Design Portfolio

GIANCARLO TORPIANO BE&A (Hons) AA MArch (EmTech) Portfolio 2008-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS 2012/2013

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Intro This is an exploration of whether usable structures may be made to construct themselves, as they are seen to do in nature. It attempts to determine how this might be done, the implications and possible outcomes from doing so.

M.Arch (EmTech) AA London 2012/2013 w. V. Reale, M. Konstantatou, C.F. Liu

Abstract

duration: 9 months

This project attempts to apply principles of self assembly in nature, to develop a component based system suited towards water-surface settlement, to be applied in flood-prone river environments.

skills: research, concept development, design, scripting, computational modelling, simulations, presentations, rendering, prototype building, team work

Self assembly is ubiquitous in nature, driving micro scale processes such as crystal formation and protein synthesis.

Such phenomena are dependent on physical information encoded within their systems, such as geometry, binding forces, and environmental conditions. They are also subject to intrinsic randomness. This project explores attempts to abstract the the principles of micro scale self assembly, and apply them at the macro scale.

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

A series of physical prototypes were developed to understand how this could be done. Magnetism was identified as a suitable binding force between components. Digital simulations were developed to understand how floating components could aggregate into regular structures, driven by river flow, within specific boundaries. Different boundary conditions and component geometries are explored to develop a flexible, easilyapplied self assembling system, with a range of possible outputs.

Fig. A: Example of prototype component geometry explored and resulting assembly.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Methodology This project espouses the values of EmTech. It is therefore research-driven, grounded in real-world principles and relies heavily on experimentation (digital and physical) to test concepts. Once the workings of a proposed technology have been established, the principles are explored to the extreme to determine the range of possible outcomes. Results are evaluated throughout to provide feedback for the next set of experiments.

Research

Fig. B

The driving principles of self-assembly in nature were abstracted through research into various examples, such as crystal and polymer formation and virus cell construction. These occur at the microscale, and rely on information encoded within their components such as geometry, mass, electro-chemical behaviour, to overcome stochasticity which is intrinsic to the process of selfassembly. This information effectively guides the assembly process.

A series of macroscale prototypes was developed to explore component geometries and materials, environments and driving forces, and later to test magnetism as a binding agent.

Fig. B: Images of self-assembly in nature: virus cells, crystal lattices and formations.

Fig. C: A few of the prototype systems developed to mimic natural ones.

Fig. C

5

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Prototypes Series I: Gravity-Driven

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

A first series of prototype systems was developed which relied on gravity as driving force. This consisted of cubic components which are released from specific heights on to a template of rows of cubes positioned on one of their vertices. Despite the stochasticity within the system (components are just dropped not placed accurately, component starting orientation constantly varied), results indicate that the majority of released components occupied a position determined by the template and formed structured piles. Geometrical constraints act as information to overcome stochasticity.

By introducing differentiation in the components, through the use of tubes of varied diameter running through the component for example, it is possible to produce reasonably complex structures.

The structure shown in Fig. E was created using wax cubic components with tubes of different diameters formed through them. The components are released on to a template allowing them to self-assemble into organised structures. A cementitious material is then cast into tubes. The wax structures are allowed to melt in the heat of the sun, or heat is applied artificially, causing them to melt, leaving the solid network structure behind.

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B Fig. A: Prototype system setup. Cubic components released on to template to form organised structures.

Fig. B: Testing prototype.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Fig. D

Fig. C: Cubic components containing empty tubes for casting.

Fig. D: Digital, scripted exploration of potential network structures using varied tubes.

Fig. E: Prototype network structure developed using system with wax cubes and cemetitious casting material.

Fig. E

Fig.C

7

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Prototypes Series II: Underwater Assembly

stirring

A second series of prototypes was developed, to self-assemble in a water environment. It was envisaged that water turbulence (natural or atificiallyinduced) could cause further component interaction than gravity-driven systems. A binding force would however be required.

As mentioned previously, magnetism was identified as the only suitable non-contact force to act at the macroscale.

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

underwater environment

Two systems were devised to selfassemble, when components are driven to interact randomly by turbulence, underwater, into specific structures: a tube and a sphere. The tube system consisted of trapezoidal prisms which join to form closed rings, which may also connect to each other to form the tube. Specific magnetic patterning allows some degree of control over permisible connections - those which are not conducive to the formation of the tube may be blocked by repelling magnets. The density of the components was slightly greater than that of water to make them sink but easily disturbed by water turbulence. This prototype successfully assembled into tube-like structures, though the likelihood of a completely closed tube is close to zero. It also required a lot of energy in the form of stirring to be input into the system.

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B Fig. A: Tube components and expected output structures.

Fig. B: Diagram of process designed to test prototype self-assembly, underwater.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

In the sphere system, the geometry of the components was derived from a 30-sided polyhedron. In this case, while it became evident that magnetic patterning to guarantee the assembly of the sphere exclusively, was possible, tests demonstrated that it was impossible to achieve the enclosed volume by selfassembly. This was due to miscalibration of information embedded in the system which becomes difficult as system complexity increases.

Fig. E

Fig. C

Fig. D

Fig. C: Images of tube prototype output structures.

Fig. D: Components, target structure, magnetic patterning for sphere system.

Fig. E: Image of part-assembled sphere system.

9

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Prototypes Series III: Water-Surface Assembly A final series of prototypes was developed. This was composed of floating components which aggregate autonomously into organised structures on a water surface, relying on agitation of the water’s surface to move around and interact. Components would bind magnetically, as in the previous system.

Fig. A

Four different systems were developed: one generic system as proof of concept and three other systems designed with the potential to be applied in real-world scenarios given further research. The former consisted of components which aggregate into hexagonal rings, which may also inteconnect back-to-back to form a hexagonal grid. The latter potential systems were a. a floating breakwater system, b. an oil containment system to be used durin oil spills, c. a floating platform system aimed at settlement. This final system was explored in greater detail in the second part of the project.

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. B

Fig. A: Detail of magnetic interface allowing formation of closed rings.

Fig. B: Generic system concept: trapezoidal floating move around, interact and connect to form rings. The rings may connect back-to-back.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Fig. C: Prototype of generic system. In results (top), closed rings are not observed to form.

Fig. D: Images of other prototype systems: breakwater component (top), floating platform component (bottom).

Fig. C

Fig. D

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Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Fig. B

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. C

Fig. A: Components deployed in water-bath.

As the water is agitated they interact and connect.

Fig. B: Detail of components and connection logic.

Fig. C: Alternative prototype connection logic.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Prototypes The use of prototypes throughout this project allowed its grounding in realworld principles and a more developed understanding of the issues to be dealt with and the nature of self-assembly.

They provided a concrete proof of concept, indicating that some form of macro scale self-assembly could be achieved. Prototypes are often used as tools in structural engineering to assess behaviour of stable structures. This, however, represents a step further.

Research Findings

The main observation on all prototypes was that stochasticity appears to be intrinsic to all self-assembling systems.

Thus while the assembly process may guarantee a type of output, its final formal arrangement may not be predicted. This is evident in the range of outputs produced using the same process and components.

Self-assembling systems are thus suited towards open-ended, network-type structures.

Water-based prototypes were not subject to the limitations of aggregate systems, allowing components to interact over longer periods. The huge potential of water-surface systems was revealed and was explored further in the second part of the project.

Fig. D

Fig. E

Fig. D: Further examples of studied prototypes each with specific geometry and connection logics.

Fig. E : Digital exploration of the range of outputs from self-assembly process.

13

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Mekong River Delta It was necessary to develop a system adapted to the Mekong river delta region.

This is characterised by dense networks of canals which subdivide the region and are prone to flooding during the monsoon periods. The general population relies on subsistence rice-cultivation and fishing.

The canals, apart from distributing water, also serve as infrastructure. Practically all activities are related to the water.

Most settlement is suspended above water-level on make-shift stilts. Intense periods of flooding cause untold damage as the precarious structures are easily damages or sunk.

It was proposed that a self-assembling system would be developed which aggregated into floating platforms suitable for settlement.

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

The system would have to be low-tech and easily fabricated to remain cheap.

It would also have to deployed with relative ease without the need for skilled labourers. It would have to rely on current flow in the canals as driving force.

Fig. B

This would provide a solution to the problem of flooding, easily integrated with but possibly also of use to, current economic activities.

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. A: Mekong river delta region, activities, typical structures and environment. Plan indicates high-density of canals.

Fig. B: Typical construction of floating structures using reed-bundles.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Site-Specific System It was envisaged that, to use water flow as driving force, the system would be adapted to introduce the use of a boundary to capture components during deplyoment and force aggregation.

Components are thus deployed from barges or higher ground and driven into the boundary by current.

Fig. E

A 2D rigid-body dynamics simulation was developed in Processing to test different boundary and component geometry, connection logic and magnet strength under varying flow conditions.

Fig. D

Fig. C: Proposed system consisting of components (released from barge) driven by flow into anchored boundary.

Fig. D: 2D Processing simulation of assembly.

Fig. E: Outline of test-component as it meets water used in simulation.

Fig. C

15

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Digital Simulations The Processing simulation made it possible to test a large range of different scenarios. This was necessary to identify the difference in performance between different types of geometries and their response to boundary conditions. It was also possible to simulate the interaction of thousands of components, which was impossible to do using physical prototypes. Lastly, the simulation was crucial in proving that the required magnets did not not need to be strong (this was a major concern) and that the system would still work with highly localized magnetic interactions.

Fig. A

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. B Fig. A: Examples of different tested geometries with their own specific connection logics.

Fig. B: Range of test results with varying component geometries, size, boundary.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Fig. C

Fig. C: Detail of test result evaluation. Large sets of connected components are highlighted.

17

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Deployment, Aggregation, Settlement Optimised boundary conditions and component geometries were identified using simulation results. It was also possible to simulate the deployment process itself and analyse how large structures composed of thousands of components, could aggregate into usable platforms. Once platform-islands have formed, they can be floated to different positions. The integration of traditional construction with platforms was also studied.

Fig. A AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. B

Fig. C

Fig. D Fig. A: Opening of canals between aggr. islands.

Fig. B: Study of traditional construction integrated with self-assembling platform.

Fig. C: Deployment process.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Fig. D: Large aggregate indicates formation of several large islands.

Image: View of self-assembled islands in river environment.

19

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MACROSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS

Results and Conclusions Simulations indicate that a range of different types of platform-typologies is observed to emerge as well as a complex network of canals. Each of these types of platforms may be associated with different uses or programmes such as fish farming, docks, bases for housing or large buildings.

Islets

The proposed system appears a feasible solution to settlement area in regions prone to flooding. It is cheap, easily deployed, aggregates with minimum human intervention, and intrinsically provides a range of usable, varied results.

Super Platforms

Jetties/Docks

Pools

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

Edge S. Platforms

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B

Canals

Fig. A: Image of speculated settlement on artificial river islands.

Fig. B: Analysis of emergent morphologies from self-assembly process.

Macroscale Self-Assembling Systems Thesis Project

Image: Self-assembled platforms in river environment.

21

SUBTRACTIVE NETWORKS: CITY DESIGN 2012

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

1

SUBTRACTIVE NETWORKS: CITY DESIGN

Abstract

M.Arch (EmTech) AA London 2012/2013 w. G. Austern, C.F. Liu, T. Jirathiyut

This project investigated the generation of urban tissue of specific character, using computational techniques. A series of experiments was conducted, with various urban, spatial implications, with results continuously evaluated. The site was the Isle of Dogs peninsula in London.

duration: 2 months

skills: research, concept development, urban design, scripting, simulations, presentations, team work

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Fig. A

1200 people

Can the enormous complexity that constitutes the city be reduced to a system of networks and patches of density?

It was first necessary to determine the desired qualities of the urban fabric to be generated, through a series of case studies. To achieve these qualities, connective networks were developed between intersecting patches of density (loosely defined as neighbourhoods).

This primary network then formed the basis to a secondary one, resulting from subdivision of the neighbourhoods. These street layouts were then used as inputs for a street section generator, which used data on road type, location and relevant density to develop an appropriate street section. The sections and networks were used to “carve out the urban mass�. The result is a generated piece of urban tissue.

Interstingly, a number of building typologies as well as new types of paths were observed to emerge, without their being specifically intended from the outset. The tools developed were open and flexible, and may in future be used to investigate different scenarios.

radius area density

= 200 m = 0.13 sqkm = 9554 p/sqkm

radius area density

= 150 = 0.071 = 16985

radius area density

= 100 = 0.031 = 38216

Fig. B

1

:

1

: 1

36,000 people

4

:

6

: 5

36,000 people

1

:

2

:

3

36,000 people

Fig. C Workshop

Research

Fig. A: Process output.

Fig. B: Low, medium and high density neighbourhoods of the same population.

:

Subtractive Networks: City Design

Project Sequence

1. LAYING OUT NEIGHBOURHOODS

The images on the left describe the sequence of operations implemented to generate the urban tissue. For each of these, one or more computational tools have been developed.

2. PRIMARY NETWORK FOR COMMERCE AND WORK

Primary Objectives:

1. Differentiated urban tissue created out of patches of defined densities. I.e. diveristy in terms of:

- Density

- Spatial Character

3. SECONDARY NETWORK FOR RESIDENTIAL STREETS AND BLOCKS

2. Well-connected urban tissue consisting of neighbourhoods, which contain both living and work spaces, all within walking distance to green space.

4. GREEN SPACES AND NEIGHBOURHOODS CONNECTED

Sub-Issues:

- What controls the density?

- Developing primary network - Subdivision to define blocks and streets - Introducing green space - Sectional design of blocks and streets - Solar access

5. SECTION GENERATOR

6. CARVING URBAN MASS Fig. D

Fig. C: The target population of 36,000 may be catered for using different ratios of low:medium:high density neighbourhoods.

Fig. D: Project sequence of steps carried out to obtain urban tissue.

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Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

SUBTRACTIVE NETWORKS: CITY DESIGN

Neighbourhoods From the outset it was necessary to define, conceptually and numerically, what constituted a neighbourhood.

This was necessary to carry out further experiments.

In this case, the concept of neighbourhood was reduced to an area of specific density.

The area is described as a circle but only because this is a convenient geometry to work with. It was envisaged that areas of overlap between neighbourhoods would become high streets full of offices and shops. People living in the neighbourhood would therefore shop and work there.

Different distributions of high to low density across the site were observed to be possible. It was decided to concentrate high density around tube stations, though other models are also possible.

Fig. B

Step 1: Intersections

Step 2: Main streets

Step 3: Nodes

Step 4: Gardens

Recursive subdivision algorithm RESIDENTIAL AREA

HIGH DENSITY: 10,000 - 20,000 sqM MED DENSITY:

WORK/COMMERCIAL AREA + RESIDENTIAL AREA

AA EmTech

8,000 - 16,000 sqM LOW DENSITY: 6,000 - 12,000 sqM

M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell Fig. A

RESIDENTIAL AREA

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. C

Different stopping values for different neighbourhoods

Smoothing the results

Fig. A: Intersecting neighbourhoods of varying denisty determine position of high street.

Fig. B: Rationalisation into polygonal areas.

Fig. C: Subdivision into reasonably-sized blocks.

Subtractive Networks: City Design

Generating Results The circular neighbourhoods were rationalised into polygonal areas and subdivided to generate street patterns around discrete blocks of a maximum size. Leftover spaces became parks and gardens to surround and penetrate the urban tissue. A meandering path (also generated algorithmically) connecting the urban tissue to garden areas, was overlayed on the street pattern to increase redundancy of possible routes.

Each point on the result has a significant amount of information regarding street type, intersection type and density, in addition to its location on the grid. This was used to inform the section generator in the next part of the project.

The result implied that the city, following this methodology, was reduced to a system of densities and networks.

Fig. D

Fig. E Fig. D: View of distinct neighbourhoods at end or process.

Fig. E: From input of randomly positioned circles to result of patches of density and network of different types of streets.

Fig. F: Alternative model where high density located around infrastructure such as tube stations.

Fig. F

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Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

SUBTRACTIVE NETWORKS: CITY DESIGN

Main Node

Main Path

Sub - Node

Residential Path

Density Low

Residential 1 Park Path

+ Residential 2

High

+ Public / Commercial / Work

Fig. B

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

Density

Commercial

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Residential

Street Hierarchy

Fig. A

Fig. C Fig. A: Diagram indicating section generation in overlapping neighbourhood areas.

Fig. B: Section catalogue.

Fig. C: Section parameters.

Subtractive Networks: City Design

Section Generator Main Node

This used the previous network outputs as input. Five different types of paths and nodes were defined: main node, main path, sub node, residential path and park path.

Sub Node

Sampling path with points

Identify areas influenced by types of nodes, and the path properties

Applying section negative space to points

Neighbourhood density was also a parameter used in the generation of sections. In overlapping areas, density was made to accumulate but typology was also varied with the introduction of shops and offices in the street section.

Density and node-type were thus related directly to section height (building storeys) while street width was related to street hierarchy.

Once generated, the different section morphologies were assigned to their specific, respective locations within the network. A comprehensive catalogue of street sections was thus created.

Apply different sections types and density to match the path properties

Sections applied on main path

Sections applied on neighbourhood path

Generated urban mass with sections on main path

Generated urban mass with sections on main and neighbouthood path

It was therefore possible to generate the three-dimensional space from the twodimensional network and locational data.

In the final model, a couple of other rules were implemented: courtyard spaces in large blocks and open spaces at nodes to develop plazas.

Fig. D

Fig. D: Application of generated street sections along 2D network to obtain urban mass.

29

N TA T R IE O

Results and Refinements

PA TH

SUBTRACTIVE NETWORKS: CITY DESIGN

Further rulesets were tested in portions of the urban tissue. One of these, for example was an attempt at increasing the amount of solar insolation in streets without significant widening. This implied developing a tool which corrected sections generated by the previous tool, by lowering parts of the street section casting section and compensating for any loss in capacity. Analysis of this tool’s efficacity was performed in Ecotect.

E

GL

AN

N BUILDING HEIGHT

a PROJECTED SHADOW

R

IE

N

TA TI

O

N

PROJECTED SHADOW

R LA

O

DS

ITE

LIM

O

SHADE WIDTH BUILDING = tan(a) x Cos(PATH OREIENTATION) HEIGHT

Fig. B

PA TH

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

ED ADTH SH ID W

Giancarlo Torpiano

Urban mass and shadow at 1200

October

LI

BUILDING HEIGHT

a

July

E

GL

AN

O

DS

TE MI

R LA

Solar access percentage analysis

PROJECTED SHADOW

Altitude Seasonal sun Angle

SHADE Neighbourhood without xsolar access inputWIDTH BUILDING = tan(a)

October

Cos(PATH OREIENTATION)

he ate

d

pe r

iod

of

th e

ye ar

HEIGHT

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

Ov

er

1200

Azimuth Daily Sun Angle

July

1500

Fig. A

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. C

Neighbourhood with solar access input of 30 degree altitude, increases the amount of daylight reaching the street

Fig. A: Azimuth and altitude data.

Fig. B: Ruleset to correct section height.

Fig. C: Analysis of results.

S

Subtractive Networks: City Design

Image: Generated urban tissue.

31

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

SUBTRACTIVE NETWORKS: CITY DESIGN

Emergent Morphologies A number of building typologies were observed in the results. These are described here as an “emergent� behaviour of the system, since the typologies were never designed from the outset, but seem to arise from the interaction of the rules. Low-rise blocks with courtyards were observed in lower density areas, while the courtyard is lost in higher density areas to give rise to solid, mid-rise blocks. Podium combined with tower morphologies were also observed where streets of contrasting hierarchy intersect.

Elevated paths were also observed to emerge, in areas of overlap, introducing alternative routes to access the city.

Fig. C AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B Fig. A: Emergent paths evident in model.

Fig. B: Emergent paths highlighted.

Fig. C: Emergent building morphologies.

Subtractive Networks: City Design

Fig. D

Fig. D: Views of generated urban tissue.

33

FORM FOUND MEMBRANE-ACTIVATED GRIDSHELLS 2011

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

FORM FOUND MEMBRANE-ACTIVATED GRIDSHELLS M.Arch (EmTech) AA London 2011 duration: 1.5 months

skills: concept development, structural design, parametrics, FEA simulation, presentations, rendering, prototyping

The idea of this project was to develop an experimental gridshell structure which distorted into shape once a tensile membrane was attached to it, at a given eccentricity. The tensile membrane would therefore induce bending and compression in the structure, causing the structure to deflect. It thus could act as a form-finding actuator.

It was also envisaged that by using a pinjointed lattice as sub-structure (to which the tensile membrane was attached), the same lattice could be used to achieve a range of different shapes depending on programmatic requirements. Once the required geometry was achieved the joints would then be tightened to achieve fixity (or triangulating cables passed across) and the actuating membrane attached.

Physical prototypes were developed as proof of concept, which confirmed that the tensile membrane could indeed be used as the actuator to induce bending within the structure. These prototypes were, however, of limited size. FEA analysis was therefore necessary to determine the limits of the system.

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Description

Compression

Outer Lattice

Tensile Membrane

Tension

Fig. C

Fig. A F

T e

Workshop

Research

C

Fig. B Fig. A: Image of form-found gridshell.

Fig. B: Concept diagrams.

Membrane-Activated Gridshell

Fig. D

Fig. C: Schematic gridshell.

Fig. D: Physical prototypes.

37

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MEMBRANEACTIVATED GRIDSHELL

Digital Modelling A parametric model was developed to be able to generate a range of different grid patterns from a test-lattice of a set number of cruciform units. This also allowed different element sizes and total lattice dimensions to be varied quickly, to be able to explore the limits of the system.

Each of the outputs generated was imported into an FEA modeller and the structural models set up. Membrane stiffness was assumed to be similar to that of conventional tensile structures. A non-linear analysis was necessary due to the large deflections involved.

These digital models also allowed a number of other parameters to be varied, such as: membrane eccentricity, diameter of steel fixtures to attach membrane to, lattice material and thickness.

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

As expected, in larger spans selfweight became a dominant factor, preventing adequate curvature from being developed. High eccentricities coupled with thin lattice elements led to unacceptable bending stresses in the lattice. Thick lattice elements (to deal with stresses) led to issues of increased self-weight. Eventually it was evident that the system was feasible for spans of up to 15m, with timber units of 300mm length and 30mm thickness.

Fig. A

Workshop

Research

Fig. A: Preliminary FEA studies as proof of concept.

Membrane-Activated Gridshell

Mesh Actuated Position Mesh Starting Position

Fig. B

Fig. B: Outputs from FEA non-linear analysis showing form-found gridshell.

39

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

MEMBRANEACTIVATED GRIDSHELL

FORM-FINDING PROCESS COMPUTE SOLUTION

INPUT PARAMETERS: AREA+MESH SIZE HEIGHT OF CURVATURE

COMPUTATIONAL MODEL (GRASSHOPPER) TO GENERATE FLAT MESH TRY: NO. OF UNITS PLATE DIMENSIONS ECCENTRICITY ANGLE PATTERN

REQ. SPATIAL QUALITIES RESULTANT FORM

ASSESS CURVATURE: IS IT HIGH ENOUGH?

NO

INCREASE FORCE OR INCREASE ECCENTRICITY OR LOWER PLATE THICKNESS (INCREASES PLATE STRESS)

RE-COMPUTE

YES

INCREASE PLATE THICKNESS (DECREASE IN CURVATURE)

RE-COMPUTE

NO

CHANGE FORCE ECCENTRICITY ON DIFFERENT UNITS

YES IMPORT GEOMETRY INTO STRUCTURAL MODELLER (STRAND7)

APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MESH

ASSESS PLATE STRESSES: ARE THEY TOO HIGH?

NO

AA EmTech IS REQUIRED FORM DEVELOPED (PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS)?

M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell ASSIGN: PLATE THICKNESS PLATE MATERIAL MEMBRANE TENSILE FORCE

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

YES

NO

ARE REQUIRED SPATIAL QUALITIES DEVELOPED?

YES

CHANGE PATTERN

VALID SOLUTION

Fig. A

Fig. A: Schematic of computational process necessary to arrive at suitable outputs.

Membrane-Activated Gridshell

Conclusions This research project explored whether it is possible to use tensile membranes as actuators to cause gridshell lattices to deflect into shape. Physical prototypes were used as proof of concept while digital models were used to explore the limits of the system.

A large number of parameters have to be balanced to obtain acceptable outputs.

Digital structural modelling indicated that the system may be feasible for spans up to 15m.

Fig. B

Fig. B: Visual of output structures combined, with different gridshell patterns and resulting spatial conditions.

41

EMERGENCE 2012

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

EMERGENCE

normal growth

normal growth

M.Arch (EmTech) AA London 2012/2013 w. E. Meladaki, V. Reale, S. Leenknegt

mutation 2

duration: 1.5 weeks

normal growth

skills: rhinopython scripting, evolutionary algorithms, research, design, presentations, team work

mutation 1 Regulator Gene 2 f(x,y,z)

Regulator Gene 1 f(x,y,z)

Fig. C

A-1

1 branching

2 branching

growth actuator 5 generations

growth actuator 3 generations

C-2 AA EmTech

3 branching

2 branching

M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell

growth actuator 4 generations

growth actuator 4 generations

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B

Fig. A: Branching logic towards an actuator.

Fig. B: Evaluation criteria: 1. position of centroid (stability), 2. bounding box dimensions.

Fig. C: Individual result exhibiting effects of regulator genes.

Emergence: Design and Evolutionary Computation

Description

A-2

This project served primarily as an exploration of the use of evolutionary computation in the design process. Unlike other projects presented here, it was an entirely digital exploration.

Sets of geometries were generated and manipulated using scripting techniques.

The ellipsoid, a geometric primitive, was used throughout, in all generated forms.

C-3

Each set of geometries represents a population of individuals, generated by the same code but using different parameters.

Individuals are then evaluated based on criteria selected by the designer (in this case related to centroidal position and bounding box dimensions). An acceptable numerical range for each criterion is set, and individuals falling outside of it are culled. The remaining individuals then reproduce to generate the next population, ie. they exchange “genes” in the form of numerical parameters.

Mutations, or random variations of particular parameters are also possible.

A-3

E-3 E-2

This is done in the hope that some members of successive generations will be more “optimised” towards set criteria than those of previous generations.

A design solution more suited to the evaluation criteria may thus theoretically be reached.

E-1

Fig. D

C-1

Fig. D: Genealogy tree indicating growing range of possible outcomes as genes are exchanged during reproduction. E-3 is example of mutation.

45

Giancarlo Torpiano

EMERGENCE: DESIGN AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 AA EmTech 2011-2013

POPULATION 09

POPULATION 10

POPULATION 11

POPULATION 12

AA EmTech M.Arch Thesis Subtractive Networks Emergence Gridshell B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A Fig. A: Successive generations of individuals lead to a progressively more stable and larger population, Computational design enables the generation and testing of various iterations.

Emergence: Design and Evolutionary Computation

A-1

A-2

B-2

B-1

C-3

C-3

A-3

E-1

E-2

Fig. B Fig. B: Detail of some of individuals generated algorithmically.

47

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION 2008/2009

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION B.Eng & Arch (Hons) Uni of Malta 2008/2009 duration: 9 months

Architectural Ambition This thesis project was a solo effort carried out over a full academic year. It represented the culmination of 5 years of study and thus also of skills gained and ability to deal with theoretical and technical issues.

PEDESTRIAN AREA TURBINE HALL LIBRARY

Throughout the project, architectural ideas and ambitions were never divorced from their physical behaviour (structural or otherwise) or from their realisation.

It was therefore by concious decision that building technology had direct implications on architecture.

skills: research, concept development, architectural design, structural design, detailing, environmental modelling, presentations, renders

AUDITORIUM WATERFRONT

The project dealt with a de-commissioned 1950s coal power station, in the industrial port town of Marsa, in Malta’s main harbour area. The obsolete technology occupying the site lent it a strong industrial character. It also had marked, negative socio-economic effects on the surrounding town.

AA EmTech Fig. A

A research campus was proposed to proactively drive regeneration of the whole area, while respecting the site’s particular modern heritage value. It was envisaged that the campus could be tied to marine research in the harbour area and help to attract cleaner industries. The activity it generated - student accomodation, services, cafeterias, entertainment, etc. would also boost the local economy.

B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. B Fig. A: One of the interventions - a folded steel plate structure - proposed within existing building.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

UND

ERG

ROU

VEHICULAR ACCESS ND P

ASSA

GE

CAMPUS ENTRANCE

ZONED FOR ENERGY/ BUSINESS PARK

CAMPUS CENTRE

CUSTOMS BUILDING

MAIN ENTRANCE

SCHEMATIC MASTER PLAN Fig. C

Fig. B: Image of the onsite 1950s technology, the volume houses a turbine.

Fig. C: Proposed schematic masterplan of site.

51

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Turbine Hall This was originally the heart of the power station, driving the generation of electricity. It was proposed that this become the heart of the proposed campus.

Turbine Hall

The urge to gut the massive volume was resisted. Instead, the single unpartitioned horizontal plane, bisecting the entire volume longitudinally was retained, recognised as a crucial part of the volume’s spatial history and character.

It was ambitiously proposed to use this as a large public space, allowing it to remain singular and undivided - circulation, exhibition, performance, recreational space, surrounding attached campus facilities. It was proposed that the spaces below this level, linked visually and aurally by gaps in the slab, would also be public in nature. They would be converted into open workshop space, articulated by supporting spaces and ICT labs, some of which open to the public.

Volumes inserted into Turbine Hall

Vertical Links

Service Zones Campus Heart Workshop spaces articulated and divided by support spaces

Open Workshop Space AA EmTech B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. A Fig. A: Section cutting through Turbine Hall, indicating main circulation level above open workshop spaces.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Vertical links to levels below

Boiler structures converted to theatre spaces

Links to library

Circulation, exhibition, performance, recreational public space

Campus facilities inserted carefully into Turbine Hall’s flanking support volumes, projecting slightly into the Hall where necessary

Existing gaps in slab retained, provide visual and aural link to spaces below

Escalator, at the main entrance pierces building fabric to provide dramatic entrance to Campus Heart

Fig. B Fig. B: Isometric of elevated main circulation level, which was proposed to remain open and undivided.

53

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Structural Intervention The campus heart main circulation level was originally supported by a dense, irregular system of columns, to support the intermittent loading due to machinery loading above. This made the space below unusable. It was noted however, that slab thickness was a substantial 400mm, throughout the level. If tensile reinforcement could be attached to the slab, such a section would be able to span considerable differences.

Inserted column system adheres strictly to turbine hall module

It was therefore proposed that a replacement grid column system could be use to liberate the space. The new, proposed structural action, where the slab would be converted to a flat slab, was modelled.

AA EmTech B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Carbon-fibre tensile reinforcement strips were proposed to be fixed to the existing concrete fabric, as necessary to deal with new bending moments and shear forces. Grooves would be cut into the existing slab as necessary and carbon fibre attached to the concrete using epoxy resins. Research indicated that in such interventions, reinforced section strength is dependent on resein de-bonding strain.

Physical clamping was therefore provided in more sensitive areas of relatively high stress. Necessary cross-sectional area of reinforcement was calculated.

Campus Heart

Inserted column system

It was shown that spans of up to 12m could be accommodated easily. The proposed grid thus was made to conform to the turbine hall module.

Fig. A

Fig. A: Longitudinal section of Turbine Hall showing proposed column system.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Max. hogging bending moments directly above columns - flat-slab Max. sagging bending moments furthest away from columns

Inserted columns Reinforcement details on following page

Gaps in slab

Existing line of support

Fig. B

Fig. B: Digital structural model of existing level converted into flat slab, and new resulting bending moments.

55

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Bottom Reinforcement Sagging

Top Reinforcement Hogging

AA EmTech B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B Fig. A: Details of reinforcement to be attached to bottom and top of slab.

Fig. B: Complete detail of edge of slab, showing reinforcement, hand rail, etc.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Detail Detailing, both structural and architectural, was an important part of this project. It allowed a very clear impression to be given of how different, sometimes contrasting elements, or elements serving entirely different purposes, would come together. Such details also allowed the project to be as complete as possible for an academic work.

The column head was designed and detailed to be able with high punching shear, characteristic of flat slabs. This was done in full detail, considering construction requirements, structural connections, element-to-element intersections, etc.

This level of detail was maintained throughout the project in all major, proposed interventions.

Fig. C Fig. C: Structural details on inserted steel columns and column heads to support circulation above.

57

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Workshop and Support Spaces It was proposed that the workshop space below the main circulation level would be divided and articulated by enclosed supporting volumes. These would be used to accommodate quieter, more private activities - tutorial and study rooms, staff and student association offices.

These support spaces wrapped around the workshops, over 2 floors. An intermediate level was thus inserted between ground and main circulation level.

AA EmTech B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. A Fig. A: View of workshop spaces and surrounding enclosed, support spaces.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Workshop Space

Support volumes wrapped around open workshop/atrium spaces Details on following page Fig. B Fig. B: Plan view of internal workshop space below circulation level, and surrounding support spaces.

59

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Structural Intervention This intermediate level would be hung from the existing turbine hall columns, From the outset, it was clear that the connection details would have to be studied carefully, for the intervention to be limited to a single point at each column.

The new structure would also also have to be clearly disinguishable from the the building’s original 1950s fabric. This was ensured through the use of clearly distinguishable connections welded to the columns, and the introduction of a gap, between the existing structure and the new enclosure.

A

Intermediate Level D

AA EmTech Ground Level

B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. A

Fig. B Fig. A: Detail of connection to existing Turbine Hall column.

Fig. B: Section through workshop spaces showing hung intermediate level.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Fig. C

Fig. C: Detail of connection to existing Turbine Hall column.

Fig. D: Detail of connection to hung level.

Fig. E: Sectional detail of connection to hung level.

Fig. D

Fig. E

61

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Main Entrance The proposed dramatic entrance to the main circulation level was considered necessary to draw people up to the level, for it to work as a centre. An escalator, partly external, was thus juxtaposed against the original building fabric and made to penetrate it, leading from ground level to the circulation level. This escalator thus represents a powerfully expressed intervention to make the Turbine Hall volume accessible and public.

In a project where the exterior building fabric was consistently respected due to its historical significance, the entrance represents one of few exterior visual manifestations of the power station’s conversion. The insertion was considered justified because it pierced the building at a point of no historic or spatial value (unlike the Turbine Hall).

AA EmTech B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. A Fig. A: Sketch of main entrance to proposed campus.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Escalator protective enclosure

Gutted masonry volume

Escalator truss structure

Perforated steel plate structure

Campus Heart

Fig. B Fig. B: Section of elevator leading from ground level to main circulation level. Supporting structure is a truss.

63

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

Gutted Volume This masonry volume was previously subdivided into small offices of no particular spacial character worth conserving. It was therefore proposed that the volumebe gutted to produce a triple-storey exhibition, recreational, informal-performance space and dramatic entrance.

To address the issue of the volume’s lateral stability, a number of solutions were considered. The preferred option was the insertion of a folding perforated steel plate structure within the gutted masonry volume. The masonry walls and the roof would then be ancored to the steel structure through the use of customised components which would receive the structure’s folds. At base, the structure would be anchored to the ground.

Fig. C

The plate structure was modelled as triangulated elements, ignoring stiffness in perforated areas, and subjected to wind loading. Where elements proved too large and thus prone to buckling, further structural folds were provided.

Fig. A

AA EmTech B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. B Fig. A: Detail of perforated steel plate structure.

Fig. B: Isometric of steel structure anchored to masonry walls.

Fig. C: Digital structural model, as triangulated structure.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Fig. D

Fig. E

Fig. D: Section of gutted volume showing proposed internal folding plate structure.

Fig. E: Elevation showing steel plates on exterior wall where it is anchored to steel structure behind.

65

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013 BE&A 2004-2009

REHABILITATION OF MARSA POWER STATION

AA EmTech

Fig. A

B.Eng & Arch B.E.&A. (Hons) Thesis Workshop

Research

Fig. B Fig. A: Isometric overview of folding steel plate structure.

Rehabilitation of Marsa Power Station

Fig. B: Internal view of gutted volume, supported by steel structure.

67

MISCELLANEOUS 2013

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013

VALLETTA CITY GATE BLOCK B (RPBW) Freelance Consultation Malta 2013 for Halmann Vella Ltd. duration: 1 month

skills: scripting, computational geometry, digital fabrication

Fig. A

AA EmTech

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. B

Fig. C Fig. A: Solid volume of entire block B. Fig. B: On-site erection process.

Fig. C: 2D elevations aligned with planes of solid block.

Valletta City Gate Block B (RPBW)

Description This project involved developing a computational model to generate the necessary 3D block geometries constituting the masonry cladding. The project was a consultancy for a local contractor working in construction.

The 3D geometries went straight to CNC milling for fabrication out of large limestone blocks. The project is still under construction and is led by Renzo Piano Building Workshop.

The computational model was required for a number of reasons. Firstly, the contractor was relying on 2D elevations to develop the geometry. Matching these drawing in 3D space was often problematic and lead to many errors and oversights. Secondly, the 2D drawings were prone to constant revision. Being able to generate revised 3D geometries in real time, out of the 2D drawings, was therefore of major benefit. Thirdly, it was possible to optimise material use during the fabrication process. Lastly, it was possible to automatically generate 3D files for CNC machines, thus facilitating the process.

A number of scripts were developed for each type of unit, to find vertices in space and generate 3D models. Specific details such as chamfers and shadow gaps were also implemented.

Fig. C

Fig. C: Discretised 3D blocks developed out of 2D elevations, for fabrication.

71

Giancarlo Torpiano

Portfolio__ 06.08.2013

SURFACE TESSELLATED MASONRY COMPONENTS

Description This research project explored the discretisation of surfaces into building units, in this case masonry components.

A complex double-curved surface was generated. Different discretising patterns were attempted, of increasing complexity.

Research 2013 duration: 1 month

It was envisaged that pieces would be attached through the use of stone-tostone adhesives. The tessellation pattern therefore was aimed at increasing the number of shear glued faces in contact, between components.

skills: scripting, computational geometry, digital fabrication

Outline curves were generated from the selected points, but also projected back to the original surface to ensure that components would follow precisely the base surface. 3D masonry component for CNC milling were then generated.

A single test piece was sent for fabrication.

From this several issues (such as sharp corners, precision, etc.) have been identified and will be dealt with in future.

This is an ongoing piece of research.

AA EmTech

Fig. A

Fig. B

B.Eng.&Arch

Workshop

Research

Fig. A: Initial fabrication test, out of CNC machine.

Surface Tessellated Masonry Components

Fig. C Fig. B: Different views of the same 4 components indicate complexity of double-curved geometry.

Fig. C: From base surface to masonry components.

73