Mathare River by Giacomo Coppo

MATHARE RIVER

water, waste, AGRICulture in the SLUM “MATHARE” STUDIES TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REQUALIFICATION

Riccardo Conti, Giacomo Coppo.

Bachelor degree in Architectural sciences,

26-02-2013

Bachelor degree in Architectural Sciences, 2013 February 26 th Politecnico di Milano

water, waste, AGRICulture in the SLUM “MATHARE” STUDIES TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REQUALIFICATION

The collaboration with the NGO “Live in Slums” to the construction of an agricultural garden out of a dumpsite gave us the opportunity to get in contact with “Mathare” slum reality and its dynamics. Taking this punctual project as a successfull example of environmental requalification, we explored the possibility of a wider scale intervention based on the same principles. We called this research “Mathare River” because the river represents the least common denominator between agriculture and pollution in the slum and the phisical element that permitted us the spatial exploration of the slum. After an in-depth analysis of the dimensions explored on the field (Water, Waste, Agriculture) we addressed the study to usefull Techniques and Actors involved. The construction of a Network is seen as an essential action for the achievement of the objective.

748220 747772

Riccardo Conti Giacomo Coppo Emilio Faroldi Luca Astorri

Author Author

Supervisor Assistant Supervisor

Thanks to the NGO Live in Slums, for having directed us to the work with passion, to Luca Astorri for the continuous support, to our families and our friends for having encouraged us with love.

introduction SLUM AS THEORY Vyjayanthi Rao in Lotus n°143 Favelas, Learning From

Slums constitute a foundational trope in urban studies. From Friedrich Engels to Jacob Riis in the 19th and the early 20th centuries to the 2003 UN-Habitat Report on Slums and Mike Davis’ recent book “The planet of Slums”, the slum appears over and over as a theoretically productive spatial ecology. In contemporary urban studies, the slum represents an invitation to think through both the material aspects and processes involved in contemporary urbanism and the ethical and epistemological underpinnings of urban theory today. Both are matters of equal concern as urban growth explodes across the world but particularly in countries of the global South. If a large proportion of the world’s population will be settling in cities in the global South, what does that imply for the location and the effects of urban theory? We must remind ourselves here of the intimate relation between theorizing the city and the social and philosophical project of modernity. If London, Paris, New York and Berlin provided social theorists of the 19th and 10th centuries the rich, empirical basis for creating arguments about the project of modernity, what ground do cities like Mumbai, São Paulo, Shanghai and Logos provide for a similar project today. In this essay I will explore the theoretical place of the slum today as cities of the global South begin to exert new material and ethical pressures on our understanding of global urban processes. In light of this exploration, I turn to the question of design action and its relation to the near and distant futures of urbanism.

Vyjayanthi Rao, anthropologist researcher in the field of globalization and urban development, opens her essay: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Slum As Theoryâ&#x20AC;? with this words, showing the importance of slums in urban studies. The importance is given by the fact that nowadays slums cannot be considered as a fallout anymore, but must be recognized as an integrated part of the city, because both the geographic and demographic expansion of these slums sometimes happens to cover the 50% of the city itself. For this reason slums are difficult to contrast and surely impossible to eradicate and every politic towards this aim is absurde. It remains still questionable the definition of slum because it is indeed a really complex reality. There is a common aspect in all the informal settlements, detectable in any form they are manifested: slum, bidonville, favela, township; they always represent an urban conglomeration that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t respect the urbanistic rules established by the city plan. The label slum is associated with difficult living conditions such as hygiene, safety etc., but not to be underestimated is the precariousness of the single individuals, which can be even more important then the above given. For this reason when we intervene in a slum, besides the answer to any urgent need, we should introduce some sort of newness to subsidize new behaviours within the inhabitants and ideally guarantee the durability of the intervention in the future. Given the condition of extreme poverty, the pursuit of money and therefore the capability of producing a service are fundamental concepts for those people. Another problem is that we know a very little about the location of any phenomenon in the slum, because by the lack of a map of these places. A map is a tool to know and understand a territory, foundamental for any kind of intervention and important to give to the inhabitant the awareness and the mastery of the territory where they live. Furthermore a map is a tool that enables you to understand a lot of dimensions present in the terrotory shown.To rapresent a wide kind of dimensions the map should includes not only topographic 6

It is from the map that we started our project of research on the field. We made a map intentioned to point out every garden, garbage dump, recycling point in the slum “Mathare” (Nairobi, Kenya). The idea is to promote an environmental requalification through a series of acupunctural urban interventions, particularly addressed towards garbage disposal and agriculture. Hence, our focus is to find a way to create opportunities for the locals to really understand the process that will enable them to improve their lives. Moreover, it's only through small scale interventions that you have a direct confrontation with the population, another very important value in our project. The idea of create a wide network among all the stakeholders involved it is born from the fact that we want to increase the dialougue in terms of exchanging knowledge but also knowing each other and discuss together. Agriculture and Waste are the two dimensions choosed for the aim of environmental requalification not only for their evident relations with the topic, but also because they are able to create an ecological micro-economy (“create economy through ecology”). This is an important aspect because it is necesessary that any intervention is compared with the need of economical maintenance (empowerment mechanism) that is an essential element for any intervention in a slum.

INdex 1. INTRODUCTION

2. FRAME

p. 12

Africa: cities, East Africa, Kenya. Kenya: rail, main cities, Nairobi. Nairobi: city of UN, city of slums. Mathare: - the areas and the rive. - built envitonment: permanent blocks, temporary dwellings. - Permeability of the slum: accesses and hedges. Internal circulation. Nairobi and Mathare - Milan and its historical centre: dimensional confrontations, living densities, morphological analogies. 3. WHY NOT JUNIOR ACADEMY

p. 22

The collaboration between the school and the NGO Live In Slums. Agricultural intervention: the construction of a garden out of a dumpsite. 4. MATHARE RIVER The strategy. Objectives and motivations. Instrument: the mapping, the research. Process: the network, diffuse intervention.

p. 24

5. MAPPING the importance of mapping; inhabitant and planners: two different needs, a common map.

p. 28

Multidimensionality.

p. 30

6. On the field. Instruments and metodology.

p. 31

Cards: Gardens Dumpsites Recycling workshops Collection Centres

p. p. p. p.

32 63 68 71

7. Publishing

p. 74

8. WATER

Hydrography. Water Source. Climate, Water Quality, Water accesses distribution, flooding surface. Riparial zone + buffer zone.

p. 79 p. 80

9. WASTE

p. 84

Distribution map. The absent Infrastructure. Dropping waste. Collection.

p. p. p. p.

p. 81 p. 82

87 88 89 90

Recycling. X-ray of a dumpsite. Urban waste management.

p. 91 p. 92 p. 93

10. AGRICULTURE

p. 94

Distribution map. Agricultural products. Price and diffusion. Nutritional values. Diet. Ideal daily nutritional intake. Riparail vegetation. Vegetation in Mathare mapping.

p. 96 p. 97 p. 98 p. 99 p. 100 p. 101

11. TECHNIQUES

p. 102

12. STAKEHOLDERS

p. 104

13. NETWORK

p. 109

14. INTERVENTIONS

p. 116

Sites research.

p. 117

Cards.

p. 118

Elements.

p. 134

Towards environmental requalification.

p. 135

15. CONCLUSIONS

P. 137

NOTES

p. 138

FRAME Algiers

Rabat Casablanca

Alexandria

Cairo Khartoum

Dakar Kano

Conakry

Addis Abeba

Accra Abidjan

Douala

Nairobi 3.523.000 Pop

Lagos

KENYA

Dar es Salaam

Kinshasa Luanda Lusaka

EAST AFRICA

(UN Subregion)

Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Etiopia

Uganda Somalia

CENTRAL REGION

Kisumu

NAIROBI AREA

Nairobi

Tanzania

Mombasa

TRAIN

Kibera

UN[1]

NAIROBI: UNITED NATIONS CITY SLUMS CITY

Mathare

10km

5 slums % he yt

slums p op

land occup ied b

20km

tion 60% ula 5km

Central Buisness District

MATHARE: 25 DISTRICTS. THE RIVER. Village 1 Village 2 3B Kosovo

Area 4

4A 4B

Area 3

Area 2

Area 1 2km

Madoya

Mashimoni 3C

Kiamaiko

Ngei 1

Ngei 2B

1km

500m

Mabatini Thayu No10 13

Casanova

Kibichol

New Mathare

Huruma B Huruma Flats

PERMANENT BLOCKS

TEMPORARY DWELLINGS 2km

1km

500m

ACCESSES FROM THE OUTSIDE, INTERNAL CIRCULATION

2km

1km

500m

comparison m2 NAIROBI 2 940 911 Residents 2 684 Km

MILAN 1 350 267 Residents 2 181 Km land for inhabitant

4 300 Pop/Km 2 232 m /Pop

MATHARE 500 000 Residents[2] 2 2,7 Km

7500 Pop/Km 2 134 m /Popv

ZONA 1 107 087 Residents 2 9,7 Km

11050 Pop/Km 2 90,5 m /Pop

185 000 Pop/Km 2 5,4 m /Pop

5km

100m

scenarios from mathare

c Filippo Romano

AERIAL VIEW ON THE SLUM - TREES ARE ALONG THE RIVER

c Filippo Romano

WATER TANK - DUMPSITE - EMPTY SPACES 16

c Filippo Romano www.filipporomano.eu f_romanophoto@yahoo.com

c Francesco Giusti www.francescogiustiphoto.viewbook.com giustifrancesco@gmail.com

c Filippo Romano

WATER ACCESS - TOILETS - OPEN AIR DRAINAGLE 17

c Filippo Romano

HOME

c Filippo Romano 18

c Filippo Romano

CATCHERS IN THE RIVER

c Filippo Romano

ON THE RIVER BANKS 19

c Francesco Giusti

DREAM

c Francesco Giusti

TEAM 20

c Francesco Giusti

FRIENDS

c Filippo Romano

FAMILY 21

whynot junior academy

CONVERSION OF A DUMPSITE IN A GARDEN

WhyNot Junior Academy is a school built and launched by the inhabitants of the same district thanks to the support of Karibu Kenya and Italy Afrika. Within a few years the school has received nearly 200 children divided into twelve classes and was able to integrate itself into the slum community becoming this way an important reference for many families. However with time the school began to be deficient in some services, the first beyond the services related to the canteen and kitchen. In a context of severe poverty, ensure food for the students, is a fundamental component that affects the functioning of the school and the achievement of a sufficient number of members. The school also needed the redevelopment of the outdoor areas, in part due to a landslide of the adjoining land. The first phase (2011) of the project concerned in the construction of a porch that serves, at the same time, as a path, shading, and rain protection as well as for the water harvesting. A new kitchen was built to satisfy the goal of an agricultural production self-managed by the school. All available spaces were used to ensure adequate nutrition for all children. The vegetable garden is located on a former illegal dump that has been cleaned and de-contaminated. The ground, which fell on the school, was used to create a retaining wall, using a very low-cost technique, which consists in filling and placing rice bags. The second phase (2012) of the project concerned expansion of the schoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s garden and the school was entirely reconstructed. The third phase (2013) will be more focused on agriculture in the whole slum.

mathare river project (STEPS)

CONVERSION OF A DUMPSITE IN A GARDEN

POTENTIAL TARGET ENVIRONMENTAL REQUALIFICATION

TOOL PROCESS MAPPING

BUILDING A NETWORK

PROJECT

Mathare river project start with the studio of Why Not Academy’s garden. Before this garden was built the site was a dumpsite so after a process of cleaning the NGO Live in slums started to take care of the land with agriculture. Transforming a dumpsite in a garden is one of the most representative examples of environmental requalification in this case applied on a small-scale intervention. In addition urban agriculture has an high potential in a slum because its economical applicability able to produce food and so money. The target born out of these observations on agriculture and waste was to understand how urban agriculture could be a tool for environmental regeneration of Mathare slum. So our attention was focused on study agriculture, waste in Mathare and another common element: water. We decided to study water in Mathare because it is used for agriculture irrigation and meanwhile it is an environmental element that is really polluted, as it is visible in Mathare River’s waters. Water was also a constant elements in our field research because we explored the slum and its agricultural activities expecially along the river being this activities more concentrated in these areas.

TARGETS

To do this study was necessary a mapping that would involve the three elements mentioned above. So we did a mapping of gardens (agriculture) and of dumpsites and recycle points (waste). Of course this mapping was done on the field with inhabitants’ help. In particular we worked with two members of Map-Mathare and Map-Kibera trust project. It is important to point out that since Mathare has no a detailed map we had to map our points with a GPS device because was the only way to transfer a geographical position on a map support (gmaps). Then with this GPS point and with our pictures and sketches we were able to draw a map of gardens, dump sites and recycle points.

TOOLS: MAPPING

Mapping was also a way to establish relations with the local community. This fact is really important because one of our targets is building a network among all the stakeholders we met during our research. As stakeholders we mean a gardener as the Ministry of Health. To enforce this idea of network we have done a website (blog) where we published all the points mapped day by day. In addition, the last day of mapping we organized a meeting with all the stakeholders we met to share our collected information and thoughts. This event was another step in this idea of building a network.

PROCESS: NETWORK

After these steps we tried to locate sites for possible future interventions. We choose these places focusing on sites along the river, unused spaces or dumpsites and presence of possible interested stakeholders. The final vision of the project is schematically represented here at left but the detailed project will be the next step to do after this research.

ACTIONS: TIPOLOGY AND SITES’ RESEARCH

TOOLs: MAPPING

mapping “Mathare in Nairobi, Kenya, was a blank spot on the map until December 2010, when young people of Mathare created the first free and open digital map of their own community.” www.mapkibera.org/mapmathare/ These are the words that Map Mathare community based organization choose for its website. The organization was founded in 2009 with the intention to produce maps of Mathare. The absence of a map is one of the main problems, speaking about slums. Orientation is a primary need and not possessing a map you cannot determine and view the extension and geographical localization of a phenomenon, you cannot direct and plan any requalification or redevelopment on the present situation. In the European past, the defeat of ‘urban deases’ as cholera, typhus fever, poverty, prostitution, drugs diffusion and criminality, coincided with the first production of the city plans and the emergence of urban statistics and cartographies. (in Else/Where: Mapping - New cartographies of networks and territories, 2006, p.154). In Jai Sen’s Power-over Power-to (An Atlas of Radical Cartography, 2008), we can read that invisibility is not just an absence, but can be an intentional neglection. We can see our mapping work as splited in two mai parts: firstly we needed a physical exploration of the slum looking at the ‘environmental activities’ we selected. We mapped gardens, recycling points and dumpsites in Mathare helped by two local collaborators: Javin Ochieng and Joshua, that had participated to Map Mathare project in 2010/2011. For every point it has been filled out a schedule with different informations. 28

After that, we felt the need to abstract from the phisical reality of the slum to gain knowledge of the environmental dynamics around the slum, recognize the stakeholder involved and explore possible techniques to use. These studies are been reconstructed and synthesized in synoptic maps in order to communicate dynamically and visually the multi-dymensions analysis we dealt with.

multidimensionality

TECHNIQUES STAKEHOLDERS SYNOPTIC MAPS WATER WASTE AGRICULTURE

GARDENS FIELD BASED MAPPING

DUMPISITES RECYCLE POINTS 30

TOOLS

QUESTIONNAIRE

GPS DEVICE

NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: NAME: TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: FENCE: LOCATION: START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

POINT N°:

1.25676°S,36.84455°E 1.25710°S,36.86955°E 1.25464°S,36.84334°E 1.25450°S,36.84335°E 1.25560°S,36.86333°E 1.25640°S,36.86213°E 1.25354°S,36.84344°E 1.25333°S,36.86554°E 1.25540°S,36.83545°E 1.25530°S,36.86545°E 1.28920°S,36.83522°E 1.25220°S,36.83342°E

PATHS MADE (GPS TRACKS)

CAMERA PICTURE N°:

garden 01

VISION YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden and Animal Farm RESPONSIBLE (S): Vision Youth Group CONTACT: 0723641124 (Michael) DIMENSIONS: 10 sqm FENCE: yes, wood-metal, h: 2m LOCATION: Ngei 1

Floor plan (sketch) START: August 2012 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (7) SOURCE OF WATER: tank connected to the water SEEDS SOURCE:- Mathare Upendo Group Garden SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: rabbits, chickens DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, direct FUTURE PLANS: 1.25710째S,36.86955째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256957... 32

garden 02

LITTLE BEES GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Little Bees Children Project CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 400 sqm FENCE: No LOCATION: Madoya

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, mais, spinach, sugar cane, papaw, avocado... CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks and ground SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25621째S,36.86905째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256099... 33

garden 03

MICHAEL WANJOHI GARDEN TYPE: Kitchen Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Michael Wanjohi CONTACT: 0723459613 (Michael Wanjohi) DIMENSIONS: 200 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Ngei 1

a b Floor plan (sketch)

START: 2009 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: Wheat, Papaw, Sukuma-wiki, Spinach, Banana CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: shallow well (Borehole) SEEDS SOURCE: Kariobangi Agrovet SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: 1.25550째S,36.87002째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.255262... 34

garden 04

MADOYA TUMAINI Y.G. GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Madoya Tumaini Youth Group CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 70 sqm FENCE: yes, wood-metal, h: 2m LOCATION: Ngei 1

Floor plan (sketch) START: February 2012 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Urban Farming and bamboo planting project (COOPI, ERF-UNOCHA, French Embassy, L’ALBERO DELLA VITA) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, tomato, amaranth (terere), onion CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (60) SOURCE OF WATER: shallow well (blowhole) SEEDS SOURCE: provided by funder organization SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: desire to sell

1.25526°S,36.87019°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.255117... 35

garden 05

PETER GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Peter CONTACT: 0710207723 (Peter) DIMENSIONS: 250 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare Area 3

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, amaranth (terere), bananas, beans, arrow roots, maize CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: dreinage SEEDS SOURCE: self production SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: YES SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: 1.25529째S,36.86935째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.255347... 36

garden 06

MESSIAH GOSPEL CHURCH GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Messiah Gospel Church CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 130 sqm FENCE: yes, wood (1.8m) LOCATION: Kiamaiko

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25424째S,36.87322째E

... 37

garden 07

MATHARE YOUTH DEV. ORG. GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare Youth Development Organization CONTACT: 0724981801 (Charles Rabongo) DIMENSIONS: 35 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare Area 3

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2002, from a dump site SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, pilipili (kind of tomato), tomato, sugar cane, kinyegi, papaw CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (12+1*), ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank, dreinage (for sugarcane) SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (EX Solidarites) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: everything is sold FUTURE PLANS: make more sacks instead of ground cultivation, expand the cultivation in a near dumpsite *: following the hint of the minister of agriculture there is a test in progress of cultivating sacks of 120 steams instead of 60. This kind of sack is made up of a stronger plastic (100 gage) that can support the increased weight and stands with the help of four vertical pieces of wood in it (see pictures).

1.25323째S,36.87113째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.253164... 38

garden 08

NEUTRAL YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Neutral Youth Group CONTACT: 0721414318 (Laurence) DIMENSIONS: 6000 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Kiamaiko

Floor plan (sketch) START: 1999 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Urban Farming and bamboo planting project (COOPI, ERF-UNOCHA, French Embassy, L’ALBERO DELLA VITA) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, maize, tomato, beans, banana (platano), arrow roots, papaw, bamboo*, mapera tree, beans tree CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank, drainage (for sugarcane) SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (EX Solidarités) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS:

1.25272°S,36.87406°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.253121... 39

garden 09

DEMTA ANIANGU AND OTHERS GARDEN b

TYPE: Garden and Greenhouse RESPONSIBLE (S): Demta Aniangu and others* CONTACT: 0728922848 (Demta Aniangu) DIMENSIONS: 700 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare Area 4

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2009 with the support of Solidarites** SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, maize***, amaranth (terere), tomatoes CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sack SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (EX Solidarites) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, a selling point in front of the street has been created FUTURE PLANS: desire to receive more training and to expand the cultivation * the garden is big and is splited between different farmers/families. The Greenhouse is the only place that is shared by all of them to grow tomatoes. ** Solidarites organisation built the Greenhouse in 2009/2010 and trained these people to sack technique cultivation. Nowadays however it seems that ground cultivation is preferred. *** used even as a tool to perimeter different responsability areas

1.25567째S,36.86366째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256055... 40

garden 10

ACENDING YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Ascending Youth Group CONTACT: 0728012726 (Moses) DIMENSIONS: 500 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare 4A

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2006 without any support SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, banana, sugar cane, lemon tree CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: Town SOIL CONDITIONER: compost (sometimes) ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS: desire to expand the cultivation and to have a henhouse

1.26127째S,36.86117째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261263... 41

garden 11

MANYGRO GARDEN 1 TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare N°10 Youth Group CONTACT: 0728588829 (Adigo) DIMENSIONS: 100 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Mathare n° 10

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2009, with the support of Solidarités SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités*, Minister of Agriculture** PRODUCTS: Sukuma-wiki, spinach, avocado, sugarcane, amaranth (terere), tomato, carrot, onion, cassawa, papaw, maize CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe / tank (2) (owned by the group) SEEDS SOURCE: shop / Minister of Agriculture SOIL CONDITIONER: rabbits' drops ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS:

1.26336°S,36.86077°E

* the group has been one of the first supported by the organization and received the issue to train other groups around the area. ** donated 150.000 KSH supporting the idea of transforming a dump site into a garden. They received help even in buying seeds, tools, pestcydes.

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263451... 42

garden 12

COMMUNITY TRANSFORMERS GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Community Transformers Org. CONTACT: 0725760761 (Evans) DIMENSIONS: 60 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare n째10

Floor plan (sketch)

START: may 2012 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, cabbage CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: no SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: no FUTURE PLANS: desire to sell

1.26368째S,36.86078째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263494...v 43

garden 13

KONYRIKENDI YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Konyrikendi Youth Group CONTACT: 0707630274 (Samuel Otieno) DIMENSIONS: 110 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Kiamaiko

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, tomatoes, amaranth (terere) CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sack, ground SOURCE OF WATER: piped water SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: yes, there’s a selling point inside the garden FUTURE PLANS: desire to sell 1.26406°S,36.85769°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.262132... 44

garden 14

“AGRICULTURAL AREA” TYPE: agricultural area* RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 58000 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION:

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: cassawa, sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, sugar cane, kinyegi, papaw, avocados, mango, pepper, cabbage, beans, carrots, parsley, potatoes, sweet potato, arrow roots, green peas, maize, pumpkin, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: river SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

1.25998°S,36.8534°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.259611... 45

garden 15

CHOCORA PRENGE Y.G. GARDEN TYPE: farm (garden + cowshed) RESPONSIBLE (S): Chocora Prenge Youth Group CONTACT: 0727693867 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 5400 sqm FENCE: yes, wood LOCATION: Village 2 a

Floor plan (sketch) START: 1997 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, amaranth (terere), kangira, banana, avocado tree, lungwatt tree, beans, tomato CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank filled with piped water, shallow well (blowhole) SEEDS SOURCE: town SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: cows (6big, 6small) DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS: have chickens and piggs

1.26344째S,36.84624째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263349... 46

garden 16

SAMUEL NJONGORO GARDEN TYPE: kitchengarden RESPONSIBLE (S): Samuel Njongoro CONTACT: 0718129436 (Samuel Njongoro) DIMENSIONS: 50 sqm FENCE: no, but is in a courtyard LOCATION: Mathare 3A

a,b

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2002 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, kunde, amaranth (terere), maize, pumpkin CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: rain water / piped water SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes. in rainy season (when production is higher) he share some products with the neighbours. SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

1.26455째S,36.85476째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.264272... 47

garden 17

SHANTIT YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Shantit Youth Group CONTACT: 0789724199 (Richard) DIMENSIONS: 600 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mabatini

Floor plan (sketch) START: oct 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sugar cane, sukuma, maize, banana, tomato CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sack (2) SOURCE OF WATER: river, pipe SEEDS SOURCE: no SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, sometimes people come sometimes they reach them FUTURE PLANS:

1.26363째S,36.85909째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263945... 48

garden 18

RIVER BANK YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): River Bank Youth Group CONTACT: sakwa.makanda@gmail.com 0724706222 DIMENSIONS: 450 mq FENCE: no LOCATION: Mathare 3C

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2006 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: banana, sukuma-wiki, sugar cane CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: dreinage water ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: FUTURE PLANS: reinforce the bank with stones in order to avoid floods damages

1.26250째S,36.85957째E

the youth group does even garbage collection for 80ksh a month (20 ksh per week) with city council help or with 4 carts. plastic and metal are sold we need economic inputs to start or it is difficult

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.262663... 49

garden 19

ALAN GARDEN

a b

TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: 0720504553 (Nicolas) DIMENSIONS: 150 sqm FENCE: yes, wood LOCATION: Mashimoni

Floor plan (sketch) START: 1997 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach*, banana, sugarcane, amaranth (terere), onions, tomato, pumpkin, chucu tree, iums, sunflower**, abach***, spontaneous vegetables CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: shallow wells (4) SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, people come here to buy FUTURE PLANS: want to have chickens, create protection from floods

1.26122°S,36.86149°E

* different species ** used to attract birds and take them away from the cultivation *** medicinal plant with different uses (malaria, joint failure…)

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.26125... 50

garden 20

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 120 sqm FENCE: LOCATION: Mashimoni

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, banana, avocado, papaw, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25710째S,36.86955째E

... 51

garden 21

MARY MBETE GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mary Mbete CONTACT: 0716822587 (Mary Mbete) DIMENSIONS: 150 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Kiamaiko

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2010 SUPPORT/FUNDS: no PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, sugar cane, papaw, avocados, mango, irish potatoes, sweet potato, maize, terere, pumpkin, mrenda, milet, nduma, managu CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks, ground, , ground ditch covered with a plastic sheet (use the plastic for keep the water in the ditch in order to allow the cultivation of the arrow roots), green house SOURCE OF WATER: drainage SEEDS SOURCE: Mathare Upendo Group (Ex Solidarités) SOIL CONDITIONER: no ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS:

1.26109°S,36.86178°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261258... 52

garden 22

WHY NOT ACADEMY GARDEN a

TYPE: garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Why Not Academy CONTACT: (Margaret) DIMENSIONS: 450 sqm FENCE: yes, wood and wire LOCATION: Mashimoni

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2011 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Live in Slums ONG PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, banana, amaranth (terere), onions, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, arrow roots, coriander, green peas, black night shadow (managu), cassawa, murere, spider plant CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sack (n) SOURCE OF WATER: pipe, shallow wells (1) SEEDS SOURCE: self production, town SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, people come here to buy FUTURE PLANS: want to have rabbits and chickens

1.26091째S,36.86208째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261122... 53

garden 23

H TOWN YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): H (Huruma) town youth group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 50 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Huruma Flats

a Floor plan (sketch) START: 2008 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités (2009), Ministry of agriculture (2009) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, sugar cane, papaw, avocados, mango, potatoes, pumpkin, chuchu, terere, strawberry, bananas, rosmarin, kinyegi, managu, sagheti, kunde CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks, ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe water, tank filled with rain water SEEDS SOURCE: some seeds they bought, some Ministry of agriculture give SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: chickens (25) and doves (20/25) DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: yes, selling point inside FUTURE PLANS:

1.26117°S,36.86721°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261342... 54

garden 24

H TOWN YOUTH GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): H (Huruma) town youth group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 70 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Huruma Flats

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2008 SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités (2009), Ministry of agriculture (2009), IRC (international rescue committee) PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, pumpkin, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks (12), ground SOURCE OF WATER: tank SEEDS SOURCE: some seeds they bought, some Ministry of agriculture give SOIL CONDITIONER: compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes, selling point on the street FUTURE PLANS:

1.26167°S,36.86781°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.261342... 55

garden 25

MATHARE UPENDO GROUP GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare Upendo Group* CONTACT: 0711562226 (Akoi) DIMENSION: 700 sqm FENCE: yes, wood-metal, h: 1m LOCATION: Mabatini

a Floor plan (sketch) START: 2008 out of a dump site SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités, Ministry of agriculture PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach, onions, tomatoes, sugar cane, kinyegi, papaw, avocados, mango, pepper, cabbage, beans, carrots, parsley, potatoes, sweet potato, arrow roots, green peas, maize, pumpkin, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks, ground, ground ditch covered with a plastic sheet (use the plastic for keep the water in the ditch in order to allow the cultivation of the arrow roots), green house SOURCE OF WATER: pipe water SEEDS SOURCE: ministry of agriculture, self production SOIL CONDITIONER: fish pond in the ground (use the water enriched in the fertility by the fish ecosystem), compost ANIMALS: no DOMESTIC CONSUME: no SALE: everything is sold also the seeds. They sell inside the garden FUTURE PLANS: laboratory for the lessons *They have worked with Solidarités since 2011, now they are in partnership with the Ministry of agriculture. They train how to cultivate (urban agriculture techniques). 56

1.26247°S,36.86454°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.26243...

garden 26

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 20 sqm FENCE: LOCATION: Thayu

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: tomatoes, sweet potato, maize, green peas, terere CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.26218째S,36.86370째E

... 57

garden 27

FLORENCE MONGELI GARDEN TYPE: Kitchen Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Florence Mongeli CONTACT: 0719405508 (Florence Mongeli) DIMENSIONS: 30 sqm FENCE: yes, wood gate and houses LOCATION: Thayu

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2010 SUPPORT/FUNDS: seeds gave from solidarites when the activities started PRODUCTS: spinach, tomato, bananas, papaw, avocados, maize, terere, carrots CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: pipe water (bought) SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: FUTURE PLANS:

1.26227째S,36.86362째E

... 58

garden 28

MANYGRO GARDEN 2

TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare N°10 Youth Group CONTACT: 0728588829 (Adigo) DIMENSIONS: 30 sqm FENCE: yes LOCATION: Mathare n° 10

a b

Floor plan (sketch) START: 2009, with the support of Solidarités SUPPORT/FUNDS: Solidarités*, Minister of Agriculture** PRODUCTS: Sukuma-wiki CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sack (10) SOURCE OF WATER: pipe / tank (2) (owned by the group) SEEDS SOURCE: shop / Minister of Agriculture SOIL CONDITIONER: rabbits’ drops ANIMALS: rabbits (15), chickens (10) DOMESTIC CONSUME: yes SALE: yes FUTURE PLANS: reach the number of 30 rabbits and buy more chickens

1.26336°S,36.86077°E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.263451... 59

garden 29

TERRACED GARDEN TYPE: Garden RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 100 sqm FENCE: yes, wall LOCATION: 4B

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, papaw... CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground, sacks SOURCE OF WATER: tank SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.26373째S,36.85552째E

www.openstreetmap.org 60

garden 30

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 10 smq FENCE: LOCATION: 3C

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: sacks SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.26326째S,36.85910째E

http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-1.256957... 61

garden 31

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ GARDEN TYPE: RESPONSIBLE (S): CONTACT: DIMENSIONS: 30 sqm FENCE: no LOCATION: Mabatini

Floor plan (sketch) START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: sukuma-wiki, spinach... CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES: ground SOURCE OF WATER: SEEDS SOURCE: SOIL CONDITIONER: ANIMALS: DOMESTIC CONSUME: SALE: FUTURE PLANS: 1.25869째, 36.86323째E

www.openstreetmap.org 62

dump sites 1-2-3-4 DUMPSITE 1 LOCATION: Ngei 1 1.25606°S,36.86906°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 2 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25548°S,36.86873°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 3 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25699°S,36.8649°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 4 LOCATION: Ngei 2B 1.25730°S,36.86517°E

www.openstreetmap.org 63

dump sites 5-6-7-8 DUMPSITE 5 LOCATION: 4A

DUMPSITE 6 LOCATION: Area 4

DUMPSITE 7 LOCATION: 4A

DUMPSITE 8 LOCATION: 4A

dump sites 9-10-11-12 DUMPSITE 9 LOCATION: 3C 1.26415°S,36.85815°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 10 LOCATION: Mabatini 1.25851°S,36.86371°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 11 Village 2

1.26411°S,36.84874°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 12 Village 1

1.26372°S,36.84597°E

www.openstreetmap.org 65

dump sites 13-14-15-16 DUMPSITE 13 LOCATION: Village 1 1.26612°S,36.84473°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 14 LOCATION: Village 2 1.26587°S,36.85054°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 15 LOCATION: 3A 1.26400°S,36.85487°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 16 LOCATION: Thayu 1.26196°S,36.86333°E

www.openstreetmap.org 66

dump sites 17-18-19-20 DUMPSITE 17 LOCATION: Ngei 1 1.26175°S,36.86307°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 18 LOCATION: 3B 1.26462°S,36.85471°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 19 LOCATION: Kossovo 1.26257°S,36.85234°E

www.openstreetmap.org

DUMPSITE 20 LOCATION: 4B 1.26368°S,36.85538°E

www.openstreetmap.org 67

recycling design workshop 1 RECYCLE POINT 1 TYPE: Zakale Creations RESPONSIBLE (S): John M. Kangar CONTACT: 0724729520 (John) DIMENSIONS: 30 mq LOCATION: Huruma Flats

START: 2002 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: jewelry, decorative objects SOURCE OF MATERIAL: production scrap materials

www.zakalecreations.com

1.26052째S,36.87764째E

www.openstreetmap.org 68

recycling design workshop 2 RECYCLE POINT 2 TYPE: Handicraft workshop RESPONSIBLE (S): H (Huruma) Town Youth Group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 30 mq LOCATION: Huruma Flats

START: 2008 SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: plates, jewels, fire balls SOURCE OF MATERIAL: garbage collected in the neighbourhood (33 houses)

1.26117째S,36.86721째E

www.openstreetmap.org 69

recycling design workshop 3 RECYCLE POINT 3 TYPE: Handicraft workshop RESPONSIBLE (S): Mathare Environmental Conservation Group CONTACT: 0726313783 (Kevin) DIMENSIONS: 30 mq LOCATION: Village 1

START: SUPPORT/FUNDS: PRODUCTS: choped plastic SOURCE OF MATERIAL: garbage collection, shops SALE: yes, the plastic is sold to industries FUTURE PLANS:

1.26117째S,36.86721째E

www.openstreetmap.org 70

waste collectors 1-2-3 COLLECTOR 1 LOCATION: Area 2 1.25385°S,36.87146°E RESPONSIBLE: Samuel Mungai CONTACT: 0720619720 (Samuel) 0726297157 (Chariti) MATERIAL COLLECTED: Metal, Plastic

www.openstreetmap.org

COLLECTOR 2 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25341°S,36.87017°E RESPONSIBLE: CONTACT: MATERIAL COLLECTED: Metal, Plastic www.openstreetmap.org

COLLECTOR 3 LOCATION: Area 3 1.25309°S,36.86897°E RESPONSIBLE: Miss Donga CONTACT: 0723452373 (Miss Donga) MATERIAL COLLECTED: Metal, Plastic, Paper

www.openstreetmap.org

"nairobi upside down" Back to Milano from Nairobi we were asked to prepare a resume of our work to publish it: AA.VV., Nairobi upside down, 2013 Editorial Director: Dominique Kuroyanagi www.nomadpaper.com

Art Direction: Didier Falzone BureauBureau.it

Publishers: Actar/Birkhauser Roca i Batlie 2 08023 Barcelona Spain NO MAD Association 14, Bd Georges Favon 1204 Geneva Switzerland

Worldwide distribution: Actar/Birkhauser www.actarbirkhauser.com

THEME OF THE RESEARCH, METHODOLOGY Water, garbage, agriculture. These are the three elements that compose our study. We choosed Mathare River as the title for our research because the river deals with all of them. Along its unbuilt banks agricultural gardens and dumpsites are diffuse and interact with the river’s water, that due to the unsufficient treatment of waste of any kind is really polluted. Nonetheless there are several ‘value-making’ agricultural and recycling projects that work against the enviromental abuse. Understanding how to implement and support these practices, exploring technical solutions and defining a wider strategy is the object of our study, that started with the mapping of agricultural gardens, recycling activities and dump sites. On the field we received the help of two locals experienced with GPS points based surveys developed using the Java Open Street Map (JOSM) software. We went around all Mathare for two weeks with a GPS device, a camera and a notes block to find the sites and interview their responsibles.

To classificate the collected data we referred to different categories according to the kind of point descripted: dump sites has been differentiated in typical profiles and recycling spot mostly for the material involved in the process; for what concerns the agricultural gardens we were instead interested to know the products, the cultivation techniques, the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sources, the eventual presence of animals and the kind of consum. It was even interesting to understand when did a project started and if with the support of any external association or not. All the informations has been organized in a blog (www.mathareriverwordpress.com) to start communicating our research. During the mapping we collected the contact of the people we interviewed and we found out that most of the projects both in agriculture and recycling are realized by the local Youth Groups, sometimes supported by NGOs. We see in this energic form of organization a strong potencial but we noticed the complete absence of any form of collaboration and common strategy. For this reason we decided to launch a meeting the 11 July 2012 event to discuss all together on the themes we studied and underling the importance of the realization of a wide network that supports and gives motivation the single in the way to the goal, promoting awareness campaign. NETW ORK

P SU

CITY

COU N

CIL

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R CA

SE REU

FOOD SE CURITY

POLLUTI

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LAB

L CO

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COM MITM

H GR UT

C CY RE

s ve

r ha

t ow gr

g in

t wa

r pa re

wi so

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es th

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s er s in s rie xe tte s es bo ba oe sh sh ne gy ra r ici e ed hb m ed en t o m su to n co te

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water It has been estimated that 40% of the water provided by the city council is used by informal connections[1]. Monthly an inhabitant spend an average of 437KSH for domestic water[2] and only 10% of the inhabitants of Mathare have running water at home[3]. According to Spere Humanitarian Standard the minimum number of people per water point is 250[4]. In Mathare this value is not respected because there is one water point per 315 inhabitants[5]. In Mathare zonal Plan It has been estimated that reconstruct the water system cost 540.000 USD ($)[6]. The Mathare River goes longitudinally across the whole slum. The river’s water is not used due to the high pollution known to everybody (the inhabitants call the river “coca cola river” because its colour is very similar to the dark brown colour of coca cola). There are mostly two causes of this pollution. First, because there isn't a sewage system all the liquid waste flowing into the river through drainages. Second, most inhabitants throw garbage into the river although it is illegal. Nowadays there are many studies about the Nairobi river and so the Mathare river. The most important study is the Nairobi River Basin project, done by UNEP, Government of Kenya, UN-Habitat, UNDP, the private sector and civil society. The vision of Nairobi River Basin Programme (NRBP) is a restored riverine eco-system with clean water for the capital city and a healthier environment for the people of Nairobi. One main point of this project is the “riparian zone” restoration, which is the interface between land and a river or stream[7]. This zone, 30m wide, is defined by the NRBP[8] and now is partially occupied by houses. If this area had to be liberated there will be approximately 22.146 people evicted with 1.116 structures demolished of which houses, schools and churches. Instead Mathare zonal Plan proposes an intervention that uses more the empty areas along the river. Doing this it is possible to maintain almost all the houses along the river with a demolition of only 147 structures. Shifting the focus to the global debate, water sources, pollution and management is an actual topic of discussion. The global population growth represents a very big issue for the depletion of water resources more than climate change[10] and the problem is that this amount of 76

water is unequally distributed on the planet. If we think that Norway has 82.000 cubic meters of water against 830 of Kenya[12] maybe this disparity could be solved by “virtual water trade”[11]. Even though there are several projects done by World Bank and International Monetary Fund on this issue, Peter Gleick criticises the fact that often this institutions invest all the funds in one place because they are not able to use them in many places[13]. Solutions aside the issue of global water sources is really important and today it’s a real war[17]. If for any reason the water disappear the human race would become extinct in few days[18].

hydrography 1950m 1850m 1750m 1650m

NAIROBI DISTRICT

Nairobi Nairobi

Mathare

Nai

rob

Ath

Athi

KENYA

At hi

Water coming from Nairobiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s upland flows into two rivers: Nairobi River and Athi River. Nairobi river becomes Athi River that meets the ocean. 79

WARER SOURCES RAINWATER Rainwater is collected by roofings that channel the water into tanks or other containers.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost

PIPE/TANK There are several private taps, which are connected to the water mains (often illegally). Water is sold by the owners.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost

RIVER Even though Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water is really polluted some farmers use its water for irrigation.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost

BOREHOLE Along Mathare River it is common that farmers dig a borehole to use groundwater.

use

SOAP

diffusion cost 80

NAIROBI CLIMATE[20] J

250

F M

O S

M A

temperatures daily average (C°) hours of sunshine (h/d)

rainy days

Nairobi is located 1624 mamsl near equator. During one year there are two rain seasons: one from March to May and one other from October to December. WATER POINTS[21]

BARRIERS TO WATER[19]

Unreliability 57% None 11% Long wait 1% High cost 14% Distance 14% Pollution 3%

Mathare river goes longitudinally across the slum and overflows during rain season. The following datas of Mathare River’s water are compared with eligible standars for water to be use in agriculture.

Water costs 3Ksh per 20 liters. On left side of the map above, a part of water system is represented. Based on “Sphere Humanitarian Standard” there should be one water point each 250 people but this value it is not respected in Mathare.

supp ly 3 1

MATHARE RIVER WATER

rainfall (mm)

90% without running water

e opl pe

53m

pH 7,8

TSS 47

BOD 1400

Na 67

K 28

Ca 25

Mg 8

NO3 0,8

PO4 0,8

Cd 0,02

Cr 0,07

Mn 0,03

Cu 0,02

Zn 0,03

Pb 0,03

T.coli 1800

FLOODING e BOREHOLES

[22][23]

81 75

Riparian and buffer zone TOPOGRAPHY

rain

flood

MATHARE VALLEY

1618m 1617m 1616m

BUFFER ZONE (DEF. NRBP) [24]

30m

FLOODS During floods the houses along Mathare river are flooded.

PROPOSALS FOR MANAGEMENT OF BUFFER ZONE BERKLEY: MATHARE ZONAL PLAN [25] [9]

In comparison with Nairobi Basin Project, Mathare Zonal Plan proposes a different kind of drawing of the buffer zone. Its drawing is more “organic” using more empty spaces along the river rather than built areas. They propose this kind of drawing to limit as much as possible the number of houses to be demolished. Furthermore they define also what kind of functions will take place in this buffer zone. Of them we would like to point out: agriculture, community spaces, reparian vegetation and a path along the river.

ETH: GREEN CORRIDOR [26]

In 2008 studio Basel (ETH university of Zurich) proposed a project on Mathare River and its banks. They propose to create an ecological corridor (green) along Mathare River. The idea is to connect this corridor with other planned corridors along the other rivers of Nairobi’s district. These corridors will connect very different areas so this could be a way to create more social cohesion.

agriculture community spaces vegetation path 82 76

buffer zone N.R.B.P. (30 m)

1000m

500m

WASTE Waste is a bulky presence in Mathare: it is everywhere and it represent a high risk for the helth of the environment and its inhabitants. Both in the liquid or solid form, wastes are not collected in the slum. In a controlled environment liquid waste is collected by a sewage system, with distincion due to their source (organic and chemical liquids are separed) permitting different treatments before their re-integration in the environment; while solid waste are collected according to their material nature and recycled or burned to make energy. But these operations need the existence of a complex infrastructure that is absente in Mathare. For what concerns the sewage sistem we can actually see the remains of an old underground system that nowadays is useless (”the sewerage pipe system is in total disrepair”[1]). Hence the inhabitants provided for the construction of an open-air drainage system they can modify according to their needs. The drainage system collects liquid wastes from all the temporary dwellings and the public toilets and discharge them in the Mathare River, strongly polluting its water. This management lead to the spread of many bacteria. Cholera (Vibrium cholerae) is responsible for a a lot of deaths. A recent appraisal present the total cost of Ksh 80,2 M = US$ 945,000[2] for all the pipes and new higenic blocks in big part of the slum. Dumpsites of solid wastes are everywhere in Mathare: beside the roads, between the houses, in every empty area, on the banks of the river. The extended deposit of these materials seriously prejudice the environment: organic matter fermentation release poison gases that easily affect the breathing apparatus. Fermenting waste in Mathare is usually called ‘boiler’ because of the heat and noise that makes; during the dry season these piles can catch fire autonomously. The sedimentation of heavy metals and other irritating or toxic substances pollutes the aquifer.

Speaking with the locals we learnt that despite the apparently randomness of their formation, there are some rules in the community that define the permission to dump in a specific site. Generally, the absence of a public collection service in the slum is the reason for the permanence of this situation. By the way the waste management represent a problem not just for Mathare but for the whole city of Nairobi; the public service and investments cannot deal with the situation, the city dumpsite is too small and lacks of any environmental protection measure, the private companies are expensive and penalized by the law, recycling is not supported. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Council doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem to accept the responsibility it has and to acknowledge the seriousness of the current situation.[4]â&#x20AC;?

DISTRIBUTION MAPS dumpsite 13 12

17 16

14 20

18 15

3 2 1

dwellings

blocks

10 6

VILLAGE 1 VILLAGE 2 KOSOVO 3B 3A 3C 4A 4B No 10 MASHIMONI THAYU MABATINI NGEI 2B MADOYA KIBICHOL CASANOVA HURUMA FLATS HURUMA B NEW MATHARE NGEI 1 KIAMAIKO AREA 1 AREA 2 AREA 3 AREA 4

number of dumpsites for area

DIMENSIONS

XL L M S

contact with the river

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920 waste collectors

recycling workshops

2 5

the absent infrastructure

SEWER

Highlighted in the map is the relief of the old sewer system[5]. Inhabitants constructed themselves a.

TOILETS

In many areas the average of people per toilet exceed 100[6]. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sphereâ&#x20AC;? standard[7] 250

20 29% Households living within 30 meters of a functional latrine block[8] 88

0 17% Residents with access to a private individual toilet[9]

dropping waste SOLID WASTE

KSH = $

€

NOx

CO2 CH4 Cu

LIQUID WASTE

5 KSH =

> 30m[10] violen ce risk

Flying toilets

Vibrio Cholerae

COLLECTION COLLECTED Households 28% served by a waste collection group[20] 200 KSH /month private companies 20 KSH /week Youth Groups / CBOs The Municipality of Nairobi possess 10/15 tracks to collect waste in the whole city. Public collection service is absent in the slum, there are some Youth Groups and CBOs instead. Private companies set prieces that are unaffordable for most of the slumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants. Dandora

Industrial Area

LOOKING FOR VALUABLE WASTE

The research of plastic and metal scraps in the dumpsites and along the river is a diffuse practice, especially between the youths. 90

RECYCLING COLLECTION CENTRES

There are some collection points where you can go and sell plastoc/metal/paper scraps at the kilo or the volume. Considering the living cycle of the recycled waste, these centres are in between Mathare and the Industrial Area. Mathare

Industrial Area

HANDCRAFTS WORKSHOPS

Jewelery

Objects Quite diffuse is the handmade production of objects through the recycling of scrap materials. Products are sold mostly outside Africa, shipped to U.S.A. or Europe.

x-ray of a DUMPSITE

ORGANIC WASTE

100%

Fractions of Nairobiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban waste11]: glass metal other plastic papaer organic

2,0 2,0 11,4 16,1 17,5 50,9

The abundance of organic waste, because of the fermentation, is responsible for high sanitary risks. 1kg=5KSH

1kg=30KSH

1kg=15KSH

1pz=10KSH

Because of their selling value, the presence of paper, metal, plastic and glass, is little in the dumpsites and limited to unrecycling scraps.

WASTE TO RECYCLE

WASTE NOT TO RECYCLE

DISPOSAL TIME plastic and synthetic fibers: up to 1000 years

Although reuse culture is really diffuse in the slum, many daily used objects impossible to be recycled are dropped in high quantity and remain under the ground.

u p p u i

HIGHLY TOXIC WASTE

Irritating 10

Toxic Carcirogen OIL

Environmental Risk

Infected

There is no separate collection for special waste and risks related to many waste are often ignored. 92

URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT THE CONFRONTATION waste produced: 1950 ton/day waste production per person collected: 1950 t /day (100% total waste) 1,45 Kg/day recycling- 660 t/day (34%) dumpsite- 200 t/day(10%) burning, selection,composting - 1290 t/giorno (66%) NAIROBI[13] ton/day prodotte: 3120 ton/day collected: 1560 t /giorno (50% spazzatura totale) waste production per person recycling - 150 t/giorno (5%) 1,04 Kg/day unknown - 580 (18%) dumpsite- 830 t/day(27%) MILANO[12]

STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED[14] Mathare

residential

Industrial Area

ACCUMULATION Dandora

CBOs

PC NCC

RECYCLE Industrial Area

PC NCC

Nairobi Municipality private companies

IP industries

D.E.S.T.W.

NCC

personal initiative

istitutions

Dandora

community based organiz.

commercial

CBOs

IP PC NCC

WATER TREATMENT D.E.S.T.W. 26 Km

Ruai

ZI\NC LEAD CHROMIUS COPPER

“One of the Dirty Thirty” Dandora dumpsite is listed from the Blascksmith Institute as one of the thirty places most polluted on Earth[15].

Few industries manage the complete recycling circle in Industrial Area. The big external companies buying semifinished material are the ones making the real profit[17]. STAKEHOLDERS[18] negozi GRANDI AZIENDE

2030 2007

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE[16]... 26,5 ha

compagnie private punti raccolta

37,1x103 m3 CBOs

WHOLESALERS DEALERS dandora

250,1 ha

x 9,4

1,3x103 m3

aziende agricole

WASTE PICKERS plastica, carta metallo

materia organica

DANDORA ESTATE SEWERAGE TREATMENT WORKS (Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company) designed to treat 120’000 m3/day actual efficience 80’000 m3/day this is due to the big problems took by the waste floating in the river [19].

Mathare River pass through Dandora, where it attaches to the Nairobi River. They are highly polluted and absolutely need treatment. STABILIZATION TANKS * second biggest in Africa 1. phisical treatments 2. biological treatments 200 ha today

500ha future plan

agricoltura Urban agriculture plays a fundamental role in the economic development of the cities in the “Global South”. In these cities there are several projects based on agriculture that use it as an end or means. Both in Kibera and Mathare the french NGO “Solidarités” has done an agricultural project to resolve the problem of food security, which in that time was an issue due by economic losses after election clashes. In fact urban agriculture is able to provide solutions to economical problems since it is a productive activity able to make profit. This characteristic is indispensable in an informal settlement since every project based in these kind of places has to face with the constant request of money by the inhabitants. Urban agricolture is perfectly adapted for operations of urban acupuncture. This is due to its applicability either on a large scale or small scale and due to the various ways in which this may be carried out (teamwork or Individual work). In addition many of the inhabitants known the agricultural practices due to their peasant origins. Clearly this is not enough but it is necessary a wide research on all the topics related with agriculture like: seasonality, irrigation, soil engineering, agricultural health, etc. For instance in the following pages we have done a study about the common diet of the inhabitant to understand which kind of products integrate to fill up their nutritional deficiencies. We also think that a research of agricultural techniques will be helpful connected with other problematics as polluted soil, little space availability and an high request of food productivity that could be resolved with adequate technological solutions, research and education. Shortly, towards an environmental requalification of the slum, agriculture is a great tool to control and protect the river banks (riparian zone) that now are often in critical conditions. The idea is to recreate this riparian zone using interventions of urban agriculture situated along the Mathare river so as to stop the waste deposit. In addition, a work on the riparian zone has to deal significantly with ecology, environmental management, and civil engineering because of their role in soil conservation[4], all elements that are now really damaged.

Furthermore itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to point out that the climatic and geographic conditions of Nairobi are in favor of agriculture: high solar radiation, optimal temperature and humidity for plant growth that are quiet constant during the whole year[5][6]. In the contemporary debate on cities it is repeatedly reported how urban agriculture has even an important social value, being able to establish new relationships among people[7]. This value has been proved during our research because we have found many youth group working together on agricultural projects. Last but not least, even the spatial quality of these spaces is really important: to a masterplan level, agriculture in Mathare can actually become a mean to direct the slum expansion; to a landscape one, beside the integration between nature and city that occurs, it can offer a lot of possibilities to public spaces design.

summary maps garden number

selling points 13

green houses

10 19

2 1

400 200 70 250 130 35

6000 700 500 100 60 110 58000 5400 50 600 450 150 120 150 450 30 70 700 20 30 50 100 10 30

VILLAGE 1 VILLAGE 2 KOSOVO 3B 3A 3C 4A 4B No 10 MASHIMONI THAYU MABATINI NGEI 2B MADOYA KIBICHOL CASANOVA HURUMA FLATS HURUMA B NEW MATHARE NGEI 1 KIAMAIKO AREA 1 AREA 2 AREA 3 AREA 4

23 24

21 11

GARDENS PER DISTRICT

DIMENSIONS (Mq)

adjacent to the river

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

tank

15 15

11 13

pipe

10 22 25 17 26 18 12 9

7 5 4 2 3 1

river

29 16 14

8 6

borehole

10 2122 1920 26 18 27 25 30 28 13 17 11 12 20 19 21 17

24 4 33

WATER SOURCES FOR GARDENS

Abacus agricultural products (prices and diffusion) 5 KSH

15 KSH

5 KSH

10 KSH

PRICES* X UNIT

10 KSH

* Prices can change depending on seasons (survey August 2012)

Fruits Banana

20 KSH

PRICES* X GLASS

Mango

Pumpink

Tomato 15 KSH

Papaw

20 KSH

Avocado

Seeds Maize 20 KSH

Beans 15 KSH

20 KSH

30 KSH

PRICES* X BAG

90 KSH

Green peas

Leafs Coriandre

Managu

Kunde

Terere

Spinach 20 KSH

PRICES* X UNIT

Sukuma Wiki

Stem

20 KSH

15 KSH

PRICES* X UNIT

2.5 KSH

Sugar cane

Roots Carrot

Onion

Sweet Potatoe 97

Arrow Root

Casawa

most common nutritional values

[9] [10] [11] [12]

kcal

2000

270

800

1,4

1,6

200

2400

800

300

4800

2,5

1,4%

0,6%

2,1%

1,4%

3,8%

8,5%

68%

3,8%

4,4%

2,8%

6,5%

3,5%

6,4%

1,6%

4,8%

0,4

5,63

1,25

1,9

0,85

0,053 0,07

0,5

0,9

0,24

228 0,416

15%

2,9%

18%

3,9%

70%

0,4%

29%

6,3%

13%

0,2%

17%

57%

23%

30%

291

47,5

3,5

17,5

0,4

0,1

2,3

135

170

3,4

1445

4,3%

1,7%

3,6%

6,4%

11%

1,1%

11%

14%

23%

3,7%

12%

5,6%

1,18 19,02 3,22 3,22

2,7

6,8

0,2

0,52

270

13%

11%

6,5

2,8

GDA

8,1%

27%

0,9%

17%

160 14,66 8,53

0,66

6,7

8,7%

0,9%

5,9%

0,26 10,82 7,82 0,47

1,7

0,5%

6,4%

6,8%

61%

0,38 14,98 13,66 0,89

1,6

0,9

36,4 0,028 0,038 0,669

2,2%

10%

0,4%

15%

2,2%

0,33 22,84 12,23 1,09

2,6

0,1

8,7

0,031 0,073 0,665

70%

52%

34%

83%

46%

567 49,24 16,13 3,97 25,8

8,5

8,33

0,64 0,135 12,06

4,5%

28%

0,4%

0,5%

5,5%

8,5%

0,3%

15%

14%

4,4%

0,4%

1,8%

25%

7,7%

7,3%

1,6%

4,23

1,1

0,3%

6,5%

3,9%

10%

4,3%

0,55

0,64

485 0,142

0,3%

10%

1,3%

1,8%

0,5%

3,8%

1,6%

0,25

0,08

182

0,04

1,8%

1,1%

3,3%

0,6%

3,5%

0,16

0,09

168 0,063

2,8%

1,9%

7,5%

11%

358

0,27

9,7%

0,7%

2,2%

4,8%

30%

225

3,2%

0,067 0,13 1,738

1,6%

1,7%

0,023 0,027 0,357

2,4%

4,6%

8,4%

67%

11%

2,9%

0,89

160

1,05

0,04 0,457 0,075

33%

56%

22%

376

4,58

168

3,27

705 1,934

25%

13%

8,6%

2,9%

198

1,75

1,29

138 0,028

12%

0,2%

240

3,8

Sodium

Folic Acid

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamine

Vit. C

Vit. E

Vit. A

Vit. B12

PEANUTS 15%

77%

EGG 1,1%

CHAPATI

VITAMINS

Fibers

BANANA

47%

Protein

2,5%

46%

7,4%

Sugar

MANGO

0,8%

8,6%

Glucids

PAPAW

0,15

12%

Fat

5,7%

9,51 0,72

Calories

10%

0,26

143

AVOCADO

14%

PRINCIPAL

1,037

0,04% 28%

0,4%

42%

7,2%

0,37 12,56

0,04% 2,5%

3,7%

20%

29%

0,04% 5,5%

3,7%

89%

RICE

12%

MINERALS

Manganese

21%

BEANS

Potassium

0,565 0,048

17%

MAIZE

Zinc

0,52 79,15

SUKUMA WIKI

112% 0,04% 1,5%

Magnesium

358

40%

Iron

0,7%

Phosphorus

29%

18%

Calcium

RDA

diet BEANS (50g)

Sukuma Wiki and Spinach are the most eaten vegetables in Mathare. They are cut in wedges and then boiled.

SUKUMA WIKI (70g)

RICE(50g) kcal

433,1 1,87 90,11 14,86 5,67 14,15

4,5

CHAPATI (50g) g

592,2 21,29 85,74 3,614 11,15 17,09

13,3

82%

68%

8,9

23%

85%

142

LUNCH

0,89

160 5,215

89%

22%

59%

0,36 0,525 6,105

87%

80%

53%

235

61%

0,914 54,9

DINNER

0,64

674 0,142

These foods are more expensive than others.

PEANUTS (50g)

426,5 34,13 8,79 2,355 25,46 4,25

73%

14,76 0,207 0,13 33,94

1 EGG kcal

Ugali and chapati are tipical food. Chapati is made of flour, water and salt and cooked with butter on specific cookers. Ugali is made of maize flour and water.

UGALI (70g)

0,695 37,4 0,551 0,196 2,165 121,6 19,6 124,4 89,1 7,005 136,1 2,568 1278 1,08

MAIZE (50g)

kcal

102

386

4,04

1,6%

30%

66%

85%

96%

1452 57,29 184,6 20,83 42,28 35,49 0,89 177,8 5,91 52,16 1,12 0,851 42,21 121,6 38,5 238,4 527,1 11,96 287

ADDITIONS mg

2,925 490,5 0,995

TOTAL (DAILY) 41%

51%

89%

6,13 2443 2,217

SUPPLEMENTS

Potassium

Zinc

Magnesium

Manganese

Tea

MINERALS

Iron

Calcium

Sodium

Folic Acid

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamine

Vit. C

Vit. E

Vit. A

Vit. B12

Fibers

Protein

Sugar

Glucids

Fat

Calories

VITAMINS

Phosphorus

Basil

Carrot

Sugar cane

PRINCIPAL

riparian vegetation for reinforcement of embankments

parkinnsonia aculeata

11 acacia senegal

acacia nilotica

[8]

mangifera indica

acacia elatior

14 13 12 11 10

dodonaea viscosa

ricinus communis

syzygium cumini

pithecellobium dulce

ficus sycomorus

9 8 7 6 5

acacia xanthophloea

acacia tortilis

3 casuarina cunninghamiana

4 casuarina equisetifolia

Firewood Charcoal Construction Poles Posts Tools Utensils Edible fruits Vegetable Seasoning Drink/Soup Edible oil Jam Medicine Fodder Bee forage Shade Ornamental Mulch Nitrogen fixation Soil conservation River bank Windbreak Fibre Glue/gum Tannin Live fence Cerimonial Toothbrushes Boundary marking Veterinary medicine Toxic Cosmetics

4 3 2 1

WOOD

FOOD

FODDER

100

ENVIRONMENTAL

OTHER USES

EXISTING REPARIAN VEGETATION (tipES)

1000m

500m

trees shrubs grass

101

techniques For everyone of the environmental thematizations we explored, emerged many problematics: the lack of water and its distributional infrastructure, the uncontrollable might of the river floods combined with uncontrolled dwellings construction on its banks, the dispersion of pollutant in the ground and in the waters, the low quantity of spaces for agricolture, and many others... It is important to research for technical solutions to these different problems; the aim is to upgrade the situation, not to solve it in a one shot intervention. To provide technical equipment in the slum, where poverty and precariousness are so dramatic and diffuse have an enourmous value and can give a lot of new opportunities even with a little intervention. We must observe how slums inhabitants have such a rich practical sense, probably developed after necessity. The idea is that you must solve every need that arises with the short material and economical possibilities you have; that means you have to be really creative, and many of the slummers are, especially with reuse of materials. This is something we all, designers and citizens of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;First worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; should keep in high consideration as an essential habbit in life and work; something that combined with the highest scientific and technological knowledge can produce amazing results. Our proposal is to take research and technical sperimentation in these fields directly on the field, aware of the contest and the possibilities it offers, creating possibilities of study and exchange, waiting the reach of the results and the change we hope.

102

tion ura

irrig atio n

dep

coll

tion

ibu

ecti

r dist

g il in so ean cl

plants production

WATER

MAPPING an urb ies d stu

AGRICULTURE

aph

ogr top f e reli

nt me ron on i v en tecti pro WASTE

colle

ctio

ing ost

rgy

ene

ling

tion

duc

pro

recy c

map iden ping titie s

TECNICHES

103

tio

a tiv

stakeholders Speaking about stakeholders we mean every subject, single or part of a group, that interacts with the project in its evolution. Following a simple classification depending on the role every stakeholder assume, we can distinguish between beneficiary, donors, cooperators. Because of its nature, this section is evolving continuously and enriched every time new connections are established. We desire to underline that we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t consider stakeholders just people/companies on the field, but everyone that get in contact with the work even jsut as a contents supporter. We like to think to this section as a adress book accessible to everyone that likes to.

104

s) (fol low er rect indi

ty)

uni

loca

ct ( dire

m com

BENEFICIARIES DONORS

priv

ates

sup

port

ers

rke

105

lic

COOPERATORS

pub

STAKE HOLDERS

tecniques

106

stakeholders

107

process: network

network Necessary to the establishment on a large scale of the proposed strategy is the creation of a strong and active network of stakeholders that supports the idea and the intervention. In this perspective, fundamental is the communication, a kind of communication diffuse on many channel and in different modalities, that follows the key objectives of Sensibilization and Condivision of the informations, towards the realization of an enlarged Cooperation around the slum. This idea became clear when we were still on the field. We started the process creating a blog where to collect all the points we mapped. On August 11, 2012, finished the mapping, we organized a Meeting to transmit and discuss our ideas and considerations (look at â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Flyer Meetingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;). We invited there all the people we met during the mapping and many of the gardeners replied enthusiastically. One representative of the Ministry of Health participated to the discussion, while the Ministry of Enivironment, the Ministry of Agriculture and the City Council declined the invitation. The exchange we activated has been interesting and favorable and we think we succeeded in creating a group of people motivated to take the project forward. During the meeting we discussed the importance of carring on with events on sensitization in the slum, to obtain a larger visibility and a stronger public support. For the occasion we donated to the participants a t-shirt with the print Mathare and the mapped points, the Mathare River logo and the blog address. We strongly believe in the strengh of the word of mouth as a big resource for the continuation of the project.

110

rks

pub lic m

aps

o etw ial n soc

.co

w.m

er.w

v reri

a ath

ss pre ord

WEB

NETWORK

atio

itiz

ens

lic s

mee ti

WORD OF MOUTH

pub

EVENTS

111

public map - www.Javaopenstreetmap.org

112

blog - www.mathareriver.wordpress.com

113

flyer meeting

Land Care

Environment

Profit

Supports

Reuse Dump site

City Council

Commitment Youth Group Dreinage 114

Sell

Recycle Pollution

mathare river T-shirt

115

INTERVENTIons

character and sites research The last phase of this research was about searching sites where could be possible start the process of environmental requalification mentioned in previous chapters. These sites were chosen respecting the following characters: proximity to the river, stakeholders present on site, current usage of space (focusing on unused spaces or dumpsites). We decided to choose areas along the river because they are the most appropriate areas for agriculture for two reasons. First, people don't built houses along the river due to floods. Second, the City Council of Nairobi does not permit to built houses along the river but allows agricultural activities. In addition, agriculture is a way to control and restore the riparian zone. Agriculture could be also a way to stop the deposit of waste in these empty spaces along the river. All these sites are described in the following pages. Once finished this research of sites we started to study which kind of activities, in addition to agriculture, to put in these areas. We tought that this was necessary to try to solve the amount of issues treated in this research. Thus we decided four activities: recycle, agricultural production (seeds, plants, etc.), info point and experimentation. These activities remain as hypothesis and the future work will be focused on a deep study of how to operate.

117

site 01

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

8000mq

STAKEHOLDERS Chocora Prenge Youth Group /2012/08/09/chocora/

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITE

2 1

0 10

50m 118

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 02

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

2500mq

STAKEHOLDERS

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

FLOODING SURFACE

3 2 1

0 10

50m 119

sitE 03

MORPHOLOGY

16800 +2600 mq

AREA SECTION

notes:

Driftwood from Tyka road. Clean water “Agricultural area”

STAKEHOLDERS

/2012/08/09/ agricultural-area/

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

FLOODING SURFACE

0 10

50m 120

sitE 04

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

3500+340 +770 mq

STAKEHOLDERS Kens School

GROUND PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITES

50m 121

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 05

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

3200+700 +480 mq

STAKEHOLDERS

GROUND PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITES

50m 122

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 06

AREA SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

note: dangerous. changaa production site on the other side of the river

8000mq

STAKEHOLDERS Rumsfield Academy Primary School

GROUND PLAN

Mcedo School DUMPSITES

3 2

0 10

50m 123

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 07

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

420mq

STAKEHOLDERS

GROUND PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITES

50m 124

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 08

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

200mq

STAKEHOLDERS

Naoith Education Center http://naiothschools.kbo.kbo.co.ke

GROUND PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITES

50m 125

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 09

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

where the two rivers come together 750+160mq

STAKEHOLDERS

River bank Youth Group /2012/08/09/

Shantit Youth Group

river-bank/

/2012/08/09/

Bridge International Acadamies

shantit-youth-group-garden/

http://www.bridgeinternationalacademies.com/ Bridge_International_Academies/Home.html

GROUND PLAN

FLOODING SURFACE

DUMPSITES

0 10

50m 126

sitE 10

AREA SECTION

MORPHOLOGY

notes: semi wetland area, subject to heavy flooding

4750mq

STAKEHOLDERS Why Not Academy /2012/08/09/ why-not-academy-garden/

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

0 10

50m

127

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 11

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

symbolic area because of the post electoral battles of 2008

1500+ 9000mq

STAKEHOLDERS Soul Winning Academy Curch

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

FLOODING SURFACE

0 10

50m 128

site 12

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

2400mq

STAKEHOLDERS Joyrax Humanist School

GROUND PLAN

0 10

DUMPSITES

50m 129

FLOODING SURFACE

site 13

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

17000mq

STAKEHOLDERS Madoya Tumaini /2012/08/06/224/

Goshen Educ. Genesis Immaculate Center Primary Secondary School School little-bees-garden/ peters-garden/ St. Christopher Mathare Michael Wanjohi Mathare Primary Community North Primary /2012/08/06/ School Center School michael-wanjohi-garden/ Little Bees

Peter

/2012/08/06/

/2012/08/07/

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

0 10

50m

130

FLOODING SURFACE

sitE 14

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

police station. dangerous goats market. 6500mq Neutral Youth Group

STAKEHOLDERS

/2012/08/09/270

Future Kids Academy Primary School

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

2 1

0 10

50m 131

FLOODING SURFACE

site 15

MORPHOLOGY

AREA SECTION

notes:

48500mq

STAKEHOLDERS

Sunflower Academy Secondary School Faith Homes Sunflower Academy

GROUND PLAN

DUMPSITES

Valley Bridge Primary School

FLOODING SURFACE 3

0 10

50m 132

elementS

ste wa

st po

cuttin

com

se ou

studio

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

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EXPERIMENTATION

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TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION

RESTORATION AND PROTECTION OF RIPARIAN ZONE

OBSERVE OF BUFFER ZONE GIVEN BY N.R.B.P.

TOWARDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION 135

Conclusion Looking at the reasons that inspired us to start this strong thesis path was the willpower to make a research that could have a prospect for a future intervention. During the research we have developed a variety of project hypothesis. Since there could be a variety of applicable projects, we decided, for the time being, to explore few of them without planning too deeply. In the end we want to reaffirm our considerations on the meanings of our research from a professional and human point of view. We want to highlight the importance of studying these thematics from an academic point of view, because of the rapid demographic growth that characterize the 21th century; called â&#x20AC;&#x153;century of citiesâ&#x20AC;?. In addition we recognize the human value of this experience received through a constant and creative exchange with a community very different than our.

137

notes FRAME [1]

Together with New York, Geneva and Vienna, Nairobi is one of the ’city of the United Nations‘. Precisely it hosts two bodies of the U.N. : UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) and UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements Programme). Settled for the first time in 1964 because of the relative social stability and the presence of basic infrastructure, its expansion has been big and fast. Today the presence of the U.N. in Nairobi is a resource of work for the entire city.

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Student Work: ‘Presence of UN and NGOs’. (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/presence-of-un-and-ngos.html) [2]

There are no censuses of the slum, so numers can be controversials. Some specific datas on the population of some Areas are available, but they can change quite fast. 500’000 is the numer given by the New York Times, 2006: JEFFREY GETTLEMAN, Chased by Gang Violence, Residents Flee Kenyan Slum, New York Times 10 novembre 2006

WATER [1]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Energy and water supply and waste management, p.2 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/energy-and-water-supply-and-waste-management.html).

[2]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, pp.22-23

(http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/docu-

ments/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

(http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf). [3]

Ibidem p. 28

[4]

Sphere Humanitarian Standard handbook (Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response), p.99 (http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95530/The-Sphere-Project-Handbook-20111.pdf).

138

(http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf). [5]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.30

[6]

Ibidem, p.46

Cost Estimates (materials only): - Trunk Water pipes: 3’200 m x Ksh 4’500/m = Ksh 14,4 M=US$ 170’000 - FEEDER WATER PIPES: 6’400 m x Ksh 4’500/m = Ksh 28,8M=US$340’000 - Public Water kiosks: 30 x Ksh 600’000M each = Ksh 19,5M=US$230’000 TOTAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS: KSH 45,1M = US$ 540’000. [7]

Wikipedia, Zona ripariale (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_ripariale).

[8]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.54 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/docu-

ments/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf). [9]

Ibidem, p.55 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_P-

lan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf). [10]

LAURENCE C.SMITH, The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilisation’s Northern Future, p.121.

[11]

Ibidem, pp.131-132.

[12]

Ibidem, p.119.

[13]

Ibidem, p.124.

[14]

Ibidem, p.129.

[15]

Ibidem, p.157.

[16]

Ibidem, p.130.

139

[17]

Ivi.

[18]

Ibidem, p.116.

[19]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.37 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[20]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Kenya and its Geography, p.2 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/kenya-and-its-geography.html).

[21]

Mathare Zonal Plan, 2012, p.30 (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf).

[22]

BERBENNI P. ANTONELLI M., Vincoli di qualità delle acque per uso agricolo, Politecnico di Milano, 2007 (seminario “Il riutilizzo delle acque reflue urbane e industriali” Cremona, Palazzo Cittanova, 29 e 30 ottobre 2007). [23]

UNEP, Water Quantity and Quality Assessment Deskstudy (Pshyco-Chemical Analysis Report)

(http://www.unep.org/roa/Nairobi_River_Basin/Downloads/Phaseii_publications/pollutionReport/Pollution_Monitoring_Report-Final%20Report.pdf). [24]

UNEP, The Nairobi River Basin Programme

(http://www.unep.org/roa/Nairobi_River_Basin/About_Nairobi_River_basin/projectAims.asp). [25]

KARISA CHARLES, Negotiated Rehabilitation of Riparian Zones; 46th ISOCARP Congress, 2010, p.11 (http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1780.pdf).

[26]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, student work, Greencity, pp.165-171 (http://ww-

w.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/).

WASTE [1]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.32. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

140

[2]

Ibidem, p.48.

Cost Estimates (materials only): - 600mm Trunk Sewer pipes 3’200 m x Ksh 5’000/m = Ksh 16 M=US$ 185’000 - 225mm diameter simplified sewe collection pipes 6’400 m x Ksh 3’000/m = Ksh 19,2M=US$225’000 - Ablution blocks 30 x Ksh 1,5M each = Ksh 45M=US$530’000 TOTAL SANITARY SEWER COSTS: KSH 80.2M = US$ 945’000 [3]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Student Work: the waste network, p. 80-8.

(http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/the-waste-network.html) [4]

Ibidem, p.108.

[5]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.33. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

[6]

Ibidem, p.32.

[7]

Sphere Humanitarian Standard handbook. (Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response)

(http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95530/The-Sphere-Project-Handbook-20111.pdf) [8]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.34. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf)

[9]

[10]

Ivi Ivi

[11]

KASOZI A. VON BLOTTNITX H., Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: A Situation Analysis, University of Cape Town For the City Council of Nairobi, Cape Town, February 2010, p.10. (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/GPWM/data/T3/IS_6_1_Nairobi_SWM_SituationAnalysis.pdf)

[12]

Milano Sostenibile 4- il ciclo integrato dei rifiuti, Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca, p.167,176. (http://progettoetre.it/portal/upload/ent3/1/RIC5-Pitea.pdf)

141

[13]

KASOZI A. VON BLOTTNITX H., Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: A Situation Analysis, University of Cape Town For the City Council of Nairobi, Cape Town, February 2010, p.17. (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/GPWM/data/T3/IS_6_1_Nairobi_SWM_SituationAnalysis.pdf)

[14]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Atlas: Energy and Water Supply and Waste Management, tav.3. (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/energy-and-water-supply-and-waste-management.html)

[15]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, Student Work: the waste network, p. 28.

(http://w-

ww.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/the-waste-network.html) [16]

Ibidem, p. 109.

[17]

Ibidem, p. 71.

[18]

Ibidem, p. 72-73.

[19]

Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company.

(http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/wa-

ter_quality/?ContentID=7) [20]

Mathare Zonal Plan 2012, p.34. (http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf) AGRICOLTURA [1]

Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. and Ingombe, L., The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia, Global Development Network (GDN), 2009, overview. (http://cloud2.gdnet.org/cms.php?id=research_paper_abstract&research_paper_id=15739). [2]

Solidarites Kenya Sack Garden Project (http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=1742), (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQiiCdozLU). [3]

Wikipedia, Zona ripariale (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_ripariale).

[4]

Ivi.

142

[5]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, atlas, Kenya and its geography (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/atlas/kenya-and-its-geography.html). [6]

ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, student work, Greencity, p.148 (http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/student-work/).

[7]

Nicolin P., Il bello dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;agricoltura urbana, in [Nicolin P.] LOTUS, In the fields, N 149 (2012), pp.42-43.

143

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LAURENCE C.SMITH, The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilisation’s Northern Future, Plume (Penguin), London, 2011

HAMDI NABEEL, The Placemaker’s Guide to Building Community, Earthscan, London, 2010 144

[Nicolin P.] LOTUS, Favelas, Learning From, N 143 (2010)

DICK URBAN VESTBRO, Are architects and planners obstacles to slum upgrading? – papers from a seminar in Barcelona in april 2008, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2008

ABRAMS J. + HALL P. (a cura di), Else/Where: Mapping – New Cartographies of Networks and Territories, Minneapolis, 2006 145

TURNER JOHN F.C.J., Housing by people –towards Autonomy in building environments, Marion Boyars, London, 1976

UN, The Challenge of Slums –Global Report on Human Settlements, United Nations, 2003

UNITED NATIONS ESCAP, Urban Environmental Governance for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific: A Regional Overview, Bangkok, 2005 146

MAUNDU P. & TENGNäS BO, Useful trees and shrubs for Kenya, World Agroforestry Centre – Transforming lives and landscapes, English Press, Nairobi, 2005

MOGEL L. BHAGAT A., An Atlas of Radical Cartography, Canada, 2008

Domus. Sao Paulo Calling, N 963, supplemento (Novembre 2012) 147

YONA FRIEDMAN, L’Architettura di Sopravvivenza. Una filosofia della povertà, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, 2009

YONA FRIEDMAN, Alternative energetiche. Breviario dell’autosufficienza locale, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, 2012

NEUWITH ROBERT, Città Ombra. Viaggio nelle periferie del mondo, (Fusi Orari), 2007 148

BOJö J. RAMA C.R., Status and Evolution of Environmental Priorities in the Poverty Reduction Strategies, The World Bank Group, Washington, 2003 CORREA CHARLES, The New Landscape – urbanisation in the third world, Butterworth Architecture, Singapore, 1989 [Nicolin P.] LOTUS, In the fields, N 149 (2012) MALDONADO TOMàS, La speranza progettuale: ambiente e società, Einaudi, Torino, 1973 MUUNGANO SUPPORT TRUST + SLUM DWELLERS INTERNATIONAL (SDI) + UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI + UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, Mathare Zonal Plan. Collaborative Plan for Informal Settlement Upgrading, Nairobi, July 2012 AA.VV. (LiveInSlums), Nairobi Upside Down, Actar/Birkhauser, Barcelona, 2013 BERBENNI P. ANTONELLI M., Vincoli di qualità delle acque per uso agricolo, Politecnico di Milano, 2007 (seminario “Il riutilizzo delle acque reflue urbane e industriali” Cremona, Palazzo Cittanova, 29 e 30 ottobre 2007) PERIN M., Kibera in-farmstructures: dispositivi di rigenerazione sociale e ambientale per un insediamento informale, Politecnico di Milano, Tesi di Laurea, A.A. 2010 RITTER JOACHIM, Paesaggio – Uomo e Natura nell’età moderna, Milano, 1994 WB, Toward a Green, Clean and Resilient World for All – a World Bank Group Environment Strategy 2012-2022, The World Bank Group, Washington, 2012

DAVID MACCANDLESS, Information is Beautiful, London, 2009 149

WEB PAGES ArcGis Software. Mapping & Analysis for Understanding our word. http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis DAILY NATION, 127.000 living near Nairobi River to be moved http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/560462/-/u49ljw/-/index.html ETH Studio Basel, Nairobi, http://www.studio-basel.com/projects/nairobi/ KARISA CHARLES, Negotiated Rehabilitation of Riparian Zones, 46 th ISOCARP Congress, 2010 http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1780.pdf Kenya Vision 2030 http://www.theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/vision_2030_brochure__july_2007.pdf AA. VV., Mathare Zonal Plan | Nairobi, Kenya. Collaborative Plan for Informal Settlement Upgrading, July 2012 http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/Mathare_Zonal_Plan_25_06_2012_low_res-2.pdf KASOZI A. VON BLOTTNITX H., Solid Waste Management in Nairobi: A Situation Analysis, University of Cape Town For the City Council of Nairobi, Cape Town, February 2010 http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/GPWM/data/T3/IS_6_1_Nairobi_SWM_SituationAnalysis.pdf Milano Sostenibile 4- il ciclo integrato dei rifiuti, UniversitĂ degli Studi Milano Bicocca http://progettoetre.it/portal/upload/ent3/1/RIC5-Pitea.pdf MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, Strategic Plan 2008-2012 http://www.kilimo.go.ke/kilimo_docs/pdf/moa_strategic_plan.pdf MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, Development Strategy 2012-2020 http://www.ascu.go.ke/DOCS/ASDS%20Final.pdF

150

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND MINERAL RESOURCED, Nairobi River Basin Rehabilitation Programme (NRBP) http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/convention/XX%20Anniversary/Press%20kit/Kenya%20Project%20leaflet.pdf National Climate Change Strategy, 2010 http://www.theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/government_of_kenya_2010_national_climate_change_strategy.pdf National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2000 http://www.theredddesk.org/sites/default/files/national_biodiversity_strategy_and_action_plan_0.pdf SHADRACK M. K., Water Quality Degradation Trends in Kenya over the Last Decade, Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Dr. Voudouris (Ed.), http://www.intechopen.com/books/water-quality-monitoring-and-assessment/water-quality-degradation-trendsin-kenya-over-the-last-decade TATIANA THIEME, Youth, waste and work in Mathare: whose business and whose politics?, Environment and urbanisation, n° 22 http://eau.sagepub.com/content/22/2/333.full.pdf The Green Belt Movement http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/ UNEP, Water Quantity and Quality Assessment Deskstudy (Pshyco-Chemical Analysis Report), http://www.unep.org/roa/Nairobi_River_Basin/Downloads/Phaseii_publications/pollutionReport/Pollution_Monitoring_Report-Final%20Report.pdf UNEP, Geo Year Book 2006. An Overview of Our Changing Environment, 2006 http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2006/PDF/Complete_pdf_GYB_2006.pdf UN-HABITAT, The Slum Upgrading Facilities (SUF) Handbook http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2358 UNCHS, ‘Urban Environment. Food.’, in The State Of The World’s Cities, 2001 http://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/72.pdf UNCHS, ‘Urban Environment. Waste.’, in The State Of The World’s Cities, 2001 http://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/70.pdf 151

Virtual Water Project http://virtualwater.eu/ Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/water_quality/?ContentID=7

MOVIES THE ROAD [2009] - Regia di John Hillcoat. - USA 2009 TROPA DE ELITE, GLI SQUADRONI DELLA MORTE [2007] - Regia di José Padilha. Brasile 2007 PIXOTE, LA LEGGE DEL PIÙ DEBOLE [1981] - Regia di Hector Babenco. Titolo originale Pixote, a lei do mas fraco. - Brasile 1980 LA ZONA [2007] - Regia di Rodrigo Plà. - Messico 2007 TAKING ROOT: The Vision of Wangari Maathai [2009] - Regia di Alan Dater e Lisa Merton. LA SOIF DU MONDE - Regia di Yann Aarthus-Bertrand - Francia 2012

152

CONFERENCES AT POLITECNICO DI MILANO ‘Cities to be tamed?’ - 15 al 17 Novembre 2012

‘Learning/Transforming Slums’ - 14 Febbraio 2013

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