
rise to what is a central ambiguity in the myth. To look back despairingly
romanticized or idealized form.
to an earlier form of society which is seen to have changed irreparably is in
2. (in the Christian Church) concerning or appropriate to the giving of
flat contradiction to either a celebration of contemporary pastoral life or a
spiritual guidance.
looking-forward to a future in which social change will have brought about a new social era. The Pastoral allows for a direct opposition to social change, a
“pastoral and doctrinal issues”
reactionary clinging to a static present, and an often desperate belief in future
synonyms: priestly, clerical, ecclesiastical, ministerial
improvement.” (Barrell and Bull, 6).
“his pastoral duties”
“But the most frequent invocation of the Pastoral is not historical at all. It is an imaginary society, an alternative to the real world that the poet inhabits,
noun
that it finds its most common form. The pastoral afforded a way of attacking
noun: pastoral; plural noun: pastorals
contemporary abuses obliquely, by reference to an idealized version of what life in the country was like.”(Barrell and Bull, 6).
1. a work of literature portraying an idealized version of country life.
“The history of the pastoral tradition is first and foremost a product of the
“the story, though a pastoral, has an actual connection with the life of
changing relationship between the mythical and the actual, the ideal and the
agricultural labor” [1]
real; and that only in a study of this relationship can the unity of the tradition be understood”(Barrell and Bull, 8) [1] Google definition, January 12th, 2015
[1]Barrell and Bull, A Book of Pastoral Verse, New York Oxcford University Press, 1975
The Tragedy of the Commons
Enclosure and Decline of the Commons
William Forster Lloyd is a British wirter on economics best known today for
Most of the medieval common land of England was lost due to enclosure.
his 1833 lectures on population control which have been highly influential in
In English social and economic history, enclosure or inclosure is the process
modern economic theory. His Two Lectures on the Checks to Population
which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing
introduced the concept of the overuse of a common by its commoners,
livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system. Once
which was lter to be devloped by the ecologist Garrett Hardin and termed
enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases
by Hardin “The Tragedy of the Commons”, or perhaps better put as “The
to be land for the use of commoners. In England and Wales the term is also
Tragedy of the Unregulated Commons”.
used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled
“If a person puts more cattle into his own field, the amount of the
to one or more owners. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread
subsistence which they consume is all deducted from that which was at the
feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the
command, of his original stock; and if, before, there was no more than a
19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to large
sufficiency of pasture, he reaps no benefit from the additional cattle, what
areas of rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small residual
is gained in one way being lost in another. But if he puts more cattle on a
parcels of land in the lowlands.
common, the food which they consume forms a deduction which is shared between all the cattle, as well that of others as his own, in proportion to
Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the ground rights and all
their number, and only a small part of it is taken from his own cattle. In an
common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use, which increased the
inclosed pasture, there is a point of saturation, if I may so call it, (by which,
value of the land. The other method was by passing laws causing or forcing
I mean a barrier depending on considerations of interest), beyond which
enclosure, such as Parliamentary enclosure. The latter process of enclosure
no prudent man will add to his stock. In a common, also, there is in like
was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains
manner a point of saturation. But the position of the point in the two cases
among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in
is obviously different. Were a number of adjoining pastures, already fully
England.
stocked, to be at once thrown open, and converted into one vast common,
Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural
the position of the point of saturation would immediately be changed” [1]
Revolution. Enclosed land was under control of the farmer who was free
“The tragedy of the commons” as an economic theory by Garrett Hardin,
to adopt better farming practices. There was widespread agreement in
states that individuals acting independently and rationally according to
contemporary accounts that profit making opportunities were better with
each’s self-interest behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group
enclosed land.Following enclosure, crop yields and livestock output increased
by depleting some common resource. “Commons” in this sense has come
while at the same time productivity increased enough to create a surplus
to mean such resources as atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, the office
of labour. The increased labour supply is considered one of the factors
refrigerator, energy or any other shared resource which is not formally
facilitating the Industrial Revolution.[1] Following the era of enclosure, there
regulated; not common land in its agricultural sense.
[1] Lloyd, W.F. (1833). Two Lectures on the Checks to Population [2] Hardin, G (1968). “The Tragedy of the Commons”. Science 162 (3859): 1243–1248.
[1] Overton, Mark (1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation if the agrarian economy 15001850. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52156859-3. [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure
was little relatively little common land remaining of value. Some residual commoners remained, until such as after the Second World War, lowland commons became neglected because commoners could find better-paid work in other sectors of the economy. As a result they largely stopped exercising their rights, and relatively few commoners exist today.
Common Land and Village Green Registrar
The Myth of Sisyphus
This authority is the Commons Registration authority for all land within the
The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. It comprises
boundaries of London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames.
about 119 pages and was published originally in 1942 in French as Le Mythe de Sisyphe; the English translation by Justin O’Brien followed in 1955.
To search on land and property in respect of Common Land or Village Green (CLVG) please submit form CON29O, selecting question 22 and enclosing a fee of £12. (Please note there is no longer a specific CLVG search as the CR21 form was abolished 1 October 2007). There are about 550,000 hectares of registered common land in England and Wales - around 373,570 of which are in England - and some 80% is privately owned. Common land is land that is owned by someone, over which someone else - sometimes several other people - are entitled to exercise ‘rights of common’. Someone who owns these rights is known as a ‘commoner’.
always used commons, like village greens, for their festivals and holiday activities, a use which has gradually extended to the wider public and is today of considerable importance.
In the essay, Camus introduces his philosophy of the absurd: man’s futile
Each area of common land or town or village green is listed in the Registers under a unique ‘Unit Number’. Each unit number in the register is divided in three sections showing details of:
approaches to the absurd life. The final chapter compares the absurdity of
Land - This includes a description of the land, who registered it and when the registration became finally registered. There are also related plans, which show the boundaries of the land. Rights - This includes a description of the rights of common (in other words, the right to graze 100 sheep), over which area of the common they are exercisable, the name of the person (the ‘commoner’) who holds those rights, and whether the rights arise by virtue of a separate land ownership by the commoner (i.e. they ‘attach’ to land). Ownership - this includes details of owners of common land. However, entries in this section of the register are not held to be conclusive.[1]
concludes, “The struggle itself [...] is enough to fill a man’s heart. One must
search for meaning, unity, and clarity in the face of an unintelligible world devoid of God and eternal truths or values. He then outlines several man’s life with the situation of Sisyphus, a figure of Greek mythology who was condemned to repeat forever the same meaningless task of pushing a boulder up to a mountain, only to see it roll down again. The essay imagine Sisyphus happy.” In the last chapter, Camus outlines the legend of Sisyphus who defied the gods and put Death in chains so that no human needed to die. When Death
Common land is land, usually in private ownership that has rights of common over it. The main features of common land are that it is generally open, unfenced and remote particularly in the upland areas of England and Wales. However, there are some lowland areas of common, particularly in the South East of England, that are important for recreational uses. Currently, the general public has no rights to go onto common land unless the land is an Commoners may be either active or inactive: urban common, or is crossed by public rights * Active commoners are those who exercise of way (and they follow the line of the right of their rights. way). However, the government’s proposals (in * Inactive commoners do not currently the Countryside and Rights of Way Act, 2000) exercise their rights, and may not even be to permit public access to open countryside in aware of them. However, the legal right still the future will also include access to common exists if it is registered and may be exercised land. at any time. [2] Rights of common can include: * Grazing sheep or cattle (herbage) * Taking peat or turf (turbary) * Taking wood, gorse or furze (estovers) * Taking of fish (piscary) * Eating of acorns or beechmast by pigs (pannage) * The people who are able to exercise the rights listed above are generally known as ‘commoners’. Common land and rights are a very ancient institution - even older than Parliament itself. They are part of the fabric of life in England and Wales and have their origins in the manorial system. The one and a half million acres of common land in England and Wales are the most underrated and misunderstood - though not unappreciated - part of the countryside. This may be in part a matter of semantics. All common land has an owner. The ambiguous term ‘common’ refers to the rights held in common by certain people to use the product of the soil of the common, by grazing, cutting turf and so on.Yet commons may be said to belong to the people. For although the commoners have an economic interest in the land, and they have probably
was eventually liberated and it came time for Sisyphus himself to die, he concocted a deceit which let him escape from the underworld. Finally captured, the gods decided on his punishment for all eternity. He would have to push a rock up a mountain; upon reaching the top, the rock would roll down again, leaving Sisyphus to start over. Camus sees Sisyphus as the absurd hero who lives life to the full, hates death, and is condemned to a meaningless task. Camus presents Sisyphus’s ceaseless and pointless toil as a metaphor for modern lives spent working at futile jobs in factories and offices. “The workman of today works every day in his life at the same tasks, and this fate is no less absurd. But it is tragic only at the rare moments when it becomes conscious.” Camus is interested in Sisyphus’ thoughts when marching down the mountain, to start anew. This is the truly tragic moment, when the hero [1] UK Government Richmond Common Land and Village Green Reigster (http://www.richmond.gov.uk/common_land_and_village_green_register) [2] Gov. UK (https://www.gov.uk/owning-commonland#rights-of-common)
[1] Chapter 4 of the essay ‘The Myth of Sisyphus’, by Albert Camus
becomes conscious of his wretched condition. He does not have hope, but “there is no fate that cannot be surmounted by scorn.” Acknowledging the truth will conquer it; Sisyphus, just like the absurd man, keeps pushing. Camus claims that when Sisyphus acknowledges the futility of his task and the certainty of his fate, he is freed to realize the absurdity of his situation and to reach a state of contented acceptance. With a nod to the similarly cursed Greek hero Oedipus, Camus concludes that “all is well,” indeed, that “one must imagine Sisyphus happy.”
Facing up to the future: Prince Charles on 21st century architecture Published 20 December 2014 | By HRH The Prince of Whales
1
7
The Prince of Wales sets out ten key principles for sustainable urban growth that values tradition: I was somewhat surprised to be asked by this magazine to explain why I consider traditional approaches and universal principles so important in the design of buildings and urban environments. It is heartening, I must say, that the magazine is encouraging a ‘Big Rethink’ because designing places according to the human scale and with Nature at the heart of the process has always been my central concern. The reason for that, I think, has too often been misunderstood … I have lost count of the times I have been accused of wanting to turn the clock back to some Golden Age. Nothing could be further from my mind. My concern is the future. We face the terrifying prospect by 2050 of another three billion people on this planet needing to be housed, and architects and urban designers have an enormous role to play in responding to this challenge. We have to work out now how we will create resilient, truly sustainable and human-scale urban environments that are land-efficient, use low-carbon materials and do not depend so completely upon the car. However, for these places to enhance the quality of people’s lives and strengthen the bonds of community, we have to reconnect with those traditional approaches and techniques honed over thousands of years which, only in the 20th century, were seen as ‘old-fashioned’ and of no use in a progressive modern age. It is time to take a more mature view. I say this because those universal principles are expressed in the order of Nature, which can never be ‘old- fashioned’. Nature is only ever of paramount contemporary importance and, although we think we can, we ignore the order of Nature at our peril. It exists for good reason. ‘By 2050 another three billion people will need to be housed, and architects and urban designers have an enormous role to play in responding to this challenge’ Nature’s order is not simple. It is complex, deeply interconnected and innately beautiful − a fact worth pondering. It is curious that we do not have to ‘think’ about finding a rose beautiful; it simply is, and I would suggest this is because we feel an immediate, intuitive resonance with its form and pattern. This is much the same experience when we stand beneath a rose window in a High Gothic cathedral. Those who created such structures in medieval Europe sought to produce physical manifestations of the Divine order of the universe − in short, a model of Heaven on Earth − and to do so they derived their designs from Nature’s geometry which, for all its beauty and diversity, begins with one simple action: the division of a single circle. The circle is an age-old symbol of unity and out of that key relationship between the point and the line comes a multiplicity of shapes and patterns. There is seemingly limitless diversity, but it is directly bound at every turn by its reference to the point at the centre, the origin of the circle. In this way, rose windows are truly original works of art. They are an expression of the origin of things − the creative principle which, in the world’s sacred traditions, is called the Divine. Traditional art and architecture are the product of this perception, symbolising the fact that everything in the manifest world is connected. This is why such patterning is referred to as ‘sacred’ geometry. Not because it creates windows in churches, but because it displays the order which is sacred to all things. Consider the fact that no two snowflakes are ever the same, and yet each is held together by the same sixfold geometry. This is why I have placed such importance on the teaching of geometry at my School of Traditional Arts. This ‘spiritual mathematics’, which Plato called one of the universal languages of humanity, is a precise ‘grammar of harmony’ and time and again I have found it communicates directly to people by resonating with their true being. It was fascinating, for instance, to hear recently of an event at the British Museum, called ‘Meeting of Minds’, where an audience of high-profile designers and creative directors was introduced to this geometry by one of the staff at my School of Traditional Arts. Many said afterwards that simply using a compass and drawing with a pencil for the first time since they were at school made a remarkable impression, but it was when they were shown the practical side of pattern making that they started to get the point. They learnt how complex, intricate patterns can be construct-
Developments must respect the land. They should not
Signs, lights and utilities. They can be easily overused.
be intrusive; they should be designed to fit within the
We should also bury as many wires as possible and limit
landscape they occupy.
signage. A lesson learned from Poundbury is that it is
ed from a square derived from a circle. The tutor deliberately allowed them to become confused in this process so that they found no sense in what they were doing until, suddenly, they saw the patterns emerge. It was apparently a breathtaking moment of realisation and, judging from the feedback, many were overwhelmed by what they discovered. One wrote it had been a ‘perception-changing experience’ and reported there had been discussion into the night about the implications of looking at the world in this way. Several asked if the tutor would run similar sessions for their entire studios and one said he now realized why he had always been so moved by a cathedral mentioned in the subsequent talk. ‘I suddenly saw it is all about the numbers, it is all about Nature.’ One senior executive from a very well-known corporation said she had realized with some dread that her company’s brand new headquarters, still under construction, were unlikely to work. The original cluster of buildings resembled a series of village centres that had grown organically as the company expanded. But these had been bulldozed away and in their place a vast, open-plan office complex was being constructed which did not have community at the heart of its purpose. She saw that the old arrangement had been key to producing the company’s immensely creative process of development and design. Only one local architect had pointed this out, but his ‘old-fashioned’ idea of creating a new series of interconnected hubs had been overruled by the corporate desire for an ‘iconic’ building that would reflect the company’s success. Time will tell who was right. I have no doubt this will seem a very esoteric argument to some architects working on the front line in the ‘real world’, but what I am describing here is an approach to design based upon the crystalline analysis of the working of Nature. ‘Putting the human being at the centre of the design process’ goes beyond seeing people as pedestrians. As traditional thinking teaches, basing designs on the timeless universal principles expressed by Nature’s order enables the full scope of our humanity to be fulfilled, on the physical, communal, cultural and spiritual levels. What has concerned me about the design and planning of so many modern built environments during the greater part of the 20th century is that these four interconnecting levels have been completely abandoned and ignored, to the extent that their rediscovery is seen as an exciting revelation. Emphasis has been placed purely on the functional with no integrated understanding of how the order of Nature informs the well-being of people. Hence, towns have been systematically broken down into zones with shopping and commercial zones sitting separately from the housing zones they serve, many of which look exactly the same, being made of the same industrialized materials wherever in the country they are built. And, with business parks and leisure centres built on urban fringes, the entire system only functions because of the car. The opportunities for fragmentation and isolation are everywhere. This is why my Foundation for Building Community places such importance upon ‘the street’ and the need for them to be laid out in a legible, interconnected network with the pedestrian at the heart of the design process. The aim is for walkable, legible urban centres where mixed-income housing, shops, business premises and leisure facilities fit together. This creates surprise and variety in a mix that is unified by an underlying coherence. The use of local materials is critical, as is a masterplan that is based upon a region’s distinctive traditional architectural ‘signature’. In this way a development does not just follow the dictates of fashion which, by definition, can often appear worn-out and less than appropriate over time. Instead it seeks to create a settlement with a local identity and a strong sense of place; one that engenders integrated communities where people can enjoy a sense of shared pride in where they live. In order to do this, the masterplan must accord to 10 important geometric principles (see below). This approach does not deny the benefits and convenience that our modern technology brings. Far from it, the aim is to mix the best of the old with the best of the new. All I am suggesting is that the new alone is not enough. We have to be mindful of the longterm consequences of what we construct in the public realm and, in its design, reclaim our humanity and our connection with Nature, both of which, because of the corporate rather than human way in which...
2 Architecture is a language. We have to abide by the grammatical ground rules, otherwise dissonance and confusion abound. This is why a building code can be so valuable. 3 Scale is also key. Not only should buildings relate to
possible to rid the street of nearly all road signs by using ‘events’ like a bend, square or tree every 60-80 metres, which cause drivers to slow down naturally. 8 The pedestrian must be at the centre of the design process. Streets must be reclaimed from the car. 9
human proportions, they should correspond to the scale
Density. Space is at a premium, but we do not have to
of the other buildings and elements around them. Too
resort to high-rise tower blocks which alienate and
many of our towns have been spoiled by casually placed,
isolate. I believe there are far more communal benefits
oversized buildings of little distinction that carry no civic
from terraces and the mansion block.You only have to
meaning.
consider the charm and beauty of a place like Kensington
4 Harmony − the playing together of all parts. The look of each building should be in tune with its neighbours, which does not mean creating uniformity. Richness
and Chelsea in London to see what I mean. It is often forgotten that this borough is the most densely populated one in London. 10
comes from diversity, as Nature demonstrates, but there
Flexibility. Rigid, conventional planning and rules of
must be coherence, which is often achieved by attention
road engineering render all the above instantly null and
to details like the style of door cases, balconies, cornices
void, but I have found it is possible to build flexibility
and railings.
into schemes and I am pleased to say that many of the
5 The creation of well-designed enclosures. Rather than clusters of separate houses set at jagged angles, spaces that are bounded and enclosed by buildings are not only more visually satisfying, they encourage walking and feel safer. 6 Materials also matter. In the UK, as elsewhere, we have become dependent upon bland, standardized building materials. There is much too much concrete, plastic cladding, aluminium, glass and steel employed, which lends a place no distinctive character. For buildings to look as i they belong, we need to draw on local building materials and regional traditional styles.
innovations we have tried out in the past 20 years are now reflected in national engineering guidance, such as The Manual For Streets.
Ordinance Survey * The National Grid is the map reference system used on all Ordnance Survey maps to identify the position of any feature. * The National Grid breaks Great Britain down into progressively smaller squares identified first by letters and then numbers. The largest unit of the grid is 500km squares each designated by a prefix letter alphabetically from A-Z omitting I - the first letter to be quoted in today’s National Grid Reference. Great Britain is covered only by four of these squares: H, N, S and T. * The 500km squares are then further broken down in to twenty-five
west of the central meridian would be negative and the northings, although positive would exceed 1000km for some points in northern Scotland. History of the National Grid * In 1919 ‘British Grid System’ was adopted on military maps and in 1927 it was replaced by the ‘Modified British System’, which remained in use through out World War II. In the military grid, areas were broken down into progressively smaller squares, with sides in turn representing 500km, 100km, 10km, 1km. Letters were allocated to the
100km squares which are identified by a letter, again A - Z omitting I (
500km and 100km squares and numbers to the 10km squares, so that a
the second letter quoted in a reference).
point of reference could be given in letters and numbers. This grid was
* These squares are divided into smaller squares by grid lines representing 10 km spacing each numbered 0 - 9, from the south-west
in use in World War II. * In 1929, a grid with lines 5000 yards apart and giving full coordinates
corner in an easterly and northerly direction.You can thus identify
was authorised and printed on the Fifth Edition of the one-inch map.
a 10km grid square by quoting two grid letters and the eastings and
This series commenced publication in 1931, but together with other
northings; for example, TQ 6 3.
experiments the grid was over taken by the Davidson Committee
* On OS Landranger Maps, you will find the two grid letters on the legend or the corner of the map. The 10km grid is then further broken down into 1km grid squares. * By estimating the eastings and northings to one tenth of the grid
Report of 1938. * After reviewing the historical precedents for the use of grids on Ordnance Survey maps and assessing their practical advantages a clear recommendation was made that ‘... a National Grid should be
interval, you can quote a full six figure grid reference that is accurate
superimposed on all large scale plans and on smaller scale maps, to
to 100m on the ground. For example, the Tower of London’s grid
provide one reference system for the maps of the whole country’.
reference is TQ 336805. Geographical origin of the National Grid * The National Grid applies to all Ordnance Survey maps at all scales. Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland use their own National Grid system. It covers the whole of Great Britain and extends 700 km to the east and 1300 km to the north of the false origin. It is based on the Transverse Mercator Projection (explanation). * The True origin latitude and longitude coordinates of the national grid are 49 Degrees North: 2 degrees West. The False origin latitude and longitude or coordinates are 49 degrees 45 minutes and 58 seconds North: 7 degrees 33 minutes 23 seconds West * The False origin which lies slightly southwest of the Isles of Scilly was devised to ensure that all National Grid coordinates were positive (that is, to the east and north of origin 00) 400km are added to all eastings coordinates and 100km subtracted from all northings coordinates. If coordinates were calculated from the true origin, the positions lying
* At the same time the international metre was put forward as the unit on which the grid should be based.
Map Projections Aitoff A compromise projection developed in 1889 and used for world maps. Alaska Grid This projection was developed to provide a conformal map of Alaska with less scale distortion than other conformal projections. Alaska Series E Developed in 1972 by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to publish a map of Alaska at 1:2,500,000 scale. Albers Equal Area Conic This conic projection uses two standard parallels to reduce some of the distortion of a projection with one standard parallel. Shape and linear scale distortion are minimized between the standard parallels. Azimuthal Equidistant The most significant characteristic of this projection is that both distance and direction are accurate from the central point. Behrmann Equal Area Cylindrical This projection is an equal-area cylindrical projection suitable for world mapping. Bipolar Oblique Conformal Conic This projection was developed specifically for mapping North and South America and maintains conformality. Bonne This equal-area projection has true scale along the central meridian and all parallels. Cassini–Soldner This transverse cylindrical projection maintains scale along the central meridian and all lines parallel to it. This projection is neither equal area nor conformal. Chamberlin Trimetric This projection was developed and used by the National Geographic Society for continental mapping. The distance from three input points to any other point is approximately correct. Craster Parabolic This pseudocylindrical equal-area projection is primarily used for thematic maps of the world. Cube Projects the world to a box that is then unfolded into a plane. Cylindrical Equal Area Lambert first described this equal-area projection in 1772. It is used infrequently. Double Stereographic This azimuthal projection is conformal. Eckert I This pseudocylindrical projection is used primarily as a novelty map. Eckert II A pseudocylindrical equal-area projection. Eckert III This pseudocylindrical projection is used primarily for world maps. Eckert IV This equal-area projection is used primarily for world maps. Eckert V This pseudocylindrical projection is used primarily for world maps. Eckert VI This equal-area projection is used primarily for world maps. Equidistant Conic This conic projection can be based on one or two standard parallels. As the name implies, all circular parallels are spaced
evenly along the meridians. Equidistant Cylindrical One of the easiest projections to construct because it forms a grid of equal rectangles. Equirectangular This projection is very simple to construct because it forms a grid of equal rectangles. Fuller The Fuller projection was created by Buckminster Fuller in 1954. Using an icosahedron, the shape is flattened so that the land masses are not interrupted. Gall’s Stereographic The Gall’s Stereographic projection is a cylindrical projection designed around 1855 with two standard parallels at latitudes 45° N and 45° S. Gauss–Krüger This projection is similar to the Mercator except that the cylinder is tangent along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions. Geocentric Coordinate System The geocentric coordinate system is not a map projection. The earth is modeled as a sphere or spheroid in a right-handed X,Y,Z system. Geographic Coordinate System The geographic coordinate system is not a map projection. The earth is modeled as a sphere or spheroid. Gnomonic This azimuthal projection uses the center of the earth as its perspective point. Great Britain National Grid This coordinate system uses a Transverse Mercator projected on the Airy spheroid. The central meridian is scaled to 0.9996. The origin is 49° N and 2° W. Hammer–Aitoff The Hammer–Aitoff projection is a modification of the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection. Hotine Oblique Mercator This is an oblique rotation of the Mercator projection. Developed for conformal mapping of areas that do not follow a north–south or east–west orientation but are obliquely oriented. Krovak The Krovak projection is an oblique Lambert conformal conic projection designed for the former Czechoslovakia. Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area This projection preserves the area of individual polygons while simultaneously maintaining true directions from the center. Lambert Conformal Conic This projection is one of the best for middle latitudes. It is similar to the Albers Conic Equal Area projection except that the Lambert Conformal Conic projection portrays shape more accurately than area. Local Cartesian Projection This is a specialized map projection that does not take into account the curvature of the earth. Loximuthal This projection shows loxodromes, or rhumb lines, as straight lines with the
correct azimuth and scale from the intersection of the central meridian and the central parallel. McBryde–Thomas Flat-Polar Quartic This equal-area projection is primarily used for world maps. Mercator Originally created to display accurate compass bearings for sea travel. An additional feature of this projection is that all local shapes are accurate and clearly defined. Miller Cylindrical This projection is similar to the Mercator projection except that the polar regions are not as areally distorted. Mollweide Carl B. Mollweide created this pseudocylindrical projection in 1805. It is an equal-area projection designed for small-scale maps. New Zealand National Grid This is the standard projection for large-scale maps of New Zealand. Orthographic This perspective projection views the globe from an infinite distance. This gives the illusion of a three-dimensional globe. Perspective This projection is similar to the Orthographic projection in that its perspective is from space. In this projection, the perspective point is not an infinite distance away; instead, you can specify the distance. Plate Carrée This projection is very simple to construct because it forms a grid of equal rectangles. Polar Stereographic The projection is equivalent to the polar aspect of the Stereographic projection on a spheroid. The central point is either the North Pole or the South Pole. Polyconic The name of this projection translates into ‘many cones’ and refers to the projection methodology. Quartic Authalic This pseudocylindrical equal-area projection is primarily used for thematic maps of the world. Rectified Skewed Orthomorphic This oblique cylindrical projection is provided with two options for the national coordinate systems of Malaysia and Brunei. Robinson A compromise projection used for world maps. Simple Conic This conic projection can be based on one or two standard parallels. Sinusoidal As a world map, this projection maintains equal area despite conformal distortion. Space Oblique Mercator This projection is nearly conformal and has little scale distortion within the sensing range of an orbiting mapping satellite such as Landsat. State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) The State Plane Coordinate System is not a projection. It is a coordinate system that divides the 50 states of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S.Virgin Islands into more than 120 numbered sections, referred to as
zones. Stereographic This azimuthal projection is conformal. Times The Times projection was developed by Moir in 1965 for Bartholomew Ltd., a British mapmaking company. It is a modified Gall’s Stereographic, but the Times has curved meridians. Transverse Mercator Similar to the Mercator except that the cylinder is tangent along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions. Two-Point Equidistant This modified planar projection shows the true distance from either of two chosen points to any other point on a map. Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) This form of the Polar Stereographic maps areas north of 84° N and south of 80° S that are not included in the UTM Coordinate System. The projection is equivalent to the polar aspect of the Stereographic projection of the spheroid with specific parameters. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is a specialized application of the Transverse Mercator projection. The globe is divided into 60 zones, each spanning six degrees of longitude. Van Der Grinten I This projection is similar to the Mercator projection except that it portrays the world as a circle with a curved graticule. Vertical Near-Side Perspective Unlike the Orthographic projection, this perspective projection views the globe from a finite distance. This perspective gives the overall effect of the view from a satellite. Winkel I A pseudocylindrical projection used for world maps that averages the coordinates from the Equirectangular (Equidistant Cylindrical) and Sinusoidal projections. Winkel II A pseudocylindrical projection that averages the coordinates from the Equirectangular and Mollweide projections. Winkel Tripel A compromise projection used for world maps that averages the coordinates from the Equirectangular (Equidistant Cylindrical) and Aitoff projections.
Universal Transverse Mercator Description * Also known as UTM. * The Universal Transverse Mercator system is a specialized application of the Transverse Mercator projection. The globe is divided into 60
factor, lines lying 180 km east and west of and parallel to the central meridian have a scale factor of one. LIMITATIONS * Designed for a scale error not exceeding 0.1 percent within each zone.
north and south zones, each spanning six degrees of longitude. Each
Error and distortion increase for regions that span more than one
zone has its own central meridian. Zones 1N and 1S start at -180°
UTM zone. UTM is not designed for areas that span more than a few
W. The limits of each zone are 84° N and 80° S, with the division
zones. Data on a spheroid or an ellipsoid cannot be projected beyond
between north and south zones occurring at the equator. The polar
90 degrees from the central meridian. In fact, the extent on a spheroid
regions use the Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system.
or ellipsoid should be limited to 15–20 degrees on both sides of the
The origin for each zone is its central meridian and the equator.
central meridian. Beyond that range, data projected to the Transverse
To eliminate negative coordinates, the coordinate system alters the
Mercator projection may not project back to the same position. Data
coordinate values at the origin. The value given to the central meridian
on a sphere does not have these limitations.
is the false easting, and the value assigned to the equator is the false northing. A false easting of 500,000 meters is applied. A north zone
USES AND APPLICATION
has a false northing of zero, while a south zone has a false northing of
* Used for United States topographic quadrangles, 1:100,000 scale.
10,000,000 meters.
* Many countries use local UTM zones based on the official geographic
PROJECTION METHOD * Cylindrical projection. See the Transverse Mercator projection for the methodology. LINES OF CONTACT * Two lines parallel to and approximately 180 km to each side of the central meridian of the UTM zone. LINEAR GRATICULES * The central meridian and the equator. PROPERTIES Shape * Conformal. Accurate representation of small shapes. Minimal distortion of larger shapes within the zone. Area * Minimal distortion within each UTM zone. Direction * Local angles are true. Distance * Scale is constant along the central meridian but at a scale factor of 0.9996 to reduce lateral distortion within each zone. With this scale
coordinate systems in use. * Large-scale topographic mapping of the former Soviet Union.
Stratophysical Approximations, A Conversation with Seth Denizen on the Urban Soils of the Anthropocene about top soil loss worldwide.
becomes the description of soil—it is pure chemical mor-phology, and the chemistry ET Not least the statistics relating to the curthat is most important for classification comes rent drought in the United States. from the chemistry of plants. But, if you are wondering about history you have to realize .... that the USDA is approach-ing this from another angle. Once you have the morphological SD The question is: “how are soils formed?” description, they believe you will be able to see With the dust bowl, what we have is soil in that description the historical reality. History blowing away, but what is really happening? is not exactly given up—trends and patterns We can say that soil is ceasing to be soil, soil in soil classification certainly require genetic is dying and becoming rock, particulate rock, explanations, so they are not throwing out the and blowing away. There is a very famous soil genetic—but the only taxonomic features unscientist named Hans Jenny who created the der consideration for the Seventh Approximafive factors of soil formation. For him, there are tion are morphological. five things that make soil: climate, organisms, relief, parent material (i.e. rocks), and time. This -was, and still is, the best description of what a soil is, although it has one key problem for soil SD In part, it is a way of emphasizing the science: it is unquantifiable. Although Jenny break-down of taxonomic systems that are was trying to create very qualitative equacommonly used to describe these things. Soil tions with very strange conversion factors and formation happens within a particular space arbitrary multipliers that could quantify each and, in the USDA taxonomy, soils are only of these five things—you would get a nvumber classified down to six feet below grade. The that was sup-posed to mean something very reason for this is that six feet is the zone where precise about soil formation—this was useless the processes of weathering and soil formation because it was far too arbitrary. Interestingly, it create their most distinctive morphological was Jenny that was responsible for introducing features, their A, B, C horizons in the soil the vocabulary of “approximations” into soil profile. So, what we start to understand is that taxonomy. Jenny was still giving a genetic embedded in the taxonomy of soils that we are account that tried to show what formed a soil, using now is particular spatial imagination of but instead, the USDA tried to rethink the what soil is, and this has to do with the time taxonomy altogether. Rather than asking how that it takes for soil to form. a soil was formed, or, like Dokuchaev, where But, in the city, we have the interruption of it came from, they started to describe soils in terms of pure morphology. At this point, it did these processes and the spaces they imply. So, the space of soils is dramatically more than six not matter where the soil came from, or what hap-pened to it for the purposes of taxonomy. feet, and the time of soils has nothing to do Instead, the USDA boasted, after the release of with that space at all. These are two fundatheir Sev-enth Approximation, that they could mental violations of the logic of the USDA’s Seventh Approximation —space and time are parachute a USDA soil scientist blindfolded really disconnected in the urban soil profile and into an area, and armed with only a pick ax this is precisely what my work in the Eighth and rudimentary tools, that scientist would be able to accurately classify any soil according to Approximation tries to begin to think about. this new taxonomy.
By Etienne Turpin Dokuchaev school, named after Vasily Dokuchaev, a Russian geologist who is credited with founding the discipline of soil science in the 1860’s and 70’s. Dokuchaev basically begins the entire discipline of soil science by describing soil as a body, in the bio-logical sense of a whole, a body with organs.You can imagine that before Dokuchaev, soil was really understood as just inert stuff that came from rocks.
This is also where the chemistry of soil HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL TAXONOMIC SYSTEMS DOKUCHAEV
Sibertsev
Gerasimov Marbut
GENESIS
Ivanova
HANS JENNY FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION
ROX APP
Coffey
Fridland
1880
1900
RUSSIAN SYSTEM Dokuchaev, V.V. 1879. Short Historical Description and Critical Analysis of the More Important Soil Classifications. Trav. Soc. Nat. St. Petersburg 10: 64-67. (In Russian) Sibertsev, N.M., 1901. Soil Science (Pochvovedenie). In selected works (Izbrannye Sochineniya). Isr. Prog. Sci. 1 U.S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, VA, Transl. Jerusalem. 1966. Transl. from Russian by N. Kaner. Gerasimov et. al., 1939. A new scheme for the general classification of soils in the USSR. Pochvovedenie No. 7. Ivanova, Y.N., 1956. An attempt at a general classification of soils. Pochvovedenie 6, 82-103. Rozov, N.N., Ivanova, Y.N., 1967. Classification of soils of the USSR (principles and a systematic list of soil types) Pochvovedenie 2, 3-11. Fridland, V.M., 1982. Major problems of basic soil classification and programme for its development. Nauka Publ., Moscow. Shishov, L.L., Sokolov, I.A., 1990. In: Genetic classification of soils in the USSR. Soil classification. USSR State Comm. For Environ. Protection, Moscow, pp. 77-93. Shishov, L.L., et. all. 1997. Russian soil classification. V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Russian Acad. Agric. Sci. Moscow, 236 pp.
Shishov
Soil Taxonomy
Whitney
MORPHOLOGY
8TH APPROXIMATION
FAO
N TIO IMA
GENESIS + MORPHOLOGY
Rozov
Baldwin 7TH
genetic taxonomies, morphological taxonomies, and a mix of both.Fig. 2 Dokuchaev, as a geologist, creates a taxonomy of soils that is genetic; that is, when you ask, “what is a soil?”, the answer is al-ways, “where did it come from?” This requires that you know where a soil came from in order to clas-sify it—you have to know your geology. So while Dokuchaev understands soil as a living thing, and not just the residue of rocks, his taxonomy of this body is still based on the observation that certain rocks produce certain soils. It’s a ET Even in the Italian geologist Antonio Stop- phylogenetic move, in the same way that what pani’s 1873 argument for the Anthropozoic, makes dolphins distinct from fish is not their among his comprehensive accounts of human ecology, it’s that they used to be a kind of deer. ac-tivity on earth, he remains convinced of The system is actu-ally pretty convincing. If the pure virtues of “mother earth,” who opens you look at the geologi-cal map of any country, herself, or is opened by man, to receive the or, even more specific to my research, if you gifts of agriculture.4 What is it that gives rise to look at the geological map of Virginia, and these more specula-tive concerns about soil in you overlay it with the soils map, it is almost Dokuchaev’s work? identical. At the scale of a state, the dif-ference between soil and rock does not really ex-ist: in SD Agriculture. It was a moment at which Virginia, you have Triassic basins that map to the science of growing food was important the soil survey perfectly. The problem with this and be-coming increasingly important. If you is that you end up with a taxonomy in which start to look at soil from the point of view of ev-ery soil classification becomes an argument agriculture, you realize quite quickly that some about geology, or geological history, and this soils are better than others, and when you apply leads to any number of differences of opinion the knowledge and disciplinary training of a on how to classify a soil. geologist in the 1860s to this problem, you realize that soils don’t just appear ex nihilo. What ET The origins that the soil expresses are not makes soils rich and fertile for agriculture is nec-essarily agreed upon? actually the living things in the soil, and this led Dokuchaev to the idea of soil as a kind of body, SD Exactly, because geology is in a state of which is an understanding with an important con-stant revision. The history of the earth is consequence: all of the com-plex differentiacon-stantly being revised. This seemed like a tions, and all the distributions of matter in the problem for geologists and soil scientists, at soil, and all the irreconcilable differ-ences that least in the U.S., up until the dust bowl. Then, appear in the soil profile, in the layers that have you had the dust bowl, and what we realized is nothing to do with each other, can be underthat this is not a problem for geologists and soil stood as one thing—all of this is soil—and it is scientists, this is a problem for everyone! The one thing because it is found in other places, it major, fundamental misunderstanding about is repeatable, and thus, the “soil body” can besoil in the dust bowl was the role played by the come the basis for a taxonomic classification. living things in a soil that are required to keep the soil in place. There is a critical threshold ET So, is there also, in addition to this geoloafter which the soil becomes ex-tremely fine gi-cal line, a biological line that enters the and particulate, and at that moment it is carried discourse, where the microbiology of the soil away by the wind with relatively little force. So, puts life to work and begins to capitalize on from that point on, all subsequent un-derthis realization? A biological line that wants to standings of soil will focus on how soil forms tap a kind of inter-nal vitality to maximize and clumps, basically. They are called “peds,” and standardize, not just inert stuff, but as a body to there are multiple important scales to consider be worked on? when you want to prevent soil from becoming a micro-scopic clay particle that can be blown SD Yes, soil begins to be seen as a kind of across the country. stand-ing reserve.5 ET So by the end of the dust bowl, the loss of ET How does this compare to the previous topsoil had reached nearly a billion tons.6 It sys-tems of soil classification? Your research was just blown away—and it wouldn’t be easy devel-ops a comparison to these previous to re-place! So the goal of soil science becomes systems as a means to show some of the limits how to deter, urgently, the processes that and the ways in which your project attempts allowed this to happen. to overcome them. Can you start by explaining the history of these other systems of soil SD Exactly, because an inch of topsoil can take classification? five hundred years to form, so the soil that is lost is not easily replaced. It is a catastrophSD Previous systems of soil classification can be ic moment, and, in fact, we are still in that differentiated into three groups, with two poles: moment. There are some pretty dark statistics
1920
1940
1960
USDA SYSTEM Whitney, M., 1909. Soils of the United States, USDA Bur. of Soils Bull. 55 U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington DC. Coffey, G.N., 1912. A study of soils in the United States, USDA Bur. of Soils Bull. 85 U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington DC. Marbut, C.F., 1927. A Scheme for soil classification. Proc. 1st Int. Cong. Soil Sci. Comm. 5, 1-31. Baldwin, M., Kellogg, C.E., Thorp, J., 1938. Soil classification. Soils and Men. U.S. Dep. Agric. Yearbook, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington DC, pp. 979-1001. Soil Survey Staff, et. al. 1960. Soil classifcation, a comprehensive system, 7th approximation. U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington DC. Soil Survey Staff, 1975. Soil Taxonomy: a Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agric. Handbook No. 436. U.S. Govt. Print Office, Washington DC.
1980
2000
2020
EURO SYSTEM FAO-UNESCO, 1974. Key to soil units for the new soil map of the world, Legent 1 FAO, Rome. FAO, 1998. World reference base for soil resources. World Soil Resources Rep. 84, Rome.
Source: Bockheim, J.G., Gennadiyev, A.N., 2000. The role of soil-forming processes in the definition of taxa in Soil Taxonomy and the World Soil Reference Base. Geoderma 95 (2000) 53-72.
Fig. 2 All major contemporary soil taxonomies that classify at a global rather than local scale tend towards morphological descriptions.
Material Worlds? Resource Geographies and the ‘matter of nature’
Three Concepts of Space David Harvey
Karen Bakker and Gavin Bridge Corporeality and embodiment in material culture
political-economic contestation over the processes through which it is created (Butler, 1993; Harvey, 1998). Fourth, work on embodiment “Deploying the concept of embodiment as harnesses the sensuous capaci-ties of the body a way of capturing the physically enframed (smell, sound, taste, touch) as a way to move nature of existence, this work examines the way beyond the optical register and, in so doing, in which sub-jectivity and identity emerge not to ‘diminish the cognitive and metaphorical from disembodied consciousness, but from the privilege accorded to sight’ within academic experience of acting through – and on – the inquiry (Whatmore, 2002: 33, following Serres, physical, visceral and mortal vehicle of the 1985; see also Rodaway, (1994) body. These approaches often entail a recognition of the way in which physicality is socially Recent work on bodily geographies and ‘the constructed through a combination of material corporeal’ is relevant to resource geo-graphy and discursive practices – for example, through for two reasons: like work on resources, it grapwork on the idealization and acculturation ples with the simultaneously biophysical and of norms surrounding body shape or eating social character of material existence; and, in practices and their inter-section with ‘corporeal the hands of writers such as Butler and Grosz, geographies of con-sumption’ (Valentine, 1999; it provides a method for engaging with the way see also Butler, 1993; Hayles, 1993). Embodsocially significant distinctions are produced iment can thus be interpreted as a strategy of from a richly het-erogeneous physical world liberation –from the confines and constraints of by, for example, reiterating some physical variathe material and also naturalized social worlds, tions but not others. In other words, it provides destabilizing ‘natural’ characteristics of races, a way to acknowledge physicality/corporeality genders and cultures. – and the sociopolitically productive nature of fforts to understand corporeality in terms of physical variation – without surrendering the ‘the materially situated self ’ extend earlier social to the biological. This work provides a notions of ‘situated knowledges’’, which were way of understanding the body in dialectical largely about situatedness within a web of terms: a physically enframed, material pressocial constructs such as gender, race, and class ence constituted through processes that are (see, for example, Jackson, 1987; Rose, 1993). simultaneously internal and external, social and Work on the materiality of social life focuses, natural, and which render the body a cer-tain in contrast, on the ‘situatedness’ of living in and degree of historical and geographical malleabilthrough the physical body, through which lived ity (Harvey, 2000: 98). Work on embodiment, exper-ience – both social and material – is in other words, adroitly estab-lishes the social embodied (Nast andPile, 1998; Nelson, 1999; construction of the material world without Harrison, 2000; McKittrick, 2000; Longhurst, falling into the trap of social reductionism, and 2001; 2002; Parr, 2001; Bondi et al., 2002; similarly engages with the material conditions Hyams, 2003). The point here is to temper shaping social life without falling prey to biothe social constructionism which effaces the logical essentialism – a debate with which rebody by, for example, not severing entirely ‘the source geographers have long been concerned.” feminine’ from female morphology. Calls for (15-16) a ‘theory of the flesh’ are, as Whatmore (2002: 154) points out, narrative strategies designed to achieve this shift in focus (Whatmore, citing Moraga and Anzaldua, 1981: 23). aken together, these varied deployments of ‘embodiment’ can be understood to make four statements about what Jasanoff terms the ‘co-production’ of beings and social prac-tices (Jasanoff, 2004). First, this work emphasizes the ways in which broader social relations and discourses construct material bodies (see, for example, Nast and Pile, 1998;Valentine, 1999). Second, this work demon-strates how bodies are enrolled in the con-struction of social places and spaces and political economic processes (see, for exam-ple, Grosz, 1992; McDowell, 1993; Harrison, 2000). Third, this work emphasizes the contestation of coproduction along a variety of vectors; Butler, for example, emphasizes the violence of the processes through which bodies are sexed, and David Harvey reframes the body as an ‘accumulation strategy’ in which the (laboring) body is itself a site of
1. ABSOLUTE SPACE. What happens in a place? Describes positions in Euclidean space. 2. RELATIVE SPACE. Overcomes notions of absolute space with things like time or economics. New York and London are closer than New York and Boston in global economic terms. 3. RELATIONAL SPACE is an orienting device for symbolic meaning, described through processes and events that happen there. I.E. I went to the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA, which contains vast Asian Art collections, and felt compelled to eat chinese food after so we went straight to Chinatown, even though it was 40 miles away. Salem and Chinatown are thus relationally closer to each other than Salem and a sandwich shop in the next town over. This is directly represented in the Drift Mapping Technique (Debord’s map of Paris).
The Archetypal Plant, or the Urpflanze
Weed
“Goethe believed that he could further identify the formal principle behind
Wikipedia results for “Weed”
any number of living things by discovering the archetypal plant form.
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, “a
Such forces in nature might lead to the knowledge of a specific, natural
plant in the wrong place”. Examples commonly are plants unwanted in
form principle, and such a living spirit might impact that realization of any
human-controlled settings, such as farm fields, gardens, lawns, and parks.
virety of social forms, particularly are. Gothe’s theories of nautral vitalism
Taxonomically, the term “weed” has no botanical significance, because a plant
influenced Romantic, Transcendental, and Organic literary and architectural
that is a weed in one context is not a weed when growing in a situation
theroy. Within this writing, weeds exemplified those uncultivated life
where it is in fact wanted, and where one species of plant is a valuable crop
forms lurking beneath the natural world, opening up paths to an alternate
plant, another species in the same genus might be a serious weed, such as
modernity rooted in teh revolutionary potential of free nature. Several
a wild bramble growing among cultivated loganberries. Many plants that
examples illustrate these interlacing concepts. For example, the nienteenth-
people widely regard as weeds also are intentionally grown in gardens and
century American writer Henry David Thoreau saw the weed as somethign
other cultivated settings. The term also is applied to any plant that grows
haveing an inherent organization that was under threat by civilization. HE
or reproduces aggressively, or is invasive outside its native habitat.[1] More
believed that we have no right ot destroy their delicate organization so
broadly “weed” occasionally is applied pejoratively to species outside
ruthelessly or to create individous distinctions between weeds and the more
the plant kingdom, species that can survive in diverse environments and
socially desireable plants that might be removed form gardens...” Subnature
reproduce quickly; in this sense it has even been applied to humans.[2]
154
A short list of some plants that often are considered to be weeds follows:
Bermuda grass Bindweed Broadleaf plantain – perennial, spreads by seeds that persist in the soil for many years Burdock – biennial
Dandelion – perennial, wind-spread, fast-growing, and drought-tolerant Goldenrod – perennial Japanese Knotweed Kudzu – perennial Leafy spurge – perennial, with
Common lambsquarters - annual
underground stems
Creeping Charlie – perennial, fast-
Milk thistle – annual or biennial
spreading plants with long creeping stems
Poison ivy – perennial
Ragweed – annual Sorrel – annual Striga St John’s wort - perennial Sumac – woody perennial Tree of heaven - woody perennial Wild carrot – biennial Wood sorrel – perennial Yellow nutsedge - perennial
Ranelagh Gardens The Ranelagh Gardens were so called because they occupied the site of
Ranelagh Gardens were re-designed by John Gibson in the 19th century.
Ranelagh House, built in 1688-89 by the first Earl of Ranelagh, Treasurer of
Fulham Football Club played on the site from 1886-8, when it was known as
Chelsea Hospital (1685–1702), immediately adjoining the Hospital; according
the Ranelagh Ground. It is now a green pleasure ground with shaded walks,
to Bowack’s Antiquities of Middlesex (1705), it was “Designed and built by
part of the grounds of Chelsea Hospital and the site of the annual Chelsea
himself ”. Its actual builder and owner was one Solomon Rieti, an Italian
Flower Show.
Jewish immigrant. Rieti’s niece, Rebecca Rieti, was the grandmother of Benjamin Disraeli. Ranelagh House was demolished in 1805 (Colvin 1995, p 561). In 1741, the house and grounds were purchased by a syndicate led by the proprietor of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and Sir Thomas Robinson MP, and the Gardens opened to the public the following year. Ranelegh was considered more fashionable than its older rival Vauxhall Gardens; the entrance charge was two shillings and sixpence, compared to a shilling at Vauxhall. Horace Walpole wrote soon after the gardens opened, “It has totally beat Vauxhall...You can’t set your foot without treading on a Prince, or Duke of Cumberland.” Ranelagh Gardens introduced the masquerade, formerly a private, aristocratic entertainment, to a wider, middle-class English public, where it was open to commentary by essayists and writers of moral fiction.[1] The centrepiece of Ranelagh was a rococo rotunda, which figured prominently in views of Ranelagh Gardens taken from the river. It had a diameter of 120 feet (37 metres) and was designed by William Jones, a surveyor to the East India Company. The central support housed a chimney and fireplaces for use in winter. From its opening, the Rotunda at Ranelagh Gardens was an important venue for musical concerts. In 1765, the nineyear-old Mozart performed in this showpiece. Canaletto painted the gardens, and painted the interior of the Rotunda twice, for different patrons.[2] The rotunda was closed in 1803 and demolished two years later. The organ was moved to All Saints Church, Evesham.[3] There was also a Chinese pavilion, which was added in 1750, an ornamental lake and several walks. Ranelagh was a popular venue for romantic assignations. Edward Gibbon wrote that it was, “the most convenient place for courtships of every kind — the best market we have in England.” Such was the renown of the Gardens and the vogue for music in the open air that a Ranelagh Gardens was opened in New York, in the former Rutgers house,[4] as a rival to the New York Vauxhall Gardens; its proprietor John Kenzie posted an advertisement for it during the occupation of the city in the American Revolution, in hopes of attracting the British soldiers, as well as “the Respectable Public”.[5] and a Jardin Ranelagh was created in Paris’ fashionable 16th arrondissement in 1870.
Biography
photos/849694/) Out of the woods, here he comes: the lumbersexual (http://www.
Books / General Nils Normon, The Contemporary Picturesque (London: Book Works, 2000)
theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/14/lumbersexual-beard-plaidmale-fashion) The style tribes of London Collections: Men (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
David Gissen, Subnature: Architecture’s Other Environments (New York:
men/fashion-and-style/11343135/The-style-tribes-of-London-Collections-
Princeton Architectural Press, 2009)
Men.html)
William Cohen and Ryan Johnson, eds... Filth: Dirt, Disgust, and Modern Life
Nowhere to go for the lumbersexual (http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2005)
style/fashion/nowhere-to-go-for-the-lumbersexual-1.2064795)
Lynda Nead, Victorian Babylon: People, Streets, and Images in Nineteenth-Century
White Heterosexual Pagentry
London (New Haven:Yale University Press, 2000)
http://www.psmag.com/books-and-culture/lumbersexuals-and-whiteheteromasculine-pageantry
Subculture: Lumbersexual
Ranelagh Gardens Flickr
What the ‘Lumbersexual’ Trend Really Says about Men in Society Today
https://www.flickr.com/photos/costi-londra/8188692960/in/
(http://mic.com/articles/107794/what-the-lumbersexual-trend-really-says-
album-72157622125910719/
about-men-in-society-today) Lumbersexuality and Its Discontents (http://www.theatlantic.com/national/ archive/2014/12/lumbersexuality-and-its-discontents/383563/?single_
Weeds in London http://www.gardenwithoutdoors.org.uk/?q=weed_guide
page=true)
Completegarden’s Weblog - Weed
How Straight World Stole ‘Gay’: The Last Gasp of the ‘Lumbersexual’
https://completegarden.wordpress.com/tag/weed-identification/
(http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/12/how-straight-world-
http://www.geographicus.com/blog/rare-and-antique-maps/the-evolution-
stole-gay-the-last-gasp-of-the-lumbersexual.html)
of-the-comparative-mountains-and-rivers-chart-in-the-19th-century/
King: Lumbersexuals have storied history, no one culture can lay claims
http://killscreendaily.com/articles/poly-generational/
(http://ht.ly/HCuM9) Introducing The Hot New Trend Among Men: ‘Lumbersexual’ (http://www. buzzfeed.com/mrloganrhoades/introducing-the-hot-new-trend-amongmen-lumbersexual#.rsEQWJKG5) Are You a “Lumbersexual”? (http://gawker.com/are-you-alumbersexual-1657844454 Is ‘Lumbersexuality’ Bringing Masculinity Back? (http://www. huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/08/lumbersexuality-masculinity_n_6430466. html) Confessions of a Lumbersexual (http://time.com/3603216/confessions-ofa-lumbersexual/) #lumbersexual, Twitter (https://twitter.com/ search?f=realtime&q=%23lumbersexual&src=typd) ‘Lumbersexual’ Is The Term For Hot Hipsters Who Look Like Lumberjacks (http://elitedaily.com/envision/hipster-men-are-lumbersexuals-