DISCOVER DISCOVER THE THE POWER POWER OF SUNLIGHT SUNLIGHT OF
Page Order Index & Product Features
P1
Suggestions to Parents & Safety Guidelines
P2
Parts List
P3
Getting to Know the Sun
P4
Historical Development of Solar Energy
P5
Global Warming
P6
Solar Battery Principle & Types of Materials in Solar Batteries
P7
Solar Photovoltaic Systems & Photocatalysts
P8
Model 1 Helicopter
P9-12
Model 2 Robot
P13-16
Model 3 Moon Rover
P17-20
Model 4 Stag Beetle
P21-24
Model 5 Mantis
P25-29
The Advantages of Solar Energy and Future Development
P30
Product Features
˙ The new solar energy experiment kit from Gigo has an all new design that will give you a completely new form of visual enjoyment.
Design ˙ This time, Gigo has utilized a new colourful design by forsaking traditional coloured blocks and covering them with green to simulate the true appearance of insects; this will bring about a new kind of feeling. ˙ Innovative motor and gear design allows the model to simulate the actions of insects. ˙ The new high performance solar energy rechargeable battery box can be toggled to charge/discharge modes. ˙ The 40X motor and newly designed solar panel can provide 3 volts of power to move such a massive model; this is an innovative breakthrough in solar power blocks. The solar panel and battery box are conveniently linked with one cable, allowing you to drive your model at ˙ night using standard batteries.
Learning
˙ The 30-page colour manual demonstrates how to assemble 5 types of models; as well as detailed assembly steps, there are also advanced principles and application. ˙ Understand the development and application of solar energy to help children develop curiosity and awareness of the importance of this planet’s sustainability. ˙ The combination of solar energy and motors allows further understanding of why models can move through the sunlight. ˙ Various types of models will stimulate the boundless imagination and creativity of children.
Innovation 1
˙ Gigo possesses the imagination that others lack by creating a life-like insect that moves and is driven by solar energy. Children can learn and add their own experiences and thoughts and through this they will be guided to develop their individual ambition and creativity to assemble unique models. Let children play happily and safely.
Suggestions to Parents ˙ Please carefully read the safety instructions within the instruction manual. We suggest that you follow the steps in the manual in the assembly of models. Soon, you will understand how to assemble the various parts and learn how to construct various models as you wish. ˙ This set is a toy appropriate for children above 8 years of age. It can help children explore and learn the wind power through the assembly of models. ˙ Please teach your children battery precautions before they start assembling models. ˙ Do not place wires or other items in household sockets. This is very dangerous. The models are only suitable for use with rechargeable and ordinary batteries (ordinary batteries should never be recharged).
Safety Guidelines
Product Cleaning
˙ Don't expose the 3V solar panel to the high temperature bulb for a long while to avoid short circuit.
˙ Please remove the battery from the dual
˙ Please experiment with at least 60W bulb or outdoors under sunshine on sunny day. The normal electric torch is too weak to work.
parts. ˙ Do not use detergent.
battery holder before cleaning it. ˙ Use a slightly damp cloth to clean the
˙ The ordinary batteries must not be recharged. ˙ Only re-chargeable batteries can be charged under the supercision of an adult.
Dual battery holder
˙ Do not mix chargeable and non-chargeable batteries. ˙ Only the recommended batteries are to be used. ˙ The polarity of the batteries must always be observed. ˙ The terminals of a battery must be disposed of as hazardous waste. ˙ Follow the recycling instructions given on the battery. ˙ Remove the batteries when not planning to use the device for a long period of time.
Caution Incorrect use of batteries may cause leakage, which could damage the surrounding environment, cause a fire or result in personal injury.
Warning This set of toys is not suitable for children under three years old. Young children might swallow the small parts. Keep toys in a place that children can't reach.
2
PARTS LIST
3
1
2
3
x2
x4
x1
4
x3
5
6
7
8
x3
x7
x4
9
10
11
x4
x2
x2
x4
19
20
21
22
x1
x1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
x4
x4
x4
x4
x1
x1
x4
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
x3
x8
x4
x4
x8
x1
x2
x1
x1
x6
x14
x10 x7
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
x2
x1
x1
x2
x1
x1
x2
x2
x1
1
Dual rod (bottom no hole)
2
Dual rod (side 2-hole)
3
5-Hole rod
4
3-Hole rod
5
6
3-Hole rod (side 2-hole)
7
90 degree converter (R)
8
90 degree converter (L)
9
Bended rod
10
13-Hole curved prolate rod
5-Hole dual rod
11
Square frame
12
7-Hole prolate rod
13
7-Hole round rod
14
3-Hole round rod
15
Horn
16
3-hole dual rod with pegs
17
Flat triangle
18
Triangle connector
19
Hinge
20
Two-in-one converter
21
Engigoneer body
22
Flat cube
23
S gear
24
Axle connector
25
Cam connector
26
Axle
27 Peg
28
Shell half curve
29
Shell half quarter curve
30
Shell side curve (R)
31
Shell side curve (L)
32
M gear (4-hole)
33
Extra Loose peg
34
Gear fixing
35
40X Motor
36
3V solar panel
37
7cm DR. Axle
38
Dual battery holder
39
20cm tube
40
Motor axle
41
Vibro foot
42
Peg/Axle remover
Getting to Know the Sun It is common knowledge that living organisms rely on 3 elements to survive: "sun", "air", and "water". The earth we live on exists in the solar system with the sun as the centre of the solar system. The sun's diameter is roughly 1,392,000 (1.392x10 6 ) kilometres, which is 109 times the earth's diameter. It is a sphere composed mainly of hot plasma and magnetCore (absolute temperature 1,500,000°C) ic fields with a mass of 1.987x10 30 Radiation Layer kg (330,000 times the mass of earth). From a chemistry standpoint, approximately ¾ of the sun Troposphere is hydrogen while the remaining ¼ is nitrogen; other heavy elements account for less than 2% Photosphere of the sun and include oxygen, carbon, and neon. The temperature on the surface of the sun is close to 6000°C and its energy is Coronal derived from the nuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion with helium. The sun’s core burns 620 million tons of hydrogen per second. (diagram 1)
Spring Equinox (approx. March 21st)
Summer Solstice (approx. June 22nd)
(diagram 2)
Winter Solstice (approx. December 22nd)
Autumn Equinox (approx. September 23rd)
Energy from the sun provides growth nutrients for all organisms on earth through photosynthesis while also controlling the earth's climate and weather. By calculating average distance, sunlight from the sun travels 8 minutes and 19 seconds to arrive at earth. The sun has always deeply impacted the earth and in many cultures humans can be seen worshiping the sun. Correct scientific understanding of the sun only began at the beginning of the 19th century when scientists began to form an understanding of the matter that composes the sun. Up until today, mankind is still trying to understand the sun, its mechanisms for activity, and there are still massive amounts of mysteries waiting for mankind to solve.
4
Historical Development of Solar Energy The sun is a massive celestial body and the energy it produces surpasses our imagination. Throughout the history of mankind, we have attempted to utilize various types of energy; fire is known to be the earliest form of energy that man could control. Mankind used fire for lighting, cooking, or even fighting back their enemies; the earliest man obtained fire in nature but it is unknown how they were able to create fire. After many generations, today we can easily create fire with lighters, matches, or gas stoves. Furthermore, we began to think about how heat from the sun could be utilized in other places. Actually in the early 19th century scientists had already discovered the phenomenon of electricity generated by light (commonly known as photovoltaic) and this led to the invention of solar batBell Labs invented the first solar battery with value in practical applications (diagram 3) teries. Until Bell Labs in the U.S. invented the first solar battery with practical applications in 1954, many scientists tried countless experiments and failed such as 1883's first solar battery, which only had an efficiency of 1%. From the 1950s on, with a deeper understanding of semiconductors and improvements in technology, solar batteries began to see widespread applications. Today, countries such as the U.S., Japan, Israel, and Australia use many solar energy devices and governments in many other countries are promoting green energy by releasing many solar energy subsidies. For instance, installing solar panels at home can provide eligibility for government subsidies and since solar panels can store energy, surplus energy each month can be sold to power companies and let you make some money. Leaders of global manufacturing are all establishing solar energy factories and building sustainable energy power systems.
(diagram 4)
5
Global Warming Why did mankind want to develop solar energy? The primary reason is the growing problem of global warming. Global warming is due to the greenhouse effect, but what is that exactly? Greenhouses are used in agriculture to maintain temperatures in a space so that plants can grow in controlled temperatures (for example, if you want to grow tropical plants in cold Glass blocks heat regions you need a greenhouse). The ozone layer acts as a greenhouse and when radiation light and heat is reflected into space, the gases in the ozone layer absorb Solar radiation this light and heat; the ozone layer wraps around the earth and thus it maintains a certain temperature. The gases that absorb light and heat in the ozone are what we call "greenhouse gases". Surface reflection of heat
(diagram 5) The phenomenon of global warming is due to excess greenhouse gases created by mankind. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water vapour, methane (CH 4 ), chlorofluorocarbons (including CFCs, HFCs, and HCFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), and more. After the industrial revolution, emis-
HFCs Nitrous oxide
Methane Carbon dioxide
(diagram 6)
sion of greenhouse gases rose rapidly and caused the earth's temperature to increase at a rate double to a century ago. This is all from human activity such as burning fossil fuels and mass deforestation.
Now, mankind has developed green energy (including solar energy, hydro power, wind power, geothermal power) in the hope of replacing traditional energy sources and solve the global warming crisis. (The main characteristic of green energy is that it does not produce greenhouse gases.)
6
Solar Battery Principles Solar batteries use the semiconductor material silicon (Si) as a transistor and integrated circuit components to take advantage of photovoltaic effect technology (direct sunlight can produce energy). The basic structure of batteries is connecting P-type and N-type semiconductors and we call this structure a PN junction. The differing concentration Solar of carriers produce a flow field energy Electrode from N to P and when photons are absorbed by the semiconductor, the electrons generated will flow to N-type due to the N-type Load semiconductor electric field; the electric holes Electric P-type flow towards the P-type and are current semiconductor collected by the electrodes on both sides. Once they are conAntireflection film Electrode nected, electricity is produced. Solar batteries produce direct current (DC) electricity so if you want to provide electricity to the home, an inverter must be installed.
Types of Materials in (diagram 9) Solar Batteries The materials used in solar batteries can be categorized as: silicon, compound semiconductors, and organic semiconductors. The primary material silicon can also be categorized as: monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. This image shows the manufacturing Polycrystalline silicon method of representative solar batteries. Single crystal silicon batteries were the Amorphous silicon earliest developed but were flawed due (diagram 8) to a complicated manufacturing process and high cost. Later, semiconductor polysilicon batteries had a lower conversion efficiency but were much cheaper in terms of cost. Currently the market is still dominated by these two types and not amorphous silicon solar cells, which is the newest technology. The energy, materials and cost are all drastically lowered in its production and it is expected to be a solar battery with the feature of being low cost. Monocrystalline silicon
7
Solar Photovoltaic Systems Generally speaking PV systems can be separated from commercial power systems as they are unrelated and these systems that do not require supplementary power from other systems are called "independent systems". They are usually used in remote areas that have problems erecting power lines or areas that must expend transportation costs for diesel or other fuels; independent systems are highly advantageous. Solar energy system
Inverter
In Japan, PV systems have become a core system in residential homes and are seeing widespread adoption. (diagram 9)
Electricity
Residential Photovoltaic System Q&A Q: What is the maximum size for a photovoltaic system that can be installed in a standard house?
Distribution box
PV systems are suitable in regions with ample sunlight; which areas on earth do you think they are suitable?
(diagram 9)
A: If you are looking for a single or multi crystalline product for use on a flat rooftop (with consideration to forward and backwards formation of solar photovoltaic modules), it usually takes 10 square metres (approx. 3 ping) to create 1kWp using a solar photovoltaic system. If the roof is slanted, it takes approximately 7~8 square metres. Selecting different module products with varying conversion efficiencies can impact the system volume for installation; considering the same area, using a module product with higher conversion efficiency will allow for the installation of a system with higher volume.
Photocatalysts Photocatalysts Electronic
Primary hole
CO 2 Toxic organic com- break down pounds
陽光紫外線 break down
H2 O
(diagram 10)
Photocatalysts refer to the medium for touching "light" and it is a chemical reaction that promotes the effects of a substance, hence it is also known as photocatalysis. This is a subject that the scientific communities of many countries are eager to study and it appears in various ultraviolet reactive oxide semiconductors; the world is studying what type of substance can produce the maximum effect. Commonly used photocatalysts include gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and zinc
oxide (ZnO), but the most commonly used is still titanium dioxide (TiO2 ). This is because of the strong oxidizing ability of TiO2 along with its chemical stability and non-toxicity. Titanium dioxide is a semiconductor with a tri-crystalline structure using rutile, anatase, and brookite. However, only the anatase structure has photocatalytic properties. In order to have an ideal response speed, nanotechnology is required during manufacturing.
8
Helicopter
1
Model
Kit Contents 1
3
4
x1
x1
14
x3
8
10
11
12
13
x2
x2
x2
x4
x1
5
6
7
x2
x3
x4
x4
16
19
20
23
25
27
28
29
x1
x2
x5
x2
x2
x8
x1
x2
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
40
x1
x1
x5
x7
x1
x1
x2
x2
2 1
1 2
3
9
3
4
Model
1
Helicopter
5 6
7
9 8
10
Helicopter
Model
1
10
11
13
12
14
11
Model
1
Helicopter
15
Complete Dual battery holder assembly
12
Robot
Model
2
Kit Contents 1
5
6
7
9
11
14
15
19
20
x1
x2
x4
x2
x2
x4
x2
x3
x6
x2
27
30
31
32
33
35
36
40
41
x8
x1
x1
x2
x7
x1
x1
x2
x2
1
2
13
Model
3
2
Robot
4
5
6
7
14
Robot
Model
2
8
15
Model
2
Robot
9
Complete Dual battery holder assembly
16
Moon Rover
Model
3
Kit Contents 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
14
15
x2
x2
x1
x2
x1
x7
x1
x4
x2
x1
x4
16
17
18
19
20
23
26
27
28
30
31
x1
x1
x4
x7
x6
x1
x4
x7
x1
x1
x1
32
33
35
36
37
40
41
x6
x14
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
1 2 sets
2
4
3
1 3 2 17
Model
3
Moon Rover
5
6 2 sets
7 8 2 sets
1
2
1
9 2 1 1
18
Moon Rover
Model
3
11 10
12
13
14
19
Model
3
Moon Rover
15
Complete
Dual battery holder assembly
20
Stag Beetle
4
Model
Kit Contents 1
2
4
x2 x2 15
5
x1 x2
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
x7
x1
x3
x2
x4
x4
x4
x2
27
28
29
x1
x2
16
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
x2 x1
x4
x6
x7
x1
x1
x4
x2 x8
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
40
x1
x1
x2
x14
x2
x1
x1
x1
x1
1
2
2
21
1
Model
4
Stag Beetle
3 4
5
6
7 8
22
Stag Beetle
Model
4
9
10
11
2
1
12 2
13 2 sets
23
Model
4
Stag Beetle
14
Complete
Dual battery holder assembly
24
Mantis
5
Model
Kit Contents 1
2
4
x2
x4
x3
18
19
x4 x10
5
6
7
x3
x7
x4
8
10
11
13
14
15
x4
x2
x4
x4
x4
x4
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
x7
x1
x1
x3
x8
x4
x2
x8
x1
x2
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
x1
x1
x4
x8
x1
x1
x2
39
x1
40
x1
2 2 sets
1
Cut 20cm tube into two 10cm pieces
3
25
4
Model
5
5
Mantis
6
7
8
9
10
26
Mantis
Model
5
11
13
12
Hole CC Hole
14 4 sets
Hole CC Hole
15 4 sets
16 2 sets
27
Model
17 2 sets
5
Mantis
View from above
18
19
20
28
Mantis
Model
5
21
22
Complete
Dual battery holder assembly
1
29
2
The Advantages of Solar Energy and Future Development To sum up the theories mentioned, solar photovoltaic systems are bound to be the future trend in energy. The sun is mankind's permanent source of energy and it is inexhaustible. The most evident advantages are: ˙Solar energy is everywhere and has no cost. ˙Solar energy does not cause pollution or emit toxic substances. ˙Solar energy does not carry a radioactive risk or nuclear explosions, unlike nuclear power. However, there are also problems that solar energy cannot overcome and these problems are why solar energy is not more widespread. They require technology to overcome them one step at a time, such as: ˙ Solar panel devices take up a lot of area. Solar panels contain large areas but low energy density as it is quite dispersed so in order to collect sufficient energy for use, a panel with a sizable area is required. ˙ Solar energy is affected by climate and weather. At night when the sun goes down, homes that are powered by solar energy must have storage devices or they will not have electricity at night. These types of storage devices add to the burden of technology and cost. ˙ Although solar energy does not create any pollution, the creation of solar panels requires highly pure semiconductors and their creation requires massive amounts of energy. Pollution is also produced in the production process. Conclusion: Overall, solar energy is an inevitable trend but there are still many bottlenecks that must be overcome in terms of technology. This will require innovation from future scientists to lead mankind to the new field of green energy in the future!
Spherical Glass Solar Generator These are independent charging stations that support electro-mobility. The generator utilizes a spherical glass and a special geometric structure to increase the rate of energy utilization by 35% compared with current photovoltaic panels.
30
WIND TURBINE #7400 5 Models to build 77 PCS
WATER POWER #7323 15 Models to build 165 PCS
SAIL CAR #7401 6 Models to build 40 PCS
SOLAR BUGGY #7399 5 Models to build 37 PCS
SUPER WATER POWER #7375 30 Models to build 176 PCS
ULTRA LIGHT - PLANE #7402 5 Models to build 44 PCS
MADE IN TAIWAN
SOLAR MASTER #7362 22 Models to build 272 PCS
ECO-POWER #7363 22 Models to build 91 PCS
RUBBER BAND RACER #7403 5 Models to build 71 PCS