EARTHQUAKES Its Art and Design
EARTHQUAKES Its Art and Design
Designer
Gino Santoro Project
Earthquakes, Its Art and Design Instructor
David John Scott Class
Graphic Design 1 Typeface
Univers LT Std Photography
Gino Santoro Illustration
Gino Santoro Paper
Epson Premium Matte Printer
Chum’s Binding
Perfect Bound Software
Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign
Copyright © 2014 by Gino Santoro All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at the address below. Printed in the United States of America
This book is dedicated to those who have lost loved ones during an earthquake.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Assignment 1 : Bitmaps
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Assignment
2: Photography
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Assignment
3: Custom Typeface
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Assignment
4: Conceptual Pattern
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Assignment
5: Typographic Grid
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Assignment
6: Make Your Mark
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Assignment
7: Infographics
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Assignment
8: Paper Cutouts
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Assignment
9: Wordplay
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Assignment
10: Environmental Graphics
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Assignment
11: Blind Contour
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Assignment 1
BITMAPS
Earthquakes, one of the most destructive natural phenomena, consist of rapid vibrations of rock near the earth’s surface. Because of their unpredictable occurrence and enormous capacity of destruction, they have brought fear to mankind since ancient times. A single shock usually lasts no more than a few seconds, but a series of smaller quakes may last for as long as five minutes. The quake felt on the surface is always the result, not the cause of some underground geologic process, and in many cases the damage done is immense. The Greek word for shaking, and (when applied to the earth) earthquake, is seismos. Therefore, the science of earthquakes is called seismology. Earthquakes have been recorded as early as 526 A.C., but seismology is comparatively new. Until the 18th century, few accurate descriptions of earthquakes were recorded, and little was known about what caused them. When seismology was introduced it was learned that many earthquakes are the result of sea floor spreading, but most are caused by volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics. The plate tectonic theor y explains that the earth is made up of 20 different plates that are always moving slowly past each other. This action pulls and compacts the plates, creating intense forces that cause the plates to break. This, in turn, causes 2
earthquakes. The energy released then travels along fault lines in seismic waves (World Book Encyclopedia).
Gino Santoro
Assignment 1: Bitmaps
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Earthquakes have been recorded as early
The majority of death and destruction is
as 526 A.C., but seismology is compara-
the effect of the secondary shocks. Fires,
tively new. Until the 18th century, few ac-
landslides, tsunami, falling rock, damaged
curate descriptions of earthquakes were
buildings, and damaged gas lines are just
recorded, and little was known about
a few results of secondary shocks. These
what caused them. When seismology
conditions reek havoc on earthquake cor-
was introduced it was learned that many
rupted areas, and in 1934, Bihar-Nepal
earthquakes are the result of sea floor
witnessed this first hand. During a land-
spreading, but most are caused by vol-
slide, "…an observer reported that
canic eruptions and plate tectonics.
his car sank to the axles". In 1946
The plate tectonic theor y explains that
off the coast of the Aleutians, the base of
the earth is made up of 20 different plates
a lighthouse ended up 45 feet below sea
that are always moving slowly past each
level after a tsunami wave over 100 feet
other. This action pulls and compacts the
crashed on shore.
plates, creating intense forces that cause the plates to break. This, in turn, causes earthquakes. The energy released then travels along fault lines in seismic waves. Seismic waves are either P-waves (pri-
tions as old as recorded histor y shows their effects on people’s lives. Long before scientific explanations mankind creat-
create a relatively low wave train and
ed folklore to explain them. We have come
arrive at the surface first. On the sur-
a long way for spinning yarns around the
face they create a push-pull effect, thus
campfire, but there is still no way to pre-
moving the surface up and down. Their
vent earthquakes. All in all it doesn’t hurt
low amplitude and vertical movement cre-
to learn as much as one can, but just
ate an effect much like a dangling slinky.
like taxes and pokemon earthquakes are
S-waves arrive second and are much more
something we have to live with.
combined with their horizontal movement cause crippling effects on the earth’s surface and man made structures. Earthquakes occur around us all the time. Most are too small to notice and cause little to no damage. However, every so often large earthquakes do occur. Large earthquakes leave catastrophic damage and have brought death tolls up to 850,000.
Gino Santoro
curred for billions of years and descrip-
mary), or S-waves (secondary). P-waves
damaging. The high amplitude of S-waves,
4
An earthquake is a natural occurrence; a phenomena just like rain. They have oc-
Assignment 1: Bitmaps
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 1: Bitmaps
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 2: Photography
Assignment 2
PHOTOGRAPHY Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the earth by earthquake waves. The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology. Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists. The destruction an earthquake causes, depends on its magnitude or the amount of shaking that occurs. The size varies from small imperceptible shaking, to large shocks felt miles around. Earthquakes can tear up the ground, make buildings and other structures collapse, and create tsunamis (large sea waves). Many Lives can be lost because of this destruction. Several hundred earthquakes, or seismic tremors, occur per day around the world. A worldwide network of seismographs detect about one million small earthquakes per year. Very large earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, which measured 8.6 on the Richter scale and caused millions of dollars in damage, occur worldwide once ever y few years. Moderate earthquakes, such as the 1989 tremor in Loma Prieta, California (magnitude 7.0), and the 1995 tremor in K么be, Japan (magnitude 6.8), occur about 20 times a year. Moderate earthquakes also cause millions of dollars in damage and can harm many people. 9
Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 2: Photography
THIS PHOTO WAS ACHIEVED BY CAPTURING THE EXPLOSION OF 2 WINE GLASSES LANDING ON THE TABLE TOP USING A SLOW SHUTTER SPEED.
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 2: Photography
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
THE RESULT OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IS THE DESTRUCTION OF HOUSEHOLD ITEMS. HERE, A
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WIDE SPREAD OF BROKEN GLASS WAS CAPTURED USING SHALLOW DEPTH OF FIELD.
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Assignment 2: Photography
In the last 50 0 years, several million people have been killed by earthquakes around the world, including over 240,000 in the 1976 T’ang-Shan, China, earthquake. Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused severe property and structural damage. Good precautions, such as education, emergency planning, and constructing stronger, more flexible structures, can limit the loss of life and decrease the damage caused by earthquakes. Seismologists examine the parts of an earthquake, like what happens to the earth’s surface during an earthquake, how the energy of an earthquake moves from inside the earth to the surface, and how this energy causes damage. By studying the different parts and actions of earthquakes, seismologists learn more about their effects and how to predict ground shaking in order to reduce damage. The point within the earth along the rupturing geological fault where an earthquake originates is called the focus, or hypocenter. The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter.
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Assignment 3
CUSTOM TYPEFACE
Earthquake waves begin to radiate out from the focus and follow along the fault rupture. If the focus is near the surface between 0 and 70 km (0 and 40 mi.) deep shallow focus earthquakes are produced. If it is deep below the crust between 70 and 700 km (40 and 400 mi.) deep a deep focus earthquake will occur. Shallow-focus earthquakes tend to be larger, and therefore more damaging, earthquakes. This is because they are closer to the surface where the rocks are stronger and build up more strain. Seismologists know from observations that most earthquakes originate as shallow-focus earthquakes and most of them occur near plate boundaries areas where the earth’s crust al plates move against each other. Other earthquakes, including deep-focus earthquakes, can originate in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate subducts, or moves under another plate. Faults Stress in the earth’s crust creates faults places where rocks have moved and can slip, resulting in earthquakes.
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Assignment 3: Custom Typeface
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 3: Custom Typeface
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Assignment 4
CONCEPTUAL PATTERN The properties of an earthquake depend strongly on the type of fault slip, or movement along the fault, that causes the earthquake. Geologists categorize faults according to the direction of the fault slip. The surface between the two sides of a fault lies in a plane, and the direction of the plane is usually not vertical; rather it dips at an angle into the earth. When the rock hanging over the dipping fault plane slips downward into the ground, the fault is called a normal fault. When the hanging wall slips upward in relation to the bottom wall, the fault is called a reverse fault or a thrust fault. Both normal and reverse faults produce vertical displacements, or the upward movement of one side of the fault above the other side, that appear at the surface as fault scarps. Strike slip faults are another type of fault that produce horizontal displacements, or the side by side sliding movement of the fault, such as seen along the San Andreas fault in California. Strike-slip faults are usually found along boundaries between two plates that are sliding past each other.
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Assignment 4: Conceptual Pattern
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 4: Conceptual Pattern
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
THE GRID USED FOR EACH SPREAD OF THIS BOOK IS A 12 COLUMN BY 12 ROW MODULAR GRID WITH TWO ADDED VERTICAL GRID LINES
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USED FOR THE ALLIGNMENT OF THE FOLIO.
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Assignment 5: Typographic Grid
Assignment 5
TYPOGRAPHIC GRID The sudden movement of rocks along a
S waves travel at about 3.5 km (2 mi.) per
fault causes vibrations that transmit ener-
second. S waves cause rocky material to
gy through the earth in the form of waves.
move either side to side or up and down
Waves that travel in the rocks below
perpendicular to the direction the waves
the surface of the earth are called body
are traveling, thus shearing the rocks.
waves, and there are two types of body
Both P and S waves help seismologists to
waves: primary, or P, waves, and second-
locate the focus and epicenter of an earth-
ary, or S, waves. The S waves, also known
quake. As P and S waves move through
as shearing waves, cause the most dam-
the interior of the earth, they are reflected
age during earthquake shaking, as they
and refracted, or bent, just as light waves
move the ground back and forth. (Plate
are reflected and bent by glass. Seismol-
tectonics p.133) Earthquakes also contain
ogists examine this bending to determine
surface waves that travel out from the
where the earthquake originated. On
epicenter along the surface of the earth.
the surface of the earth, Rayleigh waves
Two types of these surface waves oc-
cause rock particles to move for ward,
cur: Rayleigh waves, named after British
up, backward, and down in a path that
physicist Lord Rayleigh, and Love waves,
contains the direction of the wave trav-
named after British geophysicist A. E. H.
el. This circular movement is somewhat
Love. Surface waves also cause damage
like a piece of seaweed caught in an
to structures, as they shake the ground
ocean wave, rolling in a circular path onto
underneath the foundations of buildings
a beach. The second type of surface wave,
and other structures. Body waves, or P
the Love wave, causes rock to move hor-
and S waves, radiate out from the ruptur-
izontally, or side to side at right angles to
ing fault starting at the focus of the earth-
the direction of the traveling wave, with
quake. P waves are compression waves
no vertical displacements. Rayleigh and
because the rocky material in their path
Love waves always travel slower than
moves back and forth in the same direc-
P waves and usually travel slower than
tion as the wave travels alternately com-
S waves.
pressing and expanding the rock. P waves are the fastest seismic waves; they travel in strong rock at about 6 to 7 km (4 mi.) per second. P waves are followed by S waves, which shear, or twist, rather than compress the rock they travel through. 25
Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Assignment 6
MAKE YOUR MARK Most earthquakes are caused by the sud-
On each side of the fault, the rock shifts
den slip along geologic faults. The faults
in opposite directions. The fault rupture
slip because of movement of the earth’s
travels in irregular steps along the fault;
tectonic plates. This concept is called the
these sudden stops and starts of the mov-
elastic rebound theory. The rocky tectonic
ing rupture give rise to the vibrations that
plates move very slowly, floating on top of
propagate as seismic waves. After the
a weaker rocky layer. As the plates collide
earthquake, strain begins to build again
with each other or slide past each other,
until it is greater than the forces holding
pressure builds up within the rocky crust.
the rocks together, then the fault snaps
Earthquakes occur when pressure within
again and causes another earthquake.
the crust increases slowly over hundreds
Seismologists have been monitoring the
of years and finally exceeds the strength
frequency and locations of earthquakes
of the rocks. Earthquakes also occur when
for most of the 20th century. They have
human activities, such as the filling of
found that the majority of earthquakes
reservoirs, increase stress in the earth’s
occur along plate tectonic boundaries,
crust. In 1911 American seismologist
while there are relatively few intraplate
Harr y Fielding Reid studied the effects
earthquakes, that occur within a tectonic
of the April 1906 California earthquake. He proposed the elastic rebound theory to explain the generation of earthquakes
gists generally classify naturally occurring
that occur in tectonic areas, usually near
earthquakes into one of two categories:
plate boundaries. This theory states that
interplate and intraplate. Interplate earth-
during an earthquake, the rocks under
quakes are the most common; they occur
strain suddenly break, creating a fracture
primarily along plate boundaries.
along a fault. When a fault slips, movement in the crustal rock causes vibrations. The slip changes the local strain out into the surrounding rock. The change in strain leads to aftershocks, which are produced by further slips of the main fault or adjacent faults in the strained region. The slip begins at the focus and travels along the plane of the fault, radiating waves out along the rupture surface. 26
Gino Santoro
plate. The categorization of earthquakes is related to where they occur, as seismolo-
Assignment 6: Make your Mark
QUAKE
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
FUKUI
KOBE
SANRIKU
8.5
MINO-OWARI
8.4
SANRIKU
7.9 6.9 NANKAIDO
8
7.3 8.1
KANTO
8.1 TONANKAI
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Assignment 7: Infographics
Assignment 7
INFOGRAPHICS Intraplate earthquakes occur within the plates at places where the crust is fracturing internally. Both interplate and intraplate earthquakes may be caused by tectonic or volcanic forces. Tectonic earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy stored within the rocks along a fault. The released energy is produced by the strain on the rocks due to movement within the earth, called tectonic deformation. The effect is like the sudden breaking and snapping back of a stretched elastic band. II Volcanic Earthquakes Volcanic earthquakes occur near active volcanoes but have the same fault slip mechanism as tectonic earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes are caused by the upward movement of magma under the volcano, which strains the rock locally, and leads to an earthquake. As the fluid magma rises to the surface of the volcano, it moves and fractures rock masses and causes continuous tremors that can last up to several hours or days.
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The Study of Quakes by Gino Santoro
Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2007 This map illustrates more tha one century
of the extent of some of the most famous
i s m i cseismicity i t y o f t h einE the a r t hcontext 1 9 0 0e–t2of 7 a0D0global ofS eglobal
and damaging earthquakes in modern his-
e m a n e k a u q hand traE d/m/y shown on the map plate T h i s tectonics m a p i l l u s t r a t ethe s m Eath’s o r e t h aphysiograo n e c e n t u r ytory. o f g All l o b aearthquakes l t
relocated using a standard phy. s e iasIt igc ni toyMi n, yta b9a1l p l a t e t e were c t o n i ccarefully s im l oprovides ahnecomprehensive l ocBo n t e x3t2 /o7f0g/ 5l o0overview
a nrstrong do dt ahuec E E earthquakes r a3p/ 1h0y./ 6 I0t 9p1 r o The v i d e s aearth c o m reference premodel, thereby eliminating of 1900. -aat ih’s b m oplhoyCs i o g since 1 h ravliseIwt aoRf s t r o7n1g/ 8e0a/ r6t0h9q1u a k e s s i n c e 19 0 0 . a l A , searthquake ne a intsuiev leA o,vdensymboles gross errors and biases in location of hisare scaled proporT h e eeal irht h m b o l e1s1 /a1r1e/ 2s2c9a1l e d p r o p o r t i o n a l t o C q,uaamk ae csayt A torically important earthquakes that are oftional to the moment magnitude and theret haei sms ou m R e, n a kt tm a ha cgnnai tKu d e a3 n0d/ 2t0h/e3r2e9f 1o r e t o t h e a r e a o f ten fore area of faulting, thus providing f anual to tpianJthe g ,, i tkh u s p r o v i d i n g a b e tt e r u n d e r s t a n d i n gfound o f t h in e numerous seismicity catalogs. o-ukirnaS 2 0 / 3 0 / 3 3 91 edutingaM tnemoM s, ai zeeSs aanddn adBi s t rof i b1u0the t/i2o0nrelative hquakes in the better aai rse elnaot idvneIunderstanding / 8o3f 9e1a r tsizm aagknsiadistribution t luAd e r aani tguee l5 t o0 19/.151. / 8P3l o9 t1tin i n the g the known ,sn A. 5earthquakes esand of p t ,usrde naarles aI koaf m t h ne Ul a r g e1s0t / 4e 0 a r/ 6 t h4q9u1a k e s a l s o p r o v i d e s a n a i t umagnitude er ul A range i5.5 to 9.5. Plotting the b e tt e r aapi dpnr eI c, im a tai so snAo f t h5e1 /e8x0t e / 0n5t 9o1f s o m e o f t h e m o s t 7 known rupture area of the largest earthf aam h i s t o r y. i sos uu sR a, n a kd t ad ha cmma agKi n g e4a 0r t/ h 1 1q /u2a5k9e1s i n m o d e r n 6 a nbetter tu he q luAaprovides kl aerst nsehCo w e/ 7 m a k s a lquakes AA l,ls e n aa ri talso 9o0n/ 3t h0appreciation 5 9a1p w e r e c a r e f u l l y 9 aissuR ,sdnalsI liruK 6 0 / 11 / 8 5 9 1 7 6
Moment Magnitude
Moment Magnitude
9
8 8 8
7 9
Assignment 7: Infographics
Date y/m/d
Earthquake name
Mm
1905/07/23D a t eBolnay, Mongolia
8.5
1960/05/22
Great Chilean Earthquake
9.5
/d E a rt h q u a ke n a m e 1906/01/31 y / m Colombia-Ecuador
8.5
M m 1963/10/13
Kuril Island, Russia
8.4
1906/08/17 1 9 0 5Rat Island, B Aleutians, Alaska /07/23 o l n a y, M o n g o l i a
8.3
1964/03/28 8.5 19 6 0 / 0 5 / 2 2 8 . 5 1965/02/04 19 6 3 / 10 / 1 3
Prince William Sound, Alaska
1922/11/11 1 9 0 6Atacama, Chile / 01 / 3 1 Colombia-Ecuador
8.5
/ 0 8 / 17 RRussia a t I s l a n d , A l e u t i a n s , A l a s k8.4 a 1923/02/031 9 0 6Kanchatka, / 11 / 11 AJapan tacama, Chile 1933/03/021 9 2 2Sanriku-oki,
19 2 3 / 0 2 / 0 3 K a n ch a t k a , R u s s i a Banda Sea, Indonesia 8.5 19 3 3 / 0 3 / 0 2 Sanriku-oki, Japan 1938/11/10 1 9 3 8Aleutians, Alaska 8.3 / 0 2 / 01 Banda Sea, Indonesia 1946/04/01 1 9 3 8Unimak 8.6 / 11 / 10 Islands, A l e u tAleutians, i a n s , A l a s Alaska ka / 0 4 / 01 India U n i m a k I s l a n d s , A l e u t i a n s , 8.6 Alaska 1950/08/15 1 9 4 6Assam, 19 5 0 / 0 8 / 15 Assam, India 1952/11/04 Kamchatka, Russia 9 1 9 5 2 / 11 / 0 4 K a m ch a t k a , R u s s i a 1957/03/091 9 5 7Central Aleutians, Alaska 8.6 /03/09 Central Aleutians, Alaska 1958/11/06 1 9 5 8Kuril 8.4 / 11 / 0Islands, 6 K uRussia ril Islands, Russia
1938/02/01
6
8.6
8.3 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.3 8.6 8.6 9 8.6 8.4
Great Chilean Earthquake
Rat K u rIsland, i l I s l a nAleutians, d , R u s s i a Alaska
19 6 4 / 0 3 / 2 8 1977/08/19
P r i n c e W i Indonesia lliam Sound, Alaska Sumbawa,
19 6 5 / 0 2 / 0 4 1994/10/04
R a t I s l a nKurila d , A l eIslands, u t i a n s , Russia Alaska Shikotan,
19 7 7 / 0 8 / 1 9 19 9 4 / 10 / 0 4 2003/09/25 2 0 01 / 0 6 / 2 3 2004/12/26 2003/09/25 2 0 0 4 / 12 / 2 6 2005/03/28 2005/03/28 2006/11/15 2 0 0 6 / 11 / 1 5 2007/09/12 2 0 0 7 / 0 9 / 12
2001/06/23
Sumbawa, Indonesia Shikot an, Kurila Islands, Russia Hokkaido, A r e q u i p a Japan , Pe r u Sumatra-Andaman H o k k a i d o , J a p a n Islands S u mIsland, a t r a - A nIndonesia daman Islands Nias Nias Island, Indonesia Kuril Islands, Russia Kuril Islands, Russia Sumatra, Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia
Arequipa, Peru
9.2
9.5 88.7 .4 98.3 .2 88.3 .7 8.3 8.4 8.3 88.3 .4 89.1 .3 98.6 .1 8.6 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5
Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Assignment 8
PAPER CUTOUTS
Volcanic earthquakes occur in areas that are associated with volcanic eruptions, such as in the Cascade Mountain Range of the Pacific Northwest, Japan, Iceland, and at isolated hot spots such as Hawaii. LOCATIONS Seismologists use global networks of seismographic stations to accurately map the focuses of earthquakes around the world. After studying the worldwide distribution of earthquakes, the pattern of earthquake types, and the movement of the earth’s rocky crust, scientists proposed that plate tectonics, or the shifting of the plates as they move over another weaker rocky layer, was the main underlying cause of earthquakes. The theory of plate tectonics arose from several previous geologic theories and discoveries. Scientists now use the plate tectonics theor y to describe the movement of the earth’s plates and how this movement causes earthquakes. They also use the knowledge of plate tectonics to explain the locations of earthquakes, mountain formation, deep ocean trenches, and predict which areas will be damaged the most by earthquakes.
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Gino Santoro
Assignment 8: Paper Cutouts
THIS PIECE IS COMPOSED OF A PHOTOGRAPH OF A BUILDING CUTOUT IN TO LITTLE PIECES AND REARRANGED IN A MANNER THAT REPRESENTS THE AFTERMATH OF AN EARTHQUAKE.
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Gino Santoro
Assignment 9: Wordplay
Assignment 9
WORDPLAY It is clear that major earthquakes occur most frequently in areas with features that are found at plate boundaries: high mountain ranges and deep ocean trenches. Earthquakes within plates, or intraplate tremors, are rare compared with the thousands of earthquakes that occur at plate boundaries each year, but they can be very large and damaging. Earthquakes that occur in the area surrounding the Pacific Ocean, at the edges of the Pacific plate, are responsible for an average of 80 percent of the energy released in earthquakes worldwide. Japan is shaken by more than 1000 tremors greater than 3.5 in magnitude each year. The western coasts of North and South America are very also active earthquake zones, with several thousand small to moderate earthquakes each year. (U.S.G.S.) Intraplate earthquakes are less frequent than plate boundary earthquakes, but they are still caused by the internal fracturing of rock masses. The New Madrid, Missouri, earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 were extreme examples of intraplate seismic events. Scientists estimate that the three main earthquakes of this series were about magnitude 8.0 and that there were at least 1500 aftershocks.
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
Assignment 10
ENVIRONMENTAL GRAPHICS The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 struck San Francisco and the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18, 1906. Devastating fires broke out in the city that lasted for several days. As a result of the quake and fires, about 3,000 people died and over 80% of San Francisco was destroyed. The earthquake and resulting fire are remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States alongside the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.The death toll from the earthquake and resulting fire is the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California’s history. At the time, 375 deaths were reported. Partly because hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded, the total number of deaths is still uncertain today, and is estimated to be roughly 3,000 at minimum. Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area; nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, also suffered severe damage. In Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new outlet just north of Marina. 36
Gino Santoro
Assignment 9: Environmental Graphics
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
THIS ASSIGNMENT INVOLVED PASTING ONE OF THE DESIGNER’S PREVIOUS ASSIGNMENTS AND PHOTOSHOPPING IT ONTO A WALL AS IF IT WERE A PROMOTIONAL PIECE.
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Gino Santoro
Assignment 9: Environmental Graphics
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Earthquakes Its Art and Design
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Assignment 11: Blind Contour
Assignment 11
BLIND CONTOUR
A small swarm of earthquakes occurred from May to November of 1989 beneath Mammoth Mountain, a popular skiing, hiking, and camping resort within the caldera boundary. In the year following the quakes, trees surrounding the mountain began to die off rapidly. Initially it was thought that the tree kills were caused by insects, but when a scientist nearly fainted when he was in the area, it was soon discovered that the trees were dying because of inflated levels of carbon dioxide in the soil. Because CO2 is almost completely insoluble in magma, as magma rises towards the surface carbon dioxide is one of the most common gases effused. CO2 levels in the soil of tree kill areas reached almost 95% of the gas content in some areas, a drastically higher percentage from the normal 1% or less. Breathing air with over a 30% concentration of carbon dioxide can quickly be fatal, and because CO2 is denser than air, depressions in the ground or snow that are poorly ventilated can be ver y dangerous to human and plant life. Today, over 100 acres of trees on Mammoth have been killed, and CO2 levels are monitored periodically.
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