Human Development Report 2011
KEY TO COUNTRIES 2011 HDI rank and change in rank from 2005 to 2011 172 70 96 32 148 60 45 86 2 19 91 53 42 146 47 65 18 93 167 141 108 74 118 84 33 55 181 185 139 150 6 133 179 183 44 101 87 163 137 187 69 170 46 51 31 27 16 165 81 98 83 113 105 136 177 34 174 100 22 78 20 106 168
↑
↑ ↑
1
1 1
↓ –1 ↓ –1
↓ –1 ↑ 1 ↑
1
↑ ↑
2 1
↓ –1
↑
1
↓ –1 ↓ –1
↓ –1 ↓ –1 ↑ 2 ↓ –1 ↓ –1
↓ –3 ↓ –2
Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China (SAR) Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway
75 9 135 29 67 131 178 176 117 158 121 13 38 14 134 124 88 132 7 17 24 79 12 95 68 143 122 15 63 126 138 43 71 160 182 64 8 40 25 151 171 61 109 175 36 159 77 57 116 111 110 54 130 184 149 120 157 3 5 129 186 156 1
↑
1
↑ 2 ↑ 1 ↓ –1 ↑ 1 ↓ –1 ↑ 1 ↓ –1
↓ –1 ↓ –1 ↑ 1 ↑ 1
↓ –1 ↑
1
↓ –1 ↑ 1 ↓ –10 ↑
1
↓ –2 ↑
3
↓ –1
↑
1
↑ 1 ↑ 1 ↓ –1
↑
Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania, United Republic of Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
114 89 145 49 58 153 107 80 112 39 41 37 50 66 166 72 82 85 99 144 56 155 59 52 180 26 35 21 142 123 23 97 169 104 140 10 11 119 127 152 103 147 162 90 62 94 92 102 161 76 30 28 4 48 115 125 73 128 154 164 173
Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All
↑ 1 ↓ –1 ↑ ↑
1 1
↓ –1
↓ –1 ↓ –1 ↑ 2 ↑
1
↑
1
↑
1
↓ –2
↓ –1 ↑
1
↑ 1 ↓ –1 ↑ 3
↑
3
The great development challenge of the 21st century is to safeguard the right of generations today and in the future to live healthy and fulfilling lives. The 2011 Human Development Report offers important new contributions to the global dialogue on this challenge, showing how sustainability is inextricably linked to equity—to questions of fairness and social justice and of greater access to a better quality of life. Forecasts suggest that continuing failure to reduce the grave environmental risks and deepening inequalities threatens to slow decades of sustained progress by the world’s poor majority—and even to reverse the global convergence in human development. Our remarkable progress in human development cannot continue without bold global steps to reduce both environmental risks and inequality. This Report identifies pathways for people, local communities, countries and the international community to promote environmental sustainability and equity in mutually reinforcing ways. New analysis shows how power imbalances and gender inequalities at the national level are linked to reduced access to clean water and improved sanitation, land degradation and illness and death due to air pollution, amplifying the effects associated with income disparities. Gender inequalities also interact with environmental outcomes and make them worse. At the global level governance arrangements often weaken the voices of developing countries and exclude marginalized groups. But there are alternatives to inequality and unsustainability. Investments that improve equity—for example, in access to renewable energy, water and sanitation, and reproductive healthcare—could advance both sustainability and human development. Stronger accountability and democratic processes can also improve outcomes. Successful approaches rely on community management, broadly inclusive institutions and attention to disadvantaged groups. Beyond the Millennium Development Goals, the world needs a development framework that reflects equity and sustainability. This Report shows that approaches that integrate equity into policies and programmes and that empower people to bring about change in the legal and political arenas hold enormous promise. The financing needed for development are many times greater than current official development assistance. Today’s spending on low-carbon energy sources, for example, is less than 2 percent of even the lowest estimate of need. Financing flows need to be channeled towards the critical challenges of unsustainability and inequity. While market mechanisms and private funding will be vital, they must be supported and leveraged by proactive public investment. Closing the financing gap requires innovative thinking, which this Report provides. The Report also advocates reforms to promote equity and voice. We have a collective responsibility towards the least privileged among us today and in the future around the world—and a moral imperative to ensure that the present is not the enemy of the future. This Report can help us see the ways forward.
↓ –2
↑
1
ISBN 978-0-230-36331-1
1
NOTE Arrows indicate upward or downward movement in the country’s ranking over 2005–2011 using consistent data and methodology; a blank indicates no change.
www.palgrave.com
HDR 2011 Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia, Plurinational State of Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia France Gabon Gambia