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INVENTING CAN BE LEARNED
Using Gigo’s “building block” construction-based curriculum, every class has a readyto assemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual creativity. Promotes thinking outside-the-box of the traditional educational framework by learning innovation through play! We are all innately good at something, so we should take into account both individual development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.
Course levels are designed from elementary to difficult, combining a life sciencesbased curriculum with applications from daily life.
Experiment using Gigo’s “building blocks”, which can be used over and over again, saving both time and effort. We hope that kids can enthusiastically learn scientific knowledge through fun hands-on experience, developing their problem-solving abilities, as well as a positive attitude towards science. Our mission is to help children apply their newfound knowledge to daily life, furthering their innovational skills and abilities.
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Gigo Learning Lab’s complete series includes individual packages and school sets. The special features of Gigo’s Learning Lab are as follows:
7. Abnormal Liquid 8. Content and Effectiveness 10. Monograph (2) 11. Race Against Time 20. Monograph (4) 19. Floor Sweeper 18. Rainfall Warning Device 17. Being Prepared 16. Finger Pressure Switch 15. Monograph (3) 14. Composite energy vehicles 13. Fan 12. Power Tug-of-War 9. Metamorphic Solutions 4. Charging Station 5. Monograph (1) 6. Liquid Switch 3. Electric Race 2. Different Concentrations 1. EducationIndexPartsFlashlightListPhilosophy 1 39 45 9 53 17 59 23 69 31 77 2 3 41 5 49 13 57 21 65 27 73 35 Index 2
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A. Pay attention to the hole: B. B-Peg remover: C. Gear wheels: Here are a few tips for assembling and using the models. them carefully before starting. space) OK!(with space) more assembly tips, please refer to 1 AA / LR06 battery-not included. the instruction since it contains important information.
Read
Requires
1 2 3 use B side of the tool 1 2 3 1 Keep
4 Parts List : Item No. No. Description Qty. 25 C-20mm AXLE CONNECTOR 10 26 C-AXLE 5 27 C-OD56 O 2 28 C-HING 2 29 C-BULB HOLDER 2 30 C-16X MOTOR 1 31 C-METAL AIR FUEL CELL 2 32 C-MG ALLOY 6 33 C-WIRE CONNECTOR 3 34 C-WIRE CONNECTOR 3 35 C-SWITCH 1 36 C-CUBE CONDUCTOR 2 37 C-INJECTION 1 38 C-CAN 1 39 C-BRUSH 1 40 1.5V BATTERY HOLDER WITH FUSE II 1.5V BATTERY HOLDER LID III 42 C-2000mm TUBE A 1 43 C-70mm RUBBER BAND 2 44 C-7 HOLE PROLATE ROD 2 45 C-AXLE FIXING 6 46 C-OD53mm PULLEY 2 47 C-OD23mm PULLEY 2 Item No.No. Description Qty. 1 B-PEG REMOVER 1 2 C-BASE GRID 1 3 C-MOTOR AXLE 2 4 C-LONG PEG 20 5 B-SHORT PEG 20 6 C-3 HOLE ROD 4 7 C-3 HOLE DUAL ROD 2 8 C-5 HOLE ROD 4 9 C-5 HOLE DUAL ROD 2 10 C-11 HOLE ROD 4 11 C-15 HOLE DUAL ROD 2 12 C-BENDED ROD 4 13 C-5X5 FRAME 2 14 C-5X10 FRAME 2 15 C-5X15 FRAME 2 16 C-3 HOLE ROD FRONT CLOSED 4 17 C-20T GEAR 4 18 C-40T GEAR 4 19 C-60T GEAR 2 20 C-30mm AXLE Ⅱ 2 21 C-70mm AXLE Ⅱ 2 22 C-100mm AXLE Ⅱ 2 23 C-ROD CONNECTOR 2 24 C-TWO-IN-ONE CONVERTER 27061-W10-G1W7026-W10-L2W7413-W10-L2D7061-W10-Q1D7413-W10-N1D7026-W10-W5Y7346-W10-C1B7026-W10-D2R7026-W10-X1W7413-W10-J1W7413-W10-I1W7413-W10-Q1W7061-W10-V1W7413-W10-Z1W7413-W10-P1W7413-W10-X1W7413-W10-K2W7413-W10-Y1W7026-W10-Q2W7344-W10-C2D7061-W10-C1R7026-W10-L1W7125-W10-A1SK7061-W10-B1Y 7344-W10-N3S17344-W10-N1S13620-W10-A1D7362-W10-D1WR10-021155-W85-2007455-W10-C1Y7050-W85-O1R30#7363-3R30#7363-2R30#7363-17050-W85-3R7050-W85-2G7050-W85-5D7050-W85-5RM31#7363-27363-W85-E11114-W85-E1K7050-W85-6R7061-W85-F1WR12-09S7026-W10-H1O7413-W10-T1B TIPS AND TRICKS:
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D. How to insert battery: E. How to remove battery: When fixing gears onto the frame with drive axle be sure to keep a proper space (about 1mm) between the gear and the frames (Fig. 2). And try to turn the gear to ensure every gear in the gear train turning smoothly so that the least friction will be created and most efficient power transmission can be expected. Fig.1 Fig.3Fig.2 Fig.4 Using peg remover to pull peg off as Fig.3 shows. Using peg remover to pull axle off as fig.4 shows. The models will often have several gear wheels installed in a row, or gear train. In order for the models to work well, thesae gears will have to mesh well. Otherwise, the force from one gear wheel won’t be properly transferred to the next.
Conductive elements inside a linked circuit can produce a pathway. When a pathway is produced for an electric current, it can light up a bulb. Conductive elements include metals like gold, silver, copper and iron. If we were to substitute these conductive metals with tap water or mineral water, we could still light the bulb. This means that water can conduct electricity just like a wire can. This is possible because of impurities in the water. Distilled water, however, removes all impurities that are conductive ions; therefore, it doesn't conduct electricity.
Liquid Scientific Application
After using the bathroom and washing his hands, Gogo went straight over to his desktop computer to turn it on. Just as his hand touched the computer case, he felt a sudden small electric shock. What had just happened? Worried, Gogo rushed off to find his dad to check with him if it was something he should be concerned about. Instead of jumping up to check the computer, his father turned to him and asked him what he had been doing immediately before turning on the computer. Gogo told him that he had just come out of the bathroom. His dad then asked Gogo if he had dried his hands after washing them and Gogo admitted that he had indeed forgotten to do so. He wondered why his father was asking him such a strange question when suddenly he recalled what he had recently learned about in science class at school: water conducts electricity! The water on his hands had acted as a conductor and he had received a shock! He was so relieved he was okay and promised his father that he would be more careful in the future.
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Can you think of some examples of electrically conductive objects you may have seen before?
5 1 Flashlight
ConductiveElectrically
Brainstorming
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7 1 Flashlight ModelVideoOperation 4 Done
8 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Experiment with both normal and saline water. Compare how successful they are at conducting electricity. Determine whether the brightness of a light bulb is affected when chemical batteries are placed in a parallel circuit?
concentrationElectrolyteScientific Application
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Solutions are composed of solutes and solvents. When the solvent is water, it is known as an aqueous solution and the conductive solute within it is called an electrolyte. A good example of this is salt. If the solute in the water is not conductive, it is called a non-electrolyte and sugar is an example of this kind of solute. Sodium salt crystals are non-conductive, but sodium chloride solutions are conductive, because sodium chloride dissociates into free ions when submerged in water to conduct electricity. Pure water that contains no electrolytes will not conduct electricity; on the other hand, tap water and underground water aren’t examples of pure water so they can conduct electricity. When electrolytes are dissolved in water, they can produce more conductive matter and the higher the concentration of electrolytes, the greater the conductivity of the electrolyte solutions.
Different Concentrations
When using saline to conduct electricity, what factors can affect conductivity?
While researching electricity, Alessandro Volta conducted an experiment to understand the different reactivity of metals. He placed different metals into saline solutions, and then connected them in a circuit. Volta discovered that certain combinations of metals generate a current, whilst others do not. He categorized the metals based on the strength of their current (from strongest to weakest), according to the results of his experiment. This table is known as the Reactivity Series. This was an important scientific discovery. A reactivity series defines the chemical reactivity of different metals and arranges them in progression from highest to lowest. For example, the chemical reactivity of potassium is greater than sodium, which in turn is greater than calcium. So it follows that in brine mixtures, the amount of conductive ions present determine whether it is conductive or not.
Brainstorming
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11 2 Different Concentrations ModelVideoOperation 5 Done
12 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Prepare saline solutions using different concentrations of salt to determine which concentration has the best conductivity. Switch the saline solution for a sugar water solution and determine whether the chemical battery is still able to operate successfully. Provide a reason for your observations.
13 3 Electric Race Chemical Battery Scientific Application
Brainstorming
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Chemical batteries are capable of transforming chemical energy into electrical energy. Via redox reactions at their electric poles, all chemical batteries essentially use restless electrons in an external circuit to form a current. Batteries can be divided into primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells, based on their charging and discharging properties as well as the nature of their work. Alkaline batteries are primary batteries and can only be used once, as they cannot be replenished by the transformed chemicals inside them. This causes environmental issues due to the frequent need to dispose of the dangerous chemicals inside the batteries. Therefore, secondary batteries were invented. Their name refers to the ability they have to recharge the reactive substances inside them which allows the chemicals in the battery to return to their original state. An example of this is lithium ion batteries which are found in many portable electronics and provide power over and over again.
Why are there so many different materials for batteries?
During class, Gigi’s teacher introduced the history behind the first chemical battery. It was known as the “voltaic pile” and was named after Volta, the physicist who first invented it. Class that day revolved around Volta’s invention and its Gigiapplications.enjoyed the discussion, but was curious about one point. She raised her hand and asked, “Why is it that instead of using the word volta like his name, we use the word volt to describe a unit for measuring the voltage of voltaic cells?” Her teacher replied that the difference in names was simply due to differences in translations at the time and was still referring to the same person. To commemorate his contribution to the field of electricity, the physics community named voltage units “volts” and it is still what we use today.
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15 3 Electric Race ModelVideoOperation Done
16 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Observe and compare how various batteries on the market today affect the brightness and duration of light bulbs. Experiment with different kinds of metals (e.g. aluminum cans) to see which kinds have the greatest reactivity.An active metal reacts quickly and easily combines with oxygen and the oxides produced are relatively stable.
Fuel-cells are a new generation of batteries that convert chemical energy into electricity via a chemical reaction with oxygen, or another oxidizing agent. There are many different kinds of fuelcell, but hydrogen is the most common. Fuel cells function by replacement of the hydrogen ion at a cathode, with a metal. This is also the reason they are called “metal-air electrochemical cells”. For example, magnesium transforms into a magnesium ion, after releasing an electron through an electrochemical reaction. Oxygen receives the extra electron inside the solution via an “air-electrode”, and then combines with both the magnesium ion and the water to form Magnesium Hydroxide. The electrons from the conversion process reach the air electrode via an external circuit, which produces the electric current.
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Where can electricity generated by chemical batteries be used?
Interest in renewable and “green” energy sources continues to grow. One new method of generating energy is hydrogen fuel cells. These depend on an abundance of hydrogen and oxygen, and can generate electricity without producing CO2 or other undesirable exhaust fumes.
Brainstorming
Environmentally friendly charging stations require a more diversified design than conventional charging stations. Now that sunlight and wind are not the only sources of green energy, systems have to be flexible and adaptable. For example, when there is no wind or sunlight, hydrogen fuels cells must be able to maintain the required electrical load for charging stations. Currently, hydrogen fuel cells are prohibitively expensive, but as they become more widely used, costs will come down. With any new technology there is a network effect. As more people use the technology, this leads to even more people using the technology, which eventually leads to mass adoption. Thus, as more people buy and use hydrogen vehicles, more “green” hydrogen cell charging stations will become available.
17 4 Charging Station TransformationEnergyScientific Application
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19 4 Charging Station ModelVideoOperation Done 10 10 10 10 8 9 10
20 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service How long can the car move when we add 15c.c. 20% salt water into the METAL AIR FUEL CELL? Compare the differences in model performance between two chemical batteries. Place one battery in a parallel circuit and the other battery in a series circuit.
21 ReviewModel 5 3. Electric Race 2. Different Concentrations 4. Charging Station Using the theories and models you’ve learned, design a car with two power supply systems. Monograph 1 1. Flashlight
22 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
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Some machines use a liquid electrolyte solution as a switch to detect signals. An example of this is a heart rate monitor, which is worn on the chest and contains both high-tech sensors and electrodes. Before using the monitor, users have to wet the part of the skin that will make contact with the electrodes. This makes the electrolytes in the water act as a conductive switch, which allows for the detection of any electrical activity in the heart by an electrocardiogram (ECG) that is attached to the skin. The data is then sent to a wrist receiver that can sense both heart rate and blood pressure, and further evaluates the risk of having high blood pressure or a stroke, helping to prevent diseases. However, once body temperature increases, the water on the electrodes dries out, effectively turning off the switch, and causing the heart rate monitor to lose its function.
23 6 Liquid Switch
Brainstorming
Electrolytes are conductive material that can dissociate as positive and negative ions in a solution or molten state. Electrolytes are only conductive in solutions; when electrolytes are solids, the distance between their positive and negative ions is short and the attraction between them is too strong which causes them to restrict each other; that is they are non-conductive because they cannot move around freely. When electrolytes are dissolved in water, the distance between positive and negative ions expands, weakening the attraction and allowing the ions to move freely. The negative ions move to the positive pole while the positive ions move to the negative pole, making it conductive. Electrolytes dissolved in water will always be conductive, but they may not be conductive in a molten state (such as acids). To determine whether a compound is an electrolyte, the best method is to examine whether the compound is conductive when in an aqueousWhatsolution.different kinds of switches have you seen?
Scientific
Electrolyte SolutionApplication
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25 6 Liquid Switch ModelVideoOperation 67 Done
26 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Use a simple switch to power the chemical battery. Observe and take note of how long the battery is able to power the bulb for, once the switch has been pressed. Think of possible ways one could inject saline without touching the needle.
The teacher agreed that this was a good idea and had everyone test the water. After the bulb didn’t light up, everyone knew the problem lay with the sugar.
Brainstorming
Gogo’s teacher told everyone to first put the sugary syrup into a petri dish. After the water had evaporated, everyone removed the sugar crystals from the dish. At room temperature, they placed the sugar into the same water that was tested in the previous experiment. This time, the solution didn’t conduct electricity.
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During an electrolyte conductivity experiment in class, Gogo discovered that sugar syrup could make his bulb light up. However, his book said that sugar is non-conductive which confused himWhengreatly.he asked his teacher she said that there were two possible reasons for the results - either the water or the sugar contained electrolytes which conduct electricity. Gogo suggested running another experiment that tested the water’s conductivity to see if the problem had something to do with the water.
27 7 Abnormal Liquid Diversity ElectrolytesofScientific Application
Electrolytes can be divided into both strong and weak types, usually depending on the degree to which the electrolyte (chemically) dissociates. Acids, alkalis, and salts that completely dissociate in aqueous solutions, such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride, are known as strong electrolytes. Weak acids and bases, such as acetic acid and ammonia, are known as weak electrolytes as they only partially dissociate in aqueous solutions. Some electrolytes can conduct electricity only in either a molten or a solid state, while others can conduct electricity in both a molten state or an aqueous solution. A third category can only conduct electricity in an aqueous solution.
What liquids can you think of from your daily life that may be electrolytes?
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29 7 Abnormal Liquid ModelVideoOperation 3 Done
30 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Select several common liquids on hand and see whether they can successfully power the chemical battery. Mix two or more liquids together and determine if this has any effect on the performance of the electrochemical batteries.
Electrolytic Solution ContentApplication
The battery most commonly used in motorcycles is the flooded lead-acid battery. This battery is made from lead and its oxide, and uses diluted sulfuric acid as its electrolytic solution. After being used for some time, distilled water must be added in order to maintain the electrolytic content at a dilution of 2228% sulfuric acid. During regular usage, it is necessary to pay attention to the battery fluid level. If the level is too low, this means that there is not a sufficient amount of electrolytic solution which will impact the efficacy of its power supply. To resolve this problem, more water would need to be added to the battery. The electrolytic solution plays a primary role in a battery. Therefore, inventing new types of electrolytic solutions that could possibly shorten the charging time of a lithium-ion battery is a very important task.
Scientific
There are two circumstances where referencing electrolytic solution content applies. The first is when referring to the quantity of a solution present; the second refers to the concentration of a solution. Applying different concentrations and quantities of salt water into a metal fuel battery won’t achieve a greater level of efficiency in its electrical output.
31 8 Content and Effectiveness
Brainstorming
Additionally, extending battery power time is nearly impossible, as the accumulation of reactants increases the internal resistance of the battery, even when a higher concentration or a greater amount of saline is added. Sometimes, the battery time even decreases. Therefore, in the metal fuel cell field, developing technologies where the reactant will automatically separate from the battery, thus ensuring the battery can provide a long and stable power supply, is always a niche of invention patents.
Do you think the period of time it takes for an electrolytic solution to start functioning can be altered?
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33 8 Content and Effectiveness ModelVideoOperation 5 Done
34 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Prepare two samples of the same concentration of saline, but in different quantities.Now apply two chemical batteries and observe the difference in their operating time. Apply some new saline into a chemical battery that has been used once before. Does the battery keep functioning?
Scientific Application
New environmentally-friendly energy standards require the cessation of the production of any harmful substances that may pollute the environment. As a result, magnesiumaluminum alloy, commonly found in fuel cells, is being inspected for whether or not it complies with these requirements.
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Magnesium fuel cells use salt water, as saline is neutral and does not cause the discoloration of litmus paper. After a magnesium fuel cell is used to generate electricity, it produces a white powdery substance. This substance is called magnesium hydroxide. If the magnesium fuel cell is used long enough to produce a sufficient quantity of magnesium hydroxide, it forms a suspension in the electrolytic solution and thus transforms the originally neutral solution into an alkaline. At this point, the red litmus paper turns blue, indicating that a reaction has occurred.
pH Electrolytes
SolutionsMetamorphic
Brainstorming
What happened to the original electrolytes after ceasing all activity?
Magnesium fuel cells produce magnesium hydroxide, a white crystal or powder that is insoluble in water. After the magnesium fuel cell is used, its metal plate can be extracted and cleaned which involves removing the magnesium hydroxide powder produced inside. A suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water is known as a magnesium hydroxide emulsion. Due to it being an alkaline substance, it turns red litmus paper blue. Magnesium hydroxide is used to treat constipation and it is found in many antacids. It’s also widely used as a flame retardant. Due to the fact that the byproduct of a magnesium fuel cell has so many potential uses, magnesium fuel cells are not considered to be an environmental pollutant.
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37 9 Metamorphic SolutionsModelOperationVideoDone
38 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Use some litmus paper to test changes in the electrolytes of a chemical battery from the moment the battery is turned on until the moment it is turned off. How will the results of your test differ if you swap out the electrolytes for different ones?
39 ReviewModel 10 6. Liquid Switch 8. Content and Effectiveness 7. Abnormal Liquid 9. Metamorphic Solutions Using the models and principles you’ve learned, design a series circuit. Use two different electrolytic solutions to act as salt bridges for the electrochemical battery, so that it generates enough electricity to light the lamp. Monograph 2
40 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
Scientific Application
A magnesium fuel cell is actually a sheet of magnesiumaluminum alloy immersed in an electrolyte fluid. During an electrochemical reaction the magnesium plate acts as an anode, losing electrons through oxidation to form magnesium ions. The electrochemical reactions occurring in the magnesium fuel cell gradually decrease over time. This allows the magnesium fuel cell to be used as a timer. Once the magnesium is fully consumed, the reaction is complete and that is when the timer stops. What methods are there for observing time?
Brainstorming
41 11 Race Against Time
Whilst watching an interesting program on shipbuilding, Gigi noticed a small silverywhite substance on the side of one of the boats. It, however, did not occur anywhere where red rust-proof lead paint had been painted onto the boat. Gigi went to ask her grandpa about this strange phenomenon. Grandpa said that it was related to the electrochemical corrosion of the metal. While this same electrochemical reaction can be useful as it supplies power to help people, the electrochemical reaction can also subtly occur under certain conditions like this one and cause Duedamage.tothe long periods of time a ship spends in seawater, the iron hull acts just like a battery. Electrochemical reactions occur in the hull as the highly active metals act as an anode, which oxidizes the iron hull, accelerating rust and reducing the ship’s life. Therefore, blocks of zinc are applied to both the stern and the submersible parts of the ship’s hull, so that when electrochemical corrosion occurs, the zinc blocks corrode first, as zinc is more reactive than iron. Using zinc as a “sacrificial anode” thus saves the iron hull from the effects of corrosion.
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Electrolytic Reaction
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43 11 Race Against TimeModelVideoOperation Done
44 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Run two chemical batteries with the same ratios simultaneously. Observe and record the data to compare their duration. Modify the model and change its activating time.
Using a piece of magnesium alloy, a chemical battery can provide 1.5V of electricity, at a steady current of 300~500mA, for over 20 hours. If two chemical batteries are placed in series, their combined voltage would exceed 3V, and could generate electricity for longer than two conventional or rechargeable batteries. This makes chemical batteries stronger and more environmentally friendly. Do chemical batteries produce electricity efficiently?
Tug-of-WarPower
45 12 Power Performance Scientific Application
Brainstorming
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Traditional methods of using fuel to generate electricity, such as burning coal, indirectly use the thermal energy released from a chemical reaction to produce steam. This steam is able to spin a generator, producing electricity as a result. So much energy is lost during this conversion process, though, that only about 3% of the original energy can be effectively used. Generating power from fuel cells eliminates these complex procedures. Fuel cells do not need to push a turbine in order to power equipment, so their energy performance is twice that of conventional forms of generating power. As a result, many countries are constructing new fuel cell power plants at an astonishing rate, and are intending for them to go into operation on a commercial scale. This new type of power generation has the potential to significantly reduce air pollution, as well as solve the issue of an uneven or inadequate power supply. Due to the modern design of these power plants, there is no noise or pollution, so even nearby residents often remain unaware of the plant’s existence.
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47 12 Power Tug-of-War ModelVideoOperation 5 Done
48 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Simultaneously connect the chemical battery and the conventional battery to the motor.Observe how the series power supply differs from the single power supply. Determine what the results would be if the two power supplies were each connected to a motor and tested for their pulling force?
49 13 Fan Chain Reaction Scientific Application
Is there any way we can increase the motor’s output power?
A special kind of fan that many people are familiar with is one that has three adjustable speed modes: low, medium and high. This system of providing an adjustable function is different from regular fans. The adjustable speed system we use here simulates the design of both battery cells and battery packs. Each electrochemical battery is seen as a battery cell. When the fan operates at “low” speed, the battery pack utilizes one battery cell; when the fan operates at “medium” speed, the battery pack utilizes two battery cells; and when the fan works at “high” speed, it requires more electricity and so the battery pack utilizes all three battery cells.
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Brainstorming
Nowadays, laptops, automatic tools, and energy storage equipment all require batteries as their main or backup power source. Usually the required battery pack is very large. However, regular electrochemical batteries are limited by their material properties - each battery can only produce a specific electrical output and that capacity is usually small. Resources need to be well thought out and Inorganized.order to meet this demand, battery designers change every battery into a “battery core”. After detailed planning, assembling, production and testing, all battery cells are packed together as one battery pack. Some battery packs are even added to control circuit boards - this is what we commonly see in all-in-one battery sets. From the outside, it looks just like one battery, but inside, it actually consists of many battery cells. These cells are connected together, amplifying the synergetic effect, which in turn, increases the volume of electricity from the battery pack.
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51 13 Fan ModelVideoOperation 5 Done
52 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Observe the differences in the movement of a motor connected to a series power supply, both before and after turning the supply on. Switch the order of the two power supplies and observe any differences in the motor’s movement.
Gogo went to the hospital with his grandmother. As they were in a rush, they took a taxi to get there. The car was very quiet and comfortable, so Grandma mentioned that to the the taxi driver and then exclaimed, “This must be a luxury vehicle!”
The driver showed Gogo the taxi’s dashboard, and asked if he noticed anything special about it. Gogo found the dashboard of the hybrid car to be really different from traditional cars. On the dashboard, it not only showed the tachometer and the speedometer found in traditional cars, it also showed a hybrid system indicator. Gogo was really intrigued by it all.
Think of other ways we could possibly run cars should our oil supplies become deplete
53 14 Hybrid Energy Scientific Application
energyCompositevehicles
Brainstorming
The driver explained that the car was a hybrid car. The reason it was so quiet was because it was being powered by electricity. Gogo was really curious, so he asked the driver, “How can we tell the difference between a hybrid car and a regular car since they look the same from the outside?”
Hybrid cars are vehicles which have two distinct energy supplies. Hybrid cars in the market today use a combination of an internal combustion engine and a battery-driven electric motor to move.Since hybrid cars use more than one power supply source, the design of its drive system can compensate for the disadvantages of each individual power supply source, providing greater overall efficiency. For example, internal combustion engines have a power output range where they are most efficient. If the internal combustion engine is combined with an electric motor, this can adjust the engine’s load. This allows the engine to operate in its optimum range, thereby saving fuel.
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55 14 Composite energy vehiclesModelOperationVideo5 Done
56 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Replace the normal battery with a seriesconnected electrochemical battery. Observe and record any operating time changes. Create a device which allows the car’s two sets of power packs to supply electricity at different times.
57 ReviewModel 15 11. Race Against Time 13. Fan 12. Power Tug-of-War Use the theories you have learned and the models you have built to design a hybrid car with a lamp holder. Monograph 3 14. Composite energy vehicles
58 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
Effect Scientific Application
59 16 Finger Pressure Switch
Piezoelectric
Manual control switch-operated cranes are commonly found in working environments that require the lifting of heavy objects. When workers need to move things, they can do so with the manual control switch, which allows them to easily transport things by crane both quickly and safely.
The buttons on the manual control switch were intentionally designed to be very solid. They don’t damage easily if there is any collision. The crane is activated only when the button on the switch is pressed down by someone’s finger. If they remove their finger from the button, the crane stops operating. Each button on the manual controller has its own function. With this controller, the user can operate the crane just by using one hand. In addition, the operators don’t need to be near the moving objects or the crane, which keeps them safe.
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Some materials, such as potassium tartrate crystals, exhibit the piezoelectric effect. When its crystal structure is deformed due to a mechanical stress, a voltage charge is generated. These kinds of materials are usually used to produce piezoelectric chips, an element in piezo switches. Its surface, i.e., the interface that a user sees, can be printed as required. Piezoelectric chips are embedded in an insulated layer. This insulating layer is placed in between two pieces of conducting foils, which act as switch contacts. On the bottom of the switch, there is a carrier plate which supports the whole module. When we lightly touch the piezoelectric switch, the motion causes a change of voltage output from the switch element.
What other applications in daily life could be controlled by the button?
Brainstorming
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61 16 Finger Pressure Switch 5 4 6 27mm
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63 16 Finger Pressure SwitchModelOperationVideo9 Done
64 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Determine the number of times you can pressurize the model within a 30-second time frame. How many times does the gear rotate as a result? Design a circuit structure that only operates once when pressed.
Once, when Gigi kindly accompanied her grandfather to the hospital, she was surprised to learn from one of the nurses that there was a power outage at that time.
While a power outage may affect a hospital’s general electric system, suspending part of the lighting and air conditioning, the sustained power supplied by the backup generators ensures that important medical instruments, clinical management centers, and other facilities are unaffected.
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Interestingly enough, Gigi noticed that despite the power outage, the lights in the hospital were still on. Gigi wondered aloud to her grandfather whether a battery was
65 17 Standby Power Scientific ApplicationBeing Prepared
Grandparesponsible.said that this was not from a battery supply. Every day in hospitals, many patients require emergency help or need to be operated on and because of this, a hospital cannot be allowed to suffer from a loss of power. Therefore, hospitals use diesel generators as a backup power source to sustain a steady supply of power in the event of a power outage.
Brainstorming
Most UPS look like a box and are comprised of batteries, circuit boards, and relays. Once installed, an AC supply is first connected to the UPS, which is then connected to a computer. Usually, the UPS battery is used to maintain a fully-charged state. Once the circuit board detects a power failure or a difference in AC voltage, it quickly switches over to the connected battery-powered supply. The DC in the battery changes into AC, allowing the UPS to supply the computer with emergency power for a ten minute buffer time, avoiding any loss of information or damage to the system.
What emergency measures does your family have in place for the event of a power outage at home?
Offices commonly use uninterrupted power systems (UPS) as backup power supplies.
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68 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Record how long your backup power supply can move the motor after the battery is removed. Design a mechanism that makes the backup power supply automatically start once the battery is dead.
69 18 Rainfall Warning Device
Gogo was watching the news one night when a report came on about a particular area that had been devastated by flooding over the past few days. The heavy rains had even led to multiple landslides and many people had been Watchinginjured.
Think of some methods we could use to determine the volume of rainfall.
Rainfall warning devices can monitor rainfall volume as well as detect the pH level of rain, via a rain gauge and a counter.
footage from the horrible disaster, Gogo recalled the theory behind chemical batteries that he had learned about in school. If the rain could be turned into a solution for a chemical battery, then it would be possible to build a generator which produced electricity whenever it rained. The generated electricity could serve as an early warning system. Such a device could operate on a chemical battery instead of a conventional power supply. As a result, people would be able to evacuate before a huge disaster, avoiding unnecessary casualties. Determined, Gogo started to build a model to experiment with.
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Generally, if the volume of rainfall reaches 50mm in a single day, it is considered “heavy rain”; if it exceeds 350mm, it’s considered “extreme torrential rain”. When there is extreme torrential rain, the possibility of landslides in mountainous areas, or of flooding in low-lying land, is very high. The pH of rain is generally at around 6. When the pH is below 5, it has become acid rain. Acid rain impacts crop growth and rusts external metal building materials. A similar device could be used as a monitoring system for the water level in a dam.
Application for Chemical Battery Scientific Application
Brainstorming
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71 18 Rainfall Warning DeviceModelOperationVideoDone 4
72 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Record how much rain the gauge should collect before activating the chemical battery. Adjust the volume of water to determine the water volume needed to activate the chemical battery.
73 19 Eco DevicesFriendlyScientific ApplicationFloor Sweeper Brainstorming
The role that devices play in our daily lives is growing increasingly more important. Generally, eco-friendly devices are required to have low CO2 emissions and be energysaving. Promoting environmentalism through selecting and recycling eco-friendly devices is a way to avoid wasting energy. This is especially important since a huge amount of alkaline batteries are produced each year, but few are ever recycled. Rechargeable devices can be seen as eco-friendly as they prevent the pollution problems that stem from single-use batteries. For example, buying a rechargeable razor or facial cleanser over regular battery-operated ones is more eco-friendly.
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Gigi noticed that there were two big spinning brushes at the front of the machine. While the brushes were spinning, they would draw in the trash on the ground and make it disappear! Gigi was curious and asked her mom, “If this floor sweeper is like a vacuum cleaner, why is it so much quieter than the one we have at home? Also, the one we have at home has a plug, but this floor sweeper appears to be wireless.”
What machines could have their power sources replaced with green energy?
Her mom replied that this kind of floor sweeper is actually a kind of motor vehicle designed to be quiet. It is driven by an accumulator, which is why it doesn’t require a plug while sweeping the floor. At the same time, it’s able to keep a stable and quiet noise level. The outdoor floor sweeper can also attach a solar panel to its roof which makes it even more environmentally friendly.
Gigi and her mother were at the grocery store one day when she noticed a really big machine nearby. She had never seen anything like it before, so she stopped to check it out.
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75 19 Floor Sweeper ModelVideoOperation 5 6 Done
76 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Record how long a floor sweeper can last on an electrochemical battery. Think of ways to possibly extend how long the floor sweeper can operate for.
77 ReviewModel 20 16. Finger Pressure Switch 18. Rainfall Warning Device 17. Being Prepared 19. Floor Sweeper Use the models and theories you have learned to create a common household appliance that is driven by green energy. Monograph 4
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