#7447 en

# 7447 355 PCS

6+ Cultivator

Disc Harrow

Hay Rake

BUILD REMOTE-CONTROLLED MODELS OF HEAVY-DUTY FARM VEHICLES

8 Seeder

MODELS TO BUILD

TABLE OF CONTENTS TIP!

You will find additional ck it out” information in the “Che , 23, 27, sections on pages 15, 19 32, 51, 58, and 65.

Safety Information............................................................ Inside front cover Table of Contents............................................................................................. 1 Safety Information.......................................................................................... 2 Kit Contents....................................................................................................... 3 Tips and Tricks................................................................................................. 4 Introduction Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering ................................................ 5 Tractors.............................................................................................................. 6 In this section, you can build a tractor and four different attachments for the tractor. You will also learn about how each attachment works and why it is important in farming.

The models: Tractor...................................................................................................................... 6 Disc Harrow ..........................................................................................................16 Cultivator ...............................................................................................................20 Seeder .................................................................................................................... 24 Hay Rake ................................................................................................................28 Combine Harvester........................................................................................ 33 Build a combine harvester and learn how it is used on a farm to harvest crops.

The model: Combine Harvester............................................................................................. 33 Farm Truck .................................................................................................... 52 Build a farm truck, which is used to move materials around a farm, and learn about how farmers use remote sensing technology.

The model: Farm Truck..............................................................................................................52 Windrower....................................................................................................... 59 Build a windrower and learn about how new technologies, such as drones, are being used on farms.

The model: Windrower..............................................................................................................59

TIP! Above each set of assembly instructions, you will find a teal bar: ››› It shows you the diffculty level for the model's assembly:

easy

1

medium

hard

Safety Information Warning! Not suitable for children under 3 years. Choking hazard — small parts may be swallowed or inhaled.

Store the experiment material and assembled models out of the reach of small children.

The models are intended for indoor use. Do not use your models in a sandbox.

Keep packaging and instructions as they contain important information.

Safety for Experiments with Batteries

SAFETY INFORMATION

Dear Parents and Supervising Adults, Before starting the experiments, read through the instruction manual together with your child and discuss the safety information. Check to make sure the models have been assembled correctly, and assist your child with the experiments.

We hope you and your child have a lot of fun with the experiments!

››› The wires are not to be inserted into socket-outlets. Never perform experiments using household current! The high voltage can be extremely dangerous or fatal!

FCC Part 15 Statement

››› To operate the models, you will need eight AA batteries (1.5-volt, type AA/LR6), which could not be included in the kit due to their limited shelf life.

This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

››› The supply terminals are not to be short-circuited. A short circuit can cause the wires to overheat and the batteries to explode. ››› Different types of batteries or new and used batteries are not to be mixed. ››› Do not mix old and new batteries. ››› Do not mix alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc), or rechargeable (nickelcadmium) batteries. ››› Batteries are to be inserted with the correct polarity. Press them gently into the battery compartments. See page 4. ››› Always close battery compartments with the lid. ››› Non-rechargeable batteries are not to be recharged. They could explode! ››› Rechargeable batteries are only to be charged under adult supervision. ››› Rechargeable batteries are to be removed from the toy before being charged. ››› Exhausted batteries are to be removed from the toy. ››› Dispose of used batteries in accordance with environmental provisions, not in the household trash. ››› Be sure not to bring batteries into contact with coins, keys, or other metal objects. ››› Avoid deforming the batteries.

As all of the experiments use batteries, have an adult check the experiments or models before use to make sure they are assembled properly. Always operate the motorized models under adult supervision.

After you are done experimenting, remove the batteries from the battery compartments. Note the safety information accompanying the individual experiments or models!

Notes on Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Components The electronic components of this product are recyclable. For the sake of the environment, do not throw them into the household trash at the end of their lifespan. They must be delivered to a collection location for electronic waste, as indicated by the following symbol: Please contact your local authorities for the appropriate location.

Fcc warning: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.

Note for RC car with receiver: This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment and meets the FCC radio frequency (RF) Exposure Guidelines. This equipment has very low levels of RF energy that it deemed to comply without maximum permissive exposure evaluation (MPE). But it is desirable that it should be installed and operated keeping the radiator at least 20cm or more away from person's body.

Note for hand-held RC unit: This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment and meets the FCC radio frequency (RF) Exposure Guidelines. This equipment has very low levels of RF energy that are deemed to comply without testing of specific absorption ratio (SAR).

IC Statement This device complies with Industry Canada’s license-exempt RSSs. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

(1) This device may not cause interference; and (2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.

Son fonctionnement est soumis aux deux conditions suivantes:

(1) Cet appareil ne peut pas provoquer d’interférences et (2) Cet appareil doit accepter toute interférence, y compris les interférences qui peuvent causer un mauvais fonctionnement du dispositif.

This device complies with the ISED radiation exposure limit set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This device should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and your body. This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.

Cet équipement est conforme avec l’exposition aux radiations ISED définies pour un environnement non contrôlé. Cet équipement doit être installé et utilisé à une distance minimum de 20 cm entre le radiateur et votre corps. Cet émetteur ne doit pas être co-localisées ou opérant en conjonction avec une autre antenne ou transmetteur.

Simplified EU Declaration of Conformity Gigo hereby declares that the radio communication units, “Remote-Control Machines: Farm” model numbers 7447-W85-A and 7447-W85-B, conform to Directive 2014/53/EU. The complete text of the EU conformity declaration is available at the following Internet address: https://issuu.com/gigotoys/docs/_7447-doc

2

KIT CONTENTS

What’s inside your experiment kit: 1

14

13

2

15

16

27

28

3

17

18

29

36

37

38

49

50

51

39

52

4

19

30

20

31

40

53

5

41

54

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

3

29 30

Qty.

C-SHELL A LEFT C-SHELL A RIGHT C-SHELL F C-SHELL E C-SHELL J C-SHELL I LEFT C-SHELL I RIGHT C-SHELL G C-GRIPPER C-SHORT BUTTON FIXER C-LONG PEG B-SHORT PEG C-AXLE C-20mm AXLE CONNECTOR C-KNUCKLE FOR AXLE C-TWO-IN-ONE CONVERTER C-LATERAL CONVERTER C-FRONT CONVERTER C-1 HOLE CONNECTOR C-BENDED ROD C-3 HOLE ROD C-3 HOLE ROD FRONT CLOSED C-3 HOLE DUAL ROD C-5 HOLE ROD C-5 HOLE ROD FRONT CLOSED C-5 HOLE DUAL ROD C-5 HOLE DUAL ROD BOTTOM CLOSED C-3 HOLE ROUND ROD C-7 HOLE ROUND ROD C-7 HOLE PROLATE ROD

1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 8 10 100 1 8 21 2 4 4 29 2 1 6 6 2 1 2 3 5 5 5

22

Item No.

8

23

43

56

9

24

33

42

55

Description

21

7

32

Checklist: Find – Inspect – Check off No.

6

10

26

25

34

44

57

45

58

12

11

35

46

47

59

48

60

o :need: need also l als wil You Youwill AA/LR6) AA/LR6) type volt, t, type (1.5-vol eries 8 batteries (1.5 AAbatt 8 xxAA No.

7392-W10-L1G1

31

7392-W10-L2G1

32

7398-W10-C1G1

33

7398-W10-C2G1

34

7407-W10-D1G

35

7407-W10-D2G

36

7407-W10-D3G

37

7396-W10-I1B

38

7411-W10-G1D

39

7061-W10-W1TY

40

7061-W10-C1R

41

7344-W10-C2B

42

7026-W10-H1R

43

7413-W10-T1R

44

7410-W10-C1S

45

7061-W10-G1D

46

7061-W10-X1D

47

7061-W10-Y1D

48

7430-W10-B1D

49

7061-W10-V1D

50

7026-W10-Q2D

51

7026-W10-X1D

52

7413-W10-Y1D

53

7413-W10-K2D

54

7413-W10-R1D

55

7413-W10-X1D

56

7413-W10-W1D

57

7404-W10-C1D

58

7404-W10-C2D

59

7404-W10-C3D

60

Description C-9 HOLE ROD C-11 HOLE ROD C-15 HOLE DUAL ROD C-3x13 DUAL FRAME C-5X10 ARCH FRAME C-BOLT ROD WITH PINS C-5 HOLE L SHAPE ROD C-WORM GEAR C-35mm AXLE II C-60mm AXLE II C-70mm AXLE II C-100mm AXLE II C-150mm AXLE I C-AXLE FIXING C-20T GEAR C-40T GEAR C-40T SPINDLE GEAR C-OD23mm PULLEY C-OD26 O-RING C-OD8x80mm TUBE C-TUBE BOLT C-TUBE BOLT CAP C-PONTOON BASE C-WASHER B-PEG REMOVER C-TURBO TIRE RIM C-TRUCK TIRE C-RF REMOTE CONTROLLER C-RF RECEIVER C-50X PLANETARY GEARBOX

Qty. 5 8 2 2 1 9 9 2 4 5 6 9 1 2 12 7 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 4 4 1 1 2

Item No. 7407-W10-C1D 7413-W10-P1D 7413-W10-Z1D 7406-W10-A1D 7411-W10-E1O 7406-W10-B1D 7406-W10-B2D 7344-W10-A1D 7413-W10-O1D 7413-W10-M1D 7061-W10-Q1D 7413-W10-L2D 7026-W10-P1D 3620-W10-A1D 7026-W10-D2S 7346-W10-C1S 7408-W10-D1G 7344-W10-N3S1 R12-08S 7337-W16-A1D 7404-W10-G1O 7404-W10-G2O 7398-W10-E1S R12#3620 7061-W10-B1Y 7407-W10-B1O 7408-W10-C1D 7447-W85-A 7447-W85-B 7447-W85-C

TIPS AND TRICKS Here are a few tips for assembling and using the models. Read them carefully before starting.

GENERAL BUILDING TIPS

A

PEGS AND CONNECTORS

A. Place the tires on the wheels

Place a tire over each of the four wheels before you build the first model.

B. Batteries in RF remote controller Open the battery compartment by pushing on the tab on the back of the RF receiver and lifting the back panel up. Insert two AA batteries, paying attention to the polarity indicated in the compartment and on the batteries. Close the compartment again.

Take a careful look at the different assembly components. Red long pegs, blue short pegs, axle connectors, and axles all look pretty similar at first glance. When you assemble the models, it’s important to use the right ones. The blue short pegs are shorter than the red ones.

x4 pull

B

CONNECTING FRAMES AND RODS

Use the pegs to connect frames and rods.

push

AXLES

The building system contains axles (also called shafts) of various lengths. When assembling the model, always be sure that you’re using the right one.

2 x AA

C. Batteries in RF receiver Open the battery compartment by pushing on the tab on the bottom of the RF battery box. Insert six AA batteries, paying attention to the polarity indicated in the compartment and on the batteries. Close the compartment again.

PEG REMOVER

pull

C

push

D. Using the RF remote control To control a model, turn on both the motor unit and the remote control unit by moving their switches from the “off” position (O) to the “on” position (–). The lights will flash on the RF remote controller and receiver while they establish a connection. Once a connection is established the lights on the receiver will turn off and the light on the remote controller will be solid. If you are using multiple RF remote control units and battery boxes in the same area, set the remote control units to different channels and then establish connections to the battery.

When you want to take your model apart again, you will need the peg remover.

Use the narrow end of the peg remover to remove the pegs. You can use the wide end to pry out axles.

PULLEYS AND GEARS

If pulleys or gears are mounted too tightly against other components, they can be hard to turn. If you leave a gap of about 1 mm between the gear or pulley and an adjacent component, it will turn easily.

In some of the models, a washer is used to ensure this kind of spacing.

6 x AA

switch

D

E socket POWER SWITCH

E. Rc unit & socket The left side of the RC unit controls the socket on the left side of the battery box. The right side of the RC unit controls the socket on the right side of the battery box.

If you want your model to move in the opposite direction when you press one of the RC unit buttons, you can simply rotate the direction of the plug in the socket 180 degrees.

switch ON

OFF

bu on

flat

rounded

channel

4

Agriculture and Agricultural Engineering Agriculture is the cultivation of crops or the raising of animals for food or raw materials. To make farming tasks easier, farmers use many different tools and specialized equipment. Today, farmers are under increasing pressure to harvest as much as possible from their land due to climate change, population growth, and limited resources. To overcome these challenges, farmers and agricultural engineers have developed new innovations and technologies. In this kit, you will build models of some of these farm vehicles and learn about how they function.

5

Model 1 Parts Needed 1

x 1

3

4

x 1

x 2

x 3

16

17

19

20

x 4

x 2

x 4

x 26

x 2

28

30

29

x 3

Medium

2

15

6

7

x 2

x 2

22

23

24

x 1

x 2

x 4

x 2

x 4

12

27

26

x 3

x 2

x 1

x 7

x 2

x 1

x 4

45

46

47

x 4

x1

41

42

43

x 8

x 2 x 3

x 4

x 2

x 2

x 1

x 8

55

56

57

58

x 1

x 4

x 4

x 1

59

x 1

1

x 8 x 7 x 70

36

40

x 2

25

11

35

39

x 1

x 1

x 1

10

34

38

54

9

32

37

50

8

21

31

x 2

x 4

TRACTOR

48

49

x 1

x 1

#32 #32

60

x2

3

2 #32 #32

#32 #32 #32 #32

mm II 60 XLE A

4

60 AX mm LE II

60-mm axle

60-mm axle

A

A

5

6

×4 60 AX mm LE II 60-mm axle

6

TRACTOR 7

Model 1

×2 #27 #27 8

4

Step 3 Step 2

9

#32 #32

Step 1

m 0m

E XL

II

A

70-mm axle

I EI

7

L

AX

70-mm axle

mm

70

7

60mm AXLE II

10

60-mm axle

Model 1

TRACTOR

B

B

Step 1

12

11 #24

#24

Step 2

#24

#24

E XL

II

A mmaxle 100-mm 0 0

1

#27 #27 13

14

×2 15

16

8

TRACTOR

Model 1

10

0m

17

m

A100-mm XL axle EI I

18

19 20

15

0m

m

150-mm axle

9

AX

LE

I

Model 1

21

TRACTOR

35mm AXLE II

22

35-mm axle

#25

#25

Pass the blue part Pass the blue partstep through through before 3.

#32 #32

24

before step 3.

23

Step 2

#32 #32 Step 3

25

Step 1

#31 #31

#31 #31

10

TRACTOR

Model 1 #31 #31 27

26

#31

28

29 35

mm

35-mm axle

AX

LE

m 5m

3

II

B

A

30 A

B

11

A

I

EI

35-mm axle XL

Model 1

TRACTOR

32

31 #26 #26

A

33

#26 #26

B

34

35

A

B

36

12

TRACTOR

Model 1

37

38

B B AA

B

B

A

A

EXPERIMENT 1

Speeding up and slowing down?

HERE’S HOW Measure a set distance on your floor; for example, two feet. Use a stop watch to measure the amount of time that it takes the tractor to travel this set distance. Then use the instructions on page 14 to change the gear ratio of the tractor. Repeat the previous experiment with modified tractor. What happens to the time it takes for the tractor to travel this distance?

13

39

Done!

Model 1

TRACTOR

1

2 Remove wheels,gears, gears, Remove wheels, and axle and axle.

Remove gears, and axle.

Remove gears and axle

3

LE I

AX 150-mm 0mmaxle

15

4

#45 x2

#45 ×2

Replace axle, gears, Remove wheels, gears, andaxle. wheels and

Done!

14

CHECK IT OUT How do tractors produce enough traction to pull large pieces of machinery through dierent conditions, such as muddy or sandy soil?

The ability of a tractor to perform work comes from its engine. The types of engine used in tractors and cars are called heat engines, because they convert thermal energy, or the energy from heat, into mechanical energy, or the energy of motion. Heat engines accomplish this by heating up a fluid, called the working fluid Carnot heat engine

STEA M ENGIN E

The first powered farm machines used steam engines. In a steam engin e, the working fluid is water, which is heated until it becomes steam.

Water is made up of ma ny very small water molecules. When water is heated into steam, the water molecules move around faster, take up more space, and bump into their container mo re — increasing the pressu re. The steam can then be put into a sealed steam can then container which has only one surface tha t can move up and down as the steam expands an d contracts, turning the thermal energy of the ste am into mechanical energy! This sealed conta iner is called a cylinder in an engine and the pa rt that moves up and do wn is called a piston.

LOW PRESSURE

HIGH PRESSURE

Modern-day tractor engines use internal combustion engines that use a fossil fuel, usually gasoline or diesel. They are called that because fuel is ignited inside the cylinder and, just like the water in a steam engine, the exploding fuel expands, pushing on the piston. This causes the piston to turn the crankshaft, which is used to turn the wheels of the tractor.

15

Steam engines are exter nal combustion engines because the steam is sep arate from what is used to heat the steam, such as burning coal.

Model 2 Parts Needed 11

14

x2

x 1

36

Medium

18

19

28

x2

x1

x1

x2

42

45

46

10

0m

47

100-mm axle

x5

x3

x1

x3

x2

x4

2

3

×2

1 33

37

DISC HARROW

m

AX

LE

II

×2

×2 4 A. A.

5

6

7

A. A. A.

16

DISC HARROW

Model 2

8

9

Remove one rear wheel

Remove one rear wheel

Attach the disc harrow to the tractor.

100

m100-mm m A axle XLE II

10

17

Model 2

DISC HARROW

11

EXPERIMENT 2

Tilling soil HERE’S HOW

Done!

12

Set up the tractor to drag the disc harrow attachment through a thin layer of fine sand, such as in a sandbox.

Flatten the sand and then run the disc harrow attachment through the sand again but with the discs closer together.

What do you observe? What happens to the pattern formed by the discs in the sand?

18

CHECK IT OUT PREPARING THE SOIL FOR PLANTING

Compacted Soil

Ideal Soil

The physical characteristics of soil are important for the growth of plants. Soil consists of small particles of organic matter with spaces in between the particles. The size of these spaces determines the ability of soil to hold and conduct water, nutrients, and air to the roots of plants. If the soil particles are spaced too closely together (a condition called soil compaction) water and air can't pass through the soil easily. Soil compaction also makes it harder for the roots of plants to break through the soil.

Soil Solid

Water

Air

The process of preparing soil for planting is called tilling.

The best-known tillage device is the plow. In the U.S. plows have been replaced by tools that use offset discs, similar to ones used by the disc harrow, or chisels.

Plowing is done first to provide a deeper tillage, while harrowing is often carried out after plowing to provide a finer finish.

SIMPLE MACHINES: THE WEDGE Farm machines, such as tractors and disc harrows, are complex machines. To make it easier to understand and analyze them, you can break them down into a combination of many simple machines that work together.

The blade of a plow or the disc of a harrow is a simple machine called a wedge. Wedges are used to make splitting, pushing apart, or cutting materials easier. The blade of an axe is another example of a wedge.

WHAT IS A SIM

PLE M ACHIN E?

cal device that ne is a mechani A simple machi of a force. ion or magnitude ct re di e th s ge chan ll. A simple y a push or a pu A force is simpl d produces e input force an machine takes on do work. which is used to an output force, e doing work are used to mak s ne hi ac m e pl Sim easier.

19

Model 3 Parts Needed

1

Easy

12

14

15

19

22

23

28

x 18

x 2

x 6

x 1

x 4

x 2

x 2

30

32

x 2

x 1

37

42

x 1

x 1

CULTIVATOR

×4

2

×2

A.

B.

36

33

x 5

x 2 45

53

x 1

x 2

3

4

5

6

20

CULTIVATOR

Model 3 7

8

9

10

21

Model 3

CULTIVATOR

11

12 Remove one rear wheel Remove one rear wheel

100

m100-mm m A axle XLE II

13

14

Done!

22

CHECK IT OUT Just like the disc harrow, cultivators are also used for secondary tillage after a field has been plowed. However, cultivators are designed to disturb the soil surface in specific patterns so that crop plants are spared and weeds are killed.

Cultivators are attached to tractors using what is called a three-point hitch. If the cultivator needs mechanical power from the tractor, it can also be attached to a power takeoff (PTO) shaft on the tractor.

Three-Point Hitch The three-point hitch is used to attach implements to tractors. The three attachment points of the three-point hitch are positioned like the points of a triangle. The lower two attachment points are often connected to the hydraulic system of the tractor, allowing the attachment to be lifted up and down.

The three-point hitch is used because it is the simplest way to attach an implement to a tractor, in which the implement is held in a fixed position with respect to the tractor. An advantage of using a three-point hitch is that it transfers some or all of the weight of the attachment to the tractor.

Power Takeoff (PTO)

A power takeoff is a drive shaft which is connected to the engine of the tractor. It can be used to transfer mechanical power to farm implements that are attached to the tractor.

23

Model 4 Parts Needed

Easy

11

12

14

18

19

22

x 1

x 19

x 5

x 2

x 3

x 4

28

x 2

29

30

x 1

36

37

x 5

x 1

SEEDER

32

×2

23

x 2 33

x 1

x 3 47

1

x 2

50

x 1

A. A.

x 4

2

3

4

B.B.

×2 5

6 7 C.C.

8

9

24

SEEDER

Model 4

10 11

12

13

A. A.

14

15

C. C.

25

B. B.

A. A.

Model 4

SEEDER

16

17

18

Done!

26

CHECK IT OUT tering out individual A seeder sows seeds by me l, and then covering seeds, placing them in the soi h that the seeds are them up. A seeder ensure s eac and space from other planted at the correct depth eaten by birds. The and ensure s that they are not more of the seeds grow use of seeders ensure s that yield. into plants, increasing crop

pH 0

SOIL CHEMISTRY To ensure proper plant growth, soil must also have the

2

correct soil chemistry. The two fundamental factors in

3

soil chemistry are fertility and pH.

4

pH is a measure how acidic or basic a solution is. An acid is a substance that gives off hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, while bases are substances that give off hydroxide ions(OH–) when dissolved in water. You encounter many acids and bases every day. Vinegar and lemon are examples of acids, while baking soda and ammonia are bases.

The pH scale goes from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic and values above 7 are basic. Pure water has a pH of 7, which is considered neutral — neither acidic or basic.

The pH of soil is measured by mixing the soil in water and using an indicator. The indicator changes color if it is placed in an acid or base. pH is important for plant growth and health because it influences many different chemical processes. For example, pH affects the availability of different nutrients. The proper pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5.

Fertility Fertility is a measure of the nutrients available in soil, primarily the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, or NPK for short.

These three elements are vital to the growth of plants. You can often see the amount of NPK in fertilizers on their labels.

27

1

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14

Model 5 Parts Needed 11

14

12

Medium 15

18

22

19

1 23

x 4

x 21

28

30

x 2

x 2

x 10

x 2

x 2 32

41

42

x 1

x 3

x 1

54

45

x 2 46

47

x 3

x 4

m

m

70

36

x 2

x 1

39

x 2

x 2

33

LE

AX

70-mm axle

x 2

HAY RAKE

II

AX

70-mm axle

m

m

70

LE

II

A. A.

x 4

x 1

2

3

×2

4

B.B.

×4

C.

C.

B. B.

5

28

Model 5

HAY RAKE

6 7

8

70m

9 10

11

29

35mm AXLE II

35-mm axle

LE

X mA

70-mm axle

II

Model 5

12

HAY RAKE

13

14

15

16

Remove wheel Remove one one rearrear wheel

30

HAY RAKE

Model 5

17

100

m 100-mm axle mA XLE

EXPERIMENT 3

Spinning gears HERE’S HOW As the gears on the hay rake turn, look at the speed of the different gears. What do you observe about the speeds of the small gray gears and large green gears?

31

19

Done!

II

18

CHECK IT OUT

MAKING HAY Hay is made from herbaceous plants, such as grass, and is used to feed animals.

Making hay is a multi-step process.

First the hay is cut and allowed to dry in the sun. Then it is collected into long, narrow rows known as windrows by a hay rake. A hay rake works just like a garden rake that is used to collect leaves. However, the forks of the rake are driven by gears.

Finally, the hay is bundled into hay bales and stored until it is used.

SIMPLE MACHINES: GEARS Gears are used in many different devices to transfer power.

A gear is a rotating wheel that is connected to an axle and has teeth or cogs that are intermeshed with another set of teeth. Gears transfer power by changing the direction, speed, or torque of another gear.

NATURE’S GEARS Did you know ... ... that gears have been found in insects? In 2013, scientists from the University of Cambridge found gears (right) in the rear legs of the juvenile form of Issus celoptratus. The gears make it so that the insect’s legs are synchronized when it jumps. The gear mechanism also gives the insect more power when it jumps.

32

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

Parts Needed 1

x 1 14

15

x 8 x 21 28

x 4

2

3

x 1

x 2 17

18

19

x 2

x 4

x 4

x 27

30

x 9

x 2

50

x 2

39

40

x 3

x 4

x 3

31

x 3

x 5 38

4

16

29

37

Hard

x 6

53

54

55

x 2

x 3

x 1

7

x 1

x 1

8

20

21

22

x 1

x 1

x 6

32

x 5 41

6

x 9 56

12

13

x 2

x 10

x 95

x1

24

26

27

x 6

x 2

x 2

x 3

35

36

34

x 2 43

11

23

33

x 8

42

x 1

1

10

44

45

x 2

x 8

x 1 46

47

48

49

x 1

x 1

2 x 1 57

x 2 x 12

x 6

x 5

60

59

58

mm II 35 XLE A

B.

35-mm axleB.

x 4

x 1

x 1

x 4

3

x 2

4

5

6

C.C.

7

8

D. D.

E. E.

9

10

F.F.

G.

G.

#31 #31

33

×4

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

G.

11

F.

F.

H. H.

Step 2 Step 1 Push into the

Push into the last hole last hole

12

13

I.I.

#31 #31

J. 14

J. I.

K. Step 2

Step 1

Push into the

Push last intohole the last hole

15

16

17

#32 #32

70

mm

LE

II

70

mm

70-mm axle

AX

LE

60mm AXLE II

70-mm axle

AX

60-mm axle

II

34

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

18 A.

L. L.

19

A.

35m

mA

35-mm axle

XL

20 35-mm 35mm axle

EI

I

21

23 22

#31#31 #31 #31

35

AXLE II

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

M. M.

25

24

26

M.M.

27

×2

28

×4

×2

N.

×2

100

mm100-mm AXaxle LE II 29

33

30 31

O.

32

P.

36

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6

34

35 Q.

R. R.

36

37

#32 #32

39

#32 #32

38 40

#32 #32

60-mm axle

60

41

mm

AX

LE

II

S.S.

TIP!

Note the gear direction.

37

Model 6 42

COMBINE HARVESTER

43

44

70m

m AX

70-mm axle

LE II

45 70m

mA

70-mm axle

XLE

II

N.

N.

T.

Make sure that all Make sure that gears rotate smoothly

all gears rotate smoothly

38

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6

47

#32 #32

48

#18 #18

#32 #32

49

E XL 70-mm A axle mm

50

70 #36 #36

51

#19 #19 #19

#19

52

39

#32 #32

53

II

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

54

#32

#32

55 56 #18 #18

57 60 AX mm LE II 60-mm axle

60 m A60-mm XL m axle EI I

58

×2

40

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6

59

70

m

maxle 70-mm

AX

LE

II

60

61 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. 62 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

41

Model 6 63

COMBINE HARVESTER

64 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V.V. W. X. Y. Z.

65 . B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

66

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

#19 #19 67

E

L 100-mm AX axle m

0m

10

#19 #19 II

#45 #45x2 ×2

42

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6 68 #19 #19

LE 150-mm axle AX mm 50

I

1

#19 #19 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

69

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. 43

70

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

71

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. K. 72 L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

73

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A.S.B.T.C.U.D.V.E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. B. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. W. X. Y. Z.

44

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. 74 L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

75

Pulling up on the joint pin will make the head move down.

EXPERIMENT 4

Pulling down on the joint pin will make the head move up.

76

Reaping grass HERE’S HOW Drive the combine harvester through a small patch of dry grass with the front tool of the combine harvester in the down position. What do you observe happens to the grass at the front of the combine harvester as it goes over it?

45

Done!

Handle

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

1

Remove Remove

2

Remove Remove

3

4 Remove Remove

Remove Remove

46

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6

5 Remove Remove

Remove Remove

6

Remove axle Remove axle

7

Remove small Remove small gears gears

Remove Remove

Remove Remove

8

Remove Remove Remove

Remove

47

Remove large Remove large gray graygear gear

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

9

Remove Remove

10

Remove parts Remove thethe parts

11 Remove the parts

Remove the parts

Remove the parts

13

12

Remove Remove

48

COMBINE HARVESTER

Model 6 14

7070-mm mm axle A

XLE

15

II

16 17

A. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

M geaarke sur s Make thall rotasuree that atof the te ssmoothly. gears rotate mooall of thly the .

18

I AXLE 150mm 150-mm axle

#45 #45x2 ×2

49

Model 6

COMBINE HARVESTER

19 20

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

21

22

23

40

Done!

50

CHECK IT OUT The edible grain portion of crops such as wheat, corn, barley, and rye are covered by an inedible casing called chaff. To use the grain it has to be separated from the chaff. Before the use of machines this was a very laborintensive process. The combine harvester gets its name from the fact that it combines three processes in preparing grain crops: reaping, threshing, and winnowing.

The first step in the process is to cut the grass when it is ripe, which is called reaping. At the front of the combine harvester is the header, which gathers the plants into the combine. Behind the header is the cutter bar, which functions like a giant electric razor and cuts the base of the plants.

The next step is to remove the head of the stalk and loosen the grain from the chaff by threshing, which is accomplished by hitting the grain against a surface. In a combine harvester this is done by the threshing drum.

The threshing drum is a cylinder with large bars that hit the grain as the cylinder rotates at high speeds.

The grain is finally separated from the chaff by winnowing. Under the threshing drum, the grain and the chaff move over a grate. Air is blown through the chaff and grain, and the heavier grain falls through the grate while the chaff is blown toward the back of the combine.

SIMPLE MACHINES: THE SCREW Once the grain has been separated from the chaff, it is stored in a tank in the combine. When the tank is full, the grain is emptied into a trailer through a pipe called an unloader. Inside the pipe is a screw or auger conveyor which moves the grain up the tube. A screw is simply a spiral blade around a shaft. As the screw turns, it pushes the grain up along the tube.

51

Model 7 Parts Needed 2

1

11

12

x 4 x 87

13

4

3

15

x 1 x 14

16

17

18

x2

x4

x4

x3

26

27

28

29

30

x2

x2

x4

x4

x3

35

x1 45

x 10

46

36

37

x9

x8

50

x2 x6

38

7

19

x 26

21

22

x1

x1

x6

31

x5

x1

x3

x5

x2

x1

56

x4

24

x6

x1

25

II

Motor A A Motor

x1 34

x2

x2

43

42

x2 55

23

mA

E XL

60-mm axle

m

60

x8

33

x6 41

1

x1

x1

32

40

10

9

x2

20

39

53

8

x2

3

5

6

5

x2

x2

x1

x1

Medium

FARM TRUCK

44

2

x2

x6

x1

57

58

59

 x 4

x1

x1

60

x2

4

100

6

mm

150

mm

AX

150-mm axle

A100-mm XL axle EI I

LE

I

Place 20Tgears gears inmiddle. the middle.

Place the the 20T in the

52

FARM TRUCK

Model 7 8

7 9

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A.

L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

First First Second Second

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A.

L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

10

12

11

A. B. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. W. X. Y. Z.

A.B. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

Motor B Motor B

14 13 First First Second Second m II axle 35mLE35-mm AX

I

EI

53

1

XL 100-mm axle A mm 00

Model 7 15

FARM TRUCK

16

18 17

E XL 100-mm axle A m 00m

II

mm

70-mm axle

L AX

70-mm axle

mm

70

21

I

EI

1

19

I

EI

70

L AX

20

22

100-mm axle 100mm AXLE II

54

FARM TRUCK

Model 7 24 ×2 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

23

25 26 A. B. C. D. E. F. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

×2 II

29

70 m

m

AX

LE

A.70-mm B. C.axle D. E. F. G.H. H. I. J. K. 30 L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

31

32

60 m A. B. C. D.mE. F. G. H. I. J. K. AX L. M. N. O. P. Q. LR. E S. T. U. V. II W. X. Y.60-mm Z. axle

55

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.I 33 EI L AX m m 60 60-mm A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. axle L. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

Model 7

FARM TRUCK

A. B. C. D. E. 36 F. G. H. I. J. K. L.M. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

34

A. B. C. D. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. A. B. C. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

35 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M.N. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

70mm 70-mm II AXLE axle

37

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. 39

38

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. A. B. C. D. E. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. 40 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

41 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

56

FARM TRUCK

Model 7 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A. B. C. L. D. M. E. F. G.O.H. V. N. P. I.Q.J.R.K.S. T. U. 43 L. M. M. N.W. O. X. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. Y. Z. W. X. Y. Z. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

42

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

Motor MotorAA

44

MotorBB Motor

EXPERIMENT 5

Hauling materials

45

HERE’S HOW Set up an inclined plane (ramp) using materials like books and cardboard.

Time how long it takes for the farm truck to go up the incline. Then place a small heavy object in the back of the farm truck and measure the time again. What happens to the amount of time it takes the truck to go up the inclined plane?

57

Done!

CHECK IT OUT

USING REMOTE-SENSING TECHNOLOGY Modern farmers have access to much more information about their land and crops due to two important information systems : Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Using these systems, farmers are able to understand how different farming techniques influence their crops. This allows farmers to make better decisions about their land and water usage.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) The Global Positing System, or GPS, is a navigation system, which is often used for getting turn-by-turn directions to a location. Many farmers now use GPS to make maps of their fields. This can be used to plan field boundaries, roads, and irrigation systems.

GPS is also used in farm equipment, such as tractors and combine harvesters, to keep track of where they have and haven’t been. This allows farmers to follow the same path again and again with different machines. For example, after tilling the ground with a disc harrow, the farmer can follow the same path with a seeder. This ensures that the seeds are only placed in the areas that have been tilled.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) GIS is a tool used to visualize and analyze geographical data. The power of GIS comes from its ability to analyze different types of data together. For example, a farmer can combine rainfall, elevation, slope, and soil-type data together using GIS to plan drainage and irrigation in a way that will prevent flooding.

58

Model 8

WINDROWER

Parts Needed

Medium

1

2

3

4

x 1

x 1

x 2

x 3

17

18

19

20

x 4

x 4

x 29

x 1

30

31

x 4

x 5

21

22

x 1

x 6

32

x 2

x 2

41

42

45

x 1

x 3

x 6

x 2

x 8

x 8 x 1

15

16

x 7 x 79 x 3

x 7

x 2

12

25

26

27

28

29

x 6

x 2

x 1

x 2

x 3

x 5

x 5

x 2

x 2

48

49

x 1

x 1

36

35

34

51

x 1

x 2

37

x 9

x 1 50

1

14

10 11

24

46

58

8

23

x 2

x 8

40

57

7

33

39

56

6

52

x 2

x 9 53

x 2

#27 #27

38

x 2 55

x 1

2

60

59

x 4

x 1

x 4

mm

100

x 2

x 1

4 3

I

EI

L AX

100-mm axle

#32 #32

10

0100-mm mm axle AX LE I

I #32 #32

5

#24 #24

×2

6

7

70-mm axle

70

mm

AX

LE

II

#32 #32 8

9

10

#24 #24 60mm AXLE II 60-mm axle

#32 #32

59

Model 8 11

WINDROWER

12

A B C. D. E. F. A. D.K. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A. B. G. B. H.C. I. J. L. M. N. O. P. Q.L.R.M.S.N. T. O. U. P. V. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. W. X. Y. Z.

60-mm axle

60m

mA

XL

EI

I

C D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. A. B. C. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z.

14

13 #32 #32 #32 #32

16

15

×3

17

#31 #31

18

#32 #32

19

20

#32 #32

60

WINDROWER

Model 8 23 22

21

×4

35mm AXLE II 35-mm axle

60mm AXLE II

60-mm axle

25

24

×2

26

#27 #27

27

#27 #27

28 29

II

LE

70m

X mA

m 0m

70-mm axle

7

61

A

E XL

II

Model 8

WINDROWER

31

30

32

33

35

34

#31 #31

×2

#26 #26

#31 #31

36

×2

37

×2 11 mm

11mm

70-mm axle AXLE II 70mm

62

WINDROWER

Model 8 39

38

40

41

FROM

3434 FROM

38 38

FROM

39

39

43

42

44

45 Step 2

46 Step 1

63

Model 8 47

WINDROWER

48

49

50

51

UseUsethe handle to make the front the handle to make the front of the of the windrower go up and down. windrower go up and down.

52

EXPERIMENT 6

Moving materials HERE’S HOW Place small, light objects around a room.

Use the front of the windrower model to move all the objects into one area.

53

Done!

64

CHECK IT OUT

As you have learned, agricultural machinery has made farming much easier and less laborintensive. These machines have developed and changed over the last 150 years. This trend continues today with the development of new ways to automate farming using technologies such as driverless tractors and drones.

Driverless tractors are programmed to perform their tasks without the presence of a human. Driverless tractors have been developed within the last 10 years thanks to advances in computers, computer programming, and an increased reliance on GPS in farming.

Developing driverless tractors is challenging because they need to imitate human abilities such as visual observation and decision making. For example, driverless tractors must be able to determine their paths, react to unknown situations, and make decisions all in an appropriate amount of time. This is accomplished through the use of sensors that relay information to the tractor,which is then processed by complex computer programs. For example, the position information from GPS is used by driverless tractors to determine the route and speed that the tractor should follow.

DRONES

65

A new area of development in agricultural technology is the use of drones. In combination with sensors and imaging technology drones can be used to gather information about fields. For example, drones can capture infrared and visual spectrum images of crop plants. Infrared light lies beyond the visual spectrum, or the light that human eyes can see. Using these images, farmers are able to tell if plants are healthy or unhealthy.

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66

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BRIDGES & SKYSCRAPERS #7410 25 Models to build 323 PCS

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