Using Gigo’s “building block” construction-based curriculum, every class has a readyto assemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual creativity. Promotes thinking outside-the-box of the traditional educational framework by learning innovation through play! We are all innately good at something, so we should take into account both individual development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.
Experiment using Gigo’s “building blocks”, which can be used over and over again, saving both time and effort. We hope that kids can enthusiastically learn scientific knowledge through fun hands-on experience, developing their problem-solving abilities, as well as a positive attitude towards science. Our mission is to help children apply their newfound knowledge to daily life, furthering their innovational skills and abilities.
Gigo Learning Lab’s complete series includes individual packages and school sets. The special features of Gigo’s Learning Lab are as follows:
Course levels are designed from elementary to difficult, combining a life sciencesbased curriculum with applications from daily life.
5.4.3.2.1.
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INVENTING CAN BE LEARNED
Index 7. Glasses 8. Zoom Spotlight 10. Monograph (2) 11. Telescope 20. Monograph (4) 19. Microscope 18. Simple Microscope 17. Hand-Held Zoom Lens 16. Reducing Glass 15. Monograph (3) 14. Upside-Down World 13. One-Handed Telescope 12. Hazy Reflection 9. Magnifier 4. Morse Code 5. Monograph (1) 6. Projector 3. Marquee 2. Caged Bird 1. Whipping Top Parts List EducationIndex Philosophy 1 39 45 9 53 17 59 23 67 31 75 2 3 41 5 49 13 57 21 63 27 71 35 Appendix Paper card 77 2
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A.
TIPS AND TRICKS: When fixing gears onto the frame with drive axle be sure to keep a proper space (about 1mm) between the gear and the frames (Fig. 2). And try to turn the gear to ensure every gear in the gear train turning smoothly so that the least friction will be created and most efficient power transmission can be expected. Fig.1 Fig.3Fig.2 Fig.4 Using peg remover to pull peg off as Fig.3 shows. Using peg remover to pull axle off as fig.4 shows. The models will often have several gear wheels installed in a row, or gear train. In order for the models to work well, thesae gears will have to mesh well. Otherwise, the force from one gear wheel won’t be properly transferred to the next. Pay attention to the hole: B. B-Peg remover: C. Gear wheels: Here are a few tips for assembling and using the models. Read them carefully before starting. NG! (without space) OK! (with space) Qty.
1 B-PEG REMOER 1 2 C-BASE GRID 2 3 C-150mm RACK 2 4 C-LONG PEG 30 5 B-SHORT PEG 30 6 16 7 C-3 HOLE DUAL ROD 6 8 C-5 HOLE ROD 12 9 C-5 HOLE DUAL ROD 6 10 C-11 HOLE ROD 12 11 C-15 HOLE DUAL ROD 6 12 C-BENDED ROD 16 13 C-5X5 FRAME 8 14 C-5X10 FRAME 4 15 C-5X15 FRAME 4 16 C-20T GEAR 4 17 C-40T GEAR 4 18 C-60T GEAR 2 19 C-80T GEAR 2 20 C-30mm AXLE II 6 21 C-70mm AXLE II 6 22 C-100mm AXLE II 4 23 C-CRANK 2 24 C-TWO-IN-ONE CONVERTER 10 25 C-20mm AXLE CONNECTOR 15 No. Description Item No. Qty. 26 C-AXLE 10 27 C-WORM GEAR 1 28 C-HINGE 2 29 C-SHADING LENS 2 30 C-AXLE FIXING 10 31 C-GENEVA DRIVE WHEEL 2 32 C-GENEVA DRIVEN WHEEL 2 33 C-LED 1 34 C-SHAFT A 2 35 C-SHAFT B 2 36 C-40R CONVEX LENS 2 37 C-40R CONCAVE LENS 2 38 C-300R CONVEX LENS 1 39 C-170 R CONVEX LENS 2 40 C-FOG LENS 1 41 C-10R OBJECTIVE LENS 1 42 C-3V BATTERY HOLDERⅡ C-3V/4.5V BATTERY HOLDER LIDⅡ 43 C-EYEPIECE 1 44 C-EXTENSION TUBE 1 45 C-EYEPIECE BASE 2 46 C-FIXING RING 2 47 C-OBJECTIVE LENS BASE 2 48 C-GLASS SLIDES AND COVER SLIPS 2 49 C-BIOLOGICAL SLIDE(FLY WING) 1K41#7368-1K41#7368-27368-W10-F3D7368-W10-E4D7368-W10-E3D7368-W10-E2D7368-W10-E1D7363-W10-H3Y7363-W85-I17368-W85-F7368-W85-E7368-W85-D7368-W85-C7368-W85-B7368-W85-A7368-W10-H2D7368-W10-H1DE40-081243-W10-A1S1243-W10-A2S3620-W10-A1D7368-W10-D6D7061-W85-F1W7344-W10-A1W7026-W10-H1O7413-W10-T1B7061-W10-G1W7063-W10-B3S17413-W10-L2D7061-W10-Q1D7413-W10-N1D7328-W10-G2O7026-W10-W5Y7346-W10-C1B7026-W10-D2R7413-W10-J1W7413-W10-I1W7413-W10-Q1W7061-W10-V1W7413-W10-Z1W7413-W10-P1W7413-W10-X1W7413-W10-K2W7413-W10-Y1W7026-W10-Q2W7344-W10-C2D7061-W10-C1R7061-W10-T2D7125-W10-A1SK7061-W10-B1YC-3 HOLE ROD For more assembly tips,please refer to How to remove batteryHow to insert battery 1 2 3 4 Using the B side of the Peg remover press firmly into the space under the clip of the 3V/4.5V BATTERY HOLDER LID. Put the HOLDERBATTERY3Von the table. Incline the 3V/4.5V BATTERY HOLDER LID as shown, without applyingforce. 2 AA batteries are required. Allow the lid to close and rest on the clip. Press down in the placeindicated until you hear a click. Requires 2 AA / LR06 batteries-not included. Keep the instruction since it contains important information. 1
Parts List : No. Description Item No.
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Why can light form a rainbow with multiple colors?
Scientific
5 1
In ancient times, people believed that white was the color of purity and that white light was a monochromatic light that could not be decomposed. In 1558, Giambattista della Porta conducted an experiment that demonstrated how seven colors appear when sunlight passes through glass. He believed that the colors formed gradually when white light passed through glass of different thickness and that light would remain naturally white. Although this concept turned out to be wrong, it provided Sir Isaac Newton a basis from which to work and draw his own conclusions. In 1666, Newton drilled a hole in the wall of a dark room to let sunlight enter a prism and emit colorful light. The experiment didn’t actually prove anything aside from the fact that the results of previous past experiments had been correct. Newton thought that it would be interesting to mix colors and turn them into white light, but no one had attempted to perform such an experiment before. And so, Newton conducted his own experiment by letting different colors of light enter another inverted prism which then recombined into original white light. This experiment proved that white light is really composed of many colors.
Brainstorming
Newton’s dispersion experiment using a prism divided white light into seven main colors; namely, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. We can conduct an inverse experiment by drawing seven colors on a circular piece of cardboard and then inserting a rotation axis in the middle of the board to create a spinning top. We can observe the rotation of the seven colors which turn white despite the cardboard’s low weight and the spinner’s fast rotation.
Whipping Top The ColorPrimaryofLightApplication
6 x1 3 x4 4 x1 5 x1 8 17 x1 18 x1 19 x1 20 x1 21 x1 10 x1 12 x1 15 x1 16 x2 5 3 4 12 70mm P. 77 Paper Card of The Three Primary Colors of Light Parts List
7 1 Whipping Top ModelVideoOperation 6 Done
8 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Spin the top quickly and see if you can make the color card on the top turn white. Use different colors on the top card and observe what happens when it is rotated.
Brainstorming
9 2 Caged Bird Visual Persistence Scientific Application
What other combinations can you think of that could possibly achieve the same effect as the caged bird or the fish in water?
Gogo met Gigi by chance while out for a walk with his mother. He saw that Gigi was spinning a paper model that showed the image of a caged bird. When Gigi stopped, Gogo realized that it wasn’t actually the picture of a caged bird at all, but rather two separate images - one of a bird and one of a cage! Gogo was amazed and let out an exclamation of surprise. Gigi laughed and promised him there was nothing wrong with his eyes, that it was just a special toy called a thaumatrope. Gogo turned to his mother and asked her why it had looked like the bird was in the cage. His mother explained: “When the human eye sees the bird or the cage, the image doesn’t disappear immediately. This phenomenon is called “visual persistence” and so when the images overlap it looks like the bird is in the cage. Gogo excitedly asked Gigi how she had made it because he couldn’t wait to get home and make his own one to play with.
The lights we use in our daily lives flicker more than 100 times each second, but we cannot perceive this. This is another effect of visual persistence.
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Visual persistence is a visual effect caused by light on the retina of the eye. When the effects of light cease, this phenomenon causes the image to remain on the retina for a short period of time - approximately 1/16th of a second. The moving images in cartoons, television, and movies are based on this principle. In order to make images move in a smooth continuous motion and reduce flicker, movies need 24~30 images per second.
10 ×4 x1 2 7 20 x1 22 x1 23 x1 x1 8 x2 9 x1 12 x4 14 x2 16 x1 18 x2 4 x6 5 3 4 2 1 30mm 100mm Turn over ※ P. 77 Paper Card of Caged Bird Parts List
11 2 Caged Bird ModelVideoOperation 67 Done
12 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Observe the speed of the spinning model to see how the rotation speed affects the visual effect. Draw different images on a piece of white paper and see which images have the best effect.
Brainstorming
Think of some cartoons you may have watched before and discuss the theory behind the creation of animation.
Scientific Application
13 3 Marquee
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Image and Vision
At the end of the 19th century, British photographer Eadweard J. Muybridge, who had emigrated to the USA, successfully captured every motion made by a horse in full stride during a horse race. He was able to take photos of running objects using multiple cameras, and produced continuous images showing sequences of movement. He then displayed them on a rotating glass disk he had invented called a zoopraxiscope. This projector was capable of displaying a moving image and could control the rotation of the glass disk. The lamp could project individual peripheral images continuously and quickly onto the screen while it rotated. This made the images appear to be moving and was considered the earliest modern film.
A trotting horse lamp is called a Marquee. A lobed wheel is installed inside of a paper lantern with human and horse figures drawn on it. A candle or lamp is lit under the lobed wheel and the hot air rises and causes crossventilation which enables the lobed wheel as well as the image of the lantern to rotate. Although the moving images are not truly animated, they do keep changing. At the beginning of the 19th century, the phénakisticope was invented. It was considered an improvement on the trotting horse lamp. This device was an open-type roller with figures drawn inside and a hollowed out area spaced evenly around the rim. It gave the illusion of dynamic images as they were rotated when the roller was turned manually.
14 x1 2 31 x1 32 38 x1 47 x1 13 x5 14 x2 16 x1 18 x2 19 x1 20 x3 21 x1 23 x1 3 4 2 1 30mm 30mm 30mm ※ P. 77 Paper Card of Marquee 70mm Parts List
15 3 Marquee ModelVideoOperation 1 5 6 7 300R 2 1 Done
16 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Focus your attention on one spot of the marquee and note the effect. Illustrate another interesting story for your marquee.
17 4 Morse Code Light Application Scientific Application
Brainstorming Morse code is the most basic cryptographic technology in the world. It is composed of characters, figures and symbols with short and long tones as well as a flashing light in different rhythms. Given the simplicity of Morse code, people use it during times of war or in the case of emergencies. For instance, people can send distress signals or an SOS signal using Morse code during marine disasters. Despite the development of modern computer technology, all navy, shore and ship personnel need to be familiar with Morse code even if it is not commonly used. A warship can send signals to an ally when it needs to keep its radio mute or when performing a particular task.
DailyApplicationDaily
How do you communicate with others in your daily life?
An old story tells of how a warship had lost its way and while searching for directions, the captain suddenly saw a flashing light in front of him. In order to avoid collision, he commanded his crew to send a light signal to the other party using Morse code and surprisingly, the latter responded with the same signal. Then the captain sent a message, "This is the captain, please change your course." Since he was a high-ranking officer, he hoped that the other party would give way but instead, it responded, "This is the coastguard, please divert your course". As the warship got closer, the captain got really angry and threatened the other party which then responded with a light signal and message, "This is a lighthouse, please divert your course." And with that, the captain had no choice but to change his course immediately.
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19 4 Morse Code ModelVideoOperation 70mm Done
20 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Work with your partners and use the Morse code meter to send a code.Now have the other party guess your code. Design a set of simple signal codes.
21 ReviewModel 5 1. Whipping Top 3. Marquee 2. Caged Bird 4. Morse Code Use the models and principles you’ve learned to design a flickering light that can be aimed in various directions. Monograph 1
22 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
In the late 19th century the term "film" was coined by Thomas Alva Edison and it was considered a new form of art. However, Edison’s invention had certain limitations - it was considered impractical due to its size and only one person could use it as a time. It was the French Lumiere Brothers who improved upon the concept and are regarded as being the ones who brought about a real breakthrough in the development of motion pictures. Their projector was equipped with a 35mm perforated film with a traction mechanism and an intermittent mechanism with a rotating shutter. Light was illuminated through a blocking mechanism, like a propeller blade that used a shutter, to illuminate an image. At the same time, it allowed for synchronous rotation as it utilized the intermittent movement of the traction mechanism, thus keeping it stationary when the film was lit, but shifting it forward to the next frame as the shutter closed and it became dark.
How is film presented on the screen?
Interaction of Light and Shadow Scientific Application
23 6 Projector
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The resulting film image was vivid and in line with visual perception. The retina of the eyes lingers for about 1/10th of a second, and so clear dynamic images seem to appear on the screen.
Brainstorming
Inspired by Muybridge's invention, Edison assigned his most brilliant employee, William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, to the task of working on the development of the kinetograph. The kinetograph projector had an incandescent bulb that illuminated the images using a rotation shutter located underneath the film. It allowed viewers to watch the film inside the machine, but it was mostly used for personal viewing unlike the movies created for a large audience. The manual projector made the images dim due to the rolling motion similar to that of a conveyor belt.
24 24 x2 31 32 34 x2 35 x2 45 x1 4 x3 12 x4 15 x2 16 x2 20 x1 21 x3 23 x1 7 x3 8 x1 3 12 ×4 30mm 70mm ※ P. 77 Paper Card of Projector Parts List
25 6 Projector ModelVideoOperation 70mm 70mm Done
26 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Use an empty projector film and draw a series of interesting figures that you will present as a short film. Use a notebook or the corner of a book and draw a series of drawings to demonstrate the way the illusion of continuous motion is created when the pages are flipped.
The world’s first pair of glasses were riveted glasses that appeared in the 1260’s in Italy. They were constructed out of two pieces of curved glass surrounded by round wooden frames with the two lenses connected with rivets.
The frames of glasses also evolved over time, with the earliest glasses being handheld lenses that later developed to glasses that sat on the bridge of the nose or were held at the end of a long rod.
27 7 Glasses Lenses Scientific Application Brainstorming
What other functions do glasses have aside from adjusting vision?
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Glasses can correct many visual problems, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, presbyopia, astigmatism, and strabismus, but they cannot cure these conditions which is why some people wear contact lenses or have resorted to having laser surgery done. At the beginning of the previous century, the development of glasses became more focused on improving their functional design and now, with the addition of pleasing aesthetics, they’ve developed into what they are today - not only mankind’s most important tool to aid vision, but also an appealing fashion accessory.
During the 8th century, the Egyptians injected water into spherical glass to magnify small lettering and to watch gladiator battles; around the 10th century, European monks began to use transparent quartz or beryl to create “reading stones” to magnify handwritten manuscripts.
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29 7 Glasses ModelVideoOperation 4 Done 170R 170R This product is a simulation model. Do not wear for a long time.
30 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Switch out the lenses for different ones and take note of any changes in the effect. Think of some ways glasses can be altered to also provide protection from the sun.
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31 8 Focus Scientific Application
Lenses are transparent bodies made from transparent glass or plastic; the curved design can refract light to make it converge or diverge. Glasses, binoculars, magnifying glasses, video cameras, and camera lenses are all a type of lens. Lenses can be separated into 2 main categories: convex and concave. A convex lens has a thick center and thinner edges, such as lenticular lenses and planoconvex lenses; whereas a concave lens has a thinner center and thicker edges, such as biconcave lenses and plano-concave lenses.
During class, the teacher taught everyone about an experiment called the convex lens ignition experiment. A piece of convex glass is held in direct sunlight and then some newspaper is placed underneath. The distance between the lens and the newspaper is adjusted until a small bright dot appears on the paper. After a while, the bright spot on the paper becomes charred and ignites. The distance between the dot and the center of the convex lens is called the focus. Now, Gogo knows how to concentrate the sun’s rays onto a small area using a convex lens to reach the ignition point and cause objects to burn. However, Gogo wonders if the lens will also become hot when focusing light with the magnifying glass. Over the weekend, Gogo conducted his own experiment, but touched the lens during the experiment to check if it was heating up. He discovered that it had not become hot at all and so he realized that the lens was merely a way to change the direction of the light and focus it on one point.
Brainstorming
Think of some objects that make use of convex lenses.
Zoom Spotlight
Warning: After setting up the experiment, do not use the magnifying glass to focus the light into anyone’s eyes!
32 x1 2 33 x1 39 x1 42 x1 8 x1 10 x2 11 x2 13 x3 25 x2 5 x4 3 2 1 170R 2 1 Parts List
33 8 Zoom Spotlight ModelVideoOperation 5 4 Done
34 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Use a ruler to try and measure the distance from the center of the convex lens to its focal point. This is the focal length. Use the principles of light concentration of convex lenses to try and heat the objects.
Magnifier Convex Lens Imaging Scientific Application
35 9 Brainstorming
The lens used for magnifying real objects is called a magnifying lens. You can view enlarged objects through a lens by creating some distance between the magnifying lens and the object. A magnifying lens is mainly used for enlarging objects. It can be used for correcting presbyopia and hyperopia. An object forms an image behind the retina when people look at nearby objects. Thus, by wearing lenses with the appropriate focal length, the image of nearby objects forms behind the retina. However, a magnifying lens cannot magnify the visual angle which is why the four corners of a piece of paper would still remain at right angles no matter how much they were magnified.
Grandma thought for a while and then answered Gogo’s question: “Well, it’s called a magnifying glass because it does appear to make things bigger, but the secret is that it has to be held at just the right distance between the eye and the object for the object to remain clear and in focus.” After that Gogo tried it out and was able to hold the magnifying glass at just the right place that allowed him to see the text clearly. He also experimented with bringing other objects into focus.
DailyApplicationDaily
How can you read a book if the text size is very small?
Gogo took out his magnifying glass and placed the lens close to the newspaper to read the text. He gradually increased the distance between the lens and the newspaper and found that although the text was magnified at first, it slowly became more and more distorted and blurry as he moved the lens further away. Even when he only moved it slightly away, instead of seeing the image better, the image became smaller. So, he asked his grandmother why the lens was called a magnifier when it actually reduced the quality and size of the image.
36 x1 2 x1 3 16 x2 17 x1 21 x2 25 x1 26 x1 27 x1 38 x1 39 x1 4 x10 5 x4 7 x3 8 x4 13 x1 14 x2 15 x2 3 2 1 70mm 70mm Parts List
37 9 Magnifier ModelVideoOperation 5 6 300R170R Done
38 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Use a magnifying glass to magnify the text. How much bigger is it than the original text? If two magnifiers are used, will there be a greater degree of magnification?
39 ReviewModel 10 6. Projector 8. Zoom Spotlight 7. Glasses 9. Magnifier Use the models and principles you’ve learned to design a projector that can project images. Monograph 2
40 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
41 11 Telescope Application of Lenses I Scientific Application Brainstorming
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Coin-operated binoculars are a type of fixed set of high-powered binoculars and in Taiwan most of them require NT10 to view for 1 minute. They can often be found in scenic areas, national parks, recreational parks, and famous tourist areas. Generally, they magnify between 20-25 times as areas with these binoculars are often very wide and spacious. Coin-operated binoculars are quite clumsy with their thick steel frames and large binoculars, but this is due to the fact that at 20x magnification, even slight shakes are magnified 20 times which, if occuring frequently, would prevent us from enjoying the beauty of the scenery. This is why it is very important that they are paired with heavy, stable stands. Furthermore, good coin-operated binoculars can cost upwards of NT100,000, so the heavy stands are necessary to secure the binoculars to the ground and prevent theft. Coin-operated binoculars are often found outdoors, so they must also be able to withstand long periods of bad weather and other destructive forces of nature.Why can’t you see anything if you don’t insert coins into a coin-operated telescope?
Gigi visited Liyu Lake with her family and enjoyed the view of the mountains and lakes along the way. Upstream of the dam, Gigi saw someone using a pair of mounted binoculars to watch the boats in the distance. Gigi ran to the other set of binoculars to view the scenery around the lake but she couldn’t see anything, so Grandpa took out a NT10 coin and inserted it into the slot on the side before telling Gigi to take another look. Gigi looked through the binoculars and yelled excitedly, “I can even see the people on the boats clearly!”
42 300R x2 4 45 x1 47 x1 9 x2 12 x8 14 x1 15 x1 37 x1 38 x1 43 x1 44 x1 ×4 ×4 3 12 Parts List
43 11 Telescope ModelVideoOperation Done 4
44 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Adjust the focus of the lens barrel to see who can see furthest and clearest. Modify the model to change it from a single-eye monocular to binoculars that allow the viewer to use both eyes.
Gogo shared what he had done with his classmates and explained how he had calculated the focal length of the convex lens by adjusting the distance.
On a school trip to the museum, Gogo noticed that some paintings were hung upside down with a special little tool next to them. The tool was a piece of frosted glass and a convex lens with a ring at the bottom that could be pulled to adjust the distance between them. At first, Gogo held up the tool to look at the paintings but could only see a hazy shadow, but after reading the instructions on the side, he slowly adjusted the distance between the convex lens and the frosted glass to finally see the upside-down image correctly, right side up.
Focal Length of Convex Lens Scientific Application
Why can the convex lens flip the upside-down image?
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45 12 Hazy Reflection
Brainstorming
When light enters one medium from another medium, the light is deflected and does not travel along the original straight path; this is the light refraction phenomena. For glass bodies such as convex lenses where the center is thicker and the edges are thin, light will deflect when traveling through the glass towards the thicker side; convex lenses are round with thin edges and thick centers, so the light gathers in the center to focus on a single point in the center, forming the bright spot we call the focus. This is the principle magnifying glasses use to focus light.
46 x1 2 25 x2 39 x1 40 x1 10 x1 11 x2 12 x4 13 x2 5 x6 7 x1 9 Fogx1 5 3 4 2 1 Parts List
47 12 Hazy Reflection ModelVideoOperation 6 170R ×4 Done
48 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Use convex lenses at different angles and see if the effect remains the same. Attempt to make the image in the frosted glass clearer.
The Galileo telescope was not the first astronomical telescope to be invented, but it is the most famous one because Galileo was able to improve upon the technology and it was due to this breakthrough that the field of astronomy was revolutionized. The combination of lenses in this way creates a refracting telescope, which utilizes the convex lens of the objective lens and the ocular lens as two basic elements. When the ocular lens is concave, it is called a Galileo telescope; when the ocular lens is convex, it is called a Keplerian telescope.Whatkind of tools or methods can we use to see distant objects?
The Galileo telescope was composed of a concave lens as its ocular lens (eyepiece) and a convex lens as its objective lens; wherein the second focus of the objective lens was aligned with the first focus of the ocular lens. When parallel light radiating from a distant object enters the objective lens and follows the light path of the concave lens, it is illuminated near the second focus. The distance between the objective lens and the second focus is the focal length of the concave lens. Thus, the light passing through the concave lens forms infinite images. A rigid virtual image is viewed through the ocular lens, and the magnification is the result of the focal length of the objective lens dividing the focus of the ocular lens.
Application of Lenses II Scientific Application
Hold a lens with both hands. Place a concave lens in front of your eyes and a convex lens in front of the concave lens and then observe an object in the distance.
Now move the concave and convex lenses apart until the image becomes clear. This is the principle behind the Galileo telescope, which had a simple structure, but unfortunately only a narrow view and a low degree of magnification.
TelescopeOne-Handed
49 13
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Brainstorming
50 x4 5 9 x4 12 x8 37 x1 39 x1 43 x1 44 x1 45 x1 46 x1 47 x1 Paper-40RB 3 4 12 2 2 1 1 ×4 ※ P. 78 Optical (Paper B) Parts List
51 13 One-Handed TelescopeModelOperationVideo5 6 170R Done
52 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Discover how far you are able to observe things clearly through a telescope. Adjust the length or the lens of the telescope to see if you can see farther.
Outside the Focal Length Scientific Application
The imaging properties of convex lenses are related to the object’s position: if an object is infinitely far from the lens, the image will be a point; if the object is placed twice the focal length outside of the lens, the image will be smaller and upside down; if the object is exactly twice the focal length of the lens, the image will be upside down but the same size; if the object is placed between 1 and 2 times the focal length, the image will be upside-down and magnified; if the object is placed at double the focal length, the image will look infinitely far away (the image will not appear); if the object is placed within double the focal length of the lens, the image will be right-side up and magnified. These are the principles of the magnifying glass.
Why do so many documents point out that the objects people observe are upside-down? If they are truly upside-down, why can’t we perceive it?
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WorldUpside-Down
George Stratton, a professor at the University of California, once conducted an experiment where he built a pair of miniature binoculars that viewed everything upside down and flipped the right and left sides. When he put his hand through the left field of view, he would see his hand come in from the right side. Although the image was very clear, the experience felt surreal. Stratton discovered that his problem stemmed from his resistance to change due to his past experiences; therefore, he theorized that if someone was born with upside down vision (or at least continued to have these symptoms for long enough), they wouldn’t feel that this was abnormal. He continued this experiment for days and on the seventh day, he grew comfortable with the upside-down world and stated that the field of view environment had come to possess “a feeling of reality”.
Stratton concluded that it does not matter how the image enters the retina - if the brain can adjust visual, touch and spatial awareness uniformly, it is “perceptual adaptation”.
53 14
Brainstorming
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WorldModelOperationVideo
55 14 Upside-Down
6 Done
56 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Attempt to write your name in the upside-down world. Try making a pair of glasses that let you view the world as upside-down and try to get used to them.
57 ReviewModel 15 11. Telescope 13. One-Handed Telescope 12. Hazy Reflection 14. Upside-Down World Use the models and principles you’ve learned to design a telescope that can adjust right-side up and upside-down. Monograph 3
58 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
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Gigi went on a field trip that had been organized by the school. Upon seeing a scenic spot, she thought of all the new things she had recently learned about optics and decided to test how much she knew and understood about image formation using a concave lens.
Reducing
Glass Concave Lens Imaging Scientific Application Brainstorming
Many people are afflicted with myopia (nearsightedness) due to excessive use of electronic computer products, such as viewing a screen for long periods of time, as well as bad reading habits that put a strain on the eyes. Some of the causes of myopia are the long-term viewing of objects that are in close proximity and something called “spasm of accommodation” which is when the eye muscle remains in a constant state of contraction. This causes the eyeball to elongate and the retina to move backward in order to let remote images appear in front of the retina after the eyeball begins to focus and this leads to the image on the retina appearing blurred. The traditional correction method in treating myopia is to wear concave lenses to reduce the focusing ability of the eyeball. This principle promotes the wearing of eye glasses designed for people with myopia. These eyeglasses help disperse light toward the retina to support eye focusing. People who have myopia can still see objects clearly despite their eyes sometimes twitching after wearing glasses.
Where have you seen concave lenses in daily life?
Image formation using a concave lens is simpler than using a convex lens since a concave lens can only generate a magnified and erect virtual image. In order to test this optical phenomenon, Gigi borrowed a pair of eyeglasses from a friend who was nearsighted. She did not wear them but only held the glasses in her hand. She tried to observe her surroundings through the glasses and found that the images she saw within the glass frame appeared small no matter how near or far she held the glasses from her face.
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61 16 Reducing Glass ModelVideoOperation 4 -40R-40R Turn 90o Done
62 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Change the number and position of concave lenses to see if any differences are noted. Use the reducing glass to try and make a pair of glasses.
63 17 ZoomHand-HeldLens Focal ApplicationLengthScientific Application
Scopes (telephoto lenses) are an optical aiming tool that utilizes the concept of refraction. Similar tools use infrared, mechanical, or laser scoping systems and are utilized in places that require precise observation. The view window of scopes often includes appropriate markers that provide the user with precise estimates on how to hit their target and are often used in rifles. Currently, every nation’s standard rifles are equipped with optical scopes and they can be used under all types of environmental restrictions (e.g., bright sunlight, low light, at night) with the correct optical component.
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Why can we see clearer when we rotate the scope?
At the beginning of the 17th century, people began using optical instruments to assist in the aiming of guns as human eyesight was limited and scopes allowed clear views of faraway targets and environments. With the invention of the rifle, the range and accuracy of guns continued to increase and demand also increased for scopes to assist in long range aiming. Rifle scopes were first developed in 1837 and after countless changes and improvements, they became standard equipment on the guns of sharpshooters. The trajectory of bullets travel in a parabola so targets positioned farther away required the lifting of the barrel slightly to accurately hit their mark. The intersection of the bullet trajectory and the line of sight may change, but this difference can becorrected by adjusting the scope.
Brainstorming
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65 17 Hand-Held Zoom LensModelOperationVideo6 Done
66 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Take off the glasses and adjust the focal length to find the position most suitable for yourself. Make the positions of both lenses active to increase the adjustment range of the zoom lens.
Application of Lenses III Scientific Application Brainstorming
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Gigi began measuring the focal length of the glass bead and used optics and lens imaging principles to begin creating a simple microscope.
MicroscopeSimple
Microscopes can magnify small objects (e.g., a fly’s wings, plant cells) that are hard to see with the naked eye. The microscopes we see in our daily lives are optical microscopes that were invented by the Jansens, a father and son duo, in Holland in the 1590’s. The key to microscopes is the amount of magnification and a grasp of the focal length (level of clarity). Today, there are many different types of microscopes, primarily the electron microscope, super microscope, and scanning probe microscope. Depending on your needs, the different microscopes can be used in industries such as electronic chips, technology, and medicine.
What are some things that require a microscope to observe?
Gigi remembered that during science class, the teacher had asked everyone to observe plant cells through a microscope and she knew that a microscope had a convex lens. She had also just witnessed how the glass bead had magnified things, so following this logic, Gigi wondered if she would be able to make a simple microscope using the glass bead and a convex lens.
Gigi and her family attended a glass-blowing class at the glass museum and she discovered that the small sphere pulled out from the wand had the same characteristics as that of a convex lens - it magnified things up close and reduced and turned things upside-down from afar.
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69 18 Simple MicroscopeModelVideoOperation Done
70 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Observe whether the patterns on the NT1 coin are clear. Modify the model by removing the base stand to directly observe objects that can’t be cut (e.g., wood, skin, etc.).
An optical microscope is a tool that uses an optical lens to magnify images. It basically amplifies the incident light of an object through two convex lenses from ocular and objective lenses. Image formation by a convex lens does not have significant effect. The object needs to be placed near the focus of the convex lens for magnification, or it can be placed at a distance of about one or two times that of the focal length to obtain a magnified inverted image. Therefore, in lens application and design, placing an object at a distance of about one or two times the focal length of the first objective lens can form a magnified and inverted image behind the convex lens. Placing the other convex lens in position and leaving the focus of the second lens behind the real image, i.e., the ocular lens, enables visual magnification, which is the imaging theory behind the microscope.
Application of Lenses IV Scientific Application
71 19 Microscope
From the things that we have learned, what objects are so small that we can’t even see them under a microscope?
Although not the first microscope ever invented, the most famous one has to be the one linked to its owner, Robert Hooke, who utilized the microscope to observe cells and discuss Hooke's Law (elastic springs).
Brainstorming
Hooke improved upon and designed a composite microscope composed of two convex lenses. He further utilized the microscope to conduct a series of observations and experiments, the results of which he noted in his book, “Micrographia”. He drew the image of a flea as it looks like under a microscope and brought to light a microscopic world that people had never seen before.
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73 19 ModelVideoOperation Done 11 10 7 8 9 Microscope
74 1 2 3 ExperimentHands-on CreativityHands-on Evaluation AssembledModel ExperimentComplete CreationModelSmart Manual Web Service Draw the image observed under a microscope. Try and create microscopes of different magnifications.
75 ReviewModel 20 16. Reducing Glass 18. Simple Microscope 17. Hand-Held Zoom Lens 19. Microscope Use the models and principles you’ve learned to design a telescope that can adjust right-side up and upside-down. Monograph 3
76 My Artwork ConceptDesign 2 1 3 DesignModel CreationModel Winner! Evaluation
77 Appendix Paper card (Please copy for use) L1 Whipping Top L3 Marquee L2 Caged Bird L6 Projector
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