www.miningne.ws
af r ic an u pdates on th e
g ro un d a n d un d e rg ro un d
Exxaro
Prioritising the environment and local communities
Water savings still crucial
Enticing investors through environmental compliance
Optimising thickener efficiency
ISSN 1999-8872 • R50.00 (incl. VAT) • Vol. 10 • No. 03 • March 2017
We’ve got you covered!
Whatever your application, whatever your industry, count on Bell for lowest cost per tonne equipment solutions that deliver real value to your business. Bell Equipment - a proudly South African company committed to helping businesses realise Africa’s potential.
Strong Reliable Machines • Strong Reliable Support Tel: +27 (0)11 928 9700 • sales@bell.co.za • www.bellequipment.com
contents
a f r i c a n u p dat e s o n t h e g ro u n d a n d
u nde rground
10 Editor’s Comment 3 Positive moves
Mine water & wastewater management
Cover Story 4 Environment and communities are top priorities
21 Maintaining compliance and safe water
Africa Round-up 6 News from around the continent
Pipes, pumps & valves 25 When safety is concerned
Fossil Fuel Foundation 8 Coal estimation issues
18
Tega Industries introduces a low-maintenance system to replace impact idlers at transfer points to ensure uninterrupted travel of conveyor belts in the toughest conditions.
22 Water savings still crucial
Comminution 27 Trust goes a long way
Coal Processing 9 New lab for Overlooked Colliery
MARCH
Materials Handling 28 Optimising underground shuttle cars
10 Optimising thickener efficiency
Environmental Management 30 Phasing out ozone-depleting substances
Coal Mining 13 Saving water with no wash plant
32 Environmental compliance entices investors
Mining in Africa 15 Establishing alternative graphite production 18 New chrome plant for additional income
CONVEYOR BELTS
Market News 34 The latest news from the African
2017
ON THE COVER p4 www.miningne.ws
mining industry AFR IC AN UPDATES ON THE
Chamber of Mines 20 Technology can grow mining sector
Events 37 Investing in African Mining Indaba highlights
GROUND AND UNDERGROUND
Exxaro
Prioritising the environment and local communities
Water savings still crucial
Enticing investors through environmental compliance
Optimising thickener efficiency
ISSN 1999-8872 • R50.00 (incl. VAT) • Vol. 10 • No. 03 • March 2017
22
32
@mining_news www.facebook.com/pages/ Mining-News
Visionary leadership and courage have led Exxaro to great heights, but taking care of the environment and developing communities are also important factors for the company.
Endorsed by In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
1
THE VOLVO A60H
setting new records in hauling…
…and productivity With a payload of 55 tonnes, the Volvo A60H is the largest articulated hauler ever to go into production. Powered by a 16 litre Volvo engine that delivers 495 kW of bring your cost per tonne crashing down as it powers its way through even the most forbidding terrain. The On Board Weighing System ensures you’re achieving the Babcock International Group 19 Taljaard Road Bartlett, Boksburg Tel: +27 11 230 7300 Fax: +27 11 397 6614 www.babcock.co.za
optimal load every cycle; and when it comes to customer support, Volvo is the best in the industry: always there to help guarantee you obtain optimum machine availability. With the Volvo A60H, you’ll be smashing all productivity targets. Talk to your dealer. Building Tomorrow.
editor's comment
Publisher Elizabeth Shorten Editor Mientjie Kleinhans Journalist Phila Mzamo Head of design Beren Bauermeister Chief sub-editor Tristan Snijders Sub-editor Morgan Carter Contributors Susan Buitendag, Rosemary Falcon, Dennis Gibson, Michael Labacher, Pranesh Maniraj, Wayne Masters, Phila Mzamo, Garyn Rapson Client services & production manager Antois-Leigh Botma Production coordinator Jacqueline Modise Marketing manager Mpinane Senkhane Head: e-commerce Roxanne Segers Financial manager Andrew Lobban Administration Tonya Hebenton Distribution manager Nomsa Masina Distribution coordinator Asha Pursotham Printers United Litho Johannesburg Tel: +27 (0)11 402 0571 ___________________________________ Advertising Sales Annemarie Prins Tel: +27 (0)11 233 2600 annemarie@3smedia.co.za ___________________________________
No. 9 3rd Avenue, Rivonia 2191 PO Box 92026, Norwood 2117 Tel: +27 (0)11 233 2600 Fax: +27 (0)11 234 7274/5 www.3smedia.co.za ___________________________________ Annual subscription: South Africa: R550.00 (incl vat & postage) African countries: US$80 Foreign: US$100 Email: subs@3smedia.co.za ISSN 1999-8872 Inside Mining Copyright 2017. All rights reserved. ___________________________________ All material in Inside Mining is copyright protected and may not be reproduced either in whole or in part without the prior written permission of the publisher. The views of contributors do not necessarily reflect those of the publishers.
Positive moods Although there are mixed feelings in the industry about the upswing of commodities in general, the overall mood is more positive. Supplier companies are seeing an increase in the number of quotations requested, and an indication of more exploration projects that will happen this year.
E
VEN THE MESSAGES coming from the Investing in Africa Mining Indaba were much more positive than those delivered last year. Although there are people with more conservative feelings towards the upward trend of the mining cycle, most are more confident and optimistic about the future
of mining. Speaking to various professional people in the industry, we have heard that investors are turning their attention to the mining industry again. There was also gossip of about 300 prospective exploration projects to take place in Africa. The attention of mining companies is increasingly steered towards Africa as well, despite the many challenges faced by the continent. Another recurring topic at the Indaba was new technology and how mining companies are forced to introduce it if they want to stay in business. One of the challenges that new technologies pose though, is the perceived threat of job losses. The Chamber of Mines made it clear in a media briefing that new technology should not lead to job losses, but rather offer good opportunities where mines will be able to upskill their workforces. This will lead to the upliftment of communities as well. With new technology, and in particular the internet of things, we are hearing more and more high-profile people, such as CEOs from mining houses and supplier companies, talking about the importance of business relationships and building trust between stakeholders. All in all, the hopes are high once again for the mining industry to recover from its previous slump. Some of the highlights from the event are featured on page 20. Also in this edition, we look at how Anglo American Platinum in Thabazimbi now extracts chrome from the two reefs that it mines as an additional income stream. While the normal mining methods have not changed, the mine built a new process plant with 300 spirals to process the chrome. Read more on page 18. The Yzermyn Underground Coal Project in Mpumalanga should complete construction in October 2017. This mine is located within the Mabola Protected Environment and has conquered many challenges to meet its deadlines. Find this article on page 12. Also read about the importance of environmental management compliance and how it attracts investors on page 32. Dennis Gibson writes on page 22 about how we should continue saving water, even
To our avid readers, be sure to sign up and get the latest updates and inside scoops from the mining industry. Check out what we are talking about on our website and Facebook page, or follow us on Twitter and have your say.
@mining_news
though it may seem that the drought has come to an end in certain parts of the SADC region. Enjoy these and many other interesting articles in this edition of Inside Mining.
Mientjie Kleinhans
www.facebook.com/pages/ Mining-News
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
3
Cover story
Exxaro’s top priorities
Exxaro believes that building a prosperous black-owned company in South Africa takes visionary leadership and courage. Under the guidance of these principles, this industry frontrunner proritises environmental concerns and community development.
investments, and some not-so-good investments, and has applied the lessons learnt from both. “We are also an entity that has demonstrated that we are sensitive to the environment. We have adhered to the transformation legislation in the Mining Charter and, in many instances, outperformed the targets,” says Mthenjane.
Big challenge The ability to connect with communities is a challenge for any company. “We spend a lot of time trying to demonstrate the good that we do. We closely examine our past interactions with communities to determine where we might be
S
missing the opportunity to build the kind of relationships that really provide an
ince its establishment during
were other factors at play as well. “A
environment where our operations can
a time when BBBEE legislation
key aspect in achieving so much is the
exist in harmony with communities.
offered many opportunities until
calibre of the people employed by the
now, Exxaro has faced and over-
company. We have smart, hard-working
having those operations in place, but I
come many challenges. But it is not only
people who have worked with us to get
think there are much bigger problems in
visionary leadership and courage that
us through the difficult times,” says Mzila
communities than what a single compa-
led the company to great heights; there
Mthenjane, executive head: Stakeholder
ny or operation can manage in the short
Affairs, Exxaro.
term. We need to consider the long term
“We will be building on this human
“Communities can see the benefit of
in our perspective and look for oppor-
foundation by emphasising excellence in
tunities to make a real and sustainable
all our business activities, following the re-
difference,” explains Mthenjane.
view of our business model during 2016,” adds Mxolisi Mgojo, CEO, Exxaro. Mthenjane adds that the company
The company has done much for communities close to its operations; most recently, it demonstrated its efforts with
has great resources in terms of peo-
the community close to a new mine in
ple and coal. It has made some good
Belfast, which will be directly affected by its planned operations. The community will have to be relocated and the
Exxaro’s Mxolisi Mgojo, CEO (left), and Mzila Mthenjane, executive head: Stakeholder Affairs
company has been going through a structured relocation and engagement programme with it. This engagement
cover story involves determining how the community
of this new mine, we have ensured
Enterprise and supply development
will be impacted, finding a new location,
that we have the least impact on the
As part of the company’s enterprise and
and designing appropriate houses for
cmmunity and the environment, both
supply development plans, it is investi-
those being relocated. “To ensure that
during development and operation,”
gating the best possible ways to develop
the relocated households are not fur-
says Mthenjane. He explains that, while
and invest in local businesses. “At Belfast,
ther inconvenienced, all the amenities
mining, the company will minimise the
for instance, we will look at the services
they are accustomed to will be within
required and the provision thereof. We
close proximity to the new location. The
also plan to invest large amounts of
new houses will be built better than the current homes, and the sustainability of the residents’ livelihoods will be a
The high calibre of people employed by the company contributes to its successes
priority,” says Mthenjane.
capital in both the Lephalale and Mpumalanga projects. We want to have a lasting impact in terms of the procurement and development of these
He adds that the company’s
projects. Over the next five years,
entire approach towards its so-
we will be spending close to R17
cio-economic impact has been
billion on coal projects in these
to improve the livelihoods of
two areas,” says Mthenjane.
the community. Therefore, the company takes a holistic look
Future plans
at the quality of life residents
Exxaro still sees a future in coal,
will experience throughout their
as it has been an important ele-
time in the community.
ment in South Africa’s energy value chain. “We have also invested in
New mine
wind farms, as we are very interested
The Belfast mine will replace coal
in the energy space – not just in energy
tonnes previously produced from the
generation, but energy services as well.
Inyanda Mine that closed in 2015. The
“With coal being the biggest part of our
volume of the new mine will also contribute to an increase in export tonnes. The new mine will be opencast and will result in various new jobs being created. “It is a greenfield project with a new mine design, a new location for a new pit, and there will be new processing facilities. All the coal produced will be destined for export,” says Mthenjane. “We are not making the mistake of leaving the environmental considerations until the end of the mine. In our planning
impact on the environment in two ways. Firstly, the mine has been designed, from the beginning, to have a water treatment plant to ensure better water stewardship in the area, which is sensitive due to the nearby wetlands
business today and looking at the potential challenges going forward, we are investigating other opportunities as well, such as commodities that are essential to the sustainability of human life,” concludes Mthenjane.
and agricultural activities. Secondly, the mine will continuously and immediately rehabilitate the area while mining. “We will investigate the potential of using the surface of the land, which could be rehabilitated for agriculture without putting a burden on the environment
Some of the conveyor systems at Exxaro’s Grootegeluk Mine
or changing the biodiversity,” explains Mthenjane. Other than the Belfast mine,
www.exxaro.com
Exxaro will also be investing in Leeuwpan, Mpumpalanga, by developing an extension of the existing mine.
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
5
Mining news
from around the continent MALI Illicit gold trading hotspot
MALI
An ongoing airborne geophysics survey has found deposits of several new minerals in different parts of Rwanda
Favourable exportation tax on gold in Mali has seen the commodity smuggled into the country in vast quantities
exploration programme has said. The revelation comes after the government established the Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board
per month is promoting smuggling, as
(RMPGB), a fully fledged statutory
traders bring gold over the border into
body to oversee and coordinate all
Mali to get a large tax break. “Mali’s
the exploration and mining-related
harmful implementation of tax laws is
activities in the country. Dr Emmanuel
Mali’s taxation practices applicable to
cause for concern in the region, as it
Munyangabe, CEO, RMPGB, says
gold exports have turned the country
actively drives the illicit trade of gold.
that an ongoing airborne geophysics
into West Africa’s illicit gold-trading hub,
Mali’s neighbours are missing out on
survey has found deposits of several
Partnership Africa Canada said in a
important revenue from taxes as traders
new minerals in different parts of
published report. The report, ‘The West
smuggle gold over borders to take ad-
Rwanda, including rare earth
African El Dorado: Mapping the Illicit
vantage of the tax break,” said Joanne
elements, gemstones, cobalt, iron
Trade of Gold in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and
Lebert, executive director, Partnership
and lithium.
Burkina Faso’, investigates challenges
Africa Canada.
Mali
How Mali became a hub for illicit gold trading
in the governance of artisanal gold
“There are new finds, including resources that we previously had no
mining in the three countries – and the
are painting a worrying trend and it is
idea existed in Rwanda, while in oth-
vulnerabilities posed by the illicit trade
up to international refiners and buyers
er cases, we found extensions of ex-
of gold on the region.
to exercise additional due diligence on
isting mineral deposits like gold. The
gold exported from the country to en-
next steps will include conducting
sure the gold is ‘clean’,” added Lebert.
further surveys and analyses to de-
The investigation found that these countries have taken important steps towards encouraging legal trade of
termine the exact compositions and
artisanal gold – a sector that employs
quantities of the deposits,” he adds.
an estimated three million miners in
Rwanda
The country will optimise the new
– such as the harmonisation of export
Exploration results in new mineral find
and newly found resources, while
taxes at 3%. Partnership Africa Canada
Rwanda has far more natural resourc-
surveys. The ongoing exercise, which
found that Mali’s application of export
es than previously thought, an official
started in October last year, is set to
taxes to only the first 50 kg of gold
familiar with the country’s mineral
be completed later this month.
the Ivory Coast, Mali and Burkina Faso
6
“Importantly, export statistics from Mali
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
conducting the airborne geophysical
Zimbabwe Minimum wage deadlock
Kumba Iron Ore fighting residents over asbestos in the Northern Cape town of Dingleton
“You cannot rehabilitate, remove or
informally to get the decision-making
disturb the asbestos while there are
process going, with a formal meeting
still people living here,” said Nick Vis-
held late in February.
agie, one of the remaining residents.
“Employers have moved from not
Visagie, who was part of the group
giving anything at all – because of
who objected to the rehabilitation,
the performance of the economy
said the group had been summoned
to around 1%, while the mineworkers
to the Kimberley High Court where
have considered coming down to
Kumba was granted an interdict pre-
between 4% to 5% from the original
Kumba Iron Ore is demanding more
venting them from further interfering
demand of 10%,” a source privy to
than R1.6 million from a group of res-
with the rehabilitation. Jacob Rooil-
the discussions revealed.
idents, of the Northern Cape town of
and believes that Kumba’s demand
Dingleton, to cover the costs that the
for R1.6 million is an attempt to force
the talks said they had offered a 1%
mine incurred after a battle over as-
the residents to move from the town.
increment “even though common
bestos. Kumba says the residents have
“Kumba knows we don’t have the
sense tells us we should not do so”.
disrupted the process of rehabilitation
money. They are actually after our
The mineworkers, the employer re-
of a site near a railway where blue
property,” says Rooiland.
vealed, laughed off the chamber’s
South Africa
Miner fights Northern Cape community over asbestos
asbestos was spilled years ago. The company needs to rehabilitate the site in order to expand its Sishen
offer, calling it derisory. Sources said
Zimbabwe
September, some of the Dingleton
Mining sector to meet over wage stalemate
residents, accompanied by the
The Chamber of Mines has met the
police, went to the site of the work
Associated Mineworkers’ Union of
Iron Ore mine near Dingleton. Last
and voiced their anger that rehabilitation was being carried out while they were still living in the town. They said re-
One employer who was involved in
Zimbabwe over a deadlock on the increase in the minimum wage for this year, with both parties having moved
given the differences, they cannot rule out a deadlock with the case going to arbitration, adding that there is very little appetite by either party to go that route. “Arbitration is fraught with difficulties and the process is very unpredictable,” the source said. The negotiations come at a time when the economy is in the doldrums, characterised by a debilitating liquidity crunch, which has
habilitation work-
from their original
resulted in a severe cash shortage,
ers were wearing
positions, the
capacity utilisation of less than 50%,
“space suits”
Businessdigest has
company closures and widespread
while the residents
established. The
job losses. The two parties agreed
walked around
employer body
to a 1.5% increase of the minimum
without protection.
had initially told
wage for the sector for 2016, which
When asbestos is
the mineworkers
brought the minimum wage to the
disturbed, fibres are
that there would be
current US$249.24. Despite the slight
released into the air. If inhaled, this can cause asbes-
no wage increase this year while the workers’ union
increase for 2016, a number of mining companies applied for exemption
tosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma
had begun by tabling a demand for
from paying the increase, citing via-
– a cancer of the lining of the lungs.
a 10% increase. The two parties met
bility challenges.
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
7
fossil fuel foundation
Coal estimation issues One of the biggest challenges when assessing the initial tonnage evaluation of a potential coal operation is accurately calculating its resources and reserves. Reconciling the results from mining and beneficiation with the original exploration data highlights deficiencies in original estimations. By Professor Rosemary Falcon Professor Rosemary Falcon is from the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand, and the Fossil Fuel Foundation
L
beneficiation plant than is possible using current technologies. The following table is a summary of density determination methods, solid matrix derivations, probable voids percentages and the
eon Roux, who is currently doing
be critical in solving the greater majority
densities corrected relative to the
his master’s degree, developed
of the problems in predicting coal
laboratory air-dried mass.
a new concept of using actual
resource and reserve values.
ash and density of each step of
a suite of washed densities (rather than
empirical and reconciliatory
the conventional “end-value” value of
evaluations of the
each step) to assess more correctly the
available data, taken
mid-value of ash for each density level.
from the exploration
He called this the ash-adjusted density
phase through the
(AAD) value and the density a “relative
mining process to
density”. Using the calculation in his
final production,
dissertation, Roux presents the results of
has shown that
an extended study into the reasons for
an integrated
anomalous resource reserve estimations
approach using the
and provides a new method to achieve
AAD methodology
considerably more accurate results.
in conjunction with
In essence, he established that density
Reconciliation data from both a mining
A combination of theoretical,
and beneficiation plant perspective has validated the determined losses pertaining to voids
the matrix of the Reconciliation within sample. These results data has have shown that the actual tonnage validated the raw coal from determined losses or a mine may be pertaining to voids reduced by up within the matrix to 22% relative to tonnage calculations of the sample produced using
a modified density
conventional assessment
and its accurate determination are
equation (i.e. the volume/
reflective of the matrix of the material
mass) of a coal sample would enable
loss factor could be as high as 18%.
being evaluated and that this is the key
the determination of a more credible
Tonnage miscalculations are likely to
to credible values being obtained for
air-dry density of coal. This, in turn,
have long-term implications for the
coal resource and reserve estimations.
provides a more credible calculation of
life of any mine, its supply to long-term
More specifically, the relationship of
real-time tonnages in terms of resource
export and power station end users,
density to ash content and effective
and reserve calculations, mined
and ultimately to the long-term financial
porosity in a coal’s matrix was found to
tonnages or products produced from a
viability of the mine itself.
methods. The geological
Table 1 Table representing determined and calculated values against air dry mass
8
RD determination
Determined densities
Percentage solid matrix
Corrected Volume RD
Calculated mass kg
% Over Calculated estimation solid matrix volume
Probable voids determined against air dry mass
Archimedes field mass/ volume
1.66
0.82
1.36
50 177
22.06%
30227
0.18
1.53
0.89
1.36
30 227
46 248
12.50%
30227
0.11
Lab air dry
1.36
1
1.36
30 227
41 109
0.00%
30227
30 227
Raw analysis
1.62
0.84
1.36
30 227
41 109
0.00%
25376
0.16
AAD
1.64
0.83
1.36
30 227
41 109
0.00%
25066
0.17
Pycnometer
1.65
0.82
1.36
30 227
41 109
0.00%
24915
0.18
Gray method
1.66
0.82
1.37
30 227
41 358
0.61%
24915
0.18
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
New lab for colliery Overlooked Colliery in Bethal, Mpumalanga, now has a containerised analysis lab on-site to provide real-time analytical results.
T
he on-site laboratory at the colliery will be staffed by 14 lab technicians and client liaison personnel. The lab itself has been constructed within a container and its set-up has been customised by Umzamo Analytical
Services (UAS) to meet the colliery’s exact needs.
Realising possibilities from mine to market.
“We believe in investing in infrastructure that will benefit
our clients. Understanding the nature of the coal industry, we know how great the benefits are of fast turnaround time, having your results available on-site and having the opportunity to consult directly with the analysis technicians,” says Audrey Ndlovu, CEO and founder, UAS. “The opening of the on-site lab at Overlooked complements our existing footprint of laboratories in
Resource Evaluation
Mine Planning
Mining & Mine Development
Materials Handling
Environment & Approvals
Transport to Market
Non-Process Infrastructure
Mpumalanga, demonstrating our steadfast commitment to our clients in the region,” says Ndlovu. She adds that the lab was set up very quickly in order to meet Overlooked’s immediate needs. “On-site, we are currently providing reports to the staff at the colliery
Mineral Processing
Tailings & Waste Management
Smelting & Refining
every three hours, which is a remarkable improvement in turnaround time. Off-site sampling and analysis can take up to a full working day due to various logistical factors.” On-site labs provide the opportunity for mines to have continuous analysis services on their own premises, providing added convenience as well as the immediate information
WorleyParsons adds value through our full scope of services from pit to port including studies, mine planning, impact assessments, permitting and approvals, project management, construction management and global procurement.
necessary to make sound day-to-day operational decisions.
Our Mining Centre of Excellence in Johannesburg has niche expertise in underground and open cast mining and provides quality project development and engineering solutions for small to large projects across all areas of base metals, the coal supply chain, chemicals, ferrous metals, alumina, aluminium and iron ore. Supported by the WorleyParsons global group, we pride ourselves on customising solutions for local environments and committing to our customers’ goals.
www.worleyparsons.com
wprsainfo@worleyparsons.com
Coal processing
Optimising thickener efficiency Before mine ore can be converted to the ideal state of use, a series of steps are necessary once the ore is extracted from the ground. The continual improvement of these process steps is critical to the ongoing profitability of mine operations. By Susan Buitendag*
A
KEY STEP IN most ore refining
polluting water supplies. South African
operations is the physical
regulations determine acceptable levels
separation of process water
of impurities that can be discharged.
from the useful extract or
Large tanks – known as thickeners – are
tailings. The optimisation of this process is
used to separate fine suspended mineral
techniques are employed to determine
critical for several reasons:
particles from the process water, produc-
a thickener’s bed level. A hydrostatic
• The availability of large volumes of
ing a stream of clarified water from the
pressure measurement essentially reports
process-quality water in South Africa is
top of the thickener overflow and a thick
the mass of the liquid column pressing
always limited and expensive, making
sludge of settled solids (underflow) from
down on it. Since the height of the liquid
the use of recycled water attractive.
the bottom. Flocculants are mixed with
is limited because of the constant over-
the solid-liquid suspension in the entry
flow, a calculation based on the force
feedwell of the thickener. The floccu-
acting downwards, divided by a con-
lants aggregate the fine particles, which
stant height factor, provides an estima-
speeds up settling of the solids.
tion of the bed level. As the liquid height
• Energy and flocculant costs are a major contributor to process costs. • In many cases, tailings can be reprocessed to extract fine traces of precious metals. However, for this to be
Thickeners are used in many mineral-
is fixed and the density of water known,
economically viable, the water content
refining processes including alumina,
a second calculation provides informa-
of the tailings needs to be minimised,
gold, nickel, mineral sands and coal
tion on the total number of solids in the
so reducing the energy and chemi-
washeries. In fact, most minerals go
thickener. This information can be used
cals needed for extraction to an abso-
through a solid-liquid separation in
to increase or decrease the inflow rate.
lute minimum.
a thickener at some point in their
The sensing element of this device
Impure wastewater can leach into
processing. Most mining process
is very vulnerable since the slurry can
groundwater and waterways thereby
operators agree that one of their
cause abrasion and larger suspended
major challenges is to monitor the bed
matter can impact and damage the
level and bed mass of their thickeners
stainless steel diaphragm. Problems with
accurately and reliably which – in
the pressure sensor and diaphragm can
conjunction with other critical process
only be detected during plant shut-
parameters – allows the optimisation of
down when the tank is drained and the
thickener efficiency.
pressure transmitter has been removed,
Different techniques are employed to determine a thickener’s bed level • Theoretical bed level based on the calculation of the average density of a constant height using a hydrostatic pressure sensor • Submerged ultrasound sludge blanket transducer to sense reflections from the solid bed • Turbidity sensor, either at a fixed height or attached to a motorised cable spool • Buoyancy-based electromechanical system
10
top Tailings can be reprocessed to extract fine traces of precious metals
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
Bed level The bed level is the interface between the aggregated solid material and the
checked and recalibrated. (This is assuming that it is not already damaged beyond repair.) The hydrostatic pressure sensor is at
process water. Incorrect measurements
the heart of the thickening process.
can lead to water being drawn out
A faulty sensor could therefore cause
through the underflow, sludge spilling
an inefficient process to run for a long
over in the overflow or incorrect floccu-
time before being detected, resulting
lation. There is unnecessary expense in-
in water wastage and unnecessarily
volved in all cases owing to wasted floc-
high pumping costs. The best way to
culent or reprocessing costs. Depending
overcome these problems is through the
on the application conditions, different
use of highly robust, retractable pressure
coal processing
Transmitters with ceramic sensing elements are highly resistant to abrasion – several times that of stainless steel transducers. Transmitters with ceramic
turbidity or buoyancy methods. A turbid-
sensing elements are highly resistant to
ity sensor, which is either positioned at a
abrasion – several times that of stainless
fixed height or attached to a motorised
steel. Retractable transmitters are specifi-
cable spool, determines the turbidity
cally designed to be attached directly to
of the process water. Used in a fixed-
the bottom of the tank. Assembly consists
height system, it can be used to initiate
of an isolation ball valve and a retracting
the reduction of the inflow rate should
mechanism, allowing the unit to be ex-
turbidity levels increase. On a motorised
tracted, cleaned and validated without
cable spool, it can provide a turbidity
shutting down the process.
profile to the operator. This measurement
The insertion length of the sensor mechanism can be varied to match the thickness of the tank wall and to ensure
is targeted at turbidity profiling as well as bed-level detection. If only bed-level measurement is re-
optimal sensor depth once inserted in the
quired, the buoyancy principle is more
tank. High-quality assemblies are specifi-
cost effective. The ‘buoyancy-based
cally designed to prevent operator injuries
electromechanical system’ uses a
during the validation process. Owing
sensing weight, which is lowered on a
to the requirement of the extension of
measuring tape into the thickener to
the sensor into the process in this style of
detect the bed level. Typically, the sens-
transmitter, the use of a ceramic sensor
ing weight is a light, hollow container
avoids long oil-filled capillaries between
filled with the bed-level material. When
the sensors and transmitter that are used
the container is lowered, it sinks in the
in metal-type sensors. This means a more
water but ‘floats’ when it reaches the
robust solution with improved long-term
bed. At this point, the bed level can
accuracy and stability.
be measured.
In processes with slow and predicta-
Thickeners are used in many mineral-refining processes including alumina, gold, nickel, mineral sands and coal washeries
Once the bed level has been lo-
ble settling behaviours, using only the
cated, the weight is reeled back up
hydrostatic pressure technique can be
to the surface. To overcome issues
adequate. However, processes prone to
related to the use of rakes in settling
disturbances from variances in chemical
tanks, device measurement cycles
make-up or with varying flow rates often
can be automated so that meas-
require additional measuring systems to
urement takes place in between
provide reliable results. A submerged ul-
rake rotations. This more straightfor-
trasound sludge blanket transducer can
ward measurement principle offers
be used to provide a profile of all interfac-
a greater ease of operation.
es within the thickener. A sound impulse
Impure wastewater can leach into groundwater and waterways, thereby polluting water supplies
is emitted and a receiver circuit monitors
Bed mass
the timing and amplitude of reflection
The bed mass is effectively the
echoes to determine the depth and con-
density of the settled sludge.
centration of layers.
The higher the density, the less
This measurement supplies information
process water is pumped out
about the bed-level depth as well as the
of the thickener’s underflow.
thickness of any emulsion or turbid layers
The optimisation of water
that may be present above the bed
content in the underflow
level. Applications that are susceptible
allows for maximum recy-
to poor separation with gentle density
cling of process water while
slopes, or that do not have layering of
still keeping the underflow
interfaces, would normally use either the
slurry sufficiently liquid to
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
11
Coal processing FIGURE 1 Alternate bed-level measurement techniques.
be managed by the underflow pump. If
achieved. This enables automated,
high-accuracy Coriolis mass flow instru-
the thickener’s underflow is destined for
continuous flocculent dosing, which
ments or more economical volumetric
a tailings dam, the optimisation of the
further increases process efficiency
electromagnetic flow meters.
slurry density helps to reduce negative
and reduces costs when compared to
environmental impacts through leaching
semi-batch-type operation.
at the dams. total volume of combined water and
Mass flow measurement of flocculent
solids in the tank and the total hydrostat-
Flocculants are used in most thickeners
parameters that can be fed back to
ic pressure measured near the bottom of
to obtain concentrations of overflow
the variable speed drive controlling the
the tank. As the specific gravity of water
solids that will allow water to be reused
outflow pump, optimising speeds and
is a known constant, the mass of the solid
or to comply with government regula-
improving efficiency.
content can be calculated.
tions if the overflow is to be discharged.
Bed mass is calculated based on the
Volumetric measurement of the thickener’s inflow Accurate volumetric measurement of the thickener’s inflow is vital to ensure the
12
Outflow density and volumetric measurement Constant outflow density and volumetric flow measurements are important
The combination of density and
Recycled water containing 200 mg/ℓ to
volumetric flow rate provides an inte-
1% solids is generally acceptable. Most
grated mass flow rate, which is useful
thickeners can achieve this level of
for accounting of mineral recovery as
concentration by using a flocculant.
well as waste. Accurate measurement
Although flocculants are used in
of all of these important parameters
clarity of the recovered process water.
relatively small quantities, they are ex-
allows precise thickener process control
Essentially, the in-feed flow rate can be
pensive. The accurate measurement of
which can lead to significant increases
controlled based on high clarity of the
flocculant mass flow allows precise dos-
in thickener efficiency. These efficien-
overflow. So the clearer the outflow,
ing pump control. Combined with other
cy gains translate directly into overall
the faster the inflow feed rate, which
system parameters, the use of ‘just
refining process cost reductions and
leads to optimised thickener through-
enough’ flocculant can be ensured,
increased profitability.
put. Combined with the mass flow
minimising usage and optimising pro-
measurement of the flocculent, precise
cess costs. Depending on the process,
*Susan Buitendag is the manager:
ratio control of the flocculent dosing is
this measurement can be made using
Primaries Industry at Endress+Hauser SA.
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
coal mining
Saving water with
no wash plant D OING AWAY WITH the wash plant
in time. We will be targeting production of
reduces any impact on the en-
about 200 000 t when we are fully ramped
vironment in terms of the water
up. Initially, we will start off with about 50 000
usage, which will be reduced by
t per month from October 2017 onwards and
almost 95%. With drill data results from the
Alfred and Dundas coal seams averaging
progressively ramp up,” explains Tripathi.
23 MJ, the company realised it can sell the
Crushing and screening
coal raw. The decision to go without a wash
The underground mining operations will com-
plant stood Atha-Africa in good favour while
bine drilling and blasting with continuous min-
waiting for the final licences from the Depart-
ers and a single-stage crusher. Four sections
ment of Minerals and Resources.
will use continuous miners and four sections
“This convinced the department that here
will be drilling and blasting. “The beauty of
is a company that is going to walk the last
continuous miners is that you get an almost
mile in terms of mitigating any impacts to the
uniform-sized product. The crushing capac-
environment,” says Praveer Tripathi, senior
ity is limited to what we can get out of the
vice-president, Atha-Africa Ventures.
mine,” says Tripathi. He adds that the mine is
The mine received the last approval in November 2016 and is currently preparing
currently focusing on the screen to be able to adapt according to the market needs.
to start construction in June 2017. “Because
“You have to be lean and mean to leave
it will be an underground mine, the building
as small a footprint as possible. If you do not
processes will be integrated as we mine, ex-
adopt technology, you will be left behind in
cept for the surface infrastructure, which re-
this world,” says Tripathi.
quires about four months of construction. We intend to bring the first coal out by October
Market
2017,” explains Tripathi.
The company has secured an export alloca-
Alfred and Dundas seams
tion from the Richards Bay Terminal (RBT), with Transnet, of 1.6 million tonnes per annum. The
Both the Alfred and Dundas seams will be
mine intends to truck the coal from the site
mined and there will be two decline shafts,
to Piet Retief, and from there it will be railed
one for each of the seams. The two seams
to RBT and exported. Tripathi explains that
are separated by several metres and each
no contracts have been concluded as yet.
decline will have four separate sections.
Although the plan is to export coal to India
They do not plan to open all four sections
The quality of the coal at the new Yzermyn Underground Coal Project in Mpumalanga is so good that AthaAfrica Ventures decided to go without a wash plant. This will save water and the environment, especially since the operation is located in a protected environment. By Mientjie Kleinhans
and China, the company is also seriously
in one go, as it will take about three years to
considering selling some portion of the coal
reach the four sections in each of the seams
to domestic markets, especially Eskom. “The
to form a total of eight sections. “Six of the
advantage with us is that we are very flexible
sections will be working at any one point
and innovative, because we did not inherit a
Praveer Tripathi, senior vicepresident, AthaAfrica Ventures
Coal mining
“You have to be lean and mean to leave as small a footprint as possible. If you do not adopt technology, you will be left behind in this world.” Praveer Tripathi, senior vice-president, Atha-Africa Ventures legacy; it is a greenfield mine. There is a
dedicated one of the empowerment
good market domestically for peas and
partners to meet with the community
nuts, such as in Newcastle that has a
and identify skills. For example, an ac-
phenomenal demand for peas and nuts.
cess road of about 11 km from the main
The focus is currently to let the mining
road to the mine needed upgrading,
happen; the marketing will sort itself out,” says Tripathi.
Social licence
but there are no stone quarries in the area. The closest stone quarry is about 60kms from the site. “We required
The company
almost 18 000 m3
understands the
of stone, so we of-
value of a com-
fered the commu-
munity and social
nity the opportunity
thinking as our family business in India, and that is to start fostering relationships with the community in
•1 5 to 20 years – life of mine •R 83.5 m – sustainable development commitment •5 50+ – job opportunities •2 .2 Mtpa – export quality coal •L ocation: 18km north-east of Wakkerstroom, 13 km northwest of Dirkiesdorp, 58 km south-west of Piet Retief
PROTECTED AREA
VS PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT
In a protected area, mining is banned. In a protected environment, mining is allowed
quired quantity. With some guidance, they opened a quarry to supply the mine, and other future projects. This gives the community
on healthcare, as it realised that there is a huge need in the community for preventative screening for, among others, type two diabetes. “People in the community don’t even know that they are
the immediate area. We did this without
further opportunities to build schools
suffering from the disease, unless they
realising that it is a legal requirement in
and educate the children, for example.
are screened.
South Africa. “The Yzermyn community
Those are the kind of things we have
has been with us from the outset, as we
focused on that go beyond job crea-
ic with the main function of identify
communicated with them and informed
tion,” says Tripathi.
illnesses. Then we can identify if there is
them of the project. It is not only about
14
FACTS
to supply the re-
licence to mine. “We foster the same
YZERMYN
We will provide a mobile health clin-
a need for intervention, which we can
jobs, we want to empower the commu-
Social and labour plan
nity like we empowered the community
For the first initial five years, the compa-
cludes that the second project is to sup-
in India,” explains Tripathi. The company
ny will focus it social and labour plan
ply computers to the local school.
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
then provide,” says Tripathi. He con-
mining in africa
Establishing alternative graphite production The results of a definitive feasibility study at the Montepuez Graphite Project in Mozambique have presented compelling economics. This will allow Battery Minerals to fast-track production and be the first to produce spherical graphite.
T
HE VAST MAJORITY of anode ma-
total of $524 million represents outstand-
study on lithium ion battery anode puri-
terial, or purified spherical graph-
ing project economics.“Within just two
fied spherical graphite from Montepuez’
ite, found in lithium ion batteries
years, our team has made a greenfield
concentrate, which the company says
is purified using harsh chemicals
graphite discovery, which we have
will be produced in an environmentally
and acid. However, Battery Minerals
transformed into the full-scale Mon-
friendly manner. The pre-feasibility study
(BAT) has decided to deviate from using
tepuez Graphite Project definitive fea-
contains full traceability, accountability
these toxins, opting for a more environ-
sibility study with extremely compelling
and transparency of the ‘green’ purified
mentally friendly alternative.
economics,” says Leeden.
spherical graphite process – from mine
The company is proud to be both the
“However, despite the positive mar-
to battery – surpassing environmentally
first ASX-listed graphite company to
ket forecasts for demand of high-purity
conscious end-user best practice re-
deliver an anode material pre-feasibility
spherical graphite, BAT’s anode pre-fea-
quirements. The company has opted to
study and also the first to be able to ac-
sibility study opts for a more conservative
use high-temperature purification meth-
tually produce spherical graphite at its
approach to long-term revenue pricing
ods powered by green energy. This is
US-based pilot plant.
to make allowance for a possible drop in
an environmentally friendly and socially
commodity prices or unforeseen
responsible alternative.
“The pre-feasibility study on purified spherical graphite, together with a definitive feasibility study on Montepuez’
market risks.”
According to BAT, the graphite concentrate produced from Montepuez
two graphite deposits, postulate the
Going green
delivery of 20 000 t of anode material
Compelling as the potential fiscal re-
consultant for electrical capability test-
and 100 000 t of graphite concentrate
sults may be for the two studies, the
ing to determine its suitability as anode
annually, with a consolidated total rev-
company’s mine project also boasts an
battery material. The results indicate
enue of US$7 120 million,” says Cherie
environmental advantage. The compa-
Leeden, managing director, BAT.
ny sought to undertake a pre-feasibility
sampling was sent to a battery specialist
The pre-feasibility study, which was conducted on the purified spherical graphite, will add $377 million, while the definitive feasibility study estimates a $146 million addition to the Montepuez Graphite Project. The projected
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
15
mining in africa
Table 1 Project’s four selected flake product size fractions
Flake size Flake size (mesh) Flake size (micron) Average price USD$/t Adjusted FOB Pemba USD$/t
LOM%
Fine
38.50%
-100
+38 -106
628
539
Medium
+100
+106 -180
902
813
31.10%
Large
+80
+180 -300
1 065
976
21.60%
Jumbo
+50
+300
1 529
1 440
8.80%
Basket price/weighted average per t US$797.68
that the unpurified graphite concen-
products that will be separated by size
pad. “In the current model, long-term
trate achieved satisfactory electrical
fraction. The shallow ore from Buffalo
stockpiles will be located between each
capabilities when compared to industry
will be mined over the first four years,
deposit and the ROM pad, which is to
ranges expected for purified battery
after which the mining fleet will move to
be located mid-way between the pits,
anode material. Graphite concentrate
the Elephant deposit to mine its shallow
to balance haulage costs.
is usually purified using harsh chemicals
ore in year five. The ore will be mined
“Low-grade stockpiles created during
to remove impurities. By conducting
by conventional open-pit extraction
the mining of both deposits will feed the
the pre-feasibility study without the use
methods for both deposits, using 90 t
of any acid or harsh chemicals, BAT has become the first
plant towards the end of the mine life.
excavators and 40 t articu-
Following the cessation of mining, the
lated dump trucks.
remaining long-term stockpiles will be
company to deviate
“Construction
treated over a period of four years,”
from the dominant
contracts will be
says the company.
Chinese method.
extended to
“It is our vision that
The company, however, hopes to con-
suitably experi-
tract the proposed 30-year life of mine,
we will become a
enced African
by investing in ways to reduce opex, as
world leader in pro-
contractors
well as capex.
ducing environmen-
for the process
“Over the next few months, we will
tally friendly and fully
plant and infra-
explore the opportunity to fast-track
traceable anode ma-
structure pack-
terial for lithium-ion bat-
ages,” explains the company. “It is our
teries, and, in the process,
mandate to outsource
be responsible for making
key services such as the
a positive difference to how the world stores energy,” says Leeden.
Expected production
production and significantly reduce our capital expenditure by considering second-hand equipment. We will investigate operating expenditure reduction by considering a higher-grade/shorter
mining, drill and blast, and concentrate
mine life scenario, combined with signif-
logistics to key service providers.”
icantly improved recoveries and con-
The final Buffalo pit will be approxi-
centrate grade using attrition cells,”
The second study compiled by BAT in-
mately 90 m deep, and the designed
cludes Montepuez’ definitive feasibility
Elephant pit will be approximately 150
study, which expects an annualised
m deep. Each pit is expected to have a
Operations and infrastructure
target production of 100 000 tpa carbon
single waste dump, with pit ramps orient-
The infrastructure of the Montepuez mine
concentrate from ore that is sourced
ed to ensure that both ore and waste
has also been extensively and carefully
from the Elephant and Buffalo deposits.
haulage distances are minimised. A
designed to minimise environmental
pre-strip period is scheduled to provide
impact. Available transport routes
sufficient waste to construct the ROM
have been investigated for the export
According to the study, the company expects to produce four graphite flake
the company elaborates.
Facts for consolidated Montepuez graphite DFS and PFS on PSG outcomes
1 Consolidated project life of mine – 30 years
16
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
2 Annual concentrate production tonnes – 100 000
3 Estimated pre-production establishment capital cost (processing plant) – US$ 53 898 003
4 Installed power for project: 7 700 KW Average demand: 6 412 KW
mining in africa
Graphite facts and figures •G raphite has the same chemical formula as diamond (c), yet the two minerals could hardly be more unlike. • Graphite is used to produce steel and to manufacture industrial lubricants • Graphite is formed when carbon is subjected to the intense heat and pressure of the Earth's crust and upper mantle • Pressures in the range of 75 000 pounds per square inch and temperatures in the range of 750° C are needed to produce graphite.
of graphite product and the port at
of 38.66 million tonnes of solids over
Pemba will most likely be used due to
the life of mine. The processed tailings
its proximity.
deposited in the facility as well as the
Operational water for the mine will
process water will be recycled back
be supplied from the water storage
into the processing plant for reuse,”
dam, which is a valley-fill dam de-
the company notes.
signed to catch sufficient water during
The company hopes to execute
Graphite is a naturally occurring form of crystalline carbon. It is a native element mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks
30-year expected life of mine will yield
seasonal rains to supply the mine with
the mine strategies while maintaining
consolidated revenue of $7.1 billion. A
year-round water. The potable water
efficient capex and ongoing life-of-
definitive feasibility study on the purified
will be sourced from groundwater or
mine operating costs. As it stands, the
spherical graphite project is expected to
via the treatment of water from the
expected returns for the proposed
be completed in late 2017.
water storage dam. The tailings storage facility will be located adjacent to the plant site in a shallow valley, which will provide natural waste ore impoundment, with a wall constructed at one end from a combination of mine waste and material excavated from within the tailings impoundment area. “The storage facility has been designed to accommodate an overall tailings capacity
“Low-grade stockpiles created during the mining of both deposits will feed the plant towards the end of the mine life. Following the cessation of mining, the remaining longterm stockpiles will be treated over a period of four years.” In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
17
mining in africa
1
2 3
New chrome plant for additional income T Anglo American Platinum recently launched a new atomic chrome recovery plant at the Amandelbult Complex, specifically to process chromite. The R474 million investment will also benefit its new BBBEE partner, Baphalane Siyanda Chrome Company. Mientjie Kleinhans finds out how the new plant works.
18
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
he chrome recovery plant will
poroximite with silicate material and
ultimately produce 700 000 t per
chromite material in the matrix. Once
annum of commercial-grade chro-
the PGMs and chromite have been lib-
mite concentrate. Although chro-
erated, the chromite can be extracted.
mite has always been mined with PGMs,
Before now, the Amandelbult Complex
it never had enough value to warrant
has always disposed of chromite on the
processing, and was, therefore, discarded
tailings dams.
on the tailings dams. “Chrome has always been there, it just
“Only PGMs have been mined from the Amandelbult Complex, at the
wasn’t seen as a major focus on any of
Tumela and Dishaba mines, first from
the PGM markets. In the last 10 years, this
the Merensky Reef and later from the
started to change, and we can now see
UG2 Reef. The Merensky Reef is starting
that there are benefits we are missing out
to deplete, so we are picking up on
on. We first started recovering chromite
the UG2 Reef,” says Arlow. He explains
from the Northam section tailings, which
that the ratio of chrome compared to
proved highly beneficial to the commu-
the PGMs is almost incomparable. “If
nity. That is why we pushed for this plant
one takes a tonne of rock from under-
to be constructed as well,” says Leonard
ground, there is only about 4 g of PGMs
Arlow, senior process engineer, Anglo
in it. Chromite, on the other hand, com-
American Platinum.
prises about 20% to 25% of the rock.”
Operation
Process
Chrome is mined at the same time as
The process starts off with three sep-
PGMs from the Upper Group 2 Reef (UG2
arate concentrators. Two of the con-
Reef), which is a mixture of chromitite and
centrators treat material fresh from
1 The atomic chrome recovery plant at the Amandelbult Complex in Thabazimbi
4 “The joint venture with the Baphalane Ba Mantserre community is directly in line with Anglo American Platinum’s strategy of empowering surrounding communities through value-generating transactions.” Chris Griffith,
5
2 Leonard Arlow, senior process engineer, Anglo American Platinum 3 The stockpile of coarse material 4 A stockpile of fine material in the making 5 A sample of coarse chrome material
The entire project, from breaking ground to signing over, took about two years.
Market The final product goes to the main clients in China, and a smaller portion is sold to the local market. The chrome is transported by truck to the closest railway station in Brits; from there, it is transported to Richards Bay or Steelpoort, depending on where the client wants it.
CEO, Anglo American Platinum
Community partnership As part of its commitment to BBBEE, Anunderground at the UG2 Reef, and the
to the chrome plant. The chrome plant
glo American Platinum partnered with
third concentrator treats waste, over-
then sends those streams through over
the Baphalane Ba Mantserre communi-
blast, and whatever goes through the
300 spirals.
ty, who will own and operate the new
concentrator. The chrome plant has
The source material is between about
atomic chrome recovery plant.
20% and 30% chromite. The first stage
Constructed, financed and commis-
“Both modules are fed independently
takes the material to about 35% chro-
sioned by Anglo American Platinum, the
from a respective UG2 concentrator, so
mite, the second stage to about 40%,
plant will be owned and operated in a
when the fresh ore arrives at any one
and the third stage to between 41%
joint venture between Anglo American
of the concentrators, it goes through
and 42%. “There are three stages of spi-
Platinum’s wholly owned subsidiary
bunkers and gets stored. The material is
rals, each further refining the material,
Rustenburg Platinum Mines, with a 74%
then crushed down to about 120 mm.
up to the specification required by the
shareholding, and Baphalane Siyan-
From there, the material is sent through
client. Once we have extracted all the
da Chrome Company(BSCC), with a
the commission circuit and goes through
chromite we can, we send the stream
26% shareholding. The Baphalane Ba
tunnelling moles,” explains Arlow.
back to the concentrator and dispose
Mantserre community owns 75% of the
of it normally onto the tailings dam,”
share capital of BSCC, with the remain-
says Arlow.
der owned by Siyanda Resources, with
two modules.
The material is then crushed from 100 mm to -1 mm. The next stage is the flotation section where PGMs are ex-
Mega Chrome Management as
tracted to the greatest extent possible.
Concentrator complex
The material then goes through a sec-
The concentrator complex has been
“The joint venture with the Baphalane
ond stage of milling to further liberate
operating for over 20 years, while the
Ba Mantserre community is directly in line
the minerals and expose the platinum,
chrome plant was only commissioned
with Anglo American Platinum’s strategy
followed by another stage of flotation to
recently. Nothing new was built onto the
of empowering surrounding communities
float out all the PGMs. At that stage, all
existing concentrator; everything new
through value-generating transactions.
the extractable PGMs have been re-
was built outside the concentrator. “The
This transaction will create long-term, sus-
moved, leaving very little behind.
stream bleeds out of the old plant to the
tainable empowerment and aligns with
new chrome plant and then back to
our strategy of identifying capital-light
be discarded directly to in the slimes
the old plant. Minor modifications were
projects to generate further value from
dams. But now, the material is sent, in
done on the old concentrator to ac-
existing assets,” concludes Chris Griffith,
two streams, from the two concentrators
commodate the new plant,” says Arlow.
CEO, Anglo American Platinum.
Normally, the final tails would then
technical partners.
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
19
chamber of mines
Technology can grow mining sector Looking to the future, the Chamber of Mines South Africa believes that technology can be a catalyst for the sustainable growth of the mining industry. Three critical factors are needed to realise this future.
T
he South African mining indus-
management, stakeholder engage-
try has been facing some chal-
ment, community development and
lenges over the past few dec-
environmental management – will
ades. It needs to address certain
need to evolve to suit the requirements
issues to sustain and grow the industry, according to Neal Froneman, vice-pres-
of mechanised operations.
ident, Chamber of Mines South Africa.
Critical factors
The industry can look forward to a sharp
Froneman believes that there are three
decline in gold production by 2019-2020;
critical factors that can make or break
and it may die out almost completely by
the industry. “First and foremost, we
2033 if something drastic is not done.
must pursue R&D programmes with the
He believes that technology should act
active involvement of mining compa-
as a catalyst to transform the industry of
nies, equipment manufacturers and
yesteryear and today into that of tomor-
R&D scientists and engineers and the
row in all aspects. “To do this, we must
welcome support from government.
recognise that people are at the heart
The establishment of the mining inno-
of our industry and we have to focus on
vation precinct with multi-stakeholder
improving skills, health, quality of life and
support at the old COMRO site in Rich-
fulfilling employees’ needs.”
mond is an excellent start.
The introduction of technology will
“Second, we require strong pro-
need to be addressed in a holistic
grammes of technical skills develop-
manner to be successful, and this
ment that provide a suitable, qualified
means adopting a system- and peo-
workforce, not only for the mining
ple-centric approach. He adds that all
operations but also to staff the supply
elements of mining – including reporting
industries. Our national education sys-
structures, skills development, change
tem, together with the company skills development programmes, must rise to this challenge in collaboration and
20
“We must recognise that people are at the heart of our industry and we have to focus on improving skills, health, quality of life and fulfilling employees’ needs.”
partnership,” says Froneman.
Neal Froneman, vice-president, Chamber of Mines South Africa
who are comfortable with
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
He adds that the third factor is the need for a collective will among all stakeholders to realise this future with a shared understanding of how it delivers superior benefits and value. “There needs to be recognition that continuation of the status quo will only see a continued decline in mining activity, and progress is required, not only to promote sustainability and growth, but also to satisfy the aspirations of a modern workforce who grew up with PlayStations and smart phones and technology,” adds Froneman.
Neal Froneman, Chamber of Mines South Africa
Mine water & wastewater management
Maintaining compliance and safe water Responsible water management is of the utmost importance. Therefore, mines are required to comply with potable- and wastewater legislation, which necessitates specific environmental investigative studies and routine monitoring for both radiological and chemical hazards.
T
he Analytical and Calibration
released for residential or other commer-
Services (ACS), a department
cial utilisation. ACS also performs clear-
within the South African Nuclear
ance sampling and reporting, and there
Energy Corporation (Necsa),
are independent consultants who also
offers its expertise for such commercial operations within the mining sector to
use ACS to analyse their samples. conservation. Process water does not
assist with compliance with legislation
Continuous monitoring
related to water usage and environ-
Continuous monitoring is always guaran-
does have operational requirements,
mental requirements.
teed once the area begins commercial
which must be met in order to obtain
or mining operations. The team con-
an optimal lifespan from the equipment
tal sustainability. Its expertise includes
ducts radiological surveys of mine- and
that utilises process water.
thorough knowledge of national and
wastewater effluent resulting from exist-
ACS plays a major part in environmen-
international legislation requirements for baseline environmental im-
ing NORM mining activities. Chemical monitoring may also be required,
pact assessments to be
and is prescribed in the rele-
performed in greenfield
vant operational licences
areas where naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) exploration is planned. This is normally applicable when new land is considered for
As the water crisis looms in Africa, a team like ACS is necessary
commercial operation and mining activities. After the commercial utilisa-
for each facility. This
have any legislative requirements, but
ACS can analyse this water according to the operational specifications of the mine. The laboratories are also able to test to the requirements for wastewater as prescribed by the Department of Water and Sanitation. This legislation ap-
monitoring may also
plies to any water that is returned to any
include radiological
water system, river or dam and includes
dose assessments of
the monitoring of leakages from dams
workers and/or mon-
and potential contamination of the
itoring though urine
underground water systems though the
samples, where there is such a risk present – for ex-
ample, in gold mines where uranium is present in the ore. ACS
sampling of boreholes for this specific purpose. ACS supports with advice and analysis from chemical to radiological, services that are vital in achieving a sus-
tion of the land, the decommissioning,
has well-trained staff to do the sampling
close-down, rehabilitation and clear-
for the survey and monitoring activities.
ance of NORM-contaminated sites or
Drinking water must comply with SANS
For more information please contact:
properties has to be performed. Na-
241:2015 and the ACS Analytical Chem-
Email address: labservices@necsa.co.za
tional legislation requires a radiological
istry Laboratories can analyse for most
or www.necsa.co.za
clearance certificate before approval
determinants for this standard using se-
for the development of former mine
lected accredited methods. This is espe-
property for new residential or com-
cially important when water is prepared
mercial areas can be given. Samples
on-site for drinking purposes.
gathered during the aforementioned
tainable environment.
As the water crisis looms in Africa,
surveys are tested for NORM content by
a team like ACS is necessary to make
ACS’s radioanalytical laboratories. This is
a difference in the environment – an-
a requirement before the land can be
other positive step to ensuring water
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
21
Water savings still crucial
Dennis Gibson, chief technical officer: Mining at Black & Veatch
After the last severe spell of drought, some areas in Southern Africa have experienced flooding, but that doesn’t mean water is available in abundance. It is still crucial that mining companies save water wherever they can. By Dennis Gibson*
W
ater has traditionally
companies need to be proactive in
Where high-quality water is needed,
been undervalued and
terms of protecting water resources, and
separate that part of the plant from the
people really only appre-
look for opportunities to reduce water
rest. Where it is possible, recycle water
ciate the value of it when
impacts. It is now time to look at new
and keep it in a closed circuit. It is im-
there isn’t any, or if there is a drought for
technologies to move towards waterless
portant to identify those areas in the
example, because then the importance
mining – the drive towards waterless min-
plant and to minimise water disposal in
of water levels is highlighted. Water is an
ing has begun. We need to reduce the
the environment.
absolutely critical component to life.
impact and reduce the quantity of wa-
Mining companies are sometimes
ter that is required to operate the mine.
seen as disrupting the water supply of
Throughout Africa, mines need to look
Technologies There are many different types of tech-
communities and the environment and,
at opportunities to recycle a lot more
nologies available. Mining companies
therefore, all development at mines
water than before. The latest term is
should partner with vendors who will
needs to take place while noting the
fit-for-purpose water – that is using the
identify the most suitable technologies
potential issues of water. Also, mining
lowest-quality water possible in a plant.
that can be used at a specific mine. For example, in water-scarce Namibia, companies are looking at desalination and converting sea water into fresh water. There are many types of reverse osmosis plants and water treatment options, as different types of treatment are required depending on the type of mine. There is currently a move towards dry stacking, which requires much less water to dispose of tailings. This is an attractive option for mines in water-scarce areas. Mainly two types of areas are in critical need of water management – dry areas, and areas with too much water. Mining companies face both extremes, and if there is too much water in a mine, it can have a negative impact. A number of mines in Africa struggle with too much water. Essentially, the rule is
22
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
Mine water & wastewater management
keep clean water clean – any water
and management of water. They have
Climate change
that touches the mines site can be
introduced comprehensive water man-
The impact of climate change and glob-
deemed contaminated or impacted
agement strategies, and catchment
al warming is certainly being recognised,
by the mine, and has to be put that
management plans that examine a
adding more variables to the equation..
through a treatment process. This can
risk-based approach towards the perfor-
Droughts tend to be deeper droughts
be very expensive.
mances. It has moved from a traditional
than what we experienced in the past
reactive approach to a much more pro-
and floods are much larger. This greatly
active approach where the importance
impacts mining companies and life as
Water management in mines has im-
and value of water is clearly recognised.
we know it.
proved significantly over the last cou-
Mining companies are recognising the
ple of years. The big players in the in-
significant socio-economic and spiritual
Current levels of management
value waters holds for communities. dustry are focused on the importance Terex Inside Mining TER002_ Inside Mining March 2017.qxp_Layout 1 2017/02/10 1:35 PM Page 1
Although the impact that climate change has on water supply and the critical issues it presents can be
Advanced CRUSHING AND SCREENING Technology
Mining companies need to be proactive in terms of protecting water resources and look for opportunities to reduce water impacts controversial, it can be a significant
be shared with the mine and the com-
opportunity for miners to partner with
munities in the area. It is very important
local communities in delivering a more
that mining companies consult closely
impactful solution than either could
with communities in terms of the delivery
achieve alone . Therefore, environmen-
of solutions.
tal consideration is becoming increasingly important for successful mining. That being said, sustainability is another
requirements might be and put our-
core focus and key challenge for mining companies in terms of licence to operate. So it is important that
always encapsulate the power supply. An important
Tel: (011) 306-0700 • Fax: (011) 918-7208 e-mail: Elb@elbquip.co.za www.elbequipment.com Branches & Dealers throughout Southern Africa
on their lives. Look at opportunities to long-term solutions.
Environmental aspects
ELB EQUIPMENT - HEAD OFFICE:
impacts of a project
deliver sustainable,
Issues in Africa to consider
Distribution and Product Support by:
the potential negative
companies do, into account.
Powerscreen Powerscreen manufactures manufactures an an extensive extensive range range of of crushing crushing and and screening screening equipment equipment for for use use in in material material processing processing industries. industries. This This equipment equipment is is capable capable of of being being used used in in a a myriad myriad of of applications applications and and industries. industries. Applications include Applications include sludge sludge and and ash, as well as aggregates ash, as well as aggregates such such as as sand, sand, gravel, gravel, hard hard rock, rock, crushed crushed rock, coal, limestone, rock, coal, limestone, mineral mineral ores ores and and many many others. others. Together, Together, Powerscreen Powerscreen®® and and ELB ELB Equipment Equipment are are committed committed to to delivering delivering to to you you an an unbeaten unbeaten product product and and outstanding outstanding afteraftermarket market support. support.
selves in their shoes in terms of
whatever mining they take that
® ®
I believe that we need to be a lot more open and listen to what their
Message to mines Water is critical to life. Ensure that you understand the true value of water and treat it responsibly. Water has been to-
question is: how does one deliver power,
tally undervalued in the past. We need
water and infrastructure to mines? In
to be wiser in the use of our water and
Africa, these are under-developed re-
more diligent in conserving it. We have
sources and tend to be remote, mean-
a great opportunity to be a lot more
ing the infrastructure has to be brought
proactive and responsible.
in, which presents both an opportunity and a challenge. Bringing in infrastruc-
*Dennis Gibson is the chief
ture is an opportunity for nation building,
technical officer: Mining,
especially where the infrastructure can
Black & Veatch Corporation.
Recycled water kept in a closed circuit helps minimise water disposal in the environment
Pipes, pumps & valves
Where safety is concerned Safety remains a top priority in mines, especially when pipes are joined in a variety of applications. It is recommended that professionals not only take care of the task, but also take the required safety standards and specifications into consideration. By Pranesh Maniraj and Wayne Masters*
T
here are two jointing techniques
monitored when pipes are joined in the
This could prolong the life of pipes, such
used predominantly in the min-
mining industry. Standards such as SANS
as in the case of plastic materials that
ing industry, butt-fusion welding
10268, SANS 6269 and SANS 10270 should
typically have a lifespan of 100 years,
and compression fittings. Where
always be adhered to and incorporat-
and if installed correctly, should reduce
butt-fusion is a more permanent system
ed. If a system is not prepared correctly,
the cost of ownership.
for 125 mm upwards, while compression
joints can leak, causing a safety hazard.
fitting, or mechanical jointing, works for 16 mm up to 110 mm.
To ensure correct standards and spec-
Training
ifications, and that the fittings are SABS
Training in various sectors of the mine is
specified, it is recommended that mines
always imperative to ensure that the sys-
ing techniques are used, but it is impera-
make use of professional people to do
tem works for its intended use. The cliche
tive to ensure that the correct standards
installations. Ensure that the welder has
that is applicable here is that a system is
and specifications are applied and
qualified accreditation and certification
as only as good as its weakest link, in this
with a recognised body, such as the
case the joint.
It doesn’t matter which of the two joint-
It is imperative to ensure that the correct standards and specifications are applied and monitored when pipes are joined in the mining industry
Installation and Fabrication Plastics Pipe Association (IFPA). Equipment manufacturers and sup-
An example of this would be that a compression fitting has to have all its parts intact to ensure a sound joint. We
pliers should also ensure that in-house
have noted that, in some cases, the
training and competency are verified as
rubber ring was taken out as the pipes
there is a multitude of equipment availa-
could not fit. This resulted in a premature
ble with varying operating conditions.
failure and a weak joint, putting lives at
Risk assessment Even before the installation commences,
risk. Suppliers have to ensure that proper training and instructions are provided to eliminate such practices.
proper risk assessment and audits should
As mentioned before, plastic materials
be conducted by the preferred installer.
have a design life of 100 years. This being
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
25
PIPES, PUMPS & VALVES One of the safety standards to keep in mind for pipes SANS 10268 Describes various defects that could occur during the following welding processes: heated-tool butt welding (HS), heated-tool socket welding (HD), electrofusion weldind (HM), hot-gas welding with torch separate from filler rod (WF), hot-gas string-bead welding (WZ), and hot-gas extrusion welding (WE). It also covers the causes of the defects encountered and the assessment class requirements for welds made by means of the above welding processes. Source: South African Bureau of Standards (SABS)
26
said, applications can vary in operating
One last tip
at elevated temperatures. The only
conditions, which result in design consid-
As a quick guide, the ideal material to
time to stay away from thermoplastic is
erations for the specific application. It is
typically move slurry, water, and chemi-
when the pressure exceeds 25 bar.
important to understand the variables
cals up to 50°C, is high-density polyethyl-
such as temperature, operating pressure,
ene, while polypropylene, polyvinyidene
*Pranesh Maniraj is the managing direc-
and medium conveyance to advise the
fluoride, and ethylene chlorotrifluoroeth-
tor and Wayne Masters is the product
best possible solution to our clients.
ylene are ideal for aggressive mediums
manager, both from Astore Africa.
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
Astore Keymak is a company founded and driven on the premise of manufacturing and supplying superior quality products complemented with sound technical support. Take a look at our range of solutions in our interactive product wheel:
Astore Keymak has 10 branches nationwide in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein Nelspruit, Port Elizabeth, East London and George.
For our brand new website onon www.astorekeymak.co.za Formore moreinformation informationvisit visist our brand new website www.astrorekeymak.co.za
Comminution
Trust goes a long way It is a sign of trust and faith when a longstanding client orders more products from the same OEM. Such is the case for an open-pit iron ore mine in the Northern Cape that ordered two 10 t HB 10 000 hydraulic breakers from Atlas Copco to increase its productivity.
T
he new order will complement
impact on the environment, played
the current fleet that consists of
a fundamental role in the mine’s
two 5 t HB 5 800 units and five
decision to order the two 10 tonners.
7 t HB 7 000 hydraulic breakers,
With these two heavy weights, which
which have been in operation at the
are the first 10 t hydraulic breakers
site for over a decade. The hydraulic
Atlas Copco has supplied in South
breakers manage the rock-breaking
Africa, a total of nine hydraulic
after blasting as well as secondary
breakers are currently operating at
breaking and crushing of rocks before
the iron ore mine,” says Roets.
the material moves into feeders. The
The 10 t breaker’s larger tool diame-
Amanda Roets, area sales manager: Construction Technique, Atlas Copco
mine, which has been a key account
ter creates a bigger footprint and the
for Atlas Copco for over 15 years, pro-
unit has a larger handling capacity
duces iron ore and various grades of
and delivers a more powerful hit rate,
performance without
manganese ore.
meeting the mine’s requirement for
additional hydraulic
improved productivity. The powerful
input. It also lowers vi-
area sales manager: Construction
HB range has an operating pressure
brations, making the
Technique, Atlas Copco, the superior
of between 160 and 180, and a
job easier and more
efficiency, performance and reliability
maximum hydraulic input power
efficient. The hydraulic
of the heavy hydraulic breakers
of 159 kW.
breakers are suitable for
According to Amanda Roets,
contribute to increased productivity
“Our HB range features an auto-
a wide range of carriers
and improved production on the mine.
matic start/stop function for conveni-
including wheeled and
“In addition, features such as low noise
ence and safety,” explains Roets. The
crawler excavators.
and vibration levels, which enhance
breakers have an energy recovery
The120 t excavators are
operator safety and comfort, along
system that automatically utilises the
recommended for the
with the fact that they have a low
piston recoil energy to increase the
HB 10 000.
DELIVERING TOP PROJECTS TAKRAF Africa offers innovative, reliable and sustainable solutions in mining and metals. From excavation and comminution, environmental control, conveying and stockyards, through to loading and unloading, we have the systems and expertise. Including locally based spares and support.
TAKRAF Africa 96 Loper Avenue, Aeroport, Spartan Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa T: +27 11 201 2300 takraf.afr@tenova.com www.takraf.com
materials handling
Optimising underground
shuttle cars T
HE AUTHOR COMPILED the studies
through the optimisation of SC utilisa-
at Anglo American-Inyosi Coal
tion,” writes Segopolo.
joint venture’s Zibulo mine, where coal is hauled by means of both
According to Segopolo, in each of the
(SCs). In the project background section
five SC sections, a considerable amount
of the paper, the author goes into much
of time was spent near a CM recording
detail about coal haulers. Segopolo also
SC away times as well as SC loading
details the haulers’ routes and analyses
times. “Away time in this study was tak-
the away times of the haulers. For the
en as the time between completion of
purpose of the study, three random cuts
loading one SC and the arrival of the
were selected to find a general trend.
next, or the same car if only one is being used, to be loaded,” writes Segopolo. Segopolo adds that before each re-
“Each section is equipped with a feed-
cording session, or each time the CM
er breaker (FB) on which coal can be
had to tram to another cut, the numbers
tipped from three distinct points. The
of SCs being operated in the section
mine took advantage of this by employ-
as well as their tramming routes were
ing three SCs, each anchored at a dis-
established. On a few occasions, the
tinct point, in each of the five sections,
time it took for a SC to tip onto the FB
with the aim of maximising productivity.
was recorded. The results obtained were
However, the overall SC utilisation has
predominantly from direct time meas-
decreased from 2010 to 2013.
urements. From these, the tramming
“Furthermore, data gathered from continuous miner (CM) operational reports reveals that CM waiting times,
28
Results and analysis
battery haulers (BHs) and shuttle cars
Problem statement and aim
distances and average tramming speed were obtained. “As a means of confirming the con-
or SC away times, in all five sections
sistency and reliabilityof the results, they
employing SCs for coal haulage are
were compared to the Joy CM system
rather long compared to the mine’s
that the mine uses to monitor whether
key performance indicators (KPIs).
the set production KPIs are being met.
The decrease in SC utilisation and the
Although a great degree of similarity was
longer SC away times lead to lower
observed from the comparison, data
production rates. The project is, there-
calculated from the tramming distances
fore, aimed at increasing productivity
and the average tramming speed could
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
The away time of a shuttle car can influence productivity in an underground mine. In the technical paper ‘Optimisation of shuttle car utilisation at an underground coal mine’, author PR Segopolo focuses on change-out points and tramming routes to optimise current shuttle car use.
When only two shuttle cars are used at any given time, it is effective to use the centre and either the right or left car, depending on whether the cut being excavated is on the right or left of the belt road
materials handling not be confirmed. In an attempt to
tramming route distances and the
car, depending on whether the cut
clear this hurdle, the Arena simulation
average away times has been es-
being excavated is on the right or
software program was used. The pro-
tablished; it is, therefore, important to
left of the belt road (BR). Therefore,
gram was able to confirm the findings
keep the tramming routes as short as
the centre car should always be in
from the studies,” writes Segopolo.
practically possible. Not only should
operation, even when only one car
the distances be kept minimal, but a
is being used. However, the use of
number of factors should be consid-
at least two cars at any given time
The author adds that the utilisation of
ered when designing or determining
should be maintained.
SCs in most of Zibulo colliery’s under-
tramming routes.
Challenges and opportunities
ground sections presents more advan-
“The procedure for handling damaged cables should be revisited so as
tages than the cars’ counterparts, the
Conclusion
battery haulers. However, as previously
Segopolo concludes the technical
er cable anchoring options can be
postulated about the future of under-
paper with the following: “When there
explored. The number of change-out
ground transport on large coal mines,
is only one split between the FB and
points can be maintained if all three
coal mining is a major transport business
CM, the use of a third SC has no effect
SCs are anchored midway between
and, hence, there will always be new
on the production already achieved
the FB and CM on their respective
challenges to meet in underground
by using two SCs. Three SCs are collec-
tramming routes.
transport.
tively effective only when there is more
to improve cable management. Oth-
Different anchoring configurations
“SC operations involve the consider-
than one open split between the FB
can reduce SC cable restrictions to
ation of various factors, both technical
and CM. However, due to the Zibulo
enable the cars to reach certain cuts.
and non-technical. A challenge pre-
underground operation standard, a
The average labour complement of
sents an opportunity to improve or em-
maximum of three splits should be open
8.1 is sufficient to run a section; how-
ploy new techniques. The challenges of
before a belt extension. This is also due
ever, if production targets are to be
SC utilisation and the associated oppor-
to cable length restrictions; shuttle cars
met, then absenteeism will have to be
tunities they present are discussed in the
may not be able to reach some cuts
managed,” writes Segopolo.
following sections,” writes Segopolo.
when four splits are open.
Tramming routes
“When only two SCs are used at
Read this technical paper:
any given time, it is effective to use
www.saimm.co.za/Journal/
The direct relationship between the
the centre and either the right or left
v115n04p285.pdf
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
29
management
Phasing out ozonedepleting substances South Africa’s commitment to significantly phase out ozone-depleting substances, in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment, means that the mining industry will have to follow suit in order to maintain its ‘green’ status. By Michael Labacher*
C
hlorofluorocarbons
SA is meeting its targets
faces due to climate change. The final
(CFCS) were used traditionally
Minister of Environmental Affairs Dr Edna
agreement split the world’s major econo-
in the past, but were phased
Molewa said, in a country statement at
mies into three groups, each with a target
out by the Montreal Protocol
the signing, “The regulations on the man-
phase-down date. The most developed
in the late 1990s. This paved the way for
agement and phasing-out of ozone-de-
countries, including the US and the Euro-
the advent of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons).
pleting substances have been enacted,
pean Union, will reduce the production
HFCs are man-made chemicals used
and are being implemented. We have
and consumption of HFCs from 2019. Most
mainly in air-conditioning, refrigeration,
been able to meet our target of reducing
of the world – including China, Brazil, and
and foam insulation. These powerful
our HFC consumption by 10% in 2015, and
all of Africa – will freeze the use of HFCs by
greenhouse gases can be thousands of
are committed to ensuring we meet all
2024. A small group of the world’s hottest
times more potent than carbon dioxide
our future targets.”
countries – such as Bahrain, India, Iran,
in contributing to climate change. The
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) notes that the Ki-
di Arabia, and the UAE – only have to halt
Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on
gali Amendment could be the single
HFC production and use by 2028.
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
largest real contribution the world has
during the 28th Meeting of Parties in Kiga-
made so far towards keeping the global
Mining industry still uses HFCs
li, Rwanda, from 10 to 14 October 2016.
temperature rise “well below” 2°C, a
The South African mining industry currently
target agreed upon at the 2015 Paris
uses HFCs in its refrigerant systems. It will
Climate Conference. The Kigali Amend-
need to review its position in this regard,
ment is a major step in realising that tar-
as these products are on the cards to
get. It includes:
be phased out over a set period, as indi-
• specific targets and timetables to
cated in the Kigali Amendment. A small
replace HFCs with more environ-
pocket of the mining industry still uses
ment-friendly alternatives
CFCs, which is an indication of the long
• provisions to prohibit or restrict countries
awareness still to be followed by this sec-
or its amendments from trading in con-
tor. Our message is twofold.
to ratify it • an agreement by developed countries
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
road towards international environmental
that have ratified the Montreal Protocol trolled substances with countries yet
30
Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Sau-
latest development is the adoption of the
Fourth-generation HFOs Firstly, these users can return such CFCs to
to help finance the transition of poor
a responsible environmental custodian,
countries to alternative safer products.
such as A-Gas. At the same time, they
In particular, African countries opted to
can initiate a discussion about switching
phase down the chemicals faster than re-
to HFCs, and ultimately HFOs (hydro-
quired, citing the grave threats the region
fluoro-olefins), which will be introduced
management in the next five to 10 years. This fourth generation of fluorine-based gases is already available in South Africa. Secondly, when mines reach the stage of needing to invest in new refrigerant systems, or to refurbish existing ones, our suggestion is to opt for the latest technology and move straight to HFOs, rather than the interim HFC stage, as this will prove much more cost-effective and environmentally friendly in the long run.
Test kit for mines
Propellants found in aerosol cans contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer
A-Gas South Africa can assist in ensuring compliance in major industrial sectors such as mining, and offers a range of services and product offerings. For instance, an easy-to-use test kit can be supplied, consisting of a refrigerant sample cylinder, an oil sample bottle, and all of the necessary hoses needed to take the samples, all packaged in a robust box. A certificate of analysis is then supplied in compliance with AHRI 700 standards, which reveals the maximum contaminant levels permissible for reuse, without causing system damage. Mining is an arduous environment and application, especially in underground conditions. For example, a pipe may burst, resulting in refrigerant being contaminated with water. A high moisture level will increase the acidity, which, in turn, will corrode the copper elements of the system, leading
African countries opted to phase down the chemicals faster than required, citing the grave threats the region faces due to climate change
to the failure of motors and pumps and, ultimately, the equipment in its entirety.
Preventative refrigerant analysis Therefore, it is recommended that mines conduct a refrigerant analysis at least once or twice a year. This is critical in terms of preventative maintenance, which will prevent safety-critical equipment from breaking down and impacting on mine productivity. We have seen a steady increase in such instances within the mining industry. Especially with shafts being closed and mines decommissioned once they reach their end-of-life, it is imperative that systems be purged of all refrigerant, cleaned and rendered safe. This refrigerant can then be returned to specification for reuse.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone depleting substances are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ozone depletion
Future developments In terms of future developments, A-Gas South Africa is looking to launch a new product to recover refrigerant out of systems far quicker in order to reduce downtime and boost recovery rates. What we are looking at it is vacuum-sucking refrigerant out of a system straight into drums, which will eliminate the danger of any blow-off to the atmosphere. This will be far more environmentally friendly, our mining customers will receive an improved service, and we will be able to recycle the refrigerant in question. This point in our company’s policy of complete refrigerant life-cycle stewardship ensures that customers comply with the requirements of SANS 10147:2009 pertaining to refrigerant reclamation and recycling. In addition, mining customers, in particular, should comply with the National Environmental Management Air Quality Act (No. 39 of 2004). As per these regulations, it is
HFCs are man-made chemicals used mainly in airconditioning, refrigeration, and foam insulation
illegal to release refrigerant directly into the atmosphere.
Full compliance It is, therefore, imperative for mining companies to consult a professional about their full compliance with regard to all of the necessary regulations pertaining to refrigerant recycling. *Michael Labacher is the national sales manager at A-Gas South Africa.
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
31
management
Environmental compliance entices investors With commodity prices picking up, investors are investigating the mining industry again. To attract the attention of possible investors, mines need to ensure that they are fully compliant from an environmental perspective. By Garyn Rapson*
T
here are definitely more positive
project they can get a return on their
vibes from investors who are see-
investment. Investors also want to know
ing an upturn in the commodity
that there are good structures in place.
prices as a positive stepping stone
The legislative and social licences to
The grids are not stable. It is hard to get
for getting into Africa. Investors and
mine have to be in place, and if inves-
a transmission line to the operation, but
clients are realising that there are many
tors get a hint that any of these haven’t
there are innovative technologies com-
opportunities all over the continent and
been properly obtained, they will lose
ing through the market. One example is
people are keen to follow up on that.
confidence. We all know the hindrances
containerised gas solutions, or hybrids of
There is much that the governments can
of establishing a mine. These are the
photovoltaics and heavy fuel oil to set
do to improve investor confidence, and
typical issues of access to water and
up a captive / off-grid power plant for
there have been some positive turns in
power, so investors need to know that
the mine.
terms of investor confidence and chang-
they have been dealt with. They also
es in legislation to attract more investors.
want to know that there are plans and
erators to ensure operation, but more
contingencies in place, just in case.
sustainable solutions are emerging which
There has been a huge change in the environmental regulatory space in South
We’ve seen it in South Africa; mines
Previously, mines flew in diesel gen-
are becoming attractive possibilities
Africa to simplify permitting processes,
have done what they could to get ac-
for mines. They need security of water,
and to reduce timelines for mining com-
cess to water, but it never materialised.
power and other resources required to
panies to get permits, which is good
Now, they are sitting in a crisis stage
operate a mine.
news for investors.
with operations ramping up and they have no security of water supply. Having
Advice for mines
there is significant risk attached to it.
secured supply is essential, as is having
Mines need to take environmental
Mines should beef up on their feasibility
sustainable solutions in place.
compliance seriously and they need to
Investors will not invest in a project if
and pre-feasibility stages, because this
32
Garyn Rapson of Webber Wentzel
think about sustainability very seriously.
is what investors focus on. They want to
Power
know that there is definitely a project
Power is a big issue, not so much in
NGOs and governments will accept
on the cards, and if they invest in the
South Africa, but definitely across Africa.
mines coming in and operating for years,
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
Gone are the days when communities,
management
An abandoned mine from an era before environmental management
Restoring mine sites to their original states should be a top priority for mines these days
Investors will not invest in a project if there is significant risk attached to it
then leaving a legacy behind. The days
the mine. Mines have to go beyond
of proving mere legal compliance are
mere closure where they are not just
gone. Mines need to think bigger than
hoping to close and rehabilitate their
that now. We have what we call a cir-
sites – it should be a business opportu-
cular economy – mines need to think
nity in itself. Whether it is setting up a
about the waste they generate, the
power plant, or returning the land to
emissions they generate and see how
agriculture, mines need to seize
they can reduce them. There are many
environmental management as an
abandoned mines across South Africa
opportunity and not see it as a pure
is carbon tax, which can be seen as a
and Africa, and communities, govern-
liability anymore.
huge hurdle to a mining company or it
Mines are excited about the pos-
can be seen as an opportunity to really
sibilities that automation brings, but
ensure that mining companies take ad-
automation goes beyond remotely
vantage of the possible tax rebates they
ing must start right at the beginning of
operated machines. Mines can also
can get. It could really reduce the cost
the project, with the end goal in sight.
make use of drones to calculate how
of the operation if a mine takes the tax
The mine should be engineered with
much waste rock they are generating
seriously and maximises opportunities to
environmental sustainability in mind.
and how they can best plan the refilling
reduce the tax burden.
Mines should also take environmental
of their pits. Drones can also be used to
compliance very seriously. It is important
inspect remote areas of a mine for en-
crease the impacts to optimise the mine.
to get environmental managers in to top
vironmental management. Technology
With the right mindset, any obstacle can
management so they can be involved in
certainly brings a host of opportunities
be seen as an opportunity.
the key decision-making for the mine.
that can be leveraged by a mine to
ments and NGOs are not going to accept that anymore. Rehabilitation planning and engineer-
Future of mining
increase efficiencies. There are a few things coming into
It can increase efficiencies and de-
*Garyn Rapson is an environmental specialist and partner at Webber
The future of mining in terms of environ-
play in South Africa, the effects of
Wentzel and member of the firm’s
mental management is to look beyond
which are yet unknown. One of these
Mining Sector Group.
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
33
MARKET news
market news
from around the continent Treating wastewater in various applications Mineral processing specialist Multotec says its continuous ionic filtration process could change the mining sector’s outlook on wastewater treatment as well as offer an income stream while treating contaminated water to achieve potable water quality. According to Carien van der Walt, environmental process engineer, Multotec, the technology augments existing solutions like reverse osmosis by achieving higher water recoveries and delivering a zero liquid discharge solution. “It is a significantly improved version of the familiar
and widely accepted ion exchange methodology, and has been tested and proven in treating wastewater in various applications around the world,” says Van der Walt. With local representation rights from Australian water treatment and metals recovery specialist Clean TeQ, Multotec sees the process as an ideal long-term solution to acid mine drainage in South Africa. “Adding a secondary solution that fits onto the backend of the current treatment plants is not only cost-effective, but also much faster to implement,” she says. Van der Walt highlights that among the system’s new features is the continuous and counter-current movement of resin – in contrast to a conventional fixed-bed arrangement –that allows the process to operate closer to ideal equilibrium
Carien van der Walt, process engineer: Environment, Multotec Process Equipment
conditions to improve process efficiency. The movement of resin counter-current to the solution creates a concentration gradient, which drives the ion exchange reaction, thereby reducing reagent consumptions and improving recovery. In South Africa, where options are being explored to upgrade the output of the three Witwatersrand AMD treatment plants to achieve a potable standard, eliminating the need for expensive regeneration chemicals becomes paramount. Multotec focuses on the Dual-stage Iconic Desalination (DeSALx) process, to produce water with low total dissolved salts and a neutral pH.
Uninterrupted travel of conveyor belts Mining solutions provider Tega Industries has developed a low-maintenance system to replace impact idlers at transfer points, which will ensure uninterrupted travel of conveyor belts in the toughest conditions. “On traditional systems, we usually find that the impact of heavy material leads to damage of the belt, idler and the structure, resulting in material spillage. Being a rotating part, idlers are susceptible to corrosion and failure of bearings due to the accumulation of dust and grime. The malfunctioning of these idlers in dirty conditions is inevitable and is the cause of frequent conveyor breakdowns necessitating regular maintenance,” says Fernando Monteiro, managing director, Tega Industries South Africa. This is not the case with Tega’s new Friflo Impact Pad. Where conventional impact idlers are not sufficient to absorb
ABOVE Fernando Monteiro, managing director, Tega Industries South Africa
34
Ins i de Mi n i n g 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
the impact of heavy falling materials at the loading points, Tega’s impact pad provides a solid non-moving surface that is specially designed to the dampen impact of heavy materials and prevent damage to the conveyor belt and structure. The use of ultra-durable materials means that the Friflo is designed to outlast idlers. The UHMWPE low-friction design ensures smooth conveyor movement under all conditions, which plays a positive role in preserving belts and ensuring the longest possible lifespan.
Conveyor belts
Control systems for hazardous areas w
Reliable supplier of reliable equipment
PR ROC 4499 EMEA 17023 Rockwell New Intrinsically Safe I/O
Operations in hazardous areas can now benefit from ease of data access using the new Allen-Bradley Bulletin 1719 Ex I/O platformfrom Rockwell Automation. As part of the PlantPAx distributed control system (DCS) from Rockwell Automation, the Bulletin 1719 Ex I/O allows users to monitor operations using a common platform that communicates with the DCS or other automation systems. This helps create a seamless flow of information throughout the plant and enterprise. “The Bulletin 1719 Ex I/O platform is ideal for organisations that are embracing smart manufacturing and seeking to capitalise on the power of their own information in a connected enterprise,” said Christo Buys, business manager: Control Systems, Rockwell Automation sub-Saharan Africa. “The platform’s EtherNet/IP interface and HART 7 protocol support help users toeasily integrate real-time device and sensor data into their PlantPAx system.” The new I/O platform is integrated into the Rockwell Software Studio 5000
There is considerable legal onus encouraged by the revised Mine Health and Safety Act (MHSA) on both users and suppliers to ensure that all equipment on mines, such as proximity detection systems, is fit for purpose. Anton Lourens, managing director of leading proximity detection systems (PDS) supplier Booyco Electronics, emphasises the importance of mines being very careful in their selection of equipment – to avoid falling afoul of the law. “In terms of Section 21 of the MHSA, the equipment supplied by OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) must be fit for purpose,” he says. “If it is found that equipment does not comply, then the OEM can face both civil and criminal prosecution.” “We’ve seen a strong drive by the Department of Mineral Resources to enforce compliance with the new legislation,” Lourens says. “Some mining companies will opt for the cheapest equipment just so they can tick that box in the requirements, but this does create a risk further down the line – if an accident occurs and equipment is found to be not up to the task.”Lourens says the role of a competent supplier is to help educate customers about the importance of the drive towards zero harm, which requires commitment and passion rather than a tick-box approach.
Booyco Electronics says the vital research and development required to advance the capability of PDS offerings had to be funded by the suppliers, not the mines
design environment, which simplifies the user experience and can help reduce configuration time. Three chassis models are available, providing scalability for anywhere from 8 to 45 I/O modules on a single adapter. Once operational, a
removal-and-insertion-under-power (RIUP) feature allows users to replace modules and make connections while a system is running in the absence of a hazardous atmosphere. This can help improve maintenance flexibility and increase system uptime.
Severe Duty Special Applications special risk fire protection
Celebrating
25 Years Yea
1990 tto o 2015 20
Sev Severe Duty Monitor Continuous use applications, vehicle veh washdown, dust st suppression & fire fighting. 2900 L/min @ 5 - 14 bar
+27 (0) 861 111 544 Mike: +27 (0) 83 251 9346 Mi mgf@dosetech.co.za • www.dosetech.co.za
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
35
Unearth your brand’s
potential using our print and digital solutions.
www.miningne.ws 3 891
56 730
audited print circulation
• Digimags • Newsletters • Website page views • Social media
Inside Mining, the www.miningne.ws website and the newsletter feature topical information on mining, exploration and minerals processing with a special focus on the mining value chain. Our readers are key decision-makers in the industry. Advertise with us and boost your products and services by receiving multi-platform exposure to your target market.
TO ADVERTISE
Annemarie Prins +27 (0)11 467 6223 | +27 (0)76 795 7870 | annemarie@3smedia.co.za TO SUBSCRIBE
Loretha Mwayera +27 (0)11 233 2600 | loretha@3smedia.co.za Print and digital solutions for business communities www.3smedia.co.za
indaba highlights
market news
from around the continent
Making the mining industry accessible to women The male-dominated mining sector could unlock the great value of women by diversifying the sector and implementing practical measures to the empowerment of women. These sentiments were highlighted by Rebecca Major at this year’s Investing in African Mining Indaba. Major, who is a partner at Herbert Smith Freehills, believes that the mining industry could benefit tremendously from the perspectives of women in an industry that tends to prioritise keeping the company profitable, rather than maintaining its objectives for diversity and women empowerment. “Some of the big mining companies have run successful programmes to increase the number of women in their companies. Some have set themselves very optimistic objectives, which is a good start. But I think the main problem is that, with witnessed uncertainty in commodity prices over the past 5 years, companies’ views on diversity and advancing women in the industry become ‘nice to have’ qualities rather than core values,” opined Major. She noted that the practice of excluding women when companies are under crises
is common and understandable, but still short-sighted. She believes actively including women in mining companies will provide a different perspective and might make companies more competitive and successful. “We are finding that some of the big miners are walking the walk, but the smaller mines who are struggling to survive cannot make diversity a priority. Companies will rather empower the local people living around a project than empower women, because that is an important community issue. The need to keep the community happy is more important for the project, in order for it to be accepted and successful, than dealing with integrating women into the industry,” Major said. Mining companies, She believes, should strive to make the industry accessible to women, even by doing simple things like encouraging students and graduates to enter into the mining stream, instead of closing it off with unconscious bias. “Just by showing women
Women can offer a different business perspective to a mine
that there are other women in mining could be helpful, as well as changing the perception that those women already in the industry always have to be ‘tough’. “Secondly, the industry has an obligation to make the environment comfortable enough for women to work in, by noting unconscious bias. Making people conscious about how women feel in traditionally male-dominated environments could lead to a mindset change, and a change in the attitude of the industry towards women,” explained Major.
South Africa shares valuable lessons learnt in mining There have been visible signs of hope in some commodity prices, as well as an increase in exploration drilling, which resulted in a more upbeat tone to this year’s Investing in African Mining Indaba, but South Africa issued some sobering lessons for African countries present at the event who have yet to fully launch their mining sectors. Andrew van Zyl, partner and principal consultant, SRK Consulting, highlighted the importance of constructive dialogue and engagement between mining companies and key stakeholders like government and communities – warning that South Africa has yet to improve its own performance on this score. “Many African countries attend this event to leverage their
Andrew van Zyl, partner and corporate consultant, SRK Consulting (SA)
mineral resources as a catalyst for broader economic development,” said Van Zyl. “To do that effectively requires a strong relationship between the public and private sectors – to build trust that will endure through the demanding but inevitable commodity cycles.” He said the discussions at the Indaba about South Africa were often quite different to those about the mining future of most other African states. “While SA is concerned mainly with sustaining an ageing industry – with its attendant challenges of productivity, viability and competitiveness – most of the continent must address issues like infrastructure, logistics and developing mining codes,” he said. “In either context, though, good leadership among stakeholders is vital to a successful outcome.” A clear and shared vision, he said, gives stakeholders the comfort of knowing what their
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
37
DRC MINING WEEK EXPO & CONFERENCE
23 – 24 June 2017 Lubumbashi , DRC
GET YOUR HEAD OUT THE GROUND LOOK UP FOR NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITES IN THE DRC
PRE-CONFERENCE TWO-DAY CONFERENCE INDOOR & OUTDOOR EXPO FREE TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS PRODUCT & EQUIPMENT DEMOS SITE VISIT B2B MATCHMAKING
Join us at DRC Mining Week and benefit from exclusive B2B & B2G networking opportunities to boost your current and future business ventures. For more information please contact: Jeantite.oloumoussie@spintelligent.com |+27 21 700 3508 benjamin.weinheimer@spintelligent.com |+27 21 700 3515
www.drcminingweek.com
indaba highlights
market news
from around the continent
10 things to hit Africa’s mining industry in 2017 sacrifices and compromises are going to achieve; the prize must be worth what each stakeholder is prepared to give up. “Mining today is more of a cooperative venture than ever before, requiring commitment from mines to engage broadly about their impacts and requirements,” said Van Zyl. “While, in the past, it was usually simpler for new operations to build their own infrastructure in remote areas, this process now demands a more inclusive approach that is sensitive to the wider social and natural environment.” Innovative financing solutions for energy generation in the African mining sector was a common theme at this year’s Indaba, highlighting the importance of renewables as part of the conversation about how to finance in-house power generation without the traditional longterm power purchase agreements. “It is heartening to see signs of revived interest in prospects for mining in various parts of Africa,” he said. “These prospects will be well served by acknowledgements in both the private and public sectors that mines are complex undertakings that rely on real collaboration and partnerships.”
South Africa should realise the importance of constructive dialogue and engagement between mining companies and key stakeholders, like government and communities
For the first time in years, there is a mood of cautious optimism in the mining industry, with commodity prices on the rise, shallow growth returning to different end markets, and most mining companies in better cost positions than in the recent past. However, the industry is still at a pivotal point as it faces challenges from cybersecurity threats to technological disruption and environmental issues. Mining companies now face key choices about where to invest and how to position themselves in the coming years. The Deloitte Global 9th annual Mining Report released in Johannesburg, “Tracking the trends 2017”, explores how mining companies can succeed by understanding and reacting to 10 trends that are expected to impact them in 2017 and beyond. “Mining companies willing to engage in substantive change, by rethinking strategy and embracing disruption to help unlock productivity and improve sustainability, will likely be best positioned to succeed,” says Philip Hopwood, mining sector leader, Deloitte Global. “These companies will require strong leadership, greater collaboration and the adoption of a long-term view to propel the industry forward.” Andrew Lane, africa mining leader, Deloitte, brings it closer to home by saying : “Governments of resource-rich countries are grappling with the issue of how to equitably distribute the returns from their resource endowments to investors, governments and communities. “There are no simple answers to this. The answer lies in effective engagement and
The mining sector has invested in technological innovations, such as driverless trucks, sensors and advanced analytics to reduce cost, streamline equipment maintenance and prevent safety incidents
productive dialogue.” Lane further notes: “As we look to the future, innovation in mining is not just about diversifying revenues, but creating viable, sustainable streams for both shareholders and other stakeholders as mines approach end of life.” Tracking the trends 2017 explores these issues and includes a range of case studies, which showcase how mining companies are bringing new solutions to life. 1 Unlocking productivity through innovation In an increasingly complex world driven by new technologies, mining companies are turning to innovation to fuel success. In recent years, the mining sector has invested in technological innovations such as driverless trucks, sensors and advanced analytics to reduce cost, streamline equipment maintenance and prevent safety incidents. Today, new technological advancements are rapidly driving the next wave of productivity gains. Technologies such as drones, real-time modeling and geo-coding are creating real-time, productive and functional improvements. “To get to the next layer of efficiency gains, companies should not only adopt the technology, but create a culture of innovation that leverages insights beyond the
In sid e M in in g 0 3 | 2017
39
market news
indaba highlights
from around the continent
8 Supporting strategic priorities While commodity prices have begun to recover since they began falling in 2011, following years of record profits, industry leaders now understand the importance of adopting operating models that can help them respond to industry challenges and market volatility. Companies that took steps to strengthen their balance sheets in the latest round of cost take-outs are now considering how to align their operating models against these choices so they can position themselves to meet their strategic objectives and sustain their new, lower cost positions.
Machine Learning mining industry,” said Andrew Lane, energy and resources leader, Deloitte Africa. “By adopting innovations from sectors such as manufacturing, automotive and pharmaceuticals, the mining industry can enjoy the full range of benefits new technology offers.” 2 Improving shareholder value Historically, the mining industry has underperformed in this space, with total shareholder returns in steady decline since 2011. Optimising portfolios, strengthening M&A processes, sustaining focus on cost and making long-term investments are key to improving this performance. 3 Operating in an ecosystem For the sector to realise major breakthroughs, companies will need to shift from a go-it-alone mentality, to one that recognises the value of operating within an ecosystem. Adopting new forms of collaboration, including turning vendors into partners, collaborating with competitors and building extended partnerships, can help companies achieve this goal. 4 Digital revolution While there are a number of benefits to embracing digital capabilities, miners must figure out how to turn potential
benefits into reality. To thrive in the future, companies must embed digital thinking, processes and structures into the entire organisation. 5 Mapping the threat landscape As technology permeates all industries and sectors, mining is not immune to the accelerating threats of cybersecurity. Mining companies are subject to a wide range of risks, and with an evolving threat landscape, leaders must strengthen their cybersecurity programs. 6 Creating a shared vision for the sector To foster a shared vision for the mining sector, companies and governments could benefit from finding a middle ground that aligns interests and enhances cooperation when it comes to regulations.
9 Creating healthy and inclusive workforces Productivity improvement has been elevated to a mining industry mantra following the commodity price weakness of recent years. Companies, however, need to recognise that productivity goes beyond reducing costs and streamlining processes: mental health, wellness and diversity should also be considered and addressed.
7 Re-earning the social licence to operate Winning a social licence to operate is especially difficult for miners in light of a number of recent, catastrophic mining accidents and as communities continue to raise concerns about the industry’s impact on the environment. By lessening their environmental footprint, miners can foster the community trust needed to regain their social licence to operate.
10 Adopting an integrated approach to reporting With governments demanding greater levels of transparency, the sector is working to strengthen compliance and disclosure practices. By standardising information, considering the benefits of over-reporting and reviewing IT systems to ensure consistent data measurement and reporting capabilities, companies can adapt to a step change in the reporting environment. “As companies recommit to a new set of strategic priorities, they will also need to adopt the next generation of operational approaches,” said Hopwood. “Now is the time for mining companies to consider new strategic approaches, transforming the way mining operates across the board.”
DRC Mining
38
SEW-Eurodrive
ELB Engineering
24
Takraf Africa
27
Terex Materials Handling
23
index to advertisers Astor Kemak Babcock Bell Equipment Dosetech
40
Insi de Mi ni ng 0 3 | 2 0 1 7
26 2 IFC 35
Joy Global Necsa
IBC 21
WorleyParsons
OBC
9
Ready to work smarter?
Joy Global has the latest mining equipment and services to help you work smarter; making the most of every production hour, eliminating downtime and waste, and lowering operating costs. • Joy Hybrid Diesel LHDs for underground hard rock provide a 30% reduction in fuel consumption and boost productivity to deliver the lowest TCO in their class. • The new P&H 77XD blasthole drill can be configured for diesel or electric, single- or multi-pass, and rotary and hammer drilling. • Our new Montabert drifters and breakers enhance productivity to help you do more with less.
Contact your local Joy Global rep today to learn more about how we can help solve your toughest mining challenges with world-class products and direct service.
JoyGlobal.com Joy Global, Joy and Montabert are trademarks of Joy Global Inc. or one of its affiliates. © 2016 Joy Global Inc. or one of its affiliates.