7 7 #1237R428PCS EXPERIMENTS INCLUDED EXPERIMENTS INCLUDED20INVENTING CAN BE LEARNEDINVENTING CAN BE LEARNED 20
Learning Lab’s complete series includes individual packages and school sets. The special features of Gigo’s Learning Lab are as follows:
Course levels are designed from elementary to difficult, combining a life sciencesbased curriculum with applications from daily life.
Promotes thinking outside-the-box of the traditional educational framework by learning innovation through play! We are all innately good at something, so we should take into account both individual development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.
INVENTING CAN BE LEARNED
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Experiment using Gigo’s “building blocks”, which can be used over and over again, saving both time and effort.
We hope that kids can enthusiastically learn scientific knowledge through fun hands-on experience, developing their problem-solving abilities, as well as a positive attitude towards science. Our mission is to help children apply their newfound knowledge to daily life, furthering their innovational skills and abilities.
Using Gigo’s “building block” construction-based curriculum, every class has a readytoassemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual creativity.
Gigo5.4.3.2.1.
7. Circular Houses 8. Arch Bridge 10. Monograph (2) 11. Balance Table 20. Monograph (4) 19. Dampers 18. Seismic & Vibration-Free Structures 17. Earthquake Simulator 16. Seismic Structures 15. Monograph (3) 14. Burj Al Arab 13. Cable-Stayed Bridge 12. Earth Building 9. Tower 4. Skyscrapers 5. Monograph (1) 6. Life-net 3. Truss Bridge 2. Log Cabins 1. Tables & Desks Parts List EducationIndex Philosophy 1 39 45 9 53 17 61 23 69 31 81 2 3 41 5 49 13 59 21 65 27 75 35 Index 2
3 Parts List x30 x12 x4 x12x10 x20 x12 x24 x2 x20 x12 x30 x6 x24 x2 x2 x2 x2 x5 x6 x10 x6 x20 x8x1 x20x12 x20 x6 x1x16 2 8 29 19 14 3 9 24 30 20 15 4 10 25 36 32 33 34 35 16 5 11 26 3731 2117 6 12 2722 1 7 23 28 18 13 x40 x12 x2 x1 x4 x12
4 Parts List : 1 B-SHORT PEG 40 2 C-LONG PEG 30 3 C-AXLE CONNECTOR 20 4 C-TWO-IN-ONE CONVERTER 30 5 C-FRONT CONVERTER 10 6 C-1 HOLE CONNECTOR 20 7 C-3 HOLE ROUND ROD 12 8 C-5 HOLE ROD 12 9 C-5 HOLE ROD FRONT CLOSED 12 10 C-5 HOLE PROLATE ROD 6 11 C-7 HOLE ROUND ROD 6 12 C-7 HOLE PROLATE ROD 6 13 C-9 HOLE ROD 12 14 C-9 HOLE ROD FRONT CLOSED 12 15 C-11 HOLE ROD 12 16 C-15 HOLE DUAL ROD 6 17 C-60mm AXLE Ⅱ 12 18 C-100mm AXLE Ⅱ 4 19 C-AXLE FIXING 10 No Description Item No. Qty. 7344-W10-C2D 3620-W10-A1D7413-W10-L2D7413-W10-M1D7413-W10-Z1W7413-W10-P1W7407-W10-C2W7407-W10-C1W7404-W10-C3W7404-W10-C2W7443-W10-C1W7413-W10-K3W7413-W10-K2W7404-W10-C1W7430-W10-B1W7061-W10-Y1W7061-W10-G1W7413-W10-T1B7061-W10-C1R 20 C-ANGLE CLIP 20 21 C-KNUCKLE FOR AXLE 20 22 B-6 HOLE CUBE 16 23 C-4000mm STRING 2 24 C-5 HOLE FLEXIBLE ROD 24 25 C-7 HOLE FLEXIBLE ROD 24 26 C-HALF HEXAGON CONNECTOR 20 27 B-PEG REMOVER 1 28 C-BASE GRID 1 29 C-5X10 FRAME 4 30 C-60T GEAR 2 31 C-CRANK 1 32 C-20T GEAR 2 33 C-40T GEAR 2 34 C-MOTOR AXLE 2 35 C-CAM CONNECTOR 5 36 C-100mm RUBBER BAND 2 37 F-300mm BAMBOO SQUARE BAR 8 No Description Item No. Qty. R36#7402-5R10-057413-W10-S1P7026-W10-L1W7346-W10-C1B7026-W10-D2R7063-W10-B3S17026-W10-W5Y7413-W10-I1W7125-W10-A1SK7061-W10-B1Y7432-W10-B1W7432-W10-A2W7432-W10-A1WR39-W85-400D880-W10-N1W7410-W10-C1S7410-W10-A1S
The models will often have several gear wheels installed in a row, or gear train. In order for the models to work well, thesae gears will have to mesh well. Otherwise, the force from one gear wheel won’t be properly transferred to the next. A.Pay attention to the hole: B.B-Peg remover: C.Gear wheels: Here are a few tips for assembling and using the models. Read them carefully before starting. For more assembly tips, please refer to
TIPS AND TRICKS: When fixing gears onto the frame with drive axle be sure to keep a proper space (about 1mm) between the gear and the frames (Fig. 2). And try to turn the gear to ensure every gear in the gear train turning smoothly so that the least friction will be created and most efficient power transmission can be expected. Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.4Fig.3 Using peg remover to pull peg off as Fig.3 Usingshows.pegremover to pull axle off as fig.4 shows.
Today’s desks and table designs are about more than just productivity however, they also have to consider the health of the user. Most desktop surfaces are based on a standard set of dimensions (72 cm x 76 cm). Chairs also have standard dimensions for height. If a chair is an incorrect height for a user, they may become uncomfortable or suffer postural problems when spending long hours working. In such a scenario, both the chair and table are responsible for the user’s health. Scientific Application
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I Beam Engineering Form
DailyApplicationDaily
5 Brainstorming Tables & Desks
Why do chair and table legs frequently have a crossbeam connecting them to each Tablesother?anddesks
The “I” beam structure is known for it’s strength and durability. In Chinese, it is referred to as the “H” shape, and it is also similar to the Chinese character for work ( 工 ). Both names refer to the cross-sectional appearance of the beam. The design is often applied in large construction or infrastructure projects to reinforce iron beams. In addition to saving on material use, the shape prevents sag and twist so that buildings or machines will not become deformed or broken under heavy use. Aircraft tail fins are also designed along similar principles, as are railway tracks, both of which have to be light, but able to withstand tremendous forces. On railway lines, we can see that the top part is thicker than the bottom part which is thinner and wider, however the engineering principle remains the same.
are considered common furniture that are a kind of platform. They are usually a flat surface and four posts that can support a variety of items. Different types of desk have been developed for different purposes, there are bureaus, writing desks, computer desks, dressing tables, podiums and many more. A well-designed table can improve work efficiency. Appropriate work spaces and drawers can be integrated to improve functionality. In the modern era, keeping one’s desk clear is valuable and many people favor a "wireless" appearance to help them focus on their work projects. Some desks designs are also specialized, where privacy is important, such desks will include recesses and monitor screens to provide a personal feel and prevent snooping!
6 Parts List 1 2 ×2 4 10 x8 1 9 12 14 228 x2 x4 x2 x2 x1 x1x4
7 4 1 Tables & Desks 3 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 8 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to lengthen the pillars of the table, observe and compare the difference in the stability of the table with or without the crossbar. Use your imagination, change the structure you have been given and try to make a table that has only one leg, but can support an item.
Why does the wood used to build various structures differ around the world?
9 Brainstorming Log Cabins
2 Wooden Buildings Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
Wood is a sturdy yet flexible building material; it is natural and has properties that artificial materials do not, like a grain. Also, there are many types of wood, all of which vary in suitability for design. Wood can be used to produce many things, including frames, pillars, posts, fences and houses. Depending on the type of wood available, people will change their design thinking. Many people like to design using wood as it has a rustic charm. Wood cabins are a kind of house that only has one floor with no stairs. The floor typically extends parallel to the long and low roof. Wooden homes are slightly different, and there are several standardized design elements for these. The classic style is a two-story building with a large terraced porch at the front. This wrap-around balcony provides a safe family space for occupants, and is a very popular aspect for people who like wooden houses. There is also another popular design that incorporates large heavy stonework at the bottom of the house for stability, with a wooden upper, called a rough mine style. The most basic and natural construction material is the wood, but wooden building designs are not limited to cabins. There are three main ways to construct wooden structures: (i) the wall of the frame group is called 2 × 4. This method has been used in Europe and America for more than 100 years. (ii) The beam-column type is called a large-wood structure. Larger logs are used as a skeleton for the structure, then the floor and walls are built around it. (iii) The log cascade is made from a pile of logs stacked to create a wall, which has the effect of making one feel like they are really living in a forest.
10 Parts List 1 3 2 5 7 4 6 ×2 ×3 ×2 4 6 9 x6 1 8 12 20 13 1428 2 15 x2 x6 x1 x4 x2 x5 x2 x5 x4 x8 x10
11 2 Log Cabins 10 89 11 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 12 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Place a book on top of the log cabin and observe how the structure of the cabin does (or doesn’t!) bear the weight. Use materials at hand to add decoration to the cabin such as animals, plants, or street signs.
Truss Bridge
There are many forms of bridge but one of the earliest industrial era designs was the truss bridge. This was derived from the truss structure which is also used in house
Why is there a gap between the joints in large structures like iron bridges?
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Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
13 Brainstorming
in a bridge is almost entirely made of steel and has good earthquake resistance. Because all parts are cast in advance, deployment is faster than for concrete bridges; however, there is a risk of rust which increases costs in the long-run. It also needs frequent maintenance, and the metal is susceptible to heat distortions. As temperatures change the specific heat capacity of metal can become problematic. This is the reason why truss bridges are usually found in urban areas where rapid construction is required, traffic volume is high and maintenance is easier. Steel construction components are transported to the building site for assembly in segmented or block form, following the maximum allowable limits of the Trussroad.
Theconstruction.trussstructure
Purlin Rafter Joist A purlin ( 桁 ) refers to a cross support that is attached to the rafters of a house or building, under the roof. Rafters are the strips supporting the roof panels and tiles. The triangular structure which supports all of this is called the truss. A truss is a very strong structure, fundamental to the integrity of the building. Modern architects have changed the material of trusses from wood to steel, but the principle remains the same. When building an iron bridge that spans a large distance, it is common to use a short shelf to support the bridge, and then implement a truss design that extends out.
14 M3 Parts List 5 7 3 4 6 12 ×2 ×2 ×2 60mm 60mm 3 6 x10 1 4 7 15 8 16 17 2021 9 211 13 x12 x8 x4 x4 x8x12 x4 x4 x1 x2 x4 x4 x1x2
15 3 Truss Bridge 12 11 10 89 ×2 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 16 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Make two high platforms with some items around you, then build a bridge between the two platforms. Now, try modifying the model. Work with your classmates to make a longer truss bridge.
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Tall buildings also affect all the surrounding buildings and residents through effects on wind flow, lack of light for plants, and sunshine rights of nearby residents.
In addition to elevators, what other issues must be addressed before building a skyscraper?
17 Brainstorming
Skyscrapers
LandscapeEnvironmentalScientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
Relatively speaking, to preserve important buildings of various periods, there are many historical towns in European cities that hope to preserve their antiquated or traditional appearance. If modern buildings cannot be integrated with local scenery, in some cases, it cannot be built. High-rise buildings tend to stand out and dominate the skyline of a city, so the skyscrapers in smaller European cities are relatively rare.
Before the 19th century there were almost no buildings with more than six floors. One reason was that elevators at that time could only rise vertically by about 15 meters and people were reluctant to climb so many stairs. For this reason, the development of skyscrapers was closely linked to the evolution of elevators. A skyscraper is a very tall building, and until recently anything over 10 floors was considered a skyscraper. Nowadays, however, buildings need around 50 floors to earn the title, skyscraper. The definition of skyscraper changes as their frequency of construction changes and as building methods enable taller and taller buildings.
Nowadays, there are many skyscrapers, and high-rise commercial buildings are increasingly popular in metropolitan areas.
There are certain inherent risks in very tall building designs that need to be overcome. Aside from wind, building sway, subsidence, area displacement, risk of fire, materials and typhoons, there are also city planning issues like increased traffic flow to consider.
18 Parts List 3 7 x8 1 4 8 16 13 17 20 21 214 15 x12 x1 x8 x20 x16 x20 x2 x2 x2 x10 x10x4 9 5 7 3 8 4 6 12 ×2×2 ×6×2 ×2 Rotate and insert Rotate and insert 11 10
19 4 Skyscrapers 15 17 13 18 14 16 12 degressTurn180O ×2 60mm 60mm Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 20 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to modify the model by using available materials. Make your skyscraper as tall as possible and see how additional height affects the structure. Now add some decorations to your skyscraper. Can you make it look like Big Ben, the Burj Khalifa or the Taipei 101?
21 ReviewModel 1. Tables & Desks 3. Truss Bridge 2. Log Cabins 4. Skyscrapers The last four lessons have all investigated hard structures. Use the models, ideas and engineering themes you have learned about to build a Great MonographWall. 15
2 CreationModel 1 DesignModel 3 Winner! ConceptDesign 22 My Artwork Evaluation
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Have you ever seen a life-net? Why do people have to be careful when using a life-net?
The life-net, or Browder Life-Safety Net is a device that was used by firefighters to rescue people trapped in burning buildings until around 1980. When it was in use, it had to be very carefully deployed and jumpers could not jump from a height of more than 6 floors. Many factors affected the outcome of a jump such as the net material, strength, position and the jumper’s trajectory. In order to cover the possible path range of a jumper’s parabola when falling, the net must be placed the correct distance from the building. Firefighters must correctly anticipate the correct trajectory, parabola and intercept height. There must also be enough space under the life-net, with no obstacles between the jumper and the net. The life-saving net and its peripheral components must be inspected immediately after intercepting heavy objects or people. Even if not in use, it must be inspected once a week.
A net and mesh are similar concepts and come in a variety of shapes. The shape of the life-net could be diamond-shaped, or circular. The lattice construction that creates the net should not exceed 30 centimeters. Cargo nets that are used in adventure playgrounds also have a specific lattice size that must be observed. This lattice size is referred to as the gauge of the net, which is a unit for measuring the particle size that can pass through. The larger the mesh, the smaller the particle size.
23 Brainstorming Life-net
Mesh Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
24 Parts List 1 2 4 4 8 x20 1 6 14 15 25 2 x12 x8 x4 x8 x4 x16 x8 ×4 ×43
25 6 Life-net 5 7 6 ×12 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 26 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Pick a sturdy (difficult to break) item and such as marbles or an eraser. Drop the object onto your table and then try it again onto a life-net you have constructed. What was the difference? Now change the material that your net is made from. For example, swap from string to rubber bands. Note any differences in the outcome.
Natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, and tsunamis are frequent in some parts of the world. Because of this, engineers, architects and the public in these places pay more attention to housing safety. Designers try to create a convenient, attractive and safe living environment. New architectural forms are constantly emerging, and people are often seeking for the best designs that will be disaster-proof, earthquake-proof and energy-saving. One design, circular housing, is an excellent solution because it can be quickly constructed and it is an efficient use of resources. However, the main benefit is that its domed roof allows the structure to support itself and a large amount of weight. As weight on the dome increases, the structure sticks together more tightly and this compression force makes the building stronger. This type of design is barely affected by large-scale earthquakes and strong typhoons. Some circular houses with this disaster prevention design can be built in a cut-andpaste manner. Parts can be selected from standard designs and then combined in multiple ways. The entire house can be built according to your needs!
Compression Force Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
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Why is a circular building more shock-proof than a normal building? Are there any disadvantages to a circular building?
When a structure is under load, the forces on each component can be referred to by various specific names: tension, compression, buckling, torsion and splicing. The force called compression refers to when internal pressure within a material increases when an object is squeezed from outside. Compression causes an object to shorten in one plane along the axis of the force which is applied. Some things may withstand compression in one plane very well, but not in another.
27 Brainstorming HousesCircular
28 Parts List 1 3×5 25 x20 1 4 x15 x20 5 6 2 5 7 4 6 OK
29 9 7 Circular Houses 11 10 89 TIP ×5×5 8 8 8 88 5 Done Repeat Step II five times until all hooks connect the top to the bottom. 11
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 30 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Apply some gentle pressure to the top of the circular house using your hand, see how the structure responds. Using some additional materials like blocks, transform the house into something new, like a hat, basket or a bag.
With modern materials, steel or reinforced concrete steel is used. Some highways or longer bridges are made of several smaller, connected, arch bridges.Arch
31 Brainstorming Arch Bridge
In addition to arches and domes, what other shapes spread weight?
A curved, semi-circular structure used to make a strong support is called an arch. An arch bridge uses arches as the main loadbearing feature of its design. There are three kinds of arch bridges: (i) the superior type, where the bridge surface is above the arch, (ii) the middle bearing type, where the bridge deck is in the middle of the arch, and (iii) the under type, where the bridge deck is under the arch.
The most common place you will find arches is in churches or other religious buildings with a dome. Domes extend the arch from a twodimensional design into a three-dimensional structure. Controlling the vertical force created by gravity into the feet of the structure is the most important feature domes and arches.
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Structure Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
Originally arch bridges were always built using stone and were the “superior” type. Ancient bridge builders discovered that arch structures can could disperse the weight of the structure and load. Therefore, when an arch bridge was made, stone with good compression resistance was selected for use as the building material. The pressure within the arch extends out to the trapezoidal stones at the outer edges and these anchor stones provide horizontal support upon which the downward pressure can rest safely.
Architects believe that the appearance of a building has a strong effect on people.
Straight lines look stiff and hard, whereas curves appear soft and natural. In addition to bridges, arches were used in many ancient structures.
32 Parts List 1 3 2 5 7 4 6 ×2 ×3 ×3 4 8 x20 1 6 13 24 15 25 26 2 16 x1 x6 x12 x6 x9 x4 x5 x2 x9x16
33 8 Arch Bridge 10 9 8 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 34 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Now use bricks or rope to add more support to the middle section of the arch. What happens? Modify the middle arch bridge to fix the bridge deck to different heights of the structure. Can you change it from superior to middle, and then to an under arch?
In what way is the Tokyo Tower similar to the Eiffel
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ExternalTower?forces are dangerous for towers and may cause buildings to collapse. The most feared external force for a tall building is not earthquakes but the wind. At a wind speed of 120 kilometers per hour, the tower's highest point will have a swing of about 16 cm. However, if a tower is well designed, people standing in the tower will not be aware of this. In addition, temperature has an effect on the materials used, for example when it is hot outside, a tower will grow taller!
The two towers were built 70 years apart, the Eiffel Tower looks majestic and upright, but with a gentle and cautious temperament. The Tokyo Tower is about 8.6 meters taller than the Eiffel Tower, but because of the use of slender steel, it weighs 3,000 tons less. It reflects a lightness and subtle feminine beauty. Each tower has its own Architecturalcharm.styles and fashion continue to change, and old buildings are slowly removed and replaced. The starting point of all architectural art begins with shape and structure. These two towers are models that exemplify simple design, with lasting beauty.
35 Brainstorming
There are many famous towers, one in Europe is the Eiffel Tower, and another example in Asia is the Tokyo Tower. The Eiffel Tower stands in the romantic capital of Paris and the Tokyo Tower is a testament to more modern engineering capabilities.
Tower External Force Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
36 Parts List x24 1 6 25 15 26 16 422 24 x20 x11 x8 x16 x8 x4 x1 x4 1 ×2 ×4×2 ×4 5 7 8 4 6
37 9 Tower 15 13 14 101112 ×2 17 16 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 38 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to move the soft structural blocks of the tower, see how the tension support differs from the support offered by a regular block. Try to modify the model and make a taller and more stable tower.
39 ReviewModel 8.Arch6.Life-netBridge 7.Circular9.TowerHouses Lessons five to ten investigated soft structures. Use what you learned examining the models to design a Roman arena (Colosseum).Monograph 210
2 CreationModel 1 DesignModel 3 Winner! ConceptDesign 40 My Artwork Evaluation
In the construction industry, in order to ensure that a building is balanced, workers will use a spirit level to take measurements. A spirit level is two or three glass tubes arranged perpendicular to each other on a long rectangular ruler; spirits is another name for alcohol. A spirit level can tell a person whether a surface is exactly horizontal or vertical, though sometimes they are designed to measure 45 degree inclines. The glass tube is marked with two parallel lines and is filled with alcohol, when the bubble stays between the two lines, you know that the surface is level.
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41 Brainstorming
Balance Table Spirit Level Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
Balance and methods to create a level surface have always been important in the construction industry. When beginning a new project, engineers and builders will first work to make sure their building will be on level ground. In addition to the construction industry, having a level surface is important for photography. To take a perfect photo, some devices use an anti-shock balance device. Development of these devices is continuous through the addition of twoaxis and three-axis stabilizers. Gyroscopes can also be used to solve balance problems because they incorporate multi-axis designs, always keeping the center balanced. The other advantage of gyroscopes is that they are always in contact with the ground and so they are not as easily disturbed by external forces. The balance table in this lesson works using two-axis stabilization and point contact. No matter how advanced your high-tech anti-shock tools are, however, sometimes it may not be as good as the suspension system that nature provides. When you jump up and down your legs work just fine!
Why do they use alcohol in a spirit level, not water?
42 Parts List 3 6 x8 1 4 7 15 9 25 26 28 29 213 14 x12 x1 x4 x12 x1 x2 x8 x6 x2 x8 x2 x2x9 1 3 2 ×4 45 6 7
43 11 Balance Table 1011 9 8 Done ModelVideoOperation
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 44 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try moving the frame of the balance table to see if it will remain balanced. Now try changing the desktop shape, to turn it into a balanced photography rack that can hold your phone.
Many structures are made of hexagons. Hexagons were found to have the best degree of structural cohesion. This optimizes the use of space and saves on construction materials. Hexagons are also used by bees, who structure their hives around the shape. In a bee hive, the openings are all oriented in the same direction and are arranged symmetrically, adjacent to each other. The shape is used to maximize the volume of space and also for its shock absorbing quality.
Humans also use hexagons to improve space allocation in buildings and reduces the impact of potential earthquake disasters.
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Fujian Earthen Buildings are large fortified village structures found in rural areas of China. They were made between the 12th and 20th century. They are circular and were easy to defend, some still exist today. The outer wall is usually made of compressed and unprocessed soil to form a thick earth barrier that can bear a great deal of weight. They are sometimes also referred to as "Fujian Tulou". The locals used whatever materials they had available to develop all sorts of earth buildings in the mountainous areas. Square and round buildings were also found, and some had octagonal, pentagonal and even elliptical or crescent-moon shapes. In the old days, stories described the earth buildings as unique to the Hakka people, and many stories refer to the buildings as "Hakka Tulou." Later, the same type of building were discovered in the Luzhou and Quanzhou areas, where the Minnan people lived. The earth buildings were integral to the livelihood of the community and were social areas, but also good for defending from foreign invaders. In order to protect the residents, the structures were built high up, and were multilayered to get a better range of view. A round building was more convenient for the Fujian people than a square building and had a 360 degree range of view, this made it ideal for vigilant communities.
Looking at the model, can you explain why the soft, flat strips need to be crossed and attached to each other?
Earth Building StructureMulti-AngleScientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
45 Brainstorming
46 Parts List x36 1 9 14 15 25 426 x6 x6 x6 x6 x18 x12 3 2×2×6 ×6 1
47 12 4 Earth Building Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 48 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Make your own Fujian Earth Building with no crosssection on the wall, how is it different? Now make an Earth Building in a different shape. Try squares, octagons, pentagons and hexagons. What do you notice?
49 Brainstorming
A cable-stayed bridge is sometimes referred to as a sloping bridge or a slanted bridge. The concept of the original slanted bridge can be traced back to the 17th century. In Venice there was a partial bridge supported by a diagonal line. The first slanted bridge was built in Switzerland in 1784 and was supported by a cablestayed sling. This early type was a wooden, cable-stayed bridge.
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Cable-stayed bridges can have a very long span and do not need many piers. They can do this because the mechanical stress of the diagonal pull is carefully calculated. When the cable is pulled from the pylon to the deck, an oblique tension is generated, and the vertical component of the tension resists the gravity of the bridge, keeping everything upright. The height of the pylon determines the vertical force component. The higher the pylon, the greater the vertical force becomes which makes the horizontal force relatively smaller. Having more support strands moves the load from the bridge to the pylon. This prevents bending and breaking in the bridge. The height of the pylon needs to be proportionate to the length of the bridge.
Tension Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
The main structure of an inclined bridge is the bridge deck, the pylon and the slanting cable. The bridge deck is supported by one or more pylons and slings. The sling bridge has three types, (i) the radiation type, where the steel cables are connected to the top of the pylon from different points on the bridge surface, (ii) the parallel connection type where each steel cable is fixed to a point of a different heights on the pylon (making each cable parallel to the others) and, (iii) the sector shape, which is very close to the parallel type, except that the spacing between the steel cables is more like a fan. The last one is the type you will be building in this lesson!
Why is the cable-stayed bridge known as the bridge that is not afraid of floods?
BridgeCable-Stayed
50 Parts List 3 6 x37 1 4 7 8 16 24 25 214 15 x9 x2 x12 x16 29 x2 x7 x16 x2 x2 x4 x1x4 5 4 1 2 ×2 ×3 ×4 79 8 6
51 13 Cable-Stayed Bridge 13 14 12 1011 ×2 ×2 Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 52 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to pinch each cable with your hand, observe any differences in weight or tension between the blocks that support each bridge segment. Try to replace the steel cable on the cablestayed bridge with a rope, what is the difference? Can you make a cable-stayed bridge with two bridge towers?
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of the triangular structure that is the base of the Burj Al Arab Hotel?
Marine architecture: The Dubai Burj Al Arab Hotel.
Artificial islands are man-made. Early artificial islands were floating structures built with wood or boulders on shallow sands. Modern artificial islands are mostly reclaimed from the sea, rather than constructed from the sea bed up. The shape, size and quantity of artificial islands vary greatly. Construction methods include: combining several natural islands, expanding existing islands, using sandbars or reefs, or directly filling a single column in adjacent waters. These structures can be used to support buildings or offshore structures such as platforms, airports, and harbors.
In the past, Dubai was a small fishing port where residents would travel by boat around the country. After extensive development, it was reclaimed from the desert. Dubai is now the world's largest artificial commercial free trade port. Sailing is a very important means of transport for Dubai, and water commerce represents the trading spirit of Dubai. In 1990, the local government wanted to construct an homage to the water trading history of the port, and the nation. Eventually, the form of a large boat sail was decided upon. The building was begun in 1994 and took two phases, the first two and a half years involved building artificial islands on the Arabian Sea. The other two and a half years was for construction of the main building. It was opened to the public in December 1999.
53 Brainstorming
Burj Al Arab Artificial Island Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
54 Parts List 4 4 x22 1 6 13 15 26 216 24 x9 25 x15 x8 x12 x6 x4 x8 x3x14 1 3 2
55 14 9 5 7 8 6 ×2 ×2 Burj Al Arab
56 13 12 11 10 ×2
57 14 14 Burj Al Arab Done
1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 58 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to place the model Burj Al Arab Hotel on a textbook or other plane. Observe which direction subsides the quickest when the surface tilts. Use some spare paper to put walls on the model of the Burj Al Arab hotel.
59 ReviewModel 11.Balance 13.Cable-StayedTableBridge 12.Earth Building 14.Burj Al Arab The theme in Lessons 11 to 14 was how to combine hard and soft structures. Use what you learned to design a Leaning Tower of MonographPisa. 315
2 CreationModel 1 DesignModel 3 Winner! ConceptDesign 60 My Artwork Evaluation
StructuresSeismic
Earthquake engineering (or seismic engineering), is part of the structural design of civil engineering projects and focuses on the various effects of earthquakes on buildings and infrastructure. First, assume the possible potential consequences of the earthquake. After, observe the relationship between the building and the surface. Then, design or modify the structure to achieve at least the minimum standards required by safety regulations. Seismic base isolation is a way of controlling dangerous building vibrations during earthquakes by raising them very slightly off the ground. This is a commonly used method.
Depending on the nature of the building, the required standards are different. Architects will build according to the regulations, using the most appropriate seismic structure.
Design Basis Earthquakes (DBE) are the maximum earthquake that a building can withstand. The estimated frequency of these earthquakes is 1 every 100-years. The largest possible earthquake is the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE).
Why not use the best seismic design for every building?
Modern housing is assessed by seismic engineers to determine the correct use of materials and building methods. Seismic assessment is divided into several parts: strata, geology, and earthquake intensity. A Safe Stop Earthquake (SSE) test makes sure that an earthquake cannot affect buildings or machinery. If the SSE limit is exceeded, machinery will shut down. Another kind is the Operational Baseline Earthquake (OBE). If the SSE seismic acceleration reaches 50% or more affecting equipment, it is referred to as an OBE. Earthquakes of this magnitude occur approximately every 25 years.
Observe structures that are commonly used around you.
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1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 64 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Pick one side of the model and push. Next push on the four corners of the structure and examine how the building responds. Is it shock-proof? How does it change when you shake it? Try to build a small house with a very stable structure.
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The Pacific Rim Seismic Zone The SeismicEurasianZone The mid-ocean ridge Seismic belt Eurastan Plate African PlateAntarctic Plate Philippine Sea Plate Pacific Plate PlateAmericanSouthPlateAmericanSouth North American Plate Plate Australia-Indian Plate ZonesApplication
SimulatorEarthquake Seismic
Earthquakes are terrifying, but not all areas experience earthquakes. Like volcanic distributions, earthquakes are mainly concentrated at the intersection of plates. There are three major earthquake zones where people experience the most frequent tremors, (i) the Pacific Rim seismic zone, which accounts for about 80% of the total number of earthquakes, (ii) the Eurasian seismic zone, extending from the Middle East to Indonesia and the Himalayas, and (iii) the mid-ocean ridge seismic belt. Of course, earthquakes can also occur in non-seismic zones, but these are infrequent.
The earth`s Surface Epicenter locationObsevation depthFocal Hypocenter distanceEpicentral
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The point where an earthquake occurs is called the vibration source, and the point where it is felt most strongly on the surface is called the epicenter. The source is deeper than the epicenter. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the magnitude of energy released during the earthquake. The amplitude of the vibration from an earthquake can affect the entire surface of the plate, including the lithosphere and the ocean that surround it. This means that when an earthquake occurs, it may also cause other problems such as tsunamis that will cause more serious damage around coastal areas.
Scientific
Earthquakes occur because of movements in the large tectonic plates which make up the Earth’s upper crust. During the movements of these plates, forces such as pushing, stretching, and shaking are generated, causing surface vibrations which we feel as earthquakes. In addition to plate movements, earthquakes can also be caused by powerful volcanoes, meteorites or even bombs; however, most of earthquake disasters are caused by tectonic movements.
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Do you experience earthquakes where you live? Is the place where you live located near one of the three major earthquake zones?
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1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 68 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to stack blocks of different heights and use the earthquake simulator to observe what happens when they shake. Now change the structure or gear ratio of the earthquake simulator. See how the vibration and sway amplitudes change.
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A “seismic coefficient” is a number that tells us about the rate of seismic horizontal acceleration. The maximum possible acceleration rate when an earthquake occurs can be estimated. Seismic resistance and the expected seismic coefficient are determined when a building is originally planned. Different countries have different regulations regarding earthquake resistance coefficients. The higher the coefficient, the stronger the earthquake resistance of the building. The calculation of the value also depends on factors like the area where the building will be located, because soil hardness, underground rock formation and distance from the fault line will all play a part. Structural technicians design buildings that conform to all these standards.
There is a saying in the seismic engineering community, “Earthquakes don’t kill people, buildings do”. More than 90% of deaths and injuries due to earthquakes occur because buildings collapse. Once a building collapses, it will cause damage to the surrounding area and anyone inside. For safety, the earthquake resistance of buildings in certain areas must be carefully Forevaluated.countries in earthquake zones, extra engineering steps need to be taken. Earthquakes are unpredictable, and in areas where there is plate activity, hundreds of earthquakes may occur every year, they are just very small. For this reason, it is very important to design buildings that are vibration and shock-resistant, especially if they are very tall. Good seismic isolation technology can protect the structure of the building, and prevent damage due to high winds.
What are the differences, advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft structures?
Seismic
& VibrationFree Structures Seismic Coefficients Scientific Application DailyApplicationDaily
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1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 74 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try putting two cups of water on the two building structures. Observe and compare how the liquid sloshes around during the simulated earthquake. Try to combine the two structures you have to make a structure that is more resistant to earthquakes.
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Dampingeffect? is one a common phenomenon found in nature. It is a characteristic that causes vibration amplitudes to decrease. As external forces are applied, the system generates a force opposite the vibration direction by itself. In nature, when we see a tree shaken by the wind, the shaking of the branches will continue to move after the gust. A damper is used to reduce kinetic energy when an object moves. It was only adopted in buildings during the 20th century. Ancient towers are fascinating and mysterious. Even now, there are some ancient structures where we do not know how they were made. With the development of modern architectural mechanics, however, reaching the sky has become increasingly possible. Nowadays, skyscrapers are everywhere in developed nations. As time goes by, we can trace the development of building technology by looking around us in a city. Skyscrapers become taller and more durable. They can overcome the threat of earthquakes and strong winds. The invention of the damper is often used to handle these two problems. At present, the world’s two largest dampers are in Asia, one is in the Shanghai Center, and the other is in the Taipei 101, in Taiwan. The latter is the only damper open for viewing by the public.
Dampers
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What other systems in everyday life use a damping
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1 2 3 AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModel 80 Hands-onExperiment CreativityHands-on Evaluation Smart Manual Web Service Try to put a coin or weight onto the damper, to provide a certain weight. Observe how the height of the damper affects the entire building during the earthquake simulation. Use some objects you have around you to find the optimal height for the damper.
81 ReviewModel 16.Seismic Structures 17.Earthquake19.DampersSimulator Lessons 16 through 19 were about earthquakes. Use what you learned to design an earthquake resistant building. Monograph 420 18.Seismic & FreeStructuresVibration-
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