Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234] PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
NAME:
Yang Ge Shen
STUDENT ID:
0315960
LECTURER:
Ms. Alia
SUBMISSION DATE:
09/06/2015
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE Table of Contents
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Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 3 An Overview of S11 House……………………………………………………………. 4 Definition of Energy Efficiency & Sustainable Building Materials…………….. 6 Used of Recycled Materials…………………………………………………………... 8
Concrete
Clay Bricks
Roofing Timber
Used of Low-Impact Building Materials…………………………………………… 14
Low-VOCs Paint
Natural Finishes
Choice of Material for Roof Insulation
Improvement on S11 House to achieve maximum energy efficiency……….. 20 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….. 22 Reference……………………………………………………………………………….. 23
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Abstract This paper investigated on the sustainable materials as a method to achieve maximum energy efficiency in Platinum GBI Rated Building, S11 House. With the S11 House being touted as the highest level Platinum rating of Malaysia’s Green Building Index (GBI), it consists various elements as well as features to minimize the usage of energy in the building. Malaysia is a tropical country which has hot and humid conditions throughout the year. Hence, usage of materials plays an essential role in affecting the energy efficiency in a building as materials is the first protection layer in a building to have initial contact with the outer environment. It is anticipated that meanings of the materials on aiding the S11 House to achieve maximum energy efficiency. In assisting the validation of research, literature reviews were conducted based on multiple sources regarding GBI-rated materials as well as energy efficiency to enhance the process. There materials used in S11 House are categorized into 2 different types, which are Recycled Materials as well as Low-Impact Building Materials. One of the recycled materials used are the old concrete roof tiles. It is being crushed and used as the gravel fill, which subsequently reduce the needs to produce new materials. Low-impact materials such as heat-reflecting paint which can decrease the usage of mechanical ventilation in order to provide a comfortable environment for the occupants. Hence, it has come to a conclusion that usage of materials plays an important role in accomplishing high energy efficiency in S11 House. To rebuild an old 1960s building into one of the highest level Platinum rating of Malaysia’s GBI building, it is a personal fascinating scenario to explore the features being installed into the building especially materials wise.
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Introduction ‘Sustainability can’t be like some sort of a moral sacrifice or political dilemma or a philanthropically cause. It has to be a design challenge.’ -- Bjarke Ingels, Heads of the architectural practice Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG)
Sustainable architecture is defined as architecture which looks to reduce the negative environmental effects of buildings to the minimum level in terms of efficiency as well as moderation in the usage of materials, energy as well as development space. Sustainable architecture utilizes a conscious approach towards energy as well as ecological conservation and preservation in the design of the built surrounding. As a result, building materials do play an essential role in aiding sustainable architecture. Hence, careful selection of environmentally sustainable building materials is the most convenient way for designers to integrate sustainable design principles into buildings. By doing this, it can prevent any unnecessary damage being caused to our lovely Mother’s Nature. Research Questions Q1. How S11 House is considered as Green Building Index (GBI) Platinum rated house? Q2. State the definition of energy efficiency and the main factor affecting it in a building. Q3. How is the materials in S11 House affecting the energy efficiency of the building? Q4. Is the existing usage of materials in S11 House sufficient to achieve maximum energy efficiency and what are the improvements to be made in order to achieve maximum energy efficiency? Q5. Why is it important to use low-VOC paint as the coating for the wall and what are the impacts if it is ignored?
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
An Overview of S11 House
S11 House which is located at Petaling Jaya, Selangor is designed by ArchiCentre and the main architect in charge is Ar. Tan Loke Mun at 2012. The S11 House is located in an established old suburb of Petaling Jaya. The house stands two-and-a-half storey as well as covers 12,000 square foot. The original house on the site was built in 1960 and was abandoned over the years. As a result, a green tropical house, which is S11 House was proposed for the site as well as conceptualized along the lines of the existing tree on the site. The large tree canopy plays a role in sheltering the living space underneath it. On the site, there were five significant trees, three frangipanis, a large star-fruit as well as a coconut palm tree which are all retained and S11 House was designed to set in the midst of them. The S11 House was designed to achieve the highest 5|Page
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
level Platinum rating of Malaysia’s Green Building Index (GBI). In order to achieve this honour by the GBI Organization, there were tons of designs implanted into the building to save energy as well as resources and reduce the emission of toxic substances throughout its life cycle. For example, a clear northsouth orientation is being implanted into S11 house for all its openings and windows in order to achieve thermal by minimizing the heat entering the house as well as saving the energy needed to maintain the optimum temperature. Moreover, the house is installed with series of wind turbines combined with glazed pyramids which in turns create “stack effect” ventilation due to temperature differentials. This strategy helps to keep the needs to have cooling mechanism low. Besides, the canopy roof is installed with roof drain which allows it to collect rainwater. The rainwater is then directed into series of rainwater harvesting tanks which is used for sedimentation control as well as toilet flushing. Furthermore, the tap fittings and sanitary wares are all installed with water savings and reduction valves to prevent waste of water. Lastly, the materials used in this building which will be discussed in the following topics also plays an important role in allowing the S11 House being awarded the Platinum status in GBI.
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Energy Efficiency Definition Energy efficiency is defined as using less energy to provide the same service. However, there are four main elements in energy efficiency, which are:
Appliances
Vehicles
Industry
Building Design
The operation of buildings represent 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe. Hence, the main topic that will be discussed in the following topic is building design in terms of building materials.
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Sustainable Building Materials Definition Sustainable Building Materials is defined as materials with overall superior performance in terms of specified criteria. The following aspects are commonly used:
Can be obtained locally and effortlessly sourced materials
Lower transport costs and environmental effect
Good Thermal efficiency
Occupant requirements as well as health considerations
Financial viability
Recyclability of building materials as well as the demolished building
Lower or no waste as well as pollution caused during its manufacturing procedure
Lower energy consumed during the manufacturing procedure
Source of renewable and alternative resources
Releases small amount or no toxic/harmful gasses towards the environment
Low maintenance expenditures
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Use of Recycled Materials Concrete S11 house is built after a 1960s-era old house is being demolished on the site. However, the materials of the old house were reused after undergoing optimum process of modification. Firstly, the old concrete roof tiles were crushed and utilizes for gravel fill.
Concrete itself offers an extremely effective solution to the requirements of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive since 2006, achieving minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings, including both heating and cooling energy. This statement is proven by concrete has high thermal mass which subsequently leads to thermal stability. As a result, it saves energy and creates a more comfortable indoor climate and surroundings for the occupants in the building. Concrete has the ability to buffer a large part of the free heat gains, for example solar radiation and heat besides reducing the energy used and enhancing thermal comfort. The thermal mass of concrete in buildings is able to optimise the advantages of solar gain, which subsequently decrease the need for heating fuel. Besides, it also reduces the heating energy consumption by 2% to 15% as well as reducing and delaying peak temperature in buildings until the occupants left.
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
For tropical climate in Malaysia, by using concrete walls and floorings, it will absorb heat at their surface steadily, conducting it inwards and keeping it until the surface is exposed to cooler air during evening or night. During those period, the heat will flow back to the surface of the wall or flooring and release to the surroundings. The heat flows in a wavelike motion being absorbed and released depending on the change in day and night condition. With this ability, concrete able to stabilise the internal temperature and supplies a largely self-regulating environment, avoiding overheating and the need for mechanical cooling devices. It smoothes out fluctuations in interior temperature and can be used with night-time ventilation to avoid the need for daytime cooling. By using concrete, it can decrease the energy costs of buildings as well as leads to reduction in energy use for both heating and cooling which subsequently cuts down the emission of greenhouse gases.
Diagram: The influence of thermal mass on comfort 10 | P a g e
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Clay Bricks Moreover, clay bricks were cleaned and reused as the feature walls at the exterior area of S11 House.
Clay bricks have been famous for its ability to provide warm homes in the winter as well as cool dwellings during summer. According to a study commissioned by Thick Brick Australia and University of Newcastle, clay bricks offer great levels of thermal comfort for energy efficient and sustainable design without the help of artificial heating and cooling. Based on reports from Sustainable Energy Authority, clay bricks are able to decrease the overall heating and cooling energy requirements by 25% compared to a home built of lightweight construction materials with low thermal mass. Clay bricks hold a key element of construction sustainability which is providing an energy-efficient envelope for a building that decreases the overall energy used to heat or cool the interior. Clay bricks supplies the thermal mass necessary to insulate a building, which allows lower level of heating or cooling mechanical devices use. During the summer, bricks can absorb heat and shield the interior from quick rise in temperature. The heat is then released into the cooler night air which is same as concrete.
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The diagram on the left shows that the duration of delay in heat transfer for bricks and lightweight materials
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Due to its high durability, clay bricks excludes the need for exterior maintenance as well as outlasting most exterior cladding products available in the market nowadays, eliminating the energy usage involved in upkeep and replacement. Bricks do not fade, warp, dent or become brittle. It requires minimal maintenance compared to other building materials. It is widely recognized being able to resist fire and water intrusion, both of which can shorten the life of a building drastically. In fact, due to its durability, the National Institute for Standards and Technology has rated brick masonry to last 100-year lifespan. Moreover, clay bricks provide a comfortable environment for building users by reducing the noise transmission from the exterior as well as does not emit volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances that could cause environmental and health problems.
Diagram: The influence of lightweight module and cavity brick on the internal air temperature
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Roofing Timber Besides, roofing timbers from the 1960s-era old house is restructured into formwork strutting and propping.
The method used above is known as timber recycling which is known as a process of transforming waste timber into functional materials. Recycling timber has developed into popular materials due to its impression as an environmentally friendly product. Timber, which is also known as wood before it undergoes process, is a rapidly renewable and sustainable resources. In general, timber have very low embodied energy, zero waste product, low greenhouse gases emissions as well as no hazardous by-products. In S11 House, the recycled timber is used as the formwork strutting and propping which can full utilizes the timber in terms of energy efficiency. With timber frame construction, it can produce the outer wall with high thermal insulation within a slender thickness, at the same time timber frame walls do meet their theoretic U-value. The timber frame with 140mm external wall studs allow insulation to be installed in it. A well-insulated and airtight timber frame buildings proves to be the solution in the tropical climate in Malaysia. It can keeps daytime heat out as well as providing a comfortable night time temperature for the internal spaces.
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Moreover, recycling timber also reduces the need to have deforestation in order to produce new timber materials. As part of the process of photosynthesis, the trees give off oxygen, O2, at the same time absorb carbon dioxide, CO2 from the air and store it in its tissue. According to reports, in order to produce 1kg of timber, a standard tree absorbs 1.47kg of CO2 and releases 1.07kg of O2 to the atmosphere. Hence, the tree acts as a storage sink for carbon and net sinks for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The clearing and burning of forests will release the carbon into the atmosphere in the form of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases which in turns will affect human thermal comfort as well as requires higher level of mechanical cooling device to keep the temperature optimum and comfortable for living.
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Use of Low-Impact Building Materials Low-VOCs Paint In S11 House, there are limited surfaces in the building are painted with low-volatileorganic-compound (Low-VOC) paints. Besides, every internal joinery work in between the structure has minimal VOC content and some of them are connected using water-based glues. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are organic chemicals which consists of high vapour pressure at room temperature. Its high vapour pressure is due to its low boiling point, thus molecules will evaporate or sublimate from liquid or solid form of the particular compound. VOCs are essential components in communication between plants. One of the main source of man-made VOCs are coatings, especially paints and protective coatings. However, some of the VOCs are dangerous and hazardous to human health such as acute symptoms as well as environment and it will be released to the surroundings after the paint dries. Based on the research from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, some VOCs are suspected carcinogens. Due to the need to apply paint on the interior surfaces, the indoor VOC are routinely 10 times higher than outdoor levels, and up to 1000 more concentrate after painting dries out. However, despite the high concentration of VOCs after paint dries, most of the VOCs only starts to release after the first year. (Source: Green Seal “Proposed�) High indoor VOCs content leads to low rates of air exchange between the indoor space and outdoor environment. This will leads to increase in use of humidifiers as well as air purifier which in turns utilizes more unnecessary energy. Besides, paint also 15 | P a g e
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
releases carbon monoxide and radon which is a radioactive gas, both these contents are harmful to the environment and more mechanical cooling devices is needed to keep the occupants in thermal comfort state. Thus, it is essential to fully utilize the low-VOCs paint as it can ease the process of achieving thermal comfort, which subsequently reduces energy required to aid purifying and cooling the surrounding air. Below are the standards of low-VOCs paint and no-VOCs paint:
In a nutshell, low-VOCs paint improve indoor air quality and reduce urban smog. Moreover, low-VOCs paint also provide low odour, refreshing air, great durability as well as waterfriendly finishing.
Paint that shows the ‘Green Seal’ is guaranteed to meet high environmental standard.
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Natural Finishes Majority surfaces of S11 House has bare and plain natural finishes as shown in the images below:
Fair-Faced Common Red Clay Brickwork
Raw Off-Form Concrete Walls & Ceilings
Cement Plastered Walls without Paint
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There are a lot of benefits of using natural finishes instead of painting the surfaces. This is due to paints are typically environmentally unfriendly as they contain hazardous VOCs. For the case in S11 House, there is a strong point to prove that the brick wall should not be applied finishes. Paint will lead to hidden damage towards the brick wall and the damage will worsen as well as develop over time. This is because of the cracks and crumbling bricks will goes unnoticed due to the protection layer of paint. Moreover, there is possibility of water seeping into the crack in between the bricks. The will lead to the moisture being trapped within the brick structure and subsequently the brick structure will become brittle. Hence, more frequent maintenance is required to ensure that further damage can be avoided, which will lead to high energy wastage of the building. Besides, after few years of painting, it may demands maintenance for certain areas due to chipped or peeling paint. This problem will occur as if the brick wall is highly moisture and it will cause the paint on the surface to bubble and peel away from the brick surface. Moreover, maintenance of the paint also need to be done when the colour of the paint fades or changes over time. As a result, maximum energy efficiency will be difficult to be achieved due to the unnecessary frequent upkeep.
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Brick wall with white paint texture fades and peels away from the brick surface.
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Choice of Material for Roof Insulation Due to the hot tropical climate in Malaysia, S11 House uses 200mm thick 50kg/m3 rockwool as well as two layers of heat reflective foil as the roof insulation of the entire building. Besides, there is a 200mm thick ventilated air space in between the metal ceiling lining and the rockwool in order to enhance the heat insulation of the roof structure. Due to the presence of the components, the U-Value of the overall roof is 0.14
Rockwool Heat Reflective Foil
The individual fibers of rockwool insulation are good heat conductor, however rolls and sheets of rockwool are highly efficient at resisting heat transfer. Hence, rockwool plays an essential role in the roof insulation of S11 House as it enhances the thermal efficiency of the building roof as well as minimising the heat enters the building through the roof. Besides, it also has the ability to deliver enhanced fire protection and sound absorption. In general, rockwool insulation for residential house is the most energy efficient roof insulation sustainable material as it is made of renewable natural resource, recyclable and acoustic material besides requiring low cost and has the same thermal heat efficiency as other materials. 19 | P a g e
SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
With the presence of heat reflective foil which is considered as the most effective at preventing downward heat flow and radiant barrier within the roof structure, it can minimizes the radiant heat transfer across open spaces, which is considered as one of the major contributor of heat gain in the tropical climate of Malaysia. Heat reflective foil reduces the heat flow by convection and stops the radiant heat flow by both reflectivity (95% reflective) as well as emissivity (0.05% emissive). Besides, it also has the ability to stops up to 97% of radiant heat. As compared to mass insulation material such as fibreglass, it is not affected by humidity or moisture and it can maintain its effectiveness even being compressed. Heat reflective foil is especially effective for buildings in hot climates such as tropical climate in Malaysia.
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(Left) With heat reflective foil, (Right) Without heat reflective foil
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The temperature difference of consisting a heat reflective foil and without it.
Overall, it is important for S11 House to have rockwool and heat reflective foil in a roof insulation especially due to the climate in Malaysia. It can drastically save the energy for mechanical cooling system and devices in order to achieve maximum energy efficiency in S11 House. 20 | P a g e
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Improvement on S11 House to achieve maximum energy efficiency Despite having a clear north-south orientation for all its windows, improvements can be made on the windows in order to achieve maximum energy efficiency in S11 House. One of them are the windows should be replaced with double-glazed windows instead of singleglazed windows. This is because in tropical climate, a lot of heat will enter a building through the windows. The solution to this problem is to use double-glazing windows as it is able to keep the interior cooler in tropical climate. Double-glazed windows usually consist of two sheets of glass which has a gap of 12mm to 20mm apart and this feature plays an essential role for insulation against heat gain. Based on the research, double-glazed window is able to minimize heat loss varies from 54% to 64%. With the shifting of single-glazed windows to double-glazed windows, the solar heat gain will decreases approximately by 13%. Moreover, using glass with low-E as well as additional tinting, the solar heat gain can be reduced more than 50%.
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Comparison between singleglazed windows and doubleglazed windows
Besides, double glazing can avoid the condensation problem which is when cold air meets with warm surface or when warm air is cooled. This can subsequently prolong the life of the windows and minimize the need to undergo maintenance for the windows. With double glazing, thermal insulation will be enhanced between the interior space and the
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exterior due to the gap between the glass layers. Thus, condensation is drastically decreased. However, double-glazed windows may still result in heat gain if heat is allowed to escape through the window frames. Hence, it is preferable to use wood as the material for window frame due to its ability of being a good insulator and low U-Value. Moreover, it is essential for windows to have low U-Value, which is having low-e coating as well as consisting argon, xenon or krpton gas filled between the panes. The other advantage of double-glazed windows is it can reduce noise pollution. By having two layers of glass, the noise is diluted when it passes through the glasses and an air gap in between. Depending on the type of glasses used, it can reduce the noise varies from 20% to 77%. Laminated glass is recommended here in order to further reduce the noise significantly. Based on the research by Dr. John Davy from CSIRO, secondary windows will decrease more noise than single-glazing. This is because there is large buffering air cavity between two glasses. Moreover, using double glazing can reduce the amount of UV light penetrate into the building. UV light can cause furnishings to fade upholstery and sun damage. Hence, it is essential to use double-glazed windows as it can reduces penetration of UV rays by 95%. As a result, double-glazed windows can aid S11 House to further save more energy that is required to improve thermal comfort of the interior spaces as it is able to reduce the heat gain from the exterior to the interior. More energy can be saved from the maintenance as there are less damage to the furnishings caused by condensation, UV light and sun damage.
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SUSTAINBLE MATERIALS AS A METHOD TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PLATINUM GBI RATED BUILDING, S11 HOUSE
Conclusion Sustainable building materials such as recyclable materials and low-impact materials used in S11 House have direct and indirect impact on saving energy of a building. By recycling materials, those materials will be easily extracted on site, it can saves the cost for transportation and decreases the amount of carbon emission. Recycled materials which are reused and applied into S11 House can conserve the forest and ecosystem by not exploiting the raw materials directly from the nature. In consideration of energy efficiency, low-impact materials play an essential role in allowing S11 House to achieve maximum energy efficiency. Low-impact materials such as low-VOCs paint have less tendency to release VOC content which can lower down the air exchange within the space. Besides, low-impact materials such as natural finishes also require less maintenance as compared to painted surfaces. In a nut shell, sustainable building materials have more pros than cons as compared to other materials which are manufactured by industry. Hence, it is important to take this feature as part of the consideration when designing building and raising awareness towards the public about the positive impact of sustainable building materials on achieving maximum energy efficiency.
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