WISA Biennial
Conference & Exhibition
Vovani
Leading the water treatment market
2018 Cape Town, South Africa
Breaking Boundaries Connecting Ideas 24-27 June 2018
•
CTICC
•
Cape Town
ISBN 978-0-6399369-3-2
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Contents All information contained within the WISA Conference proceedings was deemed correct at time of print. WISA, the WISA 2018 Organising Committee (OC), its agents and service providers cannot be held liable for information omitted or incorrect information published in this conference proceedings book.
Welcome and housekeeping
Sponsors
31
Welcome from the WISA CEO
5
Welcome from the Editor
5
Keynote Speaker Profiles
35
Welcome from the Organising Committee Chairperson
6
Abstracts
37
Welcome from the WISA Chair
6
Delegate Information and Housekeeping
7
Exhibition Floor Plan
12
Exhibitors’ Listing
14
Venue Map
15
Water Institute of Southern Africa
17
Programme Detailed Technical Programme
23
Poster Presentations
112
Workshops
131
Exhibitors
148
3S Media 3S Media
178
Water&Sanitation Africa magazine
180
The Wisa 2018 Conference proceedings has been published by 3S Media on behalf of the Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA). The information sourced herein has been provided by The Conference Company and WISA. The publisher accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of details provided herein, nor for any inconvenience or loss caused by the publication of this information.
1
Abstracts cover story
Leading the water treatment market Vovani Water Products is renowned for providing safe, reliable and technologically advanced products used in the manufacturing of water treatment plants for various industries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
A
company strives to be the preferred supplier of specialised water treatment components est quality and standards are in the SSA market, and thus the first contact acceptable, as all deals are when customers search for these products. grounded in professional and At a community level, Vovani works to make open communication throughout the compaa difference in the lives of those who do not ny’s business relations. As a result, staff, prodhave access to clean drinking water. As such, ucts and services reflect this vision. the company targets a community project Vovani’s main aim is to enable its customers each year where it supplies products and exto provide the highest quality solutions and water treatment plants to the end customer or pertise to provide a water treatment solution consumer, through the to a specific commuunique products and nity, supplying them Henk Smit, managing innovative applications with potable drinkdirector, Vovani Water Products Vovani supplies. The ing water.
2
t Vovani, only the high-
Vovani represents more than seven top international brands
The history Vovani Water Products was established in October 2011 by Henk Smit, who, after working in the water treatment sector from 1999 to 2006, was looking at possible opportunities to re-enter the water industry, but from a different angle. When the opportunity to represent international companies and their products in SSA arose, Vovani was born, providing these companies with a footprint and service support in the region. Although various competitors were already established in the market, there were certain suppliers that had achieved
cover story
FRP pressure vessels from ROPV enormous success around the world, but had yet to establish themselves in the sub-Saharan market due to a lack of local representation. Vovani had to get its brand out in the market quickly and finalise signed distributor agreements with the international suppliers to represent them. Vovani started small, with only two products, seeking to prove itself in the market. The company started to gain momentum by supplying products to water treatment projects for customers, establishing itself as an important role player in the sector. Over the past six and a half years, Vovani has become known as a specialised product supplier to all companies in the water industry in SSA. The company has aligned itself with specific partners and their products, to offer customers a range of strategic products required to build a water treatment plant using the latest technologies available in the world. Being able to offer its customers up to six specialised products that can be used in one specific project, Vovani provides an overall solution with these unique products, accompanied by competitive pricing and discounts for multiple product purchases. This also gives customers the advantage of buying various products from one supplier, making procurement much easier.
Internationally renowned technology Presently, Vovani represents more than seven top international brands, selling these high-quality products in the SSA market. Vovani’s products include: FRP pressure vessels for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and
ultrafiltration applications; ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes; ultraviolet and ozone systems; reverse osmosis membranes; high-pressure pumps and energy recovery devices; flexible pipe couplings; fibreglass cartridge and bag housings; wastewater screening and hydromechanical equipment; trash rack cleaning systems; debris handling; and low-flow, gravity-fed ultrafiltration systems. Vovani is proud to be partnered with the following international companies: • ROPV (China) – FRP pressure vessels • SUEZ Water Technologies and Solutions (France) – ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, ultraviolet and ozone systems • LG Chem (South Korea) – reverse osmosis membranes • FEDCO (USA) – high-pressure multistage centrifugal pumps and energyrecovery devices • Piedmont Pacific (Canada) – flexible pipe couplings, FRP cartridge and bag housings • Muhr (Germany) – wastewater screening, hydromechanical equipment and trash rack cleaning • Aqua Solutions (Australia) – low-flow, gravity-fed ultrafiltration systems. The products are used in various water treatment applications, including desalination, brackish water treatment, surface water purification, wastewater treatment, hydropower and cooling water treatment, wastewater screening, water reuse systems and rainwater treatment.
Notable achievements Vovani has been involved in all three emergency desalination projects in the City of Cape Town, supplying various products for these water treatment plants. All the current seawater reverse osmosis membranes used on these three plants were supplied by Vovani and its partner, LG Chem. The company also recently received the Water Innovation Award 2018 for the Middle East/Africa region from SUEZ Water Technologies and Solutions. Vovani received this award for the work it has done in implementing products supplied by SUEZ Water Technologies and Solutions in various unique applications. “This gives us the recognition for our hard work over the past six years, and shows customers that we will work with them to find the best solution possible for their water treatment challenges, with the products we can offer from our partners,” says managing director Henk Smit. “Vovani would like to be part of your next water treatment project solution in supplying quality products, excellent support service and specialised price structures, in order for your project to be successful.”
wwww.vovani.co.za
3
WELCOME
CEO’s
welcome message
O
n behalf of the WISA Board, council, branches, divisions
of 170 speak-
and head office, it is my particular pleasure to welcome you to
ers who will
WISA 2018.
be enlighten-
In a country such as South Africa, the work done by the water
ing us all with
sector has a major influence on the sustainability and success of our com-
their innovative
munities and our economy. For WISA, our biennial conference is a reflection
approaches
of the vital role that we have to play, as factors such as climate change and
to
an ever-burgeoning population have necessitated an adaptation to the new,
lenges faced by
Dr Lester Goldman
water-constrained normal.
the sector.
CEO, WISA
It was clear from the focus of the 2016 biennial conference that we recog-
the
This
chal-
year,
the
nised that water is ‘the ultimate constraint’. This year, as 2000 delegates come
presentations are clustered under six main themes:
together in Cape Town, we are seeking innovative solutions as we meet un-
• Sink or Swim: Preparing Our Cities For The Future
der the banner of ‘Breaking Barriers, Connecting Ideas’.
• Uncharted Waters: Developing Solutions Through Science And Technology
Cape Town still faces a severely water-challenged future, and we have
• Waste Not, Want Not: Optimising Processes For Treatment And Reclamation
worked hard to ensure that WISA 2018 has a minimal impact. We are espe-
• Under The Microscope: How Do We Join The Dots?
cially grateful to our sponsors who have stepped up to the plate to support
• Bridging The Gap: Sustainable Finance For Improved Delivery
us in this endeavour.
• Pooling Together: Enabling Participation Through Good Governance.
We were overwhelmed by the number of companies and organisations
I invite you to immerse yourself in the discussions, interact with fellow del-
who chose to exhibit at WISA 2018, with all available space sold out two
egates and speakers at our social functions, expand your horizons during
months before the conference. This is a clear indication that the water sector,
the technical tours and workshops, and follow my example as I enjoy every
as a whole, recognises the importance of our meeting, and values the pres-
second of this great event.
ence of each and every delegate who attends. We are proud to welcome a number of speakers who have travelled from beyond our borders to share their insights with us. They join a stellar line-up
Lester
Editor’s message
T
he 2018 WISA Conference and Exhibition comes at a time when
virtually halving ur-
Cape Town is in a drought crisis. I recently attended WaterLoss2018,
ban demand without
where it was made clear that Cape Town has performed immensely
resorting to intermit-
well in handling the drought.
tent supply.
At the conference, Tim Waldron, recently retired CEO of Wide Bay Water
Contrastingly,
Herman
Corporation in Australia, presented his 10-point plan during times of crisis:
Mashaba,
1. Create a structure of crisis teams
or, City of Johannesburg, noted
2. Demonstrate great leadership to win hearts and minds
in his recent State of the City Address
3. Introduce a major communications plan with an excellent spokesperson
that Johannesburg would not be able to fight off a
and involve community groups 4. Reach out politically, from local to international 5. Invoke new legal actions for water control and safety
executive
may-
Danielle Petterson Editor
drought with the current state of its water network, featuring 45 000 leaks and 107 billion litres of water lost through dilapidated infrastructure in 2016/17. Considering this, if one of South Africa’s metros had to experience a major
6. Resist intermittent supply
drought, it is opportune that it was Cape Town, as the work it has done on its
7. PRV everywhere
network in recent years means it likely has the best chances of survival.
8. DMA everywhere
It is clear that Cape Town will become a case study for utilities around the
9. Wherever possible, use smart meters
world on how droughts can be managed and a ‘day zero’ avoided. There is a
10. Motivate, listen to people, and delegate (be a leader)
lot that can be learnt from Cape Town, and municipalities around the country
Peter Flower, director: Water and Sanitation, City of Cape Town, noted that
should be looking to it as an example of how to reduce NRW and better man-
without having seen this plan before, Cape Town has performed well in most of
age distribution networks.
these areas as part of its drought management approach.
It is my hope that WISA 2018 will build on the knowledge of the sector and
Water demand has remained relatively flat despite the population doubling
assist the country in better managing this precious resource. The message from
since 1996, and non-revenue water (NRW) sits at only 23%. Considering this in-
the Department of Water and Sanitation has been clear: we must adopt a new
cludes water provided free of charge to indigent residents, this is very impres-
normal or face a potential 17% water deficit by 2030.
sive against the national average of 41%. The city has implemented an intensive pressure-reduction programme and achieved impressive buy-in from residents,
Danielle 5
WELCOME
OC Chair’s
welcome message
I
t is a great honour for me to welcome you on behalf of the
local and interna-
Organising Committee (OC) to the WISA 2018 Biennial Conference and
tional
Exhibition, 24 to 27 June 2018, here in the very beautiful and picturesque
servicing the water
city of Cape Town with the magnificent Table Mountain as its landmark,
sector. Exciting tech-
and populated by very warm and receptive Capetonians.
companies
nical tours (which utilise
The OC has worked tirelessly to present a very insightful, educational, pro-
the latest technology)
ductive, fun-filled, but pleasantly memorable event to our delegates. For this
have also been planned
Natasia van Binsbergen
reason, we have crafted the central theme “Breaking barriers, Connecting
and delegates are re-
ideas” to address past, existing and future water resource challenges by pro-
quested to book during
Organising Committee Chairperson, WISA 2018
moting collaboration and integration across the different disciplines within
the registration process.
the water sector.
These activities will afford delegates the opportunity to gather new knowl-
South Africa has been in the grip of a sweeping drought for the past three years or so, which has necessitated various organs of state as well as water
edge, cement friendships and extend networks, while exploring dynamic developments in the water sector.
sector organisations and industries to review/realign their respective oper-
As chairperson of the WISA 2018 OC, I would like to express my gratitude
ational strategies to deal with the drought, using research, science, innova-
to my team, their subcommittees and the professional conference organiser
tion, technology, and social/community engagement/education and aware-
for their dedication and commitment to the success of WISA 2018. A spe-
ness as its main drivers. WISA 2018 is coincidentally happening here in Cape
cial word of thanks goes to the presenters, panellists, session chairpersons,
Town, a metro seeing some of the worst drought effects in history, which
sponsors and exhibitors – without whose support, a successful conference
renders the conference so apt and simultaneously exciting – as it provides
of this magnitude wouldn’t be possible.
a platform for professionals, specialists and students to share their research, knowledge and experience within a shifting paradigm. WISA 2018 will also host a few specialist workshops, complemented by a large exhibition consisting of WISA patron and company members, as well as
We look forward to your participation in the most exciting and innovative WISA conference thus far.
Natasia
Chair’s
message
T
he theme of this year’s biennial is very apt, since we are living
various sessions
in a period when boundaries must be broken. The boundaries are
and workshops.
numerous in South Africa and the water sector. We have cultural,
Dear colleagues,
language, race, education, ideological, philosophical, technical,
my time as WISA
managerial, mandatory, governance and even artificial ones we have creat-
Chair is almost up
ed for ourselves by waiting for leadership and political saviours. WISA, One
and I would like to take
WISA, provides us with a platform to break our chains and prejudices, and
the opportunity to thank
connect with each other at a technical and human level.
council, the members and vol-
Dr Valerie Naidoo
Water cannot be about just connecting ideas; it must also be about testing
unteers for their support and the
Chair, WISA
those ideas, learning from them and implementing them to improve the way
discussions during this time. WISA is
we deliver services to the people of this country. So, the smart and dedicated
evolving and building strong governance and value proposition pillars for
members of the organising committee correctly state that this conference is
the future. We need you to advise, guide, and to participate in this journey.
about “promoting, inspiring and demonstrating” the water solutions that will
Ultimately, we want the same thing – which is a strong, efficient and sup-
address past, existing and future water challenges. They also correctly state
portive WISA that is able to produce water sector leaders of the future that
that maybe we need to go “beyond existing mandates and perceived restric-
are not only equipped to influence the technical discussions but are also
tions” to tackle “uncertainty and vulnerability”. Stephen Hawking stated that
able to influence the social, economic and political discussions. We evolve
“quiet people have the loudest minds”. Hence, it is also important in this peri-
from an age of loose technical networks to an age of good governance and,
od of excessive media coverage that the loud voices don’t drown out the qui-
finally, we aim to move into an age of innovation, growth and excellence.
et ones and that we engage in a dialogue that gets us to the best solutions
Come, there is work to be done.
and that these solutions may need a rethink of how we fund, how we partner and who is best equipped to accomplish the plans set out. In this spirit, I wish all the delegates, members and non-members fruitful discussions at the
6
Valerie
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1
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HOUSEKEEPING Abstracts
Delegate information and housekeeping
ACCESS TO SESSIONS • Please wear your badge at all times to gain access to sessions and the
BE WATER WISE Keep up with the latest news on the drought: www.waterwesterncape.com
exhibition hall. • Access to the session rooms is on a first-come, first-served basis. • The organisers will close access to the session if all seats are filled, for health
Plan to visit Cape Town and the Western Cape? Come and enjoy, but be mindful of the drought
and safety reasons. • Delegates are not allowed to stand in the aisles or at the back of the venue.
Come and enjoy…
• Mobile phones must be switched to silent when in session.
Cape Town and the Western Cape are open for business in spite of the current drought. Visitors are arriving in a place with a significant breadth and
ACCOMMODATION Below is a list of the official hotels: • The Westin Cape Town 0.0 km • Taj Cape Town 1.4 km • Radisson Blu Hotel & Residence 0.7 km • Southern Sun The Cullinan 0.2 km • Southern Sun Waterfront 0.3 km • Southern Sun Cape Sun 0.9 km • Park Inn by Radisson 0.5 km • Radisson Red Cape Town Waterfront 1.1 km • City Lodge V&A Waterfront Hotel 0.4 km • SunSquare Cape Town City Bowl 0.9 km • Fountains Hotel 0.9 km
depth of experiences and exceptional beauty. However, as beautiful as it is, the Western Cape is a water-scarce part of the world (much like Southern California and Western Australia), vulnerable to the effects of climate change and susceptible to periodic droughts. At present, the Western Cape is experiencing a significant drought. This is a one-in-a-thousand-year occurrence. To counter the short-term effects of the drought and the possibility of running out of water, the City has put in place a number of initiatives to increase the supply of water and make provision for extreme water shortages. …but be mindful Below average rainfall over a number of years has forced everyone who lives in or visits Cape Town to rethink their water usage behaviours. Responsible
AIRPORT TRANSFERS Airport transfers are available from Cape Town International Airport to the official conference hotels. To book or reconfirm your return transfer, visit the travel desk in the registration area.
consumption of water is the new normal – not just in Cape Town but in many other water-scarce places around the world. Some parts of the tourism and hospitality industries have proactively adjusted how they utilise water to reduce their consumption – giving guests
BANKING There is a Standard Bank ATM on the Ground Floor and a Nedbank ATM on Level -1.
peace of mind that every drop is being used responsibly.
7
HOUSEKEEPING
FAQ Will tourists have access to drinking water? Yes.
CATERING Lunch and two tea/coffee breaks are included in your registration fee. Tea/coffee and lunch will be served in the Exhibition Hall.
Will tourists be able to bath, shower or use a swimming pool?
Please view the programme for tea/coffee break times as well as lunch times.
At present, tourists will be able to shower and maintain daily hygiene.
The CTICC coffee shop will be open during the conference. Here, you will be
Mandated guidelines suggest a shower of no longer than two minutes. The
able to purchase a meal or coffee at your own cost.
use of baths is entirely discouraged. Some swimming pools at hotels have been converted to salt (ocean) water. The majority of tourism establishments have put in place measures to ensure their water usage is reduced, and many have developed plans for alternative supplies. Will restaurants and bars still be in operation? Many parts of the hospitality industry have proactively implemented water
CONFERENCE VENUE – CTICC The conference will take place at the Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC). Address: Convention Square, 1 Lower Long Street, Cape Town, 8001 GPS Coordinates: – 33.915141, 18.425657 t: +27 (0)21 410 5000 www.cticc.co.za
savings and water augmentation solutions to ensure the ongoing availability of water in their establishments. Restaurants and bars are not currently negatively influenced but must still comply with water restrictions. Which tourism activities could be impacted? Tourists will still be able to access and enjoy primary tourism attractions such as our iconic Table Mountain, Cape Point and Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens. Specific river-based experiences may be impacted.
BUSINESS CENTRE The CTICC does not have a business centre. Should you need business centre facilities or printing, please visit the registration desk where you will be provided with a list of options available in the vicinity. You may also order printing from Hot Ink, which is able to deliver to the CTICC: t: +27 (0)21 422 1208 www.hotink.co.za Note: Hot Ink is open on weekdays only.
8
CONTACTS Project Manager: Carolyn Melnick – caro@soafrica.com Sponsorship & Exhibition: Charne Millet-Clay – charne@soafrica.com Registration: Marija Spasevski – marija@soafrica.com Abstracts, Programme & Speakers: Robyn Cawood – robyn@soafrica.com Accommodation: Marisa Salvarto – marisa@iccommodate.co.za Transport: Robin Troup – robin@qualitytouringservices.co.za WISA Contact: Jaco Seaman – events@wisa.org.za CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD) There will be CPD points issued for conference delegates. If you wish to earn CPD points, please ensure that you pass by the CPD counter where your badge will be scanned.
HOUSEKEEPING Abstracts
EMERGENCY NUMBERS Emergencies from a mobile: 112 Emergencies from a landline: 107 South African Police Service: 10111 Medical & Fire Emergencies: +27 (0)21 535 1100 Table Mountain NP Emergencies: +27 (0)21 480 7700 Ambulance: 10177
Boulevard. This service operates from 05:30 to 21:30 on weekdays and 06:30 to 21:30 on weekends, departing every 6 to 30 minutes, depending on demand. The MyCiTi inner-city bus service provides convenient transport to hotels, accommodation nodes, restaurants, entertainment areas, parking areas and places of interest. Buses depart every 10 to 30 minutes and operate between 05:30 and 22:00 on weekdays. Visit their website, which has a fare calculator
ENTITLEMENTS Full conference registration includes the following: • Access to all congress sessions • Access to the congress exhibition • Delegate package • Two tea/coffee breaks per day • Lunch is provided daily (please note that breakfast and dinner will not be provided) • Welcome Reception (Sunday 24 June) • Farewell Reception (Wednesday 27 June).
and detailed timetables for each route. www.myciti.org.za Taxi Service Uber is freely available in Cape Town and offers a very cost-effective option to get around. Download the Uber app – link available at www.uber.com/en-ZA Taxify is also in Cape Town: taxify.eu/en-za Metered taxis are readily available in the city centre:
FIRST AID Medics will be available for the full duration of the conference. Should you need medical assistance, please contact staff at the registration desk, who will be able to assist you.
Unicab: unicab.co.za
GALA DINNER TICKETS Gala Dinner tickets are not included in your registration fee. Please note that space at the gala dinner is limited. Should you have bought a ticket and are no longer able to attend, your ticket is not refundable. You may, however, pass your ticket on to another delegate who has not already purchased a ticket. Should you wish to attend and have not yet purchased a ticket, please visit the registration desk where you can purchase a ticket if space is available.
INDEMNITY While every care is being taken to ensure the safety of delegates, in the event of unforeseen disruptions, neither Scatterlings, WISA, CTICC nor their agents can be held responsible for any losses or damages incurred by delegates. The conference organisers act as agents only in securing hotels, transport and travel services and shall in no event be liable for acts or omissions in the event of injury, damage, loss, accident delay through contractors or by the employees of such contractors.
GETTING AROUND MyCiTi Bus Service The MyCiTi airport-to-city service runs between the Cape Town International Airport and the Civic Centre bus stations via the N2 and Nelson Mandela
Hotel and transportation services are subject to the terms and conditions
Intercab: www.intercab.co.za Excite Taxis: www.excitetaxis.co.za Sport Taxis: www.sport24hrs.co.za
under which they are offered to the general public. Delegates should make their own arrangements with respect to personal insurance. The conference organisers reserve the right to make changes as and when deemed necessary without prior notice to the parties concerned. All disputes are subject to resolution under South African law.
9
HOUSEKEEPING
MOBILE APP (sponsored by Endress+Hauser) We encourage all delegates to install the WISA 2018 mobile app. The mobile app offers you amazing functionality, including the ability to: • communicate with other delegates • share contact details with other delegates/collect their details for download later • build your own agenda of the sessions you would like to attend • partake in session surveys – let your voice be heard. To download the app, search for “The Event App” by EventsAir on your app store, or use the following QR codes:
• Heed the advice of your hosts, Cape Town Tourism Visitor Centre staff, or locals on where to go after dusk. Avoid walking in deserted and dark places at night. Park in a secure, well-lit area with street guards. • Never allow strangers to assist you in any way at ATMs or cash points. • Street children and beggars may approach you for a handout. If you wish to help, consider giving food or donating to a registered charity, or contact Cape Town Tourism for advice. • Keep copies of all valuable documents in a safe place. • When exploring Table Mountain National Park, take a map, comfortable walking shoes, a few friends and a charged mobile phone. • When hiking, be prepared for weather that can change rapidly, even in summer. Bring along enough water and sunblock, as well as something warm to wear. Start heading back well before dark and don’t venture away from the demarcated paths. Tell a friend or your host where you are going and when you expect to be back.
iOS App
Google Play
HTML 5
Event code: WISA2018 Use your email address linked to your registration as your username. Your
SMOKING There is a no-smoking policy in the CTICC – please only smoke in the clearly marked smoking areas.
app PIN was sent to you by email – if you cannot find it, visit the registration desk where they will be able to give it to you again.
PARKING Parking is not included in your registration fee. A special rate has been negotiated with the CTICC for WISA delegates at R50 per day. The parking desk is located in the registration area – you will be able to purchase parking tickets each day. Cash and cards are accepted.
PROGRAMME The programme is correct at the time of printing, but the organisers reserve the right to alter the programme if and when deemed necessary. REGISTRATION Registration and bag collection is located on the Ground Floor in the Registration Foyer. Registration will be open at the following times: Sunday 24 June 2018: 11:00 – 18:00 Monday 25 June 2018: 07:30 – 17:30 Tuesday 26 June 2018: 07:30 – 17:30 Wednesday 27 June 2018: 07:30 – 17:30 SAFETY Here are our top tips for keeping safe in the city. • Avoid carrying large sums of cash, don’t carry cameras in plain sight, and do not leave belongings unattended.
10
SOCIAL EVENTS All social events will take place at the CTICC. Welcome Reception: • Date: Sunday 24 June 2018 • Time: 17:30 – 20:30 • Venue: Exhibition Hall – Halls 1, 2 & 3 • Dress code: Business casual • Access: Please ensure you wear your name badge at all times • Inclusions: Light meal, limited drinks. Please bring a card or cash for additional drinks. Gala Dinner: • Date: Tuesday 26 June 2018 • Time: 19:30 till late • Venue: Hall 9, CTICC 2 (parking available in P5) • Dress code: Formal suit and tie/cocktail dress • Access: Please bring your ticket with you • Inclusions: Three-course meal and limited drinks. Bring cash or a card for additional drinks. Farewell Drinks: • Date: Wednesday 27 June 2018 • Time: 17:00 – 18:00 • Venue: Clivia/Jasminium, Ground Floor • Dress code: Conference dress • Access: Please wear your name badge at all times • Inclusions: Snacks and limited drinks available. Bring your card or cash for additional drinks.
HOUSEKEEPING Abstracts
SPEAKER PREPARATION ROOM The speaker preparation room is located in Meeting Suite 1.51 on the first floor.
TECHNICAL TOURS • The technical tours take place on Thursday 28 June • All technical tours will depart from the CTICC – Walter Sisulu Drive • All technical tours must be booked in advance
Should you be giving an oral presentation, please check in to the speaker preparation room at least three hours prior to your presentation, to check
Tour 1:
your PowerPoint presentation with the technical team. You will not be able
Bridging the Gap: Sustainable Finance for Improved Delivery
to upload your presentation in the venue, nor will you be able to use your
Faure Water Treatment Plant and Preekstoel, with lunch at the Cave
own laptop to present.
restaurant in Hermanus Depart CTICC: 08:00
The speaker preperation rooms will be open at the following times:
Return to CTICC: 17:00
Sunday 24 June 2018: 11:00 – 18:00 Monday 25 June 2018: 07:30 – 17:30
Tour 2:
Tuesday 26 June 2018: 07:30 – 17:30
Pooling Together: Enabling Participation through Good Governance
Wednesday 27 June 2018: 07:30 – 16:00
Langrug Informal Settlement and The Hub, with lunch at a café in Franschhoek
WI-FI The CTICC has complimentary Wi-Fi throughout the building. No password is needed for login.
Depart CTICC: 08:00 Return to CTICC: 16:00 Tour 3: Unchartered Waters: Developing Solutions through Science and Technology New Horizons Energy, Athlone WWTW and Scientific Services Depart CTICC: 08:00 Return to CTICC: 15:00 Tour 4: Waste Not Want Not: Optimising Processes for Treatment and Reclamation Spier with Distell Adam Tas, with a tasting at either Adam Tas or Spier Depart CTICC: 08:00 Return to CTICC: 16:00 Tour 5: Uncharted Waters: Developing Solutions through Science and Technology Swartland MBR plant and Distell Wellington, with a whiskey tasting at Wellington Depart CTICC: 08:00 Return to CTICC: 16:30
11
/date: 2018-04-17
/ae: Caren CLOETE
Exhibition Hall Floor Plan
Floor Plan
See exhibitor profiles and stand allocations from page 148
N10 3x3m
N11 N26 3x3m
3x3m
N12 3x3m
T/C
A1 3x3m
B1 3x3m
C1 3x3m
D1 3x3m
A3
A2 3x3m
3x3m
C3
B2 3x3m
3x3m
A10
A4
3x3m
3x3m
B5
B4 3x3m
B10
C5
C2
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
C10
C6
3x3m
D6
D2
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
D10
D7
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
F1 PLATINUM STAND
3x3m
E2 3x3m
F2 3x3m
E25
3x3m
F25
3x3m
3x9m
H1 3x3m
G2 3x3m
H2 3x3m
G25
G4
3x3m
3x3m
G5
3x3m
H25
J1 3x3m
K1 3x3m
G7
3x3m
3x3m
L1 3x3m
T/C
I6 J5
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
Q8
3x3m
3x3m
J10 3x3m
3x3m
K10 3x3m
3x3m
L10
L4
3x3m
3x3m
N15 3x3m
12
I10
3x3m
K5
K4
3x3m
3x3m
J6
3x3m
L3
3
G8
I7
3x3m
J2
L2
D1
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3
3x3m
3x3m
I12
K2
D12
C1
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3
R8
Q7 I1
D11
C12
B1
H5
H4
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
3
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
C11
B12
A1
F8
F7
3x3m
F8 G1
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
F5
F4
3x3m
B11
A12
E5
E4
3x3m
3x3m
P8
P7 E1
A11
M5 3x3m
M6 3x3m
M7 3x3m
M8 3x3m
M9 3x3m
I11 3x3m
J11 3x3m
K11 3x3m
L11 3x3m
I12 3x3m
J12 3x3m
K12 3x3m
L12 3x3m
I1
3
J1
3
K1
3
L1
3
E
FLOOR Abstracts PLAN
T/C
10 N26 N26 N11 N11 N12 N12
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10 B11 B11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10 C11 C11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10 D11 D11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10I11 I11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10 J11 J11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10 K11 K11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
10 L11 L11
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
60 POSTER 60 POSTER BOARDS BOARDS
N13 N13 N27 N27 N14 N14 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 10x10m 10x10m
A13 A13 A12 A12 3x3m
A15 A15 A14 A14
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
B13 B13 B12 B12
3x3m
D13 D13 D12 D12
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
C23 C23 C24 C24
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
D23 D23 D24 D24
D18 D18 D19 D19
D15 D15 D14 D14
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
C19 C19 C20 C20
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
A23 A23 A24 A24 B23 B23 B24 B24
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
C14 C14 C15 C15
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
B20 B20 B21 B21
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
C12 C12 C13 C13
3x3m
3x3m
B15 B15 B14 B14
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
A21 A21 A22 A22
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
P18 P18 P17 P17 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
F20 F20 F21 F21 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
E28 E28 E23 E23 E24 E24 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
F28 F28 F23 F23 F24 F24 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
R18 R18 R17 R17 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
G17 G17 G18 G18
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
G20 G20 G21 G21
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
H20 H20 H21 H21 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
G28 G28 G23 G23 G24 G24 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
H28 H28 H23 H23 H24 H24 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
Q17 Q17 Q18 Q18 I14 I14I15 I15
I12 I12I13 I13
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
J14 J14 J15 J15
J12 J12 J13 J13 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
K15 K15 K14 K14
K13 K13 K12 K12
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
L15 L15 L14 L14
L13 L13 L12 L12 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
O4 O4 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
O6 O6 3x3m
3x3m
O7 O7 3x3m
3x3m
O8 O8 3x3m
3x3m
O9 O9
3x3m
O10 O10
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
I18 I18I19 I19
I23 I23I24 I24
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
K20 K20 K21 K21
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
L21 L21 L22 L22 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
J24 J24 J23 J23
J19 J19 J20 J20 3x3m
3x3m
O3 O3
3x3m
3x3m
3x3m
O2 O2
3x3m
E20 E20 E21 E21
3x3m
3x3m
O5 O5
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
F18 F18 F17 F17
O1 O1
T/C
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
T/C
T/C
10 A11 A11
/designerJ /designer:
/hall name: Halls 1-3 /hall name: Halls 1-3
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
K23 K23 K24 K24
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
L23 L23 L24 L24 3x3m
3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
3x3m
O11 O11 3x3m
3x3m
O12 O12 3x3m
3x3m
O13 O13 3x3m
3x3m
O14 O14 3x3m
3x3m
O15 O15 3x3m T/C
T/C
M15M15 M16M16 M18M18 M19M19 M20M20 M14M14 M17M17
T/C 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m 3x3m
T/C
3x3m
O16 O16 3x3m
3x3m
13
EXHIBITORS
Exhibitors
14
See pages 12 - 13 for Exhibition Hall Floor Plan
Exhibitor
Stand number
Exhibitor
Stand number
3S Media Africa Utility Solutions African Tank Systems Alveo Water Water/Aquamart Amanzi Meters Anatech Instruments Anhui Jucheng Fine Chemicals Anhui Tainrun Chemicals Aqua Resources Aquamarine Water Treatment AquaPlan Astore Africa Aveng Water Avista Technologies Becon Watertech Boffin & Fundi Bosch Projects Breede-Gouritz CMA Circuit Water City of Cape Town Conns Water Solutions Consulting Engineers South Africa Corodex Industries CRI Fluid Systems CSIR CSV Water Dosing System Applications Dow Water & Process Solutions Ecochem Pumps EkoSource Electrolytic Technologies Endress+Hauser Envirosan ERWAT Eskom EWSETA Exxaro Resources Ltd Famsystem Technology Festo Flowinn Green-Tech Water and Waste Technology Grundfos Hach Hanna Instruments Headstream Water Holdings Hulsman Water Treatment (HWT) IDEXX Laboratories IMDSA Pty Ltd / Eijkelkamp ImproChem / Blentech Inkomati-Usuthu CMA Innovation Norway (Cambi, Environor, Host, Isiflo) Integral Laboratories iX engineers Kangsaite Valve Co Kevali Chemical Khanya Engineered Projects Klorman Lepelle Northern Water LWI Macsteel Fluid Control
M8 A23 C13 M6 & M7 F8 F7 O16 B23 I6 A11 & B11 I18 & Q18 J20 C15 C5 K12, L12 & L13 G2 & G25 L4 A13 M20 F5 C11 I19 I15 & J15 E25 & F25 G7 G17 & R17 M16 & M17 A1, B1 & C1 H2 & H25 E23 & E24 M5 P7 & P8 H1 D10 & D11 B5 E23 & E24 G24 K21 O4 D18 N14 I23, J23 & K23 K10 & K11; L10 & L11 L21 & L22 O12 N15 K14 & L14 M14 A10, B10 & C10 R8 C23 & C24; D23 & D24 O2 D14 K20 F23 & F24 I7 O11 B20 & B21 J12 L23 & L24
Magalies Water Marsi Water MEB Energy Mega Membrane Systems / Fluytec Membrane Solutions Merck Messe München /IFAT Africa Metrohm Mhlathuze Water Monitoring and Control Laboratories N&Z Instrumentation Netherlands Pavilion NuWater OdorCure OPECS Perkin Elmer Prentec Protea Chemicals Pure Life Quality Filtration Systems Rand Water Ravago Chemicals
B14 & C14 D6 N13 & N27 O8 D1 A12 & B12 Platinum Stand Q17 M15 B13 I1 & I2 G21, G23 & G28; H21, H23 & H28 A2 & B2 D15 I24 & J24 D13 M9 P17 & P18 H24 G4 & G5 I10 & I11; J10 & J11 L3
Rheochem Romer Environmental Protection SA Leak Detection Distributers S.A.M.E Water SBS Tanks Schneider Electric Sedibeng Water Sensus SA Separations Set Point Laboratories Shanghai Liansheng Pump-Making Shijiazhuang Yuncang Water Technology Siemens Sizabantu Piping Systems Sobek Engineering Structa Group Tecroveer Trans Caledon Tunnel Authority Umgeni Water Utility Systems Valmet Veolia Water Technologies South Africa Vovani Water Products WADER Water Components SA (WCSA) Water Connections Water Research Commission Watermaster WEC Projects Wetspec Wilo Pumps Winelands UV Technology WISA WPCP and Dynamic Instruments WSSA and Proxa Xylem Water Zamangwane Water Technology
D12 R7 A4 & B4; A3 & C3 G8 J19 E5 A21 & A22 F17 A15 & B15 C6 F4 O7 K24 J13 & K13 J6 A14 K12; L12 & L13 E28 & F28 N10, N11, N12 & N26 E1 & E2; F1 & F2 E4 G20 & H20 J1 & J2; K1 & K2; L1 & L2 I14 & J14 E20 & E21; F20 & F21 C12 C19 & D19 G1 I13 C20 H4 & H5 I12 Q7 & Q8 C2 & D2 M18 & M19 K4 & K5; J5 D7
CTICC Ground Floor
VENUE Abstracts MAP
Please follow the directional signage on-site
LANDING FFL 4.390
HOIST 5
SATELLITE KITCHEN
HALL 4B ANTE ROOM
FEMALE
EXHIBITION HALL 1, 2 & 3
REGISTRATION
MALE
DISAB.
WATER EXPO IMPROCHEM COCKTAIL EVENT
AUDITORIUM (Tuesday only)
15
VENUE MAP
Level 1
Level 2
2.41, 2.43 & 2.43 BREAKAWAY 2.44, 2.45 & 2.46 BREAKAWAY
THE BALLRPOOM PLENARY
2.61, 2.62 & 2.63 BREAKAWAY
BALLRPOOM WEST BREAKAWAY
2.64, 2.65 & 2.66 BREAKAWAY
BALLRPOOM EAST BREAKAWAY
ROOF TERRACE BREAKAWAY
THE BOARDROOM
1.41 & 1.42 BREAKAWAY
1.43 & 1.44 BREAKAWAY
SPEAKER PREPARATION
PCO OFFICE
STORAGE MEDIA ROOM
1.61 & 1.62 BREAKAWAY 1.63 & 1.64 BREAKAWAY WISA OFFICES
AUDITORIUM (Tuesday only)
16
WISA
Inspiring Passion for
Water W
ISA was formed in 1987 and was incorporated as an association not-for-gain in 2000, which is now known as a non-profit company. This means that WISA uses its funds and assets solely to further its stated aims and objectives, and no funds or assets are distributed to any other person or body. WISA currently serves some 3 000 water sector professionals, companies, government departments, educational and research institutions, other associations, municipalities and water utilities as members. WISA is constantly evolving to meet the ever-changing needs of the sector and our members. WISA’s vision is ‘Inspiring Passion for Water’, which is achieved by providing platforms for the promotion, integration and application of scientific, engineering and management knowledge in the water cycle through its newsletters, magazines, events and websites. WISA members enjoy many benefits centred on capacity-building and knowledgesharing, including: • attendance at WISA events, including CPD training courses at discounted rates • networking opportunities at events • opportunities to earn CPD points at most WISA events • free copies of Water&Sanitation Africa magazine •o pportunities to contribute through WISA to the development of guidelines, regulations and laws. WISA has a website to assist in promoting its aims in the water sector: www.wisa.org.za
WISA HEAD OFFICE Contact Details PO Box 6011 Halfway House 1685
t: 086 111 WISA (9472) f: +27 (0)11 315 1258 e: operations@wisa.org.za
Branches Province
Contact
Tel
Eastern Cape
Christopher Maduma
+27 (0)82 300 7044
citm@live.com
Central Regions (NW/FS/NC)
Dr Leana Esterhuizen
+27 (0)82 573 7222
lesterhu@cut.ac.za
KwaZulu-Natal
Lindelani Sibiya
+27 (0)82 928 1081
lindelani.sibiya@umgeni.co.za
Limpopo
Mpho Chokolo
+27 (0)72 310 7576
mphoc@lepelle.co.za
Mpumalanga
Lihle Mbatha
+27 (0)13 753 9000
mbathat@iucma.co.za
Namibia
Melissa Wheal
086 111 9472
admin@wisa.org.za
Western Cape
Natasia van Binsbergen
+27 (0)21 448 6340
natasia@alabbott.co.za
Gauteng
Ashwin Seetal
+27 (0)21 841 3477
aseetal@csir.co.za
To apply for individual membership, go to www.wisa.org.za
17
WISA
DIVISIONS dissemination of information and training.
Anaerobic Sludge Processes Chairperson: Mlu Mnguni
• Gathering and disseminating information
• Beneficial use of biosolids and residuals
on technology, operation and control of in-
The division supports the sustainable recycling
dustrial water and wastewater systems by
of stabilised sewage sludge (biosolids) and other
initiating and organising or participating in
residuals.
t: +27 (0)72 716 1646
open meetings, technical visits, workshops and conferences
Objectives
e: mngunim@gmail.com
•P roviding forums and media where knowledge
The Anaerobic and Sludge Processes Division
and experience of industrial water and waste-
This division aims to provide a communication
provides a communication forum for research-
water systems can be discussed and published
forum for engineers, scientists and practitioners
ers, engineers and practitioners working in these
to the benefit of all who experience difficulties
interested in:
fields. It provides awareness and knowledge of
in this field, including interested and associat-
• Sludge and residuals management
anaerobic and sludge processes in the municipal
ed groups and individuals from public author-
The management of organic and inorganic resi-
and industrial sectors, and encourages technolo-
ities, industry, suppliers, consultants, develop-
dues emanating from the treatment of water or
gy transfer. It strives to disseminate information
other industrial processes, including sludge or
from existing plants and processes, identify re-
•D eveloping, making available or referring to
slurries emanating from the treatment of pota-
search needs, and encourage and acknowledge
relevant publications, manuals, guidelines,
ble water, domestic wastewater and industrial
research.
handbooks and software, and, if appropriate,
effluents, as well as processes generating concentrates and brines. These include both organic and inorganic residues.
Community Water Supply & Sanitation
• Anaerobic treatment of highstrength effluents
ment and research organisations
publishing a newsletter • E nlisting a wide diversity of membership so as to achieve mutual benefits between industry, suppliers, research groups, governmental
Chairperson: Jonny Harris
groups and individuals
This includes the anaerobic treatment of high
t: +27 (0)74 148 3279
• E ncouraging, advising on, initiating and, if ap-
COD/BOD effluents. The division plays a sup-
e: jonny@isidima.net
propriate, participating in training and educa-
porting role to all WISA divisions, but in particu-
The Community Water Supply & Sanitation Di-
lar the Mine Water Division of WISA in terms of
vision provides a forum – by holding seminars,
• E ncouraging and acknowledging research in
the anaerobic treatment of acid mine drainage
conferences, workshops and meetings – to dis-
operational difficulties associated with indus-
water and related effluents.
seminate knowledge and information on all
trial water and wastewater systems.
• Anaerobic digestion
matters related to the delivery of water supply
The division strongly supports the anaerobic
and sanitation services to the disadvantaged
digestion of municipal sewage sludge to gen-
people of Southern Africa. It offers the opportu-
erate a stable product that can be used benefi-
nity to collaborate with other professional and
cially. The division aims to improve the skills of
technical societies and other bodies with similar
operators and practitioners in the effec-
objectives. The division publishes papers, pam-
Chairperson: Dr Henry Roman
tive operation of anaerobic
phlets, books and relevant information on the
t: +27 (0)12 843 6434
digesters through the
subject and acts as a channel of communication
e: henry.roman@dst.gov.za
tional courses
International Water Association – Southern Africa (IWA-SA)
between communities in need and professionals of relevant disciplines.
Southern African Industrial Water (SAIWA)
Objectives • Elevating the profile of the South African water sector in the IWA global arena and promoting the profile and activities of IWA locally • Supporting and facilitating South African
Chairperson: Melissa Wheal t: 086 111 9472 e: admin@wisa.org.za
members to play an active role in IWA activities globally • Promoting knowledge and advancing exper-
SAIWA is involved in the gathering and dis-
tise in holistic water management for the ben-
seminating of information for the advance-
efit of the country, capitalising on the interna-
ment of cost-effective and environmentally
tional conduit that the IWA provides
acceptable operational practices, control
•C oordinating the activities of the IWA in South
measures and management of industri-
Africa with the interests of other relevant na-
al-water- and wastewater-related systems
tional institutions and bodies.
and processes. Membership
18
Objectives
It is the intention that IWA-SA shall be repre-
• Coordinating affiliation with related scien-
sentative of all water sector interests in the
tific bodies and interested parties in South-
country. Therefore, the IWA-SA membership
ern Africa and corresponding and related
consists of all members of IWA in South Africa,
bodies internationally
relevant organisations having an active interest
WISA
Management and Institutional Affairs
Mission Research on synthetic membranes will aim to develop, implement and use cost-effective
Chairperson: Dr Nezar Eldidy
membranes and membrane systems to purify
t: +27 (0)11 472 9294
or treat water for potable use, industrial reuse
e: neldidy@gmail.com
or the abatement of environmental pollution, in the interests of all South Africans.
Objectives • Advancing the theory and practice of the management of water-related institutions • Providing
forums
by
holding
Mine Water
seminars,
conferences, workshops and meetings to
Chairperson: Dr Jo Burgess
disseminate knowledge and information on
t: +27 (0)83 452 6838
all matters related to the management of
e: chair@wisa-mwd.org
water-related institutions and organisations in Mission
Southern Africa. • Collaborating with other professional and
The aim of the division is to provide a multidis-
technical societies and other bodies having
ciplinary forum for the advancement of cost-ef-
similar objectives
fective and environmentally acceptable water
• Publishing papers, pamphlets, books and relevant information on the subject
management in the South African mining and metallurgical industry.
• Promoting integrated river basin management in IWA, and eminent individuals and organisa-
to achieve sustained use and preservation of
Objectives
the water resources of Southern Africa.
The Mine Water Division was formed to cover the area of mine water, including management,
tions in the field of water management. Activities
treatment, reuse, conservation and the impact
Membrane Technology
on the mining and general environment. The main objectives of the division are:
• Conducting all business in a manner conducive to and consistent with the aims and ob-
Chairperson: Martin Pryor
• exchanging information
jectives of IWA and WISA, having regard to na-
t: +27 (0)82 335 2204
• encouraging cooperation between the di-
tional and international interest and goodwill
e: pryor@iafrica.com
vision and other groups with an interest in mine water
• Promoting South African participation in IWA international forums
Objectives
•e ngendering
• I nitiating and organising specialised and re-
• Providing a forum to facilitate the ex-
gional conferences, symposiums, workshops
change of information and experience on
and related activities concerning water, in-
membrane technology for water and wastewa-
cluding hosting congresses of IWA • Encouraging active attendance and participation of IWA-SA members in WA conferences, symposiums, workshops and other activities locally and abroad • Encouraging the submission of papers for presentation at IWA congresses, conferences, symposiums and workshops • Keeping members informed of international
a
proactive
approach
to
mine water problems and challenges in mine management • i dentifying information, technology, research, development and implementation needs.
ter management • Organising conferences, symposiums, demon-
Activities
strations and plant visits • Developing educational courses and work-
The activities of the division include arranging
shops for academics and membrane end users
presentations and open days, and identifying
• Identifying research needs and current prob-
mine-water-related needs on an ongoing basis.
lem areas • Stimulating awareness of the potential of membrane technology in the user community.
Process Controllers
activities in the field of water Membership
Chairperson: Farouk Robertson
Membership is open to all stakeholders in
t: +27 (0)84 307 2001
membranes for water and effluent management
e: farouk.robertson@capetown.gov.za
the best possible benefits from IWA and
and is free if you are a WISA member.
Water and wastewater are critical and scarce
WISA membership
A conference/workshop is held biennially,
specialised fields and require highly skilled and
during which papers, posters and courses
well-trained process controllers. It is evident
are presented.
that there is a huge shortage of process con-
• Assisting in recruiting new South African members for dual membership of IWA and WISA • Ensuring that South African members get
• Appointing technical and working committees for special projects (e.g. congresses) • Disseminating information in South Africa
Students
and
private
companies
and
trollers and the division hopes to work towards
on activities and developments in the field
practitioners are especially encouraged to
correcting this. The vision of the division is to
of water
participate. At the workshop, an AGM is held,
create a fundamental platform for process con-
• Reporting to IWA headquarters on activities of
during which the division’s management
trollers in terms of sector identification, which
the IWA-SA chapter, executive committee and
committee for the following two years is
will have a significant impact and capacitating
water developments in South Africa.
normally elected.
them to deliver high-quality potable water,
19
WISA
wastewater effluent, treated effluent and industrial water treatment processes as per the
• sharing knowledge, expertise and support to division members within the SADC region.
the same time, reduce wastewater discharge to the environment.
Department of Water and Sanitation’s stringent
The means of achieving the vision and objec-
Blue and Green Drop certification programme
tives of the division are fairly specific due to
As Southern Africa is an arid region, the re-
and associated legislation.
a number of formal discussions and target-
use of water has become critically important to
ed studies carried out, which highlighted the
ensure sustainable regional growth and devel-
awareness of the gaps in the area of SWWTWs.
opment, thereby improving quality of life. Cur-
Small Wastewater Treatment Works
rent challenges relate to technical, economic,
Water Distribution
social, institutional and regulatory aspects of
e: sibusiso.dlamini@dpw.gov.za
Chairperson: Jutta Dedekind
treated effluent as a major potential source of
Vision
t: +27 (0)78 801 2864
water, especially in coastal cities where the bulk
To achieve sustainable performance, collabora-
e: jutta@wkcsa.co.za
of the effluent is currently discharged into the
tion, management and governance within the
Objectives
sea. Limited reuse of water for industrial pur-
SWWTW community. We aim to entrench and
The division provides a centre of expertise for
poses is already being practised in almost all of
drive the goals of:
all aspects of the management and control of
the coastal cities.
• Performance – adopting a Green Drop ap-
water distribution systems. Network analyses,
The mission of the division will be to provide
leak control, corrosion, pipe deterioration, me-
a communication forum for engineers, scien-
tering, data logging, material and fittings, cre-
tists and practitioners to share information and
ation and maintenance of data banks are but a
knowledge on water reclamation, recycling and
few of the aspects addressed. The objectives of
reuse in order to facilitate the implementation
partners and building mutual loyalty within
the division are:
of safe water reuse practice in Southern Africa.
the division
• providing a forum for exchange and expansion
Chairperson: Sibusiso Dlamini t: +27 (0)78 415 3596
proach for SWWTWs • People – creating a community ownership attitude • Partners – nurturing a winning network of
• Environment – being a responsible division that makes a difference through bold actions and committed leadership.
of knowledge by arranging discussions, meetings and seminars
activities, services and initiatives to this specific
Chairperson: Ayesha Laher t: +27 (0)84 506 3447
Water Reuse
community within the sector. To fulfil this aim,
e: laher.ayeshah@gmail.com Objectives • Promoting the knowledge and practice of wa-
the division has the following objectives:
Chairperson: Dr Esper Ncube
• providing a communication platform for all
t: +27 (0)16 430 8463
stakeholders to raise their concerns
Water Science
• identifying research needs • ensuring technology transfer.
The SWWTW Division will provide a number of
water reuse. Metropolitan areas have identified the use of
Objectives
e: encube@randwater.co.za
ter and wastewater treatment • Encouraging and advising on the training and education of persons engaged in the wa-
• exchanging information to improve the man-
The ever-increasing occurrence of water short-
agement, operation, supply, design and regu-
ages worldwide is a major concern and re-
• Endeavouring to give to the personnel of the
lation of SWWTWs
ter-care industry
quires water professionals to think and plan
water-care industry such standing as will en-
• creating the systems and processes within
innovatively in implementing the integrated
sure their recognition by statutory authorities
the sector to assist in the improvement of the
management of water resources. Advances in
and generally to act as a body representative
management, operation, supply, design and
science and engineering practices in water re-
of the personnel in connection with any mat-
regulation of SWWTWs
cycling and reuse have made this source of wa-
ter affecting that body
• building expertise within the sector and aligning with international best practice • ensuring the activities remain relevant to the SWWTW community
20
water for cities, towns and industries, and, at
ter a viable option, and an increasing number
•P romoting a high standard of operation
of water reuse projects are currently in planning
among those engaged in water care and im-
and implementation stages. Water recycling
proving the standards and methods of educa-
and reuse make it possible to produce ‘new’
tion of water-care personnel
WISA
• Promoting social and technical communication among members of the division.
streamline and fast-track water technology innovation for social
It also aims to discuss the following in the
and economic benefits.
water field:
Through
• chemical and bacteriological analysis and
sia,
methods
seminars,
training
sympo-
programmes,
demonstrations,
business
• standards for effluents
pitches and other initiatives,
• operation
the division will advance the
• legislation and law enforcement
understanding of numerous
• industrial effluents and standards
issues related to water tech-
• training of water scientists
nology innovation; acceler-
• contracts
ate market adoption of new
• laboratory apparatus
and
• the role of water scientists in the designs of
products, services and pro-
water-care works
emerging
researched
cesses; and bridge the gap
• organising meetings and symposia
between technology end-users
• submitting papers to WISA for publication or
and innovators.
conferences • recommending to the WISA council any matter relating to water scientists • publishing a newsletter • encouraging the field of water science. The Water Science Division will act as a commu-
Objectives • Exploring critical issues relating to the acceleration and sustainability of water sector innovation • Increasing the understanding and awareness
nication channel between public authorities,
of water innovation needs and barriers
plant personnel, industry, consultants and re-
• Catalysing water industry collaborations
search organisations. It will document, collect,
• Sharing best practice and experience
discuss and disseminate information on all as-
• Advancing water entrepreneurship
pects of sewage treatment and nutrient remov-
• Promoting local and regional collaboration to
al for sewage. The division plans to initiate open meetings, demonstrations, plant visits, workshops and training sessions in the sewage treatment field as well as identify research needs. All aspects
drive innovative approaches to the water challenges facing society.
Young Water Professionals (YWP-ZA)
of nutrient removal from wastewaters will be covered, encompassing research, design and
Chairperson: Nora Hanke-Louw
operation of all biological and chemical nutri-
t: +27 (0)72 843 6133
ent removal processes, plant and equipment. It
e: norahankelouw@gmail.com
aims to accommodate all disciplines active in
The YWP-ZA programme presents
this field.
many
Innovation for Water and Sanitation
opportunities
for
career
development at workshops and online initiatives. These activities help members develop their skills and expand their network
Chairperson: Dr Manjusha Sunil
of colleagues and associates. The
t: +27 (0)83 286 8238
division
e: manjushas@wrc.org.za
for young professionals to network
Technology innovation includes an array of
in social and professional environ-
approaches:
ments. Participants can present their
• the development and deployment of new
work in a peer-to-peer learning en-
technologies
provides
opportunities
vironment at conferences and forums,
• new applications of existing technology
and newsletters will keep members con-
• production changes
nected with the community.
• organisational, management and cultural
The programme also helps employers re-
changes that can improve the condition and
cruit and retain young professionals. The pro-
sustainability of our nation`s water resources.
gramme hosts a suite of initiatives to support
By bringing together the interests and needs of
the development of the future workforce in the
various stakeholders (academic, government,
water sector.
civil society and business) on one platform, the Water Technology Innovations Division aims to
Please visit the official Young Water Professionals website at www.ywp-za.org
21
Connecting Global Competence
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HI801 Spectrophotometer
With advanced split beam optical system, customizable methods and rechargeable battery
Replaceable tungsten–halogen lamp
Beam splitter
System check Pre–programmed methods
Universal cuvette holder and auto–recognition
Data logging and transfer
Battery operated
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DURBAN BRANCH 2 Sunnyside Centre 48 Sunnyside Lane Pinetown T: (031) 701 2711 F: (031) 701 2706 E: durban@hanna.co.za
PROGRAMME
Cuvette Adapters
MACSTEEL BERMAD GOES LOCAL Over the past 30 years, Macsteel and its partner Bermad have been major role players in the Southern African water industry, providing solutions in the municipal, irrigation, wastewater and firefighting industries.
initiative to introduce Bermad’s latest control valve design – the SIGMA range. This new design optimises and improves the leading flow characteristics already in use with added value to the end user.
The hydraulic control valve market has undergone many changes over the years, with perhaps the most radical change being the recent Department of Trade and Industry initiative around local content requirements.
The Bermad C70 air valve is also now locally manufactured and adds the powerful Bermad name to this market. Our local manufacturing programme has resulted in Macsteel Fluid Control collaborating in partnership with local service providers. Stringent criteria were put in place such as BBBEE, local sourcing and ISO certification. In addition, emphasis was placed on partnering with small and emerging suppliers and embarking on enterprise and supplier development plans.
As a valve importer, Macsteel Fluid Control opted for a measured approach, to add true value to our suppliers and customers, all the while providing good-quality employment to our valuable staff members. As such, June 2018 will be a landmark point in our relationship with both Bermad and the local market, as we are proud to announce that Bermad is now local. Not only do we comply with the 70% local content regulation by weight, but we have taken the
+27 (0)11 383 4000
Both of these world-class products, combined with the Macsteel reputation for service and dependability, will add huge value to our clients.
www.macsteel.co.za
13:00 - 13:45
11:15 - 13:00
Session Theme
Implementation of Shared Water Savings Contract at National Department of Public Works Mark Shepard
Impact of governance on cost of infrastructure Nezar Eldidy
Evaluation of R. palustris for simultaneous wastewater treatment and hydrogen production in a photofermentation process Phillip Uys
Case Study: Lower Thukela Bulk Water Supply Scheme: Design considerations, lessons and challenges Mike Killick
Lunch Break
Opportunities for greywater reuse – Risk or resource? Ross Roberts
Effective communication in the local government space – guidelines for sector partners Sarah Slabbert
The bioreformation of organic-rich waste water into high-purity hydrogen JP du Toit
TBC
Urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCCA) on pregnant women as a biomarker of exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products. A cross-sectional study in Tshwane district, Gauteng province, South Africa Funanani Mashau Using total coliforms to assess the safety of drinking water In Cape Town South africa during the 2016/17 drought period Mjikisile Vulindlu
Pattern of use of sachet water and related antecedent factors among Eleyele residents, Ibadan, Nigeria Rachel Titus
The consideration and improvement of the sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards Craig Thompson
Development of an on-site domestic grey water treatment and recycle system using crushed bricks and charcoal as treatment medium Joel Kibiiy
Evaluation of the effect of infeed ammonium: nitrite ratio on the performance of Anammox reactor Nomalanga Gasa
Maintenance asset register and asset life cycle maintenance case study Jack Rogers
Prevalence of Haloacetonitriles in a large bulk drinking water system in South Africa Mxolisi Dlamini
Ending the madness Jayant Bhagwan
Towards an integrated and sustainable water resource monitoring framework in South Africa Simphiwe Chabalala
The use of Anaerobic Digestion wastewater and off-gas for the cultivation of microalgae Talita Beyl
Reliability Engineering Innovative Solutions to Wastewater Industry Nganamakabane Ella Mutyaba
Under the Microscope
Sink or Swim
Pooling together
Unchartered Waters
Waste Not Want Not Session A
Room 1.61 & 1.62 WORKSHOP
Exhibition Hall
Influence of pyrolysis gas as reaction atmosphere on sewage sludge pyrolysis product distribution and composition Peter Osifo
Gazetted Resource quality objectives, so Population what now – dynamics of key functional microbes Golder Associates associated with Lee Boyd nutrient removal in different fullscale BNR systems Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi
Treatment of winery wastewater using a biological sand filtration system Gareth Holtman
Reaction pathway analysis for the degradation of phenol by advanced oxidation process: TiO2 photocatalysis using isotopic labeling technique Lindelwa Jay
Waste Not Want Not Session B
Room 2.41 - 2.43
Room 1.63 & 1.64
Room 1.43 & 1.44
Ballroom East
Room 1.41 & 1.42
Registration Opens Opening Session WISA 2018 Biennial Conference & Exhibition Plenary Keynotes: Clem Sunter Tea/coffee break Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5
07:00 08:30 - 10:45 10:45 - 11:15
Ballroom West
Registration Foyer Ballroom East & West Exhibition Hall Session 6 Session 7
Monday, 25 June 2018
Exhibition Hall 1,2,3
Welcome Function
Time
Council Meeting
17:30 - 20:30
Registration Foyer Meeting Room 1.64
Registration and Bag Collection
11:00 - 18:00
Towards an enabling operating environment for ash backfilling into disused mines – Golder Associates/ Process WRC Controller Heidi Snyman Division Workshop – WISA (Session 1) Dewald van Defining the Staden needs-driven research agenda for mine water – WISA MWD/ WRC Jo Burgess
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61 - 2.63
Room 2.44 - 2.46 WORKSHOP
Session 9
Session 8
WISA 2018 PROGRAMME IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT ANY GIVEN TIME
Sunday, 24 June 2018
Time
A drought's silver lining. Advancing new financing models for water infrastructure – Strategic Water Partners Network Nick Tandi
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64 - 2.66
Session 10
Wetskills Water Challenge – Finals Johan Oost
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 11
PROGRAMME
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
23
24
Impact of Transboundary Water Cooperation Policy to Small-Scale Farmers: Case of the Emandla Ekuphila Water User District in the Incomati River Basin Dumisani Mndzebele
Chlorine Dioxide as an alternative pre-oxidant in the treatment of eutrophic raw water Buks Strydom
The treatment of reverse osmosis feed using spent cationic exchange resin Sabelo Tshabalala
Understanding and affecting water consumer behavior using technological interventions at a primary school in Stellenbosch Cheroline Ripunda
An Integrated Water Quality Management Plan for the Olifants Water Management Area Lebo Mosoa
The State of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in KwaZulu-Natal Michael Singh
Why behavioural change intervention is a priority at present Jayant Bhagwan
Hydro-political chess: Lessons in institutional development and the challenge to deliver on key elements of the South African National Water Policy Derek Western Determination of Pharmaceuticals in the Aqueous Matrix of a Waste Water Treatment Plant Kutu Mashiane
The Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Estrone in a Waste Water Treatment Plants in South Africa using HPLC- MSMS Sibusiso Mnguni
Under the Microscope
Room 1.61 & 1.62
Session 16
Identification of existing and potential green water and wastewater treatment technologies for the creation of green occupations in the Western Cape and Gauteng provinces Janet Mabuza
Bridging The Gap: Sustainable Finance For Improved Delivery Henriettah N Ndlovu
Bridging the Gap
Room 1.63 & 1.64
Session 17
WORKSHOP
Room 2.41-2.43
Session 18
Estimating the loads of emerging contaminants and drug abuse within communities using wastewater-based epidemiology: Advances and future recommendations for South Africa Edward Archer
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
Causes, lessons learned and recommendations from the artificial drought of 2016-17 in the Caledon-Modder river system Jeremia Jesaja Van Der Walt
Exhibition Hall
Establishment of a coordinating body in the Upper Olifants Catchment Traci Reddy
Wastewater – tapping into this resource: Emerging Wastewater Treatment options Energy A focus on water Using – Water nanotechnology Consumption use attitudes and Research to fabricate Model for behaviours in South Commission Operation and polyethersulfone Africa’s metropolitan Maintenance Phase John Zvimba areas: A people-centric nanocomposite of Water Reuse approach to urban membranes for water conservation and removal of emerging Systems for Potable Applications demand management micropollutants from water Abiola Abimbade Inga Jacobs-mata Elijah Wanda
Sink or Swim
Room 1.43 & 1.44
Session 15
Pooling together
ORP as a water disinfection control for a dual ionisation-oxidation disinfection process Leroi De Wet
Canary CEMS: The Development and Potential Industrial Application of a CO2 Alarm System for Microbial Respiration Fluctuations Wendy Stone
Waste Not Want Not Session B Two approaches for the use of CabECO technology in the disinfection of fecal-polluted water Manuel Andres Rodrigo
Room 1.41 & 1.42
Session 14
Minimised Waste Production in the Effective Treatment of Scrubber Blowdown Wastewater Carien Spagnuolo
Recovery of Calcium Fluoride and Nickel Metal from Stainless Steel Spent Pickling Liquor Jennifer Hardwick
Prediction of waste minimisation and water recovery in the combined membrane and chemical precipitation treatment of mine impacted waters Sebastian Franzsen
Waste Not Want Not Session A
15:30 - 16:00 Tea/Coffee Break
13:45 - 15:30
Session Theme
Session 13
Ballroom West
Session 12
Ballroom East
Contextualising the concepts of Water-Wise Cities in Africa – Aurecon Lloyd Fisher-Jeffes
WORKSHOP
Room 2.44-2.46
Session 19
Process Controller Division Workshop – WISA (Session 2) Dewald van Staden
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61-2.63
Session 20
Disruptology™: turning disruptive threats into opportunities for success – Water Management and Institutional Division Juanita Vorster
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64-2.66
Session 21
Effective Governance and support of bilateral cooperation as a means of improving water resource management - Department of Water and Sanitation (Session 2) Eustathia Bofilatoss
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 22
PROGRAMME
Enabling Communities of Practice: Network Dynamics in Building a Water Sensitive Catchment Andrew Bennett Are Water Use Licenses just “Word Salads”? – a Critical Evaluation of WULs against PAJA-requirements Carin Bosman
The State of Water Use in the Vaal & Orange Water Management Areas Khutso Mabela
Waste Not Want Not Session B
Single Ion Effects on Bubble-Particle Attachment of Pyrrhotite Lisa October
Aeration Blower Upgrades for City of Cape Town John Clayton
The impact of strict zero E.coli standards on South African municipal waste water treatment plants Roda Lidzhade
Waste Not Want Not Session A
Energy Reduction in Membrane Bioreactors – Some Novel Findings Lingam Pillay
Improving Membrane Bioreactor Energy Efficiency by Utilising Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge and Tertiary Ultrafiltration Peter Wille Design, Cost & Benefit Analysis of the Proposed Membrane Bioreactor Plant at Zandvliet Wastewater Treatment Works Mpho Ramphao
Private events
Session 34 WISA AGM
Pooling together
Ballroom West
Ballroom East
Responsive pipe networks – smart pipes in South Africa Sw Jacobsz
Ballroom West
Indigenous Microalgae as Bioremediation Agents for Mine Contaminated Waters Monique Smit
Optimization of trickling filter performance Tshepo Motaung
Stakeholder Participation & Communication in the Inkomati-Usuthu Water Management Area – InkomatiUsuthu CMA Sylvia Machimana
Feasibility of advanced and prepaid water metering in South Africa Lilian Ngabirano
In the Pipeline
Room 1.63 & 1.64
Session 28
Chemical phosphate removal from Hartbeespoort Dam water with iron Komla Atta
WORKSHOP
Room 1.61 & 1.62
Session 27
SMART Meter Reading Service Hajo Heusinkveld
Sink or Swim Session A
Room 1.43 & 1.44
Room 1.41 & 1.42
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
17:30 - 19:00
16:00 - 17:15
Session Theme
Session 26
Session 25
Session 24
Session 23
POSTER SESSION
Impacts of drought and required response within the wastewater sector – Water Research Commission John Ngoni Zvimba
WORKSHOP
Room 2.41 - 2.43
Session 29
How Should WISA Contribute in Alleviating Water Sector Challenges – WISA KZN Branch & Umgeni Water Lindelani Sibiya
WORKSHOP
Room 2.44 - 2.46
Session 30
FETWATER WORKSHOP – DWS/WRC
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61 - 2.63
Session 31
WISA: ripples of change Juanita Vorster
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64 - 2.66
Session 32
Effective Governance and support of bilateral cooperation as a means of improving water resource management - Department of Water and Sanitation (Session 1) Eustathia Bofilatos
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 33
PROGRAMME
25
26
Predicting Postclosure Seepage to Optimise Rehabilitation Options for Tailings Facilities with Limited Soil Cover Material Albert Van Zyl
A household urine collection device to save water and produce fertilizer Dyllon Randall
Lunch
Valorisation of leachate from mining using freeze desalination system Nsaka Ntumba
The Dewatering Behaviour of Transformed Fe(III) Oxyhydroxide Precipitates Formed From Ferric Sulphate Solutions Cledwyn Mangunda
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency of an EGSB anaerobic digester treating Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Yasheemah Williams
Evaluation of Butyric Acid degrading bacteria isolated from pit latrine: cell growth studies John Bright Joseph Njalam'mano
Evolution of mine water in the Mpumalanga Coalfields David Love
Unchartered Waters
Capacity building through the Framework Programme for Research, Education and Training in the water sector Moses Mukota Assessment of Water Distribution System Infrastructure and Development of Water Efficient Strategies for National Government Department Large Facilities Seamus Levin
Decision Enhancement for the Management of Apparent Water Losses Mthokozisi Ncube
GIS aided pressure analysis to aid water conservation at institutions: a case study of the National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe Craig Tanyanyiwa
Community-driven planning and design of water services for multiple uses Virginia Molose
Analysis of the Water Education and Training skills development in the South African water sector Dana Grobler
Stochastically determining end-uses from temperature data loggers Bettina Botha
Sink or Swim
YouKnoW! Platform (Youth Driven Knowledge on Water) Aurelia Van Eeden
Pooling together
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
12:15 - 13:15
10:30 - 12:15
Session Theme
Continuous Ion Exchange for Effective Water Recovery from the Wastewaters of a Coal-Fired Power Station Carien Spagnuolo
A comparison study of the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan derivatives in a synthetic media Ephraim Igberase
Carbon Footprint Reduction Achieved by Utilising Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Peter Wille
Exhibition Hall
Pipe condition assessment device for assessing the condition of pressurized water pipelines Rene Nsanzubuhoro
Applying the Internet of Things to water and wastewater infrastructure monitoring George Gerbe
Affordable digital water monitoring technology: measure to manage Jessica Fell
SAICE Infrastructure report card Kevin Wall
In the Pipeline
Room 1.63
Ballroom West
Waste Not Want Not Session A Chemical and Microscopic Studies into the Corrosive Effect of Fluoride on Mild Steel Alfonso Palazzo
Ballroom East
Room 1.61 & 1.62 Waste Not Want Not Session B Challenges and Innovation in the Management of Drinking Water Treatment Residue at Rand Water James Parsons
Room 1.43 & 1.44
Room 1.41 & 1.42
Exhibition Hall Session 40
Session 39
Session 38
Session 41
The use of R Markdown in Water Quality Assessments – CSV Water Consulting Engineers Leanne Coetzee
WORKSHOP
Room 1.64
Session 42
Ballroom East & West
Session 37
10:00 - 10:30
Session 36
08:30 - 10:00
Tea/Coffee Break
Tuesday, 26 June
Session 35 Plenary Keynotes: Tony Wong and Samantha Yates
Time
The use of innovation to create sustainability and resilience in the water sector – Water Research Commission Manjusha Sunil
WORKSHOP
Room 2.41-2.43
Session 43
A unified approach for sediment risk, monitoring and interpretation – Golder Associates Research Laboratory Bridget Shaddock
WORKSHOP
Room 2.44-2.46
Session 44
Governance and Management of the Water Sector – Water Management and Institutional Division Nezar Eldidy
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61-2.63
Session 45
Water Reuse in Southern Africa, addressing the gaps – Rand Water Esper Jacobeth Ncube
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64-2.66
Session 46
Co-creating solutions to not waste a drop: water efficiency in agriculture & industrial water re-use – Netherlands Embassy Stèphanie de Beer
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 47
North-South dialogue of emerging water challenges – Water Research Commission
WORKSHOP
Auditorium 2
Session 48
27
15:00 - 15:30
13:15 - 15:00
Session Theme
A plant-wide evaluation of the Benchmark Simulation Model No.2P (BSM2P) for wastewater treatment systems: resource consumption and recovery using steady state and dynamic simulation models Muhammad Imraan Paleker
Primary sedimentation modelling with characterized settling velocity groups Christian Leprince Polorigni
The effects of the recent drought in the operation and the management of water treatment processes and the product quality at Umgeni Water Sibusiso Mdunge
Water reuse in the mining industry is the ‘new gold’ - The BRPM case study Jeremia Jesaja van der Walt
Tea/Coffee Break
VukModelling Poly TBC phosphate Release During Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge from Nutrient Removal Systems Vukuthu Maake
An approach to energy recovery from wastewater in pharmaceutical industry: A wastewater beneficiation case study Liam Kay
Disinfection of treated municipal wastewater effluent considered for indirect reuse: a case study Werner Rössle
The status and extent of de facto water reuse (unplanned potable reuse) in South Africa Chris Swartz
Addressing a water crisis: A Rand Water initiative Nyree Steenekamp
Modelling biofilm structure and micropollutant removal using an individualbased model James Kuan
Genetic impacts of acid mine drainage on human HEPG2 liver cells: a case study in South Africa Maronel Steyn
Pooling together
Resource guidelines for domestic rainwater harvesting in South Africa Jean-marc Mwenge Kahinda
Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Waster Sensitive Design in the City of Cape Town Boipelo Madonsela
Addressing challenges and opportunities for implementing Water Sensitive Design in South Africa Kirsty Carden
Implementing water sensitive design (WSD) using ‘the water management hierarchy’: a South African university campus case study Benjamin Biggs
Sink or Swim
Lessons Learnt on Implementation of Real-time Online River Water Quality Monitoring System Londiwe Satimburwa
Exhibition Hall
Rapid detection of microbiological contamination by measurements of specific enzymatic activity – Results after 4 years of validations and experiments in different applications Wolfgang Vogl
Targeting efficient use of transferred Orange River water to the Eastern Cape Province Erik Van der Berg
Urinals for Women and Girls: Harvesting urine from the other half of South Africa's population Janette Neethling
Recent advances in global bacteriological water quality monitoring Caitlin Rodgers
Optimisation opportunities for combined water quality monitoring programmes for water services providers and water service authorities L Liee
Quantifying the costs and benefits of Nature Based Solutions for water supply Graham Jewitt
In the Pipeline
Room 1.63
Session 54
Understanding industrial effluent water quality: What is the norm and Why we need to do better? Genevive Harding
Under the Microscope
Room 1.61 & 1.62
Room 1.43 & 1.44
Room 1.41 & 1.42
Unchartered Waters
Ballroom West
Ballroom East
Session 53
Session 52
Session 51
Waste Not Want Not
Session 50
Session 49
Citizen Science – Crowd sourced Water Research – Young Water Professionals WC Division Johan Kilian
WORKSHOP
Room 1.64
Session 55
Streamlining institutions to test, demonstrate and implement new water innovations and solutions Water Research Commisssion Shanna Nienaber
Making a splash: How WISA can strengthen the social compact within the water sector? – WISA Water Science Division (Session 1)
WORKSHOP
Room 2.44-2.46
Room 2.41-2.43 WORKSHOP
Session 57
Session 56
Governance and Management of the Water Sector – Water Management and Institutional Division Nezar Eldidy
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61-2.63
Session 58
Water Reuse in Southern Africa, addressing the gaps – Rand Water
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64-2.66
Session 59
Hands-on Water Challenge – The Finals – Wetskills Foundation
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 60
North-South dialogue of emerging water challenges – Water Research Commission
WORKSHOP
Auditorium 2
Session 61
28 Room 1.43 & 1.44
Room 1.41 & 1.42
WISA GALA DINNER
Session 74
The Power of Exchange: Learn and Train yourself and... each other Johan Oost
Treatment of Brine for the Recovery of Drinking Water, Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Sulphate Johannes Maree
Up-scaling of bacteria as a treatment of wild toxic cyanobacterial isolates Luyanda Ndlela
Constructing Urban Ecologies: Sustainable Stormwater Infrastructure as Community Space Julia McLachlan
Novel Multi-Walled TBC Carbon NanotubesPolyvinylidene Fluoride (MWCNTPVDF) Membranes for Desalination by Membrane Distillation: Synthesis and Application Performance Edgar Mapunda
Waste Water Treatment Challenges at Coal Fired Power Stations Terence Iyer Abboo
Waste Not Want Not Coal Mine Pit Lakes in South Africa Andrew Johnstone
Session 65
Session 64
Session 66
Opportunities in Wastewater Reuse: A Development Bank Perspective Mthokozisi Ncube
Bridging the Gap
Room 1.63 & 1.64
Session 67
Hall 9, CTICC 2
A Comparative Analysis of Water and Energy Sector Regulatory Frameworks: Interventions for the Promotion of Private Sector Investment Tafadzwa Mukwena Effects of Reduction A Review of Life Cycle Southern African of Wastewater Management Studies Development Volumes on in the Water Sector Community Sewerage for South Africa (SADC) Economic Systems and Taahira Goga Accounting for Wastewater Water (EAW) Treatment Plants Methodologies: can Gina Pocock they be effectively applied in the Komati system to ascertain the economic benefit of water supply to riparian states? Dumsani Mndzebele Point-of-use water Enhanced Water Development of a treatment for unQuality Management Cost Management serviced communities via a Novel Rapid Model for Economic – The VulAmanz Option Microbiological Field Sustainability Lingam Pillay Testing Strategy of Water Reuse Dave Tracey Systems for Potable Applications Abiola Abimbade
Room Ballroom West 1.61 & 1.62 Unchartered Under the Pooling Together Sink or Swim Waters Microscope Low cost green Ekurhuleni Using R open source Brominated flame technology for infrastructure delivery software to find retardants (BFRs) domestic wastewater programme (EIDP) hidden relationships in sludge samples treatment for reuse feasibility study: in data sets and how from Gauteng and beneficiation wastewater reclamation this can be used to South: influence programme manage drinking of physiochemical Paul Oberholster Charl van der Walt water quality properties on Leanne Coetzee concentrations and distributions Tlou Chokwe Data analysis Managing urban Water problems: Monitoring for enhanced water supply systems cyanobacteria and Water scarcity and control of water using free-market pollution in dams human health in economy approaches: and wastewater using satellite South Africa treatment processes: Kevin Harding A detailed review of remote sensing the implications for taking monitoring Mark Matthews developing countries into the 21st century Nelius Coomans Claudious Chikozho
Session 63
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
19:30
15:30 - 17:15
Session Theme
Ballroom East
Session 62
POSTER SESSION
Accelerating the adoption of new technology solutions – Global Water Technology Innovation Forum Taster Session – Isle Utilities Fiona Griffith
WORKSHOP
Room 2.41-2.43
Session 68
Making sense of the drinking water microbiome – University of Pretoria Fanus Venter
WORKSHOP
Room 2.44-2.46
Session 69
Making a splash: How WISA can strengthen the social compact within the water sector? – WISA Water Science Division (Session 2) Ayesha Laher
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61-2.63
Session 70
Governance and Management of the Water Sector – Water Management and Institutional Division Nezar Eldidy
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64-2.66
Session 71
The most powerful weapon: Introducing initiatives from the educationwater sector interface – EWSETA Nora HankeLouw Lesego Lekubu
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 72
Achieving transformation and redress in the water sector through the validation and verification of water use process – CSIR Inga Jacobs-Mata
WORKSHOP
Auditorium 2
Session 73
PROGRAMME
Removal of carbamazepine from aqueous solution with Zeochar, a zeolitebiochar composite Johann Kilian
Case Study: Reclamation of high strength industrial effluents through Plate and Frame Reverse Osmosis Technology Jenna Harris Utilizing Ozone, UV and AOP for safe water supply in South Africa Steffen Ruting
Lunch Break
Towards the backfilling of old mines with power station and gasifier ash: an elegant solution to the two major environmental problems David Love Commissioning Point of Use and initial water treatment operational through use of experiences activated carbon at a new and geotextile direct reuse layered within an emonstration plant intermittent slow Megan Schalkwyk sand filter Stephen Siwila Ultraviolet Clinoptilolite disinfection options Polymer Composite for greywater reuse for removal of Samantha Chromium (IV) and van Staden Vanadium (V) from aqueous solution Nomcebo Mthombeni
Unchartered Waters Session A
Waste Not Want Not Aerobic Granular Sludge in South Africa: Applying lessons learned from fullscale applications across 5 continents Tim Fisher Integration of Decentralised Waste Water Treatment Plants within City Boundaries – The Psychological Footprint Peter Wille
South African Urban Wastewater Challenges: A System Analysis Rejoice Malisa
Accelerating the adoption of new technology solutions Fiona Griffith
Wetskills Water Challenge – An innovative approach on experimental learning and networking for Young Water Professionals and students Johan Oost
Water Sector Skills Supply-Demand Forecasting in Local Government Ashwin Seetal
Novel and Innovative Programme for Fast Tracking Professional Registration of Engineers at Umgeni Water Naheen Toolsee
Sink or Swim
TBC
Pooling Together
Improving the sludge quality of Carl Grundling wastewater treatment works therefore preventing contamination of underground water through seepage Mmathapelo Rosina Maila
Use of Solar Thermal Energy for the Drying of Faecal Sludge Santiago Septien Stringel
Dewatering of Wastewater Sludge: Improvements in Monitoring Techniques at Mitchells Plain WWTW, Cape Town Zaheer Ortell Influence of pyrolysis gas as reaction atmosphere on sewage sludge pyrolysis product distribution and composition Katlego Mphahlele
Under the Microscope
Exhibition Hall
Organic toxicants contamination and aquatic toxicity of the Jukskei River Mpho Makofane
Economic risks associated with declining water quality due to urbanization: The Breede River Catchment, South Africa as a case study Annabel Horn The consequences of inaction: Hartbeespoort Dam, an escalating hypertrophic impoundment! Frederick Botha
Water Risk and Strategy Analysis – Aligning Water Strategies to Business Strategies Joanne Crimes
Unchartered Waters Session B
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
12:30 - 13:30
10:45 - 12:30
Session Theme
Ballroom West
Room 1.63 & 1.64
Ballroom East
Room 1.61 & 1.62
Room 1.43 & 1.44
Room 1.41 & 1.42
Exhibition Hall Session 80
Session 79
Session 78
Session 81
Decentralised Water Technologies – Solutions for Peri-Urban Communities and WaterSensitive Design? – Stellenbosch University Gideon Wolfaardt
WORKSHOP
Room 2.41-2.43
Session 82
Ballroom East & West
Session 77
10:15 - 10:45
Session 76
Session 75 Plenary Keynotes: Dhesigen Naidoo and Sunita Narain
08:20 - 10:15
Tea/Coffee Break
Wednesday, 27 June
Time
The complex challenges of managing South Africa's problem-sheds – a way forward – Wits University School of Governance Mike Muller
WORKSHOP
Room 2.44-2.46
Session 83
4th industrial revolution: The water sector of the future – Danish Emabssy Suvritha Ramphal
WORKSHOP
Room 2.61-2.63
Session 84
Bulk Chemical Contract Management and Risk Mitigation – Rand Water Mathabo Gamede
WORKSHOP
Room 2.64-2.66
Session 85
No Drop Certification: Overview of the 2017-2018 No Drop Audits and No Drop Gudeline – Department of Water and Sanitation Moloko Raletjena
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 86
PROGRAMME
29
30
Comparison between the South African Catchment Management Strategy and the Dutch new Environmental Strategy Programme Hans Waals Using real-time Analysis of green Reducing the demand patterns to jobs and practices environmental improve hydraulic in wastewater impact of modelling accuracy management: A case desalination: Current innovations in water reticulation study of Northwest and Northern and opportunities networks Carlo Loubser Cape provinces Wimpie van der Merwe Benton Otieno
Farewell Reception
Thursday, 28 June
Technical Tours
Time
08:00 - 16:00
TBC
Modelling pressure – leakage response in water distribution systems considering leak area variation Asaph Mercy Kabaasha
Management of storm water inflow in semi-arid cities: South African perspective Rubavathy Noelene Govender
Early warning tool for municipal water supply schemes Louise Dobinson
Lower Limpopo Basin Climate Resilience Project Abri Vermeulen
Amazing Aquifers of Cape Town: A case study of the Groundwater quality assessment in Cape Flats and Table Mountain Group Aquifers Shane Nethenzheni
Room 1.61 & 1.62 Sink or Swim Session B
Session 91
All information in the programme was accurate at time of print. Please refer to the WISA Conference website and app for any possible changes.
Session 98 Closing Address – The Way Forward
17:00 - 18:00
Evaluation of the performance of flow gauging structures on the Klip River in Johannesburg Zainab Metedad
The First Steenbras Dam: A temporary but pragmatic resolution of Cape Town’s water crisis 100 years ago Kevin Wall
Process Capability Assessments for potable Water Treatment Plants: A Rand Water experience Sifiso Sambo
The application of Geomorphons to hydrological response modelling: a case study in the Central Drakensberg, South Africa Jonathan Atkinson
15:45 - 17:00
13:30 - 15:15
Fouling resistance analysis of commercial ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes using starch production industrial wastewater effluent Ephraim Igberase Defects in the active layer of ceramic nanofiltration membranes: A facile characterization approach Welldone Moyo
Waste water biorefineries: towards resource efficiency Sue Harrison
Current Regulatory Instruments for Waste Disposal Facilities in South Africa: A Review of the Legislation Tefo Chabedi
Unchartered Waters
Waste Not Want Not Session A Prediction of nanofiltration rejection performance in brackish water reverse osmosis brine treatment processes Ricky Bonner
Alluvial Wellfield Optimisation and Management using Numerical Flow Modelling and Seasonal River Stages Brendon Bredenkamp
Ballroom West
Room 1.43 & 1.44 Sink or Swim Session A
Room 1.41 & 1.42 Pooling Together
Ballroom East
Session 90
Session 89
Session 88
Session 87
TBC
Room 2.41-2.43 WORKSHOP
Session 93
See page 11 for departure times
Clivia/Jasminium
Ballroom East
Limitations and Challenges of Groundwater use by the commercial sector in the Western Cape – AHL Water Ayesha Laher
Room 1.63 & 1.64 WORKSHOP
Session 92
Consultancy Industry: Action to assist the problem of failing wastewater treatment plants in South Africa and getting our drinking water quality back up to standard – Golder Associates (Africa) Pty Ltd Ralph Heath
Room 2.44-2.46 WORKSHOP
Session 94 Room 2.64-2.66 WORKSHOP
Session 96
Imvelisi: Building Enviropreneurs TBC – Young Water Professionals Sivuyile Pezulu
Room 2.61-2.63 WORKSHOP
Session 95
2017 Blue Drop and Green Drop Requirements - Department of Water and Sanitation Rodney M Mathebula
WORKSHOP
Roof Terrace
Session 97
PROGRAMME
The Vaalkop System has been upgraded, which comprised additional treatment capacity of 60 MLD, as well as the construction of the La Patrie Reservoir, which will alleviate water shortages in the Moses Kotane and Rustenburg local municipalities. The completion of a 31 km pipeline and a 35 MLD reservoir in Pilanesberg North has improved the lives of communities in several surrounding villages. In addition, the upgrading of the Klipdrift WTW from 18 MLD to 42 MLD has accommodated the increasing demand from the Moretele, Bela-Bela and Modimolle local municipalities. The recently installed pipeline that conveys water to the Mafenya Reservoir will increase the reservoir capacity to 109 MLD after completion of the second phase of the Pilanesberg BWSS. The 50 MLD Mafenya Reservoir currently supplies water to the Maseve and Bakubung mines. Full benefits of the plant extension will be realised on completion of the Pilanesberg phase 2 and 3 projects. All Magalies Water projects are geared towards the improvement of the local economy by ensuring the engagement of small, medium and micro enterprises as well as creating employment opportunities for communities.
all-inclusive suite of services to test water samples for an extensive set of quality parameters. The Scientific Services Department is the best in microbiological and chemical analysis, constitutes a SANAS-accredited laboratory (T0625), and offers a range of services to water and related industries. In the compliance space, Magalies Water’s laboratory has achieved: 1. SANAS (ISO 17025:2015) accreditation for the first time in October 2014. The laboratory achieved continual maintenance of accreditation and had zero non-conformances on system audits in 2016. 2. Accreditation for cryptosporidium and giardia methods in 2017. 3. Accreditation for real-time PCR-based methods for detection of E. coli, Citrobacter freundii and Enterococcus faecalis in 2017. 4. Accreditation for trace metals (12 elements), hexavalent chromium and trihalomethanes in 2017. 5. Accreditation for 14 methods from the Chemistry section, 5 from the Microbiology section and 3 in the Hydrobiology section. 6. The acquisition of 40 new customers, conducting 66 614 analyses in F1617 method for 28 customers as well as the 29 338 YTD (F1718) method for the remaining 12. Magalies Water has also embarked on a War on Leaks project to support the Rustenburg and Thabazimbi local municipalities’ programmes to reduce non-revenue water. Constant assessment of the status of Magalies Water’s assets is vital and the utility is committed to continually supplying clean water to targeted municipalities and upholding and maintaining the dignity of communities in line with the constitutional requirements of providing basic services to all citizens.
Ensuring clean water Magalies Water complies with or exceeds the minimum requirements of SANS 241:2011, ensuring the highest-quality water that poses no health risks to consumers. The utility’s laboratory fuses the specialist knowledge of licensed professionals with state-of-the-art testing technology, equipment and instruments, providing an
www.magalieswater.co.za
In line with delivering on the Constitution’s promise to provide clean and adequate water to all, Magalies Water is forging ahead with infrastructure projects aimed at improving lives and the economy.
C
urrently, Magalies Water services a total area of 42 000 km² in the cross-border provinces of North West, Gauteng and Limpopo. Serviced through the major Crocodile and Pienaars rivers, the utility supplies water and sanitation services to six municipalities, including one of the largest metropolitan municipalities in Africa ‒ the City of Tshwane ‒ as well as hundreds of industries, including six mining establishments in the copper belt and key tourism industries. Infrastructure expansion Through its commercially sustainable business, Magalies Water has been able to service and contribute to the economic development and support of local municipalities through the expansion of bulk infrastructure projects in line with its 2013 Master Plan. Infrastructure upgrades, extensions and refurbishment projects implemented in line with this plan include the Pilanesberg Bulk Water Supply Scheme (BWSS) phases 1, 2 and 3; Moretele South BWSS; Moretele North BWSS (Klipvoor Scheme); Wallmansthal Water Treatment Works (WTW); and Cullinan WTW.
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sponsor profiles
Sponsor Profiles Platinum sponsor
Silver Sponsor
Messe München
Grundfos
Messe München is one of the leading exhibition organisers worldwide with more than 50 of its own trade shows for capital goods, consumer goods and new technologies. Every year, a total of over 50 000 exhibitors and around three million visitors take part in more than 200 events at the exhibition centre in Munich – at the ICM Internationales Congress Center München and the MOC Veranstaltungscenter München – as well as abroad. Together with its subsidiary companies, Messe München organises trade shows in Brazil, China, India, Iran, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and Vietnam. With a network of associated companies in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America, as well as around 70 representations abroad for over 100 countries, Messe München has a global presence. IFAT Africa: www.ifat-africa.com IFAT worldwide: www.ifat-worldwide.com
Grundfos is a global leader in advanced pump system solutions and a trendsetter in water technology. We contribute to global sustainability by pioneering technologies that improve quality of life for people and the planet. Grundfos is a full-range supplier of intelligent pumps and systems for all water supply and wastewater applications. We optimise pump system solutions to provide maximum reliability and resource efficiency for our customers. Our solutions are state-of-the-art and our expertise is part of any delivery. be think innovate is our promise to society and customers. Contact details: t: +27 (0)10 248 6000 e: infro_za@grundfos.com w: za.grundfos.com
Bronze Sponsor Schneider Electric
Contact details: t: +49 89 949-20720 e: info@messe-muenchen.de w: www.messe-muenchen.de
Gold Sponsor IDEXX Water
IDEXX Water is a global provider of water testing solutions that deliver easy, rapid, accurate and cost-effective information on water quality to laboratories and public utilities around the world. IDEXX entered the water testing market in 1993 with Colilert®, now one of the most frequently used testing methods for the detection of coliforms and E.coli in water worldwide. More recently, IDEXX launched Pseudalert® for the 24-hour detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems, pools, spas and bottled water. Legiolert® was launched in 2017 for the rapid detection of Legionella pneumophila, helping to safeguard against Legionnaires’ disease in sensitive populations.
Schneider Electric is leading the digital transformation of energy management and automation in homes, buildings, data centres, infrastructure and industries. With a global presence in over 100 countries, Schneider is the undisputable leader in power management – medium voltage, low voltage and secure power, and in automation systems. We provide integrated efficiency solutions, combining energy, automation and software. In our global ecosystem, we collaborate with the largest partner, integrator and developer community on our open platform to deliver real-time control and operational efficiency. We believe that great people and partners make Schneider a great company and that our commitment to innovation, diversity and sustainability ensures that ‘Life Is On’ everywhere, for everyone and at every moment. Contact details: w: www.schneider-electric.co.za
Contact details: t: 01638 676800 w: www.idexx.co.uk/water/water-testing-solutions.html
31
sponsor profiles
Mobile phone/tablet app sponsor
OC Shirts and Senior Fellow Breakfast sponsor
Endress+Hauser
EWSETA
The challenges faced by the water and wastewater industry have never been greater. You need a partner who combines extensive industry knowledge and experience with an entire portfolio of measuring instruments, solutions and services. Endress+Hauser has developed its entire instrumentation, solutions and service portfolio with the requirements of your industry in mind. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 262 8000 e: info@za.endress.com w: www.za.endress.com
Name badge and lanyard sponsor ERWAT
ERWAT was established in 1992 as a Section 21 company. Its shareholders are the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and Lesedi Local Municipality. ERWAT believes in consistent excellence in: • Expert wastewater treatment • Industrial wastewater quality management • Chemical and microbiological laboratory analysis • Research and development • Focused design and development of facilities • Proven technology.
The Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority (EWSETA) is one of the 21 SETAs with the strategic mandate to anticipate, build and manage the skills development and training needs of the energy and water sector, through strategic skills planning and within the context of the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS III). As a result, EWSETA’s mission is focused on: •C omprehensive research and a sound understanding of the skills demand and supply dynamisms in our sector •C oordinating, facilitating and providing quality assurance for sector-relevant skills development programmes for our stakeholders, aligned with stated national skills development priorities • E stablishing a sector skills pipeline to contribute positively towards government‘s economic growth policies, employment creation and the reduction of poverty. The future of South Africa’s developmental state lies in comprehensive skills development, ultimately resulting in an able workforce addressing the drivers of our economy – namely the water and energy sector. Visit the EWSETA stand and play the Aquarepublica game to stand a chance to win a daily prize. If you are the most successful overall catchment manager, you can win a valuable prize from EkoSource and EWSETA on Wednesday. Contact details t: +27 (0)11 274 4700 e: info@eseta.org.za w: www.ewseta.org.za
NoteBOOK Sponsor Inenzo Water
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 929 7000 e: wandah@erwat.co.za w: www.erwat.co.za
Established in 2004, the company specialises in the design, supply, installation and commissioning of water and wastewater treatment plants. We have a well-equipped manufacturing workshop and a staff complement of 45, including three installation teams. Our technical skilled staff includes professional engineers, mechanical engineers and qualified artisans. Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 987 2402/06/08 e: admin@inenzo.com w: www.inenzo.com
32
sponsor profiles
Mini programme sponsor
REGISTRATION sponsor
Lepelle Northern Water
Sedibeng Water
Lepelle Northern Water (LNW) is a state-owned water utility established in terms of Chapter 6 of the Water Services Act (No 108 of 1997). Its mandate is to provide bulk water services to water services authorities, mines and other industries within its mandated service area of Limpopo. Contact details: t: +27 (0)15 295 1800 w: www.lepelle.co.za
Pens, Bags & Water BottLEs SPONSOR Rand Water
Sedibeng Water was established on 1 June 1979. It initially serviced the Free State Goldfields and parts of the former Western Transvaal. In 1996, Sedibeng Water extended its operational area to the North West province. Since then, Sedibeng Water grew to include the Vaal Gamagara water scheme in the Northern Cape Province. In 2011, Sedibeng Water expanded its operational area further with the incorporation of the Namakwa Water Board. As a result, Sedibeng Water is now serving the Nama Khoi Local Municipality (Steinkopf, Okiep, Concordia, Carolusberg, Nababeep and Springbok) as well as mines in the arid north-western part of the Northern Cape. Sedibeng Water has recently also incorporated Pelladrift and Botshelo Water Boards into its operations. The organisation currently services an operational area spanning across three provinces: the Free State, North West and Northern Cape. This makes Sedibeng Water one of the largest water utilities in the country. Contact details: t: +27 (0)56 515 0200 e: ceosec@sedibengwater.co.za w: www.sedibengwater.co.za
Tea break sponsor Rand Water was officially established on the 8 May 1903 by Rand Water Board according to the Ordinance No 32 of May 1903 in order to supply potable water to the entire Witwatersrand area. Rand Water with 3 500 kilometres of pipelines and a production of 4 000 megaliters per day, is the largest bulk water utility in Africa and is one of the largest in the world. It provides bulk potable water to more than 16 million people in Gauteng, including 26 additional municipalities in the rest of Mpumalanga, North West and Free State. The additional area stretches over 18 000 km2. Rand Water draws water mainly from the Vaal Dam catchment and treats it for human consumption. The water is then supplied to municipalities, mines and industries. These municipalities include the three major Metros; Johannesburg, Tshwane and Ekurhuleni who in turn supply water. All metros are Blue Drop accredited. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 682 0911 w: www.randwater.co.za
Umgeni Water
Umgeni Water is one of the largest catchment-based water utilities in Southern Africa. It is the largest bulk water supplier in KwaZulu-Natal mandated to treat and supply bulk potable water to municipalities. Umgeni Water supplies about 410 m3 of drinking water per annum to 6 million people, within a radius of 21 155 km2. It has a total asset value of R7.6 billion, and manages 14 storage dams, 17 water works and nine wastewater works. Umgeni Water’s infrastructure includes an extensive network of pipelines, inter-basin transfer tunnels, major pump stations and reservoirs. In support of its operations, Umgeni Water’s Laboratory Services provides a quality service that adheres to internationally recognised standards. The water sampling programme is ISO 9001 certified and the analytical competence of the laboratory is demonstrated by continued accreditation to the ISO/IEC 17025 standards. Contact details: t: +27 (0)33 341 1111 e: info@umgeni.co.za w: www.@umgeni.co.za
33
sponsor profiles
Delegate pack insert sponsor
Delegate pack insert sponsor
Veolia Water Technologies South Africa
WEC Projects
Veolia Water Technologies provides the design, build, maintain, operate and upgrading of water and wastewater treatment facilities for industrial and municipal clients. In a rapidly urbanising world, optimising scarce water resources, reducing environmental footprint, transforming wastewater into a valuable resource and ensuring secure access to drinking water have become necessities. Veolia is the world leader in desalination, drinking water, wastewater, process water and reuse.
WEC Projects (Pty) Ltd is a leading EPC contractor specialising in the provision of engineered solutions in the water and wastewater treatment industries. Our core focus areas include water treatment, sewage treatment, biogas-to-energy projects and sludge beneficiation solutions. We are the exclusive licensee for Nereda® in South Africa. Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 745 5500
t: +27 (0)10 040 7310
w: www.wecprojects.com
w: www.veoliawatertechnologies.co.za
Branded water station sponsOR Water Research Commission
WAT E R
RES EA RC H C O M MI S S I O N
The mission of WRC is to be a global water knowledge node and South Africa’s premier water knowledge hub active across the innovation value chain that informs policy- and decision-making, supports the national transformation and redress project, develops sustainable solutions, and deepens water research and development in South Africa and the developing world. It was deemed to be of national importance to generate new knowledge and to promote the country’s water research. Contact details: t: +27 (0)12 761 9300 e: info@wrc.org.za w: www.wrc.org.za
34
KEYNOTE speaker Abstracts profiles
Keynote Speaker Profiles Clem Sunter Session 1, Ballroom East & West, 25 June 2018, 08:30-10:45 Biography: Clem Sunter was educated at Winchester College. He went to Oxford where he read politics, philosophy and economics before joining Charter Consolidated as a management trainee in 1966. In 1971, he began work for Anglo American Corporation Central Africa. From there, he was transferred in 1973 to the Head Office of Anglo American Corporation of South Africa in Johannesburg. He spent most of his sub-
Samantha Yates Global Water Leaders Group Session 35, Ballroom East & West, 26 June 2018, 08:30-10:00
Biography: Samantha Yates is the Secretary General of the Global Water Leaders Group, a non-profit organisation that aims to create a better story for water. Samantha was appointed to this role at the inception of the Global Water Leaders Group in January 2013. In this role, she spearheads initiatives for, and research about, water utility performance and innovation amongst the Group’s network of utility CEOs and Water Ministers from around one hundred countries.
sequent career in the Gold and Uranium Division, serving as its Chairman and CEO from 1990 to 1996.
She is also the Editor of Water Leader magazine, which reports on various aspects of the value of urban water and wastewater services and the latest
In the early 1980s, he established a scenario planning function in Anglo
utility performance turnarounds. Prior to this, Samantha worked in various
with teams in London and Johannesburg. Two highlights for Clem were a
research and consultancy roles including with the Group’s publishing and
presentation to FW de Klerk and the Cabinet in 1986 and a visit to Nelson
events partner – Global Water Intelligence. Samantha is a regular speaker
Mandela in prison to discuss the future just before his release.
at international conferences and has received many awards and accolades for her contribution to the water sector.
He’s been awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Cape Town for his work in the field of scenario planning. He was also voted by lead-
Her qualifications include a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) and Bachelor
ing South African CEOs as the speaker who has made the most significant
of Arts from the University of Sydney, and a Master of Science in Water Sci-
contribution to, and impact on, best practice and business in South Africa.
ence, Policy and Management from the University of Oxford.
Clem has more recently applied his experience in scenario planning to the water crisis being experienced in Cape Town, as a columnist for News24.
Dhesigen Naidoo Water Research Commission Session 70, Ballroom East & West, 27 June 2018, 08:20-10:15
Biography: Dhesigen Naidoo is a leader, a scientist and an activist for social change. He has, as CEO, led the Water Research Commission (WRC) since 2011. He has previously served in senior positions in the South African national government and South African universities, having begun his career as a medical scientist in a specialist paediatric hospital.
Prof. Tony Wong Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities Session 35, Ballroom East & West, 26 June 2018, 08:30-10:00 Biography: Professor Tony Wong is Chief Executive of the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, with research hubs in Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Singapore. Tony is internationally recognised for his research and practice in sustainable urban water management, particularly water sensitive urban design. His expertise has been gained through national and international consulting, research, and academia. He has led a large number of award-winning
He works with the fundamental belief that the removal of water as a de-
urban design projects. Tony has over 200 publications and has presented
velopment constraint and the restoration of human dignity through im-
over 75 keynote and invited lectures.
proved sanitation will positively change the future for billions in the developing world. He also has dedicated his efforts and those of the WRC, in vital
He received the prestigious Sir John Holland Award as Australia’s Civil En-
local and global partnerships, to achieve the goals of universal access to
gineer of the Year in 2010, cited as having defined “a new paradigm for
water and sanitation through knowledge solutions and innovation.
design of urban environments that blends creativity with technical and
35
KEYNOTE speaker profiles
scientific rigour”. Tony was elected Fellow of the
the green concept of sustainable development.
plays an active role in a number of research pro-
Australian Academy of Technological Sciences
Narain is director general of India-based research
jects and public campaigns.
and Engineering in 2014, and received Singapore’s
institute the Centre for Science and Environment
GE-NUS Visiting Professorial Fellowship. He was
(CSE), director of the Society for Environmental
She serves on the boards of various organisations
Monash University’s Department of Civil Engineer-
Communications, and editor of fortnightly maga-
and on governmental committees, and has spoken
ing 2012 Alumnus of the Year and delivered the
zine Down To Earth.
at many forums across the world on issues of her concern and expertise. She is a recipient of several
Victorian Parliament Alfred Deakin Oration in 2017.
Sunita Narain Centre for Science and Environment, Society for Environmental Communications, Down To Earth Session 75, Ballroom East & West, 27 June 2018, 08:20-10:15
Narain started at the CSE in 1982, working with
awards, including:
founder Anil Agarwal, while completing her stud-
• Padma Shri by the Government of India (2005)
ies at the University of Delhi. In 1985, she co-edited
• Under her leadership, the Centre for Science
the State of India’s Environment report and in 1989,
and Environment was awarded the Stockholm
Narain and Agarwal wrote ‘Towards Green Villages’ on the subject of local democracy and sustainable development. In 2012, she wrote the 7th State of India’s Environment report, ‘Excreta Matters’ – an analysis of urban India’s water supply and pollution.
Water Prize (2005) • Honorary Doctor of Science by the University of Calcutta (2009) • Raja-Lakshmi Award from Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation, Chennai (2009) • One of Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential
Biography: Sunita Narain is an Indian environmentalist and political activist as well as a major proponent of
Narain remains an active participant, both nationally and internationally, in civil society. She is currently in charge of the CSE’s management and
People (2016) • IAMCR Climate Change Communication Research in Action Award.
36
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Abstracts
Abstracts Session 1 Reliability engineering innovative solutions to wastewater industry Nganamakabane Ella Mutyaba Session 1, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The sole mandate of maintenance department at ERWAT is to maintain and optimally manage the asset life cycle of all mechanical, electrical, and instrumentation equipment. This is in alignment with technical requirements and strategic focus areas at an acceptable level of safety, operational, and environmental risk. The purpose of reliability engineering thereof, is to establish asset reliability programs that identify and evaluate the inherent asset failures. In doing so, identify critical equipment and establish maintenance plans and tactics that ensure asset would not fail unpredictably during essential operations. Also, to provide appropriate actions to mitigate the effects of plant and asset failures of water/wastewater infrastructure while utilizing predictive maintenance principles. Methodology The reliability engineering division uses the Systematic application of time-honoured engineering principles and techniques throughout the life cycle of an asset. Amongst many other systems used, the following basis methods are being optimized at ERWAT:
resource and proactive maintenance culture in
that indicate the location and numbering were
wastewater. This will ensure management of as-
developed. In support of this, a piping and in-
set reliability risks that most of the time is spent
strumentation diagram (PID) was also developed
on preventative maintenance rather than reactive
using the same location numbering systems. The
regime. The persistent application of reliability
asset register was used as the bases for the de-
engineering principles will evidently be realized
velopment of periodic (time based) maintenance
when from the past reactive dominant practic-
activities plan per sub process like an aeration
es to the recent reliability and strategic mainte-
basin. This will be the first level of an asset life
nance. The long term benefit of reliability engi-
cycle maintenance system. The second level of
neering principles is that it could adversely affect
this system is condition based activities, with the
plant or business operations. Ultimately, resulting
third level being the end of life cycle replacement
in improved service delivery to the community by
activity. The component values was captures in to
managing water network with proactive mainte-
the hierarchy that can be rolled up from a com-
nance activities.
ponent, motor and pump value into asset values, sub process values, process values and plant fi-
Session 1
Conclusions
Maintenance asset register and asset life cycle maintenance case study Jack Rogers Session 1, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 In asset management the configuration of the asset register forms a critical part of the whole asset life cycle management process. The configuration and use of asset registers in maintenance and finance departments are focused on the core business of the mentioned departments. This creates a challenge with regards to asset life cycle management. This study aims to align these two configurations and the maintenance processes to simplify and streamline processes to save downtime and costs.
The advantage of this system is that the maintenance can be planned and implemented for a specific sub processes like an aeration basin. The outcome of this research is that planned maintenance activities can be done in close physical proximity in the same area, which saves time. This also makes partial process shutdowns possible. For example, surface aerators can be shut down in sections and maintenance plans implemented in stages with limited operational consequences. Interventions and replacement plans are now based on data from a sub process area, like a surface aerators basin. This equipment replacement plans data can now be aligned to the process performance of for example surface aerator basins to optimise process, energy and maintenance requirements all in one.
• Failure Root Cause Analysis • Condition Based Maintenance and Monitoring
Methods
• Vibration Analysis
The maintenance asset register configuration was
• Temperature Analysis ( Infra-Red Scanner)
done based on the operational processes, plant
• Oil Analysis.
processes or module and sub processes like an aeration basin. The assets were defined using
Findings
asset clustering – the components pump, motor,
Introducing condition based monitoring in
valves and auxiliary equipment were defined as
wastewater has yield many benefits, amongst
an asset assembly. This configuration was applied
which, is the discovery of in-depth failure root
to develop an asset hierarchy. This new hierarchy
causes of most critical equipment. It has subse-
would facilitate financial values at different levels
quently been discovered, that the sand is trans-
such as operational processes, sub processes and
ported through sewer pipeline amongst many
asset assembly. The Generally Recognised Ac-
other causes, get trapped in the aeration system
counting Practice (GRAP) 17 Property Plant and
and caused excessive vibration and overheating.
Equipment (section 11) requirement for a unique
This has resulted into an increase in operating
location numbering system was applied to the
cost of motors and gearboxes, in particular. In
asset assemblies.
addition, high energy cost is incurred as equipment is stressed during treatment processes.
nancial values.
Results A maintenance asset register was developed in-
Conclusions
cluding a unique location numbering system. Fur-
There is a greater need for better coordination of
thermore plant equipment positional diagrams
Session 1 Case Study: Lower Thukela Bulk Water Supply Scheme: Design Considerations, Lessons and Challenges Mike Killick Session 1, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Umgeni Water has implemented the Lower Thukela Bulk Water Supply Scheme (LTBWSS) to supply 110 MLD by 2020 in two phases of 55 MLD each, to a number of towns along the KwaZulu-Natal North Coast in South Africa. These range from Mandini Local Municipality to the north and KwaDukuza Local Municipality to the south as far as Ballito. The scheme consist of an abstraction works and low-lift pump station located on the left bank of the Lower Thukela River, a desilting works, a water treatment works, and a high-lift
37
Abstracts
pump station linked to bulk supply pipelines with associated water storage reservoirs. Construction
Session 2
mid-2017. Design considerations The entire treatment works was designed with an operator-centric layout. The plant was configured so that the operators have direct sight of, and ready access to, the core operation areas from the administration and control areas. The seasonal water quality changes dramatically and required a multistage sedimentation process train in order to meet Umgeni Water’s requirement to guarantee water quality 95% of the time, while keeping the treatment process as efficient as possible. The tight timelines for completion of the project meant that the equipping of the abstraction works and the water treatment works proceeded simultaneously with the two associated civil construction contracts. This required carefully programmed schedules which were included in the contracts. The construction of the weir in the Lower Thukela River was critical to the programme. Flow in the river is seasonal, with most high flow events occurring in the wet summer months. Construction within the river could only take place in the drier five-month winter period. Lessons and challenges The project was jointly funded by Umgeni Water and the Department of Water Affairs through their Regional Bulk Infrastructure Grant (RBIG). A joint decision was made to fast-track the implementation of the project, but funds from RBIG were only available after the required commencement. This meant that Umgeni Water began the project at risk, and had to provide bridging finance in order to pay the contractors until the funds were released. A number of lessons were learnt during this process. There are a number of critical success factors for timeously and successfully implementing a megaproject of this nature. These success factors rely upon the client, the design consultant and the contract admin/site supervision staff all working together in a spirit of collaboration and cooperation. Implementation challenges, which are discussed included: environmental and land issues; two different Consultants undertaking the engineering design (Aurecon) and the construction administration and monitoring (Bigen/MSA); and multiple contractors working in close proximity with each other and dependent on each other for successful project completion.
38
process economics are significantly improved, both on the microalgal production side – where
of the water treatment works commenced towards the end of 2013 and was commissioned in
while simultaneously treating AD effluent. The
The use of anaerobic digestion, wastewater and off-gas for the cultivation of microalgae Talita Beyl Session 2, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Anaerobic digestion (AD) has proven itself an efficient and cost-effective technology for the treatment of sewage sludge, food waste, and animal manure. With limited environmental impact, the process converts organic wastes into biogas. However, it does produce an effluent stream rich in organic acids, ammonia, nitrites and phosphates – amongst other micronutrients. These macronutrients should be removed from the wastewater before release to the environment. Additionally, a CO2 rich gas stream is produced from biogas combustion. These waste streams then contain the macronutrient requirements for algal growth. Therefore, a significant opportunity exists for the integration of the wastes from AD into the production of microalgae. The potential of using photosynthetic microalgae to produce valuable products is of increasing global interest. Integrating the growth of a product-producing strain with AD could significantly improve process economics. This project sought to demonstrate the growth of a test algal strain on AD effluent, through examining the nutrient and other component effects on growth. Synechococcus PCC 7002 was grown in lab scale batch fed photobioreactors. We investigated growth in AD effluent supplemented media (with 10%, 26% and 50% effluent) compared to synthetic media. The possibility of diluting AD effluent with seawater, ammonium versus nitrate as nitrogen source, and influence of turbidity on growth was also investigated. Lastly, the ammonia/ammonium ionic system was investigated to determine optimal pH for the growth for microalgae in AD effluent to prevent growth inhibition. Furthermore, two levels of CO2 concentration in the headspace gas were conducted to evaluate the effect of the addition of AD off-gas on algal growth, simulating growth in pure biogas and burnt biogas. A final experiment in a 7ℓ airlift reactor was performed to illustrate the concept on a pilot scale. The results of these tests showed that growth of cyanobacteria is feasible on AD effluent, once the ammonia toxicity is circumvented with pH control, nutrient limitations are appropriately adjusted and salinity is brought up to required levels. This work opens up the possibility of integrating a microalgal process into a wastewater biorefinery, to produce valuable products
expensive growth media is replaced with inexpensive AD effluent – and on the AD effluent treatment side – where microalgae polish the effluent water.
Session 2 Evaluation of the effect of infeed ammonium: nitrite ratio on the performance of Anammox reactor Nomalanga Gasa Session 2, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an innovative and sustainable biotechnology for nitrogen removal process that has been well evaluated as a wastewater treatment process, with advantages of being cost-effective, reducing generation of sludge, high ammonical nitrogen removal, no organic carbon requirement and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Both ammonium and nitrite act as substrates as well as potential inhibitors of anammox bacteria causing a decrease of the specific activity of the biomass and the loss of the stable operation of reactors. Previous studies demonstrated co-culture of anammox, aerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidising bacteria inside the same reactor under limited oxygen conditions. The population dynamics and efficiency of the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) fed with different substrate concentrations were carefully monitored. Methods The study to enrich anammox bacteria was carried out in lab-scale SBR inoculated with the biomass obtained from nitritation-anammox process. Three feeding strategies were carried out with substrate concentration (ammonium: nitrite ratio) of 1:1 in Reactor 1, 2:1 in Reactor 2 and 1:2 in Reactor 3. Effluent NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N concentrations were determined using the Hach DR900 Multiparameter Colorimete, nitrogen gas production was measured using the gas chromatography (GC). Biomass samples were collected from all the reactors regularly throughout the enrichment period. DNA was extracted using the Power Soil DNA Kit. The concentrations were measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. Microbial population was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The primers used in this study in response of mRNA levels of nitrite
Abstracts
oxidoreductase (nirS), hydrazine oxidireductase
purification requirement compared to liquid
Conclusion
(hzo) and hydrazine synthase (hzsA).
biofuels, since it partitions to the gas phase as
The dual developments of a novel immobilisation matrix for photosynthetic bacteria and met-
high purity hydrogen. Results
Further, it can be produced from even re-
abolic enhancement by genetic modification, as
The reactors developed good performance
calcitrant wastes owing to the organism’s ex-
part of integrated photobioreactor technologies,
in terms of nitrogen removal for NH4+-N of
ceptional metabolic diversity, making pho-
represent significant progressions towards re-
11.79± 5.34, 12.31±5.07, 8.20± 3.51 mg-N/L in
to-fermentation a promising area of study.
al-world feasibility for the energy bio-economy.
R1 (after 56 days),R2 (after 28 days) and R3 (af-
However, shortfalls in current photobioreactor
ter 28 days) respectively, NO2--N removal was
technology, which have been designed for
11.27 ±6.04, 10.68±5.62, 13.77±6.07 mg-N/L in
microalgae
R1, R2 and R3 respectively. This strategy result-
practical implementation. The last mile to suc-
ed in efficiencies of nitrogen gas production
cessful scale-up requires integration of bio-
of 90, 80 and 90 % in all reactors respectively.
technology and engineering innovation, and
Furthermore, qPCR results showed a variation
bacterial immobilisation is one key avenue
in quantification of anammox bacterial genes
for development.
predominantly,
have
overtime, where, nirS showed a copy number
By trapping the organism inside a porous ma-
of 9.39E+07 to 2.88E+05, 2.98E+07 to 7.37E+05,
trix, a stable and protective microenvironment
2.98E+07 to 3.28E+04 copies in reactors R1, R2
is created that spurs maximal hydrogen pro-
and R3 respectively. Whereas Hzo from 7.43E+09
duction efficiency while allowing decoupling of
to 2.60E+09, 1.17E+09 to 3.58E+09, 1.17E+09 to
the bacteria and substrate for continuous flow-
4.54E+08 copies in R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
through operation. Immobilisation additionally
And HzsA from 1.98E+04 to 6.68E+03, 2.71E+03
facilitates maintenance of a static bacterial pop-
to 1.30E+04, 2.71E+03 to 2.64E+03 copies in R1,
ulation inside the bioreactor. The reduced side-
R2 and R3 respectively. AOB and NOB were also
line energy consumption for cellular biomass
detected in all the reactors through PCR.
thus funnels more energy to the hydrogen production pathway. Continuous high-rate hydro-
Conclusions
gen production from a variety of waste streams
The effects of substrates on nitrogen removal
is attractive for decentralised electricity gener-
performance and population increase showed a
ation at the point of waste creation, combined
significant favor to the Anammox bacteria. An-
with reduction of the waste burden.
ammox specific genes, HzsA and hzo exhibited a positive coincide with the anammox activity
Scope & results
in R2, however, negatively coincided in R1 and
Our work has been to develop a novel trans-
R3 e.g. 90% nitrogen gas production but a de-
parent matrix, comprised of a polyvinyl-alcohol
crease in mRNA transcription. The uncertain cor-
(PVA) cryogel that has been optimised for bio-
relations between biomass activities and mRNA
compatibility, robustness for industrial use, and
transcription levels highlight that organisms
high light transmission in the photosynthetical-
might have different mechanisms, moreover this
ly-active wavelength range.
mechanism has not been well studied.
Using glycerol as a candidate waste stream, hydrogen production from immobilised bacteria
Session 2
has been evaluated compared to bacteria in free solution in test-scale photobioreactors under batch operation. Specific hydrogen production
The bioreformation of organic-rich wastewater into high-purity hydrogen JP du Toit Session 2, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 In light of already-overburdened natural resources, the implementation of an effective green economy paradigm will be essential to make maximal use of available water and nutrients, while tapping the latent energy present in waste. Under illumination, the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris converts waste organics into high-purity hydrogen gas, while reducing wastewater organic loading, with high efficiencies. This bioproduct has a low
Session 2
frustrated
Evaluation of R. palustris for simultaneous wastewater treatment and hydrogen production in a photofermentation process Phillip Uys Session 2, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 South African industries ranging from textile to sugar processing are both major users and polluters of water and produce wastewater streams which are often rich in organic compounds. These compounds are often recalcitrant, and difficult to treat with current technologies. Additionally, no further products are derived from the wastewater using current methodologies. This project aims to develop a biotechnology which is able to both reduce the organic loading in these wastewaters as well as produce a valuable product, in the form of hydrogen gas, which is a valuable commodity chemical. This can be achieved through a photofermentation process whereby the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris is able to metabolise the organic portion of the wastewater, as well as produce high purity hydrogen gas. In this project a survey of local literature and industries was conducted to determine which organic containing waste streams there is a need to treat. The ability of R. palustris to metabolise some of these identified waste organic components was evaluated and the industrial wastewater treatment potential and hydrogen production ability of R. palustris was then assessed.
rates are equivalent when cells are immobilised, and production continues for longer periods.
Methods
Bioreactor conditions were re-examined and
R. palustris was grown in an agitated temperature
40°C was found to be optimal for production
and light controlled photobioreactor. Growth and
rate, far higher than the 30°C widely reported.
hydrogen productivity of R. palustris on various
Higher optimum temperatures are encourag-
wastewaters as well as the wastewater treatment
ing for development of outdoor sunlight-illu-
feasibility was assessed through dilution studies
minated bioreactors with reduced temperature
monitoring cell dry weight, hydrogen gas pro-
control considerations.
duced (with purity determined by GC), as well as
Further growth studies showed the matrix is
chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen content, and
not diffusion-limiting since production depends
other contaminant concentration being moni-
only on biomass concentration and light intensi-
tored with a number of analytical methods.
ty, suggesting that a metabolic limitation in the
Thirteen wastewater samples from seven differ-
form of available nitrogenase enzyme (responsi-
ent South African industries were collected and
ble for hydrogen production) may be a target for
analysed, before use in the biological tests. These
enhancing production rate.
included wastewaters from i) olive mill, ii) textile
39
Abstracts
dyer, iii) fruit processing, iv) paper mill, v) winery,
combination of these factors have resulted in sig-
vi) fish processing and vii) tannery.
nificant fragmentations in the institutional structures mandated to manage water resources.
Results
Using expert sampling, interviews with key in-
1. Describe best practice for sustainability monitoring frameworks for water services 2. Outline South Africa’s water services mandatory and voluntary requirements with regards to sus-
Significant growth of R. palustris was seen on the
formants and other purposively chosen partic-
wastewaters, as well as hydrogen production from
ipants revealed the challenges in the changing
3. Evaluate South Africa’s current water services
several of the samples. Reductions in COD, nitro-
political landscape of South African water resource
performance monitoring framework for water
gen and contaminating compounds were meas-
monitoring, many of which were further reiterat-
boards against findings from goals one and two
ured, indicating the potential of the organism to
ed in the focus group discussions. The identified
4. Develop an improved framework for assessing
reduce wastewater contamination. For instance,
challenges served as entry points that would im-
South African water board’s performance in their
growth and wastewater treatment tests conducted
prove water resources monitoring and enable de-
on winery effluent from KWV as well as on anaero-
cision-makers to make sustainable management
5. Demonstrate the improved framework func-
bic digestion (AD) effluent from Elgin Fruit Juices
decisions. Moreover, it was found that five major
tionality with a sample of water boards au-
showed approximately 50% decrease in COD levels
challenges impede the formation of a compre-
dited performance data from the 2012/13
over a single week. Experimentation on the waste-
hensive water resources management system,
financial year
waters continues, and has not yet been concluded.
namely: lack of financial resources, lack of skilled
tainability monitoring
compliance and sustainability journey
human resources, poor governance structure,
Methods
Conclusions
ineffective stakeholder engagement, working
A qualitative normative theory evaluation research
Major conclusions derived from literature are that
in silos and inefficient data management. More
method was utilised to achieve first three objec-
more work needs to be done on which wastewa-
importantly, it was found that sustainability of
tives. The objectives to first understand current
ters are viable for growth and survival of R. palus-
monitoring programmes relies on human and eco-
best practice for sustainability monitoring frame-
tris as well as on the decontamination efficiency
nomic investment.
works and the mandatory requirements for water
of the bioprocess. With South Africa’s abundance
The main recommendations made include in-
services sustainability monitoring frameworks
of wastewater streams and an ever increasing
stitutional reform and enabling legislation, which
in South Africa was achieved via an extensive lit-
concern for water reuse and valorisation tech-
form the basis upon which any development ef-
erature review. The evaluation research method
nologies, this has the potential to be a viable
forts can be pursued to achieve sustainable water
was used where South Africa’s current water ser-
water treatment technology for the removal of
resource monitoring. Furthermore, research can
vices monitoring framework for water boards was
organic pollutants.
be conducted to assess the challenges in water
evaluated for its adequacy to monitor sustain-
resource monitoring and provide sustainable
ability compared with legislated requirements,
solutions; with the aim of quantifying the impact
national
of policy reforms in the water sector. And finally,
(Hall et al, 2004: 55).
Session 3
and
international
best
practices
research can be done on how effective regulation
Towards an integrated and sustainable water resource monitoring framework in South Africa Simphiwe Chabalala Session 3, Meeting room 1.41&1.42, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Water resource monitoring plays a pivotal role in a number of sectors such as determining sustainable abstraction and water use, determining the feasibility of development projects in relation to water, and developing systematic strategies for efficient overall management of the water resources. It has been observed by a number of scholars and policymakers that through periodic monitoring of water resources, valuable data can be collected, which can then provide sufficient information to determine trends and develop predictive models. It is only when sound and reliable data is available that informed decisions about sustainable and efficient use of water resources can be made. Despite the importance of water resource monitoring, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly South Africa, are not effectively and adequately monitoring the quantity and quality of water resources. Part of the reason for this state of affairs has been the absence of clearly defined roles, policies, strategies and responsibilities, and a
40
and cooperative governance for water sector can
Results
be achieved in South Africa through participatory
Data collection for the evaluation research was
processes that are aimed at developing priority
sourced via documentation analysis. Water board
water research questions.
audited annual reports, relevant national water services legislation, national and global water ser-
Session 3
vice sustainability monitoring best practices were critically reviewed. The review yielded a “thick description” of sustainability performance moni-
The consideration and improvement of the sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards Craig Thompson Session 3, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 South Africa’s 10 water boards play a key role in bulk water service provision. They supply 57% of the countries domestic water supply (DWA, 2013:19) and are required to provide sustainable water services (Government Gazette, 1997:35). The Department of Water Affairs (Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) as of June 2014) is mandated to monitor the performance of water boards and accomplishes this through a Share Holders Compact (SHC) (Government Gazette, 1997: 50). The research undertaken towards the attainment of an MBA degree from Rhodes University had the following objectives:
toring framework requirements that was used to evaluate the SHC (Holliday, 2002: 79). Despite the mandatory participation requirement for successful sustainability performance monitoring being met, the SHC was found to have inadequate aspects. It lacks an outcomes based approach, does not include environmental indicators, does not allow water board sustainability performance comparison and cannot indicate where individual water boards are on their sustainability journey. Conclusions An improved Water Services Sustainability Monitoring Framework (WSSMF) that satisfies legislated sustainability intentions and aligns with best practice is proposed to replace the SHC. The proposed WSSMF quantifies performance in terms of 10 water utility outcomes with 88
Abstracts
performance indicators encompassing the fi-
officials trying to “work out our own solutions” are
influences the various infrastructure development
nancial, social, environmental and governance
more common in this category of municipalities.
costs. It attempts to depict the interrelation be-
dimensions of sustainability. It also allows sus-
Tacit or experiential knowledge is highly valued
tainability performance comparison between
and respected in the wastewater and sanitation
different utilities.
environment. Consequently, knowledgeable individuals with many years of practical experience
Session 3
are respected and influential, and a key source
edge in municipal wastewater and sanitation services is influenced by the interplay of a range of factors in both the institutional and the individual domains. The two main enabling factors are: - A political structure that recognises the value of water, and creates an enabling environment for the water and sanitation department to deliver a high standard of service; and - Competent and visionary leadership in the wastewater and sanitation department. Conclusions The paper will outline opportunities and make several specific recommendations on effective communication in the local government space. The recommendations will also highlight how all sector partners and municipalities could cooperate and complement each other in ensuring that knowledge needs within water and sanitation services are met.
Methodology In 2015/16, the Water Research Commission commissioned a study to investigate the knowledge
Session 3
paths of municipal officials working in wastewater and sanitation. The study aimed to gain insight into the status of knowledge uptake in the local government space and how it contributed to sustainable wastewater management and sanitation. The study comprised qualitative interviews with 108 municipal officials working in wastewater and sanitation services and 70 self-completed questionnaires. The purposeful sample of 22 municipalities represented all nine provinces and included six metros, seven B1, four B2, four B3 and one C2 municipality. Findings The study found a correlation between the performance of the wastewater and sanitation team and the way that these officials interact with knowledge in terms of knowledge needs, knowledge gaps, knowledge sources and knowledge use. For example, as municipalities move up the performance ladder, the use of impersonal sources such as the internet, guidelines and research reports increases. In the weakest performing category, the use of these knowledge sources is particularly low, which could signify a lack of a learning culture or limited access to resources, or both. Personal knowledge sources such as colleagues and
and accountability on the cost of infrastructure.
Session 4
of knowledge. It was found that the engagement with knowl-
Effective communication in the local government space – guidelines for sector partners Dr Sarah Slabbert Session 3, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 How should one position and package information and research-based knowledge so that it is actually taken up and used by a target audience? The question cannot be answered without understanding how the target audience engages with knowledge: What are their knowledge needs? What are their knowledge sources and networks? Where do they go when they have an operational problem? Making information available is no guarantee that it will be taken up. The information has to cross the knowledge paths of the intended audience or it will miss the target.
tween governance, society, the executive, the law
Impact of Governance on Cost of Infrastructure Nezar Eldidy Session 3, Meeting room 1.41&1.42, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Good infrastructure, in its various forms (social, economic or virtual), is not optional in the 21st century. Expenditure has also motivated growth and fame to the executive. While infrastructure governance is a point of corporate governance studies, one cannot isolate it from the overall governance set. Infrastructure governance is an output of the aggregate governance or public management. Public management has direct influence on capital cost as well as an indirect one on affordability, quality and efficiency of operators. Engineers are the unknown soldiers in the infrastructure delivery arena. They were the decision-makers and managers in most organisations tasked with infrastructure delivery. Reluctantly, they were pushed to the back seat in the governance train, in the quest for better infrastructure and more efficient service delivery, yet the results are contrary. This paper demonstrates how governance (either in a macro or micro form)
Ending the madness… Jayant Bhagwan Session 4, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The toilet-wastewater-energy-pollution nexus is an emerging issue in the developed and developing world. The provision of safe, hygienic and appropriate sanitation solutions is a priority development in the world. Developed nations have followed a linear design approach to achieve to meet their sanitation needs with conventional waterborne systems implemented and continuously improved to meet more stringent control and pollution regulations in order to minimise the overloading of the natural environment. Developing countries, on the other hand, continue to struggle to implement such systems, due to a myriad of factors associated with financing, affordability and revenue, and thus resulted in a heavy reliance on on-site systems. On-site systems pose a different set of technical challenges related to their management, which is often overlooked in the developing world. While technology strides increase in conventional sanitation processes towards zero effluent, these all come at a significant cost and energy requirement. Further, climate variability and water security put added pressure on resources available for flushing and transporting human wastes. In all engagements and trends, the world continues its attention and investments in transport and treatment of human pollution, its safe treatment and reuse. These trends and developments in the developed world then forces the developing world towards the same issues and challenges viz. water availability and pollution. In the face of growing risk associated with climate variability, water security and quality it is time to rethink the 200 year-old sanitation technology and reverse these trends. This disruptive approach and thinking provides the developing world the opportunity to leapfrog the somewhat antiquated wastewater treatment and sanitation models prevalent even in the developed world and to deal with their challenges, reshaping sanitation and healthier city environments in the future. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop the next generation of off-grid, innovative and novel technological options for sanitation that takes into account available water and energy resources, user preferences, variable user population, and are able to contribute to revenue collection
41
Abstracts
through beneficiation of waste products or reduce
comprised of a holding tank for the raw waste wa-
investigates the potential of effective on-site treat-
operational and maintenance costs. Such an inter-
ter. A pump was used to lift the raw water to an an-
ment and re-use for fit-for-purpose uses such as
vention can result in around 30% savings in water
aerobic tank filled with wood charcoal. The water
toilet flushing, car washing and garden irrigation.
supplied, 60% savings on capital, elimination of
was then allowed to flow by gravity into a series of
sewers and resource-intensive traditional waste-
five slanted filter beds stacked above each other.
Method
water treatment systems, reduction or elimination
The filter media consisted of crushed bricks mixed
Ecological engineering principles were used to de-
of pollution pathways, etc.
with maize cob charcoal both of mean diameter
velop an affordable, passive treatment technology
The next-generation toilet technologies are on
1 cm. A control unit was set up with only crushed
to recycle greywater effectively for fit-for-purpose
their way and are shifting away from the current
bricks for filter media. The flow rate through the
uses such as toilet flushing. In partnership with
“flush-and-dispose” and “drop-and-store” models.
system was predetermined at the daily fresh water
the Water Technologies Demonstration Program
It is envisaged that the new generation of tech-
demand of the cafeteria. Samples were collected
(WADER, a division of the Water Research Com-
nologies will be point-of-use or beneficiation gen-
weekly from the raw water tank, from the outlet of
mission), the ‘DEWdrop’ (Decentralised Ecological
eration systems which aim to eliminate human
the anaerobic tank, and the treated water effluent
Wastewater) treatment system was installed at 20
waste at source. New systems will incorporate in
from the filter beds. The samples were tested for
pilot households in Cape Town and Johannesburg
it the water sensitive design planning and think-
BOD5, TN, TP and NH4.
from January – June 2017. The system makes use of repurposed media and indigenous wetland
ing. It aims to be smart, working off-the-grid and treating human wastes at source, eliminating
Results
plants to encourage microbial growth and therby
pathogens, and possibly generating products of
It was observed that effective removal of organic
treatment of the greywater. Once stable, the recy-
beneficial value.
matter (BOD5) in both systems began one week af-
cled water is suitable for temporary storage to en-
This paper will share this context and the emerg-
ter start up. The anaerobic chambers reduced the
able convenient on-demand use in toilet flushing
ing technology and developments, and present its
organic loading by about 50%. Both the test and
and irrigation.
impact on the future development of cities and
control systems gave substantial levels of treat-
towns. The sanitation revolution is about turning
ment of the grey water. However, the test system
Results
this tide and current practice towards more sus-
gave better results than the control system in all
Ongoing monitoring of the pilot installations in-
tainable and universal access to acceptable sanita-
the parameters tested. The average reduction of
cludes on site observation and laboratory analysis
tion for all. It’s not all about flushing.
the biological loading for the test and control sys-
of raw and recycled greywater quality. To date a
tems were BOD5 - 98%, 96%; NH4 – 60% 51%; TN
range of water quality samples have been analysed
– 67%, 53%; and TP – 73%, 64%, respectively. The
with an indicative result from one installation after
effluent from the test system was found to be clear
5 months of use as follows:
and odourless while that from the control system
Raw greywater: pH: 6.7, Conductivity: 32 mS/m,
had traces of colour and odour signifying incom-
Total Suspended Solids: 4 492 mg/l, Nitrate:
plete treatment.
<0.2 mg/l, Ammonia: 33.4 mg/l, Chemical Oxygen
Session 4 Development of an on-site domestic grey water treatment and recycle system using crushed bricks and charcoal as treatment medium Joel Kibiiy Session 4, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Developing countries have low levels of access to water supply and sanitation. Residents of rural areas and poor urban districts do not have household water connections or waste water disposal systems. Water used has a high value in terms of the time and manual labour input – mostly from women and children who are gender-assigned this role by tradition. In such circumstances, recycling and reuse of water becomes an option for the partial reclamation of the value invested in the water. Reclaimed water would be put to non-potable uses such as cleaning floors while at the same time reducing effluent load on the unplanned open drains that serve as sewers. This study set out to develop a biological household level grey water treatment system using crushed bricks and charcoal, both being local materials that are easily available and affordable to households. Methods The experiments used raw waste water collected from a university students’ cafeteria. The system
42
Demand: 6 038 mg/l, Total Phosphorus: 6.0 mg/l, Conclusion
E.coli: >2 419/100 ml.
Modification of filter media with charcoal im-
Recycled water: pH: 7.0, Conductivity: 33 mS/m,
proved the performance. It is believed that due
Total Suspended Solids: 8mg/l, Nitrate: <0.2 mg/l,
to its porous nature, charcoal provided a suitable
Ammonia: 4.4 mg/l, Chemical Oxygen Demand:
habitat for microbes, which helped in clarify-
39.9 mg/l, Total Phosphorus: 1.8 mg/l, E.coli:
ing wastewater biologically. This study did not,
63/100 ml.
however, undertake an economic evaluation of the system.
The monitoring process is ongoing with the intention to investigate the treatment performance as the biological system establishes over time and
Session 4
during different seasons. Conclusions
Opportunities for Greywater Reuse – Risk or Resource? Ross Roberts Session 4, Meeting room 1.43 & 44, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Water scarcity in South Africa has motivated investigation into the viability of alternative water sources to offset the demand for potable water. Household greywater is produced in a quantity, typically 90-120 ℓ/day in houses with piped water, and quality that allows for on-site treatment and beneficial re-use for non-potable requirements. Whilst raw greywater is commonly used in times of drought for garden watering, this project
The raw greywater characteristics (E.coli >2 419 counts/100 ml) indicate the potential health risks posed by contact with and ingestion of untreated greywater. Comparatively, the recycled water quality shows the capability of ecological treatment to produce water that is fit for purpose use in toilet flushing and complies with the General Authorisation Limits for effluent. Acknowledgements Design development and installation carried out by Isidima Design & Development. Funding for the design development and installations provided through the WADER programme.
Abstracts
Session 4 Implementation of Shared Water Savings Contract at National Department of Public Works Mr Mark Shepard Session 4, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The National Department of Public Works (NDPW) is responsible for managing accommodation and infrastructure needs of various national government departments. It currently manages approximately 2 834 State-owned buildings which are used as administration offices, correctional services, defence facilities, etc. The NDPW’s mission is to “efficiently manage the asset life cycle of immovable assets under the Department’s custodianship”. This has prompted the development of the NDPW National Framework for Green Buildings Policy, the main component of which is the retrofitting of existing facilities to optimize their water and energy efficiency. The Shared Water Savings Contract (SWSC) was identified as a pilot initiative to assist with achieving the objectives stipulated within the NDPW Green Buildings policy framework while dealing with budget constraints. The main objective of the contract is to reduce the current water demand from facilities managed by NDPW by a targeted 20%, using private sector funding, and allowing the private sector to share in the savings achieved from the intervention on a 50/50 basis over the contract duration of seven years. This paper presents the approach, methodology and savings achieved to date in three of the NDPW Regions that are participating the SWSC namely Polokwane (Limpopo), Kimberley (Northern Cape) and Johannesburg (Southern Gauteng). The approach adopted by the service provider in this instance was to address four areas of intervention to reduce water demand and/or reduce water expenditure for the NDPW: 1. Water Conservation Measures: measures that address the wasteful use of water from any fixture or fitting, which includes the retrofitting of water efficient devices 2. Water Use Efficiency Measures: measures that address the waste or inefficient distribution of water before the actual consumption or use of water 3. Alternative Water Supply Measures: measures that address the identification and use of alternative water supply sources rather than municipal supply 4. Financial Recovery/Relief Measures: measures that address the identification and
rectification of potential administrative or
supply of water quality that is free of pathogens.
billing errors
However, there are reaction occurrences between
These areas are covered through a systematic,
chlorine species and dissolved organic matter
phased approach as follows:
(DOM) in water within the pipeline network, which
Phase 1: data collection and analysis
may result in the production of undesirable disin-
Phase 2: water audit and baseline establishment
fection by-products (DBPs) like HANs. Hence, the
Phase 3a: implementation of water efficiency
aim of this study to investigate the prevalence of
saving measures
HANs on the distribution network, prior to, and
Phase 3b: implementation of financial efficiency
post chloramination.
saving measures Phase
4:
intervention
optimization
and
Methods
results analysis
Samples were taken bi-weekly from the four
Phase 5: measurement and verification.
sample sites/points identified (i.e. one sample
The contract also allows for a strong emphasis
5km point from the purification, sample before
on SMME development and job creation during
the Booster station and the other sample after
the intervention and maintenance works, there-
booster station and finally a sample 55 kilometers
by stimulating local economic development, as
post-chloramination). The analytical instrumen-
well as capacity building and skills transfer to
tation used was an Agilent 7890A Gas Chromato-
NDPW officials to ensure an element of sustaina-
graph (incorporating a Gerstel MPS 2 SPME auto
bility on completion of the contract.
sampler) coupled to a LECO Pegasus® HT Time
In the first two years of this particular contract,
Of Flight Mass Spectrometer (GC-TOFMS). LECO
verified total savings to the value of almost R73
ChromaTOF software version 4.24 was used for the
million have been achieved for NDPW, with the
identification and quantification of the HANs.
20% demand reduction target already exceeded for facilities that have been targeted to date.
Results The prevalence of the HANs in the water of
Session 5
the pipeline investigated was detected in varying amounts (1-13 µg l-1) in colder periods and (1-10 µg l-1) in warmer periods. In the system,
Prevalence of Haloacetonitriles in a large bulk drinking water system in South Africa Mxolisi Dlamini Session 5, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The disinfection of drinking water using chlorine has drastically reduced the outbreak of waterborne diseases like gastroenteritis, cholera and typhoid. However, the chlorination and chloramination disinfection processes have given rise to various disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of health concern. The chlorination is mostly associated with a significant presence of carbonaceous disinfection byproducts (C-DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), while the chloramination has been noted to form more of certain nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) such as chloropicrin, nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and haloacetonitriles (HANs). The discovery of DBPs mainly C-DBPs, has caused many water utilities to, not only focus on the DBPs as the water quality issue, but to also investigate alternative disinfection. Furthermore, new emerging DBPs were identified over the years as a result of various disinfection chemicals used. Animals studies have shown that DBPs are potentially of serious health concern as they can be cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic. Water utilities with large distribution network employs chlorination and chloramination disinfestation processes to ensure a continuous
the post chlorination, which is just before the dosing with monochloramine was found to have high levels of HANs during colder periods in comparison to the rest of the points investigated. Conclusions HANs formations were detected in the post chlorinated and chloraminated systems and Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) compound is the most dominant compound. This is corroborated by many studies where DCAN was reported to be the major HANs compound formed. However, the levels obtained for HANs and DCAN in the present study are below the WHO guidelines (HANs<60 µg l-1; DCAN<20 µg l-1).
Session 5 Pattern of Use of Sachet Water and Related Antecedent Factors Among Eleyele Residents, Ibadan, Nigeria Rachel Titus Session 5, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Inadequate potable water supply is a major public health concern which largely accounts for the use of sachet water in Nigeria. Although sachet water consumption is very common in Ibadan, its pattern of use and related antecedent factors have
43
Abstracts
not been sufficiently investigated. This study was
of them did not comply with the health informa-
therefore designed to assess the patterns of sachet
tion on sachet water labels as advocated by Na-
water use, knowledge and perceptions of sachet
tional Agency for Food and Drug Administration
water among Eleyele residents, Ibadan.
and Control. Public enlightenment programmes
A three-stage random sampling technique was used to select 432 male and female heads of
aimed at promoting safe sachet water use is therefore recommended.
households from the 13 communities which constitute Eleyele area. A semi-structured question-
Session 5
naire which included a 29-point knowledge scale and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used for data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, t-test and ANOVA while the qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The mean age of respondents was 35.6±10.5 years, 66.0% were females and 44.7% had secondary education. Nearly all (99.8%) had ever taken sachet water, 99.3% were current users with median daily intake of five sachets and a range of 1-20. Educational level, marital status and family size were not significantly associated with current sachet water use. Frequencies of sachet water use by male/female differentiation were as follows: always (31.9%, 68.1%); occasionally (44.8%, 58.2%); and
Urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCCA) on pregnant women as a biomarker of exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products. A cross-sectional study in Tshwane district, Gauteng province, South Africa Funanani Mashau Session 5, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The use of urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCCA) acid as a biological marker for internal exposure assessment has been recommended for drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) studies. Epidemiological studies have found risks of DBPs exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes.
rarely (28.9%, 71.1%) (p<0.05). Reasons for using sachet water included inadequate potable water
Objectives
supply (60.6%) and ready availability of sachet wa-
The objective of the study was to assess the occur-
ter (34.7%). Respondents’ mean knowledge score
rence of urinary TCCA levels on pregnant women.
was (17.4±3.2). Mean knowledge scores by educational level were: Non-formal education (19.6±3.0),
Methods
primary (21.0±0.0), secondary (19.0±3.3) and
A total of 206 women randomly recruited from
tertiary education (19.5±3.4) with no significant
four local primary health facilities while visiting
difference. The mean knowledge scores of the
antenatal care between March and June 2017. The
females and males were 14.01±2.6 and 13.5±3.2
participants were asked to provide urine samples.
respectively (p<0.05). Few respondents (8.5%)
The diagnostic tests were conducted by Lancet
correctly mentioned two months as the expi-
Laboratories, Toxicological Centre, South Africa.
ry duration for sachet water. Some respondents
Samples were analysed for urinary creatinine (Cr)
(44.4%) always checked water sachets for printed
and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) concentrations.
health-related information recommended by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration
Results
and Control before use.
Out of 206 samples, 29 (14.1%) were detected
Reasons given for failure to comply with the
with low concentrations, 31 (15.0%) with high
recommended practice included familiarity with
concentrations and 146 (70.9%) with normal con-
brand being used (39.4%) and urgent need to
centrations of urinary creatinine. The Cr adjust-
quench thirst (7.4%). Most respondents (91.4%)
ed TCAA concentrations were < 0.36 mg/g Cr for
had ever perceived sachet water to be a possible
all the samples (206), which is below the limit of
source of ill-health. The belief of 42.1% was that
quantification.
most sachet water products had fake registration numbers. Most (95.5%) had never reported cases
Conclusion
of sachet water perceived to be of poor quality to
Our findings suggested that internal exposure to
law-enforcement authorities. The view of many
DBPs during pregnancy in Tshwane district is very
FGD participants was that sachet water use was a
low or undetectable. However, the health effects
common practice in their communities. The use of
of DBPs on adverse pregnancy outcomes in South
sachet water for drinking, cooking, ablution, and
Africa still warrants further investigations.
entertainment of guests cuts across the groups. Most participants were of the opinion that sachet water was not always safe for drinking. Use of water in sachet for various purposes was common among the respondents. However many
44
Session 5 Using total coliforms to assess the safety of drinking water in Cape Town South Africa during the 2016/17 drought period Mjikisile Vulindlu Session 5, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Since the onset of the 2016/17 drought and severe water shortages in the Western Cape province of South Africa, attempts have been made from various quarters, mainly through bogus emails and social media, to discredit the quality of the municipal reticulated drinking water in Cape Town. To test the validity of these claims Total coliforms bacteria, an operational microbiological determinand in the South African National Standard for Drinking Water (SANS 241:2015), were used to assess the microbial safety of Cape Town’s drinking water against SANS 241:2015. Total coliforms comprise a variety of aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram negative and nonspore forming bacilli that can grow and inhabit nutrient stressed water environments. TC are a useful drinking water quality indicator to show efficacy of disinfection and presence of bacterial regrowth and the formation biofilm which could result in piped waters due to pressure fluctuations introduced during water shortages. Analysis was done for a period of three years from 2015 – 2017 covering the eight (8) City of Cape Town Health Sub Districts. Raw data was extracted from LIMS and cleaned in Excel prior to analysis in Statistica. For each sample point, yearly averages, exceedance percentages, and compliance percentages were calculated and graphed. An increase in the number of samples with positive total coliforms counts was observed over the three-year period (2015 – 2017) throughout all eight health sub districts. When the overall SANS 241:2015 calculations were performed, drinking water in Cape Town complied with the standard ruling out any possibility of public health risk associated with poor microbial water quality. It was concluded that total coliforms was a useful bacterial indicator to assess a complex drinking water distribution network system during drought and water shortages that led to pressure fluctuations.
Abstracts
Session 6 Reaction Pathway Analysis for the Degradation of Phenol by Advanced Oxidation Process: TiO2 Photocatalysis Using Isotopic Labelling Technique Lindelwa Jay Session 6, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00
degradation
undergoes
aromatic
dihydroxy
Results
substitution followed by aromatic ring cleav-
An initial 78% drop in hydraulic conductivity took
age. The dominant degradation pathway is via
place during the acclimation period due to the
hydroxyl radical mechanism, shown by distri-
formation of functional biomass. Thereafter, the
bution of intermediates formed. The concen-
flow rate of the system remained fairly consistent
tration of intermediates formed is in the order
at 413 ℓ/day. The system achieved an average 81%
catechol>resorcinol>hydroquinone.
(range: 44-98%) reduction in COD (final effluent 324 mgCOD/ℓ). The pH of the wastewater was ef-
Conclusion
fectively neutralised from an influent range of 4.5-
Photocatalysis is a promising technology for com-
7.3 to an effluent range of 6.6-8.1. There was an av-
plete mineralisation of aromatic organic pollut-
erage 67%, 54% and 29% reduction in the TP, VFA,
Background
ants as demonstrated by removal of phenol and
and sodium adsorption ratio, respectively.
Due to toxicity effects and the endocrine dis-
its intermediates. Therefore, combined UV/TiO2
rupting properties of phenolic compounds, their
process may be applied as an effective process
Conclusion
removal from water and wastewater has gained
for the removal of phenol from aquatic solutions
The pilot BSF system has proven to be a viable
widespread global attention. This has led to ad-
such as industrial wastewaters and polluted wa-
treatment option for small wineries due to its low
vancement of new methods and adoption of im-
ter resources.
cost, low maintenance and running fees, and ability to readily adjust to changing influents.
proved methods for removal of pollutants from water. Numerous studies have been carried out to
Session 6
find a suitable technology for wastewater treat-
Session 6
ment. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have led the way in treatment of aqueous waste. Photocatalysis is a successful and green technology for the degradation of several persistent organic compounds in water. Degradation is often accompanied by formation of intermediate compounds which may be more harmful than the original pollutant. This study profiles aromatic intermediates in a batch system using the carbon-13 isotopic labeling technique. Methods Degradation studies were conducted in a batch reactor with photons for catalyst activation supplied by a medium pressure 400 W UV lamp immersed in the pollutant solution housed in a double jacket quartz sleeve, which served as
Treatment of winery wastewater using a biological sand filtration system Gareth Holtman Session 6, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 27 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Over a billion litres of winery wastewater is generated each year from South Africa wineries, which often requires treatment prior to disposal. The preferred treatment method is settling ditches and/or holding dams with pH adjustment and disposal via irrigation to pastures. However, this can result in adverse environmental impacts. Extensive laboratory research on biological sand filters (BSFs) has shown that they may be a solution for the treatment of winery wastewater for small to medium wineries.
the cooling system for the lamp. Temperature
Population dynamics of key functional microbes associated with nutrient removal in different full-scale BNR systems Dr Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi Session 6, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Six full-scale wastewater treatment systems from three different South African provinces were evaluated over 10 months to assess the impact of process configurations on the distribution and activity of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidising bacteria (NOB) and phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). Environmental and operational parameters including temperature, rainfall, flow rate, alkalinity, COD, PO₄, NH₄-N, TKN, pH, TSS, MLSS, VSS, SVI and DSVI were also monitored over the nine-month period. The treatment systems were selected based on their initial process configuration, influent characteristics, compliance, mode of operation and geographical locations.
control in the reactor was achieved by circulat-
Methods
ing cold water through the outer cavity of the
A pilot-scale study was performed to assess the
quartz sleeve. The reactor contents in all batches
validity of BSF systems for treating real winery
were aerated at a flow rate of 10 mℓ/min. Thor-
wastewater. The BSF system that was designed
ough mixing of the contents of the reactor was
can easily be retrofitted to existing infrastructure,
achieved by continuous agitation with a magnet-
and in this case was connected to a wastewater
Methods
ic stirrer. The experimental reaction time was set
settling tank at a local winery. Off-the-shelf com-
In this study, the microbial community dynamics
at one hour.
ponents were used for the system, which was
of key nitrifiers (AOB and NOB) and PAOs was in-
The progress of phenol degradation was moni-
low-cost, and operated off-grid in continuous
vestigated over a period of nine months using flu-
tored by gas chromatographic analysis on a Per-
horizontal subsurface flow. A modular approach
orescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantita-
kin Elmer Clarus 600T Gas Chromatograph-Mass
was adopted, allowing addition of filters in order
tive polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques
Spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with headspace
to increase treatment capacity and/or retention
to observe the shift in population dynamics in
sampler. The GC-MS comprised of Clarus 600T GC,
time and/or rest filter modules. The chemical ox-
the six full-scale municipal wastewater treatment
Clarus 600T Mass spectrometer, and Turboma-
ygen demand (COD), total phenolics (TP), volatile
plants operated under different environmental
trix 40 trap headspace sampler equipped with
fatty acids (VFAs), pH, total nitrogen, total phos-
and operational conditions. Detection techniques
a trap for a line extraction and concentration of
phorous, electrical conductivity, salts and flow
such as FISH and qPCR were employed to detect
sample constituents.
rate were measured over a period of 610 days. The
and quantify the microbes from the activated
system operated with an average organic loading
sludge samples. The influent, effluent and activat-
Results
rate of 205 gCOD/m3 of sand.day-1 (range: 83-338
ed sludge samples (aerobic tank) were collected
Hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol degra-
gCOD/m3 sand day-1).
from all six treatment systems on a monthly basis
dation intermediates were identified. Phenol
for microbial analyses. The information related to
45
Abstracts
operational parameters and wastewater charac-
Session 6
teristics was calculated based on data provided
dows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA) was used in carrying out statistical analysis including one-way analysis of variance and unpaired t-test. Microsoft Excel 2010 was used in calculating standard deviation. Results All the selected treatment works followed similar seasonal patterns in terms of their key functional microbial population profile, regardless of the location and influent wastewater types. The impact of temperature on the major functional groups including AOB, NOB and PAOs was evident during the study period. A positive correlation between nitrifiers and temperature was observed with reduced nitrifying population in winter, whilst this relationship was inversely proportional for PAOs with an increased population during the winter. ANOVA results indicated that
Influence of pyrolysis gas as reaction atmosphere on sewage sludge pyrolysis product distribution and composition Prof. Peter Osifo Session 6, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Sewage sludge pyrolysis for fuel production as an alternative disposal method has been studied widely. Challenges associated with the application of the pyrolysis products as fuel is due to their poor fuel properties (high ash content, high oxygen content, low heating value and thermal instability). The gas product contains high nitrogen content limiting its application as fuel. The use of pyrolysis gas (nitrogen free) as fluidising gas can reduce the oxygen content in the tar fraction while minimising the nitrogen content in the gas. This method can help alleviate drawbacks associated with application of sewage sludge pyrolysis products.
at least 50.29% (P < 0.001, F = 67.08) of the total
input which could be caused by two things: 1. The endothermic hydrocracking of pyrolysis vapours and 2. The relatively high specific heat capacity of the hydrogen rich pyrolysis gas. Pyrolysis gas influenced the pyrolysis products in terms of yield and composition. The tar and char yield slightly decreased while the gas yield increased under pyrolysis gas atmosphere. The reduction in char yield could be caused by the in-situ gasification of the char while the change in liquid composition shows the occurrence of hydrocracking reactions. The water fraction yield increased which shows the deoxygenation responses. The char produced had a low surface area, limiting its application as an adsorbent. Due to the ash matrix, the Char can be used for removal of harmful gases such as H2S. Conclusion The use of pyrolysis gas as a pyrolysis atmosphere can improve pyrolysis products proper-
variation in Accumulibacter population distribu-
Methods
ties. Gas application as fuel is possible due to
tions could be accounted for by the decrease in
Materials
reduced nitrogen content, and the liquid prod-
the reactor water temperature, whereas differ-
Digested sewage sludge was collected from East
uct has a lower oxygen content owing to the
ences in process control could only account for
Rand Water treatment plant, Midvaal, southern
hydrogen rich environment provided by the
28.19% (P < 0.001, F = 22.56) of the total popu-
Gauteng, South Africa. The sample suffered an-
pyrolysis gas.
lation variation.
aerobic digestion, and a poly-binder was used during dewatering. The sample was crushed and
Conclusion
sieved to 250-350μm and sand to 150-250μm
Fine bubble and tapered aeration modes are
particle diameter which was used as bed ma-
well suited for nitrification compared to conven-
terial. Nitrogen and pyrolysis gas were used as
tional surface or submerged aerator types, as ev-
reaction atmosphere and fluidising gas.
idenced in this study. The microbial population changes, however, did not correlate with the nu-
Pyrolysis
trient removal efficiency of the plants, indicating
The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in
possibility of a vast population or yet to be iden-
a continuous lab-scale fluidised bed reactor
tified alternative pathways of nutrient removal in
heated by an electrical oven. The reactor was
activated sludge. Furthermore, our findings indi-
equipped with a three-stage char removal sys-
cate that the geographical location of the plants
tem (char pot, char cyclone and a hot filter), a
may not necessarily influence the structure and
liquid collection system with two condensers
function of key microbial communities within the
and an electrostatic precipitator. The gas prod-
activated sludge.
uct was analysed in line by a micro GC (Agilent 300A) while the liquid product was characterised using Bomb calorimeter, GC-MS, Karl Fischer and elemental analyser (LECO CHN 682, S682). Elemental analyser, XRD, and Bomb calorimeter were carried out for char analysis. The experiment was carried out at atmospheric pressure under different atmospheres at 450°C and 500°C. The pyrolysis experiments were carried at 450°C and 500°C with a solid feed rate of 0.01 kg/min. Syngas was used as the initial fluidising gas to prevent unsteady state condition. Once enough pyrolysis gas was produced, it recycled and used as the reaction atmosphere.
46
The pyrolysis experiment under pyrolysis gas atmosphere required slightly higher energy
by the respective plant operators from all BNR plants. GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for Win-
Results
Session 12 Prediction of waste minimisation and water recovery in the combined membrane and chemical precipitation treatment of mine impacted waters Sebastian Franzsen Session 12, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 The intermediate chemical demineralisation (ICD) of primary reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate followed by secondary RO desalination can substantially improve the volumetric recovery of brackish or mine impacted feed waters. The extent of waste minimisation, the compartmentalisation of contaminants as well as the attainable water recovery are sensitive to the performance and operating parameters of the separation systems within these processes. The prediction of RO and nanofiltration (NF) performance at higher ionic strength aqueous liquors as well as the performance of gypsum, calcite and or ettringite ICD at such conditions is essential in the evaluation of attainable water recovery and waste minimisation. Typically, these processes requires substantial recycle of membrane concentrate post ICD. In PRO-ICD-SRO, feed waters are concentrated to high ionic strengths with a uniquely low
Abstracts
concentration of monovalent anions. The Pitzer
process streams is required to design PRO-ICD-
such as antimony and arsenic, as well as high
model by Harvie et al. is known to accurately
SNF processes to specific volumetric recovery and
concentrations of ions such as calcium, sulphate
predict thermodynamic properties at high ionic
waste generation targets.
and sodium. Ferric chloride precipitation and hydrated lime neutralisation is used to remove
strengths for solutions with compositions substantially different from that of seawater. The implementation of the Pitzer model is made
Session 12
ber of software environments Methods The Pitzer specific-ion-interaction aqueous model incorporated in PHREEQC version 3 was accessed from Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications through the COM server module of PHREEQC. The aqueous speciation, equilibrium phase and batch reaction calculation capabilities of PHREEQC were integrated with a solver algorithm that was designed to determine the steady state cycled-up mass balance of a near total recycle variation of PRO-ICD-SNF. The aqueous chemical system, Na K Mg Ca-Sr-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O together with equilibrium phase solids, brucite, calcite, celestite, gypsum, magnesite and portlandite were defined. In the selected variation, lime-induced gypsum precipitation preceded CO2-induced calcite precipitation so that gypsum precipitation would be confined to higher SRs and thus a higher reaction driving force would be maintained. Subsequently, CO2 induced calcite precipitation would further reduce the gypsum SR in preparation for a secondary NF stage from which the resulting concentrate, with high gypsum SR, would be recycled to the gypsum precipitation reactor. The model was subsequently calibrated with the membrane rejection and solids phase satu-
Recovery of fluoride & nickel from stainless steel spent pickling liquor Jennifer Hardwick Session 12, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 A study was completed at a stainless steel manufacturer to recovery valuable materials from the spent pickling liquor before the effluent treatment plant. The existing process consists of lime neutralisation followed by filtration and evaporation. Large amounts of metal and fluoride-containing solids were lost. A laboratory-scale study using ion exchange resins for the purpose of recovering the valuable Nickel metal from the spent pickling liquor was run in 2015. Three resins were investigated, using isotherm and column tests to determine their selectivity for Nickel and efficiency of regeneration. A pilot-scale regime was approved. The pilot plant was commissioned on-site in October 2016, and run intermittently for a total of about 4 months until May 2017. The chemistry for the nickel recovery step, while tested and verified in the lab, could not be shown to be economic on pilot scale. The CaF2 recovery was very successful, resulting in a composition close to currently supplied virgin fluorspar. It is proposed to test the recycled CaF2 product in the plant, as the cost savings from this alone could be significant.
sis was performed to evaluate the effect of differ-
Session 12
waste generation of PRO-ICD-SNF. Results It was found that the model adequately predicted the steady state cycled up liquid and solids concentrations of the process streams in the pilot PRO-ICD-SNF process as a function of key parameters – e.g. concentrate purge and sludge moisture. Incorporating rate equations for gypsum and calcite precipitation is required to perform sensitivity analysis as the precipitation extent is particularly sensitive to feed saturation ratios and reactor residence time. Conclusion A rigorous chemical model that can predict cycled up liquid and solids concentrations of
cess, to remove divalent ions and reverse osmosis technology, to remove the monovalent ions. The final product water is then re-used within the roasting process. The process was first piloted at lab-scale using synthetic solutions in order to ascertain the removal efficiency of the various unit processes. Precipitation tests were conducted on a blend of neutralised acid quench blowdown filtrate and limestone scrubber blowdown with the main objective of removing arsenic and antimony. Precipitation was achieved with ferric chloride, dosed at 100 mg/L of FeCl3. Removal was achieved in two stages with solid-liquid separation between the stages, and a second dose of FeCl3, whilst maintaining a reaction pH of 4.5. Lime consumption in the neutralisation stage was 66 – 68 g/L of hydrated lime. It was found that arsenic and antimony were efficiently removed during the lime neutralisation stage. In the case of arsenic (As), 70% - 94% was removed in the neutralisation stage. Over 95% of the antimony (Sb) was consistently removed. This unexpected removal of As and Sb in the lime neutralisation stage may be due to the iron content of the hydrated lime. At an As starting concentration of 1 mg/L, 73% removal was achieved in the first stage of the ferric chloride precipitation with removal in the second stage to below detection limits. This product water was then processed setup to illustrate removal of divalent ions. High removal of divalent ions was achieved. An average of 95% sulphate removal was achieved at a starting
ent feed water sources, process and performance parameters on the overall water recovery and
nation of a novel continuous ion exchange pro-
through a novel continuous ion exchange pilot
ration ratios data obtained from a 10 m3/h pilot plant of the selected variation. A sensitivity analy-
blowdown stream. The product water from the precipitation step, is then treated using a combi-
possible through PHREEQC, which provides geochemical calculations and integration to a num-
the heavy metals and neutralise an acid quench
Minimised waste production in the effective treatment of scrubber blowdown wastewater Carien Spagnuolo Session 12, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Industry currently operates under extreme water constraints and focus has shifted significantly to the waste produced during water reclamation. This paper addresses the waste produced during the treatment of industrial scrubber blowdown wastewater and gives an overview of a treatment process developed, to treat scrubber wastewater at high water recoveries of up to 90%. The effluent treatment process illustrated in this paper, was designed to treat a blend of wastewaters produced in an antimony roasting plant. The wastewater contains toxic levels of heavy metals
concentration of 1 742 mg/L. This high removal of divalent ions upfront, as pre-treatment to the reverse osmosis unit, means a water recovery of up to 90% is easily achievable. This work illustrates the effective combination of various waste water treatment technologies in the treatment of difficult wastewaters, to achieve minimal waste production, with only 10% liquid effluent production remaining.
47
Abstracts
Session 12 The treatment of reverse osmosis feed using spent cationic exchange resin Sabelo Tshabalala Session 12, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Eskom power stations discard large quantities of spent ion exchange resin to ash dumps annually. Often this spent resin retains a certain percentage of its operating capacity. Eskom power stations use cooling water to cool steam from low pressure turbines in heat exchangers (condensers). Continuous treatment of a fixed portion of this water is required to maintain the chemistry in the water at the specified threshold. Currently at certain power stations; cooling water treatment plants are underperforming due to mechanical plant problems, reduced plant capacity etc. resulting in systematic problems such as scale and corrosion. The ability of cation exchange resin to soften wastewater is a proven technology. However, feasibility of this concept for RO systems in Eskom requires some additional research. Results and findings from a pilot scale study of the IEX-RO system will be summarised in this report. Methods The experimental design will employ the one-fac-
Conclusion
be attained with the two operation modes tested.
Spent ion exchange resin is able to soften cooling
Main advantages of process 1 are the higher effi-
water by removing calcium and magnesium ions
ciency and simplicity. On the contrary the produc-
and the test should be moved to a pilot scale. It is
tion of perchlorates can be considered as the main
not necessary to have an ultra-filtration step be-
drawback, although it is minimized by using low
fore the ion exchange column. Further investiga-
current densities and single pass through the cell.
tion should be conducted into this concept.
Main advantages of process 2 are that no chlorinated hazardous species are produced, despite the
Session 13
Conclusions
Two approaches for the use of CabECO® technology in the disinfection of fecalpolluted water Prof. Manuel Andres Rodrigo Session 13, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 SafeWaterAfrica is a project aiming at develop an autonomous and decentralized water treatment system for rural and peri-urban communities in southern African countries. Its core is the CabECO process, which is an electrochemical cell specially designed to promote the disinfection of water with low ionic conductivity through the production of ozone and other oxidants. This work tries to establish if the CabECO technology equipped with diamond electrodes is efficient in the direct disinfection of surface water with fecal pollution. To do this two different processes based on CabECO are compared: 1) in-line use of CabECO (process 1) and 2) use of CabECO as ozonation device (process 2).
tor-at-a-time method. Initially, the removal efficiency of the resin over time will be monitored us-
Methods
ing new cation resin and spent cation resin with
Electrolyses were carried out in a CabECO cell man-
cooling water as an initial feed and ultra-filtered
ufactured by CONDIAS (Germany). It is a zero-gap
water as second feed water. A break-through
cell equipped with diamond electrodes (total ac-
curve will be resultant in each experiment.
tive area of 24 cm2) and a proton exchange membrane, especially designed to provide ozone even
Results
in low conductivity water. In process 1, the cell was
The spent resin was first regenerated with 10%
connected to the water reservoir by a centrifugal
NaCl while the new resin was used as is. The
pump and powered by a power supply. A multim-
hardness on the outlet of the column was de-
eter was used to monitor current and cell voltage.
tected after 8.25 hrs for the lowest flowrate of
Outlet of the cell was recirculated to the water
21 BV/hr, 7.42 hrs for 27 BV/hr, 6.5 hrs for 32 BV/
reservoir. In process 2, reverse osmosis water was
hr and 5.75 hrs for 40 BV/hr. This shows that the
passed through the cell to produce ozone and this
new resin is able to soften the cooling water for
reagent was dose to the fecal polluted water. The
a maximum of 8.25 hrs at the lowest flowrate of
disinfection of the surface water model tested in
21 BV/hr. It also shows that as the flowrate of
this work was evaluated by the quantification of
cooling water increased, the removal efficiency
several indicators of pathogenicity including con-
of the resin also decreased. Breakthrough curves
centrations of Total Coliforms and Pseudomonas
were also conducted spent cationic exchange
Aeruginosa. Two treatment alternatives are com-
resin (figure 2). The curve shows that hardness
pared: direct pass of the water to be disinfected
was detected on the outlet of the column after
through the cell and use of the cell to produce
5.25 hrs for the lowest flowrate of 21 BV/hr, 4.7
ozone from low salinity water and use of this ozone
hrs for 27 BV/hr, 3.8 hrs for 32 BV/hr and 3.25 hrs
as disinfectant. A technical and economic assess-
for 40 BV/hr. This showed that the spent resin
ment is carried out.
was able to treat the cooling water and that the
48
energetic efficiency obtained is lower.
new resin is only 30% better at treating cooling
Results
water than spent resin.
Results obtained pointed out that disinfection can
CabECO technology is very efficient and allows the disinfection of fecal-polluted water. Both treatment alternatives are suitable to disinfect fecal-polluted water, although prospects are completely different. Acknowledgments This research belongs to the SafeWaterAfrica project, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689925.
Session 13 Canary CEMS: The Development and Potential Industrial Application of a CO2 Alarm System for Microbial Respiration Fluctuations Dr Wendy Stone Session 13, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 The fundamental ecological principles of whole-system CO2 fluxes have been extensively utilized in carbon cycling and greenhouse gas studies; plant, soil and ocean elemental cycles and, more recently, in exploring microbial biofilm growth and responses to stress in laboratory settings (1,2). Here, the same fundamental ecological principle of whole-microbiome respiration was evaluated as an early-warning system for microbial disturbances in industrial settings: (a) in the contamination of sterile water systems, and (b) in the inhibition of bioreactors. With decentralized water treatment technology becoming a necessity in drought-ridden countries that are struggling to meet the potable water needs of the population, the necessity arises to ensure the safe storage and distribution of disinfected water. Standard microbiological quality-monitoring techniques are time-consuming and both labor- and equipment-intensive. The remote, online monitoring of sterile water systems for microbiological contamination based on microbial CO2 production would be an ideal solution to this problem, since it eliminates the need for disposable equipment and overnight incubations. In a similar but converse scenario, companies that utilize bioreactors to treat industrial waste
Abstracts
the final ORP value, but should monitor the change
are often fined extensively if the biomass is dis-
acceptable standards. Disinfection is implement-
turbed, the reactor stops functioning and pollut-
ed to protect human health and maintain living
in ORP, which would be an indication of the suc-
ants are released into the water system. In this
standards. A variety of regulations are in place to
cess of the oxidising step of the treatment. The re-
case, an online, remote system that monitors
ensure water quality and guarantee disinfection.
lationship of free chlorine and bromine concentra-
whole-reactor respiration, and any disturbances
Chlorine, the most commonly used disinfectant,
tions could further be investigated and compared
outside of steady-state CO2 production levels,
is usually monitored by the free chlorine residual
for the disinfection process.
would allow for immediate response to bioreac-
and the corresponding pH. Oxidising disinfection
tor malfunctions, saving companies from pollu-
processes are seldom monitored continuously,
tion fines.
which creates the possibility for lapses or spikes
The development of online, remote CO2 moni-
in treatment.
toring technology is described here; thresholds,
Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) has been
design parameters, limitations and benefits were
recognised as a qualitative indicator for water
explored, and further applications proposed. Li-
disinfection treated with an oxidising agent.
Cor CO2 detectors were adapted to send an email
Literature dictates that most pathogens are de-
to users if CO2 in a bioreactor headspace fluctu-
stroyed within seconds at an ORP above 650 mV.
ated outside of minimum and maximum thresh-
ORP, however, is not a quantitative measure and is
olds. The lower CO2 detection limits of the system
influenced by most of the elements in the water.
were correlated to the following profiles of a pol-
The oxidising strength of a chemical often corre-
luted river water reactor, diluted step-fold until
lates strongly with its biocidal efficiency. The ob-
the CO2 became undetectable:
jective was to identify any relationship between ammonium,
ORP and disinfection when treating contaminat-
sulphate and phosphate; analysed with Spectro-
ed water with a dual metal ionisation-oxidation
quant technology)
disinfection process.
• chemical
(COD,
nitrogen,
• microbiological (heterotrophic plate counts, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli; analysed accord-
Method
ing to APHA standard plate count techniques)
Water was treated using an ioniser that released
• metabolic (ATP; analysed with Hygenia swabs based on bioluminescent principles).
copper, silver and zinc ions, and BCDMH was then added as oxidising agent to assess the synergistic
SA Water Quality Guidelines, based on WHO
effect of these two antibacterial agents. A bacterial
thresholds, were applied as minimum chemical
reduction from 10.5 x 107 cfu/mℓ to undetectable
and microbiological system thresholds.
levels was defined as successful disinfection. The
The efficiency of the technology as an early warn-
ORP was monitored before and after ionisation,
ing alarm system in industrial bioreactors was
and during the oxidation treatment. The temper-
demonstrated by evaluating the whole-system
ature, pH, and electric conductivity (EC) were also
reactor CO2 responses to metabolic disturbances,
monitored along with the ORP.
Chlorine Dioxide as an Alternative Pre-oxidant in the Treatment of Eutrophic Raw Water Buks Strydom Session 13, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 The Magalies Water Vaalkop Water Treatment Works is abstracting raw water from the Vaalkop Dam which has been classified as hypertrophic. Apart from the challenges associated with the NOM present in the source water, the prolonged drought caused low dam levels which coincided with anaerobic conditions and seasonal dam turnover. The existing pre-treatment options of chlorine gas or powdered activated carbon became inadequate to deal with the combination of raw water pollutants. Water quality challenges such as trihalomethane formation, iron, manganese, taste, odour and low disinfection residuals were experienced. Treatment challenges such as filter clogging, short filter run times and high water loss were experienced. An alternative was investigated and ClO₂ was tested and evaluated as a pre-oxidant. Methods
such as temperature and pH fluctuations, and the addition of chlorine.
Session 13
Results
• ClO₂ generation – A literature review was con-
Thresholds were shown to be limiting in mon-
The addition of a bacterial contaminant caused
ducted to evaluate the different available gen-
itoring the sterility of potable water, however
ORP to decrease, ionisation caused ORP to de-
eration methods for the specific application. The
whole-system respiration was effectively har-
crease further, while the addition of BCDMH
ClO₂ generation technology was provided by Im-
nessed as an early-warning system for broad appli-
caused the ORP to increase. The dual disinfection
prochem, an AECI water company. The two chem-
cation in bioreactor performance monitoring, and
system, therefore, has a contradicting effect on
ical generation method was offered based on
potentially for microbial contamination in settings
ORP. The initial ORP varied drastically and this in-
safety, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Cl₂ was
where standards are less rigorous and minimum
fluenced the final ORP. The change in ORP is there-
reacted with sodium chlorite under controlled
microbial load thresholds are higher.
fore more closely related to disinfection success
vacuum environment producing a high yield ClO₂
than a single ORP value. The experiments assessed
under safe conditions. Bench scale jar tests as well
the disinfectant’s limit for successful disinfection,
as a full scale plant trial were performed using
Session 13 ORP as a water disinfection control for a dual ionisation-oxidation disinfection process Leroi De Wet Session 13, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Water is essential for a variety of activities, from daily living to large-scale industrial processes, but it is a limited resource. Water treatment has become a necessity to improve water quality to
which seldom caused ORP to increase to above
ClO₂ as pre-oxidant.
500 mV. ORP only becomes a disinfection monitor
• Coagulant demand – Optimum polymer dosages
at oxidation concentrations that cause ORP to be
at fixed pre-oxidant concentration were deter-
above 500 mV. The pH of the solution increased slightly with ionisation and decreased slightly with the addition of BCDMH. There were no significant changes in EC during treatment.
mined using jar tests. • THM formation – Formation with ClO₂ and Cl₂ was compared by analysing samples using GC-MS. • Taste and odour – Sensory evaluations. • Iron, manganese – ICP.
Conclusions
• Chlorate formation – Ion chromatography.
When a feed is treated by a dual ionisation-oxida-
• Operational parameters – Water losses, filter run
tion disinfection process, ORP can be used to mon-
times and production rates were recorded.
itor disinfection. The control should not monitor
49
Abstracts
Results
that some of the challenges associated with eu-
• ClO₂ generation – The precursor feed with vacu-
trophic conditions in the raw water source are ad-
um provided a safe and reliable operation with
dressed by the use of ClO₂. THM formation reduced
no safety or spillage incidents and constant op-
and improved filter run times, reduced water
eration. Conversion efficiency of 95% to 98%
loss and better algal removal was observed. ClO₂
was achieved.
pre-treatment is an appropriate technology during
• Coagulant demand – Reduction of 2 ppm in co-
periods of high organic load when reduced filter run times and high plant losses are experienced.
agulant demand. • Taste and odour – No taste and odour challenges
Selection of the correct generation method is critical to ensure high yields, low by-product formation
experienced during trial. • THM – No THM non-compliances using ClO₂ while
and safe operating conditions. Pre-oxidation with
Cl₂ caused THM formation above SANS 241 speci-
ClO₂ can also be applied during drought periods
fication, specifically bromodichloromethane.
and low dam levels where high algal concentra-
• Iron and manganese – Reduced to below SANS
tions coincide with anaerobic conditions and high iron and manganese concentrations.
241 operational limit. • Chlorate formation – Below WHO limit of 0.7 ppm. • Water losses – Reduced to below 5%. • Filter run times – Reduction of up to 25% achieved. • Production rates – Increased by 5%. Conclusion The two chemical method of chlorine dioxide generation supplied by ImproChem provided a reliable and constant pre-oxidant supply. The results show
ORE THAN M
Session 14 Hydro-political chess: Lessons in institutional development and the challenge to deliver on key elements of the South African National Water Policy Derek Weston Session 14, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 After a frenetic period of policy development in the mid-1990s, the National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998) was promulgated, heralding in a new vision for the management and development of water resources in what had previously been a divided country. The efforts to develop these policy/legislative positions had pulled together a strong and committed cadre of civil servants, supported by a new breed of sector consultants. Post the promulgation of the legislation, the next few years saw an intense period of operational policy development, to ensure that policy would be implemented. In the last eight years, whilst many civil servants have worked hard to ensure ongoing progress, the fact is that much of the early energy and drive to
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For more than 35 years we at Sedibeng Water have progressively earned our reputation as one of the largest, most reliable and fastest-growing water utilities in South Africa. Therefore, we see ourselves playing an increasingly important role in the water sector in the years to come – focused on adding value from source to end. And in doing so, we are driven by our commitment to quality water services through quality processes.
SUSTAINING THE SOURCE AND FLOW OF LIFE FOREVER
Abstracts
deliver a new paradigm in water resource man-
management options and proposed new options
agement, has dissipated. Whilst it does need to
that will be able to handle the existing as well as
be recognised that the desire to deliver on key
anticipated future challenges. Water Quality Plan-
policy positions outstripped the ability of the De-
ning Limits based on fitness for use and the South
partment and sector to deliver, there was equally
Africa Water Quality Guidelines were developed
a hydro-political game of chess that has served
and load determinations undertaken for the var-
to disable the sector and disempower a new cad-
ious management units to assess where assim-
re of civil servants. The damage to the sector has
ilative capacity may be available, or where load
been devastating.
would need to be removed.
Catchment management agencies were envisioned as being central to the drive to bring about
Results
a more integrated and sustainable management
The key to the successful management of the wa-
of water resources at the catchment scale. This role
ter quality in the Olifants River system is the formu-
has still not been fully understood and the failure
lation of management measures that will integrate
to bring about the establishment of these agen-
all the relevant aspects that have a bearing on the
cies has been significantly detrimental to delivery
water resources.
of important water resource management policy.
It is expected that the growing economy in the
In particular, it has been the failure to deliver on
Olifants will intensify the pressures on the water
key transformative elements of the policy that has
quality of the resource and it is necessary to find
been the most significant.
innovative measures that offer economical and
Whilst providing this institutional context, this
sustainable management solutions. The recon-
paper explores the institutional turmoil that has
ciliation strategies developed within the WMA
surrounded the establishment of catchment man-
have indicated that extensive augmentation will
agement agencies. It discusses the importance
be needed that may stress the water resources in
of these institutions through various lenses and
respect of chemical, physical and microbiological
provides arguments as to the importance of re-
constituents even further.
dressing the institutional impasses that now exist.
Scenarios that will have the biggest positive im-
Lastly, this paper provides a series of lessons that
pact in reducing the load are described as:
emerge towards getting South Africa back on track
• Reduction of load due to seepages from mine, in-
in terms of managing water resources that impor-
dustrial and power station waste storage facilities
tantly underpin a developing social economy.
in the Upper Olifants, the Steelpoort sub-catchments and the Ga-Selati in the lower Olifants
Session 14
• Reduction of load due to excess mine water on the mining operations threatening to decant or starting to flood the coal reserves in the
An Integrated Water Quality Management Plan for the Olifants Water Management Area Lee Boyd Session 14, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30
Upper Olifants • Reduction of nutrient and sediment load from irrigation return flows and run-off from urban/ densely populated areas in the Upper and Middle Olifants • Reduction of nutrient load from domestic WWTW
The need to develop an overarching Integrated
that discharge to the water resources
Water Quality Management Plan (IWQMP) for the
• Reduction of nutrient and sediment load from
Olifants WMA in order to manage the water re-
agricultural areas and areas where changing land
sources was identified. An important aspect was
uses may be occurring.
the need to take cognisance of, and align to, a number of studies and initiatives that have been
Conclusions
completed to date. The plan developed also need-
This paper will describe the approaches followed
ed to establish clear goals relating to the quality
in developing Water Quality Planning Limits for the
(fitness or use) of the relevant water resource in or-
Olifants system, assessing compliance in the vari-
der to facilitate a balance between protection and
ous management units using load determinations,
use of water resources.
and determining a suite of management options included for each sub-catchment plan as well as
Methods
an overarching plan for the WMA, that when im-
The methods used included an assessment of
plemented will improve the non-compliance cases
the physical, economic, social, institutional, stat-
and deteriorating trends and utilise the available
utory and ecological aspects in the system was
assimilative capacity to the benefit of the water
undertaken to understand the current situation
users and ensure the sustainability of the system.
and therefore be in a position to assess existing
Session 14 The State of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in KwaZulu-Natal Mark Shepherd Session 14, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 The National Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) has increased its regulation of the Water Conservation/Water Demand Management (WC/ WDM) affairs of WSAs and WSPs throughout the country through the introduction of the No Drop assessments, which have been incorporated into the current Blue Drop reporting requirements. In support of this, the DWS KZN Regional Office initiated a KZN WC/WDM Forum in 2012 through which all WSAs in the Province could engage, prepare and strategize around reporting on and quantifying impact of WC/WDM intervention on available water resources. DWS had previously funded a project in the 2014/15 financial year across all 14 WSAs in the Province to improve the frequency of regulatory reports, audit bulk metering requirements to facilitate water balance reporting and provide specialized training to WSA officials. Although all WSAs are now in a position to provide the required reports, the quality and accuracy of the data are questionable, and additional skills transfer is required to ensure that advances made in WC/WDM reporting are sustainable. Umgeni Water, in response to a mandate provided by the Minister of Water and Sanitation, have taken a decision to provide assistance to all WSAs in the province through the Regional Office of DWS and to ensure that sustainable improvements are made in the province, particularly in light of the impact of the current drought. In the spirit of intergovernmental relations, a partnership between DWS, Umgeni Water and CoGTA has initiated a programme with the following objectives: I. Ensure that all WSAs have a current, valid and approved WC/WDM Master Plan II. Drafting of a State of the Province Report on WC/WDM based on 2016/17 financial year information III. Provide technical advice and guidance to all KZN WSAs for implementation of WC/WDM projects IV. Ensure that water balances (to the IWA modified standard and with 95% confidence limits) can be produced on a regular basis on a WSA, town and water supply system basis through the development of a customized WC/WDM Handbook for KZN WSAs V. Improve monitoring and reporting on WC/WDM activities and quantification of water demand
51
Abstracts
reduction across all WSAs through provision of
downstream of Maguga Dam (which is one of the
to long-term behavioural change, which can pos-
training and mentorship
largest dams in Swaziland, jointly owned with
sibly have a more longer-lasting and sustainable
VI. Ensuring “value for money” for new WC/WDM
South Africa). Small-holder farmers are highly vul-
impact on water security.
projects through the development of a WC/
nerable to climate change and variability associ-
In an environment of growing water constraints
WDM funding application assessment tool.
ated risks, thus the need to explore the efficacy of
and risks, water use behaviour and value is a cru-
This presentation will provide an overview of
decision-making protocols in the sub-catchment
cial intervention requiring effective adaptation
the state of water conservation/water demand
in response to prevailing transboundary water
and mitigation. The new discipline of Behavioural
management in KwaZulu-Natal at the end of the
management policy decisions.
Economics has added some further options that
2016/17 financial year, with a specific emphasis on
Using a qualitative approach, the study exam-
seem to hold promise for water demand manage-
the presentation of the State of the Province Report
ined the influences and effects of such policies on
ment. Behavioural nudges (messages) have been
on WC/WDM, which covers the following:
this group of associations, their participation in
found to be an effective way to promote pro-envi-
• Strategic overview of WC/WDM and NRW in the
operational decision-making and their resilience
ronmental behaviour. In the context of water and
province, including latest KPIs and costs/value
to challenges arising from hard decisions in rela-
electricity, these interventions signal a departure
of NRW
tion to curtailment of use or flood risk manage-
from the instruments typically used to elicit behav-
• Impact of drought on WC/WDM intervention
ment. An important conclusion of this paper is
iour change, namely: price interventions (tariffs
• Historical review of activities
that the small-scale farmers do have substantial
and taxes) and structural interventions (like water
• Quantification of results achieved
resilience to such shocks. However, due to scales
restrictions and loadshedding).
• Updated projections and targets
of the capacity, recovery from such shocks take
Behavioural Economics is a discipline within eco-
• Financial overview (expenditure from previous
very long and so they tend to operate just on the
nomics that has grown phenomenally within the
verge of profit margins.
last three decades. It seeks to expand the classic
five years and budget forecast requirements – ap-
While the EEWUD scheme plays an impor-
model of rational human decision-making within
• Challenges
tant social and economic role in the sub-region,
economics by allowing for the various biases and
• Recommendations
transboundary water management decisions
heuristic foibles that characterise people as they
• Organisational efficiency assessment of all WSAs in
have been at times disruptive due to limited
really are. This is helpful for policy design insofar
small-holder farmers’ capacity to anticipate or
as that policy needs to interact with human deci-
deal with likely magnitudes of curtailment in
sion-makers. The utility of incorporating insights
supply or dam-related flood emergency prepar-
from the discipline is often described as the ability
edness measures.
to produce policy interventions that “nudge” peo-
proved budgets and master plan budgets)
respect of WC/WDM.
Session 14
ple into a behaviour that is in their best interests,
Impact of Transboundary Water Cooperation Policy to Small-Scale Farmers: Case of the Emandla Ekuphila Water User District in the Incomati River Basin Anne Kruger Session 14, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Transboundary water cooperation schemes have a tendency to expose the impacts of strategically negotiated water sharing and joint management decisions of such initiatives to the “small-man” who, at system design, IS often argued to be THE beneficiary of such projects. Oftentimes, the governing transboundary water policy regime arises from careful negotiations based on international law and regional treaties and practice. The economic rationale in such transboundary water infrastructure cooperation schemes is often premised on the bulk resource users capacity to aid in paying back the investment costs, and less on the smallscale user. This paper presents an analysis of the case of participation of small-holder farmers in one such transboundary water cooperation scheme in the upper Incomati River Basin, the Emandla Ekuphila Water User District (EEWUD), named within the Swaziland setting of groupings of water user associations within a river basin. Within the country’s water governance structure, EEWUD is mandated to monitor water use in the Incomati River Basin,
52
Session 15
but which they, for some reason or another, consistently do not adopt. Behavioural economics to influence user behav-
Why behavioural change intervention is a priority at present Jayant Bhagwan Session 15, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 There is sufficient evidence that South Africa’s water usage is not sustainable for a water-stressed environment, with our per capita water usage way above the world norms of around 170 ℓ/cap/ day. The need for municipalities to develop innovative programmes that manage household and industry water demand is widely attested. As South Africa continues to grow in its urban centres, the resources that municipalities draw on to satisfy household and industrial demand will only become further stressed. Traditional water responses have entrenched themselves on engineering and new infrastructure paradigm. This approach is relevant where areas have not establish some baseline water security, however in already well serviced areas this approach create perverse behaviour to consume more. On the other end, demand strategies (outside of crisis periods) have tended to employ price, pressure management or information/awareness campaigns, individually or in combination. However, very little to nearly neglible attention is afforded
iour is not widely utilised in the water sector. It involves techniques that influence or trigger two aspects of human behaviour, norms and salient, which tend to influence the individual’s behaviour. This is the first time the techniques are being adapted to the South African water sector and piloted in the City of Cape Town, through its billing systems. Through this intervention, and the number of designed treatments, we aim to demonstrate that it can influence water behaviour and usage towards greater efficiency. The paper intends to share the impact and outcome of this innovative approach to influence user behaviour in water use and efficiency.
Abstracts
Session 15
presentation at the time of the WISA conference
Session 15
in 2018. In addition, the implications behavioural and attitudinal aspects have for environmental
Understanding and affecting water consumer behaviour using technological interventions at a primary school in Stellenbosch Prof MJ Booysen Session 15, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 This paper studies and reports on the water usage behaviour of a primary school. We have found that the schools we sampled consume between 20 kℓ and 40 kℓ per day, and given the drought in the Western Cape, believed we could reduce this through a simple behavioural intervention based on smart metering. The aims of the study were to characterise the consumption patterns and to quantify the effects of the technological interventions on behavioural change. Method Four interventions were implemented to change this behaviour to support water conservation, namely information presented to the teaching staff, a public website (lstellen.bridgiot.co.za), daily posters at bathrooms, and “top trump”-type playing cards to engage the children with the daily consumption amounts. Results The school’s water usage pattern was found to be predictive and regular except for daily losses, which were measured and extrapolated from midnight to early morning volumes. The water usage distribution was Gaussian with the mean being centred around break time. The interventions were able to reduce water consumption of the school by 44% when compared to the use of a school across the road where the interventions were not implemented.
A focus on water use attitudes and behaviours in South Africa’s metropolitan areas: A people-centric approach to urban water conservation and demand management Dr Inga Jacobs-mata Session 15, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 South Africa’s water supply is under great pressure as demand continues to rise. Demand mitigation strategies implemented by the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), water boards and local authorities, and a few by private sector companies, NGOs, and the media, have had limited success, but domestic consumption remains high. This paper aims to interrogate the attitudes of households to their water consumption in a search for ways in which domestic demand for water may be reduced. Evidence on attitudes of households in different kinds of housing and different neighbourhoods in six metropolitan municipalities in South Africa will be obtained using existing actual water use data, previous studies conducted at the municipal level, and a random quota household survey supplemented by information derived from focus groups drawn from households in the same areas. This study therefore seeks to advance our understanding of residential water use and water wise behaviour in six South African metropolitan areas, by comparing actual household water use with perceived water use in different dwelling types (houses, flats, informal settlements) and for a variety of indoor and outdoor activities. Do over- and underestimations exist for judgments of water use? It also seeks to collate individual perceptions on the most effective water-wise behaviour as well as the main drivers influencing behavioural change.
Conclusion Significant savings in water consumption, of
Method
as much as 15 kℓ per day, were achieved af-
The
ter simple introduction of smart metering and
mixed-method approach comprising both quan-
through simplified and relatable presentation of
titative and qualitative research methods. The
the information.
former involves a large-scale household survey
research
methodology
will
adopt
a
that will generate detailed information about the water consumption behaviour of sampled house-
planners and service providers in decision-making to achieve more sustainable outcomes will be drawn from the findings. Conclusion The paper aims to bring to the fore the complexity of the forces shaping demand and water use. In so doing, it further aims to inform public policy regarding strategies and actions to reduce consumption and/or provide alternative domestic supplies of potable water. The project’s major outputs include: 1) a comprehensive national database that for the first time, will link detailed data on household characteristics, the characteristics of the dwellings they occupy and their water consumption behaviour and attitudes; 2) an integrated household water use model to illustrate household water use patterns at a national level; and 3) Policy advice on required actions and strategies of national and local government, and water boards.
Session 15 Causes, lessons learned and recommendations from the artificial drought of 2016-17 in the Caledon-Modder river system Dr Jeremia Jesaja van der Walt Session 15, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 If a municipality is subject to severe water restrictions during a drought it is the responsible thing to do. However if restrictions are applied amidst abundance of local water resources it implies that something is wrong. During 2016-2017 an artificial drought was created which was followed by a real short term drought. This resulted in the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (MMM) being subjected to severe water restrictions and a tariff hike of 50%. This paper will explore how this unfortunate scenario developed, actions that were taken, lessons learned and recommendations towards preventing a reoccurrence of this scenario as follows:
holds. The latter approach involves conducting semi-structured interviews with municipal offi-
Background to the MMM water
cials, and focus groups drawn broadly from the
supply system
areas included in the survey.
The background will expand on the Caledon-Modder river system, the MMM area of sup-
Results
ply, key challenges faced by the Caledon river
While the project has recently been launched,
system, the Caledon-Modder operating rules, the
no results can be communicated at this stage,
challenges of Caledon-Modder operating rules.
however, preliminary data will be available for
This will be followed by explaining the various
53
Abstracts
role players involved in the Caledon-Modder riv-
guidelines of the concentration levels of this hor-
er system. Finally, the MMM water balance will
mone in South Africa and globally.
be explained.
Using the developed method, the purpose of this study was to determine the concentra-
Deviations from operating rules, consequenc-
tions of estrone in raw influent, pre-chlorina-
es and emergency measures
tion and post chlorination steps in a wastewater
After providing some context and background
treatment plant.
the historic development of the artificial drought will be explained by describing how deviations
Methods
from operating rules affected the system yield.
Analytes were extracted by solid phase extraction
The system yield will then evaluated based on a
(SPE C18 Sorbent, 200 mg/6 mℓ cartridges) and
system a) that are affected by a drought and were
consequently injected into High Performance Liq-
operated according to the operating rules and on
uid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrome-
a system b) affected by a drought and not oper-
ter (HPLC-MS) for analyte determinations.
ated according to the operating rules. It will be
The gradient elution between acetonitrile (con-
demonstrated that the system would have been
taining 5% water) and water (containing 5% ace-
able to supply the required yield if the operating
tonitrile) was performed at 0.35 mℓ min-1. The
rules were followed.
gradient elution started with 5% Acetonitrile and
The consequence of the failure to operate according to the operating rules resulted in severe
increased to 85% over 9 minutes followed by further 3 minutes at 85% acetonitrile.
water restrictions that crippled the ability of MMM
The mass spectrometer was optimized in nega-
to fund its water services. On top of this, Bloem
tive (M+H-) Multiple Reaction Monitoring modes
Water, a service provider to MMM, increased the
(MRM), the product ion, that yielded high sensitivi-
water tariffs by 50% in one year to account for the
ty were used for quantitative analysis.
apparent loss in operational expenditure. Results
Determination of Pharmaceuticals in the Aqueous Matrix of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Mokgethwa Mashiane Session 16, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 There is increasing international concern about the detrimental effects of organic substances that are being released into the environment. Many organic compounds, like pharmaceuticals that are used in various manufacturing processes, agriculture and households are hazardous and do not break down naturally. These compounds tend to be persistent and accumulate in the aquatic environment. The presence of these pharmaceuticals in the environment might have a negative impact on the quality of drinking water together with unknown toxicological effects through chronic exposure. Since there are no formal guidelines for pharmaceuticals in water, routine monitoring programs are conducted as an alternative. Pharmaceuticals enter the environment via effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmaceutical removal efficiency of a conventional WWTP by comparing influent and effluent water.
Lessons learned and recommendations
The concentration levels of estrone detected were
In order to avoid a similar artificial drought that
in a range of 44.8 to 53.2, 35.6 to 52.9 and 9.9 to
impacted severely on more than 700 000 peo-
20.7 ng/ℓ for raw influent, pre-chlorination and
ple, it was important to learn from this expen-
discharge effluent samples respectively. Estrone
Methods
sive lesson. The paper will make a number of
was detected within the range of 12 to 48 ng/ℓ
From an analyte screening process, a method was
recommendations on how to avoid this in the
in wastewater samples of the Netherland and Tel
developed to determine the concentration of
future by technical and institutional means such
Aviv. Stumpf et al. reported the values in the region
acetaminophen, carbamazepine and diphenhy-
of early warning system, regional cloud based
between 10 and 21 ng/ℓ in wastewater treatment
dramine in wastewater. Samples were collected
information systems and general improved cross
plants of Germany.
at a WWTP in the Southern Gauteng Region. The
sectoral communication.
Session 16 The qualitative and quantitative determination of estrone in wastewater treatment plants in South Africa using HPLC- MSMS Sibusiso Mnguni Session 16, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Estrone has previously been detected globally in wastewater samples. This compound can be found in both surface and ground water at low concentrations. It enters water streams through wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and may elicit endocrine disruption to organisms. Estrone is a steroid hormone with the general skeleton generated from cholesterol via testosterone and androstenedione in ovaries, brain, and body fat deposits. As a result of the low concentrations, a suitable analytical method is essential for their determination. Currently there are no legislative
54
Session 16
samples were extracted using Agela Cleanert PEPConclusions
SPE Cartridges followed by Liquid Chromatogra-
HPLC-MS is a suitable analytical technique for the
phy separation on a Phenomenex Gemini NX 3µ
determination of estrone in water samples com-
C18 110Å column. Tandem - Mass Spectrometer
pared to the commonly used GC-MS which requires
was used for detection.
derivatisation. Derivatisation steps are not only time consuming and laborious but also tedious.
Results
A previous study conducted by the same authors
The influent samples had 450 ng/L of acetami-
in the drinking water samples showed no presence
nophen, 354 ng/L of carbamazepine and 269 ng/L
of estrone; this might be due to the ability of a
of diphenhydramine. Complete treatment by the
water treatment plant to remove the compound if
WWTP accounted for 99%, 67% and 75% removal
available during water purification process.
of acetaminophen, carbamazepine and diphenhydramine respectively. Conclusions This study evaluates the removal efficiency acetaminophen, carbamazepine and diphenhydramine from a conventional WWTP by comparing influent and effluent water. The removal efficiencies found in this study are in agreement with literature data. The WWTP, although not designed for the removal of pharmaceuticals, was able to remove significant amounts of the pharmaceuticals investigated.
Abstracts
Session 16 Using nanotechnology to fabricate polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes for removal of emerging micropollutants from water Elijah Wanda Session 16, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30
order: HHCB > NP > AHTN > BPA > CBZ > CAF. The
priority micro-pollutants in order to determine
removal of the EMPs followed the order of the de-
their presence and fate during wastewater treat-
crease in hydrophobicity. It was also observed that
ment and environmental waters. The concept and
modification of PES membranes with N-CNTs, SiO2
advances of WBE in South Africa will also be dis-
and GeO2 nanoparticles enhanced the fouling re-
cussed, along with uncertainties that need to be
sistance of the nanocomposite membranes. Of the
addressed in order to use such an approach within
three, the SiO2/PES blend membranes were most
developing countries.
efficient membranes in removing EMPs from water. Methods Conclusions
Two wastewater treatment works were used as a
This study successfully fabricated polyethersulfone
study site, from which raw wastewater, final efflu-
Background
nanocomposite membranes for removal of EMPs
ent, activated sludge and river water were collect-
The occurrence of emerging micropollutants
from water. The results showed that the capabili-
ed over a seven-day period. The study included a
(EMPs) in water is a new challenge to scientific
ty fabricated blend membranes in removing EMPs
multi-residue determination for chiral DOA, persis-
community and ecosystems health worldwide.
from water was superior to the majority of meth-
tent pharmaceuticals and metabolites using liquid
The existing conventional water and wastewater
ods reported in the literature.
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Back-calculations were made in order to
treatment methods are not specifically designed with the aim of removing EMPs from water. Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the na-
Session 16
estimate drug consumption, as well as their removal during activated sludge treatment.
noscale (1-100 nm) level, provides a unique opportunity to fabricate novel nanomaterials which have the potential to remove EMPs and other pollutants from water. The objective of this study was to fabricate nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes/polyethersulfone (N-CNT/PES), silicon dioxide (silica) (SiO2) and germanium dioxide (GeO2) embedded polyethersulfone (PES) nanocomposite membranes for the removal of EMPs, namely: carbamazepine (CBZ), tonalide (AHTN), galaxolide (HHCB), caffeine (CAF), technical 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) from water. Methods The PES nanocomposite membranes were fabricated using modified phase inversion method. The membranes were characterized using a wide range of techniques. Real water samples were collected from 44 sites from Gauteng, Mpumalanga and North West provinces and analysed for levels of the selected EMPs using comprehensive gas chromatography high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-HRTOFMS). Multivariate statistical analyses were used for comprehension of major underlying factors behind the performance of the membranes in the removal of the EMPs from real water samples. Results Strong statistically significant positive correlations were observed between removal efficiency of all analytes and various membrane characteristics such as pore density number, ultimate tensile strength, Youngâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modulus, flux recovery ratio (p-value < 0.05, 95% confidence level). Furthermore, statistically significant negative corrections were observed between the removal efficiency of the EMPs with pore size, contact angle and surface roughness. The EMPs were observed to be removed from real water samples in the following
Estimating the loads of emerging contaminants and drug abuse within communities using wastewater-based epidemiology: Advances and future recommendations for South Africa Edward Archer Session 16, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Contamination of surface waters by emerging contaminants (EC) are shown to be of a rising global concern. In particular, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are shown to persist throughout wastewater treatment processes, whereby their impact on surface water quality for reuse and environmental risk is not well established. As the list of detected ECs in surface waters is ever-increasing, it is vital to prioritise them on a weigh-of-evidence (WOE) approach to justify the need for further monitoring. Such a WOE approach includes their regular detection within surface water systems, their fate throughout wastewater treatment, as well as their potential risk to cause adverse health effects. Another approach to micro-pollutant monitoring, namely wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), also shows promise to assist with estimations of drug abuse within communities. Although substance abuse is shown to be a global concern, its impact on socio-economic development within developing countries is even more severe. The basis of WBE relies on the quantification of drugs of abuse (DOA) within wastewater originating from communities connected to wastewater/ sewage systems. These DOA are not only limited to illicit substances, but also include prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications, which are regularly abused. The presentation will include recent advances in micro-pollutant monitoring and selection of
Results A comprehensive list of DOA and their metabolites were detected within all water matrices from both WWTWs, particularly codeine, tramadol, venlafaxine and methamphetamine. Enantiomeric profiling further confirmed the consumption of MDMA and methamphetamine, whereby stereo-selective degradation was observed during wastewater treatment. High concentrations of the target analytes were also detected within river water, which were not in association with WWTW discharge, indicating alternative upstream and/or downstream points of pollution. Conclusions Micro-pollutant monitoring and WBE provide an interdisciplinary approach to assess surface water quality and environmental health. Priority ECs are subject to variation between study sites and countries, as a large variety of wastewater treatment technologies are being used with varying removal performances, as well as the variation in the usage of certain PPCPs in particular communities compared to others. Furthermore, the monitoring of pharmaceutical metabolites within surface waters also needs further investigation, as these compounds may even pose a more deleterious risk than their parental forms. The prioritisation for DOA monitoring should also receive future considerations, as drug use patterns will vary significantly between local and international communities.
55
Abstracts
Session 17 Bridging the gap: sustainable finance for improved delivery Henriettah N Ndlovu Session 17, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Water provision is the key to the health of a nation and the growth its economy. Water provision is globally accepted as a basic human right. Governments and non-governmental organisations worldwide have made initiatives to ensure that everyone has access to sufficient good quality water for their daily needs. Some success has been seen in some parts of the world although a lot still needs to be done to ensure universal access to all, particularly in the developing world. The supply of water has mainly been the purview of public entities in most African countries. Although in some African countries the private sector has played a significant role in the provision of water. In South Africa, the government through its various structures has been in the forefront with water provision. Significant numbers of people have access to clean, portable water whilst some others do not. However, if greater mileage is to be achieved in universal access to water, there is a need embrace other actors such as the private and non-governmental organisations. Private sector expertise is required to complement the efforts of the public sector. Public-private partnership must also tape into indigenous knowledge systems, as well as capitalise on citizen science. Methods The study will focus on provision of water in the urban and peri-urban areas of South Africa. The study will seek to understand the role the private sector can play in water services provision, what
aid in the accelerated water provision initiatives.
techniques such as University of Cape Town-Bi-
As a sector, there is need to learn from previous
ological nutrient removal (UCT-BNR) advanced
partnerships that have been formulated for water
treatment system, UV disinfection, and membrane
provision. Public Private Partnerships, water con-
technology. Also, there is an intensive upgrade of
tracts, water operator partnerships, smart meter-
infrastructure with conceivable green methods in
ing, have been tried and tested in some regions
the WC province. The use of advanced treatment
of the world with carrying levels of success. Guid-
technologies in WWTWs in WC has increased the
ing frameworks, policy positions, standards and
potential to reclaim wastewater for reuse purposes
benchmarking can aid in the establishment of
including irrigation, drinking, and industrial oper-
successful PPPs. In conclusion, the fact that water
ations. In this case, municipalities have been able
is a basic human right should be kept on the fore
to form a partnership with industries. A moderate
- caution must be taken that a profit focus must
development of biogas generation was found to
not take precedence.
be the only common green practice in most GP treatment works. However, only a minority of these
Session 17
supplement some of the energy requirements, making the operation process self-efficient. The
Identification of existing and potential green water and wastewater treatment technologies for the creation of green occupations in the Western Cape and Gauteng provinces Janet Mabuza Session 17, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Moving towards a greener economy will enhance green development through the opening of green job opportunities, and avert climate change. Quality potable water supply and efficient wastewater treatment services are of interest as green occupations stimulant. To transcend the barriers such as limited green technologies, failure to adopt clean energy innovations and a shortage of good quality water confronted by most local governments in the Western Cape (WC) and Gauteng Province (GP), a transition to a green economy is necessary. This study focused on identifying the gaps that hinder green jobs creation in the local wastewater treatment works (WWTWs).
financial instruments and mechanisms are feasible and what best practices can be drawn from
Method
similar environments. Methods: Literature review,
After careful selection of local municipalities
data collection through interviews, surveys will
across WC and GP, field visits were conducted in
be conducted to gather primary and secondary
22 WWTWs to identify existing green technologies
data for the study.
and practices. Data was collected using closed and open-ended questionnaires and oral interviews
Results
with plant process controllers and managers. The
In the local South African context, funding for
data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel.
water provision is mainly the mandate of the gov-
56
treatment plants utilized the biogas produced to
ernment through the national budget, Municipal
Findings
Infrastructure Grant, cross subsidies. Financial in-
Results show that currently, several projects have
struments that have been used in other regions to
been implemented to improve the treatment sys-
bring about water provision need to be reviewed
tems to adopt green technologies in the Western
in the South African context and best practices
Cape as compared to Gauteng. In GP only 4% of
brought on board. Private companies can relook
the existing jobs are direct green occupations,
into the possible financing options such as us-
while in the WC 37% of the jobs were found to be
ing tax incentives cross subsidies, grants, Special
green. Green practice is gaining momentum in
Purpose vehicles, Partnership, bank loans etc. to
the WC with several plants using modern green
rest of the WWT plants were either burning the biogas using incinerators or discharging directly into the atmosphere. Conclusion The local governments should consider prioritising capital investments in developing green treatment technologies as this will help in solving most of the challenges faced by some of the visited WWT plants. Ultimately, information gathered revealed that there is enormous potential to create and enhance green jobs from existing current occupations in both the provincial governments. The importance of public-private partnerships in driving green technology uptake for green jobs creation should be emphasised.
Session 17 Energy consumption model for operation and maintenance phase of water reuse systems for potable applications Abiola Abimbade Session 17, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 26 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Energy consumption in the operation and maintenance phase of water reuse systems (WRSs) for purification of wastewater is directly related to both the quantity and the desired water quality of the end users. In South Africa, WRSs are plagued with the controversies and ambiguity regarding energy consumption as a significant operational and maintenance cost component which also contributes to life cycle environmental impacts. In order to clarify the ambiguity regarding the different forms of energy requirements and provide an unbiased comparison between WRSs, energy consumption in the operation and maintenance phase of WRSs was examined. Simple methods of calculating energy consumption fail to take into consideration other forms of energy expended, with the focus
Abstracts
mainly on electrical energy intensity. However, for
Improved management of the catchment will
In a study performed in both Durban and Cape
exploring opportunities for energy efficiency and
require all key stakeholders in the region to act
Town, the effect of air scouring on fouling rates
substitution, a detailed analysis of various forms of
collaboratively, noting that implementation and
was investigated. The original intention of the
energy consumption is required.
operation poses specific challenges and risks
study was to optimise the air scouring regime
to government and mining companies. Risks to
for a woven fabric microfiltration immersed
Methods
mining companies include the environmental
membrane bioreactor (WFMF-IMBR). However,
This paper develops an activity-based energy
and financial liabilities associated with acid mine
initial results indicated that air scouring has the
consumption (ABEC) model designed and adapt-
drainage, pollution of water resources, and licence
opposite effect on fouling rates from that widely
ed to WRSs for potable applications. The model
to operate. Risks to Government include limited
reported in the literature. With no air scouring the
quantifies, in kWh/m3, different forms of energy
access to adequate supply and quality of water to
rate of fouling was substantially lower than when
consumed for the production of reclaimed/recy-
all users, non-protection of the environment and
high air scouring rates are used. As this contra-
cled water with regard to operation and mainte-
limited compliance, monitoring and enforcement
dicts conventional wisdom reported in the liter-
nance activities as well as the processes involved.
of licence conditions.
ature, investigations were repeated extensively,
This model employed the use of modified gener-
Collaboration must be done in the spirit of shar-
and activated sludge from three wastewater
ic equations for estimating the different forms of
ing risks and benefits, through good cooperative
treatment plants were investigated, viz. Zand-
energy consumed such as chemical, manual, me-
governance, management and implementation
vleit, Macassar and Belville. Further, a detailed
chanical as well as electrical energy consumption
between all parties. While various institutional
study was done on Belville, where mixed liquor
in WRSs.
models may be developed by Government or
from various zones was investigated. The results
the private sector (i.e. mining companies in the
all led to the same conclusion, viz. air scouring
Results
catchment) to provide this function, an autono-
can increase the rate of fouling.
Results of the model illuminate the fractions of
mous statutory committee housed by a public
This paper will present the results of the above
the energy requirement elements, which were
entity may provide particular advantages in en-
investigations, as well as a possible explanation.
estimated by utilisation of a certain type of ener-
suring independence and stakeholder buy-in,
It is not know at this stage whether these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;anom-
gy source as a step towards energy efficiency and
credibility and management of joint risks in the
alousâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; results apply only to the WFMF-IMBR or
continuous improvement of energy consuming
affected catchment.
whether they are equally applicable to commer-
This paper provides a motivation for joint action,
cial polymeric IMBRs. This could have a major im-
proposing the establishment of a Coordination
pact on the operation and energy consumption
Conclusions
Body that will assist with the facilitation, coordina-
of IMBRs, if the results of this study are widely and
This model provides a sound basis tool for sustain-
tion and management of mine water in the Upper
generally applicable.
ability assessment and answers to the growing
Olifants Catchment.
activities and processes.
debate of the water-energy nexus, developing energy consumption benchmarks for WRSs as well as exploring opportunities for substituting renewable energy for conventional forms of energy.
Session 17 Establishment of a coordinating body in the Upper Olifants Catchment Traci Reddy Session 17, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 Poor mine water management practices in the Upper Olifants Catchment have resulted in significant water pollution challenges for populations and users located downstream and in close proximity to the affected water resource, particularly rural communities that do not have access to water treatment facilities. The region water stressed where increasing competition for the water supply and the quality of available water resources are issues of concern in the catchment. Coal mining operations will continue for the next two decades, providing a small window of to ensure water quality and water resources in this catchment are better managed, especially in the face of increasing trends like increased urbanisation and climate change.
Session 23
Session 23 Energy reduction in membrane bioreactors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; some novel findings Prof. Lingam Pillay Session 23, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Membrane bioreactors combine a biological reactor with membranes as a separation step. Internationally there has been a major swing towards immersed membrane bioreactors (IMBRs) for wastewater treatment due to the myriad advantages that IMBRs offer over conventional biological processes. These include: significantly higher throughput, or conversely lower footprint; very high product quality; reduced sludge production; better resistance to upset conditions. A major challenge with IMBRs is fouling of the membranes. This is normally redressed by continually scouring the membranes with air, to remove the fouling layer. Conventional wisdom indicated that the greater the rate of air scouring, the greater will be the removal of foulants from the membrane, resulting in improved membrane performance. However the major energy requirement in IMBRs is for air scouring, and this constitutes the major operating expense.
Improving Membrane Bioreactor Energy Efficiency by Utilising Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge and Tertiary Ultrafiltration Peter Wille Session 23, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Membrane bioreactors (MBR) have become increasingly popular due to its ability to achieve stricter effluent specifications in a smaller physical footprint. This benefit however does come at a cost of higher energy consumption. The higher energy consumption is due to the high MLSS concentration in the reactor that negatively impacts the oxygen transfer efficiency therefore requiring larger blowers to provide the necessary oxygen to the system. The energy intensity is further amplified by the requirement of additional ancillary equipment such as air scour blowers to reduce the risk of membrane fouling. Method A comparative study between conventional MBR and an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) system followed by tertiary ultrafiltration (UF) will be developed and presented.
57
Abstracts
Results
Session 23
This problem can be solved by making use of an
robustness (for example, through control measures) and therefore decrease maintenance and repair costs. In the case of a membrane process,
IFAS system instead of the conventional activated
The paper will address how the food chain reactor
Design, Cost and Benefit Analysis of the Proposed Membrane Bioreactor Plant at Zandvliet Wastewater Treatment Works Mpho Ramphao Session 23, Ballroom East, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are sometimes seen as expensive options and it is true that membrane bioreactor systems are not always the cheapest or most appropriate choice of technology for some circumstances. A full needs analysis is required early in the life cycle of a wastewater treatment project, as there will be facility managers, operators and designers who select a treatment process alternative among competing feasible technologies. The process selection decision step balances trade-offs, such as capital and operating costs, with multiple required performance factors, such as treatment effectiveness to meet effluent discharge limits, ease of operation, etc. A cost benefit analysis tool is an appropriate method used to determine the beneficial changes in the design and operation of the plant â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the net present value (NPV), calculated for a plant lifetime which integrates both investment, fixed and variable operating costs of a wastewater treatment plant (CAPEX and OPEX) over the plant life time was used to determine the most cost effective solution for an appropriate upgrade at Zandvliet WWTW. Provided that the whole-life costs are considered, then the net present value (NPV) in units of R/m3 of treated
(FCR) IFAS plus tertiary UF configuration can achieve
water provides a reasonable indication of overall
reduced capital cost compared to MBR, similar
cost, NPV being a function of CAPEX, OPEX and the
Methods
physical footprint to MBR, longer membrane life,
plant life and residual end-of-life value. This paper
The attachment probability of pyrrhotite to air
reduced CIP frequency and smaller membrane sur-
describes the design approach adopted for the
bubbles in the presence of three different electro-
face required due to higher flux rates. At the same
proposed MBR plant at Zandvliet WWTW.
sludge. IFAS systems have a much lower suspended solid concentration than a MBR system. This improves the oxygen transfer efficiency of an IFAS system to that of a MBR and thus requiring less energy. However due to the attached growth nature of the IFAS technology, the equivalent biomass concentration per reactor volume is similar to that of MBR, thus still achieving a similar physical footprint reduction. One of the major advantages of a MBR system compared to a CAS system is that the secondary settling tanks are no longer necessary, requiring only a smaller membrane tank, whilst resulting in improved suspended solids removal by using membranes. Due to the low suspended solids of an IFAS system the effluent can also undergo a tertiary treatment step in the form of UF to achieve the same strict effluent discharge standards. The lower suspended further contribute to the UF being smaller and using less energy to achieve the same effluent specifications as a traditional MBR system. This results in both capital and operating cost savings. This paper explores how a MBR wastewater treatment plant can become more energy efficient by using IFAS and UF to create an Improved MBR system that achieves the same discharge standards using less energy. Conclusion
time the FCR IFAS technology operates at lower
this is demonstrated by the selection of the design flux. Higher fluxes permit reduced capital costs through the correspondingly reduced membrane area requirement. However, this then increases the likelihood of fouling, demanding more frequent cleaning and increasing the process downtime.
Session 24 Single Ion Effects on Bubble-Particle Attachment of Pyrrhotite Dr Kirsten Corin Session 24, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Froth flotation takes advantage of a mineralâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural and induced surface properties, resulting in a separation between the valuable and non-valuable minerals. Process water used to facilitate the froth flotation process comprises of many different ions. Previous studies have looked at both the effect of using recycled process water and whether certain ions are responsible for what is observed in the final concentrate in terms of mineral grades and recoveries. However, the attachment of mineral particles to air bubbles is a fundamental sub-process without which separation of value from non-value cannot occur. It is, therefore, of interest to assess the effect of single ions on the probability of mineral particles attaching to an air bubble.
lytes namely, NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2 and CaSO4 at 0.0977 M were investigated. This experimental approach
suspended solids (MLSS) concentration resulting in
Methodology
allowed for an anionic and cationic effect to be es-
significantly lower power consumption. The inde-
A full needs analysis was carried out, first of all to
tablished with regards to attachment probability.
pendence of the UF system to the activated sludge
confirm that an MBR will be the most cost effective
The attachment probability measurements were
system enables flexibility in tertiary separation tech-
solution for Zandvliet WWTW, taking everything
carried out using a novel attachment timer housed
nology selection, based on recovered water quali-
into account. A number of cost factors were con-
at Aalto University.
ty requirements to optimise capital and operating
sidered, as well as other considerations, to take
costs and provides the opportunity to expand the
into account when considering implementing
Results
expensive UF section modularly on an as needed
MBR technology. These include:
The presence of sulphates resulted in a great-
basis. The combined effect of these factors results in
a. CAPEX
er attachment probability of pyrrhotite onto air
simpler operation and maintenance requirements,
b. OPEX
bubbles compared to nitrates. Furthermore, upon
whilst retaining the advantages of a physical barrier
c. Overall cost or carbon footprint
studying the cationic effect, the presence of calci-
as is achieved in MBR.
d. Size
um ions yielded a greater attachment probability
e. Robustness
than that of sodium ions.
f. Residuals and environmental impact. Conclusions Results and Conclusion
The implications of this work is thus of great signif-
The trade-off between capital and operating costs
icance for the effective management of ions in re-
is well recognised. Often, greater investment
cycled process water in the froth flotation process.
in capital equipment can increase the process
58
Abstracts
Session 24 Aeration blower upgrades for City of Cape Town John Clayton Session 24, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Aeration blowers at municipal wastewater treatment plants are central to efficient operation of activated sludge processes utilising fine bubble aeration and can consume in the region of 60% of the entire power requirements for the site. Correct selection and set-up of blowers, together with good control of the dissolved oxygen levels, is vital to contain operating costs and to ensure a high quality final effluent. The replacement of 15 centrifugal blowers delivering a combined 250 000 Nm³/h of air across four major City of Cape Town wastewater treatment plants is described, with a focus on the blower technology, system design, dynamic control of oxygen levels in relation to incoming load, the cost savings achieved and the lessons learned. The existing blowers ranged between 21 and 38 years old, and were becoming unreliable and difficult to operate and maintain. The original design only allowed for manual control of the aeration systems, with blowers generally run at full capacity and simply the number of duty blowers being used to adjust to changes in plant load. Different blower technologies were researched with regard to suitability for the existing plants and piping, ongoing maintenance and life cycle cost. For this contract, single-stage geared centrifugal blowers were selected. The machines are equipped with dual-point control, allowing blowers to modulate from 100% down to 45% of their rated capacity. Modulating valves were installed on the air feed lines to each aeration zone. Together with new dissolved oxygen (DO) probes utilising luminescent technology, as well as a proprietary advanced multi-loop control system, this set-up permits accurate regulation of DO levels in each reactor, so that the air is used efficiently and power requirements are kept to a minimum. Over the four sites, after the new blowers and aeration system changes, the specific power consumption (kWh/kg COD removed) improved (dropped) by between 15% and 54%, the range being due to varying site conditions and differing historical DO levels that were being achieved at each plant. This outcome illustrates the benefits of being able to automatically adjust air consumption to match the diurnal changes in sewage flow and load. An essential part of the upgrade incorporated the implementation of dynamic power factor correction (DPFC). With nominally 5.3 MW of
power required by the duty blowers across the
daily. This means two cylinders are wasted every
four plants, the DPFC greatly reduced the maxi-
month. Cost calculations for Welgedacht have
mum demand charge, leading to further savings.
shown that more than R0.5 mil could be saved an-
Power recordings done before and after the up-
nually by reducing the E.coli standard.
grades show that annual energy savings of nominally R 7.3m per annum are achievable. Nominally
Dechlorination channel
60% of this saving is attributable to more efficient
A study of the Dechlorination channel of Welge-
use of air and 40% due to reductions in the maxi-
dacht works was conducted. This area is sim-
mum power demand charge.
ilar to the downstream channel in two major ways, namely:
Session 24
• It has a memory, such that results of a bad E.coli day can be stored and discharged later, thereby negating the performance of the plant.
The impact of strict zero E.coli standards on South African municipal wastewater treatment works Roda Lidzhade Session 24, Ballroom West, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 The question around South African wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as it relates to regulations remains a side issue. some of the WWTP’s are forced to adhere to strict effluent standards, which are higher than drinking water standards of other developing countries. The proper management and surveillance of wastewater quality remain two of the most troublesome issues in South Africa because standards that exist do not consider effluent water usage. (World Health Organisation, 2017) Though sometimes overlooked, this remain the most important part of the wastewater industry because every aspect of running and managing of WWTPs depends on this.
• There are no control measures around the Dechlorination channel. Conclusion/Recommendations It was found that strict E.coli standards that have been imposed on WWTPs are neither reasonable nor practical. These have been found to impose financial strains on WWTPs. It is recommended that: • A provincial standard be implemented, which depends on the application of the effluent from WWTPs. • Control measures be implemented in downstream and upstream channels to ensure that the quality of effluent water be maintained. • A study be done on forms and concentrations of toxic disinfection by-products in WWTPs effluents of Gauteng area and their impact on the environment
Session 25
Method Few areas were studied which are affected by the strict standards in question. Among these are: • Residual chorine and Disinfection By-products toxicity • Effluent channels around the plants (Dechlorination Channel) • Quality Regulations • Disinfection costs Results/ Discussion Residual Chlorine To achieve a strict value of E.coli, most WWTPs overdose chlorine. This increases the concentration of residual chlorine at the effluent, which, even at low concentrations, is toxic to aquatic life. In wastewater, chlorine oxidises certain types of organic matter creating more hazardous compounds such as trihalomethane. (Ying-Xue Sun, 2009) Disinfection Cost For an 85 MLD plant like Welgedacht waterworks, discharging effluents with 1 mg/ℓ residual chlorine means approximately 68 kg of chlorine is wasted
Enabling Communities of Practice: Network Dynamics in Building a Water Sensitive Catchment Andrew Bennett Session 4, Meeting Room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 This presentation is based on a master’s dissertation currently being completed through UCT’s Urban Water Management Unit, and forms part of a broader WRC commissioned project. In South Africa, and in Africa generally, a broad range of actors have the potential to play a crucial role in water resource management but are frequently left out, ignored or left powerless to make a difference. One approach to transforming governance systems that will include a broader range of actors is to establish and sustain an enabling environment that is characterised by collaborative learning processes. Social learning is characterised by shared interest, joint activities, discussions and sharing of information to enable a community of practice to learn from each other and, where there is potential, to co-create new knowledge through communities of practice. There are compelling
59
Abstracts
arguments that suggest a shift in emphasis from
Session 25
information generated from scientific research
ded in social learning processes. Method The research design is a qualitative study of how water sensitive communities of practice form, develop and sustain themselves within an informal network of collaboration and co-learning. This is supported by a theoretical review of the concepts of Social Learning, Communities of Practice and integrative frameworks for Collaborative Governance. The Liesbeek Life Plan provides the context for the shared interest or ‘common cause’ that has the potential to draw on the interests of a wide range of individuals, and private and public institutional members who see value in the Liesbeek River and desire to see to improve conditions along the blue and green corridor that flows through a part of the city of Cape Town. Results (incomplete) The study identifies and interprets the interactive processes at play in collaborative learning networks and, importantly, how the construction of new knowledge is brought about through joint work. At a deeper level, the research also explores how values and frames contribute to exchanges
Are Water Use Licenses just “Word Salads”? – A Critical Evaluation of WULs against PAJA-requirements Carin Bosman Session 25, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 A water use license (WUL) is an administrative tool that is used by a water governance institution such as the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), or another relevant responsible authority, such as a Catchment Management Agency (CMA), to govern the use of water on a site-specific basis. The decision to include or exclude a water use as defined in section 21 of the National Water Act (No.36 of 1998; NWA) in a WUL, or to include or exclude a compliance specification in a WUL-condition, constitute an administrative action that has to be measured against the provisions contained in the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (No.3 of 2000; PAJA). In this presentation, a number of WULs that had been issued to mines and industries are evaluated against the provisions for just administrative action as contained in section 6 of the PAJA, in order to determine their effectiveness as site-specific water governance instruments.
and actions between collaborators. Methods Conclusion
An integral part of conducting audits to deter-
Creating and maintaining a sustainable wa-
mine compliance of a water user with the re-
ter-sensitive city and catchment requires active,
quirements contained in the WUL, is to establish
concerned citizens and an institutional system or
criteria for the audit. Such audit criteria would
some other form of responsible organisation struc-
usually include both the legal requirements out-
ture or combinations that is capable of rising to the
lined in Chapter 4 of the NWA that relate to the
challenge. An active, positive response will not be
authorisation of water use; as well as the appli-
based on facts, scientific information or leadership
cable compliance specifications contained in the
alone. Water sensitivity is not a product but rather
WUL conditions. Making use of the data gener-
a pursuit that is driven by a strong moral imper-
ated in these audits, a statistical evaluation was
ative that becomes tangible when elements of
conducted on a number of WULs, to determine
WSUD are seen on the ground and this then offers
the following:
opportunities for further involvement, education
• Are all water uses (as defined in section 21 of
and learning.
the NWA) that occur at the operation, and that require authorisation by means of a WUL, appropriately authorised in the WUL? • Do the compliance specifications contained in the WUL conditions meet the PAJA requirements for just administrative action, and can therefore be regarded as valid audit criteria? Compliance specifications contained in WUL conditions are regarded as not aligned with the PAJA requirements if they are based on an error in law, not relevant to the site-specific situation at the operation, do not take relevant technical or scientific aspects into account, are incomprehensible, or are, in some cases, unreasonable.
60
made with regard to the suitability of the WUL as a site-specific instrument for water governance.
that merely informs policy and expert cycles, to an adaptive management approach that is embed-
Based on these evaluations, an adjudication is
Results It was found that, in most cases, a number of water uses that require authorisation by means of a WUL have not been included in the WUL, and/or that the incorrect water uses have been included in the WUL. It was also found that, on average, over 60% of the compliance specifications contained in the WUL conditions do not meet the PAJA requirements for just administrative action. Conclusions This evaluation indicate that the compliance specifications contained in WUL conditions need serious revision, in order to ensure that they are aligned with the PAJA requirements for just administrative action, which will ensure their usefulness as water governance tools. It is essential to connect the concept of just administrative action with compliance specifications in WUL conditions, in order to ensure improved water governance.
Session 25 The State of Water Use in the Vaal & Orange Water Management Areas Khutso Mabela Session 25, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 The National Development Plan (NDP) emphasises that water is central to, among others, economic development. The reliable supply of water in sufficient quantities and at the required quality is a crucial input to economic growth and job creation. The Vaal WMA is economically one of the most important in the country and nearly 20% of the GDP of South Africa originates from the Vaal WMA. Reflecting the predominantly industrialised nature of the economy in the WMA, 69% of the WMA requirements for water is by the domestic/industrial sectors (urban, mining sectors, water supply services & power generation) and the remaining 39% for irrigation. The Orange Water Management Area comprises the Upper Orange and Lower Orange catchment. The Orange River is of critical importance to South Africa. The Vaal River System is augmented from the upper Orange (Senqu) by the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, and supplies the economic heartland of South Africa. It also supplies thermal power stations on the Highveld, irrigation schemes covering large areas along the Vaal, middle and lower Orange Rivers. Some 15 million people
Abstracts
are dependent on secure water supplies from
Session 26
this basin.
of the total requirements for water. The importance of the agriculture sector is attributable to the climate which is particularly suitable for the growing of some high value crops, together with the availability of water along the Orange River Methodology In order to deduce the state of water use trends in the Vaal & Orange WMA, the national register of water use database (WARMS) volume report for 2017/18 was drawn and water use per sector was analysed and compared to the previous financial years 2016/17 and 2014/15. Results It was deduced that the Vaal WMA registered volume for 2017/18 dropped by 76 845 596.83 cubic meters per annum (m3/a) while that of Orange WMA increased by 76 958 235.63 m3/a. However, it was deduced that during this period, the volume of Orange increased by 26 639 416 and that of the Vaal by 461 469 076 m3/a. Despite a total of 28 million registered volume recovered from water users who under-declared their registered volume, a total of 3.7 registered volumes in cubic meters was refused as existing lawful water use and this led to the drop in registered volume of the Vaal WMA during the FY 2017/18. The increase in registered volume in the Orange WMA is attributed to 60.7 million registered volume recovered from water users
SMART Meter Reading Service Hajo Heusinkveld Session 26, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Public and private water utilities in Africa face many challenges to provide sustainable drinking water services to customers in urban and peri-urban areas, namely: • high UfW (Unaccounted for Water) levels due to poor condition of the network • illegal connections and vandalism of meters • large customer groups with relative low income • inaccurate billing. Low collection rate of invoices due to a predominantly poor customer base and relative long payment collection of outstanding invoices. To become sustainable, utilities must tackle the reduction of UfW, improvement of collection efficiency as well as increased staff productivity. This has to be achieved with limited means, ageing infrastructure, poor data, non payment by customers and poorly motivated and equipped staff. These technical and social challenges are typical for utilities in Africa. One of the key elements hindering increased revenue for water utilities is the poor payment collection of registered metered water services. Improvements in meter reading and billing ratios are essential for increased payment collection by the local utilities. Utilities face the challenge to implement solutions that build trust with customers by presenting accurate and transparent invoices.
who under declare their registered volume during the registration period.
Methods
Refused existing lawful water use audited,
In the investigations performed during the pi-
which is section 21(a) water use, their corre-
lot project funded by VIAWATER (Smart Meter
sponding section 21(b) water use were con-
Reading Service in Moamba), two main sub-
firmed in terms of existing lawful use.
jects were explored in several field surveys in Moamba (Mozambique): customer satisfaction and
Conclusion
operational efficiency.
There is, therefore, an urgent need to have a
Firstly, what is the success behind the privately
monitoring policy and strategy on refused ex-
owned utility, Collins Sistemas de Áqua? Why are
isting lawful water use including confirmed
customers satisfied and what are the drivers behind
existing lawful water use to ensure effective
Collins successfully achieving low UfW and high col-
implementation of section 3 of the National
lection efficiency?
Water Act, 1998?
One of the key success factors of Collins is the ability to communicate with customers, ser-
Irrigation is, by far, the dominant water use sector in the Orange WMA, representing 88%
Results
Secondly, what is the efficiency of Collins’ current manual/paper data collection operations compared to a newly proposed method that equips meter readers with smart phones for digital data collection. Both subjects explore the modus operandi of the billing cycle using traditional methods and a stateof-the-art mobile monitoring technology (developed by Mobile Water Management) – analysing pictures taken by meter readers – integrated with a billing system (EticaData).
vice-orientated staff and the ability to build trust with customers. Collins meter readers are the linking pins between customers and the water utility, registering accurate usage data, explaining bills and using local knowledge to understand and pass on customer complaints to the central office. The use of smart phone technology increases the quality and speed of data collection and empowers Collins’ meter readers in their key role providing transparency to customers via documented proof and instant validation of current water consumption data based on history. Conclusion Human observations used for data collection and the ability to communicate with customers in the field are crucial for utilities to deliver sustainable water services. The surveys in Moamba emphasise the importance of well-informed staff in the field and recommend utilities to invest in their meter readers and support them with technology that increases the quality of data collection and bridges the information gap between the field and office.
Session 26 Feasibility of advanced and prepaid water metering in South Africa Lillian Ngabirano Session 26, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 In South Africa it is a legislative requirement that all water supply points be metered, with conventional meters predominantly being used by South African municipalities to monitor consumer water consumption. In the last two decades, the water metering industry has seen substantial developments with new capabilities added to advanced water meters (including prepaid meters). While these meters have important benefits, they also have significant drawbacks such as higher failure rates, higher supply and maintenance costs and susceptibility to tampering. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of advanced water metering based on an evaluation framework to assist municipalities with determining the feasibility of these systems. The evaluation framework assesses advanced metering systems for feasibility based on technical, environmental, social and economic criteria. Five case studies were evaluated as part of this study: prepaid meters in a typical low income area, Water management devices in Cape Town,
61
Abstracts
prepaid meters in iLembe District Municipality and
temperature changes can be distinguished from
optimum conditions needed for phosphate
Olievenhoutbosch and automatic meter reading in
natural daily and seasonal temperature variation
precipitation. The following iron sources where
the Epping Industrial Area.
in the ground under South African conditions. In
tested: FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, Mine water rich in Fe(II),
It was observed that the challenges in using ad-
addition to temperature measurement, strains in
electrolytic generated Fe2+ and Fe(OH)3. The
vanced meters generally outweighed the benefits.
a pipe can be detected by attaching an optic fi-
effect of pH, dosage and mixing intensity was
The ability of other alternatives to meet the prima-
bre cable to the pipe. Observing the strains in the
determined for each iron source.
ry objectives of these advanced meter installations
pipeline might give an indication of the severity
should therefore be examined with advanced me-
of a leak.
Results
tering viewed not as a goal, but as part of many
A short length of pipeline, instrumented with
alternative solutions to a particular problem.
arrays of conventional and fibre optic thermistors
moved with both Fe3+ and Fe2+. The optimum pH
There may be cases where the additional cost of
and strain sensors, was installed and fitted with
range for Fe3+ was found to be between 6 and 8,
advanced metering is justified by the benefits in
artificial leak points. The temperature and strain
for Fe2+ it was between 7.8 and 8.2 and for Fe(OH)3
another area such as reduced consumption, but
responses due to induced leaks are currently be-
it was between 5 and 6. In case of Fe2+-rich AMD,
it is unlikely that advanced metering itself will be
ing investigated. Early indications are that the pro-
Fe2+ was first oxidised to Fe3+ to precipitate
economically feasible.
posed system will be successful to identify leaks
FePO4 and Fe(OH)3. P was removed to less than
on pipelines, enabling early remedial action to
0.05 mg/ℓ when the stoichiometric ratio of Fe3+/P
be taken.
was greater than 2 and the stoichiometric ratio of
Session 26
The presentation will comprise an overview of
The results showed the phosphate can be re-
Fe2+/P was greater than 3.
the experimental work and conclusions reached,
Responsive pipe networks – smart pipes in South Africa Prof. Sw Jacobsz Session 26, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 It is estimated that approximately 26% of the potable water distributed by the City of Tshwane is lost due to leakages from the aging distribution system. Just in the City of Tshwane, this amounts to approximately 75 million cubic metres per annum. It is often mentioned in the media that up to a third of potable water distributed in South Africa is lost from the system. In a water-scarce country like South Africa, with a growing population and rapid urbanisation, this can barely be afforded. Perhaps the biggest problem with water loss from a distribution system is that the presence and location of leaks are not easily detectable before a large volume of water had been lost, resulting in remedial action normally being taken late. In the last 18 years, fibre optic instrumentation has been developed to measure temperature and strain with an unprecedented resolution. It is possible to take continuous strain and temperature measurements along the length of a fibre optic cable extending many kilometres. A major advantage is that fibre optic cables are cheap and completely inert from electrical disturbances that electric monitoring systems typically suffer from. A study, funded by the Water Research Commission, is currently underway at the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Pretoria to investigate the use of fibre optic technology as a means of leak detection. Such a system will comprise of a fibre optic cable buried in the pipe trench when a new pipeline is installed. The principle on which the system is envisaged to operate is the detection of temperature changes in the ground near a pipeline resulting from a water leak. Work is being carried out to determine whether such
62
with recommendations for the implementation of
Conclusions
the envisaged leak detection system in practice.
Phosphate can be removed from lake water from 0.2 mg/ℓ to less than 0.05 mg/ℓ by dosing Fe2+ or
Session 28 Chemical phosphate removal from Hartbeespoort Dam water with iron Komla Atta Session 28, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Phosphorous is one of the major nutrients contributing in the increased eutrophication of lakes and natural waters. The feed water to the Hartbeespoort Dam amounts of 650 MLD of mainly treated sewage. The annual inflow of dissolved phosphate before 2000 was estimated at 20 t as P, while that associated with incoming sediment, at 180 tonnes as P. Phosphate needs to be removed from the current 0.2 mg/ℓ in the dam down to less than 0.05 mg/ℓ to control eutrophication. Chemicals such as iron(III), iron(II), aluminium(III) and lime can be used to precipitate phosphate as FePO4, Fe3(PO4)2, AlPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2, respectively. Mine water rich in Fe(II)/Fe(III) is also an option that can be considered. The basic principle of chemical phosphorus (P) removal relies on the transformation of soluble phosphorus to a particulate form, and the removal of this form by solid-liquid separation processes. The purpose
Fe3+ salts. Mine water rich in Fe2+ and or Fe3+ can also be used if available nearby.
Session 28 Optimisation of trickling filter performance Tshepo Motaung Session 28, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Trickling filters (TF) are a technology that is commonly used in South Africa for wastewater treatment (Wates, Meiring & Barnard (Pty) Ltd, 2002). Over the past two decades, regulators have imposed stricter standards for effluent discharged from waste water treatment plants. This has encouraged the increased move from the use of trickling filters to the use of effective yet energy consuming and expensive activated sludge process (Farmer, 2013). However, a better understanding of trickling filter technology and their coupled use with other technologies such as the solid contact process has led to their resurgence (Farmer, 2013). Furthermore, studies have shown that parameters such as the flushing rate can be varied to improve TF performance (Wates, Meiring & Barnard (Pty) Ltd, 2002).
of this project is to identify the most suitable iron source for reducing the concentration of Phos-
Method
phorus in the Hartbeespoort Dam to less than
A methodology was applied to determine char-
0.05 mg/ℓ.
acteristics of trickling filters studied at ERWATs Vlaakplaats wastewater care works situated in
Methodology
Ekurhuleni. Furthermore, factors that affect TF
Phosphate removal was studied by (i) using OLI
performance were manipulated and monitored.
software to predict the behaviour of P-removal
These include hydraulic loading rate, flushing rate
with various iron sources and (ii) through beaker
or Spülkraft (SK), and organic loading rate.
studies. Beaker studies were carried out to identify
Abstracts
Results
There are various options available for remedi-
which is subsequently increasing the corrosion of
Hydraulic loading rate
ating AMD, including chemical and biological
their mild steel equipment and inevitably impact-
An appropriate hydraulic loading rate is required
mechanisms. Although chemical treatment can
ing on their cost and risk of doing business.
to maintain proper TF media wetting efficiency
provide effective remediation of AMD, it has the
In the various articles referenced on the role of
whist preventing the TF from being flooded with
disadvantages of high operating costs, is not
fluoride in corrosion, it is evident that fluoride af-
influent. The TFs at Vlakplaats generally per-
eco-friendly and requires disposal of the sludge
fects the corrosion of mild steel (Moll et al., 1985,
formed better at higher hydraulic loading rates.
that is produced. As an eco-friendly alterna-
Macias and Escudero, 1994, Dillon and Waltman,
The optimum hydraulic loading rates for effi-
tive, biological treatment of AMD has become
1995, Singh et al., 2002). Mayer et al. (1984) con-
cient removal of COD and ammonia, for Modules
more acceptable.
firmed the presence of fluoride in crevices and it
In line with eco-friendly technology devel-
was generally found that the higher the fluoride
and 3.13 m3/m2-day, respectively.
opment and the implementation of bio-based
concentration, the lower the resulting alkalinity
Spülkraft
treatment for AMD, the CSIR has invested in re-
and pH, and the higher the corrosion rate.
The flushing rate or Spülkraft can have an as no-
search in microalgal technology for the poten-
Although much has been done to attain reason-
table effect as hydraulic loading rate on the per-
tial treatment of AMD. A number of isolates were
ably accurate predictive tools for the corrosion
formance of the TF in terms of COD and ammo-
evaluated for metal uptake and sulfate removal,
rates of mild steel in potable water, there are dif-
nia removal (Albertson, 1989). The flushing rate
which are pollutant indicators of AMD. Further-
ferences in opinion, and more work is needed to
was varied only for TF 7 at Module C, whilst hy-
more, the isolates were tested for high-value
predict the corrosivity of certain less deliberated
draulic loading rate was kept relatively constant.
compound production when grown on acid
chemical species. To further develop our under-
The TF performed optimally in terms of COD and
mine water, as a possible value-add to the treat-
standing of the extent and nature of the corro-
ammonia removal when the SK was greater than
ment process.
sion this study delves into the visual, microscopic
A, B and C were 2.9 m3/m2-day, 2.93 m3/m2-day,
Only ten isolates were capable of total dis-
and chemical examination of the effects exhibit-
Organic carbon loading rate
solved solids reduction, and to a limited extent
ed during the exposure of mild steel to varying
The TF at Module A performed optimally in
at that. However, even with the improved dis-
fluoride concentrations at ambient pressure
terms of COD and ammonia removal at organic
solved solids load, the concentration does not
and 45°C.
loading rates lower than 671 gCOD/m3-day. The
meet discharge specifications. All isolates were
TF at Module B performed optimally at organic
capable of good manganese reduction, with
loading rates below 611 gCOD/m3-day. The TFs
certain isolates improving ~100% on the control
at Module C performed optimally at organic
system. Only 11 isolates were capable of sul-
loading rates below 300 gCOD/m3-day.
fate reduction. All isolates were capable of fatty
26.4 mm/pass.
acid production when grown on the AMD subConclusion
strate, some producing more than 0.5 g.ℓ-1 of
Trickling filters are an old technology that can
fatty acids.
be manipulated to meet more stringent efflu-
Notable fatty acids produced include the in-
ent quality restrictions from regulators. The
dustrially significant palmitic acid, oleic acid, lin-
study aided in identifying the best parameters
oleic acid and linolenic acid. These fatty acids are
to use in order to optimise the performance of
considered as excellent feedstocks for biodiesel
the TF in terms of COD and ammonia removal.
production. All isolates were capable of produc-
Apart from SK, other parameters namely organ-
ing carbohydrates when grown on the AMD sub-
ic loading, and hydraulic loading rate cannot be
strate. Matrix scoring indicated isolates NWA 1.2,
manipulated by the process but are depend-
FSA 2.2, FSA 8.1. LPB 5.1 and WCA 4.1 as the best
ent on the influent quality. The influent quality
reducers of the AMD contaminants with the sub-
can by maintained at optimum conditions by
sequent best high-value compound production.
installing upstream treatment processes and
Next stage activities include further character-
flow distribution.
isation of the top five performing isolates to determine more detailed removal efficiencies
Session 28 Indigenous Microalgae as Bioremediation Agents for Mine Contaminated Waters Monique Smit Session 28, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Acid mine drainage (AMD) decreases the water quality of receiving waters by lowering the pH and increasing the dissolved metal content of surface and groundwater. This contaminated water has adverse impacts on the health of humans, aquatic animals, insects, and plants.
and the preliminary process demonstration of microalgae as AMD remediation agents.
Session 36
Session 36 Evaluation of Butyric Acid Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Pit Latrine: Cell Growth Studies John Bright Joseph Njalam’mano Session 36, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Pit latrines are the basic form of sanitation that is providing hygienic and low-cost sanitation for population in low income communities in the developing countries. Disagreeable smells-malodours released from faecal sludge in the pit latrines, which elicit disgusting or repulsive response, are one of the factors that deter adults and children to use latrines subsequently practice open defecation. This provides an important but often overlooked major impediment, dissuading people from adoption and usage of pit latrines hence affecting successful effective sanitation promotion. More recent study has revealed that the malodours are attributed to four odorants: butyric acid (C4H8O2), DMTS (C2H6S3), indole (C8H7N) and p-cresol (C7H8O). Butyric acid was found in signif-
Chemical and Microscopic Studies into the Corrosive Effect of Fluoride on Mild Steel Dr Alfonso Palazzo Session 36, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Ecological considerations continue to compel heavy industry in Southern Africa to increase their use of substandard influent in their water circuits,
icant concentrations in the headspace of latrines in the developing countries of India and Africa. Butyric acid is one of short volatile fatty acids (SVFAs) with distinctive odour of sweet rancid, which can be detected at as low concentration as 0.001 mg/L even at several kilometres from the sanitation facility. The present work aimed to evaluate the growth of different bacterial strains
63
Abstracts
utilising butyric acid as a sole source of carbon and
0.055m were placed at the bottom of the bio
addition, wastewater treatment plants could be-
energy under different operating conditions in a
reactor as packing and to evenly distribute the
come net producers of energy instead of energy
batch system.
influent while retaining the granular sludge.
consumers by adopting source separation. Fresh
Nine bacterial strains were isolated through
The EGSB was inoculated with 0.747 L of anaer-
urine is rich in nutrients, containing over 50% of
enrichment in mineral salt medium (MSM) con-
obic granular sludge collected from a full-scale
the phosphorus and over 75% of the nitrogen
taining 1 000 mg/L of butyric acid. The bacterial
up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor
found in domestic wastewater and it only makes
isolates were purified by streaking method. A
operated at SAB Miller PIC (Newlands Brewery,
up 1% of the volume. Most of the phosphorus
16 Svedburg unit ribosomal Ribo-Nucleic Acid
South Africa) to where 1.95 L of PSW was used to
we use for fertilizer comes from finite phosphate
(16S rRNA) genotype fingerprinting was used to
suspend the sludge. The reactor was operated at
rock with reserves in just a few countries. Urine
obtain DNA sequences of pure bacteria isolates.
mesophilic temperature and a constant upflow
therefore offers an excellent source for “new”
The experiments were carried out in 250 mL for
velocity of 0.09 m/hr for 112 days, at three dif-
phosphorus but the recovery of this mineral is
24 hours under shaking at 150 rpm in a Rotary En-
ferent hydraulic retention time (HRTs).The HRTs
limited by expensive transport costs. If urine
vironmental Shaker. The bacterial isolates’ growth
investigated were 65 hr, 60 hr and 55 hr respec-
can be transported by users to central resource
was evaluated at pH 6-9, temperature 25-40°C
tively within the 112 days. COD was analysed in
recovery plants (RRP) or recycling depots, this
and at concentration of 1 000-12 000 mg/L. All
duplicates, every consecutive day from the feed
cost could be substantially reduced. Also, urine
bacteria isolates but one had cell growth up to a
and product streams of the reactor.
collection at a household level has the potential to substantially reduce the daily water usage, es-
concentration of 9 000 mg/L utilising butyric acid as a sole source of carbon and energy. One bacte-
Results
pecially if no flushing water is used to collect the
rial strain had cell growth up to 12 000 mg/L. The
The average COD removal observed over the
urine. For example, modern dual flush toilets use
optimal bacterial growth of all the isolates was
period of 112 days, was found to be a low 58%.
between 3 to 6 L per flush, while if urine is mere-
obtained at pH7 and temperature of 30°C. The
The COD in the EGSB feed range was 1 422 mg/L
ly collected in a storage take without flushing,
successful isolation of bacterial strains capable
(min) to 9 712 mg/L (max) with an average COD
this volume of water could be saved.
of degrading butyric acid from pit latrine sludge
in-flow of 4 059 mg/L. Initially COD can be used
suggests the possibility of deodorisation of offen-
as a comparative parameter to quantify system
Methods
sive smells with indigenous bacteria.
performance and to monitor the effect of the Or-
Urine was collected from 10 users in Cape Town
ganic Loading Rate (OLR), for anaerobic digest-
over a period of 1 month using novel 10 L uni-
ers. For the EGSB the product COD range was
sex urinals. Each urinal had a deposit of 300 g
between 1 335 mg /L to 2 797 mg/L, averaging a
calcium hydroxide. The users kept a pee-journal
COD concentration of 1 487 mg/L. The three cor-
which documented how often they used the
responding OLRs with the respective HRTs were
urinal. When the urinal was full, the user trans-
1.05, 1.92 and 1.95 g COD/L day.
ported the urinal to a make-shift RRP at the Uni-
Session 36 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of an EGSB anaerobic digester treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater Yasheemah Williams Session 36, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 For more than a decade (2007 – 2017), poultry product consumption increased in developed and developing countries such as South Africa (SA), with more than 470 slaughterhouses being attributed to SA (Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009). Due to the high concentration of organic matter and suspended solids in the wastewater, it is necessary to pre-treat the Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) prior to sequential anaerobic treatment (Keller et al., 2013). This experiment was focused on using an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) reactor as a suitable treatment method to treat PSW. The study was focused on the most effective, optimal and efficient design parameters to achieve best Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal within the system. Methods A laboratory-scale EGSB consisted of a cylindrical shape glass column with a total working volume of 2.7 L, inner diameter of 0.065 m and a height of 0.872 m, respectively was used for this study. Ceramic marbles with an average diameter of
64
versity of Cape Town where the solid calcium Conclusions
phosphate was recovered by filtration. The solid
The EGSB anaerobic digester was successfully
material was dried, weighed and analyzed for
operated over a period of 112 days for the treat-
calcium and phosphate using standard analyti-
ment of PSW. A period from which an average
cal methods. The users also completed a survey
COD removal of 38.4%, at 55 hr (1 – 43 day).
detailing the use of the urinal and the broader
Which increased to 65% COD at 60 hr (43 –
nutrient recovery concept.
92 day) while a 81% COD removal was obtained at 65 hr (92 – 112 day). The highest COD removal
Results
of 93 % was obtained at an HRT of 65 hr and OLR
Users could save 20 to 30% (depending on the
of 1.95 g COD/L day.
type of toilet) of their daily water consumption using this device while also producing approx-
Session 36
imately 10 g calcium phosphate per litre of collected urine (99% phosphate recovery). The addition of calcium hydroxide to the urine facil-
A household urine collection device to save water and produce fertilizer Dr Dyllon Randall Session 36, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The diversion and separate treatment of human excreta offers many benefits in that nutrients can be recovered while limiting the load on existing wastewater treatment facilities. Urine separation, coupled with the subsequent recovery of fertilizers, offers the smallest environmental burden when compared to a centralized wastewater treatment facility with no nutrient recovery. In
itated the precipitation of calcium phosphate but it also had the advantage in that it prevented the degradation of urea – the process responsible for ammonia production and strong odours. In fact, no smell was reported by the users of this device during an operation of 30 days. The urea present in the urine can then be stored for extended periods of time and recovered as a nitrogen rich fertilizer in the RRP. Conclusions This research has shown that the use of a removable 10 L unisex urinal in households can save
Abstracts
water and produce fertilizer in the form of calcium phosphate. A paradigm shift is still needed though because users see this novel approach for
spoils intercepted and treated; and 4. Terraforming of the post-mining landscape to prevent erosion and mine water decant.
nutrient recovery as a burden.
concentration with the Fe3+ of 300 mg/ℓ showing the greatest resistance to filtration which is indicative of a greater cake thickness, lower porosity and
Session 37
Session 37 Evolution of mine water in the Mpumalanga Coalfields David Love Session 37, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Coal has been mined in the coalfields of Mpumalanga, South Africa, since the dawn of steam power in southern Africa, and coal is still mined there today, providing metallurgical grade coal for export to industrial centres worldwide and energy coal, which is the mainstay of South Africa’s power generation. Over the last decade, pilot scale underground coal gasification has also been started, with a view to cleaner power generation. The legacy of centuries of coal mining has included 1. Significant acid rock drainage, worse in abandoned coal mining areas such as the mine of the old Transvaal and Delagoa Bay Railway Company, which decants acidic water to surface; and 2. Substantial salt loads to transboundary river systems. This paper integrates the significant body of geochemical work that has been done on the coalfields over the past three decades, with the application of laboratory and field kinetic testing and the use of non-parametric and mutlivariate statistics on large datasets. It can be seen that the geochemical behaviour of the individual coal seams is notably different, with the uppermost Seams 4 and 5 having a much higher acid rock drainage potential than the lower seams. The behaviour of closed mines can be seen to be driven largely by the availability of oxygen, with the geochemistry of underground mines changing rapidly as they flood and the water become less oxidising and ultimately reducing conditions can be reached with neutral discharge. The deeper understanding that we now have of the geochemical behaviour of the different coal seams, together with new methods in the management of waste and backfilled spoils allow for significant decreases in the impact of coal mining on the environment. Such methods include: 1. Acid rock drainage risk mapping and modelling, which can inform closure design; 2. National system to standardise minimum barrier design requirements; 3. Integrated mine water management systems, with seepage from mining residue facilities and
precipitates generally increased with increasing
lower permeability. The secondary precipitate at this concentration exhibited the most improved filtration rate as measured by the decrease in SRF.
The Dewatering Behaviour of Transformed Fe(III) Oxyhydroxide Precipitates Formed From Ferric Sulphate Solutions CledwynMangunda Session 37, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Defunct and abandoned mining operations generate Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) and wastewater streams rich in dissolved inorganic species that vitiate water quality. ARD streams are typically treated with hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), leading to
This was attributed to the change in structure, which resulted in more defined channels that allowed for fluid flow, as was evidenced by the NanoSEM images. Conclusions The dewatering behaviour of FeOOH sludge is dependent upon temperature and increasing the temperature in the transformation reactor resulted in improved dewatering behaviour. An improvement in particle size led to enhanced
the precipitation of a sludge comprising mainly of
settling and filtration for higher Fe3+ ≥ 300 mg/ℓ.
Fe (III) oxyhydroxides (FeOOH) and gypsum. The
The observed trends in filtration and settling rates
sludge matrix entraps heavy metals, has poor de-
arose from changes in morphology and structure
watering behaviour and post precipitation stabili-
as indicated by the image analysis results. These
ty, hence there is a need for effective treatment to
results show scope for industrial benefits through
reduce disposal volumes to landfills and minimise
improvement of the sludge structure prior to
its long-term impact in terms of remobilization of
landfill disposal.
metals back into the ARD cycle. This study seeks to understand the influence of process conditions on the modification of dewatering behaviour (as
Session 37
measured through filterability and settleability) resulting from the transformation of the sludge. Methods The neutralisation of acidic ferric sulphate aqueous solutions by aqueous Ca(OH)2 in a Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal reactor and the subsequent precipitation of mixed oxide/hydroxides are the main reactions which determine sludge characteristics. Thus, the relationship between dewatering behaviour and, settleability and filterability was investigated by varying the temperature and pH of the primary precipitates in the transformation reactor. The secondary (transformed) precipitates were analysed for morphology and structure using NanoSEM and Cryo-TEM, surface charge using a zetasizer, whilst particle size was obtained using laser diffraction. Results An increase in the transformation reactor temperature to 50°C led to an increase in mean particle size and a decrease in the number of particles of the secondary precipitates. The secondary precipitate at a Fe3+ of 400 mg/ℓ displayed the most improved settling rate. This was ascribed to attainment of a circumneutral pH and a decrease in the zeta potential of the secondary precipitate
Valorisation of Leachate from Mining Freeze Desalination System Nsaka Ntumba Session 37, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Leachate from mining operations contains extra high concentrations of sulphate (100 000 mg/L) and various metals that pose environmental problems when discharged. Neutralization with lime produces mixed sludge (gypsum and metal hydroxide) and desalination with reverse osmosis result in a production of brine. Zero waste production is under consideration. This regulation requires the development of new treatment methods. Freeze desalination is a potential method that needs to be evaluated for the recovery of water. With Freeze desalination it is possible to recover metals selectively, unlike when precipitated as a metals in a concentrated acid solution from leachate. The purpose of this study was to: (i) determine the ice purity when mine water is treated with freeze crystallization (ii) identify the compounds that will precipitate with removal of ice from leachate and (iii) determine the economic feasibility of leachate when treated with freeze desalination for the recovery of water and valuable metals compounds.
that resulted in a surface charge, which favoured size enlargement through agglomeration. The
Methodology
specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of the primary
A refrigeration system was used to cool the
65
Abstracts
primary coolant to -10°C. Clean ice and a more
represents the initial post closure period follow-
concentrated brine were produced and separat-
ing decommissioning, which is characterised by
ed using a filter system. Clean ice was harvested
declining seepage as the phreatic surface recedes
from the system and metals were up-concentrat-
until constant climate equilibrated seepage oc-
ed in the brine.
curs at the final post closure stage. The seepage modelling was supported by unsaturated flow
Results
modelling predicting post closure moisture in-
AMD with TDS of 160 000 mg/L and a compo-
gress rates into the outer slope and upper surface/
sition of 13 500 mg/L Al3+, 8 500 mg/L Mg2+,
crest areas of the facility for the rehabilitation sce-
1 000 mg/L Fe2+, 500 mg/L Ca2+, 100 mg/L Cu2+
narios. The rehabilitation scenarios includes: (1)
and 108 000 mg/L SO42- was treated using freeze
base case representing non-rehabilitated facility
desalination process to produce ice with a TDS of
with sparsely grassed that will vegetate the facility
less than 200 mg/L. The brine produced from the
naturally over time, (2) vegetated tailings with a
pipe freezing system had a TDS of 150 000 mg/L.
mixture of grass and woody species, and (3) 30 cm
It was found that Al2(SO4)3.18H2O started to crys-
soil cover vegetated with a mixture of grass and
tallize when 40% of the water in the leachate was
woody species.
removed and MgSO4.6H2O when 80% of the water was removed.
Results The post closure seepage time series are initially
Conclusion
characterised by a significant reduction in seep-
Pipe freeze desalination system is a preferred
age after facility decommissioning. This can be as-
process for treatment of high saline leachate as
cribed to the rapid recedence of the phreatic sur-
it requires no chemical dosing, poses no prob-
faces at the wall and previous operational beach
lem (such as scaling) commonly encountered
sections of the facility. A more gradual reduction
by chemical or membrane treatment process.
in seepage then occurs due to slower recedence
Freeze desalination can be successfully used to
of the phreatic surface at the previous operation-
concentrate valuable metals present in low con-
al pool area and the desaturation of the facility
centration in leachate. Re-usable water can be
till climate equilibrated seepage rates occurs. A
obtained from leachate when applying freeze
significant difference in seepage was predicted
desalination technique.
between the rehabilitation options and base case scenario. This indicates the necessity to rehabil-
Session 37
itate and vegetate the facility to minimise moisture ingress to acceptable rates through moisture losses with plant transpiration. The difference in
Predicting Post-closure Seepage to Optimise Rehabilitation Options for Tailings Facilities with Limited Soil Cover Material Albert van Zyl Session 37, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The stripping and stockpiling of soils from footprints of old tailings facilities was not standard practice before more stringent environmental regulations were implemented. Tailings facilities at steep or mountainous landscapes often have shallow and/or rocky soils resulting in limited potential for thick soil covers. The objective of the study was to predict if post closure seepage will be significantly different between vegetated tailings and soil cover rehabilitation options.
seepage predicted for the soil cover and vegetated tailings rehabilitation options is not significant compared to the base case scenario. This indicates the potential of the tailings as suitable store and release cover material. Significantly higher seepage was predicted for the outer wall consisting of sandier tailings compared to the upper surface/ crest consisting of tailings with high silt contents. This is especially the case for cyclone deposited tailings facilities. Conclusions Rehabilitation design should provide preference to thick(er) soil covers at the outer slopes with the available soils materials at site. Motivation for vegetated tailings or a thin soil cover at the upper surface of tailings facilities must be confirmed by
Methods
groundwater modelling that groundwater seep-
Seepage was predicted for the three stages of
age impact are acceptable. Oxygen diffusion and
flow conditions in a tailings facility following fa-
geochemical reaction modelling must be con-
cility decommissioning. The first stage is charac-
ducted to predict acid mine drainage generation
terised by a phreatic surface that has developed
in pyrite containing tailings. The upward move-
to its maximum elevation in the facility at decom-
ment of salts and acids from tailings into rooting
missioning, which represents the initial condi-
zone must be mitigated.
tions of the post closure phase. The second stage
66
Session 38 YouKnoW! Platform (Youth Driven Knowledge on Water) Aurelia van Eeden Session 38, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The Water Youth Network (WYN) aspires to a world where young people work together to become agents of change and ultimately improve the world’s water situation. The Water Youth Network is an inclusive connector in the water sector, with a vibrant community of active young people working across disciplines and borders. We focus on informing, engaging and empowering youth. The WYN aims to bring together and empower young individuals and their organisations to take action on water related issues through creating a strong and channelled youth voice. We do this by: lobbying for youth involvement in international processes; ensuring youth contributions are of high quality by organising capacity building workshops; identifying excellent youth projects especially at the local level via social media, sessions and reports; and connecting youth organisations within and outside the water sector. As the Water Youth Network is growing fast, more opportunities to structurally strengthen young people within the water sector arise. We are creating these new opportunities with our growing group of active volunteers, currently a group of 80 people divided over four working groups. One of the key activities includes the development of the YouKnoW! platform. YouKnoW! is a platform designed to connect different youth initiatives and to promote and support existing projects in the water sector with meaningful youth participation. The online centralized dynamic database, shows youth organisations around the world, as well as projects led by young people and youth organizations. The project information is showcased on an interactive world map and can be filtered according to the topics organisations are working on and location. This map is available in a beta version here: http://www.wateryouthnetwork.org/youknow/ The platform goals are to inspire, develop, and disseminate knowledge; to support communication on successful and innovative practices implemented by young people and youth organizations; and to connect these local experiences to global efforts related to the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. We aim to enhance the quantity and quality of youth-led partnerships with local and global institutions through networking; and to formalize collaborations, turning to each other for mentorship, funding, and guidance.
Abstracts
The WYN is extremely well placed to support
Method
the implementation of the SDGs by developing
In collaboration with municipalities, the Depart-
the capacity of young people in the water sector
ment of Water and Sanitation, the Department of
worldwide, sharing best practices of implement-
Agriculture and Rural Development, local govern-
ing the SDGs, and facilitating the development
ment, and knowledge centres, six villages have
of consortia of youth organisations both at the
been selected in the Vhembe and Sekhukhune
international and local level. We have strength-
districts to demonstrate the MUS approach (led by
ened, and are strengthening the relations be-
Tsogang Water and Sanitation). Learning alliances
tween youth actors at the UN level, such as the
and dialogue have been established at district and
Major Group of Children and Youth, for which the
provincial levels to derive implications of commu-
WYN has the role of providing input on water and
nity-driven approaches, also in the Integrated De-
the Young Leaders on SDGs, as well as to youth
velopment Plans (by all partners). National policy
organisations at the national and local level,
dialogue has been started (led by WRC). The In-
with
ternational Water Management Institute leads the
the
support
of
the
aforementioned
YouKnoW! platform.
brokering of international knowledge, generation of the knowledge base, and the translation of les-
Session 38
sons learnt into tools and guidelines. Mid-term results
Community-driven planning and design of water services for multiple uses Virginia Molose Session 38, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 There is wide consensus that water users’ participation is key to the success of government’s investments in water infrastructure, both for domestic uses, irrigation and other uses. This certainly holds in rural areas where the South African government spends significant funding to fill the backlogs and provide water services for domestic uses and irrigation for health, food security and income. The National Water Resource Strategy (DWS 2013, p 24) emphasises the need to meet these multiple water needs. Yet, rates of low- or no functionality of infrastructure are high, and can be up to three quarters. The key question for treasury and public investors at the central levels is: how to design and implement such community-driven approaches and engagement structures in the tens of thousands of communities to be served? The African Development Bank is funding the Water Research Commission to conduct action research to explore whether and how the following approach provides answers: “to build, from the planning phase onwards, on communities’ own investments in water infrastructure and their priorities for next incremental improvements”. This is expected to holistically and cost-effectively meet multiple water needs, to contribute to sustainable ownership and local rule setting and compliance in order to prevent breakdowns, ensure timely maintenance, and to avoid vandalism. The project, called ‘Operationalising community-driven multiple-use water services (MUS) in South Africa’, runs from 2016-2019 and focuses on one the poorest provinces, Limpopo. Mid-term achievements in implementation of the methodology and research findings are as follows.
The scoping and diagnostic baseline assessments confirm communities’ intensive investments in water infrastructure and water sharing, embedded in age-old local indigenous knowledge about the
Session 38 Analysis of the Water Education and Training skills development in the South African water sector Agnes Maenhout Session 38, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Capacity development in the water and sanitation sector is a frequently recurring topic in South Africa. This is especially true with the water shortage in South Africa now. In the period of December 2011 – May 2012, research was done on three interrelated topics: water education, training and skills (”iWETs”, 2012). The aim was to develop a vision for DBSA to implement a Water Education and Training strategy to improve capacity building of water management in South Africa and Africa. The outcome of the work was presented and discussed during a workshop at the WISA 2012 biennial conference. Seventy five people attended the workshop.
multiple water sources available during the different seasons (aquatic ecosystems), and during ex-
Methods
treme droughts of the past two years and floods,
The findings of the 2012 report will be revisited
in particular the floods in 2000. Disappointment
and a comparison will be drawn to assess if the
in public service delivery has accelerated own in-
situation in terms of education and training plan-
itiative. The self-financed individual or communal
ning and execution has improved or deteriorated.
gravity piped systems, storage, rainwater har-
• Document and field research will be executed to
vesting, and small motor pumps at homesteads,
address the progress in five years.
distant irrigated fields or other sites of water use
• The development in numbers of qualified staff
are multi-purpose as the rule for cost-effective-
and the gaps, as published in blue and green
ness (drinking, other domestic uses, livestock, crops, small-scale enterprise, ceremonial/cultural), and single-use as the exception. These local assets are currently being tapped in through participatory technical designs processes and
drop and the MUSSA reports. • The relation between qualifications and performance in the water and sanitation sector. • The development of specific water and sanitation qualifications at level NQF 2-6
capacity building, both in improved local private
• The collaboration between the water sector and
communal and individual infrastructure, and in
those institutions responsible for education,
extensions and refurbishments of municipal infra-
training and skills development: higher educa-
structure. Implementation follows from early 2018
tion, TVET colleges, the regulatory bodies for the
onwards. The evaluation by end 2018 will allow
engineering and scientific professions, as well as
drawing conclusions.
the EWSETA and LGSETA. • The quality assurance measures and the system
Morning Side event
of professional registration.
This side event aims at widening the dialogue between communities, municipalities, local govern-
Conclusions
ment and critical line departments, in particular
There is still an overwhelming need for training,
the water and agriculture departments, on how
which is exacerbated by a mismatch between
to improve the performance of investments in
qualifications and job requirements. With a range
water infrastructure for domestic uses, irrigation
of career descriptors, occupational groups, career
and other uses by community-driven planning.
paths and profiles in the water services sector the
The mid-term evidence created and lessons learnt
provision of guidance for skills planning, develop-
in the AfDB-WRC action research in Limpopo and
ment and tracking is extremely difficult. In addi-
experiences elsewhere will be presented as inputs
tion to this, the planning for skills development
into this dialogue
and the available education provision are not aligned. The existing needs of the sector are not being addressed by the available courses.
67
Abstracts
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Abstracts
There are no dedicated water and sanitation qual-
education and training providers; and employees
ifications at levels 2 – 6 of the National Qualifica-
of the public and private sector. Course material
tions Framework (NQF), and those generic qualifi-
was developed through work sessions and then
cations that offer some water-related modules do
presented to recipients through short courses
not produce graduates that are readily taken up in
with work skills practical experimenting. The
the water sector.
qualification development process for phase
Session 39 Stochastically determining end-uses from temperature data loggers Bettina Botha Session 39, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15
The establishment of a proposed IWETs Acade-
III is being managed by the Quality Council of
my, which would pay specific attention to improv-
Trades and Occupations (QCTO) and involves
ing the role of the water sector and the SETAs in
curriculum scoping, appointment of a Devel-
planning and executing skills needs analyses, plan-
opment Quality Partner (DQP) and Assurance
Background
ning and training provision, is never acted on.
Quality Partner (QDF), qualification verification,
End-uses of water are considered as building
module specifications development, develop-
blocks of the residential water demand pattern.
Recommendations
ment of external qualification assessment spec-
Residential end-uses can be categorised into in-
1. Create an entity that will fulfil an intermediate
ifications and registration with the QCTO. The
door uses and outdoor uses. The objective of this
role between the water sector and the SETAs to
qualification is also registered with the South
study was to assemble end-use data using tem-
implement all the previous plans that have been
African Qualification Authority (SAQA). SAQA will
perature loggers. The study focused on shower
developed and designed.
provide guidance on articulation between the
use and garden irrigation from private boreholes.
2. Improve links and plan collaboration between the water sector, Higher Education, TVET colleg-
three sub-frameworks that make up the National Qualification Framework.
es and the regulatory bodies for the engineering
Method The temperatures of outflow pipes at groundwa-
Results
ter abstraction points as well as at shower heads
3. Create an external entity, which could be the
The FETWater Phase I contributed to the devel-
were recorded. End-use temperature variation
same as per the entity in (1), to monitor the qual-
opment of training material on water resources,
was analysed to determine event durations – the
ity assurance of the training on the job and life-
it supported the update of the Environmental
borehole pumping duration and shower dura-
long learning programmes that has previously
Water Requirements (EWR) for the Berg river sta-
tions. The principle is to identify events based
been proposed.
tus report, was involved in updating of the WRC
on the difference between the recorded end-use
Watermark publication of the ecological river, as-
outlet temperature (e.g. on the groundwater out-
sisted in compiling estuarine management plans
let pipe or shower head) and some baseline tem-
and developed a master’s degree programme in
perature recorded simultaneously as a control.
EWR. The FETWater Phase II networks facilitated
The research involved two separate study sites
the registration of master’s degree programmes,
in the Western Cape region: site A involved 10
upgrading of undergraduate curricula, and of-
residential homes with garden boreholes, while
fered short courses to the water sector. FETWater
site B involved two University residences in Stel-
PhaseIII qualifications are going to be developed
lenbosch. The temperature at site A was recorded
with a knowledge module, practical skills module
over two time periods of 11 days, taking measure-
and a work-based skills module. Approval for the
ments every two minutes. The temperature log-
development of the qualifications has been ob-
gers were also used at two university residences,
tained from the QCTO and the project is current-
site B, to record shower water temperature over
ly at the stage of curriculum development and
two periods of five days each, every minute. Us-
learning material development.
ing the event durations, Monte Carlo simulations
and scientific professions.
Session 38 Capacity Building through the Framework Programme for Research, Education and Training in the Water Sector Moses Mukota Session 38, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The Framework Programme for Research Education and Training in the Water Sector (FETWater) is a programme that supports training and capacity building in integrated water resource management of the water sector in South Africa aligned to the DWAF/UNESCO/WMO Mission Report of 1998. The FETWater programme follows a phased approach and Phase I was conducted from 2002 to 2005. It was followed by Phase II, from 2007 to 2010 and the programme is currently in Phase III (2014 to 2019). It is being implemented by the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) through the Water Research Commission (WRC) as an Implementing Agent. FETWater operates as a collection of networks formed around a perceived lack of capacity in specific areas seen as being crucial to the implementation of the National Water Act, Act 36 of 1998.
were executed to estimate shower and garden Conclusion
irrigation end-use volumes.
The FETWater programme can be a flagship for governmental initiatives in tackling the skills
Results
shortage in the water sector, as it takes an oc-
A total of 59 pumping events and 759 show-
cupationally directed approach to qualification
er events were identified. Analysis of the data
development and aligning it with all the relevant
showed that, on average, residents irrigated via
sector professional bodies. This workplace based
boreholes for two and a half hours. The statistical
training is key in the success of developing rele-
models demonstrate that household ground-
vant competencies in creating a critical mass of
water abstraction points are likely to meet the
water scientists, practitioners and water use spe-
full demand for residential garden irrigation. The
cialists that need to be incorporated into the an-
data also showed that university students tend to
nual sector skills plan.
shower for an average duration of nine minutes, in line with other literature sources. The stochastically derived results showed that the expected
Methods
(average) shower event volume at a university res-
The FETWater programme is offered through a
idence was 83 ℓ/event. About 90% of all modelled
networks approach. FETWater Phase I and II were
shower events used more than 45 ℓ, despite events
offered through co-operative networks involving
being quite short with shower flow rates of only
69
Abstracts
7.9 ℓ/min - 9.4 ℓ/min. Shower event volume ex-
recorded, which exceeds the recommended fre-
ceeded 150 ℓ in about 10% of cases.
quency of 13 /100 km/year.
Conclusion
Conclusions
The non-intrusive and relatively small temperature
It was concluded that pressure in the water system
loggers proved useful in this research. Residents
was higher than the recommended levels. Since
were willing to partake in the study since no wa-
more busts occurred when the campus was fully
ter meters were installed. The small temperature
occupied as opposed to when the students were
loggers were also easily attached to shower heads
on a break, it was concluded that the burst were
in University residences and the devices were not
not only due to high pressures but also pressure
stolen or removed by students. The stochastic
variations. Therefore, pressure-reducing tech-
model was successfully used to determine event
niques were found to be effective in reducing the
volumes for two notable end-uses, namely garden
frequency of bursts in the system. It was recom-
irrigation and showers.
mended that this method be applied to institutions in the city as a water conservation measure.
Session 39 GIS-aided pressure analysis to aid water conservation at institutions: a case study of the National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe Annatoria Chinyama Session 39, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The National University of Science and Technology (NUST) is an institution in the drought prone city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. A high frequency of water pipe bursts have been reported, leading to disruption of services and high water losses at the institution. This paper proposes a method that uses GIS to aid pressure analysis in the water distribution system. Methods The methods applied in this study entailed determining current pressure in the water distribution system; investigating and mapping out pipe bursts using GIS techniques; and designing an appropriate pressure management system. The pressure in the water distribution system was examined using pressure data loggers for the duration of one month while the university was fully operational. For investigating and mapping the pipe bursts, data on the location of the burst, pipe material and the time when the burst was reported were collected in a desktop survey for a period of two years (2015-2017). A physical survey was conducted to obtain the geographical locations using a GPS application. An EPANET model was developed to design an appropriate pressure management system for the water distribution network. Results An average pressure of 86.5 m was obtained for the system, which exceeds the recommended pressure of 30 m - 35 m. An average frequency of 405 bursts/100 km/year for the system was
70
Session 39 Decision enhancement for the management of apparent water losses Mthokozisi Ncube Session 39, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 With reference to a case study of one of the largest utilities in South Africa, the paper proposes an improved methodology of managing apparent water losses through combining empirical apparent water loss assessment methods, comparative billing analysis, meter maintenance records analysis and a suite of management practices. The two main alternative assessment methods were initially compared and validated against the empirical assessment method and were found to be sufficient but are susceptible to manipulation. The methodologies were thereafter refined and standardized through the incorporating of clustering and regression analysis of over 600 000 consumption records to capture the various consumption patterns. The assessment methodologies are then all combined together with practical meter management practices derived from over 4 000 meter testing records, the consumption characterization of a sample of over 400 consumers and various field assessments of consumers and meters. The main output is a decision support tool with improved methodology for the estimation and the management of apparent water losses (due to metering errors) using available data. The tool will be invaluable to utilities for minimizing the costs related to the assessment of apparent losses while at the same time allowing for the standardization of the assessment of the apparent losses.
Session 39 Assessment of Water Distribution System Infrastructure and Development of Water Efficient Strategies for National Government Department Large Facilities Mark Shepherd Session 39, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The National Department of Public Works (NDPW) is the custodian and facilities manager for a number of properties on behalf of key national departments including the Departments of Defenve, Correctional Services, South African Police Services, Border Management Agency, Higher Education and Training and other Government facilities. Part of NDPW’s mandate at these facilities is the provision of efficient service delivery of water, wastewater, waste collection and energy. One of the key components of efficient operation of these complexes is the issue of water supply and water use efficiency. NDPW has committed to fulfilling the requirements of the Department of Water and Sanitation’s National Water Resource Strategy II, supported by the No Drop assessment and scoring framework. By taking the lead in managing a scarce water resource in large water use facilities, it is hoped that NDPW will set an example in water efficiency across Government facilities, and to this end has focused on Water Conservation/Water Demand Management initiatives/interventions in line with the Department of Water and Sanitation No Drop requirements at large client consumers. NDPW has appointed Service Providers who have completed water audits, water conservation/ water demand management strategies and water efficiency plans at 50 of the largest Correctional Services and Department of Defence facilities over the previous 12 months, prioritized based on their water consumption history. For each facility, a comprehensive WC/WDM strategy has been prepared that addresses two main areas: water conservation and water demand measures; and water distribution efficiency (limiting leaks) measures. For water conservation and water demand management measures, surveys were conducted that identified and quantified all initiatives that could be implemented on site to reduce water demand, quantified how much water was being used (and for what purpose), and also addressed behaviour, practices and attitudes of consumers related to water conservation measures. For water distribution efficiency (limiting leaks) measures, surveys were undertaken that identified and quantified all initiatives that could be implemented on the facility from the point of the
Abstracts
existing bulk consumer meter up to the water
requirements as deficiencies had been noted in
points covered in the water audit. This portion
previous assessments.
of the services included the determination of ac-
• Sourcing
of
technologies
and
solutions
ceptable background leakage, quantification of
through an Open Innovation Challenge to the
cost of excess leakage and an assessment of the
global market.
cost/benefit of leak detection and repair, pressure management and/or pipeline replacement.
Results
Each facility now has a documented Water Ef-
Apart from individual shortcomings, previously
ficiency Strategy that includes a baseline facility
identified applications for WTR had the common
water balance, list of prioritized interventions for
limitation of product transport costs. Options still
water demand reduction (from both usage and
deemed feasible after reappraisal included cement
leakage perspective), short- and medium-term
manufacture and the production of pressed build-
water demand projections, norms and standards
ing blocks. The review indicated that a final solu-
for water use per capita and economic analysis
tion would in all likelihood need to be a combina-
for interventions.
tion of approaches.
This paper will present the approach, meth-
Thirty samples of WTR were tested for composi-
odology, findings and output from the investi-
tion and leaching potential. The majority of results
gations undertaken at the top 26 Correctional
confirmed the assignment of the WTR as a Type 3
Services facilities and 23 Department of Defence
waste which negated any potential for reclassifi-
facilities across South Africa, including the base-
cation. Periodic but significant differences in both
line water consumption, projected demand re-
intra- and inter-laboratory results were observed
duction and key elements of the overall Water
and these affected compliance to threshold limits.
Efficiency Strategy.
A discrepancy in the regulation was also identified that appears to invalidate the classification of any
Session 40 Challenges and Innovation in the management of drinking water treatment residue at Rand Water James Parsons Session 40, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Arguably the most neglected aspect of drinking water treatment, the management of waste residue from purification works has received considerable attention in recent years. Typically the significant and escalating costs associated with its disposal together with compliance to revised waste legislation are the motives behind this renewed interest. Conventional disposal of water treatment residue (WTR) to land as practiced by Rand Water is not ideal and the company has been investigating alternate options for many years. This paper elaborates on these efforts with a focus on a recent initiative using an open innovation platform to solicit solutions.
Session 40
waste as a Type 4.
Carbon Footprint Reduction Achieved by Utilising Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Peter Wille Session 40, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Both water and energy are fast becoming scarce resources and every attempt must be made in order to reduce the consumption of these resources as well as to use what is available as efficient as possible. Treating wastewater is an energy intensive process and leaves a massive carbon footprint. As the world is moving towards greener and more energy efficient systems in order to reduce this carbon footprint, it becomes vital for wastewater treatment processes to adapt. One of methods that can be used to reduce the carbon footprint of a wastewater treatment plant is by using integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) instead of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes.
The Open Innovation Challenge yielded 28 proposals which were subjected to technical review
Method
and shortlisted for further consideration. Ultimate-
Based on operating and historical data, the car-
ly, one solution was selected for piloting after proof
bon footprint reduction of CAS and FCR will be
of concept was demonstrated. The application of
compared and the benefits and savings realised
this technology is considered novel as it involves
will be analysed.
thermal treatment of a primarily inorganic waste product. Benefits of the process include a substan-
Results
tial reduction in WTR mass, energy generation with
In a CAS system, the aerobic bacteria are de-
supplemental fuel addition and the production of
pendent on the oxygen that is supplied via aer-
ash for building block manufacture. A preliminary
ation but also needs to be kept in suspension.
economic analysis yielded positive results which
This is achieved by aerating sufficiently to also
will be corroborated by a pilot scale trial.
serve as mixing energy for the reactor, adding to the energy consumption. In a food chain re-
Conclusions
actor (FCR) IFAS system the bacteria are fixed
Classification of Rand Water’s WTR has been con-
onto plant-roots and engineered bio-fibre. In
firmed, although analytical precision and ambigu-
this type of system it is no longer necessary to
ity in waste legislation were areas of concern. An
keep the bacteria in suspension eliminating this
innovative technical solution has been identified
energy consumption.
to process WTR which includes several co-bene-
Furthermore oxygen transfer efficiency is a
fits. A comprehensive pilot scale evaluation of this
function of the mixed liquor suspended sol-
technology has been scheduled to confirm the in-
ids (MLSS) concentration in the water, with
itial findings.
better transfer efficiency achieved at low-
Methods
er MLSS concentrations. Since the bacteria
Facing the challenge of a disposal site that was
in the FCR reactor are fixed and no longer
rapidly approaching capacity hastened the
in suspension, the oxygen transfer efficien-
need to identify a viable solution. A threefold
cy increases, resulting in less energy required
approach was used to explore several avenues
to transfer the same amount of oxygen into
simultaneously:
the water.
• A review of the outcomes of previous inves-
As a result of the in-place attached growth
tigations dealing with WTR management at
nature of the reactor configuration, the need
Rand Water.
for return activated sludge (RAS) can be elim-
• Comprehensive testing of the WTR to confirm
inated from the process configuration. Thus
the waste classification in terms of legislative
these large pumps with their associated carbon
71
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Abstracts
footprint are not required, reducing the carbon
describing the isotherm data for the considered
solution of the target element for further process-
footprint further.
metal ions adsorption onto GXXB and GCCS,
ing. In comparison with conventional batch ion
while the Freundlich model was not efficient in
exchange processes, whereby resin is contacted in
Conclusion
describing the experimental data. In the case
fixed beds, this process removes target elements
As a result of these factors, the power consump-
of studied metal ions binding onto FGCX, The
more effectively with related economic benefits,
tion and hence carbon footprint of the FCR IFAS
Langmuir and Dubinin-kaganer-Radushkevich
such as reduced reagent consumption. The coun-
technology is significantly lower than for CAS (25-
(DKR) models were successful in describing the
ter current movement of resin to solution creates a
35%) and even more so when compared to mem-
isotherm data for the considered metal ions while
concentration gradient within the bed, which also
brane bioreactors (MBR).
the Freundlich and Temkin model fit some of the
promotes higher loading efficiencies. The constant
This paper will explore the various factors that
considered metal ions. Pseudo-second order and
movement of resin, with external washing means
contribute the reduction of an FCR IFAS wastewa-
intra-particle model described the kinetic data
the process is able to effectively remove dissolved
ter treatment plant’s carbon footprint i.e. Mixed
quite well. Thermodynamic parameters such
elements and suspended solids simultaneously.
liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration and
as Gibb’s free energy change (∆Go), enthalpy
Experimental work was conducted in two
how it effects the alpha-factor as well as how this
change (∆Ho) and entropy change (∆So) were
phases. The first phase involved ion exchange
translate to the carbon footprint of CAS, MBR and
calculated and the results showed the adsorp-
equilibrium isotherms to establish the optimum
FCR IFAS systems.
tion of Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+ ions
resin-to-solution ratio. Thereafter, pilot work was
onto GXXB, FGCX and GCCS is spontaneous and
conducted using a lab-scale continuous counter
endothermic in nature. Desorption of the spent
current ion exchange setup in the form of two 2 L
adsorbents was effective and the regenerated ad-
columns in series filled with strong acid cation and
sorbents were successfully used for another cycle
weak base anion resin respectively. Periodically a
of adsorption with no loss in the mass of the re-
portion of resin was withdrawn at the base of the
generated adsorbents.
individual columns and a regenerated portion of
Session 40 A comparison study of the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan derivatives in a synthetic media Ephraim Igberase Session 40, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Chemical modification of chitosan has become increasingly essential due to chitosan versatility that enables the material to be easily modified in a way of increasing its stability in an acid medium and enhancing its properties in adsorption processes.
resin transferred to the top of the column, thereby Conclusions
simulating the counter current movement of the
The adsorption of the considered metal ions onto
resin and solution. The loaded resin was contacted
GXXB was observed to have increased maximum
with dilute sulphuric acid to regenerate the cation
adsorption capacity (Qm) from the Langmuir
resin and a hydrated lime solution to regenerate
model as compared to the Qm obtained from
the anion resin.
the adsorption of studied metal ions onto GCCS
During the isotherm studies (laboratory ex-
and FGCX respectively. This may be due to the
periments), it was established that an optimum
presence of multifunctional groups present in
operational resin-to-solution ratio of 1:50 would
the adsorbent.
be used for further testing, as individual ele-
Methods In this investigation, chitosan solution was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, the cross-linked solu-
ment recoveries were above 90% at equilibrium.
Session 40
acrylic acid, 4-amino benzoic acid and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid to produce GXXB, FGCX and GCCS respectively. The chemical functionalities of the beads were obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cr6+, and Cd2+ ions from single component aqueous mixture by the three sets of developed adsorbents was studied separately in batch mode as a function of pH, temperature, initial concentration, contact time, agitation speed and ionic strength. Equilibrium data was obtained from the adsorption experiment. The data was applied in isotherm, thermodynamics and kinetic studies. Desorption studies were performed separately on the three sets of beads using 0.5 M HCl for 180 min. Results The Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-kaganer-Radushkevich (DKR) models were successful in
blowdown water, 99.8 % removal of calcium and 98.9 % removal of sulphate was achieved during
tion was used in producing the cross-linked beads and thereafter grafted separately with ethylene
The results of the pilot work showed that for the
Continuous Ion Exchange for Effective Water Recovery from the Wastewaters of a CoalFired Power Station Carien Spagnuolo Session 40, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Under current environmental and water supply constraints there is an increased focus on increasing water recovery and reclamation within the power generation sector. This paper looks at the recovery and re-use of two major contributing wastewaters within the water balance of a coalfired power station, namely cooling tower blowdown and concentrate from the power station’s reverse osmosis plant. Both these wastewaters have previously proven difficult and expensive to re-use effectively. This paper investigates the treatment of these waters using a novel continuous ion exchange system, called DeSAlx®. Continuous ion exchange involves the counter-current flow of resin and solutions whereby targeted elements are adsorbed onto the resin beads and desorbed to produce a concentrated
steady state operation. For the reverse osmosis concentrate a 99.8% removal of calcium and 99.7% removal of sulphate was achieved. During the operation of the reverse osmosis reject the simultaneous removal of suspended solids was also monitored. During steady state the average turbidity in the final product water was 1.1 NTU. This showed a consistent removal of suspended solids, whilst still achieving effective removal of the dissolved elements. No upfront filtration was required on either of the wastewaters tested. Further work will include a techno-economic analysis of this process in comparison with fixed bed ion exchange.
73
Abstracts
Session 41
Session 41
four separate probes. We hope to create a ‘plug and play’ system that can provide a range of continuous water data as new technologies, such as
SAICE infrastructure report card Kevin Wall Session 41, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Well-maintained infrastructure underpins quality of life and economic development. If maintenance is inadequate, social and economic growth will be impeded. In 2006, the South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE), in partnership with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), released the first ever “report card” assessment rating of the condition of engineering infrastructure in South Africa. The purpose of the report card was to draw the attention of government, and of the public at large, to the importance of maintenance, and to factors underlying the state of repair of infrastructure. Its success was such that the CSIR and SAICE brought the next report card out in 2011. The third such national infrastructure report card was released late in 2017. The paper begins by describing the purpose of the report cards, and then goes on to describe the process whereby the material for the report cards has been researched, and the report cards themselves have been drafted – and peer-reviewed. However, the bulk of the paper deals with the results of the 2017 report card, particularly with the results for the water and sanitation sector – not just the results, but also the trends observed 2006 through 2011 through 2017. How infrastructure gets to be in the condition it is can be a long story, involving many stakeholders and factors. The paper also describes the most common determinants of condition. Finally, the paper discusses what can or should be done to improve infrastructure condition, particularly the condition of water and sanitation infrastructure. Part of the research for the 2017 report card was a survey of built environment professionals – what their perceptions of infrastructure condition were, and what they considered to be the main determinants – and what can or should be done. The paper also summarises the results of this survey, and makes comment thereon. SAICE and the CSIR look forward to the opportunity for discussion of the 2017 findings.
74
Affordable digital water monitoring technology: measure to manage Jessica Fell Session 41, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 High-quality water data is fundamental to water resource planning, water and sanitation infrastructure design and scientific research. Water monitoring has benefited increasingly from advances in telemetry and sensor technology. Real-time monitoring devices and networks have greatly improved spatial and temporal resolution and convenience. However, high-quality water data is often inaccessible for a developing country such as South Africa, which is working with limited budgets and is unable to establish viable remote monitoring networks. In addition, monitoring equipment is vulnerable to theft and vandalism when installed in public places. Without access to accurate monitoring instruments, data on water flows in South Africa is fragmented, inaccurate and difficult to access. Moreover, the quality of data is often compromised because of non-standardised methodologies and human error during measurement and transcription. In response to these limitations, a team of environmental scientists and an electrical engineer from the University of Cape Town have developed a low-cost remote monitoring flow sensor for the developing country context. The sensor makes use of low cost sonar devices to gauge river height as a proxy for flow rates. The sensor operates via a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) based Internet of Things (IoT) node which transmits logging data to a centralised server to provide real time data analytics. The application of the sensor downstream of an under serviced informal settlement in Franschhoek, South Africa, demonstrates the value of continuous flow data to inform the design of drainage and wastewater treatment systems. For example, the results showed flow peaking at 0.668 m³/s on weekdays compared to 0.504 m³/s on weekends, with a relatively large input to the river around 9:30am every day. The pairing of flow data with Ammonia (NH₃-N) and rainfall data provided valuable insights into the first flush in an informally settled catchment, with NH₃-N increasing after an hour of rainfall, and indicating the sudden flushing of contaminated wastewater into the river. With the design of the flow sensor (described above) refined, the next step is to further develop our remote water quality sensor prototype. The water quality sensor is connected to the GSM based IoT node and measures dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH and temperature via
nitrate and ammonia probes, enter the market at an affordable cost.
Session 41 Applying the Internet of Things to water and wastewater infrastructure monitoring Dr George Gerber Session 41, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The 2017 Infrastructure Report Card of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering reflects its expert view on the current condition of public infrastructure in South Africa. The report card shows that in the past six years, one subsector has improved, 20 remain unchanged and five have deteriorated. The report highlighted the following three factors as having a critical impact on the condition of our infrastructure: the institutions that are tasked with their creation and maintenance, the skills within these institutions, and the availability and appropriate use of data and information to influence decisions. Regular collection and management of data forms the foundation for meaningful policy development and enables evidence-based, accountable decision making. Unfortunately, the Report Card has also noted a general reluctance at political and official level to publish data that may be unfavourable, even when authorities are legally obliged to. The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other smart methods have transformed infrastructure condition monitoring and management globally: (1) Condition monitoring can be done remotely and in real time allowing substantial amounts of data to be collected at key locations and times. (2) Big data analytics and soon artificial intelligence will automatically transform this data into information. Globally, the number of devices connected to an IoT platform is expected to increase significantly, from 400 million in 2015 to 3 billion in 2020, as governments and industries begin to implement IoT and smart methods to solve regionspecific challenges. The benefits of using the IoT and smart methods for infrastructure monitoring are numerous and include: (1) Evidence-based decision making using data records; (2) Improving up-time and reducing service interruptions using maintenance-oriented sensors on physical equipment; (3) Rapid response to accidents or incidents; (4) Mobility for many aspects of civil service and commerce, as well as support business growth and broader access to
Abstracts
government resources; (5) Solving higher-level is-
In particular, the modified orifice equation is used
treatment is not sufficient to reduce environmen-
sues, such as managing real time demand and en-
to characterise the leak type, as well as to deter-
tal toxicity at the upstream study sites.
ergy costs; (6) Improved civic engagement about
mine the size of the leak. The main outcomes are
A Venn diagram indicated that site S1 had 41
planning processes and priorities, as well as the
derived from the devices capability to: (a) identi-
387 unique SNPs, followed by 34 506 and 34 523
costs of vandalism.
fy bursts and background leakage; (b) determine
unique SNPs for sites S2 and S7 respectively. Com-
This paper will discuss the benefits and risks
the leak sizes and type; (c) identify faulty valves;
parison of the 50 most significantly expressed
of using smart methods and the IoT for infra-
and (d) assist water utilities to facilitate effective
genes revealed that MT2A, SQSTM1 and APOA
structure monitoring, as well as present selected
maintenance strategies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; by training operators to
were significantly upregulated at sites S1 and S2.
case studies.
run the tests, inspect the system and perform basic
Overall, significantly expressed genes were mostly
system maintenance.
associated with neurodegenerative disease and
Session 41 Pipe condition assessment device for assessing the condition of pressurised water pipelines Rene Nsanzubuhoro Session 41, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Water distribution systems (WDS) are responsible for delivering water from source to consumers. In most water distribution systems, a large percentage of water is lost while in transit. Water losses in WDS is usually attributed to several causes including leakage, metering errors and theft. Of these, leakage is the major cause. Leakage in WDS is a major concern to water utilities for several reasons, including loss of a limited resource and pumping energy, revenue loss, and increased health risk as leaks are potential entry points for contaminants if a pressure drop occurs in the system. Therefore, developing pipe condition assessment techniques that are economical and effective is becoming a priority for almost all water utilities worldwide. Although many new methods for leak detection have recently been developed and deployed, questions about their efficiency, effectiveness and economic viability have hindered their wide-scale deployment. Subsequently, many water utilities still do not have effective strategies for leak detection and management. The water distribution systems research group at the University of Cape Town has developed a pipe condition assessment device (PCAD) for assessing the condition of pipes and valves in water distribution systems. The device consists of a power supply, water tank, pump, various instrumentations and a GIS-linked phone application. The phone application provides information about the pipe network, assists in scheduling jobs and enables the reporting of any problems encountered onsite. The PCAD data is stored remotely via a cloudbased management system. The PCAD is connected to an isolated section of a pipe system. It then performs a series of pressure and flow tests to assess the condition of the isolated pipe and its isolation valves. Various leakage modelling techniques are used to analyse the data.
In this paper, the performance of the PCAD is
mental retardation which could possibly be traced
verified by carrying out field tests on various real
back to the metal content of the AMD. KEGG path-
pipelines in South Africa. The data obtained by the
way enrichment analysis revealed a large number
PCAD is analysed using the modified orifice equa-
of pathways related to cancer, demonstrating
tion leakage model. The results of the analysis are
that the environmental pollution by AMD could
used as a basis to characterise and assess the ex-
have far reaching impacts on human health. This
tent of leakage on the tested pipelines. Based on
information should be communicated to the au-
the insights gained from the field tests, a prelimi-
thorities as it shows that more should be done to
nary assessment on the effectiveness and feasibil-
prevent environmental health impacts as a result
ity of using the PCAD for leak detection is made.
of AMD.
Session 49 Genetic impacts of acid mine drainage on human HEPG2 liver cells: A Case Study in South Africa Maronel Steyn Session 49, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Acid mine drainage (AMD), apart from a very low pH, contains a variety of cancer causing metals and chemicals in differing concentrations. The impact of AMD at cellular, molecular and genetic level is not well understood. RNA sequencing technology offers an attractive method by which to look globally at the extent to which gene expression is affected by for example carcinogen exposure and may give key insights into its carcinogenic effects. The human liver cancer cell line HepG2 was exposed to AMD polluted water, and RNA-seq was performed to elucidate the human health impacts of AMD exposure at several sites downstream from where the AMD is released into the environment. Gold mining polluted river water was characterised by extremely high sulphate levels and high concentrations of metals such as iron, boron, cobalt, strontium, titanium and manganese. Sampling sites ranged from untreated AMD at site S1 to lime treated AMD at site S2. Site S4, further downstream, contained a combination of treated and raw AMD mixed and diluted with river water polluted by waste water effluent. Site S7, the furthest point downstream, was selected to determine whether the impacts of the AMD would still be visible this far downstream with the dilution, non-withstanding other non-point sources of pollution affecting the river. Bioassays (D. magma, L. sativa, etc.) indicated that the current AMD
Session 49 An approach to energy recovery from wastewater in pharmaceutical industry: A wastewater beneficiation case study Liam Kay Session 49, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 A number of pharmaceutical industries use organic solvents in the extraction of products from raw material. Typical is the use of ethanol as a solvent in the fractionation of protein mixtures in the manufacture of protein derived medicinal products, which results in the generation of wastewater with high ethanol content. A case study was performed, which involved identification of the most economically viable energy recovery option from wastewater from a pharmaceutical industry, located in Durban, South Africa. The work focused on the comparison of the feasibility of energy recovery through anaerobic digestion (AD) and biogas utilisation in a boiler, or ethanol recovery through distillation and use in an ethanol fired boiler. Method An assessment of the plant was conducted to map water utilisation, identify the major wastewater generating processes and to characterise the major wastewater streams. The streams with high COD were segregated from those with low COD to minimise the footprint and cost of the treatment/ recovery facility. The composition of ethanol in each stream was determined and a comparative analysis of the performance of distillation or AD in terms of energy recovery was performed. Each treatment and energy recovery option was designed based on the data generated from the site
75
Abstracts
assessment followed by capital and operational
Conventional chemical treatment programmes
cost estimation. Financial sensitivity analysis over
that had delivered acceptable results in the past
a projected period of 10 years was carried out to
now proved to have limited effectiveness under
predict the long-term benefits and a payback peri-
these new operating conditions.
od of using recovered steam from either option to supplement the plant steam requirement.
Methodology This study focused on the waterworks operated by
Results
Umgeni Water that were severely affected by the
The facility discharges an average of 200 m3/d of
recent drought in terms of water quality. Selected
wastewater, with COD of 10 000 mg/l. Segregation
water quality parameters were extracted during
of the high COD effluent stream identified 5 m3/d
the low flows from the water quality data. These
resulting from fractionation to contain most of the
were analysed using statistical and trend analyses
ethanol discharged to drain, at ca. 32% v/v with
and compared to water quality during high flows.
an associated COD of 500 000 mg/ℓ. Distillation
Plant records and dosages were also analysed and
can recover most of the ethanol in this stream
correlated with changes in the quality of raw wa-
(>90% v/v). Steam generation through an ethanol
ter into the plants. The augmentation of water re-
boiler could supply 85% of the plant steam re-
sources and changes of abstraction systems were
quirement while a biogas boiler could supply 65%
also evaluated.
of the plant steam requirement. AD is less efficient compared to distillation in generating a fuel source
Results
due to the energy utilised in the growth of bacteria
Differences in water quality were detected be-
and the generation of CO2. Distillation has a high
tween normal weather season and the drought pe-
operational cost with low capital cost while AD has
riod though not in a similar extent for each constit-
low operational cost with high capital cost. A pay-
uent. Subsequent changes in chemical treatment
back period of 3.5 and 6 years for distillation and
programmes and dosages not used previously
AD was calculated, respectively.
from one season to another were required mainly to deal with iron and manganese. Chemical treat-
Conclusion
ment application increased significantly for some
Either AD or distillation can be used for wastewater
systems. Some plants failed on determinants that
treatment and energy recovery in the pharmaceu-
had never failed before such as trihalomethane in-
tical industry; however, based on current capital
dex and the occurrence of some algae species in
and operational costs, distillation has almost half
the final water.
the payback period of AD. Segregation of industrial effluent is a necessary consideration for eco-
Conclusion
nomically sound wastewater management.
There is a need for water utilities to evaluate the current environment for new risks or modification
Session 49
to existing risks as it became obvious that conventional chemical treatment programmes that had delivered acceptable drinking water quality
The effects of the recent drought on the operation and the management of water treatment processes and the product quality at Umgeni Water Sibusiso Mdunge Session 49, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 During a drought period, much attention is focused on the physical availability of water supplies. The deleterious effects of drought conditions on water quality are also a concern. As a result of drought conditions raw water quality changes significantly and that possess new treatment challenges. Decreased stream flow leads to a decrease in dilution of chemical constituents (i.e. concentration). The excess pollutants result in impacts such as nutrient enrichment, undesirable algae growth, higher total dissolved solids, turbidity, lower dissolved oxygen, pH changes, higher temperatures and increases in pathogenic microorganisms.
76
Session 49 Water reuse in the mining industry is the ‘new gold’ – The BRPM case study Dr Jeremia Jesaja van der Walt Session 49, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 “We will only understand the value of water when the pit is dry”. Efficient water use is becoming a key strategic driver. The cost of water in the larger scheme of mining cost is relatively small, but if the water supply is not available or not reliable the cost of mining suddenly increases as a result of production inefficiencies. Water security on Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine (BRPM) case study will demonstrate how water security was improved significantly through a number of logical steps. BRPM was in a water surplus scenario in the sense that not all water discharged to the return water dam could be reclaimed. This situation was later aggravated as a result of the mine’s filtration plant not coping with the quality of the water from the return water dam. BRPM was in the fortunate position that they have a facility to store surplus water in open cast pits, but this was only a temporary arrangement for a number of reasons. Firstly the water storage is not authorised in terms of DWS legislation, secondly there is evidence that the water in the pits could potentially pollute the ground water and finally the open cast pits can overflow and also pollute the surface water sources. It was therefore essential that a solution be obtained for the problems with the reclamation circuit and the open cast pits be emptied and retained in that condition.
in the past now proved to have limited effectiveness under these new operating conditions. Un-
Methodology / Solution Development
foreseen changes in raw water quality can occur
As part of developing a sustainable solution it was
and may go unnoticed without additional moni-
necessary to develop an integrated water bal-
toring especially for water services providers that
ance for mining, minerals processing, the tailings
cannot afford to spend big amount of money in
return water facility and the sewage treatment
water monitoring programmes. Other environ-
plant. After analysing various water demand cen-
mental and operational changes, such as land
tres (zones), water circuits, water volumes and
use, will be needed to further elucidate the re-
water quality requirements for each type of water,
sponse of water quality to droughts. Procurement
for the current and future water footprint, water
policies will need to be redesigned in such a way
inefficiencies and potential water reuse interven-
that they are able to accommodate such unfore-
tions were identified.
seeable circumstances.
A central component of the reuse interventions was a water reuse treatment plant to treat the eutrophic, mildly acidic and brackish water from the return water dam. As a result of various unknowns in terms of the water balance, water demands and plant size, scenarios were developed to test the sensitivity of certain assumptions on the water treatment works capital and operating cost. This
Abstracts
yielded the result that the water reuse treatment
a multidimensional, individual-based model that
context, with the inclusion of biological and chem-
plant had to cater to treat the water for the gland
treats biomass components as discrete entities
ical processes, because of the impact of P on the
service, reagent makeup and cooling water needs
which are assigned rules designed to mimic sto-
mutual interaction between the connected unit
and potable water for the concentrator area.
chastic microbial behaviour. Simulations were per-
operations of the WRRFs. This paper provides
formed integrating one of several hypothesised
findings from the investigation of a P removal AS
Results and discussion
biofilm-MP interactions at a time. The output was
system linked to an AD, for investigations on the
The proposed treatment train to be implemented
then compared to observed biofilm development
proposed model stoichiometry of poly-phos-
in two phases including where phase 1 treated
in the presence of a NSAID to identify which inter-
phate (PP) release, towards improvement of AD
water to an industrial quality and phase 2 treated
action is reproduced. Activated sludge was used as
model predictions.
water to a potable/reagent makeup water quality.
an inoculum source for the experimental methods.
The savings generated by this plant will pay back
Biokinetic parameters (maximum growth rate, half
Methods
the capital in less than 4 years and reduced pota-
saturation coefficient, yield coefficient, and decay
In the study by Ikumi (2011), a University of Cape
ble water use by 50%.
coefficient) were estimated using a set of batch
Town (UCT) NDBEPR system fed 600 mgCOD/ℓ set-
The BRPM case study demonstrates that a prop-
respirometry experiments in which oxygen uptake
tled wastewater and additives (i.e., 200 mgCOD/l
er understanding of mine water circuits present
rate (OUR) was used as a direct measure of micro-
acetate and 40mg/lP from di-potassium hydrogen
many opportunities. Water reuse is essential
bial metabolism. The estimated parameters were
phosphate (KH2PO4)) was operated at steady state,
from a water resource, financial and socio-eco-
used for model calibration. Model output was then
at a 10-day system sludge age (SRT). Its WAS was
nomic perspective and can prove to be the
statistically validated against observed biofilm
fed to an AD system, operated at five different sol-
‘new gold’.
structural parameters. Biofilms were cultivated
id retention times (10, 18, 25, 40 and 60 days). The
using a continuous-flow tubular reactor with in-
results from this experimental set up were used by
line flow-cells fed with synthetic wastewater. The
Ikumi et al. (2014) in calibrating of the AD compo-
biofilm was exposed to the NSAID and compared
nent of the PWM_SA model. This calibration pro-
to a control operated in parallel. Biofilm develop-
cess was useful for exploring various hypothetical
ment within the flow-cells was monitored at sev-
possibilities of poly-phosphate (PP) release in the
eral time points using confocal laser scanning mi-
AD, which was identified as critical towards accu-
croscopy (CLSM) and biofilm structural parameters
rate prediction of the AD system performance.
Session 50 Modelling biofilm structure and micropollutant removal using an individualbased model James Kuan Broughton Session 50, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Micropollutants (MPs) are emerging contaminants found to globally persist in surface waters. There have been several local studies documenting a wide range of MPs found in South Africa’s rivers and wastewaters. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in particular are found in relatively high levels and are recalcitrant due to inefficient removal during wastewater treatment. Many MPs are of concern due to their potential long-term eco-toxicological impact on the environment. Clean, potable water is becoming increasingly scarce in South Africa. Consequently, effective wastewater treatment is vital for water reclamation. Biofilms have the potential to treat MPs, however, there is a lack of understanding of biofilm-MP interactions. Biofilms are composed of mixed communities of bacteria embedded within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and play a key role in the biological treatment of wastewater. MPs can potentially interact with biofilms through several mechanisms that influence their removal. These include: adsorption to the EPS matrix, direct metabolic degradation, or co-metabolic degradation. The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model and a set of experimental methods as a novel approach towards investigating biofilm-MP interactions. iDynoMiCS (individual-based dynamics of microbial communities simulator) was chosen as the model framework for this investigation. It is
were derived.
Proposed stoichiometric processes included
This study showed that simple batch respirome-
(model 1) PP release with formation of energy rich
try techniques can be used to successfully calibrate
poly3- hydroxy-butyrate (PHB) and (model 2) PP re-
a biofilm model. Moreover, the model proved to be
lease with death of the phosphorus accumulating
a useful tool for investigating fundamental interac-
organisms (PAOs).
tions between a micropollutant and a microbial biofilm. The model shows potential for use in future
Results
investigations to better understand biofilm-MP in-
Apart from COD removal (where all simulated re-
teractions in the context of wastewater treatment.
sults match measured ones well), the results predicted by the SDM3P simulation model with the
Session 50
inclusion of PHB uptake (i.e., model 1), have better matches to those measured where PHB uptake is excluded (i.e., model 2 - the P release being entirely
Modelling poly phosphate release during anaerobic digestion of sludge from nutrient removal systems Vukuthu Maake Session 50, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 The drive to recover phosphorus and predict potential problems in waste resource recovery facilities (WRRFs), such as struvite precipitation and pH changes in various unit processes, has led to extensive research into P removal in WRRFs (Kazadi et al., 2015; Flores Alsina et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016). Phosphorous is removed from wastewater by transforming it from the dissolved liquid phase to the solid phase. To track phosphorus through the unit processes of a WRRF, Ikumi et al. (2014) developed a three-phase plant wide model (PWM_ SA), which includes compatible AS (ASM2-3P) and AD (SDM3P) bio process model components. It was required to model P removal in a ‘plant-wide’
with PAO death. Conclusions Essentially, microorganisms are assumed incapable of planning their actions based on a WRRF configuration, and are expected to act according to the capabilities afforded to them by their surrounding environmental conditions. It is thus expected that when PAOs containing poly-phosphate (PP) are sent into an anaerobic digester with volatile fatty acids (VFAs) present, they would utilise the majority of their PP reserves as they would in the anaerobic zone of an AS process. This suggests that, there is some potential for energy transfer from the AS to the AD via poly phosphate when WAS is treated in AD systems. Due to the lack of an alternating aerobic zone required for PAO growth, their residual PP (post PHB formation) is, hence, broken down with PAO death.
77
Abstracts
Session 50 A plant-wide evaluation of the Benchmark Simulation Model No.2P for wastewater treatment systems: resource consumption and recovery using steady state and dynamic simulation models Muhammad Imraan Paleker Session 50, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Over 10 years ago, the notion of simulating standard models for activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was introduced as testing platforms upon which different control strategies were used to assess plant wide performance. The IWA task group developed the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2P (BSM2P) which extended the benchmarking platform to account for phosphorus (P) in wastewater treatment processes. However, with the inclusion of tracking phosphorus, a major, but unavoidable, degree of complexity was added to the plant wide context. This study addressed the complex aspects which were deficient within the current plant wide scenario, utilising performance criteria such as effluent quality indices (EQI) and operating cost indices (OCI). These tools aided the review of the best approach for future planning, optimal configuration and efficient operation of the BSM2P system. Ultimately, not to compromise effluent quality but still acquire the best monetary value for plant optimisation. Method The goal of this work was to develop and calibrate a mathematical model which operated under steady state (245 days) and dynamic (364 days) conditions. Using the BSM2P as a reference configuration, the performance criteria provided a comparative study which evaluated the following control strategies: (1) implementation of a UCT-type biological nutrient removal system and a modified primary settling tank (PST) onto the BSM2P (3-stage Bardenpho) reactors, (2) implementation of anoxic-aerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) and anaerobic digestion (AD) of primary sludge (PS), (3) flocculant addition, (4) implementation of a balancing tank, (5) addition of a fermentation tank, and (6) manipulation of recycle streams. Based on the output data generated during the final 364 days, the most effective control
into the anaerobic zone via the underflow recycle.
of the improved model to observe (a) strict ma-
Hence, the UCT configuration was the optimal plant
terial mass and charge continuity, (b) data re-
layout which produced a better effluent quality at
producibility as well as (c) anaerobic sludge and
minimum operation costs. The PST in the BSM2P
settled wastewater predictions. The experimental
system did not reflect reality by removing the same
component involves generation of data from (i) a
proportion of BPO ≈ 50% and UPO ≈ 50%. There-
settleometer fed real raw sewage and (ii) a full pri-
fore, a modified PST was incorporated to improve
mary settling tank from a wastewater treatment
the realism of the model, proving that it would be
system. The data generated experimentally study
better to remove more PS (greater net AD energy
is used towards model calibration and validation.
output) than trying to anaerobically digest WAS. A key instance was also noted that by simply remov-
Results
ing the nutrient rich recycle from the AD back to the
It is expected that the proposed improved mod-
AS system, the requirement for significant organic
el predicts in correct proportions (Wentzel et al.,
strength was reduced within the BSM2P system.
2006; Ikumi et al., 2014) the BPO, UPO and ISS components of the primary sludge. Hence, the
Conclusion
characterized primary sludge which is an anaer-
The comparative evaluation of control strategies,
obic digester (AD) input can become a prediction
using performance tools (EQI and OCI), proved to
tool with regards to the AD’s correct behaviour
be an effective procedure to assess effluent quality,
through products such as methane, nutrients,
operational plant costs and resource recovery on a
weak acid/base conditions and pH, which are
system wide level. Hence, providing ways to trou-
critical to predict the potential for failure or
bleshoot prospective scenarios and suggest feasi-
system recovery.
ble control options. Implementation of such tools will help standardise the design procedure, and
Conclusions
consequently, shape a benchmark for the WWTP of
Since primary sedimentation is the initial stage
the future.
in a wastewater treatment plant and its outputs feed into the other unit processes, the proposed
Session 50
line between these different units by characterizing the primary sludge into BPO, UPO and ISS.
Primary sedimentation modelling with characterized settling velocity groups Christian Leprince Polorigni Session 50, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Most of the current PST (primary settling tank) models are unable to link the measured influent data (inputs) with the primary sludge and the settled wastewater (outputs) and therefore make assumptions or use empirical relations, which may lead to poor predictions on energy recovery from the system. The inaccuracies, when tracking the energy plant-wide, occur when the settleable portion (primary sludge) of the total suspended solids (TSS) is incorrectly proportioned according to its biodegradable particulate organic (BPO), unbiodegradable particulate organic (UPO) and inorganic suspended solid (ISS) components. The objective of this investigation is to improve a current TSS- based PST model of Bachis et al. (2015) to account for correct proportions of BPO, UPO and ISS.
strategy was extracted which produced the best
78
study is expected to accurately predict the energy
Such a primary settling tank model could be realistically integrated to the other unit process models, such that waste resource recovery options could be mimicked more accurately.
Session 51 Addressing a water crisis: A Rand Water Initiative Nyree Steenekamp Session 51, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Introduction Water, sometimes seen as a simple resource, is actually a very complex aspect of our daily lives and without it we cannot survive. Often the need to protect and conserve it is disregarded or downplayed. The question is, however, should we be looking at water as a resource in isolation? The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals
effluent quality for the best plant configuration,
Methods
(SDGs) were officially implemented on the 1st of
while optimising operational costs.
The methodology involves both modelling and
January 2016. These SDGs aim to formulate targets
experimental studies. The modelling component
that address social, economic, and environmental
Results
generally requires (i) using the particle settling ve-
challenges. There is interdependence between the
The UCT system does not recycle as much nitrates
locity distribution (PSVD) theory (Bachis et al., 2015)
nature of society and ecosystems, that is portrayed
back to the anaerobic reactor when compared
to extract the TSS into different proportions of the
through the SDGs, one of which is the Food-Energy-
to the BSM2P system which directly fed nitrates
abovementioned constituents and (ii) calibration
Water (FEW) nexus.
Abstracts
Aim
Session 51
The Water Wise Education Team (WWET) aims to
tion via various platforms to respond to water crises.
Abstract not available at time of going to print. Please refer to the conference app or conference website for updates.
Method
Session 51
ing water education, aligned to the South Afri-
the need to assist educators and learners from all walks of life with various aspects pertaining to the wise use of water. The WWET focuses on curricula from Grade RR to Grade 12 as well as tertiary curriculums. Through consultation with the various education authorities, the Water Wise programmes have been customised and incorporated into curriculum based environmental themes. The Water Wise centres offer learners and teachers a unique educational experience in terms of the water purification process, water quality and quantity issues and the natural environment. As well as allowing the team to develop and host specific curriculum related activities. The Water Wise centres also act as Teacher Education Centres where teachers and lecturers from across the province, are exposed to water education as well as other interdependent social, economic and environmental challenges. The WWET have already established partnerships with external stakeholders, such as the Department of Education, Department of Environmental Affairs, the Department of Water and Sanitation, universities and local authorities, which has allowed for growth in a highly sought after educational product that the WWET has to offer. Results Through meaningful education services offered by the WWET, it is possible to strengthen the links in the development of our cities through the sharing of information with stakeholders as well as to respond to water crises as and when they arise. Conclusion Water is at the centre of meeting sustainable development goals as it underpins economic development. It is also the resource which influences many
ble with that of the Resource Quality Information System (RQIS). taken for raw water characterization and to determine the treatment plants’ removal capability of the bulk organic parameters, nutrients
can school curriculum, for more than 10 years. vironmental educators that have recognised
plant will be mapped on a GIS-system compati-
The sampling campaigns will also be under-
Rand Water has been instrumental in implement-
The WWET consists of a group of dedicated en-
chemical marker that will be selected. The wastewater content in the inflow to the water treatment
strengthen the links in the development of our cities through the sharing of information through educa-
during the sampling campaigns using a suitable
The status and extent of de facto water reuse (unplanned potable reuse) in South Africa Chris Swartz Session 51, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 A large number of water supply authorities (WSAs) and water service providers (WSPs) are dependent on polluted water sources (due to overloaded wastewater treatment systems, industrial discharge and unsewered informal settlements) for drinking water supply to the communities and industry that they serve. The drinking water treatment plants that were originally provided for drinking water production were not designed to treat poor quality water, resulting in a high risk for pollutants (in particular micro-pollutants) to pass through the treatment plants and have a health impact on the communities. These plants are now considered to be de facto reuse plants (unplanned potable reuse), because they in fact reuse wastewater that is discharged to rivers and dams and then abstracted downstream for potable use (Asano et al, 2007). This implies that the process configurations for treatment plants treating these waters should also include advanced treatment technologies to ensure removal of all unwanted pollutants from the incoming water. As a result of, in particular, the health implications of the rapidly growing occurrence of de facto reuse, it has become a high priority to quantify the extent of de facto reuse in South Africa. A project funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) is currently being undertaken to study de facto reuse, which will ensure that the national extent, health impact and economic impact of this current situation be researched and documented, which will provide the necessary knowledge base for remedial actions to be undertaken.
other sectors. The Water Wise curriculum focused programmes respond to various water issues and
Method
can strengthen the FEW nexus links in the develop-
Several studies have suggested the use of anthro-
ment of our cities.
pogenic organic compounds as chemical markers (indicators) of municipal wastewater due to their loading and persistent behaviour, eg caffeine,
and trace organics (micro- pollutants), including 7 CECs that were detected from the priority list that was drawn up in WRC Project K5/2369 (Swartz et al, 2016). A public acceptance and awareness study will be undertaken in cities or towns served by de facto reuse in four case studies to determine what the perception of the general public is regarding acceptance of using water containing wastewater (i.e. de facto reuse). An important output from this study is the extent to which higher public awareness of de facto reuse (knowledge) is correlated with higher acceptance. If, indeed, increased knowledge means increased acceptance, then the information on occurrence of de facto reuse can be used to improve the negative perceptions. For this purpose, the project team will develop multimedia educational materials on de facto reuse.
Session 51 Disinfection of treated municipal wastewater effluent considered for indirect reuse: A Case Study Dr Werner Rössle Session 51, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Appropriately treated wastewater effluent is increasingly regarded in South Africa as a valuable resource that can be utilised for indirect reuse by amongst others the industrial, agricultural and municipal sectors. Site specific solutions are required to use this scarce resource in a safe and sustainable manner. The City of Cape Town utilises 3 main disinfection methods in various configurations for bacteriological treatment of wastewater treatment plant effluent, i.e. chemical (chlorination – 16 installations), physical (ultraviolet (UV) radiation – 4 installations), and biological (maturation ponds – 14 installations). The relative cost and practical aspects of these disinfection methods should be considered and compared when considering future treated wastewater effluent indirect reuse options.
carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and sucralose (Oppenheimer et al, 2011; Badruzzaman, Haghani
Methods
and Jacangelo, 2013). The percentage wastewa-
The operational and maintenance data for vari-
ter in the raw water intake will be determined
ous wastewater treatment plants were reviewed
79
Abstracts
to obtain relative costs of some of the infrastruc-
Method
ture process configurations. In addition, some
JG Afrika assessed and modelled eight rep-
anecdotal evidence was captured to present
resentative building types on campus. Water
a case study of the most suitable disinfection
characteristics from each building type were ex-
treatment configurations at the existing plants.
trapolated across the campus to other similar
Session 52
Conclusion
for-purpose’ applications including greywater and
Stakeholders in the local wastewater treatment
roof rainwater (previously diverted to drainage).
sectors need to be mindful of the various ad-
Lastly, identify ‘new’ or alternative water opportu-
vantages and disadvantages of disinfection
nities for use to increase system supply capacity
technologies when considering indirect reuse.
such as groundwater abstraction, river water ab-
Operational and maintenance costs, reliable
straction and others. A range of specific interven-
bacteriological reduction levels achievable, in-
tions were recommended for each phase and at
frastructure requirements, environmental im-
each high-water use building.
Addressing challenges and opportunities for implementing water-sensitive design in South Africa Dr Kirsty Carden Session 52, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 As South Africa (SA) continues to face challenges of water scarcity and declining water quality, the relevance of Water Sensitive Design (WSD) – an approach to urban planning and design that integrates the management of the urban water cycle into land use and development processes – will increase. Locally-relevant information on individual technologies associated with WSD is well-documented; what is not so apparent in the SA context, is the way in which the notion of water sensitivity links with urban design and planning, and how the concept of WSD can be used to transform urban areas through policy development, institutional structures, community participation, integration of operation and maintenance processes, and job creation.
to be considered. For this case study, upstream
Results
Methods
membrane treatment combined with UV disin-
The first phase (still being implemented) has
The overall aim of this study was to test the WSD
fection is the most suitable configuration when
reduced campus water demand to date by ap-
concept and framework that was developed as
considering final treated wastewater effluent for
proximately 50% through the installation of, inter
part of WRC Project K5/2071. This was achieved by
indirect reuse.
alia, efficient fittings and pressure management.
way of an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the
Education regarding consumer behaviour, par-
Liesbeek River catchment in Cape Town – includ-
ticularly in residences, has also played a role. The
ing developing a total water balance; investigating
second reuse phase is being implemented and in-
the feasibility of water (re)use options (rainwater/
volves reuse of treated shower greywater for toilet
stormwater/grey-water harvesting, and water ef-
flushing and irrigation. The predicted cumulative
ficient devices); assessing property value capture
campus saving, including phase 1, for this inter-
opportunities; exploring architectural influences
vention is 60-70%. A further ‘reuse’ recommenda-
in WSD; and determining environmental and so-
tion is to capture, treat, store and reuse roof rain-
cio-economic externalities. A range of other sites
water for showering in residences, which could
which demonstrate aspects of WSD and offer
increase campus saving a further 5-10%. The last
means of developing a practice for WSD was also
phase focussed on tapping two alternative sourc-
explored. In addition, an investigation of the po-
es for potable use namely, borehole abstraction
tential for using Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)
in conjunction with SuDS managed aquafer re-
in the Cape Flats Aquifer (CFA) was undertaken – in
charge that can bring cumulative campus saving
particular, to determine whether there is potential
up 75-85%, and using abstracted river water pre-
to infiltrate winter rainfall into the aquifer and to
viously used for irrigation to meet the remaining
enhance the storage capacity through controlled
campus demand.
summer abstractions.
Conclusions
Results
WSUD principles applied to the Stellenbosch Uni-
The research indicated that different WSD tech-
versity Campus using ‘The Water Management
nologies provide a range of diverse benefits,
Hierarchy’ enables the campus to be more water
which can either be substantially increased (e.g.
self-sustainable.
where a treatment train is used for stormwater
buildings and calibrated against utility data to Results
develop a comprehensive campus list of all wa-
The relative cost of disinfection methods based
ter users. The top forty users, comprising 80%
on a normalised UV cost baseline of 100% com-
of the total demand, was the primary focus of
pares to a chlorine gas cost at about 55% and
intervention implementation.
chlorine chips cost at about 25%. Maturation
WSUD principles were implemented through a
pond costs vary considerably, as it depends
JG Afrika strategy termed ‘The Water Management
largely on the pond design, the cleaning fre-
Hierarchy’ comprising three phases. First, reduce
quency, as well as the solids disposal method.
campus demand by installing efficient fittings,
At an averaged pond cleaning cycle the relative
addressing leaks, education to encouraging be-
cost is estimated at about 15%.
haviour change and managing system pressures. Second, reuse as much water as possible in ‘fit-
pacts, safety, and training are some of the factors
Session 52 Implementing water sensitive design using ‘the water management hierarchy’: a South African university campus case study Benjamin Biggs Session 52, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’ (WSUD) – reduced to Water Sensitive Design (WSD) in South Africa – is a widely accepted concept internationally that addresses limitations of conventional urban water management and aims to be the medium through which sustainable water management is achieved. Although acceptance of WSD in South Africa is gradually increasing, there are very few local implementation case studies. South Africa is a water scarce country and the sustainable provision of water to its citizens is one of the most significant challenges. The Western Cape was declared a disaster area in May 2017 due to severe drought. JG Afrika was appointed to develop a sustainable water management masterplan for a Stellenbosch University campus to, inter alia, reduce potable demand, utilise all identified water sources optimally and avoid using potable water for irrigation.
80
quality management) or decreased (e.g. where multiple alternative water sources are being used to supply water for only one end use). The study of the CFA found that MAR could offer value for both water supply and stormwater management/
Abstracts
reducing flooding. Additionally, WSD and its ap-
towards WSD in the City of Cape Town (CoCT).
plication in MAR offers valuable benefits includ-
The objective was to interrogate city governance
ing pretreatment, enhanced public amenity, and
structures related to water scarcity, flood risk and
improved biodiversity.
wastewater treatment in order to develop a better understanding of the current sustainability
Conclusions
issues with respect to water management in the
The study showed that WSD has the potential
CoCT, as well as to highlight the opportunities
to change the way in which water is managed
for and barriers to the municipality’s transition to
in SA so as to increase sustainability and devel-
water sensitivity.
op resilience within water systems. If options are considered early on in any design process – in
Methods
association with the planning for potable water
The City Blueprint Approach, a diagnostic tool
and sewage treatment systems – WSD could po-
consisting of two frameworks, the City Blueprint
tentially provide urban areas with supplementary
Framework (CBF) and the water Governance
sources of fit-for-purpose water, thereby reducing
Capacity Framework (GCF), was employed to
the demand for potable water. It is acknowledged,
collect data.
however, that embedding a new paradigm such
A desktop study for the CBF was carried out,
as this will take time, and will be dependent on
which focused on 25 indicators divided into sev-
local-level knowledge and the appropriate ‘cham-
en comprehensive categories: water quality, solid
pions’ with some level of recognition and politi-
waste, basic water services, wastewater treatment,
cal acceptance to take it forward. An integrated
infrastructure, climate robustness and govern-
‘Water Sensitive’ strategy and/or action plan and
ance. Each indicator was scored on a scale from
associated targets – with resilience as the main
0 to 10; thereafter the results were presented in a
focus – should be developed for all towns and
radar chart.
cities, and should link to the SA WSD framework and guidelines.
Concurrently, an assessment of the governance structures related to water scarcity, flood risk and waste water treatment was completed through a
Session 52
process of conducting semi-structured interviews with local experts and stakeholders. The GFC consists of nine conditions, each with three indicators,
Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards water sensitive design in the City of Cape Town Boipelo Madonsela Session 52, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Over the last few decades, water resources in urban areas have come under immense pressure due to steadily increasing population numbers and changes in rainfall frequency and intensity caused by climate change. South African cities in particular are faced with the challenge of meeting the demand for scarce water resources. This has resulted in a need for new approaches to designing infrastructure and technological innovation in the water industry to aid the management of water in the face of these emerging challenges. Transitions literature suggests, however, that achieving sustainable cities requires a combined socio-technical transformation of conventional water management approaches. In this regard, Water Sensitive Design (WSD) is recognised as a new “philosophical approach to urban planning and design that aims to minimise the hydrological impacts of urban development on the surrounding environment”. The aim of this research was to explore the favourable institutional contexts for orienting
which together were utilised to determine the governance capacity needed to address water scarcity, flood risk and wastewater treatment. Each of the 27 indicators were scored according to a Likert scale ranging from very encouraging (++) to very limiting (--). Results The results of this research indicate that the CoCT has had some success in its efforts related to the sustainable management of water resources through the implementation of policy, action plans and a range of learning opportunities for city officials and local stakeholders. Despite these efforts, however, issues of financial viability, implementing capacity and political will have hindered progression towards WSD in the city. Conclusions The research has emphasised that sustainable water management and a transition towards water sensitivity requires more than just redesigned infrastructure; it has also highlighted the different institutional contexts that make transitioning to-
Session 52 Resource guidelines for domestic rainwater harvesting in South Africa Dr Jean-marc Mwenge Kahinda Session 52, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 South Africa is actively pursuing alternative water sources to meet its ever increasing demand for freshwater. Domestic Rainwater harvesting (DRWH) is an alternative water source that has been receiving a lot of attention over the past two decades. Although it presents many benefits for urban sustainability and is quickly emerging as a key strategy in order to cope with water scarcity in urban and rural South African settlements. The very slow adoption and implementation (particularly in urban settlements) is largely due to the lack of specific user and program implementation guidelines. The focus of scholars has been on optimizing DRWH systems and quantifying water and money savings. However, the most important question to pose is: “What will the water be used for?” That not only determines to which degree the harvested water needs to be treated but also how its use should be regulated. Water used for irrigation does not require the same level of treatment as water used for potable indoor purposes and should not abide to the same quality standards. There are no regulations that specifically govern DRWH in South Africa. However, the National Building Regulations (SANS 10400) which governs all building and construction work in South Africa and other consumer installation standards do affect aspects of DRWH systems such as tank installations, internal plumbing, etc. While relevant Acts make provision for the enforcement of such regulations, almost all local governments currently lack human capacity. This paper discusses the first South African resources guidelines for DRWH that has been developed to guide the design, installation and management of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. The manual should become the primary source of information and decision-support to all stakeholders and its ultimate purpose is to enhance water security by mainstreaming DRWH into the development and management of water resources in South Africa. The paper also highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to pave the way towards a national DRWH strategy.
wards WSD possible both in CoCT, as well as other cities in developing countries with similar social contexts to South Africa.
81
Abstracts
Session 53 Understanding industrial effluent water quality: What is the norm and why we need to do better Genevieve Harding Session 53, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 South Africa is a water-stressed country, therefore it is important to understand water use and effluent generation. Previous research and workshops have identified gaps in the characterisation and remediation of effluents in South Africa (Claassen & Masangane, 2015). Untreated effluents pose an environmental and social hazard, but there is value in effluents. This value is in the form of recoverable water; salts and metals (inorganic components); energy (organic components); and/or reduced environmental hazards. Treatment is required to recover this value and reduce risk; while characterisation is required to develop treatments. Yet characterisation is often poorly reported for effluents. Effluents are characterised privately for company records and permits. How accessible is effluent characterisation information? And, how can it be accessed? Method Effluent characterisation data was acquired by ‘unlocking’ inaccessible public and private data, through informal and formal routes. Informal ap-
effluents is necessary. This is critical to push for-
them to choose the right technology for the
ward research and governance on effluent reme-
right application based on individual biomonitor-
diation, while also being important for industry.
ing needs.
Session 53
The outcome of this study provides water service providers with the necessary knowledge and tech-
Recent advances in global bacteriological water quality monitoring Caitlin Rogers Session 53, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Water service providers have a growing need for faster bacteriological water quality monitoring solutions (biomonitoring) to ensure integrity of distribution networks, reservoirs, storage tanks, etc. and to optimise water treatment processes. In response, advances in molecular biology and other disciplines has led to rapid development in the field of biomonitoring over recent years and improvements in analysis time, ease of operation and reduction of cost. Uptake and implementation by the end users, allowing water service providers to better understand and manage resources and leverage the jump in development has however fallen behind. Addressing this challenge, Isle Utilities led a recent collaborative study bringing together 11 water companies from across Europe to investigate state of the art microbiological water quality solutions for water treatment and drinking water network optimisation and control.
proaches included building relationships and semi-structured interviews, while formal proce-
Method
dures included legal applications via the Promo-
The project included a review of the latest meth-
tion of Access to Information Act.
ods utilised for rapid biomonitoring from the different disciplines, including molecular biology,
Results
biochemistry, and physics to provide a better un-
Van der Merwe et al. (2009) and Cloete et al.
derstanding of the underlying techniques.
nology options which they can select. Understanding these options, the stage of development and case studies all help in building resilience around decision making. This in turn allows for a wider and appropriate adoption and implementation of biomonitoring technologies improving water quality and safety.
Session 53 Optimisation opportunities for combined water quality monitoring programs for water services providers and water service authorities L Liee Session 53, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Introduction Between 1994 and 2012, over 21 million people in South Africa were given access to an improved water source and, in 2008, the initiative of Blue Drop certification tackled the challenge of decentralising the monitoring of water sources. The national government has implemented regulations and policies to deliver safe water to all, but some local water services authorities (WSAs) have not progressed with the national standard with regard to their monitoring programmes. Some of the underlying reasons include skills shortages, lack of proper planning to address challenges, inadequate and frequent change of management and, most importantly, inadequate financing.
(2010) identified pulp and paper, aquaculture,
In addition, a horizon scan into globally available
power generation, mining and petroleum indus-
technologies was carried to unearth and assess the
tries as major effluent generators by volume in
suitability and applicability of these against water
Aim
South Africa. This research builds on volume char-
service providers’ needs.
The overall aim of this study was to investigate
acterisation by mapping effluent generation (by
Finally, a simple risk management tool was built
the possibility of integrating the Rand Water
location) and introducing detailed composition
to guide water service providers to the right solu-
monitoring programme with the WSA monitoring
characterisation. This research has revealed that
tions for different applications based on key crite-
programmes in order to develop an optimised,
composition information is often inadequate and
ria such as amongst others response time, target
standardised water quality information database.
inconsistent in terms of meaningful parameters.
organisms and maintenance constraints.
The strategy aims to have a centrally controlled
Although effluent information is non-confidential
82
Conclusions:
water quality database that provides a stream-
and publically available, in practice accessing it
Results
lined platform for access to water quality infor-
is challenging.
The project allowed collaboration partners to
mation pertaining to the entire supply chain by
gain a better understanding of the underlying
cost effectively utilising existing resources.
Conclusions
technological processes and different approaches
This work has highlighted barriers with regard to
to biomonitoring as well as current capabilities
Methods
accessing information, which require resources in-
and limitations thereof. In addition, it gave them
The desktop study analysed the Rand Water
cluding time and money. It is important to realise
a library of 40+ globally available biomonitoring
monitoring programme (specific to each WSA) in
that value can be recovered from waste streams
technologies including detailed information form
combination with the monitoring programme of
while protecting the environment. In order to
energy consumption to case studies and costs.
each of 14 Water Services Authorities within Rand
achieve this, comprehensively characterising
Furthermore, the risk management tool allows
Water’s area of supply. The sum total of analyses
Abstracts
performed (source to tap), for each of these 14 com-
Methods
drought and in the National Water and Sanitation
binations, was subjected to a Gap analysis using the
The water quality monitoring system (WQMS) had
Master Plan. However, the confusion around termi-
requirements of the South African National Stand-
various components which are equipment, flow
nology illustrates the reality that the evidence for
ard for Drinking Water (SANS 241:2015).
measurement and data handling. The physical
economically viable contributions to water security
equipment which includes the five sensors, pump,
through “Nature Based Solutions” is poorly articulat-
Results
flow meter, and control/display panel and the hy-
ed, difficult to access and contradictory in outcomes
The findings reflected little commonality in the
draboard which is the intelligence unit that inte-
and recommendations, thus creating a barrier to the
monitoring programmes of the different WSAs. Nu-
grates all components and effects communication.
uptake of these proven solutions.
merious gaps have been identified, while concerns
Then a Doppler flow meter was placed in the river
In this study, we connect these ideas through
and issues raised were generally ascribed to institu-
to measure river flow in relation to water quality.
the presentation of three illustrative case studies
tional capacity. The shortages of financial and tech-
The data collected by the unit is then transmitted
undertaken in South Africa by interdisciplinary
nical resources were identified as critical barriers to
to a server by a GSM unit and the data can be ac-
teams of environmental planners, engineers, hy-
meeting acceptable standards.
cessed through a website. The website had to be
drologists, economists and social scientists ap-
developed to suit the needs of eThekwini, which
plying both qualitative and quantitative methods
Conclusion
were graphical representation of trends, statistical
for analysis of hydrological, economic and social
Gaps identified and potential solutions mooted are
analysis by box and whisker plots, and ability to ex-
data. Specifically, we determine Unit Reference
strongly dependent on the availability of resourc-
tract data for a desired period.
Values (cost per m3 of water realised) and indices
es and budget allocation. Long-term commitment
EThekwini appointed the services of CSIR to be
of human benefit for various Nature Based Solu-
has been proven to be key to integrating the Rand
the implementing agent for the project and they
tions and compare these to specific built infra-
Water monitoring programme with the WSAs moni-
did the procurement, installation and operation of
structure projects at different assurance of supply
toring programmes and should be viewed as an op-
the system. At the end of the contract term, the sys-
levels. Thus, the study provides detailed analysis
erational investment to meet the national standard.
tem was then going to be handed over to EWS to
of the costs and benefits of investment in Nature
operate and maintain.
Based Solutions.
Results
panacea but, when used in conjunction with built
The project presented numerous challenges for the
infrastructure, can provide meaningful and sustain-
team. Challenges experienced were; theft of equip-
able returns on investment which extend well be-
ment, getting a river flow measuring system that is
yond water supply. Opportunities and challenges
accurate, maintenance of the equipment, handling
to embedding this approach in current and future
data internally, internal resources to operate and
water resources planning are highlighted.
Session 53 Lessons learnt on implementation of real-time online river water quality monitoring system Londiwe Satimburwa Session 53, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Bremen and Durban have established a municipal development partnership for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and natural resource protection based around the Umhlangane Catchment Management. There is a need to use water quality as a performance indicator in the success of the various projects which have been implemented on the Umhlangane River Catchment, in particular. As a result, an online water quality system was installed in the lower reaches of Umhlangane River to measure pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, flow and oxidation reduction potential (ORP). The water quality information derived from the continuous river monitoring station on this catchment will serve as a monitoring tool on the success of the projects. The online water quality system was the first of its kind for the city of Durban, the success of which would inform the implementation of a similar system in other catchments. The installation was a tremendous learning curve for the eThekwini Water and Sanitation (EWS) team and was not without its challenges. The objective was to install and operationalize a water quality monitoring system (WQMS) with a mini-lab with sink and cabinet for onsite calibration or any other practical analyses.
We conclude that Nature Based Solutions are no
maintain, and the respective budget for it. Conclusion
Session 54
This paper seeks to highlight the lessons learnt through implementing such a system, challenges and benefits experienced, and the things that need to be considered at the outset. It also makes recommendations for better implementation of similar systems in future and to ensure the sustainability of the system.
Session 54 Quantifying the costs and benefits of Nature Based Solutions for water supply Prof. Graham Jewitt Session 54, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Terms such as ecological infrastructure, green infrastructure, natural capital and ecosystem services are often conflated causing confusion amongst policy and decision-makers and arguments amongst academics. Recently, the term Nature Based Solutions has been used as an umbrella term for these and highlighted in the 2018 United Nations World Water Development report. In South Africa, the term Ecological Infrastructure has gained traction, featuring prominently in the discussion around Cape Town’s
Urinals for Women and Girls: Harvesting urine from the other half of South Africa’s population Jeanette Neethling Session 54, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 LiquidGold focuses on unlocking resource potential from human waste by converting urine into fertilizer. LiquidGold’s core effort involves converting existing public urinals into waterless urinals to harvest urine for treatment and reuse. In order to create a more gender-inclusive technology and provide an opportunity to harvest urine from girls and women, LiquidGold developed an innovative gender-neutral toilet, which is meant for urine only. In addition to urinals allowing production of a fertiliser by-product, urinals for girls have been identified in a Water Research Commission school sanitation study as a potential solution to unhygienic and unsafe school toilets as well as the backlog in school sanitation. Though there appear to be many potential benefits of urinals for females, there has been limited work to test their acceptability and practicality. The Water Research Commission commissioned a 2017 study on the acceptability of female urinals
83
Abstracts
for public spaces in South Africa. The study included
tunnels and canals. The average annual transfer
field trials with LiquidGold’s gender-neutral toilet
from the Orange River catchment to the Eastern
at schools in the Pietermaritzburg area. During the
Cape Province is just less than 700 million m3/a.
field trial, seventy-six percent of users said that their
The predominant use of the transferred water is
experience was either good or excellent, and 98%
for irrigation, with some use by small towns, as
said that they would use urinals if available at their
well as by the Nelson Mandela Metro.
school. This study resulted in a recommendation to
An evaluation of the efficiency of the Or-
the Department of Education to add female urinals
ange-Fish-Sundays Scheme has been undertak-
as an option in their toolkit to address shortages
en, mainly to improve the estimates of the actu-
in school sanitation in a cost-effective way and im-
al water use and efficiency of use of transferred
prove girls’ experience in school toilets.
Orange River water, and to recommend efficiency
LiquidGold’s solution for school urinals consists of
measures to be implemented. The approach fol-
an E-Container (converted shipping container) with
lowed was to identify and screen a long list of
waterless urine-only facilities for males and females.
potential water use efficiency options, evaluate
Urine is diverted into collection tanks onsite and
the most promising options and make practical
treated in a bioreactor. Magnesium is added to form
recommendations to improve water efficiency.
struvite granules. Once the granules reach the size
This included:
required for standard fertiliser blends, they are har-
• Reducing the allowance for allowed losses in the
vested, dried and bagged, ready for distribution and
earth canals of the Great Fish River Water User
sale. Production of Pure Gold fertiliser reduces pol-
Association, with a further recommendation to
lution of aquatic systems and demand on non-re-
implement a pilot project to test actual canal
newable phosphorus sources. The E-Container is
leakage. The lining of prioritised ‘hot spot’ canal
currently in use in an Mpumalanga school. During
sections and the removal of riparian vegetation
the first year of use, the preliminary acceptance rate
along the earth canals is recommended
from learners was 80%. Approximately 1 500 ℓ of
• Reducing operational releases in the lower Fish
urine is harvested each month, which allows Liquid-
and Sundays rivers, linked, inter alia, to the ef-
Gold to produce 17 kg of fertiliser.
fective implementation of the Orange-Fish-Sun-
There is a strong case for further consideration
days Operational Model to optimise operations.
of urinals for females in schools and public spaces.
Implementation of these recommendations
With LiquidGold’s existing efforts in design, South
have started and have already lead to significant
Africa has an opportunity at its fingertips to lead the efforts in utilising this technology effectively. This solution can directly address SDG6, adequate and equitable sanitation, and SDG2, zero hunger.
savings in transferred water • Improvement
in
water
use
efficiency
measuring, monitoring and accounting in the irrigation areas
LiquidGold is currently working to motivate the
• Targeting sustainable irrigation when mak-
DBE to install the technology in more schools. The
ing future water allocations to resource-poor
vital next step is sharing the information and out-
farmers, by ensuring a focus on the enabling
comes of field trials.
success factors Because the canal ‘dry periods’ are quite short, the
Session 54
evaluation found that concrete-lining of the 500 km of earth canals would be very expensive and not feasible without significant subsidisation. The
Targeting efficient use of transferred Orange River water to the Eastern Cape province Erik van der Berg Session 54, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 South Africa is a water-scarce country, with the distribution of freshwater not comparing well with where water is needed. Water reconciliation is, therefore, often achieved through large inter-basin transfer schemes. The approach to managing such large transfer schemes need to become more sophisticated to ensure improved efficiency of use, as water stress increases. Water is transferred from the Gariep Dam on the Orange River to the Eastern Cape via the Orange-Fish-Sundays transfer system, through the Orange-Fish Tunnel, river transfers, weirs, dams,
84
removal of reeds along the Great Fish River was also not considered to be feasible. The evaluation was achieved by developing a good knowledge base of the receiving catchments, gaining a good understanding of the water efficiency issues, and effective interaction with a wide range of key stakeholders of the receiving catchments. Responsibility for implementation of efficiency measures, when considering ownership of bulk infrastructure and the potential for resistance from irrigation farmers, likely poses some challenges to implementation.
Session 54 Rapid detection of microbiological contamination by measurements of specific enzymatic activity – Results after 4 years of validations and experiments in different applications Wolfgang Vogl Session 54, Meeting room 1.63, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Bacterial contamination is an essential parameter of water. Not only is it a global health issue, it is also of paramount importance in industrial applications. Bacterial water quality monitoring relies on laboratory testing of grab samples and is associated with time delays of 24 hours or more, as set out by ISO 9308-3 standards. This fact excludes this important parameter from possibilities and positive effects of smart technology such as automatic measurements, increased efficiency and safety through automated process control, online visualisation and automatic notification in case of events. This presentation introduces the combination of a rapid microbiological method (15 min time to result) utilising the measurement of specific enzymatic activity as a measure for microbiological contamination combined with a fully automated measurement technology as well as online data transfer that enables the use of modern (internet) technologies and automation in the important field of microbiological contamination. Measurement data produced during four years of field tests in different applications as well as studies on the correlation with classical culture-based methods will be presented. The presented results are mainly measurements of E. coli specific Beta – D Glucuronidase activity [1] as well as Alkaline Phosphatase activity as a proxy for the culture-based parameter of Total Bacteria. The applications presented range from sewage plant discharge and disinfection process monitoring over surface and raw water monitoring [2], to membrane integrity, flocculation process monitoring, and as well drinking water monitoring at utilities sites, industries, and universities from New Zealand to Canada. In respect of a possible future standardisation of a rapid microbiological method, a main advantage of the enzymatic approach for rapid microbiological measurements is the fact that measurement devices of any kind can easily be calibrated using calibration solutions of known enzymatic activity, which can be produced in any professional lab. This calibration can be applied independently of the technology used to measure the enzymatic activity.
Abstracts
Standardisation institutions are aware of the
water usage trends increasing beyond available
tower make-up. Thus, the raw water consumption
need for a rapid microbiological method, there-
catchment yields; and current infrastructure ca-
for cooling tower make-up has decreased and the
fore discussions with these institutions in the
pacity limitations. Thus, Eskom has developed
ash dam levels have been reduced to safe levels.
US, Europe and Hong Kong are ongoing. By the
policies and strategies for water accounting, inte-
time of the presentation, the latest status will
grated water management, strict raw water usage
Conclusion
be mentioned.
targets, and zero liquid effluent liquid discharge.
Eskom is committed to support the drive to im-
The implementation of these principles has en-
prove the management of South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scarce
couraged the installation of wastewater treat-
water resources; thus, treating and reusing effluent
ment plants (WWTPs) at most coal-fired power
stations is a priority. To realise these benefits, the
stations (PS) to reduce cooling water blowdown,
WWTP design cannot be off-the-shelf technology.
recover ash dam water, recover acid mine water
Understanding of the variable nature feed water
(in some cases) and promote the reuse of pow-
quality, power station operations, and incorpo-
er station drains. The objective of this article is to
rating robust technology selection in the design
provide a critical review of the performance of the
phase are essential.
Session 62 Coal mine pit lakes in South Africa Andrew Johnstone Session 62, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 In South Africa it is estimated that there are over 100 coal mine pit lakes associated with active, closed and abandoned mines. The final pit lake water quality impacts on the long-term mine closure options. Pit lake evolution has been studied globally and is used as a mine closure option worldwide. Despite there being numerous coal mine pit lakes in South Africa, there has been very little research to determine if pit lakes are a viable mine closure option. This paper discusses the results of a South African Water Research Commission (WRC) funded investigation of five different coal mine pit lakes from various coal basins in South Africa. The paper describes field investigations of the pit lakes, involving profiling and sampling. Chemical and bacteriological analysis for the profiling has confirmed that stratification does occur in the pit lakes. The water balance of the pit lakes where also calculated to determine long term pit lake levels and potential for decant. The research found that the sustainability of the pit lakes is a function of the previous mining method and the relative size of the pit lake in comparison to the disturbed area. So, while using pit lakes as an environmentally sustainable option for mine closure for some mines may be possible, this may not be possible for other mines. The research will result in the development of a manual for optimisation of South African coal mine pit lakes to ensure that they are a sustainable environmental option for closure.
waste treatment plants at Grootvlei PS and Camden PS. By sharing the operational performances and construction will be optimised. Method The majority of ageing coal-fired power stations have wet evaporative cooling towers and ash dams. The cooling water (CW) circuit concentrates the total dissolved solids. Additionally, the dirty and clean drains are recycled to the cooling towers. Grootvlei PS has installed a WWTP to treat the cooling water blowdown and produce water suitable for demineralised water production. Power stations with ash dams accumulate a large amount of water, since slurry pumping is utilised to move coal ash from the boilers to ash dams. Additionally, the ash dam serves as a sink for power station effluent streams. Camden PS has installed a WWTP to recover ash water to supply make-up water to the cooling towers. The operational data and design information from the both power stations was analysed to provide evidence of the performance and deficiencies. Results Due to the variable nature of the cooling water blowdown feed quality from design phase to actual operation, the Grootvlei desalination plant had to undergo several modifications. The plant is consistently producing 3.6 MLD permeate for demineralised water production with
Session 62
95% availability since 2015. The benefits have resulted in improved CW chemistry, zero vacuum pressure losses at the turbine condensors,
Wastewater treatment challenges at coalfired power stations Terence Iyer Abboo Session 62, Ballroom East, 26 June 2016, 15:00-17:15 Eskom is classified as a strategic water user in order to produce in excess of 95% of South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electrical energy. This assurance of water supply is at risk due to current climate change impacts;
Session 62
and design challenges, future WWTP plant design
lower raw water consumption, increased run lengths of demineralised water trains, and lower chemical consumption. At Camden PS WWTP, a number of process interventions were implemented; mainly due to
Novel Multi-Walled Carbon NanotubesPolyvinylidene Fluoride (MWCNT-PVDF) Membranes for Desalination by Membrane Distillation: Synthesis and Application Performance Edgar Mapunda Session 62, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Water scarcity fundamentally affects socioeconomic development in our societies. The problem is compounded by inadequate water supply from conventional freshwater treatment facilities owing to the declining trends of the freshwater resources. Tapping water from non-conventional sources such as seawater, brackish water and or waste water is considered as a sustainable alternative for augmenting drinking water supply to the communities. Technologies such as multistage-flash, multi-effect-distillation and reverse osmosis have widely been used to treat such water sources. However, high cost as well as high energy requirement are the main challenges in implementing these technologies. Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging desalination technology that has a potential of overcoming challenges facing the existing desalination technologies. In MD water separation is achieved through vapour pressure gradient across a porous hydrophobic membrane created by differences in temperature between the membrane sides. The main challenges facing MD however, are lack of specialised membranes on the market and low water fluxes when commercially available membranes are used. In this work, new multi-walled carbon nanotube-polyvinylidene fluoride (MWCNT-PVDF) membranes were tailor made for application in membrane distillation desalination.
troubleshooting unit operations and understanding ash water feed quality. The performance of
Methods
the plant at present has improved to 90% avail-
Multi-walled carbon nanotube-polyvinylidene flu-
ability, producing 2.1 MLD of water for cooling
oride membranes were synthesized by non-solvent
85
Abstracts
induced phase separation method via a dual co-
to saleable products with minimum waste left
agulation bath system. Membranes performance
for disposal.
were tested in a direct contact membrane distil-
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate
lation system using real seawater samples. The
the ROC process (reverse osmosis combined with
performance of the newly developed membranes
freeze-desalination), for the production of clean wa-
were compared with that of a commercially availa-
ter and saleable products such as CaCO3, Mg(OH)2
ble membrane and one synthesised without multi
and Na2SO4.10H2O.
walled carbon nanotube (neat PVDF). Methodology Results
Water from the Western Basin was treated with lime
Results indicated that membranes synthesized via
for neutralization followed by reverse osmosis (RO1)
dual coagulation bath were mechanically stronger
for desalination. The brine from the reverse osmosis
by 72.8 – 98.9% than membranes synthesized via
stage was used as feed water for the ROC process,
single coagulation bath procedure. Membrane’s
which consists of of Na2CO3 pre-treatment/reverse
contact angle was also improved from 98.8±2.0
osmosis (RO2)/Cooling/Freeze desalination. In the
to 133.9±1.4 for the membranes containing mul-
first step, Na2CO3 was used for removal of Ca2+ as
ti walled carbon nanotube synthesised via single
CaCO3. In the second step, RO2 was used to pro-
and dual coagulation bath systems respectively.
duce a concentrated brine. In the third step, brine
MWCNT-PVDF membranes showed better per-
was cooled down to 0°C to allow Na2SO4.10H2O
formance in terms of flux. These membranes had
crystallisation.
water flux of 21.7±0.6 ℓ/m2h compared to flux of 18.2±0.2 ℓ/m2h for neat PVDF membrane and or
Results and Discussion
17.7±0.3 ℓ/m2h for a commercially obtained mem-
It was found that Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+
brane when the experiment were performed at
were replaced with Na+ by adding Na2CO3. The
a feed water temperature of 50°C and permeate
Na2SO4-rich solution was concentrated from a TDS of
temperature of 20°C. Salt rejections higher than
10 800 mg/ℓ to 107 382 mg/ℓ in the brine stream of
99.99% was obtained in all types of membranes.
RO2 stage. The high brine concentration was possible owing to the absence of gypsum scaling as a result
Conclusion
of Ca2+ removal upstream of the RO stage. Through
The presence of multi walled carbon nanotube has
cooling, the TDS was lowered to 45 856 mg/ℓ due
improved the performance of the MWCNT-PVDF
to Na2SO4.10H2O crystallisation. Water recovery
membranes by providing extra water vapour
amounted to 98.5%. It was found that the monetary
transport pathways and also reduced flow resist-
value of the products (R14.84/m3) can cover a large
ance on the surface of the nanotubes.
portion of the cost (R16.15/m3). The cost items included Capital (R4.96/m3), Chemical (R6.50/m3)
Session 62 Treatment of Brine for the Recovery of Drinking Water, Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Sulphate Prof. Johannes Maree Session 62, Ballroom East, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 An estimated total volume of 480 MLD mine water is produced in Gauteng and Mpumalanga. This volume is made up as follows: 40 MLD from the Western Basin, 80 MLD from the Central Basin, 110 MLD from the Eastern Basin, 150 MLD from the Far Western Basin and 200 MLD from the coal fields of Mpumalanga. Lime neutralization is currently applied. The next planned step will be the installation of desalination plants to treat the neutralized water with a total dissolved solids (TDS) content of typically 4 000 mg/ℓ, to produce water of drinking quality with a TDS content of less than 300 mg/ℓ and a brine stream with a TDS content of typically 30 000 mg/ℓ. The zero waste policy requires that brine and sludge also be processed, preferably
86
Session 63 Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sludge samples from Gauteng South: influence of physiochemical properties on concentrations and distributions Dr Tlou Chokwe Session 63, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Sewage sludge is a very complex environmental solid matrix generated in the wastewater treatment plants. Concerning the disposal practices for sludge, besides incineration and disposal in landfills, the application to agricultural land represents the most important alternative and an economical way to dispose tons of sludge produced in sewage treatment plants. Generally, a major route of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to enter the environment is via the wastewater treatment works (WWTW) facilities. With rapid urbanisation and affluent lifestyles of people, many consumer products, especially electronic products, are being replaced at will. As a result of mass production and widespread use in the past, these pollutants find their way into the environment. Consequently, the levels of BFRs in sewage sludge’s may give an indication of the general use and exposure of these compounds. The present study was aimed at the analysis and quantification of common BFRs (i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs); polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs); hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) in sewage sludge from three different wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng South.
and Electrical power cost (R4.69/m3). The product values included water (R7.20/m3 feed), CaCO3 (R0.48/
Methods
m3 feed) and Na2SO4.10H2O (R9.96/m3 feed).
BFRs were isolated from sludge samples with the aid of sonication and purified by solid phase
Conclusions
extraction using Strata X (33 µm) cartridges.
This successful process offers the benefit that drink-
Chromatographic determinations of BFRs were
ing water can be recovered from acid mine water
carried out with gas chromatography equipped
and the resultant brine from the RO stage can be
with mass spectrometry detector after deri-
partially processed into its constituent salts. The
vatisation
amount of brine requiring disposal is reduced sig-
anhydride (HFBA).
of TBBPA
with
heptafluorobutyric
nificantly as indicated by the high solids recovery. Results The mean concentrations of BFRs obtained range from not detected (nd)- 17 ng/g, nd- 163 ng/g, nd14 ng/g for sludge samples from WWTW1, WWTW2 and WWTW3, respectively. All compounds were detected from the WWTW2 while from WWTW3 only PBB101 could be detected. The presence of these pollutants in WWTW2 may be attributed by the fact that this treatment plant treats wastewater from domestic as well industrial discharges from the surrounding area. The Pearson correlation analysis between BFRs and physicochemical properties were performed. The analysis indicated a negative
Abstracts
correlation between concentrations of BFRs with TS (r = -1.00), VSS (r = -0.92) and conductivity (r = -0.24).
Session 63
Only the alkalinity (r = 0.39) and pH (r = 0.07) exhibited a positive correlation. Conclusion According to the above evidence, our data suggested that the concentrations of BFRs in sewage sludge are influenced by water quality parameters especially pH and alkalinity. The study showed low to moderate contamination of sewage sludge by BFRs.
Session 63 Monitoring cyanobacteria and pollution in dams using satellite remote sensing Dr Mark Matthews Session 63, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Monitoring cyanobacteria and pollution in dams and reservoirs has traditionally been a time consuming and expensive task. However, new technologies and innovations using satellite remote sensing have now made it possible to get current conditions on your mobile phone in a matter of minutes. Further there is less need to rely on expensive in situ instruments that are prone to vandalism and theft. Methods This talk provides a demonstration of the CyanoLakes RealTime service for South Africa (http:// eonemp.cyanolakes.com) showing live information for more than 100 South African dams concerning the level of nutrient pollution (via chlorophyll-a) and cyanobacteria cell concentrations (health risk). Regression analysis is used to test the accuracy of the satellite estimates verses in situ data. Time series analysis methods are used to assess the past and current nutrient pollution status of the dams. Results The talk looks at the current (2018) conditions in 100+ SA dams, and provides an overview of the health risks presented by cyanobacteria blooms on a national scale. It demonstrates how the CyanoLakes RealTime service can be used and adopted by water management agencies around the world to dramatically increase their knowledge of the quality of their water sources, whilst simultaneously reducing the risk to human health from cyanobacteria blooms.
fluorescence of Mycrocystis and Oscillatoria upon addition of both bacteria. Electron microscopy indicates that both bacteria impact cells at a
Up-scaling of bacteria as a treatment of wild toxic cyanobacterial isolates Luyanda Ndlela Session 63, Ballroom West, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 With more than 50% of South African waters being eutrophic, the occurrence and persistence of harmful algal blooms is a critical issue. Wildlife, fish kills and toxic blooms of Microcystis, Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis and Oscillatoria have been reported across the country. The use of bacteria in the treatment or lysis of cyanobacteria is a well-researched area, with novel strains exhibiting suppression on freshwater and marine species reported almost yearly. Most of the research conducted focuses on lab-scale type studies, with cyanobacteria having a relatively typical response to these bacterial strains. This research aims to assess the practicality, validity of up-scaling such treatments, the possible challenges and applicable environments for this technology. This is one of the many aims at bridging the gap between laboratory based studies and the implementation of this research as viable solutions. Often, when in contact with predatory bacteria, the cyanobacteria cells are lysed and toxins are released. This response is counterproductive to the reduction of toxicity in waters, which is the primary concern around nuisance blooms. Of the predatory species, a few have been reported to suppress toxicity in these isolates, although it is not often clear which cell to cell interactions occur. For this study, the stress response of filamentous benthic and pelagic single celled cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria and Microcystis sp.) was assessed using toxicity suppressing isolates from bloom waters, with Bacillus sp. serving as a reference isolate. The non-axenic Microcystis and Oscillatoria sp. cyanobacterial isolates were grown in BG-11. The bacterial cultures from bloom species were randomly selected and grown under ambient conditions in nutrient broth. Pure cultures of selected bacteria were added to the cyanobacterial, base don cell count and chlorophyll of Microcystis sp. Cyanobacterial cell changes were measured after 4 days by means of fluorescent microscopy. Intracellular toxicity of the same samples and compared to healthy cyanobacterial cells were measured by means of HPLC. To date, HPLC results indicate a typical increased stress response when Oscillatoria is exposed to Isolate 1/. Bacillus sp. however reduces the intracellular toxicity in both strains. Fluoresence microscopy showed increased bacterial populations and reduced
structural level. The mode of biological control appears
to
be
direct
contact.
Session 64 Low cost green technology for domestic wastewater treatment for reuse and beneficiation Prof. Paul Oberholster Session 64, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Apart from the major influx of people into urban areas and annual population growth, South Africa is experiencing drought conditions in many parts of the country. As a result of climate change, this seems to be a likely phenomenon to be repeated over the next decades to come. The need to recycle and use wastewater to make up for the large water shortages is therefore clear. The reuse of wastewater has been observed as a viable option to cope with increasing water stress (Brar et al., 2017). A review of WWTW (Green Drop Report, 2013) showed that a large percentage of South Africa’s waste water treatment works were however not fully functional. With increased environmental pollution from untreated or partially treated wastewater and resultant eutrophication, there is an increased need for remediation. Phycoremediation makes use of macroalgae, microalgae and cyanobacteria for the removal of nutrients and xenobiotics from waste water and carbon dioxide from the air (Olguin and Sanchez-Galvan, 2012). This technique has the potential to be used as an alternative biomass source for bio-energy production. The usefulness of biological wastewater treatment by microalgae coupled with biofuel production, is even more attractive as a result of increase in global warming, depletion of fossil fuels and the need to manage greenhouse gases (Rawat et al., 2011). The current study utilizes a specific consortium of algal species (isolated and cultured in the laboratory) to reduce nutrients and create conditions suitable for effective solar disinfection of pathogens in WWTW as well as reclamation of water in water scarce countries. The aim is to implement a self-sustaining system that is independent of electricity or expensive chemicals and that can be effectively operated within the current financial and capacity constraints of developing SADC countries using existing infrastructure. This low cost green technology has already been rolled out with great success two waste water treatment works in South
87
Abstracts
Africa (Motetema WWTW (Limpopo Province)
applicable to South Africa. While we may not be
parameters of a productive landscape as catalyst
and, Brandwacht WWTW (Western Cape). Reduc-
able to completely eradicate the water scarcity
for urban development.
tion of final effluent achieved removal of total
problems of the country, we may want to im-
Phosphate of 87.1% and total Nitrogen of 56.3%.
prove the human health inequalities that these
Results
E.coli levels were reduced to below Department
reports highlight.
Various sites are used to demonstrate hypothet-
of Water and Sanitation guideline levels.
ical landscape design projects and the potential
An African Development Bank study under the
Session 64
African Climate Technology Center (ACTC) is underway to determine the feasibility of upscaling and employing these microalgae treatment in other SADC countries. Similarly, the economic feasibility and use of the algal biomass for bio-fertiliser is underway.
Session 64 Water problems: Water scarcity and human health in South Africa Dr Kevin Harding Session 64, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Chapter 5 of the book The Global Guidance for Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicators (Boulay et al., 2016) presented findings on the global impacts of water scarcity and related effects on human health. This UNEP/ESTAC publication aimed at determining the impacts of water use based on an international consensus based approach. Together with other publications, and findings from the WULCA group (http://www.wulca-waterlca. org/), it was often found that South Africa was rated poorly internationally. Methods This work aims at interrogating these findings to determine if the method is locally applicable, and why the country often scores badly in the different reports presented. The different reports will be compared and contrasted to determine why and where the country might be able to improve in internationally standings. This work will further highlight the differences in methods used to determine the water scarcity and human health impacts in South Africa.
trol measures and freshwater ecological design are explored parametrically using the simulation
Constructing Urban Ecologies: Sustainable Stormwater Infrastructure as Community Space Julia Mclachlan Session 64, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 From a planning perspective, the problems relating to rainwater falling within our cities are two-fold: the one is material in the form of unsustainable conventional piped stormwater infrastructure networks; the second is society’s entrenched attitude to piped stormwater infrastructure as rubbish removal channels. The value of stormwater needs to be revealed: it is not a problem to be disposed of but an asset that can provide valuable life-sustaining ecosystem services: harvested water, productive landscapes and valuable public open space with amenity value, amongst others. Conditions in South African cities however, require innovative urban design responses if we are to enable this. In our highly inequitable urban realities, the poor lack access to basic resources, their poverty further compounded by droughts, flooding and fires. It is necessary to design diversity into the urban landscapes of South Africa in order to generate resilience and adaptability in communities. This paper examines the potential of stormwater control measures in the service of a triple bottom line of social, ecological and economic ecosystem services, constructing these urban ecologies to provide multi-functional community open space systems providing: - drainage to address flooding; - stormwater harvesting (treatment and storage); - productive landscapes; - recreational and experiential landscapes for community.
Results
software Rhino and Grasshopper, computer-aided design tools that allow students to spatialize the flow of water and introduce precision in wetland performance in a dynamic process. Conclusion The paper concludes with the lessons learnt from the above projects. It makes specific reference to the benefits of urban stormwater control measures if approached as hybrid landscape infrastructure, integrating public space and constructed ecologies. It demonstrates that the full integration of stormwater systems design into the design process from the initial stages is essential. It also provides the best opportunity to address the variety of ecosystem services as represented by the triple bottom line of sustainability.
Session 64 The Power of Exchange: Learn and Train yourself and... each other Johan Oost Session 64, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Exchange programmes for water professionals are a powerful tools for capacity development. However it is more than just putting people together. A tailored programme and tasks with supervision are inevitable to reach wished and needed results. And don’t forget to roll-out in your own organization… Background The South African-Dutch cooperation on water was focused on showcasing implementation of innovations and innovative ways of capacity development based on exchange. One of these was the develop-
In most methods, two factors contribute heavily
Method
ment of interactive Wastewater Treatment courses
to the final scores (1) Water availability vs demand
Projects undertaken by students, as part of the
for Process Controllers and Training of Trainer pro-
(or some derivation of these values), and (2) The
University of Cape Town’s Master of Landscape
grammes with focus on peer2peer exchange. Wet-
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Architecture degree, are used to illustrate the
skills showed another innovative way of capacity
(IHDI). It is well known that South Africa is limited
design and planning of hybrid sustainable storm-
building for Young Water Professionals during the
in its water supply, but further contributing to the
water infrastructural systems as armatures for
WISA conferences of 2012, 2014 and 2016.
poor scores, South Africa does not rank well in the
proposed community open space.
IHDI. This mainly affects the poor in their inability
Creative place making and sustainable drain-
Method
age systems are integrated into open space
A last innovative way was executed in 2017: an
in the service of a triple bottom line of so-
international Exchange Programme for South Afri-
Conclusions
cial, ecological and economic ecosystem ser-
can Process Controllers (PCs) from eThekwini Wa-
The methods used are robust and generally
vices: the design exercise uses performance
ter and Sanitation and City of Cape Town.
to obtain clean water.
88
ecosystem service benefits. The stormwater con-
Abstracts
The aims of this exchange project were: • S howcasing some best-practices in the Nether-
Session 65
Session 65
lands and in South Africa • S olutions for urgent challenges in South African organisations (formulated by management) • S kills development to perform as Change Agent and in didactics •K nowledge exchange between South African and Dutch professionals •K nowledge
exchange
amongst
South
African professionals • I mplementation of results with workshops in own organisation Results Two PCs of EWS and two of CoCT were selected by the management based on a prepared Terms of Reference. All selected got two or three assignments to execute during the programme, formulated by the management. In March the PCs went to the Netherlands for a two week programme with dedicated field trips and workshops to experience the Dutch best-practices. The topics of the workshops were relied to the assignments of the PCs. Meanwhile the PCs got training on the didactics and theory to be change agent. The South African PCs presented their findings and first results of the assignments finally. In June the PCs organised some workshops to spread their knowledge, but also to discuss the implementation within the organisation. This process was supported by Dutch counterparts with didactical and content-related expertise. After all the management and engineers were briefed by the PCs. Conclusions The project showed three levels of exchange: international, national and internal. All have its pros and contras in terms of organization and results. The key of this exchange programme were dedicated and tailored assignments for the participants. Exchange programmes for PCs can become more powerful in when it is related to the daily work. Providing exchangers with a task was successful especially for the implementation within the organisation. Tasks will lead to pressure and the pressure will lead to results. The approval and support of the management is crucial in order to be able to freely exchange information and ideas on the topics. Supervision by an experienced/trained moderator or trainer is inevitable to reach the wished results. It is not only the content that matters, but the interactive format and the pressure to reach the tasks as well.
Ekurhuleni Infrastructure delivery programme (EIDP) feasibility study: Wastewater Reclamation Programme Charl van der Walt Session 65, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) in 2011 put in place a National Strategy for Water Re-use. The strategy took cognisance of the technological developments which make the process cheaper and possible for use as potable water. It is currently estimated that water re-use accounts for approximately 14% of total water use. This is mainly an indirect usage emanating from return flows which contribute flow to some of the important river systems. The risks associated with water reuse comprise planning, regulation and unintended or undesirable impacts. EMM has a very extensive programme for water demand management and one of the successes has been the reduction of non-revenue water from 40.60% to 36.08%. However, this has not reduced water usage, only accountability. This has led EMM to reduce water usage and find alternative sources of supply; amongst others this includes wastewater re-use, acid mine drainage, rainwater harvesting and the use of boreholes. This study investigates the possibility of treated wastewater re-use as an alternative source of supply. EMM has 17 wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) being run by East Rand Water Care Company (ERWAT) in its area of jurisdiction, as well as 2 WWTWs in the Lesedi LM area of jurisdiction treating wastewater from EMM, also operated by ERWAT. EMM wishes to re-use the treated effluent from all or some of these 19 WWTW to replace potable water in industries, mines and other users so as to reduce the water demand for potable use. The study reports on the available quality and volumes of effluent available for reuse from each of the 19 WWTWs. The study then goes on to investigate the possibility of treating the effluent to irrigation, industrial and potable quality effluent, facilitating direct and indirect reuse, using centralised or decentralised systems. The treatment processes required to deliver the respective water qualities and conveyance systems are also described. The study reports on the cost of the above, as well as environmental and social risks. The cost-benefit analysis for EMM and prospective customers, as well as legal and statutory requirements are detailed. Possible funding options are investigated including public-private partnerships.
Managing urban water supply systems using free-market economy approaches: A detailed review of the implications for developing countries Claudious Chikozho Session 65, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Decision-makers in developing countries are often confronted by difficult choices regarding the selection and deployment of appropriate water supply governance regimes that sufficiently take into account national socio-economic and political realities. Indeed, scholars and practitioners alike continue to grapple with the need to create the optimum water supply and allocation decision-making space applicable to specific developing countries. In this paper, we review documented case studies from various parts of the world to explore the utility of free-market economics approaches in water supply governance. This is one of the major paradigms that have emerged in the face of enduring questions regarding how best to govern water supply systems in developing countries. In the paper, we postulate that increasing pressure on available natural resources may have already rendered obsolete some of the water supply governance regimes that have served human societies very well for many decades. Our main findings show that national and municipal water supply governance paradigms tend to change in tandem with emerging national development frameworks and priorities. While many developing countries have adopted water management and governance policy prescriptions from the international arena, national and local socio-economic and political realities ultimately determine what works and what does not work on the ground. We thus, conclude that the choice of what constitutes an appropriate water supply governance regime in context is never simple. Indeed, the majority of case studies reviewed in the paper tend to rely on a mix of market economics and developmental statism to make their water governance regimes more realistic and workable on the ground.
89
Abstracts
Session 65 Effects of reduction of wastewater volumes on sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants Dr Gina Pocock Session 65, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 As a water scarce country, South Africa requires a long term, national drought strategy to mitigate the risk of the future occurrence of drought and related natural disasters. This study aimed to assess and quantify the impacts that reduced wastewater flows resulting from drought and water conservation and demand management measures may have on the proper functionality of sewerage collection and conveyance systems and wastewater treatment works (WWTW).
a reduction in flow due to water conservation
and the Durban University of Technology, in collab-
was welcomed.
oration with Savannah State University (US) and the
Lower flows carrying the same load resulted
Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand). The main
in higher concentrations of pollutants reaching
sponsor was the Water Research Commission, and
the WWTW. The effects of lower influent flows on
further funding was received from Umgeni Water
the operation of sewage treatment plants were
and USAID. The technology, consists simply of a
found to be qualitatively positive, negative or in-
gravity-fed microfilter combined with a disinfection
significant. The impact of lower flows was found
step, and potentially affords many advantages over
to be dependent upon a number of plant spe-
previous POU systems including:- very high flow-
cific features which included the type of treat-
rates; easy of operation; robustness; ease of clean-
ment method, the operational flexibility of the
ing; no water treatment chemicals required.
plant and the amount of unused capacity in the process facilities.
Partnerships for Rural Development (DST-IPRD) Conclusion
Programme to finalise the development of the tech-
Climate change is already affecting the quality
nology and to implement it and evaluate it at 1 000
and quantity of wastewater conveyed, treated and
households in South Africa.
discharged, and will continue to have a greater im-
From 2015 to 2016 water treatment unit that could
pact in future. It is important to understand these
be mass produced was designed. This was evaluat-
impacts in order to prepare for new strategies in
ed by the CSIR, and certified to produce water free
Method
terms of infrastructure management and mainte-
of E .coli when tested on raw waters contaminated
A review of international studies investigating the
nance, plant operations, maintenance and expan-
with up to 300 000 cfm/100 mL. Two regions were
impacts of reduced wastewater was undertaken,
sion planning, and environmental management
selected for the implementation and evaluation, viz.
specifically looking at case studies from California
and protection of the reserve.
Capricorn District Municipality in Limpopo Province
and Australia. The extent of the drought condi-
The project output, a guideline to water service
tions experienced in South Africa in recent years
authorities includes both short term management
To date around 500 units have been implemented
was determined, and those municipalities among
guidelines as well adaptive practical interventions
in each of the above regions. Regular surveys of user
the hardest hit were identified by reviewing the
for the South African municipal wastewater treat-
feedback have been conducted to assess user satis-
regional climate data and gazetted water restric-
ment industry in the long term.
faction and acceptability. The response from users
contacted and information was collected on the wastewater flow, raw wastewater quality and final
Session 65
conducted to understand the operational and maintenance problems that were experienced. This information, together with the data from similar international studies, was used to determine and identify practical adaptive interventions applicable for negative impact mitigation within the framework of the South African best practices and operational requirements. This was used to develop a guideline to water service authorities. Results Reduced flow conditions typically resulted in the deposition of suspended material in the sewers, causing blockages. During higher flow conditions these were re-suspended and delivered to the plant as a slug difficult for most conventionally designed grit removal processes to accommodate. Beyond a specific reduction in flow, the increase in the conveyance time results in septic conditions developing in the collection systems, resulting in the release of hydrogen sulphide and methane gas, as well as resulting in treatment difficulties at the WWTW. When sewers were running near to capacity or where there were significant problems with excessive inflow and infiltration,
operation now for periods ranging from 17 months down to 5 months. Over 98 % of units are still in active operation. Users perceive significant benefits to
effluent qualities through restriction periods. Interviews with plant managers and operators were
and Bizana Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape.
has been phenomenally positive. Units have been in
tions in recent years. These municipalities were
90
In 2014 funding was obtained from the Department of Science and technology Innovation
Point-of-use water treatment for un-serviced communities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The VulAmanz Option Prof. Lingam Pillay Session 65, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 South Africa, like most developing economies internationally, faces major challenges in providing safe drinking water to un-serviced areas. Particularly challenges are experienced with rural and peri-urban households, and these include: rapidly changing demographics; difficult topographies; houses spread over very wide areas; the lack of local technical skills; and cost factors. In these circumstances, central treatment followed by reticulation is a non-starter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the costs will be prohibitive. A more realistic option for the provision of safe water is point-of-use (POU) household treatment units. There are various POU units being marketed internationally, but their sustainable uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa has been very limited. The VulAmanz Rural Water Filter (VA-RWF) is a novel POU water treatment unit based on a locally developed woven fibre microfiltration (WFMF) technology. The development was undertaken by water researchers from Stellenbosch University
using the units, and some claim observable health benefits. Around 100 % of current users indicate that they will recommend further rollout to other unserviced households. In view of the above, the VA-RWF could be a potential solution to immediate provision of safe water in rural areas. This paper will discuss the VA-RWF technology, the strategies taken for implementation in the chosen target areas, partnerships developed for the implementation, feedback from users, and economics. This paper would be of particular interest to municipalities and decision makers involved in water provision to rural and periurban areas.
Abstracts
Session 66
sets to assist in the management of their own wa-
correlation, principal component analysis (PCA),
ter quality issues.
linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression, were then incorporated
Using R open source software to find hidden relationships in data sets and how this can be used to manage drinking water quality Leanne Coetzee Session 66, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Water service providers usually generate large amounts of water quality data which are used for quality control and quality assurance on the final product. This data is usually used once for operational and compliance purposes and then archived. However, this data has valuable information hidden within, which is not immediately apparent using the usual methodologies. This data can provide useful information on the state of the water system if the information can be extracted within a different paradigm to the normal data management techniques. This project exploits legacy monitoring data from two of the largest water service institutions in South Africa. Methods The open source R language and environment for statistical computing and graphics together with selected packages, which extend its capability, was chosen as the most appropriate tool to explore this large water quality data set. Data from these two WSIs was assessed with regard to the compatibility of merging these two data sets, which collects data from more than 650 sample locations. Results
Conclusions
into models for identifying variable relationships.
The case studies and process of using R soft-
d. Data model evaluation
ware are introduced and discussed. It is envis-
The performance of the different statistical anal-
aged that this project will assist in understanding
yses were measured using statistical metrics such
the interactions that occur within the distribu-
as R2 for correlation, visualisation of separation
tion networks and allow implementation of tai-
for PCA, classification error for LDA and both R2
lored control measures and management plans,
and mean squared error (MSE) for the PLS models.
which should assist in optimisation of the water supply networks.
Results The bivariate correlations provided the most con-
Session 66
cise results, whilst the LDA models could not be effectively assessed due to a change in the behaviour of the training and testing data. The PLS
Data analysis for enhanced control of water and wastewater treatment processes: taking monitoring into the 21st century Nelius Coomans Session 66, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 The lag time associated with water quality monitoring at water reclamation plants (WRPs) is a major hurdle in the way of implementing potable water reclamation in areas suffering from water shortages. The application of advanced monitoring techniques, which rely, in part, on surrogate and indicator variables are one way of reducing the lag time associated with water quality monitoring. The aim of this study was to evaluate statistical analyses that were to identify variable relationships, which could be used for the development of surrogate and indicator variables, following a data-driven approach.
models performed poorly and did not produce any significant results. Expert process knowledge was also used to determine which variable relationships, identified by the models, could be regarded as valuable contributions, and which ought to be regarded as trivial. Conclusions Overall, it was found that the bivariate correlations were effective for detecting relationships between variables. PCA was a valuable tool that provided insight into the potential use of multivariate analyses. LDA and PLS regression may require further testing before a definitive ruling can be made regarding their usefulness for identifying variable relationships from unprocessed historical plant data. Ultimately, there is a trade-off between the cost of developing the statistical models and the operational cost reduction. Advanced systems can provide early warnings thus reducing penalties
During this process, several issues including basic data labelling issues, reporting policy, method
Method
due to non-compliance, whilst simple models can
changes and rogue data points in the data pool
The methodology followed in this project was
provide more accurate set-point adjustments,
have required consideration and attention to re-
consistent with that of similar projects that have
which will save on chemical and electrical cost.
solve. The inclusion of metadata has assisted the
been performed on WWTW data (Haimi et al.,
investigative process and prompted further in-
2013; Kadlec et al., 2008 and Lin et al., 2007) and
vestigation of the data set.
consisted of the following steps:
Several case studies have been identified, which
Session 66
a. Data pre-assessment
require further investigation with R software
An initial assessment of the data found that the
within the data set, which includes metadata (in-
data contained large amounts of missing values.
cluding weather data, maintenance records, raw
The assessment also identified the data periods
water data etc.) to shed light on the root causes
during which the plant was operating under
of the deviations in water quality. The process
‘normal’ conditions. Several time periods were
followed to determine which relationships exist
removed since abnormal events occurred (pow-
in the data set and the possible root cause for
er failures, raw water quality issues or treatment
non-compliance will be discussed. The usage of
down times).
the R software and process aims to assist WSI s in
b. Data pre-processing
determining if any new information can be found
Pre-processing the data consisted of outlier re-
in the legacy data. The investigative process is
moval (three sigma rule and Hample filter), noise
documented and discussed to assist fellow data
reduction (moving average filter) and missing
and water scientists who will be able to use this
data replacement (linear interpolation).
documented process to identify and characterise
c. Data analysis
the relationships hidden within their own data
The statistical analyse, Pearson’s and Spearman’s
A Review of Life Cycle Management Studies in the Water Sector for South Africa Taahira Goga Session 66, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Due to increasing demands for limited reserves, water is becoming a scarce resource in many areas of South Africa. Thus, it is necessary to improve the current water situation by accounting for usage in existing processes, as well as determining innovative ways to increase available water supply in a sustainable manner. Water footprinting and life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies are two techniques that can be utilised to address these key issues of quantifying overall water usage. The
91
Abstracts
aim of this research is to present the key elements of various South African case studies and high-
Session 66
Session 67
light significant findings in water management. Methods An online search was undertaken to locate water-related LCA studies conducted in South Africa. In addition, reports centering around water footprinting were included in the search. Results The first few LCA studies conducted in South Africa focused on comparing various water treatment technologies. Results showed that the operational stage was responsible for the highest environmental impacts. These studies highlighted the fact that internationally developed impact assessment methods fail to address significant issues specific to the local context. This initiated a study that concentrated on incorporating salinity as an impact category. As a result, a new set of salinity potentials were developed. Another study focused on introducing region specific LCA methodology that took water scarcity aspects into account. The findings stated that abstraction of water had the highest environmental burden. In light of topics such as cleaner production and sustainability, LCAs have also been used to introduce measures that will decrease environmental burdens. Within the mining industry, LCAs have been successfully utilised to determine focus areas for the introduction of cleaner production projects. Recently, there has been a movement within life-cycle thinking to incorporate water footprinting. Such studies have been conducted in the dairy and pulp and paper sectors among others. The results have facilitated water resource management and promoted efficient water utilisation within the country. Conclusions Despite the fact that there are no legal requirements in South Africa to conduct LCA studies, several academic institutions and companies have conducted water-related studies. Opportunities exist to increase the number and quality of LCAs by developing a national database and increasing the use of regional characterisation factors.
92
Enhanced Water Quality Management via a Novel Rapid Microbiological Field Testing Strategy Dave Tracey Session 66, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Effective microbial growth control in water systems requires results to be available as quickly as possible so that problems can be dealt with before putting the public at risk. Culture-based methods such as Heterotrophic Plate Counts that are commonly used for this task require several days to incubate, so the quality of today’s water is not known until several days later. As such, traditional microbiological methods serve as lagging indicators – that is, they inform the individual of a problem only after it has become significant, and even still, it is several days after the fact. Also, HPCs drastically underestimate the total population due to their selective nature, resulting in only 0.1-1% of the true total population being revealed. Only the microorganisms that consume the growth medium used, favour the temperature chosen and, and replicate fast enough during the incubation period allowed will show themselves. In order to provide better results in a much shorter time, 2nd Generation ATP monitoring has emerged as an effective method to compliment microbiological management program. Using a rapid and portable test protocol, an accurate, reliable, and interference-free measure of total microbial content (including non-culturable species) in any water sample can be achieved in less than five minutes. This is based on the measurement of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the primary energy transfer molecule for all living cells on Earth. As such, its measurement is a direct indication of the level of total microbial contamination in water and serves as the ideal basis for water quality management. While a rapid microbiological test is very valuable, the real power comes from the fact that ATP testing is extremely sensitive to changes. As soon as an event occurs that affects water quality, ATP testing will expose it. Through a series of case studies, this paper draws upon real-life situations where ATP monitoring has provided insight into water management, risk management, and treatment optimization. Special attention will be paid to water conservation tactics that this technology can help facilitate when used in conjunction with other physical and chemical water quality parameters.
Opportunities in Wastewater Reuse: A Development Bank Perspective Mthokozisi Ncube Session 67, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 South Africa is a water constrained country, with physical water scarcity being a reality in many of the water catchments. Recent droughts have underscored this reality and have exposed the extent of water insecurity in some areas. While alternative water sources are part and parcel of strategic water policies and legislation, their implementation has lagged behind and has tended to be largely reactionary and sub-optimal. Such approaches are neither sustainable nor do they mitigate against water risks, which have been highlighted as one of the global top ten risks by the World Economic Forum. This submission discusses some of the opportunities and markets that exist within Southern Africa which can be mainstreamed to alleviate water stress while supporting sustainability and reducing human impacts on the environment. Current constraints are discussed together with how the sector can work together with funders in realising the SDG goal of increasing water reuse and ultimately improving water security. Examples of current work of the DBSA are also included.
Session 67 A comparative analysis of water and energy sector regulatory frameworks: interventions for the promotion of private sector investment Tafadzwa Mukwena Session 67, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 In late 2007 to early 2008 South Africa experienced widespread rolling blackouts as a result of constrained electricity generating capacity. This dire situation precipitated policy and regulatory changes within the energy sector which resulted in the restoration of secure power supply through the mobilization of public and private sector investment. Prior to this, the public sector had been the primary (and essentially only significant) investor through Eskom. The various regulatory changes and the ensuing adjustments to strategic plans in the late 2000s resulted in the creation of an environment that has to date attracted largescale private sector participation and investment in the energy sector. According to the Independent Power Producer Office’s March 2017 Overview, R201.8 billion of investment has been mobilized as
Abstracts
a result of the Independent Power Producer Pro-
even though accepted for use by those coun-
applications (water reuse) is an established alter-
curement Programme (IPPPP).
tries. However, regionally accepted approaches
native water management strategy offering con-
There are indications that the water sector is ap-
arguably offer better outcomes for both bilateral
siderable water-saving potential. The uptake of
proaching a similar critical point as experienced
and multi-country cooperation, with the bene-
water reuse systems (WRSs), particularly in South
in the energy sector in 2007/8. Prolonged under-
fit of reduced negotiation time among riparian
Africa, is low. One of the reasons impeding the
investment in the development of new water re-
countries. This is especially true when it comes to
wider uptake of reuse for potable applications is
sources and water services infrastructure coupled
building consensus on resource utilisation, bal-
the perception that WRSs have a high (unsustain-
with a gradual decline in operational efficiency
ance computations and to demonstrate value for
able) cost/benefit ratio, calling to question their
and functionality of existing water services in-
money of such investments. In Southern Africa,
economic viability and sustainability. In the ur-
frastructure means that parts of the country are
the SADC has developed some regional methods
ban context, the management of operating and
at risk of supply interruptions. There are growing
for standardized economic accounting for water,
maintenance costs is imperative to the efficiency
calls for space to be created for private investment
but these are yet to be fully tested in transbound-
and economic sustainability of WRSs operations.
in the water sector as a means of addressing this
ary river systems.
However, most cost management approaches are
urgent issue. Based on the experience from the
This paper presents a case of application of some
mainly designed to meet reporting and financial
energy sector, policy and regulatory reform will be
of these methodologies in the upper Incomati
accounting requirements, thereby limiting their
required before private investment is attracted to
River Basin, the Komati sub-basin, where is also
abilities and applicability for decision-making and
the water sector.
located an important joint water infrastructure
continuous improvement.
initiative between South Africa and Swaziland Approach
and managed by the Komati River Basin Authority
Methods
This paper identifies the policy and regulatory
(KOBWA). In particular, selected SADC-developed
This paper presents a cost management method-
principles required to facilitate private investment
methods were applied; starting with the asset ac-
ology that applies a Treatment Unit Based Costing
in the water sector. Comparative analysis of the
count, then the hybrid and the financial type of
(TUBC) model to develop a cost management ap-
policies, legislation and regulations that constitute
accounts. The asset account was used to gauge the
proach for continuous improvement of operational
the framework within which energy and water
natural capital accounting capability of the SADC
and maintenance efficiencies as well as cost reduc-
supply infrastructure and services are provided
methods when applied to the Komati sub-basin,
tion. As an economic assessment tool, this is aimed
and managed in South Africa has been conducted.
by comparing the results of this approach with
at facilitating decision-making and cost efficiency
The analysis considered the critical similarities and
those of KOBWA reconciliation approaches already
for operating and maintaining selected treatment
differences between; i. the National Energy Act and
endorsed by the countries.
trains and unit processes of WRSs for potable appli-
the National Water Act (and by extension the Water
If the results compared well, then this would be
cations in relation to their economic viability and
Services Act) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including the relevant and related
sufficient basis to attempt an application of the
sustainability. The application of this methodology
regulations; and ii. The Integrated Energy Plan (and
SADC economic accounting for water methodol-
in water reclamation processes diverges from the
the related Integrated Resource Plan) and the Na-
ogies in this part of the Incomati River Basin. Re-
conventional bottom-up approach of financial
tional Water Resources Strategy.
sults from the asset accounts were relatively well
appraisal, budgeting, and control to a top-bottom
comparable, suggesting applicability of the SADC
integration of operation and maintenance costs
methodologies in the Komati River Basin scenario.
management and efficiency associated with treat-
However, despite that some useful conclusions
ment unit processes.
Session 67
were drawn from the results in terms of the eco-
Southern African Development Community (SADC) Economic Accounting for Water methodologies: Can they be effectively applied in the Komati system to ascertain the economic benefit of water supply to riparian states? Dumsani Mndzebele Session 67, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 The importance of systematic and scientifically supported approaches to water resource accounting cannot be overemphasised, for effective resource management and allocation, and to justify investment in the sector. Various methods and approaches have been tried world over. However, the challenge often comes with standardization when these have to be applied on widely shared waters, especially where equity in resource sharing by riparian states is accorded high priority. Oftentimes countries agree on a workable water accounting approaches on a case-by-case basis, but such methods could have certain flaws
nomic benefit of the joint basin initiatives, more
Results
work is still required on data collection for mean-
The operation and maintenance costs utilised by
ingful application of these methods to support de-
WRSs treatment units and processes were estimat-
cision-making. Recommendations on further work
ed as well as the costs for the different activities
and use are provided in the paper.
identified with these treatment units and processes. The results generated from the case study have
Session 67
proven the capability of the model to generate top-bottom baseline operation and maintenance costs estimation, identifying and understanding
Development of a cost management model for economic sustainability of water reuse systems for potable applications Abiola Abimbade Session 67, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 25 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 Rapid growth in population, urbanisation, industrial and agricultural development have increased the demand for water resources in many regions of the world and water service authorities are continually looking for additional sources of water to supplement the limited resources available in their region. The use of reclaimed water for potable
cost variability sources as well as suggesting possible solutions for continuous improvement of operation and maintenance costs cycle. Conclusions The economic assessment tool provides a platform for water resources managers to evaluate operation and maintenance cost implications and implement working models that allow for the improved economic sustainability of WRSs over time. The TUBC model also simplifies financial appraisal processes for better comparison between large- and small-scale WRSs for potable applications.
93
Abstracts
Session 76 Case Study: Reclamation of High Strength Industrial Effluents through Plate and Frame Reverse Osmosis Technology Jason Vardy Session 76, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The use of conventional spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) technology for reclamation of high strength effluents is costly due to the RO pre-treatment requirements which result in a high cost of reclaimed water. These pre-treatment steps could typically include aerobic digestion and ultra-filtration processes to prevent fouling and clogging of the RO membrane flow path and pores. Plate and frame reverse osmosis (PFRO) technology is an alternate treatment solution able to directly treat high turbidity, high COD streams with less pre-treatment. The key design feature of this technology is the large flow path spacing (1 000 micron compared to circa 3 micron in typical spiral wound membranes) which allows a much greater tolerance in the passage of solids through the system. Additionally, the turbulent tangential flow over the membrane plates also allows for a degree of continuous self-cleaning. PFRO systems have been widely deployed in India due to stringent national water regulations, however is relatively novel technology in the African marketplace. This case study looks at the performance of PFRO membranes in two separate pilot trials treating brewery and abattoir effluent respectively. It furthermore estimates the cost of permeate for a commercial scale plant based on the trialled brewery effluent. Methods The two pilot trials treated effluent from the anaerobic digesters of a brewery and an abattoir over a 3 month and 6 day period respectively. The mobile pilot plant unit consists of a feed tank for feed pre-settling, sand filtration, cartridge filtration and a PFRO module. The trials ran at an 80%
membranes was the TSS levels of the feed. Exces-
Conclusion
sive TSS above the range of 150 mg/l resulted in
As fresh water resources in South Africa are be-
more frequent membrane flushing to remove the
coming increasingly limited, water reclamation
solids; however, the TSS spec was achievable with
has shown promise to serve as an unconvention-
unaided pre-settling.
al source able to meet future water demands. It is imperative to have a good understanding of tech-
Conclusions
nologies available for water reclamation treatment
Based on the results of the brewery effluent pi-
trains. UV, ozone and AOP can play a crucial role in
lot a commercial scale plant costing and financial
ensuring that final reclamation water that is sup-
analysis was conducted. Key assumptions which
plied to the public is safe.
impact the project viability was the ability to discharge brine to municipality and the realisation of savings through the reduction of effluent charges. This case study yielded a cost of permeate for a 40 m3/h plant to be approximately R11/ m3 at an IRR of 10% or R18.60/m3 at an IRR of 20%.
Session 76 Utilising Ozone, UV and AOP for safe water supply in South Africa Lucinda Jooste Session 76, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The increase of drought cycles has left conventional water resources in South Africa under pressure as they are rapidly approaching a point of maximum utilisation. In order to make sufficient water available in future, unconventional water resources such as desalination and water reclamation will have to be considered. Technologies such as UV, Ozone and AOP have been proven to be successfully incorporated as part of water reclamation treatment trains where it has been used to provide water that is safe for both potable and non-potable applications such as irrigation. Water reclamation projects utilising AOP in KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape will be discussed. Differences between UV-based AOP as well as ozone-based AOP will be highlighted as well as the suitability of each for application in non-potable reuse (NPR), indirect potable reuse (IPR) and direct potable reuse (DPR) applications, respectively.
permeate recovery rate and produced up to 400
94
Session 76
lph of permeate. Hourly data sets were taken to
Methods
establish plant performance as well as regular
Wedeco UV-based AOP as well as ozone-based
comprehensive laboratory analysis. The average
AOP systems have been supplied for use in re-
CODs of the brewery and abattoir effluents were
use pilot projects in both KwaZulu-Natal and
circa 500 mg/l and 1 000 mg/l respectively.
Western Cape.
Results
Results
In both trials, the membranes were able to re-
Most reuse projects are still in the planning phase
move >96% of incoming COD and >92% of TDS.
with a few others to be commissioned by end of
Volatile components however tended to have
2017. Findings from these projects will be dis-
lower removal efficiencies resulting in an odorous
cussed as well as design considerations, challeng-
permeate particularly for the brewery effluent.
es and lessons learned that can be applied for
It was found the key limitation with the PFRO
future reuse projects in the South African market.
Commissioning and initial operational experiences at a new direct reuse demonstration plant Dr Lakesh Maharaj Session 76, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 South Africa is in the midst of a severe drought, which has caused dam levels to reach critical levels. Several municipalities have imposed stringent measures to restrict water usage by its consumers, with some regions being classified as disaster areas. This has prompted water utilities across South Africa to consider alternative sustainable sources of drinking water. The main thrust of this paper is on the commissioning and initial operating experiences of direct reuse demonstration plant aimed at addressing the critical challenges of direct reuse as a sustainable potable water source in South Africa. The Darvill Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) in Pietermaritzburg is undergoing an upgrade of its treatment capacity from 65 MLD to 120 MLD. A 2 MLD final effluent reuse plant has been installed as the sole potable water source for all Darvill treatment works’ process requirements as well as to act as a direct reuse demonstration plant. The demonstration plant was designed to demonstrate the reliability of treated water supply and quality to potable water standards; to provide valuable information on emerging chemicals of concern; to assess the overall life-cycle costs; to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of different treatment configurations and to educate the public and improve their perceptions of reuse technology as a potable water source. This paper details the commissioning process, roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders, initial operational experiences and challenges, preliminary process optimisation and water quality results. Commissioning is scheduled for September 2017.
Abstracts
Session 76 Ultraviolet disinfection options for greywater reuse Samantha Van Staden Session 76, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Good quality drinking water is a necessity for all South African citizens. Unfortunately, with the recent and ongoing drought situations across the country, such water is becoming increasingly scarce and many municipal water providers are encouraging the use of alternate water sources for uses other than human consumption to improve water supply. However, what if some of these resources could be used to supplement human consumption with minimal risk of water borne disease and even minimal health risks? The Water Research Group at the University of Johannesburg has been studying the reuse options of greywater from a student residence since 2012, starting with irrigation, toilet flushing and now moving on to other reuse scenarios, including animal and/or human consumption. It is known that untreated water from alternative sources cannot be used for animal/human consumption due to the associated health risks and that one of the greatest concerns around the reuse of greywater centres around quality degradation of greywater during storage. What if, however, the storage system could be used to improve the quality of the greywater? How much further could we go in terms of greywater reuse? Collected greywater can be treated via different methods which range from simple, low-cost devices (such as manual filtration) to more complex treatment processes (such as disinfection). The specific disinfection treatment dealt with in this investigation is ultraviolet disinfection. UV disinfection is a common type of water purification that uses ultraviolet light to kill various pathogens contained in water. This study dealt with the effects of the use of two different UV disinfection options; namely, artificial UV exposure and natural sunlight exposure. Both of these disinfection options are fairly simple, environmentally sustainable and cost effective ways of disinfecting greywater through UV exposure. Many of the contaminants found is sewage water exist in lower concentrations in greywater, including pathogens derived from faecal contamination. Solar energy can be used to destroy pathogenic micro-organisms that cause water-borne diseases since they are vulnerable to both radiation and heat. Thus, it may be possible to manage and reduce the risks associated with the reuse of greywater.
The investigation aimed at providing solu-
experimentation has shown that heating the min-
tions to issues such as poor water quality,
eral to high temperatures in the presence of wood
health risks and the associated expense of in-
residues results in a zeolite-biochar composite with
stalling complex water treatment and supply
even stronger affinity for organics. Batch experi-
systems. The overall objectives of the project
ments were conducted to evaluate the removal effi-
were to design three greywater storage sys-
ciency of three different zoelite-biochar composites
tems, monitor the quality of the greywater in
for their removal of carbabmazepine, a medication
each system in terms of basic physical quali-
used to treat epilepsy and neuropathy, recognised
ty and the measure of biological growth, and
as a recalcitrant micro-pollutant.
compare the performance of artificial UV filtration disinfection and solar (natural sunlight)
Results
UV disinfection to water stored in a control
Carbamazepine was readily adsorbed by the Zeo-
(untreated) system.
char with 53% removal within one minute of contact time and 90% removal in one hour. The highest
Session 77 Removal of carbamazepine from aqueous solution with Zeochar, a zeolite-biochar composite Johann Kilian Session 77, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 10:45 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:30 Globally, there is growing concern about the persistence of micro-pollutants in surface waters because of growing evidence of their negative impact on the health of humans and the environment. A number of multinational programmes focus on the detection of micropollutants not only in water and tissues of living organisms, but also in fresh produce, leaving South Africa vulnerable in terms of agricultural exports due to poor water quality. It is important to note that this also applies to micro- and flood irrigation as these waterborne pollutants appear to be taken up by plant roots and incorporated in the produce without being metabolised by the plant. It is a harsh reality in South Africa that most of our river systems that sustain commercial agriculture (and thus export/foreign income) are polluted, in contrast to, for example, Chile that uses snow melt, or other southern hemisphere countries where water used for irrigation originates in sparsely-populated regions with much less impact ftom human settlements. Nationally, there is growing emphasis on the reuse of treated effluent for irrigation purposes; however, the treated effluent contains a substantial amount of these micro-pollutants which may be incorporated into produce if not removed prior to irrigation. Due to the large volume of water that needs to be treated, a low-cost technology needs to be developed for this purpose. Methods A member of the zeolite group of minerals, which is also a common waste product from bentonite mining, has shown capacity to sorb organic pollutants from water. Furthermore, preliminary
and lowest removal, after 24 hours, was 97% and 87%, respectively. Conclusions Zeochar shows promise for the removal of micro-pollutants and warrants further investigation, especially pilot-scale demonstrations as platform for the development of tertiary, and other treatment systems to render polluted water suitable for reuse as irrigation. By using residues from invasive tree species, a new market and value stream can be generated to sustain initiatives to control these invaders, and contribute to the mitigation of their negative impact on the water balance.
Session 77 Towards the backfilling of old mines with power station and gasifier ash: an elegant solution to two major environmental problems David Love Session 72, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Abandoned unfilled mines or mine compartments have a substantial local and cumulative impact on the environment, through the discharge of acid rock drainage and mine-affected waters. This is a legacy of centuries of mining, which must now be managed, mitigated and remediated by the state, using the national fiscus, as the owners/operators are long gone. At the same time, disposal sites are required for ash produced from power generation or from coal gasification, and these sites consume land which could be otherwise put to productive use. Furthermore, modern environmental standards make new ash disposal sites/dumps an expensive cost, thus a burden on the state and upon the nation as consumers of electricity and petrol/ diesel fuels. Conventional ash disposal thus can be readily be done so as to safely and responsibly meet environmental standards but at a cost. The alternative, of environmentally-responsible backfilling of abandoned mines with disused mines
95
Abstracts
with ash, either as a thickened slurry or paste,
contact times between the source water and the
channels and cages in different forms and sizes in
has the potential to reduce the impact of existing
schmutzdecke. Physico-chemical and microbio-
the structure of clinoptilolite.
mine sites while providing a safe deposition strat-
logical analyses were carried out on the untreated
egy for ash, whilst reducing ash disposal costs
source river water and the system filtered water
and resulting energy costs to the nation.
moval of Cr(VI) and V(V) in both batch and column Results
experiments. Polypyrrole and clinoptilolite was
demia partnership is developing a mitigation
The average E. coli removal efficiencies were 94%,
prepared by chemical polymerization of pyrrole in
plan and integrated regulatory roadmap for man-
91% and 89% for FS1, FS2 and FS3 respectively,
the presence of magnetized clinoptilolite dispersed
agement of the key risks, based upon:
whereas the average faecal coliform removal effi-
in aqueous solution. The structure and morphol-
1. Characterisation and classification of ash paste
ciencies were 95%, 93% and 88% for FS1, FS2 and
ogy of the prepared adsorbent was analyzed with
and slurry from combustion and gasification
FS3 respectively. Average TSS reduction efficiencies
the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field-emission
2. A technical framework which includes recom-
were 97%, 92% and 90% for FS1, FS2 and FS3 re-
microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX),
mended tests / procedures and which provides
spectively while the average turbidity reduction ef-
high resolution transmission electron microscope
guideline values to facilitate the evaluation
ficiencies were 97%, 90% and 89% for FS1, FS2 and
(HR-TEM) , X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta-Sizer, and
of the suitability of ash slurry / paste backfill-
FS3 respectively.
X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS).
minimisation of surface subsidence, an envi-
Conclusions
in the composite, initial pH, sorbent dosage, temper-
ronmentally acceptable alternative to surface
The results suggest that the combination of filter
ature and initial solution concentration on metal ions
disposal, etc.)
layers used in FS1 make it the best performing op-
removal efficiency were investigated. Batch sorption
3. A risk assessment framework for ash backfilling
tion for PoU systems of this type. SANS 241 stand-
isotherm data at solution pH of 2 and 4-5 for Cr(VI)
into disused mines including risk quantification
ards and WHO drinking water guidelines were only
and V(V); respectively, was satisfactorily described
via modelling, recommended verification or
met by FS1 after chlorination, though the chlorine
by the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum
test work (technical evaluation of ash as well
demand was minimal due to low bacterial counts
sorption capacity of 344 mg/g and 65 mg/g for Cr(VI)
as mine areas) and guidelines on long-term
and low turbidity levels in the treated water. Though
and V(V); respectively at 25 °C. While the kinetic data
ground water data evaluation
FS1 recorded average pH values of above 9.0 and
for Cr(VI) and V(V) ions and fitted well the pseudo
This approach will allow optimisation of ash man-
very low DO levels in the filtered effluent, all filter
second order kinetic model. Thermodynamic pa-
agement and disposal processes for the treat-
systems consistently met the SANS 241 and WHO
rameters confirmed that the adsorption process was
ment of abandoned mines through neutralisation
guidelines in terms of pH, conductivity and TDS. The
spontaneous and endothermic.
of mine waters and the reclamation of abandoned
results suggest that the use of geotextile layers in an
Continuous fixed-bed studies were undertaken to
mines through stabilisation and backfilling of
ISSF may not be necessary but use of GAC is needed
evaluate the efficiency of clinoptilolite-polypyrrole
workings. This will also substantially decrease fu-
to enhance the adsorption capacity and removal of
as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) and V(V)
ture greenfield land-take for ash dumps.
taste, odour, colour, and organic compounds which
from aqueous solution under the effect of various
are precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs).
process parameters like bed mass, flow rate and in-
The bacterial removal efficiencies by all filter sys-
itial metal ion concentrations. The results indicated
tems were substantial and may be able to reduce
that the column performed well at low flow rate.
A Water Research Commission-industry-aca-
ing for specific objectives (acid neutralisation,
Session 77 Point of use water treatment through use of activated carbon and geotextile layered within an intermittent slow sand filter Stephen Siwila Session 72, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Performance of an intermittent slow sand filter (ISSF) incorporating a non-woven geotextile and activated carbon as alternate layers for point of use (PoU) water treatment was investigated. Three PoU water treatment ISSF laboratory scale systems with alternating layers of filter media consisting of sand, gravel, geotextile and granular activated carbon (GAC) were designed, constructed and evaluated. Methods Filter system 1 (FS1) incorporated activated carbon while filter system 2 (FS2) incorporated non-woven geotextile layered within the filter media. Filter system 3 (FS3) incorporated both activated carbon and geotextile layers. The initial flow rates of the systems ranged between 8 and 15 L/h to ensure adequate empty bed contact time (EBCT) for GAC and longer
96
Clinoptilolite polymer nanocomposite were examined to evaluate their performance for the re-
The effects of magnetic clinoptilolite loading with-
pathogenic loads to well below infectious doses
Also, breakthrough time increased with increas-
after filter ripening coupled with consistent care.
ing bed mass. The Yoon-Nelson, Thomas and Bo-
However supplementary treatment of water by dis-
hart-Adams models were applied to experimental
infection is recommended.
data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column
Session 77
that are useful for process design. The Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models predictions were in very good agreement with the experimental results at all the
Clinoptilolite – Polymer Composite for Removal of Chromium (IV) and Vanadium (V) from Aqueous Solution Dr Nomcebo Mthombeni Session 77, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Mining and metallurgical industries are associated with heavy metals containing wastewater that are directly or indirectly discharged into the environment. Heavy metals are known to be toxic or carcinogenic . This work reports on the preparation of clinoptilolite-polymer based nanocomposite and their application in the remediation of water contaminated with metals. Polymer network can be easily incorporated inside the structure of clinoptilolite due to the presence of highly ordered pores,
process parameters studied. The adsorption-desorption studies indicated that prepared adsorbent retained its original adsorption capacity up to two consecutive cycles. Based on performance data, it can be concluded that the clinoptilolite-polypyrrole nanocomposite is a competitive sorption media for Cr(VI) and V(V) removal from aqueous environments.
Abstracts
Session 78 Abstract not available at time of going to print. Please refer to the conference app or conference website for updates.
Session 78 Wetskills Water Challenge – An innovative approach on experimental learning and networking for Young Water Professionals and students Johan Oost Session 78, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Diversity of expertise, skills and culture in a team plus a healthy amount of pressure leads to creative, integrated solutions for worldwide water challenges. In a fast changing world that becomes more internationally oriented, Young Water Professionals have to train competences for their future (international) job. Competences as teambuilding, international cooperation and transdisciplinaries are crucial for the new International Water Professional. But using new media, business models (to prove the financial viability of an idea) and presenting to the point and attractive are an added value as well. How can you train them better than experiencing these vital elements? That is what the Wetskills Water Challenge is about: experimental learning. The Wetskills Water Challenge is a twoweek programme for students and young professionals with a passion for water from all over the world. They meet in a country and work in transdisciplinary and transcultural teams on water-related topics. The main challenge: develop as a team your own innovative and out-of-thebox solution for you water challenge. The study cases are provided by case owners: companies/ organisations with a dedicated challenge in the local situation where the Wetskills is held. These concepts are presented during a formal event through an ice-breaking and energizing session, where the cooperation between the Dutch water sector and the partner-country is showed and positioned. It provides opportunities for generations to integrate, water issues to be challenged and disciplines and cultures to be intertwined. Wetskills focusses at real-life challenges, strongly linked to the water sector. The so-called case owners are both small and large companies, governmental and non-governmental organisations, knowledge institutes or a consortium of more than one organisation from the water sector of The Netherlands and/or partner-country(ies). The
organisation formulates the study case for one of
“…there is a need for each sector to define the
the teams existing of four to five participants.
skills sets they need and at which levels … in order
Since 2010, more than 500 students and young
to meet the demands of that sector and the corre-
water professionals from about 100 international
sponding SETA. …each sector has its own profile
universities and organizations have participat-
of skills demands not only because of the specific
ed in one of the 27 Wetskills Water Challenges,
service it provides, but also with regards the spatial
organized in Asia (China, Taiwan, Indonesia and
and demographic specifics…”
India), North Africa and Middle East (Israel, Iran, Oman, Morocco and Egypt), Sub-Saharan Africa
Methods
(South Africa and Mozambique), Europe (Roma-
The
nia, United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and
iterative phases:
North America (United States and Canada).
Phase I – collation of information on: (a) skills fore-
study
was
configured
into
three
casting models through literature reviews; and, Wetskills in South Africa
(b) the current water system in local government
During the WISA conference in Cape Town (2012),
and identification of sector issues (interviews and
Nelspruit (2014) and Durban (2016), the Wetskills
questionnaire assessments were conducted in six-
Foundation organized a Wetskills Water Challenge
ty-six municipalities across the country);
in close cooperation with WISA, Dutch Embassy
Phase 2 – development of a proof-of-concept
and several South African and Dutch partners.
prototype model, using outputs from Phase 1 and
More than 70 Sub-Saharan participants joined one
supplementary data and information. There was
of the Wetskills editions.
emphasis on the model configuration, definition of user specifications and selection of an appropriate,
Summary
representative demonstration municipality having
• Skills development of the next generation
adequate data; and
• Trandisciplinary and transcultural cooperation
Phase 3 – prototype model refinement and imple-
in practice
mentation planning.
• Intergenerational exchange of knowledge • Real-life challenges provided and assisted by sector partners • Informal and energizing ice-breaker during a larger formal event
Results The study confirmed the poor availability of water sector skills data. Additionally, the Phase 1 interview information confirmed sector issues reported
• Link between universities and working field
in other studies. Although skills supply-demand
• Follow-up activities and business
forecasting models exist locally and international-
• Proven concept in 17 countries worldwide
ly, there is none for local government water sector
This presentation will also discuss the activi-
skills supply-demand forecasting.
ties and results of the next Wetskills South Afri-
A proof-of-concept prototype model was devel-
ca, organized before and during WISA 2018 in
oped and is currently undergoing initial testing,
Cape Town.
prior to further refinement and development in the study Phase 3. The lack of data was the biggest chal-
Session 78 Water sector skills supply-demand forecasting in local government Ashwin Seetal Session 78, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Water sector skills shortages are of serious concern continentally, regionally and nationally. Its impact on all aspects of the water management value chain has been assessed, with evidence being increasingly documented. While the diagnosis of the problem is clear and easy, intervention measures to resolve the problem have proven difficult. The LGSETA in South Africa commissioned a proactive planning intervention to forecast specific municipal skills needs in relation to supply dynamics. This supports their mandate and the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS) III which states
lenge in selecting and configuring the model using open source software. Conclusions The model development was beset with challenges not fully anticipated during the study planning process. However, the pioneering nature of the study in a data scarce environment required different, more pliable configuration approaches to maintain the level of confidence and value of the model outputs. There is interest in deploying the model in other water sector capacity-poor countries, and the intention to expand the model to include other sectors in local government (waste, electricity/power, transport/roads). Finally, NSDSIII states “…it is essential to understand future trends in the demands on that specific sector to model skill demand forecast….. this in turn will inform what institutional arrangements need to be in place to ensure that such skill
97
Abstracts
demands are met, which is the supply side of the
Session 79
forecasting model.”
• The impact of key design parameters (e.g. volumetric and biological loading) and climate conditions on effluent quality using data from
Session 78 Novel and innovative programme for fasttracking professional registration of engineers at Umgeni Water Naheen Toolsee Session 78, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The erosion of experienced professional technical skills in the water sector has been identified as one of the critical factors affecting water quality and service delivery. In the traditional training programmes for professional registration, the normal time frame for a candidate engineer to be ‘ready’ for registration was estimated to be between 7 to 10 years. Methods This paper highlights the novel and innovative model devised and applied at Umgeni Water to fast-track the professional development and registration of graduate engineers and scientists within five years from inception of the programme. Results The training programme developed for engineers ensures alignment with the eleven outcomes stipulated by ECSA and is operated on a structured rotational basis wherein candidates are exposed
Aerobic Granular Sludge in South Africa: Applying lessons learned from full-scale applications across five continents Graham Hartlett Session 79, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been extensively researched over the last two decades in an attempt to find more sustainable wastewater treatment solutions. This research has demonstrated the various benefits of the aerobic granular sludge technology. Thus far, linking the results obtained in a laboratory or pilot setting to results that might be achieved under practical full-scale conditions is difficult. To assist academics, engineers and wastewater treatment plant operators to assess the actual advantages and drawbacks of AGS when considering the technology for future industrial and municipal wastewater treatment applications, data feedback from full-scale applications is crucial. In this outline paper, we propose to present the most important technical lessons learnt by condensing experience with the design and operation of a large number of full-scale AGS plants from around the world, including lessons learnt on fullscale plant start-up and commissioning. These experiences can, in turn, be used to formulate future research objectives and focus on the key lessons learned for the South African context.
to both water and wastewater treatment process-
several full-scale plants across the world. For instance, how the retrofit of an activated sludge based SBR to Nereda at Ringsend (Dublin, Ireland) resulted in a significant increase in treatment capacity. • The impact of load and salinity changes on operation, focussing on results from the demonstration plant in Hong Kong, where high salinity wastewater is treated. • The treatment of relatively dilute wastewater, with results from a large (65 MLD) wastewater treatment plant in Brazil (Deodoro) which was started up treating low strength wastewater (COD around 150 mg/ℓ). • The extrapolation of lab and pilot data to full-scale. • How lessons learned can be applied within the South African wastewater treatment context.
Session 79 Integration of Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Plants within City Boundaries – The Psychological Footprint Peter Wille Session 79, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Wastewater provides one of the cheapest and most reliable sources of water available for treatment and reuse in urban areas. To achieve this, wastewater infrastructure must address four footprints associated with its planning and placement namely: the financial, physical, psychological and carbon footprints.
es to gain the necessary practical and technical
Methods
expertise. Progress of the graduates is continually
Currently, approximately 40 full-scale AGS plants
monitored and assessed via progress reports and
are operational or under design/construction
technical presentations. Areas of improvement
across 5 continents, the oldest of which have been
are highlighted during extensive consultation
in operation for over 10 years. As a result, opera-
and feedback between the mentor, supervisor
tional AGS plants have been subject to a wide
and mentee.
variety of climatic conditions, wastewater charac-
Method
teristics and treatment objectives. The monitored
The methodology and principles used to opti-
Conclusion
performance data, together with full-scale start-up
mise the four footprints by utilising integrated
This novel structured approach as well as extensive
and commissioning experiences, can be used to
fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) technology is
programme co-ordination, planning and facilitation
extract lessons and provide boundaries for cur-
evaluated and quantified and compared to other
provides the graduate with an excellent opportuni-
rently known AGS application windows and how
treatment technologies available in the market.
ty to acquire an accelerated but well-rounded pro-
this fits within the South African wastewater treat-
The economic impact of decentralised treatment
fessional development in readiness for professional
ment context.
close to source is also quantified.
Results and conclusions
Results
In the proposed paper and presentation, we will
Many large, urbanised areas in Africa do not have
present wastewater treatment performance data
any sanitation infrastructure, or existing infra-
and results from full-scale AGS Nereda plants from
structure is severely overloaded. The provision
across the world enabling us to extract lessons
of traditional, centralised facilities with exten-
learned, including:
sive collection and distribution networks will
• The impact of seeding a Nereda plant with
be prohibitively expensive with the distribution
activated sludge or Nereda granular sludge
network costing in excess of 90% of the total
and the resultant impact on start-up, based on
wastewater treatment infrastructure cost. Food
experiences from the local Hartebeestfontein
chain reactor (FCR) IFAS technology provides the
(5 MLD) plant.
unique opportunity for acceptable localisation of
registration to add value to the water industry.
98
Abstracts
treatment systems, obviating the need for huge
Session 79
transfer pump stations and piping networks, re-
cation of the treatment process results in significantly reduced reactor volumes resulting in capital savings of up to 30% in the actual activated sludge treatment facility. The FCR solution is an IFAS system offering substantial economic benefits versus alternative solutions. Like all IFAS systems, the FCR is based on the same activated sludge process that has been used to treat wastewater for nearly a century. The FCR drastically improves this process by leveraging fixed-bed biofilms that grow on both natural (plant based) and engineered (patented bio-fibre media) root structures in a cascading reactor design, allowing a much greater quantity and diversity of organisms to thrive in the same physical space. The larger and more diverse biomass per unit of reactor volume results in significantly smaller physical footprint (reducing construction costs), as well as improved stability, nutrient removal, and energy efficiency reducing the carbon footprint. By utilising plants and enclosing the inlet works, the FCR system provides an odourless facility with the appearance of a botanical garden, preserving the surrounding land value and allowing the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to be placed directly adjacent to the wastewater source, i.e. within residential areas, thereby greatly reducing infrastructure costs such as long transfer headers with multiple lifting stations. The incorporation of plants and architectural aes-
Urban wastewater governance in South Africa can be improved through systems thinking ideology
sulting in significant financial footprint reduction by infrastructure reduction. Further the intensifi-
Conclusion
South African Urban Wastewater Challenges: A System Analysis Rejoice Malisa Session 79, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 South African urban wastewater management is currently facing numerous challenges ranging from ramshackle sewerage collection, dysfunctional wastewater treatment works (WWTW), political indifference to administrative incapacity. Thus, poorly treated effluents are entering natural water receiving bodies. Furthermore, South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s principal metropolitan areas are geographically located on watersheds of river catchments, while reservoirs from which water is drawn are located downstream of urban centres. Consequently, pollution of natural water-receiving bodies in these locations threatens the Urban Water System (UWS) and exacerbates freshwater supply challenges, thus posing a significant, costly threat to water quality and quantity, human health and the ecosystem. Working from a premise that good urban wastewater governance and its integration into the UWS will improve urban water security, this study explored challenges pertaining to urban wastewater governance in South Africa. This was done to holistically find solutions to the challenges through the lens of complexity theory and systems thinking. From the study, a model to improve the status quo was constructed. Focus was directed to institutional arrangements and infrastructure development governance groupings.
thetics reduces the psychological footprint where
and knowledge exchange among water practitioners and stakeholders.
Session 79 Accelerating the adoption of new technology solutions Fiona Griffith Session 79, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 There is a growing demand for the next generation of innovative solutions in the water sector, driven by increasing environmental policy, a need to improve efficiency, performance and service delivery, and the requirement to minimise both capital and operational spend. Innovation has become a necessity for water service providers and their supply chains â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to comply with legislation and to provide high-quality drinking water and sanitation services. Despite the demand for step change solutions, water service providers may not have the resources to identify, source, develop and implement the technologies that they need, particularly as some technologies are not always developed in line with the needs of specific water service providers. Addressing this gap in the market, the aim of the Technology Approval Group (TAG) is to introduce innovative technologies to water service providers in line with their specific needs, to facilitate their adoption, and to attract external investment into the sectors to reduce the risk and cost of implementing innovative solutions, to ultimately support water service providers in providing sustainable and high-quality drinking water and sanitation services to their communities.
the WWTP becomes part of community activity
Methodology
rather than being something shunned. The treat-
This study employed Interactive Management
ed wastewater also provides a source of reusable
(IM) research methodology, which comprises
grey water that can be used for garden and park
three phases, namely the planning, the work-
irrigation, industrial purposes, cooling water in air
shop and the follow-up phases. The IM concept
Methods
conditioning systems and for toilet flushing by the
was employed as it facilitates a structural process
TAG is a needs-driven network, facilitating tech-
installation of a dual reticulation system.
capable of bringing water practitioners togeth-
nology transfer in all areas of the water cycle;
The applicability of such systems in the South
er through a brainstorming session of their ideas
reaching from treatment processes to remote
African context of African mega-cities, power lim-
and the realities they face in the sector. The IM
monitoring and human capacity development.
itations and water scarcity is analysed through
research methodology employed was robust in
TAG reviews and recommends technologies for
case studies.
identification and analysis of urban wastewater
the water sector and consists of a continuous,
management challenges. Interpretive Structural
ongoing programme of activities initiated by the
Conclusion
Modelling ascertained relationships among specif-
TAG meetings. These activities include a selection
Decentralised water reclamation gardens utilising
ic elements which define the challenges. Concept
and voting system to ensure technologies brought
IFAS technology provides significant operating
Star Decision-Making tools for professionals were
forward address specific needs communicated by
and capital investment savings whilst providing
employed for modelling.
the water service providers. Events are followed by
an aesthetic alternative to conventional activated sludge treatment.
introductions, technology implementation and, Results
often, collaborative trials bringing together several
Dependent, independent, mediating and moder-
members to share the cost, risk and benefits pilot-
ating variables were identified. From the model, a
ing novel solutions and increasing the number of
strategy to move from the current realities to the
technologies companies getting the opportunity
ideal situation for urban wastewater governance
to demonstrate their solutions.
was constructed.
99
Abstracts
Results
then any measured change in the time-of-flight
system, a liquid collection system. The gas product
To date, Isle brings together 140 leading global
is related to the permittivity of the cake, which in
was analysed in line by a micro GC (Agilent 300A)
water service providers and over 800 technolo-
turn is unique to a new total solids percentage in
while the liquid product was characterised using
gies have been approved and formally presented
the cake.
Bomb calorimeter, GC-MS, Karl Fischer and ele-
to members since 2005. More than 75% of these
mental analyser (LECO CHN 682, S682). Elemental
technologies have been taken forward by the
Results and Conclusions
analyser, XRD, and Bomb calorimeter were carried
members through trials or pilots. Relevant tech-
The operators are able to manipulate the polymer
out for char analysis. The pyrolysis experiments
nology examples will be given in line with the
dosing with near-immediate feedback, to test for
were carried with a solid feed rate of 0.01 kg/min,
conference’s thematic areas, providing examples
and to find the optimum set of conditions that
at nearly atmospheric pressure and at 470°C and
of the benefits received by water service providers
balance chemical cost and product dryness. It is
500°C, respectively. Syngas was used as the initial
as well as increase in commercialisation for tech-
anticipated that this will lead to medium-term
fluidising gas recycled with pyrolysis gas and used
nology companies.
savings in polymer costs, with a payback period of
as the reaction atmosphere purging the amount of
less than three years, as presented in the life-cycle
gas that allows to maintain a constant flow rate in
cost calculation.
the reactor of 4.5 dm3N/min.
Conclusions In 2015, Isle established regional groups in Sub-Saharan Africa to help African utilities engage with
Session 80
new but resilient technologies and processes to increase preparedness to the vulnerability of water and climate change-related challenges. Through TAG, our aim is to introduce novel technologies and solutions to enhance the existing infrastructure, reduce cost, improve efficiency, and provide sustainable services for the future that will help mitigate and to adapt to present and emerging challenges.
Session 80 Dewatering of Wastewater Sludge: Improvements in Monitoring Techniques at Mitchells Plain WWTW, Cape Town Zaheer Ortell Session 80, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Sludge handling and dewatering contributes to a large percentage of the operating cost at a municipal wastewater treatment works, specifically through the use of flocculation aids such as polyelectrolytes. In order to improve on effectiveness, inline monitoring is being piloted at the Mitchells Plain Wastewater Treatment Works in Cape Town. Mechanical sludge dewatering is being conducted via filter-belt presses. The dewatered sludge “cake” is conveyed to open-hopper progressing cavity pumps, which in turn pump the cake into elevated hoppers, for removal by truck. Solids-content-measuring instruments have been fitted onto the sludge cake pipelines to provide immediate inline feedback on the dry solids percentage of the sludge cake.
The pyrolysis experiment under pyrolysis gas atmosphere required slightly higher energy input
Influence of gas product recirculation on sewage sludge pyrolysis product distribution and composition Katlego Mphahlele Session 80, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Sewage sludge pyrolysis for fuel production as an alternative disposal method has been studied widely. Challenges associated with the application of the pyrolysis products as fuel is due to their poor fuel properties such as high ash content, high oxygen and nitrogen contents. Pyrolysis at lab-scale is performed mainly in an inert atmosphere, usually of nitrogen. The high nitrogen content of the gas product limits its application as fuel. The use of the gas product as a fluidizing agent could improve the fuel applicability of this product allowing its combustion for maintaining the reaction. Moreover, some authors have reported that the use of pyrolysis gas as a fluidising gas during lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis reduces the oxygen content in the bio-oil fraction. A preliminary study about the effect of the of the pyrolysis gas product as fluidizing agent on the product distribution and properties obtained from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge is going to be accomplished in this work. Materials Digested sewage sludge was collected from East Rand Water treatment plant, Mid-Vaal. South Africa. The sample suffered anaerobic digestion, and a poly-binder was used during dewatering. The sample was crushed and sieved to 250-350 μm and sand of 150-250 μm particle diameter. A mixture of nitrogen
Methods
and pyrolysis gas were used as reaction atmosphere
The transmitter measures the time-of-flight of mi-
and fluidising gas.
crowaves through the process pipeline, which is
100
Results
linearly related to the percentage of solid material
Pyrolysis
within the cake. After a single-point calibration is
The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a
conducted (setting the meter’s output to a corre-
continuous lab-scale fluidised bed reactor heated
sponding result from a laboratory-tested sample),
by an electrical oven, equipped with a char removal
which could be caused by the endothermic hydrocracking of pyrolysis vapours and the relatively high specific heat capacity of the hydrogen rich pyrolysis gas. Pyrolysis gas influenced the pyrolysis products regarding yield and composition. The bio-oil and char yield slightly decreased due to the in-situ gasification of the char while the gas yield increased under pyrolysis gas atmosphere. The change in biooil composition and gas yield shows the occurrence of hydrocracking reactions. The water fraction yield increased which shows the deoxygenation responses. During the reaction H2S was retained in the char product by a chemical mechanism not yet inquired. Conclusion The use of pyrolysis gas as pyrolysis atmosphere can improve properties of the gas and the liquid products. The significant increases in the HHV of the gas would allow its combustion in existing technology. The liquid product had a lower oxygen content owing to the hydrogen rich environment provided by the pyrolysis gas.
Session 80 Use of Solar Thermal Energy for the Drying of Faecal Sludge Dr Santiago Septien Stringel Session 80, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The use of solar thermal energy could be a viable option to reduce the energy consumption for faecal sludge drying, particularly by decreasing the running costs. Nevertheless, only a few cases of faecal sludge solar drying have been reported in literature and no fundamental research has be done up to date. This research project, performed at the Pollution Research Group (PRG), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), aims at providing data and knowledge to the sanitation practitioners to
Abstracts
better understand faecal sludge solar drying. The
sludge can be used for various purposes such as
expected outcomes are to lead the improvement
land fill cover material or applying it in natural for-
of existing technologies and practices and to pro-
ests and plantation.
mote the development of new technologies.
Session 81
The objective is to decrease the pollution of the
A solar drying thermobalance was designed to
underground water by improving the quality of
monitor the mass and temperature of the sample,
the stabilised sludge disposed from Carl Grundling
as well as the temperature and relative humidity
Water Works.
of the surrounding air. The measurement of the
Water Risk and Strategy Analysis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Aligning Water Strategies to Business Strategies Joanne Crimes Session 81, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 27 June 2018, 10:30-12:15
sample mass loss enabled to determine drying
Method
kinetics. The drying rig was situated at the roof of
Three samples were taken from three points where
the Chemical Engineering building, University of
stabilised sludge is being disposed of. The samples
Background
KwaZulu-Natal, (Durban, South Africa.) The faecal
were analysed at the Erwat lab and the results ob-
Talbot and Talbotâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Water Risk and Strategy Analy-
sludge for the experiments was collected during
tained were used for classification of the sludge us-
sis Division works with clients to develop interac-
pit emptying of VIP latrines in the eThekwini mu-
ing the Guidelines for the Disposal of Wastewater
tive models, which can be used to assess water-re-
nicipality. The effects of different parameters were
Sludge (vol 1). The results are attached at the back
lated risks and how these affect the business in the
studied, including the sample geometry and size,
of the report. To monitor the underground water,
future. These models are client specific and have
the weather conditions and the season. The effect
samples were taken quarterly and sent to the lab-
been developed for use in the mining, agriculture
of solar drying combined with convective drying
oratory for analysis.
and fast-moving consumer goods industries. The
was also explored, as well as the effect of solar
aim of these models is to provide a tool for onResults
going monitoring and projection of the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
The experimental results obtained in the solar
It was discovered that because the sludge is be-
water risks and to ensure that the water strategy
drying rig shown the variability of faecal sludge
ing disposed of at the land where the boreholes
supports the business strategy. The models are
drying as a function of the weather conditions and
are situated, pollution was taking place through
cross-functional and encompass legal, financial,
the seasons along the year, and suggested the op-
filtration into the underground water. The sludge
operational, social and environmental risks. In ad-
timal conditions to achieve higher efficiencies. As
classification for Carl Grundling from 2016 was B1a
dition, external factors such as catchment water
expected, the drying rate is higher in sunny condi-
and targeted was A1a. The results from the bore-
availability and service provider reliability are eval-
tions than cloudy. It could be seen that drying in a
holes show high E.coli from two points of the three
uated and incorporated into the model.
transparent enclosure occurs faster than a sample
samples. The non-compliance of E.coli from the
placed at the open air, to mimic the evaporation
two boreholes is due to sludge as it is B1a, whereby
Methods
in a conventional drying bed. This difference is
the B factor represents microorganisms. Although
Site visits are used to map the site reticulation and
more pronounced in an overcast day, where the
the 2017 sludge classification is still at B1a, after
engage with various managers and operational
sample in the transparent closure is dried in de-
monitoring and optimising the chlorine dosage
teams in interactive sessions to fully understand
spite the low irradiance, while the sample at open
rate according to the flow received, the under-
the operational context and the impact on water.
air maintains a fairly constant moisture content.
ground water has shown improvement on E.coli
Data gathered from the site visits is synthesised
Drying can be assisted by the introduction of an
compliance. It therefore meant that improving the
into a model that pulls together water use, effluent
air stream in order to evacuate the evaporated
microbiological content of the sludge would also
volume and pollutant concentrations, operational
moisture. The drying rate can be increased by in-
improve the quality of the groundwater content.
aspects, and other key risks identified during the
thermal concentration.
creasing the air temperature and flowrate, and de-
site visit. Potential changes to legislation involv-
creasing the sample size. However, too high flow-
Conclusion
ing water and effluent costs and abstraction and
rates at ambient temperature can cool the sample
It was concluded that after monitoring and opti-
discharge regulations are also included. Climate
and subsequently diminish the drying rate. Solar
mising the chlorine dosage rate according to the
change data is used to assess the risk to the system
thermal concentration can drastically shorten the
flow received the presence of E.coli in the final
in terms of water availability, drought and flooding.
drying time, but its effect is highly affected by
effluent was decreased. From this decrease, the
The impact of water-saving initiatives and future
cloudy weather.
sludge quality improved, which in turn affected
projects or plans for expansion is also incorporated
the quality of the groundwater supply. The plant
in the model. This allows the effects of these pro-
aim is to achieve the A1a sludge quality for com-
jects to be compared with the business-as-usual
mercial and environmentally friendly application.
scenario and provides a visual framework to eval-
Session 80
uate these projects.
Improving the sludge quality of Carl Grundling wastewater treatment works therefore preventing contamination of underground water through Sipage Mmathapelo RosinaMaila Session 80, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The aim of a wastewater treatment plant is to remove solids from wastewater for better water quality. The solids are stabilised in a form of sludge to meet the standards as per license. The stabilised
Results Interactive dashboards are used to compare business as usual to various water strategies and initiatives. Through the use of scenario analysis the impact of water strategies and initiatives can be evaluated visually through a dashboard. Key aspects highlighted in the dashboards include: OPEX and CAPEX forecasts, compliance/non-compliance with legislation and possible risks to process operability. Desensitised examples of dashboards
101
Abstracts
developed for clients in the mining, agriculture
quality are also likely to increase in future with con-
is tangled in a “wait and see” approach to the is-
and fast moving consumer goods sectors will
tinued urban and per-urban growth, as well as the
sue of hyacinth invasion of the dam. Concerned
be showcased.
impacts of climate change. A number of potential
citizens mandated the “Harties Rehabilitation
alternative solutions including the use of artificial
Steering Committee” to develop a strategy to
Conclusions
wetlands and the rehabilitation and protection of
harvest the hyacinth on the dam to avoid severe
The ultimate aim of the model is to utilise sce-
natural wetlands as well as the clearing of invasive
environmental pressures that would change the
nario analysis to assess whether the business
alien plants are presented.
quality of life for the community and disrupt bi-
strategy can be achieved with the current wa-
This paper provides an assessment of the cur-
odiversity in the dam. These pressures impose
ter strategy and to assess the risks associated
rent and future water quality risks associated with
important risks and expected costs that could
from a legal, financial, operational, social and
urban and peri-urban development, as well as an
erode the natural capital base upon which eco-
environmental perspective.
assessment of the potential economic risks asso-
nomic growth is built. Literature studies else-
ciated with declining water quality. A first order
where reveal that a “wait and see” approach with
estimate of the cost of rehabilitation of existing
hyacinth invasions invariably results in exces-
wastewater treatment works based on the level of
sive costs to manage it, and the consequence
compliance for different functional areas is set out.
are severe interruptions in the quality of life of
This study is an indication of the challenges/reali-
riparian communities.
Session 81 Economic risks associated with declining after quality due to urbanisation: The Breede River Catchment, South Africa as a case study Annabel Horn Session 81, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 27 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Water is a critical resource necessary to support social and economic development. Economic growth and in particular the growth of urban and peri-urban areas, however, results in declining water quality, which threatens critical water dependent industries. In developing countries, this is a particular concern due to the rapid rate of urbanisation and the limited financial resources and technical capabilities to adequately maintain and upgrade waste water treatment works. This is particularly relevant in catchments with a high dependence on the agricultural economy and, in particular, on irrigation water quality standards for exports. Methods In this study, we looked at the current water quality risks in the Breede River Catchment as an area which experiences significant urban and peri-urban growth. We then identified and quantified the potential economic risks associated with declining water quality standards and compared these to preliminary estimates of the costs needed to rehabilitate existing waste water treatment works in the catchment according to an assessment of compliance associated with different aspects of the treatment process. Results The results show a wide range of costs associated with the need for rehabilitation of the existing
ties experienced in countries globally, where river
The presentation will focus on the planning,
water running through urban settlements is also
design and implementation of a water hya-
used for agricultural irrigation.
cinth harvesting process, the logistics of handling storage and treatment of fresh hyacinth
Session 81
with a procedure uniquely suited for the Hartbeespoort Dam.
The consequences of inaction: Hartbeespoort Dam, an escalating hypertrophic impoundment! Frederick Botha Session 81, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 27 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Eutrophication of surface water constitute a major threat to the provision of raw potable and irrigation water in South Africa, being largely dependent on impounded water to ensure water supply. The Hartbeespoort Dam is experiencing excessive amounts of nutrients being introduced by raw or partially treated effluents or run-off water from irrigated land that had fertiliser applied. In addition, the exponential growth of water hyacinth has become a threat to biodiversity in the 90-year-old reservoir. Elevated levels of nutrients in the presence of abundant blue-green algae causes cyanobacterial blooms, which produce cyanotoxins, and excessive hyacinth growth. Cynotoxins pose a health-risk to both humans and animals if ingested. Since 2015, the budget for the Metsi-a-me programme to implement in-dam biological remediation was discontinued by DWS, subsequently allowing the water hyacinth proliferation to continue undisturbed, reaching surface area cover of 30% during the Winter of 2017.
treatment plants, but a much higher potential for social and economic risks if this is not done
Method
and current water quality conditions continue
Outlook for 2017/18 of the Hartbeespoort Dam
to decline.
is projecting a repeat of the 1977 situation when the dam was >60% covered with water hyacinth.
102
as well as the conversion into organic fertilizer
Conclusions
Then, spraying with herbicide jump-started the
Existing economic risks due to declining water
dominance of cyanobacteria. Currently, the DWS
The community requires a sustainable business operation to harvest hyacinth and convert it to organic fertiliser, within the requirements of the DWS and DEA permits and aligned with the Resource Management Plan of the Hartbeespoort Dam as dictated by the Dam Management Committee. Numerous factors limit the extent to control hyacinth invasion. These include time and financial constraints. However, harvesting hyacinth at a tempo high enough to prevent an even greater invasion during the approaching summer period is a critical success factor. The long-term success will depend on a balanced approach to harvest and “grow” hyacinths at a tempo that will allow the business to become profitable. Results and Conclusion The presentation will expand on the development of the strategy, research, and the development of a business plan to control
hyacinth
growth
to
manage
in-dam
eutrophication status.
Session 81 Organic toxicants contamination and aquatic toxicity of the Jukskei River Mpho Makofane Session 81, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The Department of Water and Sanitation is mandated by the South African National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998) to assess, monitor and report on the status of water quality and aquatic health of the
Abstracts
country’s water resources. The National Toxicity
performed suggestive of notable toxic pollution
steric partitioning effects at the feed-membrane
Monitoring Programme (NTMP) is one of the tools
in the water resource.
and membrane-permeate interfaces as well as charge balance equations. The membrane was
used to address water quality issues by monitoring the effects of toxicants on aquatic environ-
Session 87
ments. Monthly water samples were collected at
source reasonably suspected to be sources of water pollution such as sand mining and wastewater treatment works. The samples were collected for organic chemical analysis and toxicity testing using 4 ℓ brown Winchester bottles and 5 ℓ Schott glass bottles, respectively. Physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen) were measured in situ using the YSI (566) multi-parameter instrument. A selection of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) were monitored. These include Organo-chlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as DDT and its metabolites, Phthalates, Triazine herbicides, Organo-phosphorus pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polycyclic Aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Naphthalene. Organic chemical analysis was performed following the DWA methodology for sample analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A battery of toxicity tests were performed following the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods, which included: the Vibrio fisheri bioluminescence test, Algal Selenastrumcapricornutum
growth
inhibition
test, Daphnia pulex lethality and reproduction tests, and Zebra-fish (Danio rerio) lethality test. For the hydrological year 2015/2016, PAHs were detected in all four sites at concentrations below 0.1 µg/ℓ, PCBs were only detected at N14 and Bruma sites at 0.06 µg/ℓ and 0.02 µg/ℓ, respectively. There are no guideline values for most PAHs and PCBs in the South African Water Quality Guidelines (SAWQG). Most OCPs and Organo-phosphorus pesticides were found to be below the instrument’s detection limit (0.01 µg/ℓ) except DDE-4.4. Phthalates and Triazines were all detected at very low concentrations. The results of the four bio-assays show a significant toxicity response at site N14 for Daphnia pulex reproduction Mortality (21%), 38% for Marlboro and 69% at Bruma. There was a positive response on Daphnia pulex lethality for Bruma (43%). The Marlboro site had a response for the Selenastrumcapricornutum growth inhibition test and Danio rerio lethality test. A non-toxic response was observed
Prediction of nanofiltration rejection performance in brackish water reverse osmosis brine treatment processes Ricky Bonner Session 87, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Membrane-based processes designed to minimise concentrate produced from a brackish water reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant typically employ a nanofiltration (NF) step, which functions as a concentrator upstream of a sulfate precipitation reactor and as a generator of a permeate stream which can be blended with the primary RO permeate to boost the overall volumetric recovery of the facility. In specific cases where zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is targeted, the NF may be incorporated into a recycle loop and its ability to allow passage of monovalent species such as sodium and chloride as well as its sulfate rejection capability dictate if a brine bleed requires implementation and hence the possibility of achieving ZLD. Modelling of the NF and subsequent element selection thus forms an essential part of the design phase of such projects. Resistances to transport across an NF element include size exclusion and promotion of drag inside the membrane pore which reduce diffusivity; the creation of a surface charge density which induces Donnan partitioning; the reduction in dielectric constant within the membrane pore creating a Born solvation energy barrier; and the inclusion of feed spacers which promote turbulence and hence mass transfer, which diminish concentration polarisation at the feed-membrane interface. Element manufacturers continuously develop materials and fabrication techniques to either enhance or diminish the abovementioned resistances depending on customer requirements. Process conditions also affect element performance: feed composition dictates charge and mass balance requirements in different regions within the membrane and in the permeate; feed temperature affects ionic diffusivity; feed pH affects geochemical speciation as well as element surface charge density and hydraulic considerations, such as crossflow velocity, affect mass transfer within the element feed channel.
in the Vibrio fisheri bioluminescence test for all four sites.
earised and then solved iteratively at each node using LU decomposition theory.
four sites along the Jukskei River. Site selection was based on the activities around the water re-
discretised, after which the equations were lin-
Methods
Most organic pollutants were detected at con-
A nanofiltration model was built in the program-
centrations below the limits set by the SAWQG
ming language Python based on the Extended
for the monitoring period observed. There was
Nernst Planck (ENP) equations for ionic flux, Don-
a significant toxicity response on the bio-assays
nan equilibrium equations including Born and
The predictive capability of the model was assessed by comparing results with data obtained from an NF in a 4.3 Mℓ/day mine water treatment plant at a gold mine in Ghana. Element data from different manufacturers was then inserted into the model and a sensitivity analysis was performed under different process conditions with the individual species rejection being reported. Results It was found that the model adequately predicted the rejection performance of an NF in a full-scale mine water treatment plant. Feed composition, feed pH with its associated geochemical speciation effects as well as its effect on membrane charge density and membrane properties such as pore radius and pore dielectric constant played a prominent role in individual species rejection. Conclusion Solving of the ENP equations for ionic flux across an NF element proved to be a valuable tool for predicting NF rejection performance and is recommended for use when designing future brackish water RO brine treatment plants.
Session 87 Fouling resistance analysis of commercial ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes using starch production industrial wastewater effluent Ephraim Igberase Session 87, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 The main organic substances found in the different Tongaat Hulett Starch wastewater streams include starch, proteins, fats, sugars (glucose, hydex, and maltose), hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. In general, the wastewater effluent produced by starch manufacturing industry is made of high organic load and it requires treatment before disposal into the river to prevent environmental pollution. However, limited research has been carried out where Tongaat Hulett wastewater effluent was tested by membrane treatment for the removal of organic substances, and fouling resistance. This research work was aimed at filling up that knowledge gap. This is because these pollutants are negatively impacting the environment and costly to the company because of high penalties from the municipalities. Thus, this research work focuses on the removal
103
Abstracts
of starch effluent and the fouling behaviour on the
fabrication (gelling, drying or firing steps) or even
effluent using commercial membranes.
during membrane utilization (sealing or thermal
Session 87
cycling of the membrane). The popular defect
The permeate flux dropped drastically within the
Firstly demi water permeability was determined
first 4 hrs and it continue to decrease steadily from
by operating the filtration at cross flow velocity of
4 h to 8 h. The UF-PES was the second most fouled
approximately 1 m/s and a transmembrane pres-
membrane. The permeate flux dropped drastically
sure of 3 bar. The measured demi water permea-
in the first hour after that, the permeate flux stead-
bility ranged from 77 – 210. Lm-2h-1 bar-1. The
ily decreased until eight hours. This was higher
membrane molecular weight cut off was based on
than what was observed for the UF-PSf membrane.
the membrane rejection of polyethylene glycols
Reducing the environmental impact of desalination: Current innovations and opportunities Elspeth Grahn Session 87, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Whilst desalination undoubtedly improved the lives of many millions of people around the world, it unfortunately has some substantial environmental impacts, of which energy consumption and brine management remain two of the greatest challenges. This paper reviews current trends and opportunities to reduce the environmental impact of RO with respect to energy consumption and brine disposal. Reverse osmosis (RO) provides the lowest energy consumption of all commercially available desalination technologies. Presently the energy requirement of around 4 kWhr/kℓ for seawater is still four times that of the theoretical minimum, resulting in the production of roughly 1.6 kg ‐ 2 kg of CO2
However, the PA-RO membrane was the least
(PEG) each of concentration of 0.6 g/l and molecu-
per kℓ water produced. Research shows that en-
fouled membrane.
lar weights: 300 – 6 000 Da these were filtered un-
ergy consumption is approaching a practical min-
der similar conditions as demi-water. High Perfor-
imum, with only marginal improvements expected
Conclusion
mance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a size
with current technologies. To achieve a meaningful
This clearly demonstrated that the PA-RO mem-
exclusion column was used to measure MWCO.
reduction, a quantum improvement in technology
branes were better suited for the removal of high
The log-normal model was used to determine the
is required. In this regard, new technologies such
organic load material in the starch wastewater ef-
MWCO of the membranes.
as forward osmosis and novel membrane materials
Methodology
characterization techniques include SEM/TEM im-
The cross-flow filtration unit was utilised to measure
agery however, this presents a challenge in that
the fouling profiles of flat sheet polyethersulfone
it is difficult to get a general picture of defect size
(PES, MWCO, 5 kDa) and polysulfone (PSf, MWO,
distribution due to limited area of analysis (ca. 100
100 kDa) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, and a
µm2). The other method is permporometry, this
non-porous polyamide reverse osmosis (PA-RO)
method is both time and labour intensive.
membrane. Typically, the membranes were initially
The aim of the study was to quantify the mag-
compacted for 4 h, at a pressure of 13.8 bar. Mem-
nitude of defects on the active layer of ceramic
branes cleaning were performed using sodium
nanofiltration membranes. A batch of ten pieces
hydroxide (4%, w/v) solution after 16 h at 13.8 bar
of ceramic disk membranes of diameter of 90 mm,
pressure. The efficiency after cleaning was evaluat-
thickness 2.5 mm, a porosity of 30%, an effec-
ed by comparing the permeate flux.
tive filtration area of 0.00563 m2, the active layer is made of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and molecular
Results
weight cut off (MWCO) of 1 000 Da (as claimed by
UF-PSf membrane was the most fouled membrane.
the manufacturer) was analysed for defects.
fluent, as it showed more fouling resistance than
The rejection curve assumes that the membrane
the other membranes. The UF-PSf membranes
rejects 100% of PEG greater that the MWCO of
Regarding brine disposal, it is estimated that
showed lower flux recovery when compared to the
pores, however this was not the case as none of the
more than 70 million kℓ/day of brine is disposed
UF-PES and PA-RO membranes. The PA-RO mem-
membranes had a rejection curve reaching 100%
to the ocean daily – a figure projected to rise to
branes showed superior flux recovery properties
rejection (plateau of the rejection curve) suggest-
almost 200 million kℓ/day by 2050. In some desali-
after cleaning moreover, it was able retain almost
ing the presence of defects. The MWCO including
nation intensive regions of the world, background
100% of organic particles within Tongaat Hulett
defects ranged from 1 400 – 5 500 Da. MWCO with-
seawater salinity is projected to increase by up to
Starch wastewater.
out defects was obtained by normalizing the rejec-
5% by 2050, driving efforts to find new solutions
tion curve of all the pores by assuming that max-
to brine disposal. Presently, mature technologies
imum rejection of that particular membrane to
exists to recover a range of by‐products from RO
be that due to proper pores. These values ranged
brine. A key success factor is the establishment of
from 1 100 – 1 300 Da. The difference in magnitude
suitable commercial arrangements which will at-
of the plateau of the two gives the magnitude of
tract investors.
Session 87 Defects in the active layer of ceramic nanofiltration membranes: A facile characterization approach Welldone Moyo Session 87, Ballroom East, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Membrane technology has proved to be highly efficient and cost effective, its growth over the years in the water treatment sector is manifold. However, the major threat to the demand and use of ceramic membranes is the occurrence of defects. A defect is a crack or pinhole on the surface of the membrane in which a molecule even up to 6 000 Da can easily pass through on a nanofiltration range membranes. Defects can occur during membrane
104
are showing promise.
defects. These values ranged from 4% – 27%, con-
Compared to the early 1970’s when around
sequently the actual demi water permeability cor-
12 kWhr/kℓ fresh water of energy was required, en-
rected for defects ranged from 75 – 153 Lm-2h-1
ergy consumption for sea water desalination has
bar-1. This method of defect characterization pro-
since improved dramatically, resulting in current,
vides a simple and effective method to determine
state‐ of‐the‐art reverse osmosis (RO) desalination
defect magnitude and serves a two-prong purpose
systems requiring 3 kWhr ‐ 4 kWhr to produce 1 kℓ
one as a rapid quality control measure and the oth-
of fresh water from sea water (Figure 1). Much of
er as a prompt to which repair method to follow
this improvement is attributed to advances in
depending on the size of the defect.
membrane technology and the development of high-efficiency energy-recovery devices. In recent years, further improvements in energy requirements became increasingly difficult. Considering the rapid growth in installed global desalination capacity, a lack of further improvements in energy
Abstracts
efficiency will result in a concomitant increase in
and drought conditions with a high confidence
discretisation is not based on geomorphometric
related greenhouse gas emissions.
and provided input into further engineering de-
variables, but rather the complete topograph-
These developments, in combination with new
signs. Wellfield performance and cumulative draw-
ic pattern corresponding to specific landform
anti‐scalant chemistry in turn lead to an increase
down were also assessed for the scenario with
elements. The main attraction of the approach
in overall water recovery from RO systems. Initially,
the projected additional yield demand. Scenario
is the way the model self-adapts to local topog-
only about 30% of sea water could be converted
modelling was furthermore used to optimise the
raphy using a line-of-sight principle enabling
to fresh water using RO, with the remaining 70%
placement of new boreholes in the available well-
better matching of landform elements to the
returned to the ocean as brine. As the overall water
field concession area.
appropriate spatial scale. This study was carried
recovery of RO plants improved to the present day 45%‐50%, so also did the salt concentration of the brine increase to levels of around 70 000 mg/ℓ –
out in response to the need for more detailed
Session 88
roughly double that of the raw seawater.
Session 88 Alluvial Wellfield Optimisation and Management using Numerical Flow Modelling and Seasonal River Stages Brendon Bredenkamp Session 88, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Three dimensional numerical flow modelling has become one of the best tools to optimise and management wellfields across the world. This paper presents a case study of simulating an existing wellfield in an alluvial aquifer directly recharged by a major perennial river with fluctuating head stages. The wellfield was originally commissioned in 2010 to provide a supply of water to a nearby Mine. Ten large diameter boreholes capable of abstracting ±2 000 m3/hour were initially installed in the wellfield. The numerical groundwater flow model was used to evaluate if an additional 500 m3/hour could be sustainably abstract from the alluvial aquifer system. A probabilistic river flow assessment and surface water balance model was used to quantify low and average flow volumes for the river and used to determine water availability in the alluvial aquifer over time. Output generated indicated that the wellfield demand only exceeded the lowest 2% (98th percentile) of measured monthly river flow over a 59 year period, thereby proving sufficient water availability. Conceptual characterisation of the alluvial aquifer was based on previous feasibility studies and monitoring data from the existing hydrogeological system. Aquifer parameters was translated into the model discretisation grid based on the conceptual site model while the MODFLOW River package was used to represent the river. Actual river stage data was used in the calibration process in addition to water levels of monitoring boreholes and pump tests results. The input of fluctuating river water levels proved essential in obtaining a low model error (RMSE of 0.3). Scenario modelling was used to assess the assurance of supply of the alluvial aquifer for average
and easily interpretable terrain classification data for the identification of HRU based on functional hillslope discretisation. The aim of the study
The application of Geomorphons to Hydrological response modelling: A case study in the central Drakensberg, South Africa Jonathan Atkinson Session 88, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Approaches to hydrological modelling and catchment classification particularly, related to hydrological predictions of distributed or process related landscape units within ungauged river basins, have gradually changed in the last decade. More emphasis has been placed on developing approaches that better understand the multiplicity of interactions between issues such as climate change, land use and land cover variability on socio-economic development and sustainable water resource governance. Consequently, deriving spatially explicit and regionalised representation of landscape heterogeneity is seen as a prerequisite for utilising distributed and semi-distributed, physical based hydrological models for aggregating the landscape into functional hydrological response units (HRU). However, challenges in describing subsurface structure and processes as well as relating vadose zone properties with readily accessible surface or landscape features remains complex particularly when exploring the spatial patterns of functional soil types within river basins. Improved insight into processes of topographic structure formation would enable better model parameterization from structural features that can be independently measured or inferred from typical structural attributes of functional soil types – i.e. hillslopes. Advances in the disciplines of digital geomorphology mapping (DGM) and predictive soil assessment mapping (PSM) may offer alternative approaches to the assessment of catchment HRUs through the quantitative stratification of the landscape into functional landscape units. It is against this backdrop that the authors contend that topographic relationships need to be better represented in soil mapping and hydrological endeavours. One such novel method that may hold promise is the geomorphon approach. What distinguishes the geomorphon approach from existing methodologies is that landform
was to apply the geomorphon approach to both a high resolution (1 m - 5 m) as well as medium resolution (30 m) DEM dataset and compare the resultant hillslope terrain units to the National Landtype TMUs for a specific area in Kwazulu-Natal’s Tugela Catchment to gauge the level of correlation between the geomorphon terrain units and associated spatial distribution of hydromorphic soil properties. The geomorphon HRUs will be mapped according to their hydrological soil properties within the hillslope in an attempt to identify discontinuities between soil property occurrence and corresponding hillslope position – i.e. conceptual topo-sequnce vs modelled topo-sequence.
Session 88 Evaluation of the performance of flow gauging structures on the Klip River in Johannesburg German Nkhonjera Session 88, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Records from flow gauging stations in South Africa are used in the design of hydraulic structures, developments of wetlands adjacent to rivers, hydrologic modelling, and water resource assessments and management. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have accurate hydrological information in order to do this. Flow gauging structures are regularly overtopped and the stage-discharge relationships do not always extend to the stages associated with flood events. Quite often, and raw as it is, this information is used as it is without checking its accuracy. At flow gauging stations the relationship between stage and discharge is used to estimate discharge from the recorded stage measurements. Yet, the stage-discharge relationship does not remain the same and it is important to take note of the changes to this relationship and to adjust it accordingly. In this study, the main aim was to evaluate the performance of flow gauging structures in South African rivers, with a particular interest at horizontal compound crump weir.
105
Abstracts
To do this, Zwartkopjes Gauging Station (No.
leak detection and pressure reduction. However,
context of environmental protection and sustain-
C2H137) on the Klip River was chosen as a case
to date, this data has been largely underutilised
able development.
study for this evaluation. The results of the calcu-
as a source for the estimation of peak factors and
lated values of flow based on the measured input
24-hour flow patterns. An opportunity therefore
Methods
parameters were compared with the actual values
exists for the extraction of these parameters for
Comparative assessment of the tools used for
that are recorded with the pressure transducing
comparison with current industry standards (such
decision-making regarding environmental pro-
data logger.
as the Red book) and additional recent research.
tection for WDF was done by reviewing the NWA
Despite the importance of the hydrological data
By extension, the results of such an analysis can
and the NEMWA as well as the National Norms
collected from these gauging stations, there were
also be used as a tool for validating (and calibrat-
and Standards for Disposal of Waste to Landfill
clear disparities between the data from the pres-
ing where required) the water network models on
and the BPG A4. Analysis of the chemical seepage
sure transducer data logger at the gauging sta-
which much of City of Tshwane’s water network
data from one of Eskom’s old WDFs (ash dump)
tion and the data from calculations based on the
planning and design is based. The data from
that was commissioned before the regulations
measured parameters on site. The Department of
flow and pressure loggers in the City of Tshwane
came into effect was also done to see if the re-
Water and Sanitation (DWS) depends largely on
was used to develop real-time 24-hour demand
quirement for geotextile liners is justified or too
the pressure transducer data logger to capture the
patterns as well as instantaneous or peak hour
stringent based on the concept of the sustainable
required data. However, having done this study
factors. In zones where land uses were relative-
development as enshrined in Section 24 of South
and indeed knowing the site conditions, makes
ly homogenous, the modelling results obtained
Africa’s constitution.
one doubt the accuracy of the hydrological infor-
through these calibrated peak hour demands
mation that is found on the DWS website.
were compared to those achieved via theoretical
Results
peak factors used previously.
The waste classification systems prescribe the type
Session 88 Using real-time demand patterns to improve hydraulic modelling accuracy in water reticulation networks Carlo Loubser Session 88, Ballroom West, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 The design and planning of water distribution networks is typically aided to a large degree by computer modelling. However, for the output of a model to be of any value, an accurate estimation of the demand imposed on a network is required. Assuming that the geometry/typology of the distribution network has been accurately represented in a model, the biggest challenge facing the designer is accurately modelling the spatial and temporal variations in water demand. Accurate estimations of short- and long-term peaks, resulting from diurnal and seasonal variations in demand, are of particular importance to the designer as it is these peaks in demand that dictate the capacity requirements (and therefore cost) of the required water infrastructure. However, instantaneous peak factors and 24-hour demand patterns remain relatively unsubstantiated. For extended period simulations, 24-hour or peak week demand patterns are used to model dynamically varying demands. For steady-state analyses, peak factors representing the instantaneous or peak hour demand scenario are generally used. The City of Tshwane has adopted a programme whereby digital pressure and flow loggers were installed in several of its independent water reticulation network zones. This information is currently used with considerable success for the real-time monitoring of the state of network as well as a number of Water Conservation initiatives such as
106
When the newly calibrated demands were mod-
of barrier material (liner) that must be installed to
elled, resultant pressures resembled real-time
prevent pollution from WDFs. An additional crite-
pressures much closer. In other instances where
rion is presented in the Best Practice Guidelines,
logged real-time pressures were not available,
which entails a risk assessment in the form of
more realistic pressure outputs were achieved.
Source-Pathway-Receptor (SPR) Model to inform the type of barrier material to be used. Liner re-
Session 89 Current Regulatory Instruments for Waste Disposal Facilities in South Africa: A Review of the Legislation Tefo Chabedi Session 89, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Anthropogenic waste, classified according to its site of generation, constituents and physical state, is disposed of at specially designated waste disposal facilities (WDFs). These facilities are regulated by the National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998; NWA), and the National Environmental Management: Waste Act (No. 59 of 2008; NEMWA). Giving effect to these acts are the Best Practice Guideline A4: Pollution Control Dams (BPG A4) issued by the then Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (now Department of Water and Sanitation) and the NEMWA Government Regulations (Notice No. R634) issued by the Department of Environmental Affairs. These two regulatory frameworks aim to minimise the risk of groundwater pollution from WDFs and their requirements are implemented through the Water Use License and the Waste Management License processes, respectively. The regulations specify what design measures must be implemented, with WDFs for hazardous waste requiring inclusion of a geotextile filter layer. This has considerable cost implications and this paper aims to reconcile the regulations with the South African constitution in the
quirement for the SPR is less stringent than when the waste classification system is applied. Conclusion For Eskom’s WDFs in particular, the SPR and waste classification can result in different liner requirements when evaluated within a specific period of pollutants’ movement. Despite SPR leaning towards less stringent requirements, it requires repeated updates of information and models at acceptable time intervals to monitor any changes and manage the uncertainties in the results.
Session 89 Process capability assessments for potable water treatment plants: A Rand Water experience Sifiso Sambo Session 89, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 With the inception of the Blue Drop programme in 2008 and the increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, the need for a more holistic approach was emphasized. Therefore, restructuring of process auditing was required. The fundamental philosophy of the Programme is that regulatory performance is not enough; water treatment and supply must remain sustainable where more has to be achieved with less. According to the programme, an annual process audit, where a water services institute (WSI) identifies
Abstracts
performance limiting factors can help facilitate
To fully comply with the regulator’s requirements,
of the CMS in a colleague-to-colleague approach.
that. The aim of the study was to highlight the
clear guidelines on how process audits should be
The Dutch will contribute with their experiences
oversights and challenges with respect to process
conducted must be developed with the help and
and knowledge about their own water manage-
auditing of potable water plants according to
inclusion of WSIs and all relevant stakeholders in
ment programmes, but will learn from the integra-
regulatory requirements.
the process.
tion with other areas of society especially for their future environmental programme.
Methods
Session 89
Assessments for the identified treatment plants quirements and the Capable Process Model philosophy by the American Water Works Association (AWWA), where the model dictates that administration, design, maintenance and process control greatly influences the production of high quality water. Results It was established that audit reports often fall short of the regulators’ requirements as there are no clear guidelines on content and format to reporting. Also, an oversight is the anticipation that WSIs will comply at first glance of self-assessment. The foremost objective should be attaining a better understanding of the plant’s current performance and limiting factors. An action plan can then be developed and used as a measurement tool for targets and ultimately optimization after the initial assessment. WSIs are established in terms of schedule 3B of the Water Services Act (WSA) 108 of 1997, the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) 1 of 1999 and Treasury related regulations and they are expected to comply. This influences budgeting, expenditure, and may also hinder immediate action on recommendations post-audit. Therefore, the frequency of the audits must be revised with considerations of the aforementioned structures. Also challenging in general audits is the assessment of small package plants. The general assumption is that, as it is with most major plants, information and data amongst other factors that influence process functionality are readily available and accessible. This is often not the case and is overlooked. In some instances plants are under major renovations or complete transformation; this can present challenges to the auditors since the establishment of a focal point
Results and conclusions At the WISA 2018 conference, we will elaborate on
was based on the Blue Drop’s audit process re-
Comparison between the South African Catchment Management Strategy and the Dutch New Environmental Strategy Programme Hans Waals Session 89, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 The establishment of nine catchment management agencies (CMAs) is an important building block in the development of appropriate institutional arrangements for managing South Africa’s water resources on a regional scale. This development is supported by the Dutch regional water authorities in the Kingfisher project. One of the major tasks for each CMA is the development of a catchment management strategy (CMS) that responds effectively to the needs of all stakeholders in the water management area and is in line with the National Water Resource Strategy. In the Netherlands, 21 water authorities are responsible for the regional water management in their own region. Every six years, each regional water authority establishes its own water management programme, comparable with the South African CMS. In the coming years, Dutch water legislation will transform and it will be incorporated into the new Environment and Planning Act. The Act seeks to modernise, harmonise and simplify current rules on land use planning, environmental protection, nature conservation, construction of buildings, protection of cultural heritage, water management, urban and rural redevelopment, development of major public and private works and mining and earth removal and integrate these rules into one legal framework. Consequently, therefore, the water management programme will be revised into an integrated, regional environmental programme.
can be difficult.
the developments of the South African and the Dutch integrated, strategic plans and compare the similarities and dissimilarities. We will elaborate on the ‘lessons learned’ and ‘best practices’ from both sides. The colleague-to-colleague approach promotes real development.
Session 89 Analysis of green jobs and practices in wastewater management: A case study of the North West and Northern Cape provinces Benton Otieno Session 89, Meeting room 1.41 & 1.42, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 South Africa’s is faced with two major challenges; high unemployment, and significant differences in the welfare and income of the highly paid and lowskilled employees. Creation of green jobs from the greening of technologies and economies is imperative in responding to these two challenges. This study was carried out to analyze green economy awareness and existing green jobs and identify green qualifications and skills necessary for the development of green economy practices. The study was carried out in the context of wastewater treatment, within Northwest (NW) and Northern Cape (NC) provinces of the Republic of South Africa. Methods A total of 17 wastewater treatment plants spread across NC and NW provinces were surveyed. Respondents were obtained from the selected wastewater treatment (WWT) plants. A survey method was used as a research instrument for qualitative and quantitative data gathering. In addition to the use of questionnaires, surveyors toured the selected plants to gather more information to back up
Methods
the data obtained. Excel spreadsheets were gener-
Conclusions
At present, the CMS for the KwaZulu-Natal region
ated for plotting of graphs and tables.
Local and International guidelines have highlight-
will be developed by the Pongola-Umzimkulu
ed the key areas to be incorporated in a process
Proto Catchment Management Agency (PUCMA).
Results
audit; however, some aspects can be improved to
There are major links between the CMS and the
The uptake of green economy practices leading
get the best from the exercise. Recognising that
water services perspective to communities – espe-
to green jobs creation in the wastewater sector is
regulatory frameworks, such as the PFMA play a
cially the integration – with all kinds of initiatives to
still very low in the two provinces. Only 20% and
pivotal role in the functioning of WSIs and ulti-
be described in the CMS.
a paltry 7% of the total WWT employees were
mately affect their processes will be very crucial in
The Dutch regional water authorities Hollandse
involved in direct green jobs in NW and NC, re-
formulating an effective approach to audits, espe-
Delta and Rivierenland will assist PUCMA within
spectively. Most treatment plants employed the
cially with regards to audit cycles or frequencies.
the Kingfisher programme with the development
conventional activated sludge and BNR systems,
107
Abstracts
and oxidation pond systems of treatment. Whereas a potential exists in utilizing energy from renewable sources such as solar and biogas, the initiative to harness such energy is yet to be taken. This has greatly contributed to the low number of green jobs in NW and NC. The wastewater treatment sector in the two provinces is faced with a shortage of green and conventional skills that are necessary for effective wastewater treatment and management. Thus, in some of the plants visited, discharge standards set for wastewater effluent was not met. The lack of green skills and knowledge also hindered transition to GE. Lack of qualified operators was attributed to poor remuneration offered by most local municipalities, leading to low retention of skilled personnel. The poor remuneration also means that the local municipalities cannot attract skilled and experienced operators. Conclusions To create an adequate number of jobs, the transition to a green economy should be sped up. NW and NC have a lot of agricultural activities for which effluent water and sludge can be used for agricultural purpos-
Experts in water microbiology
es. Green initiatives such as effluent reuse for irrigation and utilisation of dried sludge as compost manure can be undertaken. This can create more green jobs and encourage green practices. In addition, the fact that a significant proportion of influent to WWT plants is from abattoirs, a potential for biogas production from the wastewater treated in such plants exists. Moreover, a partnership with appropriate training institutions is important in meeting the green skills required in addition to creating green economy awareness. Since green jobs pay well, their creation will address
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Session 90
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108
ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED ISO 14001:2004 CERTIFIED ISO 9308-2 :2012 STANDARD ISO 11133 :2014 COMPLIANT ISO 17025:2005 ACCREDITED
Wastewater biorefineries: towards resource efficiency Prof. Sue Harris Session 90, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 With the increasing demand for natural resources, the move toward resource efficiency and the building of the circular economy is increasingly important. In the field of wastewater, this has led to the concept of the wastewater biorefinery being mooted some 10 years ago. Traditionally, wastewater has been considered of nuisance value and as a process cost owing to its required treatment to meet environmental compliance. Through the wastewater biorefinery lens, wastewaters can rather be reviewed as a resource carrying valuable nutrients, potentially metals of interest and water; each a valuable commodity in itself. In re-conceptualising the handling of wastewaters from a treatment cost to a resource, we stand to both improve the quality of resultant water as well as resource efficiency. In developing the wastewater biorefinery concept, we recognise the need to integrate linked unit operations to enable the combined optimisation of product formation and water quality. To date the valorisation of organic wastewater has largely been limited to the generation of bio-energy, as biogas, through anaerobic digestion. In such a single unit operation process, a choice must be made between maximizing methane generation for energy or maximizing water quality. In addition, the anaerobic digestion operation only removes organic carbon from wastewater but does not reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus components or the presence of other inorganic components. The wastewater biorefinery therefore seeks to couple unit operations to address
Abstracts
conversion of all potential nutrients to products of
of progress by the contractor, the City took over
be
value while delivering ‘fit for purpose’ water qual-
the work and completed the dam in 1921.
ed on GIS, allowing for a spatial assess-
downloaded
and
spatially
represent-
ity. Owing to the dilute nature of the wastewater,
The dam was constructed slightly upstream of
these unit operations must be selected to deliver
the ideal site, in order to leave that site for a fur-
products in different phases to the liquid phase to
ther stage. Within half a dozen years construc-
ease product recovery, for example, as the gaseous
tion of a new dam, with 10 times the capacity,
methane product or the solid biomass product. In
was commenced. This concrete structure, inte-
The programme has been successful in identify-
addition, the decoupling of hydraulic residence
grated with the earlier dam to form a “monolithic
ing and mitigating cross-connections in pockets
time and biomass residence time is essential to
mass”, was completed in 1928.
of areas inspected. However, establishing a sta-
ensure rapid conversion rates within the process,
The paper will also describe:
tus quo of cross-connection prevalence within
thereby requiring appropriate reactor design for biomass retention. In this presentation, we give examples of both or-
ment of cross-connection prevalence within the city. Results
• The Board of Engineers and its recommenda-
eThekwini at large proves challenging, due to
tion of Steenbras as opposed to one of the oth-
the available disproportionate allocation of re-
er alternative sites;
sources to the inspection of approximately 800
ganic wastewater biorefineries based on domestic
• the design parameters of both dams;
000 land parcels. Unavailable households during
wastewater and on industrial wastewater streams
• the ancillary works, including the tunnel and
the working day further exacerbate the chal-
as well as the inorganic wastewater refinery based on the treatment of acid mine drainage.
Session 90 The First Steenbras Dam: A temporary but pragmatic resolution of Cape Town’s water crisis 100 years ago Kevin Wall Session 90, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Just before World War I, all the municipalities in the Cape Peninsula area amalgamated, a process motivated entirely by the need for services reform, with water services the most compelling of all. The ability of the reservoirs on Table Mountain to supply was limited, and those limits had been reached. Parts of the urban area were dependent on mountain streams, boreholes and springs which could not be exploited further. Some municipalities had purchased land in mountain catchments distant from the urban area, but, unless they joined forces, none possessed the resources to embark on development of any of these. The unified municipality of Cape Town inherited the water problems of each component municipality. Once the Steenbras River had been chosen as the site for the new dam, considerable discussion ensued in Council as to whether a dam should be built which would suffice for just a few years, to be followed within a decade by a larger dam on the same site for the longer term, or if the larger dam should be commenced immediately. Because of the water shortages already being experienced by the municipality, time of completion was paramount, and thus the decision was taken to build the smaller dam – with hindsight, a wise decision, because, even before the dam was completed, water rationing had to be imposed. Construction work on a concrete block-faced structure began at the end of 1917. Due to lack
the two pipelines to Cape Town;
lenge where staff have to undertake revisits.
• the temporary dam and railway line. It will also very briefly summarise subsequent
Conclusion
development of the site, particularly the raising
This paper aims to report on the graphical,
in the mid-1950s, and the building of another
spatial and pictorial representations of the
dam, above the first and in conjunction with the
management of stormwater inflow within
first pumped storage scheme in South Africa, in
eThekwini Municipality.
the 1970s.
Session 90
Session 90 Management of stormwater inflow in semiarid cities: South African perspective Rubavathy Noelene Govender Session 90, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Stormwater inflow management remains a challenge within eThekwini Municipality and can have a negative effect on the surface water quality and hydraulic loading of the reticulation system. EThekwini Municipality (Durban), situated on the eastern seaboard of South Africa. One of the contributing factors to poor river water quality within eThekwini is from cross-connections between the stormwater and sewer system from private properties. In order to address this problem, a programme of assessment and enforcement has been embarked on. The purpose of the programme was to identify and mitigate issues of sewerage and stormwater system cross-connections in the city by: conducting inspections of properties in order to identify non-compliances with SANS Building Regulations in terms of drainage connections; enforcement of the Municipal Sewage Disposal Bylaws; and reporting on the status of sewage and stormwater cross-connection. Method Smoke machines were utilised in the identification
of
cross-connections
within
the
city. Handheld GNSS devices are used in capturing the information, which can then
Early warning tool for municipal water supply schemes Louise Dobinson Session 90, Meeting room 1.43 & 1.44, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 With 2015 recorded as one of the driest years in South Africa in the last 100 years, it is a challenging period in the water resources management field. The current drought situation in South Africa poses some pertinent questions and interesting opportunities for managers and practitioners in the field of water resources. The scarcity of water resources in South Africa is well documented and water should be carefully utilised and managed. Municipal water supply systems, with their often limited surface water supply coupled with inadequate capacity to manage water resources efficiently, prompted recent studies by the Department of Water and Sanitation with the objective to assist municipalities throughout South Africa to operate and manage their water resources more effectively, especially in times of drought. Following the completion of Phase I of the study, a second phase was initiated in 2014, through a project titled; “The Development of Water Supply and Drought Operating Rules for Stand-alone Dams/Schemes typical for Rural/ Small Municipal set-ups (Phase II)”. Aurecon was appointed as the PSP for the stand-alone schemes in the Central cluster, comprising 25 prioritised towns in the Free State, Northern Cape and Eastern Cape provinces. Similar projects were
109
Abstracts
launched for small towns in the Northern, Eastern
274 groundwater samples collected from two
and Southern clusters.
boreholes within TMG and more than 2000 sam-
The aim of the project was to review and up-
ples collected and analyzed from 134 boreholes in
date operating rules from the Phase I study and to
Cape Flats aquifers. Historical data was used to de-
provide a methodology that can be implemented
termine historical trends of groundwater quality.
by scheme operators and managers that enables
The water quality (WQ) data was compared to the
them to better manage their water supply using
SANS241:2015 drinking water standards to deter-
tools that are developed and tested by the study
mine compliance level. Arc-GIS was used to create
team. An important contribution to the success of
Geological map for the distribution of boreholes
the project approach is communication and the
and underlying geology. WQ determinands that
need for municipalities to continuously monitor
exceeded the SANS241:2015 drinking water stand-
and to report the status of their water resources in
ard limits were explored for further action.
order to mitigate disaster situations. Many of these towns have experienced severe
Results
water shortages over the 2015/2016 summer sea-
The chemical composition of the groundwater
son primarily due to reduced rainfall and run-off,
varied from one borehole to another despite
and, exacerbated in some cases by poor main-
close proximity, making it difficult to generalize
tenance of infrastructure, inadequate manage-
the WQ findings at Aquifer scale. There was no
ment and lack of planning for water supply within
clear relationship between the location of the
the municipalities.
boreholes and the WQ determinands that show
The recent drought events have provided a
high exceedance levels. However, there was sig-
unique opportunity to test and refine the tools that
nificant difference between the water chemis-
are being developed as part of the study while the
try of TMG and Cape Flats Aquifers. The more
drought is still ongoing. The paper will address the
problematic determinands from TMG were iron,
operating rules that have been developed for se-
manganese and lead whereas Cape Flats had ex-
lected towns as well as highlight some key experi-
cessive iron, nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, lead
ences and challenges that have been experienced.
and sulfate.
Session 91
Conclusions Generally, Cape Flats aquifer had excessive iron and Nitrate+ nitrite as nitrogen. This was con-
Amazing Aquifers of Cape Town: A Case Study of the Groundwater Quality Assessment in Cape Flats and Table Mountain Group Aquifers Shane Nethenzheni Session 91, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 City of Cape Town was declared a disaster during 2017 following insufficient rainfall experiences over the past years, affecting the dam levels. Various strategies to address the draught situation were considered, including waste water reclamation, desalination, spring water and also groundwater extraction. There is an over reliance on surface water for municipal water supply in Cape Town. Surface water contributes approximately 95% of drinking water in Cape Town whereas groundwater contributes only 5% despite major aquifers within the Municipality. The study will explore the two major aquifers of Cape Town, namely the Table Mountain Group (TMG) and Cape Flats Aquifers. These aquifers were found to be capable of augmenting the current available drinking water sources.
firmed by analyses from Atlantis boreholes that produced significantly higher level of iron. However, groundwater quality associated with Cape Flats aquifer was generally good with isolated cases of
Session 91 Lower Limpopo Basin Climate Resilience Project Abri Vermeulen Session 91, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Managing climate variability must address both current climate adaptation as well as more extreme future events (floods and droughts), noting that current infrastructure and response mechanisms are not designed for future variability. In Africa, the rural poor, - and particularly women - are the most vulnerable group because their livelihoods are closely dependent on availability of water. In Southern Africa, the predictions for climate change impacts on water is generally longer and more extreme droughts and floods, the implication being that overall less water will be available to support socio-economic growth of growing populations. The Government of Mozambique received funding from the African Development Bank (AfDB) to support decision making for Mapai Dam and alternative / complementary options to improve climate change resilience assess climate change risks and adaptation measures. The Lower (Mozambican) Limpopo Basin Climate Resilience Project integrated climate resilience into infrastructure development planning in the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies for the proposed large reservoir near Mapai on the main stem Limpopo (“Mapai dam”).
exceedances. On the other hand, the groundwater quality associated with TMG can augment existing
Methods
potable water following further treatment of iron
The Climate Development Knowledge Network
and manganese to an acceptable level. It was con-
(CDKN funded by DfID) later appointed Pegasys
cluded that direct abstraction from both TMG and
to develop a climate resilience strategy and in-
Cape Flats Aquifer is not recommended for drink-
vestment plan for the basin aligned to Mapai
ing purpose without pre-treatment.
dam feasibility study, but also considering other – and specifically non-infrastructure – projects in the basin. During the project, two components of climate resilience were identified: • Planning infrastructure as a climate resilience measure – flood retention and drought storage – to improve climate resilience, and • Making infrastructure more climate-resilient and robust. e.g. designing spillways and freeboard for larger (or smaller) floods. In order to improve resilience of the proposed dam, the hydrology of the basin was re-assessed. Existing climate models were downscaled, and hydrological projections updated from this and
110
Methods
recent floods (since 2000, floods were drastically
Groundwater quality was monitored using perma-
higher than previous recorded history), which in-
nent boreholes during 2010 to 2017. There were
fluenced the dam design.
Abstracts
Results
Similar projects were launched for small towns in
system. Pressure management was then applied to
Climate resilience gradually gained more promi-
the Northern, Eastern and Southern clusters.
different sized systems (small, medium and large)
The aim of the project was to review and up-
with different leakage levels. These systems were
date operating rules from the Phase I study and to
simulated using both the power and modified ori-
The revised hydrology projects smaller floods
provide a methodology that can be implemented
fice formulations to investigate the error made by
for the Limpopo main stem, with higher floods
by scheme operators and managers that enables
the power formulation.
for the Changane and Olifants catchments, both
them to better manage their water supply using
Results showed that in some cases the power
flowing into the Limpopo downstream of Mapai
tools that are developed and tested by the study
formulation underestimated system leakage by
(therefore not impacting floods for Mapai Dam.
team. An important contribution to the success of
more than 20%. Some individual junctions showed
Despite that, the spillway, freeboard and bottom
the project approach is communication and the
underestimation errors greater than 60% and over-
outlets design were adjusted.
need for municipalities to continuously monitor
estimation errors as high as 30% when the power
and to report the status of their water resources in
formulation was used.
nence in the Mapai dam project to eventually become fully integrated into the feasibility.
Conclusions
order to mitigate disaster situations.
Climate funding can (and should) influence
Many of these towns have experienced severe
infrastructure planning and development to
water shortages over the 2015/2016 summer sea-
build climate resilience as part of a basin cli-
son primarily due to reduced rainfall and run-off,
mate vulnerability assessment, resilience strat-
and, exacerbated in some cases by poor main-
egy and investment framework as well as
tenance of infrastructure, inadequate manage-
project conceptualisation.
ment and lack of planning for water supply within
As critical as climate mitigation is for planning
the municipalities.
and designing infrastructure, mitigation of climate
The recent drought events have provided a
conditions (floods and droughts) are ultimately
unique opportunity to test and refine the tools
much more dependent on operations and logistics
that are being developed as part of the study
(of the dam and basin).
while the drought is still ongoing. The paper will address the operating rules that have been
Session 91
developed for selected towns as well as highlight some key experiences and challenges that have been experienced.
Early warning tool for municipal water supply schemes Louise Dobinson Session 91, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 With 2015 recorded as one of the driest years in South Africa in the last 100 years, it is a challenging period in the water resources management field. The current drought situation in South Africa poses some pertinent questions and interesting opportunities for managers and practitioners in the field of water resources. The scarcity of water resources in South Africa is well documented and water should be carefully utilised and managed. Municipal water supply systems, with their often limited surface water supply coupled with inadequate capacity to manage water resources efficiently, prompted recent studies by the Department of Water and Sanitation with the objective to assist municipalities throughout South Africa to operate and manage their water resources more effectively, especially in times of drought. Following the completion of Phase I of the study, a second phase was initiated in 2014, through a project titled; â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Development of Water Supply and Drought Operating Rules for Stand-alone Dams/Schemes typical for Rural/Small Municipal set-ups (Phase II)â&#x20AC;?. Aurecon was appointed as the PSP for the stand-alone schemes in the Central cluster, comprising 25 prioritised towns in the Free State, Northern Cape and Eastern Cape provinces.
Session 91 Modelling pressure-leakage response in water distribution systems considering leak area variation Asaph Mercy Kabaasha Session 91, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Pressure is one of the main factors affecting leakage in water distribution systems, which is why pressure management is commonly used as a leakage management strategy. Studies have shown that areas of leak openings are not fixed but vary linearly with pressure. Combining this linear area expansion with the orifice equation results in a modified orifice equation that realistically models the pressure-leakage relationship. Currently, in modelling and leakage management practice, a power equation is used to model the pressure-leakage relationship of leaks. However, this power formulation is an empirical equation that does not incorporate physical behaviour of leaks therefore has been found to be flawed. In this study, the modified orifice equation was incorporated into the algorithm of the commonly used EPANET hydraulic model. In addition, a stochastic model was developed to generate and distribute leaks realistically in a water distribution
111
poster presentations
Poster Presentations Optimising Processes for Treatment and Reclamation
Waste not want not A mini review on microfiltration technique: Lesson for sub-Saharan wastewater managers and policymakers Dr Mobolaji Adeniyi Continual population explosion, urbanisation, land use change, industrialisation, poor water use practices and wastewater management strategies have led to water scarcity and insecurity especially in developing countries. This review summarises recent information on the strategies and potentials of mushroom mycelium incorporated into wastewater treatment technology – a phenomenon called mycofiltration. Mycofiltration is defined as the use of intentionally cultivated networks of fungal mycelium to facilitate water quality improvements in engineered ecosystems. This technique evaluates fungal cultivation for improving the particulate trapping ability of mycelium-enhanced mulches, fungal enzyme catalysed sediment bound pollutant degradation, and the synergistic microbial treatment of chemical and biological pollutants under laboratory and field conditions. This approach selectively reduce total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand by promoting the localised settling of particulates and microbial pollutants such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp. etc., which are major water pathogen implicated in waterborne infection and other related water pathogens. Since most of the rivers have become reservoirs for chemical and microbial contaminants in sub-Saharan Africa where this technology is currently not in place, the integration of this newest wastewater treatment technology appears to be a promising area in constructed ecosystems and common practice for enhancing biological water treatment systems. Solar photocatalysis of sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin antibiotics in wastewater John Akach Antibiotics in wastewater is a concern as they could result in antibiotic resistance in people who
112
use receiving water bodies. Conventional waste-
wastewater components, while simultaneously
water treatment systems have not been effective
producing high purity hydrogen. Significantly,
in removing antibiotics as they resist biodegrada-
this bioconversion is not growth associated, and
tion, and this has motivated the development of
continues during the stationary phase, making
alternative treatment methods. In this study, solar
it an ideal candidate for the development of a
photocatalysis was investigated for the removal
photobioreactor based on immobilisation. A
of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP)
transparent, chemically and mechanically sta-
antibiotics from wastewater. Experiments were
ble, biocompatible immobilisation matrix has
carried out in a solar-illuminated fluidised bed re-
been developed, and integrated into a packed-
actor using Aeroxide P25 TiO2 catalyst.
bed PBR design. This work characterizes the
The effect of catalyst loading, solution pH and
operation of this new PB-PBR, with the aim of
water matrix was studied. From the results, the
producing both cleaned water, and a valuable
optimum catalyst loading was found to be 0.2 g/ℓ.
product in the form of hydrogen.
SMX photocatalysis was observed to increase with a decrease in solution pH while CIP photocatalysis
Methods
was highest at neutral pH. A reduction in SMX and
A 900 mℓ PB-PBR was used in this study. The
CIP photocatalysis was observed in the presence
reactor was fed by peristaltic pump and incan-
of river water as compared to deionised water.
descent bulbs at 200 W/m2 were used for illu-
This study showed the effectiveness of solar
mination. The PBR was operated in two modes:
photocatalysis for the treatment of antibiotics and
i) using glycerol or ii) industrial wastewaters of
could provide data for the design of photocatalyt-
known COD as carbon sources. The substrate
ic plants for pharmaceutical or hospital wastewa-
utilisation efficiency, and hydrogen production
ter treatment plants.
rate were monitored throughout.
The treatment of wastewaters in a Novel Thermosiphon Photobioreactor using Rhodopseudomonas palustris Bovinille Anye Cho Photobioreactors (PBR) provide an environment for photosynthetic microorganisms to perform bioconversions of, for example, waste organics into desirable products. The use of photosynthetic organisms in wastewater treatment has, to date, been limited, in part because of the difficulty in maintaining sufficient cell density within the PBR, as washout of biomass is liable to occur when continuous growth is required. Indeed, most organisms treat wastewaters during their growth phase, and so the dilution rate of a bioreactor is limited by the growth rate of the organism – which, in the case of photosynthetic organisms, is slow. This limits the usefulness of these organisms in wastewater treatment. If, however, the organism can metabolise during its stationary phase, then cell immobilization techniques like cell entrapment can retain biomass within the bioreactor, increase loading and increase wastewater treatment capacity. However, this has not yet been explored sufficiently in photosynthetic systems. This study uses a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, which is extremely metabolically diverse, and able to consume a large number of potentially recalcitrant
Results This is an ongoing project, however several key results can be reported. We have successfully developed an immobilisation matrix, and have characterised the light transmittance, diffusion and strength characteristics of the gel as well as the effect of immobilisation on specific hydrogen production and found that the test organism produces the same amount of hydrogen when immobilised as when as a free cell suspension. The PBR has been constructed, and testing has commenced on the packed bed reactor. Conclusion In conclusion, a PB-PBR has been designed for wastewater treatment and biohydrogen production. While the results on the performance of this reactor are still being gathered, we have already shown the feasibility of using the immobilisation matrix in the stationary phase production of hydrogen, and consumption of organic compounds.
Minimising fouling of a reverse osmosis membrane in the treatment of a Membrane Bio Reactor effluent Mujahid Aziz The supply of water must be sustained as water has been crucial for the world’s financial
poster presentations
and social development. Membrane technol-
the unmodified membrane were 38% and 70%,
all compared existing technologies and proposed
ogy assumes an imperative part in water sup-
respectively. As the DMAEMA grafting solution
Anammox technologies. The low sludge produc-
portability and reuse. It has been regarded as a
concentration increased from 0.02 to 0.1 mol/ℓ,
tion was shown in all Anammox processes with
process for the treatment of secondary effluent
the flux decline ratio decreased from 30% to 24%.
lowest SRT. The possibilities of sludge bulking will
for reuse applications such as agriculture, land-
The flux recovery ratio at the same agent concen-
be less from the Anammox process based on the
scape, irrigation, cooling and so forth. However,
tration increased from 72% to 77%. It can be seen
solid loading rates.
membrane fouling is identified among the prin-
that the membrane modification has an influence
ciple challenges concerning this process. Foul-
on the membrane resistance to fouling.
ing is the decrease of membrane permeability caused by the accumulation of material on the surface of the membrane or in the pores of the membrane during the treatment process. The resistance to water permeation caused by the fouling layer requires an increase in differential pressure to compensate for the loss in permeate flux. An increase in differential pressure implies an increase in energy, hence an increase in operational costs. It has also been reported that fouling shortens membrane lifespan as frequent cleaning is required, which has adverts effects on the membrane. Efforts have been conducted to minimise fouling during wastewater treatment processes, which includes membrane surface modification. This project aimed at minimising fouling on a thin-film composite reverse osmosis membrane in the treatment of effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The method used was the modification of the membrane surface through graft polymerisation. Two different modifying agents were considered. Dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were investigated independently. A change in membrane structure
Investigation on an Incorporation of an Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidising bacterial (Anammox) Bacteria in an Existing Sewage Wastewater Configuration Processes Mandla Baloi The final effluent should meet standards set per license for the works, but due to sludge bulking, the standards are not meet. The other problem faced in the sewage water treatment is high-energy consumption in which a large amount is contributed through aeration in the reactor. The sludge handling problems differ per works and technology involved. The abovementioned problems can be solved by developing sewage water treatment configurations involving Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidising bacteria (Anammox). The existing commercial Anammox configuration specifically concentrates on the removal of ammonium nitrogen. The existing Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Nitrification processes are compared to proposed EBPR Anammox Nitrititation processes. The SRT, sludge produced, solids loading and oxygen required are evaluated for both EBPR nitrification processes and proposed Anammox configuration.
after modification could be observed through
A study of identification of the Cr(VI) reducing bacteria from industrial effluents for its Bioremediation Dr Neetu Bansal Chromium can exist in a range of different forms, with the trivalent and hexavalent form being the most common. Trace amounts of trivalent chromium is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals. In contrast, the hexavalent form is acutely toxic and can be fatal to living organisms if ingested in large doses. Cr(VI) is unstable and highly mobile due to its readily soluble behaviour in water, while Cr(III) is less mobile and has limited solubility in water. Large amounts of anthropogenic activities have increased the concentration of Cr(VI) to a toxic level which makes it a considerable environment concern. Improper disposal of industrial waste causes the leaching of this toxic metal into the water bodies. Therefore, it is essential to look for remediation processes that can reduce the hexavalent form of chromium to its trivalent form. Bioremediation of chromium (VI) serves as a cost-effective and environmental friendly technique to detoxify Cr(VI) in chromium-polluted zones. Methods Cr(VI) tolerant bacteria were obtained from dried
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and
Methods
sludge from sand drying beds collected from a
scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The seven existing process configurations –
wastewater treatment work at Brits (North West
Fouling experiments performed by various
Phoredox (A2O), Bardenpho, UCT, Modified UCT,
province, South Africa). During culture enrich-
researchers after membrane surface modifica-
VIP, JHB and West bank – were compared to pro-
ment, 400 mℓ of sterilised Luria-Bettani (LB)
tion have focused on the use of a single foulant
posed analogous Anammox Nitrification process-
broth was inoculated with 0.2 g of dried sludge
model; however, this project used a synthetic
es. The figure below shows an existing and pro-
followed by incubation at 30±2°C for 24 h under
feed made of pre-identified foulants, which
posed configuration.
continuous shaking at 120 rpm in a Rotary Envi-
followed with raw feed. The modification exam-
ronmental Shaker. Enrichment of aerobic cultures
ined various modifying agent concentrations.
Results and conclusion
was performed in 1 ℓ Erlenmeyer flasks capped
Experiments were conducted on a bench scale
The results shows that about 35% of oxygen re-
with cotton plugs, whereas the enrichment of an-
reverse osmosis system at constant pressure.
quired is saved in the A2O Anammox process. This
aerobic cultures was performed in rubber sealed
The change in membrane performance was ob-
indicates that energy will be saved on successful
glass bottles. Phylogenetic characterisation of
served through the flux and salt rejection. Foul-
development and implementation of A2O Anam-
cells was performed on individual colonies of
ing minimisation was assessed by the change in
mox processes. The needed designed SRT for A2O
bacteria from the 7th to 10th tube in the serial
the flux decline ratios and flux recovery ratios of
process was 21 days and for A2O Anammox pro-
dilution preparation.
the modified and unmodified membranes.
cess was 47 days at 12ᵒC. This means that the re-
Biofouling examinations were conducted with
quired sludge need to be wasted will be reduced
Results
a static adhesion test using E.coli bacteria as
thus minimised need high quantity of sludge
It has been observed that certain bacteria that
bio-foulant model. The sterilisation ratios of the
management. The sludge produced per day was
acquire a resistance mechanism to high chromi-
membranes were calculated after a given contact
very low for the A2O Anammox process. The solids
um concentrations can reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III).
time. For the first modifying agent, it was observed
loading into clarifier was low for the A2O Anam-
Due to the presence of various anions, the cell
that the salt rejection slightly decrease with an in-
mox process compared to normal A2O processes.
wall of the bacteria is negatively charged. This
crease in concentration of the grafting solutions.
The energy saving through less requirement of
negatively charged surface enables the bacteria
The flux decline ratio and flux recovery ratio of
oxygen demand was shown to be successful in
to bind to positively charged chromium, which
113
poster presentations
can occur by direct or indirect reduction. Direct
variations in the quality of the incoming water.
tap water contaminated with the Pseudomonas
enzymatic reduction can be achieved by two
The objectives will be met by analysing bi-week-
sp. strain CT07. A bacterial inactivation from 0.5 x
types of bacteria: dissimilatory metal-reducing
ly samples taken after chlorination along with
107 cfu/mℓ to below detection limits was defined
bacteria that can use metals as electron accep-
before and after the UV reactor during a five-
as successful disinfection. A fixed contact time of
tors for growth, or the fermentative and other
month research period. These samples will be
five minutes was chosen to keep findings relevant
anaerobic metabolic groups. The bacterial cul-
tested to verify the presence and concentration
to point-of-use water disinfection.
tures identified through the 16s rRNA sequenc-
of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In addition,
ing showed the presence of Pseudomonas,
the samples will be used to measure the inac-
Results
aeruginosa, Serratia marescens, Klebsiella oxy-
tivation of Faecal Coliforms, and E.coli in terms
The experimental data was analysed using logistic
toca and Alcaligenes faecalis.
of log reduction. Successful disinfection of the
regression. The role each disinfectant plays and
chosen pathogens is quantified by the follow-
the possible interaction of the different disinfect-
Conclusions
ing log reductions:
ants on the probability of successful disinfection
Many bacteria are capable of reducing Cr(VI)
• Faecal Coliforms: 2.8 Log/99.84%
were investigated. The model was significant with
to Cr(III) through direct microbial reaction, ei-
• E.coli: 3.49 Log/99.97%
a p-value <0.001, and a Chi-square likelihood ratio
ther enzymatically or non-enzymatically. En-
• Cryptosporidium: 3.3 Log/99.95%
of 94.969. The BCDMH concentration coefficient
zyme-catalysed reactions have been attributed
• Giardia: 3.2 Log/99.94%
(β1), was 6.658, which means an increase of 94.6%
to soluble proteins for some bacteria or cell
After completion of the research phase conclu-
in odds for disinfection success for an increase
membranes localized to the cytoplasm or peri-
sions can then be drawn as to the significance of
in 0.1 ppm BCDMH. The coulomb electrons that
plasm for others. The resulting 16S rRNA gene
varying flow rate, UV dose, and water quality on
flowed through the system coefficient (β2) was
sequences showed the presence of four poten-
the performance of the UV system. The investiga-
-1.782, which means a decrease in odds for disin-
tial chromium reducing bacteria.
tion will be invaluable in setting the guidelines
fection success for an increase in electrons though
for appropriate operation of a UV system used
the system. The interaction coefficient (β12) was
for the disinfection of wastewater. Thus, ensuring
1.816, which means an increase of 19.9% in the
that performance requirements are consistently
odds for disinfection success for an increase in 0.1
met at the Amanzimtoti WWTW. On a broader
ppm BCDMH and 1 coulomb electrons through
scale, the outcome of this project will support fu-
the ioniser. For a 0.95 probability for successful
ture decision-making of using UV disinfection as
disinfection, BCDMH concentrations could be de-
an alternative disinfection method for municipal
creased by 29.5% by combining it with the maxi-
wastewater treatment works around South Africa.
mum allowable ionisation.
Dual metal ionisation-oxidation water disinfection process Leroi de Wet Water is a valuable resource that needs to be managed correctly. An increased demand on water supply, and poor management thereof, has led to water treatment becoming a necessity. The disinfection step in water treatment is crucial for human health, but can have detrimental effects for the future. Currently, chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant, but its shortcomings have led to the development of numerous alternative technologies over the last three decades. The combination of metal ions and an oxidising agent for disinfection has been implemented, but not researched thoroughly. The objective was to identify synergistic efficiency of a combined disinfection process.
Conclusions
Closed vessel medium pressure UV disinfection: an alternative to chlorination as a disinfection solution for treated effluent at the Amanzimtoti Wastewater Treatment Works Caitlin Courtney UV disinfection as an alternative to chlorine is becoming a widely accepted disinfection method for both drinking water and wastewater. This shift has been prompted by two factors. Firstly, UV has the ability to inactivate chlorine-resistant pathogens such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Secondly, the EPA has begun to establish regulations concerning the levels of residual chlorine limits and disinfection by-products. This is due to their toxicity and resulting long-term health and environmental effects. The JV consortium consisting of GIBB and Aquest Colsen were chosen to install and assess the feasibility of using a medium-pressure closed vessel UV reactor to disinfect the final effluent at the Amanzimtoti Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW). The location for this project was chosen as it is possible to have both disinfection using chlorine and disinfection using UV light operating in parallel. Thus, allowing direct comparisons to be drawn with regards to the effectiveness of each system. The objectives of this investigation are to collect baseline data and establish the UV reactor’s efficiency at both varying minimum UV dosages and flow rates whilst the Amanzimtoti WWTW operates under normal conditions. Thus, ensuring that the reactor will constantly meet the log reduction requirements regardless of the system conditions which can include significant
114
Methods A batch experimental setup was developed that treated a feed with the required metal ions and an oxidising agent. The ioniser released copper, silver and zinc ions and bromo-chloro-dimethyl-hydantoin (BCDMH) was used as the oxidising agent. The ionisation was monitored by the coulomb electrons flowing through the cell and BCDMH concentration was controlled by the addition of dissolved BCDMH. The batch system treated 900 mℓ
The investigation proved synergistic interaction between metal ions and an oxidising agent. The addition of metal ions through ionisation will decrease the concentration of oxidising agent needed for disinfection. The combined technology can serve as a possible alternative to chlorine disinfection. This research suggests that the element of contact time should be the focus when further investigating these interactions between metal ions and oxidising agents.
Paper and pulp industry process wastewater clarification and reclamation from paper sludge through integrated Bio-Energy production Kwame Donkor Paper sludge (PS) is a cellulose-rich, high-moisture (60%-70%) solid waste stream from primary clarifiers of the paper and pulp industry, which is mostly being landfilled. Previous studies have established that bioprocessing, such as fermentation can efficiently release the entrapped water molecules in PS, while additionally producing bioethanol. Whereas earlier studies on fermentation and anaerobic digestion of PS utilised fresh water as the make-up stream for these steps, the present study investigates and optimises the sequential
poster presentations
application of these bioprocessing technolo-
efficient water reclamation. The current strate-
75 mg/ℓ NH4+-N, 100 mg/ℓ NO₂-N, and 30 mg/ℓ
gies using processed waste (PW) water as make-
gy of replacing fresh water with PW water will
NO₃-N, and maintained a hydraulic retention
up stream.
not only avoid fresh water usage, but also treats
time of between 2.5 - 3 days. Dissolved oxy-
industrial wastewater stream and reclaim water
gen within each of the reactor systems was
Methods
trapped in PS. This integrated bioprocess tech-
passively maintained at 0.7 ± 0.3 mg/ℓ and all
Fundamentally, this study focuses on the in-
nology is an advanced system, which has good
reactors were operated at room temperature
vestigation of the effect of PW water on yeast,
potential to reduce landfill waste (waste not)
(28.45 ± 1.8 °C).
enzyme and anaerobic digestion performance.
and treat wastewater (want not) for reuse rather
Preliminary shake-flask experiments were per-
than disposal.
gard to N-removal, however molecular analysis
formed to study the yeast growth and fermentation efficiency in PW water while, PW water streams were also tested for BMP with PS. All bioprocessing screening experiments were tested with 100% PW water and in different co-feeding ratios of clean and PW water. To test the process for high solids loading and related scale-up issues, fed-batch SSF runs will be performed in 5 ℓ and 150 ℓ fermenters. Subsequently, anaerobic digestion of the fermentation residues will be performed in 30 ℓ digesters for biogas production, water reclamation and wastewater treatment. Mass balance of water and solids and water quality analysis for COD and inorganics will be performed before and after the fermentation and anaerobic digestion runs. This is to ascertain the process potential for water reclamation and wastewater treatment while producing energy. Results One main finding from the screening experiments is that PW water has no impact on both yeast growth and ethanol fermentation. Fermentation with PS at 6% solids loading resulted in the range of 8-10 g/ℓ ethanol, which is more than 50% of the theoretical conversion yields. The lower yields can be attributed to mixing inefficiencies of high viscous paper sludge in the shake flask. An ANOVA analysis (confidence interval of 95%) indicated no significant variation in ethanol yields obtained from fermentation of PS with PW water and PS with clean water. However, the negative effect of inorganics in PW water was obvious in biogas production depending on the kind of PW water used. For instance, PW water from corrugated recycle mill is high in suspended inorganics, which exhibited negative impact on biogas production, while the PW water with solids removed had a positive influence on total biogas production. Conclusion Flask-level experiments have proven that PW water can be used to substitute fresh water required for ethanol fermentation and anaerobic digestion process. Future, scale-up experiments will address the issues related to viscosity and optimise the integrated bio-process for maximum ethanol and biogas production with
After ~65 days of enrichment, none of the reactors displayed any stabilisation with re-
Bioprospecting for indigenous Anammox bacteria in South African wastewater treatment plants Jashan Gokal Wastewater effluent containing high concentrations of ammonia can create serious problems if released into the environment. Conventional biological nitrogen removal from wastewater streams occurs through the separate, yet co-dependent processes of nitrification and denitrification. These processes are energy- and cost-intensive, and produce excessive sludge and greenhouse gases. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), mediated by the anammox bacterial group, represents a cost effective alternative to conventional nitrogen removal. As such, the anammox process is currently being employed internationally for biological nitrogen removal. Despite its advantages, widespread implementation is still limited due to lack of availability of local anammox bacterial biomass. Anammox bacteria have been discovered in a variety of environments, particularly within anoxic zones of aquatic and marine environments, and the activated sludge of biological wastewater treatment plants containing high amounts of nitrite and ammonia, and low organic carbon. Previous enrichment attempts from South African municipal WWTP sludge have yielded limited results, with anammox bacteria being successfully detected only within the trickling filter at the Daspoort WWTP (Tshwane) and the anoxic tank of the Zeekoegat WWTP (Tshwane) respectively. In this study, eleven wastewater treatment systems from across South Africa were selected on the basis of their process configuration and performance data, and screened for the presence of anammox bacteria using direct- and nested-PCR, using both Planctomycetes-specific and anammox-specific primers. Additionally, a subset of three activated sludge samples were selected for further enrichment based on the likelihood of anammox prevailing at the wastewater treatment systems at the time of sampling. These samples were inoculated into multiple bench scale reactor systems of different configurations and all were fed with a synthetic wastewater medium containing
indicated the presence of anammox bacteria in a single 3 L sequencing batch reactor system inoculated with sludge sourced from the Kingsburgh aeration tank (KwaZulu-Natal). This positive result occurred much sooner than previously reported, with anammox enrichments generally ranging from 90 - 300 days before anammox bacteria is detected. Continued enrichment up to 110 days in the other reactor systems did not yield any positive indications of anammox bacteria. This result implies that anammox bacteria might only be present at undetectable levels in natural environments, and that enrichment prior to screening is necessary for a true representation of anammox bacterial prevalence in an environmental sample. Additionally, it is possible that anammox bacteria is indeed ubiquitous within the natural environment and that a suitably long enrichment under appropriate conditions will allow for its successful proliferation.
Development of a Plant Audit System, for Demineralisation Plants for Utilities and Industrial Water Production Jennifer Hardwick It was identified that a number of ion exchange demineralisation plants are being operated sub-optimally. Often, the cause is due to deteriorating water quality and the loss of experienced operators. The result of this is an increase in operating costs and a higher environmental impact. The audit system was developed to proactively identify problems on the water treatment plants and make suggestions for operational changes. Methods A procedure was developed, in conjunction with various industrial utilities departments in order to efficiently detect issues and wastages within the water production circuit. Over the last 3 years, this procedure has been tested out on differing plant configurations and circumstances, and the procedure has been both optimised and generalised for the demineralisation process. The audit system collects plant data, which is then entered into an ion exchange computer simulation program. The
115
poster presentations
results are then compared to the actual plant
and atenolol) was prepared. The catalyst was
and sustainable manner while also using the
operational data and this allows us to iden-
prepared using Di Paola (2004) method to
sludge beneficially.
tify areas of concern, wastage, and potential
synthesize TiO2 and the CdS/MWCNT-TiO2 pho-
plant vulnerabilities.
tocatalyst was prepared through the sol-gel
ment Strategy (ESMS) are:
Loading and elution curves are used to opti-
method modified from Zhu et al (2016). CdS/
1. To produce sludge of such high quality that
mise throughputs and identify potential prob-
MWCNT-TiO2 of the prepared powders was test-
it is safe for agricultural practices as given in
lems, especially where fluctuation inlet waters
ed for degradation of pharmaceutical waste-
Guidelines for the Utilisation and Disposal of
are experienced. This allows troubleshooting
water with a concentration of 10 mg/ℓ for
to be done before plant operations become se-
each of the components. The reaction will be
verely restricted. It also creates data that allows
carried out in a 400 mℓ fluidized bed reactor in
for plant expansions to be properly planned and
the presence of inlet air bubbling system. The
designed according to the unique constrains of
following variables were studied: catalyst dos-
the site.
age; air flow rate and reaction time. Sampling
This paper reviews the development and imple-
Wastewater Sludge (2006) 2. To derive energy (electricity and heat) from biogas 3. To recover nutrients from sludge and its supernatant.
was done at beginning and at the end of each
mentation of ESMS and five-year operational
Results
experiment. Before analysis, the collected sam-
plan approved in 2014 to meet above men-
A case study is presented: The audit procedure
ples were filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane
tioned objectives.
has been implemented at a demineralisation
filter. The response surface methodology (RSM)
plant for boiler feed water. The plant data was
was applied to design the experiment and the
Methodology
compared to the benchmark based on the origi-
type was central composite. The pharmaceuti-
The ESMS was developed by implementing the
nal design. An improvement in the water recov-
cal wastewater was quantified using a UV-Vis
following activities:
ery was obtained and a reduction in effluent vol-
spectrophotometer at a wavelength of each
• Review of the current sludge production and
ume was possible. A cost savings on regenerant
component. The concentration of the pharma-
chemicals was obtained.
ceuticals was determined by using the TOC machine and UV-vis spectrophotometer.
Conclusions
management status at the ERWAT WWTPs • Review of the currently available sludge guidelines from the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS)
The system has been found to be easy to imple-
Results
ment, although collection of the data is some-
The removal of colour and TOC reduction on the
times time consuming. The basic training to set
pharmaceutical wastewater increased with an
up the audit system can be done in 1-3 days, de-
increase in the amount of catalyst. The amount
pending on the skills of the operating staff.
of catalyst increases the number of active sites
The water quality entering into industrial pro-
available for the organic pollutants. Air was
cesses in Southern Africa has been found to
used for mixing in the reactor and the oxygen
deteriorate with time, and vary seasonally.
was used to prevent electron-hole recombina-
The audit process allows changes to be made
tion, with an increase in air flow rate, there was
Results
pre-emptively to the control philosophy.
a reduction on colour and as well as TOC. During
At the regional plants, the sludge will be
the reaction, the catalyst and the pharmaceuti-
digested (with heating and mixing) and
cal wastewater was enhanced and higher mass
dewatered. A cogeneration plant will be
transfer rates were obtained. The effect of irradi-
installed to generate electricity for digester
ation time on colour and TOC removal led to an
heating, sludge dewatering etc. A fertiliser
increase in colour removal as well as TOC.
plant will be added to increase the nutrients
Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater using solar photo-Fenton process Ephraim Igberase Pharmaceutical wastewater is being discharged into the aquatic ecosystem without being properly treated. The conventional biological treatment cannot treat pharmaceutical wastewater completely due to bio-recalcitrant organics found in it. As a result, these undesirable compounds that end up in the environment may be harmful to both aquatic organisms and the surrounding environment. There are many advance oxidation processes that can be used for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing bio-recalcitrant organics, but the use of solar photo-Fenton is most preferred due to its fast reaction rate, low toxicity, and simplicity to control. Methods In this study, a concentration of 10 mg/ℓ for each of the following pharmaceutical (nalidixic acid, tylosin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen,
116
The objectives of the ERWAT Sludge Manage-
• Assessing the sustainability and compliance of the current management practices at ERWAT • Identifying
and
evaluating
different
alternatives towards a sustainable sludge management strategy • Development of a five-year operational plan to be monitored and reviewed yearly.
and quality of the sludge. A project towards Conclusion
achieving this has already been developed
The solar photo-Fenton process led to high de-
and it is in its first phase of optimising the
colourisation and mineralization at optimum
existing sludge digestion and dewatering
conditions. This shows that solar photo-Fenton
capacity and efficiency at Waterval WWTP. The
process was effective for the degradation of
plant has a treatment capacity of 170 MLD
pharmaceutical wastewater.
and will be upgraded by 100 MLD in the near future.
From wastewater waste to a beneficial product – ERWAT sludge management strategy Yolandi Jacobs Wastewater sludge typically contains elevated levels of organic matter and nutrients, which are valuable to the agricultural industry. It is also a sustainable source of energy. ERWAT’s goal is to manage the 90 000 tonnes of sludge generated per year in its nineteen wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a responsible, effective
The following phases that may be undertaken under public-private-partnerships (PPP) are to follow: 1. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant to produce electricity for the plant 2. Drying of dewatered sludge to produce pellets 3. Conversion of dried sludge into organic fertiliser with injection of nutrients: potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen 4. Recovery of struvite from sludge supernatant or from liquid sludge.
poster presentations
Conclusions
steam requirement while a biogas boiler could
between 0.07 mg/ℓ and 0.9 mg/ℓ. Approxi-
The ESMS together with a five year operational
supply 65% of the plant steam requirement.
mately 0.25 g wet biomass was collected from
plan is in its implementation phase with a num-
AD is less efficient as compared to distillation
the reactor for scanning electron microscopy
ber of activities already occurring. ERWAT has
in generating a fuel source due to the energy
(SEM) analysis. ANAMMOX bacteria was quanti-
many future plans to achieve the objectives of
utilised in the growth of bacteria and the gener-
fied through real time PCR with primer sets hzo-
the strategy and to use sludge beneficially.
ation of CO2. Distillation has a high operational
cl1F1/ hzocl1R2. SG of the biomass was deter-
cost with low capital cost while AD had low op-
mined as described in (Clesceri, Greenberg and
erational cost with high capital cost. A payback
Eaton 1998) and the terminal settling velocity
period of 3.5 and 6 years for distillation and AD
according to (Lu et al. 2012). Nitrite and ammo-
was calculated, respectively.
nium concentrations were determined with DR
An approach to energy recovery from wastewater in pharmaceutical industry: A wastewater beneficiation case study Liam Kay A number of pharmaceutical industries use organic solvents in the extraction of products from raw material. Typical is the use of ethanol as a solvent in the fractionation of protein mixtures in the manufacture of protein derived medicinal products, which results in the generation of wastewater with high ethanol content. A case study was performed which involves identification of the most economically viable energy recovery option from wastewater from a pharmaceutical industry, located in Durban, South Africa. The work focused on the comparison of the feasibility of energy recovery through anaerobic digestion (AD) and biogas utilisation in a boiler, or ethanol recovery through distillation and use in an ethanol fired boiler. Method An assessment of the plant was conducted to map water utilisation, identify the major wastewater generating processes and to characterise the major wastewater streams. The streams with high COD were segregated from those with low COD to minimise the footprint and cost of the treatment/recovery facility. The composition of ethanol in each stream was determined and a comparative analysis of the performance of distillation or AD in terms of energy recovery was performed. Each treatment and energy recovery option was designed based on the data generated from the site assessment followed by capital and operational cost estimation. Financial sensitivity analysis over a projected period of 10 years was carried out to predict the long-term benefits and a payback period of using recovered steam from either option to supplement the plant steam requirement. Results The facility discharges an average of 200 m3/d of wastewater, with COD of 10 000 mg/ℓ. Segrega-
900 (HACH, USA) and the collected gas was anaConclusion
lysed with GC (Agilent 7820, USA).
Either AD or distillation can be used for wastewater treatment and energy recovery in the
Results
pharmaceutical industry; however, based on
Analysis of microbial population through qPCR
current capital and operational costs, distilla-
confirmed the dominance of ANAMMOX bac-
tion has almost half the payback period of AD.
teria in the reactor. Nitrogen gas production
Segregation of industrial effluent is a necessary
averaged 80 mℓ between 200th and 300th day
consideration for economically sound wastewa-
of operation. With SEM, it was shown that the
ter management.
sludge is granular. The specific gravity (SG) of sludge was 1.0224 and the average size of gran-
Effect of Fluctuating operating conditions on the physical characteristics of Anmmox Biomass Kiprotich Kosgey Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a biological process for wastewater treatment that converts ammonium to dinitrogen gas using nitrite as electron acceptor (Lu et al. 2013; Gao et al. 2014). Compared to the conventional nitrification/denitrification process, ANAMMOX process requires no organic carbon, produces negligible greenhouse gases and requires only 60% less energy (Hu et al. 2013; Abbas et al. 2015). This has great potential in the current world’s scenario of energy crisis (Hu et al. 2013). ANAMMOX, however, is sensitive to operational and external conditions and has a long doubling time (Strous et al. 1998). The process, therefore, still needs to be optimised and key to its successful application is biomass retention in the reactors through immobilisation and improvement of its settling properties. (Dapena-Mora et al. 2004; Lu et al. 2012; Lu et al. 2013) have studied the challenges with biomass wash-out as a result of granule overgrowth. Lu et al. (2012) suggested regulation of granule sizes to 2.20 mm. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of fluctuating conditions on physical properties of ANAMMOX granules as a remedy to biomass wash-out from the reactors.
tion of the high COD effluent stream identified 5 m3/d resulting from fractionation to contain
Methodology
most of the ethanol discharged to drain, at ca.
Sequencing batch reactor was inoculated with
32% v/v with an associated COD of 500 000 mg/ℓ.
an enriched sludge of ANAMMOX bacteria
Distillation can recover most of the ethanol in this
obtained from continuously stirred tank re-
stream (>90% v/v). Steam generation through
actor. pH fluctuated between 6.7 and 8.5 and
an ethanol boiler could supply 85% of the plant
dissolved oxygen concentration fluctuated
ules was 0.013 mm. Conclusions 1. ANAMMOX bacteria can adapt to fluctuating operating conditions 2. Only small ANAMMOX granules form under fluctuating operational conditions 3. Fluctuating reactor conditions could be utilised in regulating the granule sizes of biomass in the reactors to prevent biomass floatation and subsequent wash-out due to granule overgrowth 4. The density of biomass directly affects the terminal settling velocity of the biomass and subsequently biomass retention in ANAMMOX reactors as they are washed out with the effluent, reducing the reactor efficiency.
Evaluating the efficiency of a three-stage Bardenpho activated sludge process at Daveyton wastewater treatment works for reclamation of wastewater treatment effluent Khangari Livhuwani The study was carried out at Daveyton wastewater care works and the plant only treats domestic wastewater with no effluent from the industries. The study objectives were to comply with the legal requirements as regards standards for discharge to the Blesbokspruit river, which requires COD to be <55 mg/ℓ, nitrates <6 mg/ℓ, ammonia <4 mg/ℓ, phosphates <0.6 mg/ℓ, pH 6.5 - 8.8 and E.coli of 0 counts/100 mℓ. This includes process evaluation and optimisation for the use of reclaimed water for direct beneficial purpose for the future and to assess the applicability of the guide to encourage the safe use of treated wastewater in agriculture.
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poster presentations
As human population continues to grow, the
Conclusion
that the following actions should be imple-
challenges for securing water resources and dis-
The average effluent quality did comply with
mented to prevent any upsets in the future:
posing of wastewater is becoming increasingly
the recommended plant limits for safe dispos-
Controlling and monitoring of sludge feed
difficult. Water reuse in urban areas is often in-
al of wastewater it can be concluded that the
rates, operating digesters within designed
hibited by the lack of dual distribution systems
activated sludge process of Daveyton waste-
solid loading rates, ensuring proper mixing of
and high cost of construction and installation of
water treatment plant is efficient on the re-
the digesters, prevent any possible heat loss
distribution pipelines. The infrastructure costs
moval of impurities except for E.coli, which is
in the system, ensuring that heat-exchangers
for storing and transporting reclaimed water to
above the limit due to system breakdowns and
are functional, ensuring sludge recirculation
the points of use are often prohibitive, which is
flow variations.
within the system, operating the digesters within designed retention times, monitoring
making reuse less economically viable. As cities continue to grow, water resources continue to become more challenged. Water reuse in particular has numerous advantages, yet real challenges in terms of public acceptance and concerns over public health. Scientists have an opportunity to help move the field forward through effective optimisation of treatment processes and development of more effective techniques and by making sure that reclaimed water quality is good. The environmental benefits of using reclaimed water include:
Factors that influenced Waterval digester failures and recovery Mathomu Livhuwani As we know that operation and optimisation of anaerobic digesters can be very challenging and requires some skills, failure to operate the digesters effectively can be very costly and to recover from the upset can be very challenging. This paper is aimed at addressing practical conditions that led to Waterval anaerobic digester failure during the 2007 period and actions that were taken to recover from the upset.
• Reduced use of potable water by industrial and recreational development projects. • I rrigation of vegetables eaten cooked using reclaimed water.
Methods/Procedure The method used to carry out the study includes taking of all the operational data during
• Reduction in the amount of groundwater with-
the period of an upset. The data was collected
drawal, which impacts base flow in many rivers
during and after the upset period, and the ac-
and streams.
tions or steps taken to normalise the digester
• Reduction in the amount of nutrients entering
operations were analysed. For the actions tak-
the Blesbokspruit stream, its tributaries and
en, the outcome or improvement was also mon-
other water bodies.
itored and recorded until the digesters recov-
The primary determinants of how reclaimed
ered completely.
water of varying quality can be used are based
Since the pH levels in all the digesters were
on treatment processes to which the water has
well below the recommended operational rang-
been subjected and on quantitative chemical,
es, sodium hydroxide or caustic soda was used
physical, and biological standards.
to raise the pH to the required ranges where methanogens can grow and stabilise the opera-
Methods and results
tions of the digesters.
Composite samples were taken seven days a week over a period of six months at Daveyton
Results
wastewater treatment works at the inlet works
The following factors were found to have con-
for the raw water sample and the other com-
tributed to the 2007 Waterval digester upset:
posite sample at the contact tank for the final
high loading rates to the digesters, uncon-
effluent sample.
trolled sludge feed rates, reduced solids reten-
Samples were collected in 1 ℓ plastic bottles
and
analysed
at
the
accredited
ERWAT laboratory.
tion times, poor mixing of digester contents, poor quality of sludge fed to the digesters, sludge temperature drops in the digesters, poor
All analyses were done according to the
functioning of the boiler, poor heat transfer in
standard methods for the analysis of water
the heat-exchangers, insufficient monitoring
and wastewater
programme and lack of skills in operating the
Summary of the average results of the final
digester systems.
effluent discharged to the stream:
118
the sludge feed volumes to the digesters, performing onsite monitoring on parameters such as pH, VFA, Alk, ensuring that the performance of individual digester is closely monitored, and
subjecting
operating
personnel
to
relevant training.
Water reuse strategy to meet the city’s water demand: Case Study of the City of Ekurhuleni and ERWAT Audrey Maake Nationally and internationally, wastewater reclamation has proven to be one of the effective water reuse strategies adopted to tackle water scarcity challenges and to help the cities to meet their water demands. This study was focused on the City of Ekurhuleni (CoE) in Gauteng Province. CoE is one of the municipalities facing and starting to feel the impacts of water scarcity. With an estimated 3 178 470 people, with over 200 industries and mining areas, all requiring water supply from the municipality, the CoE, is at a stage where it has reached its potable water supply capacity from the Water Service Provider i.e. Rand Water. The worrying concern is that with the increasing population, decreased rainfalls and accelerating developments, the need for water within the municipality will continue to increase. An alarm has been raised that the CoE has already reached the maximum supply capacity by the WSP, and therefore an urgent solution is required to supplement the already constrained supply. The purpose for this study was to investigate the possible re-use of treated effluent from ERWAT wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to supplement the available supply, for potable and non-potable use in the CoE. ERWAT is an entity of CoE and produces 700Ml/day of treated effluent from its 19 WWTP. Methodology The methodology applied during this study
COD = 23 mg/ℓ
Conclusions/Recommendations
include; identifying the intended use of the
Phosphates = 0.2 mg/ℓ
Since the recovery of the digester from an upset
reclaimed effluent and potential users, deter-
Ammonia = 0.9 mg/ℓ
can be a very intense exercise and there will be
mining the required quality and quantities as
Nitrates = 2.2 mg/ℓ
some cost involvement in the process, and also
per the users’ requirements, evaluating the
pH = 7.2
community unrest due to odour that the plant
treatment processes used to produce the re-
E.coli = 84 counts/100 mℓ
will be producing, it is therefore recommended
claimed effluent, evaluating the reliability of
poster presentations
the treatment system, conducting public partic-
Fe3+/Fe2+, ammonium hydroxide, oleic acid, mi-
collected once-off from the anaerobic reac-
ipation for interested and affected parties and
crowave power and time) and the response (%
tor, anoxic reactor, aeration reactor and return
other stakeholders, including industries in CoE,
iron, conductivity and adsorption capacity). Ex-
sludge of the Daspoort Waste Water Treatment
where forum meetings were held and advertise-
periments were conducted based on a Box-Wil-
Plant were used as the source of the microbial
ments and notices were published. In addition,
son Central Composite Design (CCD). The func-
population of the wastewater system.
detailed plants’ audits were conducted, inter-
tional groups and the crystallographic structure
The effluent samples collected on a daily
views with various stakeholders were held, as
of the adsorbent were characterised using FTIR
basis from the outlet of the primary sedimen-
well as evaluation of reports, records and data
and XRD analysis. The significance of independ-
tation tank were spiked with nZnO and used
on influent and effluent quantities and qualities
ent variable and their interactions were tested
as feed samples to LSWWS. Nutrients removal,
for the WWTP, qualities of upstream and down-
by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Bath adsorp-
nanoparticles and bacterial microbiome were
stream data, compliance to water use license
tion experiments for removal of benzene such
monitored throughout the experiment using
conditions, just to mention a few.
as solution pH was also conducted.
standard methods, ICP and metagenomics DNA
The coating of magnetic nanoparticles using
extraction follow by sequencing, respectively.
Results
organic acids was confirmed by FTIR and XRD.
Results revealed that nZnO were stable, but
ERWAT is already reclaiming only about
The experimental data was best fitted to the
not ionized. An increase in the concentration of
31.61 MLD of effluent from 5 of its 19 WWTP
second-order Quadratic model. The exper-
nZnO was continuously observed in the treat-
for irrigation, nature conservation and indus-
imental values were in agreement with the
ment process reactors by mean of the sludge
trial use. From this study, over 100 of the 200
model predicted values with the (R2) value of
recirculation. Metagenomics results showed a
industries highly welcomed the reuse strategy,
0.816. The % iron of 69.16, the conductivity of
decrease in bacterial microbiome (from 25 730
including the public. The existing treatment
1561.92 µS and highest removal capacity of
reads to 20 312 reads) by 21.06%. The recircu-
processes have been found to be capable of
82.22 mg/g were obtained. The highest ben-
lation of nZnO in the LSWWS resulted in the
producing good quality effluent that can sat-
zene removal was obtained at pH 9.
accumulation of nZnO in the sludge which increased the stress on bacterial microbiome and
isfy the reuse strategy, although ERWAT is still embarking on introducing new technologies such as New Age Bio-filter with plastic media, HYBACS SMART Units and Nereda®. The study showed that about 442.6 MLD of effluent could be reclaimed without compromising the quantities required for the reserve. Conclusion The results for this phase of the study showed that ERWAT’s WWTP produce effluent of sufficient quantity and quality that can be used for both potable and non-potable use, where further treatment may be required depending on the users’ quality requirements. The second phase of the study will go deeper into cost benefit analysis and implementation plan.
Removal of benzene from aqueous solution using acid coated magnetic nanoparticles: Response Surface Methodology Makhosazana Nancy Masuku Discarding of large amounts of wastewater that contains potentially toxic organic solutes is a serious problem shared by many companies. The study aimed to develop an organic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles adsorbent to produce more effective, efficient, hydrophobic and anionic adsorbents that will be able to remove non-ionic contaminates – specifically benzene – from aqueous solutions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the working conditions for the preparation of the acid coated magnetic nanoparticle. The influences of the parameters on the removal of benzene were examined (amount of
Impact of Nanoparticles on MicrobialDriven Processes of Wastewater Treatment Systems Kakonge Meli Globally, nanotechnology has been considered as among the fastest growing scientific research areas. This technology has opened new opportunities for increasing production of nanomaterials (NMs), which vary between 1 and 100 nanometres in size. Extensive commercial use of NMs in consumer products as well as disposal or even accidental disaster of these NMs that occurs during manufacturing have, however, raised environmental concerns as NMs are likely expected to enter natural waterbodies through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This could impact on microbial-driven processes of these systems, which could result in the pollution of water sources. The current work investigated the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on the nutrient removal and bacterial microbiome in a simulated wastewater treatment plant process. Since the health of an aquatic ecosystem depends on the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes to remove nutrients and discharge an effluent of high quality, it is important to ascertain such impact, which is crucial for pollution prevention or pollution remediation. The laboratory-simulated wastewater system (LSWWS) comprised of: a feeding container, an anaerobic reactor, an anoxic reactor, an aerobic reactor and a sedimentation reactor, which was connected at the bottom to a pipe material allowing the recirculation of the return sludge. During the study period, wastewater samples
their decrease. Despite the decrease in bacterial microbiome, LSWWS was efficient in removing COD and phosphate at the required standards.
Investigating the occurrence of Nitrification and Denitrification at Hartebeestfontein Wastewater Treatment Works Tendani Mphaga Knowledge of the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification is essential for plant optimization and process reconfigurations. The current study aimed at investigating the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification at Hartebeestfontein waste water works where nitrification and denitrification occurrence is not well documented and known. Methods Samples for analysis of Ammonia and nitrates where taken per unit process from anoxic zone to aerobic zone for analysis at laboratory. Results from laboratory were used to calculate plant removal efficiency to determine the strength of Ammonia and nitrates removal. Inflow, mix liquor suspended solids and settleability as well as sludge volume index were also monitored to determine their impact on nitrification and denitrification. Results The results showed that there is ammonia reduction by 45%-63% in the anoxic zone with less nitrates levels in the anoxic zone – i.e. when ammonia is broken down to nitrates, denitrification also takes place, and this is due to dissolved
119
poster presentations
intrusion and further aeration in clarifiers and
acids (VFAs) levels were measured to determine
anoxic basin. High MLSS with high settleability
process stability.
Recovery and application of valuables with treatment of acid mine drainage using Nabased reagents Khathutshelo Lilith Muedi Mining has always been crucial to the development of the South African economy and has significantly contributed to the country’s current position in the global market. This is due to the relative abundance of mineral and coal reserves, which form part of the geology of the country. Mining activities, however, has the propensity for detrimental impacts to both the environment and humans due to formation of highly acidic and metalliferous wastewater termed Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). Pollutants such as Fe2+, Fe3+, SO42-, Al3+ and Mn are found in distinct concentrations in acid mine water – with Cu, Mg, Ca, Zn and Na in traces. The search for an efficient, effective and economic technology to remediate AMD has been a global priority for as long as mining has been in practice. This study focuses on the development of an effective and efficient technology to synthesise iron oxide pigments from acid mine water emanating from coalmines and explore their application thereof.
fect dissolved oxygen levels with trend of none
Results
Methods
compliance in ammonia.
Highest biogas and methane yield was obtained
Acid mine water collected from a coalmine in
as 0.150 and 0.084 ℓ/gVS added, respectively, at
Mpumalanga Province, was mixed with various
Conclusions
an ISR of 4, carbon to nitrogen ratio of 5.8, 21%
caustic soda/soda ash mixtures to obtain a tar-
The plant can remove ammonia biologically
solids, VS/TS of 0.30 and a retention time of 108
get pH of 2.8. The desired precipitate (FeO(OH)) is
through the process of nitrification, however
days. This corresponded with 34% VS, 13% TS
known to form at this pH. The mixture was agitat-
due to lack of A and R recycles denitrification
and 42% COD reduction. Low gas yields could be
ed for 60 minutes at room temperature followed
only takes place due to over aeration and dis-
attributed to the relatively low organic content
by heating to 97°C for 3 hours. The precipitate
solved oxygen intrusion into anoxic zone. Es-
of tannery sludge (63 gVS). Potential process in-
was filtered and the identity determined by XRF/
tablishment of A-recycles in this case would be
hibitors such as chloride, sulphate, sodium, and
XRD analysis. The ability of the synthesised pig-
necessary to establish anoxic zone with effective
chromium did not seem to influence the process
ment to remove arsenic from synthetic arsenic
denitrification. Primary and secondary aeration
adversely. However, ammonia, sulphide, and
(V) solution and was tested as a potential indus-
should be well equipped with VSD controlled
VFAs seem to have permanently inhibited the
trial application of the pigment. A 1 g dose of
aeration, to avoid over aeration that contributes
reactors with ISR of 2 and 3, leading to propionic
pigment was added to a 10 ppm As(V) solution
to dissolved oxygen intrusion in the anoxic basin.
and butyric acid accumulation. Conversely, reac-
and agitated for 90 minutes.
oxygen intrusion. 63%-73% of ammonia is also
biodegradables by 50% in 2024, air pollution
broken down in the primary aeration with ni-
by 34% in 2020 and generation of at least 69%
trites levels increasing. However, only 23%-36%
of deficit electricity from renewables by 2030
of ammonia is broken down to nitrates in the
through waste-to-energy initiatives such as
secondary aeration. When dissolved oxygen is
anaerobic digestion.
above 2 ppm in the primary aeration, ammonia is completely broken down in the primary aer-
Methods
ation and there is no further nitrification in the
Standard biomethane potential (BMP) tests using
secondary aeration. There is simultaneous nitri-
500 mℓ batch reactors at different inoculum to
fication and denitrification in the anoxic zone
substrate ratios (ISR) of 2, 3 and 4 were conducted
basin which has no A-recycle, due to dissolved
to investigate solids reduction and BMP of tan-
oxygen intrusion in return activated sludge as
nery sludge originating from a tannery wastewa-
oxygen is higher than 3.5 ppm during sampling
ter treatment process. The tests were carried out
in the morning. The dissolved oxygen in the an-
in duplicates at 37±1ᵒC and run against a control
oxic zone ranges between 0.5 ppm - 1 ppm well
of acclimated inoculum only. The inoculum was
enough to trigger both nitrification and denitri-
prepared using a volumetric mix of 1:1:1:2 of
fication in the anoxic zone. Other factors that
tannery sludge, digested cow manure, and gran-
affect process such as, Flows were monitored on
ules from UASBs treating distillery and brewery
hourly basis and correlation against dissolved
wastewater respectively. The parameters studied
oxygen. The results showed that in the morn-
were biogas generation and composition, chem-
ing dissolved oxygen in both primary and sec-
ical oxygen demand, volatile (VS) and total solids
ondary aeration ranges between 2-4 ppm, due
(TS) reduction. The initial and final pH, ammonia,
to low flows and this causes dissolved oxygen
sulphate, sulphide, alkalinity, and volatile fatty
and SVI values calculated were also seen to af-
tors with ISR of 4 underwent 40 days of reversi-
Investigation of anaerobic biodegradability of tannery sludge Ashton Mpofu The tannery industry is potentially a major environmental polluter owing to the discharge of large quantities of hazardous sludge laden with toxic metal salts, organics, and inorganic substances. Tannery sludge treatment and disposal has become more challenging, particularly considering the ever-increasing solid waste transportation and disposal costs to suitable landfills, and the imposition of stringent environmental regulations worldwide. Rapid population growth and urbanisation has created a serious shortage of suitable landfills, and increased waste generation and energy demand. Conversely, South Africa has committed to reduce landfilling of
120
ble inhibition which coincided with a metabolic
Results
shift to resilient syntrophic acetate oxidation-hy-
It was found that the optimal conditions for pre-
drogenotrophic
(SAO-HM)
cipitation are: 30% caustic soda solution added
pathway as indicated by low carbon dioxide
to the AMD at a ratio of 26 mℓ: 5L NaOH solu-
methanogenesis
content in the biogas, and acetic acid accumu-
tion: AMD; and 12g: 5ℓ NaOH/Na2CO3 salt: AMD.
lation. Increased trace metal bioavailability may
Analysis by XRF/XRD showed that the product
have antagonistically mitigated ammonia and
obtained is goethite (FeO(OH)) for 30% NaOH
sulphide inhibition.
solution and hematite (Fe2O3) NaOH/Na2CO3 salt. It was found that the yellow pigment (geothite)
Conclusion
was effective at removing 90% of the As(V) from
Regardless of the lower methane yields and sol-
solution in 90 minutes.
ids reduction efficiencies, stabilisation and recovery of energy from tannery sludge seems plausi-
Conclusions
ble. However, the process should be optimised
A method was developed that produced
and co-digestion with another readily available
FeO(OH) from industrial AMD. The results fur-
substrate such as slaughterhouse wastes should
ther showed that the synthesised geothite is
be investigated.
effective at removing As(V) from solution. This
poster presentations
study, therefore, shows the potential of Na-
Results
wastewater sludge from the edible oil industry as
based reagents in the synthesis of iron oxide
A start-up period of 22 days was achieved for
a novel feedstock for both monounsaturated fats
pigments which can be used to treat arsenic
the UASB treating molasses wastewater and in-
and bioethanol for the production of biodiesel.
contaminated water.
oculated with granular sludge from the brewery
Preliminary results have shown that the fatty
industry. The developed empirical models for
acid profile of the oilseed wastewater sludge is
predicting the COD removal efficiency and bi-
favourable for biodiesel production with 48%
ogas production rate ware found to be statisti-
(w/w) monounsaturated fats and that the residue
cally significant with Prob > F values of 0.0747
left after the extraction of fats from the sludge
and 0.0495 and the determination coefficients
contains sufficient fermentable sugars after
(R2) were found to be 0.80 and 0.65, respec-
steam explosion followed by an enzymatic hy-
tively, indicating a good correlation between
drolysis for the successful production of bioeth-
the experimental values and predicted values.
anol [29% (w/w)] using a commercial strain of
The optimal conditions were found to be at a
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A novel nano-mag-
temperature of 38°C and carbon to nitrogen
netic catalyst was synthesised from mineral
ratio of 22 mgTOC/mgTN. Under these condi-
processing alkaline tailings, mainly containing
tions, the corresponding removal efficiencies in
dolomite originating from cupriferous ores using
terms of total COD, five day biological oxygen
a modified sol-gel technique (Shengyang et al.,
demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and
2011). Both the catalytic properties and reusa-
sulfate was 77.7%, 85.9%, 99.2%, 44.4% and
bility of the catalyst were investigated. A maxi-
57.2%, respectively. Moreover biogas was pro-
mum biodiesel yield of 64% was obtained, which
duced at a rate of 0.832 L/L.d and the percent-
dropped to 52% after the fourth transesterifica-
age of methane, carbon dioxide and molecular
tion reaction cycle. The proposed approach has
oxygen in the biogas mixture was found to be
the potential to reduce material costs, energy
65.2, 32.8 and 0.6% respectively. The final
consumption and water usage associated with
effluent did not meet the discharge stand-
conventional biodiesel production technologies.
ard of COD < 400 mg/ℓ for irrigation of up to
It may also mitigate the impact of conventional
500 kℓ/d set for irrigation for biodegradable in-
biodiesel production on food and land security,
dustrial wastewater.
while simultaneously reducing waste (Kumar et
Bio-chemical treatment of carbon dioxide using microalgae in a photo-bioreactor Elizabeth Kamogelo Ndlovu The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of different nutrients in microalgae growth rate. This was done to demonstrate the operation of energy source performance to establish a renewable and carbon neutral including biomass for energy generation. An experiment was conducted where carbon dioxide, under controlled conditions, was absorbed using different kinds of microalgae nutrients. It was also carried out using microalgae as a feedstock in a photobioreactor, generated by photosynthesis using a light. Samples were analysed using the spectrophotometer and it was found that nutrients have effects on microalgae growth rate and manure gives the best growth rate compared to fertilisers. Effect of temperature and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the performance of an up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating sugarcane molasses Afika Ndobeni The sugar industry contributes to the development of the economy in many countries, including South Africa. The wastewater generated by this industry has a high pollution load, and therefore requires treatment before discharge to the environment. The primary aims of this study were to determine the performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating sugarcane molasses and to develop an empirical model to predict the behaviour of the UASB in terms of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production. Methods A UASB with an effective volume of 46 ℓ was inoculated with granular sludge from the brewery industry and was used to investigate the treatment of synthetic sugar industry wastewater with an average COD of 4 101 mg/ℓ. The experiments were designed using Design Expert® Software Version 10 by applying half factorial design with 11 runs and 3 centre points. The analysis of variance for the developed empirical models and the optimisation of reactor temperature and feed C/N ratio were carried out using response surface methodology. The UASB reactor was operated at constant hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate of 2.04 days and 2.01 kg/m3.d.
al., 2015). Conclusions UASB treatment offers a feasible option for reducing the organic strength of sugar industry wastewater and producing methane-rich biogas (maximum 65%).
Biodiesel production from edible oil wastewater sludge with Bioethanol using Nano-Magnetic Catalysis Wighens Ngoie Ilunga Currently, most sludge from the wastewater treatment plants of edible oil factories is disposed to landfills, but landfill sites are finite and potential sources of environmental pollution. Production of biodiesel from wastewater sludge can contribute to energy production and waste minimization. However, conventional biodiesel production is energy and waste intensive. Generally, biodiesel is produced from the transesterification reaction of oils with alcohol (i.e. Methanol, ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst (Morales et al., 2014). Homogeneously catalysed transesterification is the conventional approach for large scale production of biodiesel as reaction times are relatively short. Nevertheless, homogenous catalysis presents several challenges such as high probability of soap formation in the presence of water and free fatty acids and difficulty of separation and reusability (Kiss and Boskovic, 2012). The current study aimed to reuse
Biodiesel production from edible oil wastewater sludge with Bioethanol using Nano-Magnetic Catalysis Wighens NgoieIlunga Currently, most sludge from the wastewater treatment plants of edible oil factories is disposed to landfills, but landfill sites are finite and potential sources of environmental pollution. Production of biodiesel from wastewater sludge can contribute to energy production and waste minimization. However, conventional biodiesel production is energy and waste intensive. Generally, biodiesel is produced from the transesterification reaction of oils with alcohol (i.e. Methanol, ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst (Morales et al., 2014). Homogeneously catalysed transesterification is the conventional approach for large-scale production of biodiesel as reaction times are relatively short. Nevertheless, homogenous catalysis presents several challenges such as high probability of soap formation in the presence of water and free fatty acids and difficulty of separation and reusability (Kiss and Boskovic, 2012). The current study aimed to reuse wastewater sludge from the edible oil industry as a novel feedstock for both monounsaturated fats and bioethanol for the production of biodiesel. Preliminary results have shown that the fatty acid
121
poster presentations
profile of the oilseed wastewater sludge is favour-
salts; sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and so-
digester when different effluents are intro-
able for biodiesel production with 48% (w/w)
dium nitrate were studied. The addition of the
duced and the ideal rate of dosage will also
mono-unsaturated fats and that the residue left
salts was found to decrease the photocatalytic
be established.
after the extraction of fats from the sludge con-
activity by 6.24% from 86.26% for pure me-
In the long run it is envisaged that a scheme for
tains sufficient fermentable sugars after steam
thyl orange to 80.02% for methyl orange with
disposing toxic or corrosive effluent into digest-
explosion followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis
added salts.
ers will be set up and this will reduce the effluent being discharged to the sea outfall.
for the successful production of bioethanol [29% (w/w)] using a commercial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A novel nano-magnetic catalyst was synthesised from mineral processing alkaline tailings, mainly containing dolomite originating from cupriferous ores using a modified sol-gel technique (Shengyang et al., 2011). Both the catalytic properties and reusability of the catalyst were investigated. A maximum biodiesel yield of 64% was obtained, which dropped to 52% after the fourth transesterification reaction cycle. The proposed approach has the potential to reduce material costs, energy consumption and water usage associated with conventional biodiesel production technologies. It may also mitigate the impact of conventional biodiesel production on food and land security, while simultaneously reducing waste (Kumar et al., 2015).
Visible and UV light active gold metal decorated titanium dioxide photocatalytic films for environmental applications Dr Pardon Nyamukamba Photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials are receiving a lot of attention due to their potential applications in environmental remediation such as the removal of organic contaminants in water. Herein, we report on the development of both UV light active and surface plasmon induced visible light active photocatalysts that are composed of titanium dioxide film decorated with gold. The films of gold and TiO2 were deposited on fused silica using the thermal evaporation and sputter coating techniques respectively. The influence of film thickness of the plasmonic metal, order of deposition and the use of more than one plasmonic metal was investigated. It was found that, TiO2 decorated with gold films of thickness 2 nm, 5 nm and 10 nm showed good enhancement of photocatalytic activity whereas the 20 nm and 25 nm films deactivated photocatalyst. When the order of deposition was changed, there was better photocatalytic activity when a gold film was deposited underneath the TiO2 photocatalyst for both the 2 nm and 5 nm Au films than when deposited on top of TiO2. The use of bimetallic and trimetallic layers was found to enhance TiO2 photocatalytic activity more than monometallic layers. The presence of inorganic ions in the water to be treated is expected hence the combined effects of three
122
Co-digestion of industrial effluent with domestic sludge: A Pilot Study at Amanzimtoti Wastewater Treatment Works Londiwe Satimburwa EWS and UKZN Pollution Research Group commissioned a pilot plant to study the possibility of co-digestion of concentrated industrial effluent with sewage sludge at Amanzimtoti Wastewater Treatment Works (AWWTW). This was triggered by the need for alternative methods of disposal of high strength effluent, some of which are being disposed to sea. It also sought to utilise spare capacity in anaerobic digesters and potentially produce energy. In eThekwini industrial effluent that is deemed corrosive to infrastructure is not permitted to be disposed into the sewer system and is sent via road haulage to the sea outfall discharge at Southern Wastewater Treatment Works (SWWTW). This method is not environmentally sustainable and legislation regulating coastal discharges are becoming more stringent. Therefore, it is important to find other ways to dispose of waste using existing capacity in the city’s digesters. Methodology To achieve these goals a model, which has been developed by UKZN PRG, will be used to manage the pilot plant. A detailed understanding of the process using the model will enable the prediction of digester performance when a stream with known parameters is introduced. It is hoped that digester stability and performance will improve as digester predictability increases. The model will be developed using a lab scale digester after which a real digester will be dosed. Anaerobic digesters are very sensitive and, therefore, identification of the effluent to be used as a co-substrate was done carefully to ensure that the digester does not fail. The ideal effluent for the initial stages of the project is high strength (high COD) and non-toxic effluent. Effluents such as dairy, sugar manufacturers, soft drinks, sweet manufacturing were considered. The COD, the volumes of effluent produced and presence of other contaminants that may upset
Conclusion The co-digestion is expected to increase the production of gas by the digesters, thus providing alternative source of energy, which can be used in the plant. A detailed protocol for establishing and managing such a scheme will be produced and used for implementation on other sites. For the scheme to be successful, care must be taken to protect the digester and prevent it from failing, through determining the appropriate rate of dosing the different effluents. This poster seeks to highlight the stages of the pilot study, benefits of the study, and how to establish a sustainable scheme.
Developing Solutions Through Science and Technology
Unchartered waters Magnetite recovery from leachate of a waste coal dump Vhahangwele Akinwekomi Central, Western and Eastern Basin produce 200 Mℓ/d of acid mine water, of which the Central Basin contains 1 000 mg/ℓ Fe2+. Currently, lime neutralisation is recommended by the Ministerial team as a short-term treatment solution, but lime treatment has a challenge of producing a gypsum and metal hydroxide mixed sludge. Legislation in the Department of Environmental Affairs requires zero waste after treatment. Therefore, there is a need to develop processes that will treat water and recover valuable by-products from the produced sludge. The ROC (reverse osmosis (RO)/cooling) process uses sodium salts for neutralisation, followed by RO for desalination and cooling for brine treatment. The aim of this study was to determine conditions suitable for magnetite recovery during acid mine neutralisation using sodium salts.
performance of digester were considered The non-toxic effluent will be used to deter-
Methodology
mine the maximum effluent the digester can
Beaker and pilot studies were investigated to
take without failing, thereafter, more aggres-
determine conditions required for magnet-
sive effluents will be introduced. The model
ite formation. Experimental conditions which
will be used to predict performance of the
were investigated in this study included the
122
poster presentations
concentrations of Na2CO3 and NaOH, the selec-
performed to evaluate the adsorption of radium
endeavour as a process within a dynamic envi-
tive precipitation of the intermediate products
on the same molecular clusters and on MgCO3. Ra-
ronment. The mechanisms by which GRDM are
Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 and the final product Fe3O4.
dium adsorption on the 001, 010, and 100 mineral
conducted might be seen as a representation of
surfaces was simulated. Density functional theory
many instances of centralized control in real time.
was used with the B3LYP functional, the CRENBL
However, dynamic systems have a tendency of
by
effective core potential and basis set, and polar-
exhibiting autonomy by responding to external
was
isable continuum water. Geometry optimisation
stimuli, such as anthropogenic activities and cli-
precipitated at pH 3.5, Al3+ was removed at
of radium on the surface of fixed molecular clus-
matic changes.
pH 4.5 and Fe(OH)2 was formed at pH 7. Fe3O4
ters defined by their crystallographic coordinates
Systems that have the ability to show distin-
was formed by mixing Fe(OH)3 and Fe(OH)2 in
were performed. The interaction energy of radium
guished relationships provide us with ultimate
a mole ratio of 2:1, respectively. XRF and XRD
on each mineral surface was calculated as the dif-
means of illustrating adequately their intercon-
showed that the magnetite formed had a high
ference between the energy of the radium-miner-
nections using nonlinear dynamics and hence
purity. Particle size analysis of the magnetite
al cluster composite and the energies of the sepa-
development of appropriate measures for
synthesised showed that 50% of particles
rate radium and mineral cluster.
managing such systems. Simple determination
Results and Discussion Selective
precipitation
controlling the
pH
was
where
done Fe(OH)3
and implementation of GRDM for protection of
produced were nanoparticles with diameters in Results
groundwater water resources at a local level with-
Experimental isotherm results showed that all
out considering localised ecological perspective
Conclusion
the minerals removed Ra-226, with SrSO4 show-
(functional non-linearity), would impede policy
This study showed that magnetite can be recov-
ing the highest capacity for Ra-226 removal. Sul-
implementation at local scale. Although in South
ered from iron rich acid mine water, which offers
fates showed a higher affinity for Ra-226 than
Africa studies of systems analysis are currently
the benefit that no mixed sludge is formed. The
carbonates. A small amount of SrSO4 can remove
being conducted, but such studies are mostly
study further proved that acid mine drainage can
a large fraction of Ra-226 at concentrations rele-
based on water resource systems analysis and
be used as a source of magnetite.
vant to fracking wastewater. Molecular modelling
are directed at regional and national scale.
the range of 20 nm to 80 nm.
Radium Removal in Fracking Wastewater during Precipitation Dr Joseph Flora Breakthroughs in directional well drilling, hydraulic fracturing and reservoir stimulation have significantly increased natural gas production from unconventional reservoirs. The flowback and produced water from Marcellus Shale is the second saltiest and most radiogenic of all sedimentary basins in the U.S. where large volume hydraulic fracturing is used. Flowback/produced water is typically impounded at the surface for subsequent disposal, treatment, or reuse. Due to the large water volume, high dissolved solids, and complex physico-chemical composition of this wastewater that includes radioactive components, the public is increasingly concerned about management of this water because of the potential for human health and environmental impacts associated with the release of untreated or inadequately treated wastewater to the environment. The objective of this study is to investigate the removal of radium during precipitation of fracking wastewater. Methods Isotherm experiments were performed using the standard bottle point technique with deionized water at room temperature to evaluate the capacity of preformed BaSO4, SrSO4, SrCO3, CaCO3, and BaCO3 for removing Ra-226. These solids were selected to represent the predominant solids formed during sulfate and carbonate precipitation based on the chemical composition of fracking wastewater. Molecular modelling was also
showed that 16 of the 18 surfaces investigated
Studies on systems analysis that consider not
had a favourable interaction energy for radium.
only water resources, but also water resource us-
The relative radium affinity for the different miner-
ers, national and local governments, independ-
als, as predicted by the molecular models, is differ-
ent organisations, the society, individual roles
ent from the experimental results. Further work is
and responsibilities in managing water resources
being performed to understand this discrepancy,
especially at a local scale, have been poor. There
including using molecular dynamics to account
is a need for systems analysis approach which
for the effects of precipitation/dissolution chem-
encompasses different systems for effective im-
istry on radium adsorption on mineral surfaces.
plementation of GRDM to ensure sustainable groundwater resource protection, especially at
Conclusions
local site where the resource reside.
Both experimental results and molecular model-
The argument in this paper is that a feasible
ling simulations showed favourable radium ad-
implementation for GRDM at local level requires
sorption on the surfaces of preformed sulfate and
application of systems analysis approach which
carbonate minerals. As precipitation progresses,
provides for understanding of local conditions
radium can be incorporated within the precipi-
and acceptance by local community and use
tate as long as the bulk solution is supersaturated.
of such approach will offer a better chance for
The primary precipitate can coat the surface and
sustainable water utilisation. The objective of
not allow radium to dissolve from the precipitate
study was to determine feasibility of imple-
within the time frame of normal engineering pro-
menting GRDM at quaternary catchment scale
cesses. Thus, radium can potentially be removed
using systems analysis approach. How GRDM
from fracking wastewater using sulfate or car-
could be successfully implemented at local lev-
bonate precipitation.
el was assessed using socio ecological systems (SES) concept.
Using systems analysis approach for examining implementation of groundwater resource directed measures at Quaternary Scale: A Case Study for Umlalazi Catchment Tichatonga Gonah The concept of resource directed measures to influence policy implementation leads to optimal use and protection of groundwater resources that ensures sustained research for optimal water resource protection. The fundamental frameworks views on cognitive products such as groundwater resource directed measures (GRDM) is that they
Key findings indicated that (i) individual water users in a catchment must look beyond their own interest for successful implementation of GRDM; (ii) structured organisations such as Catchment Management Forums and Water User Associations play a key role for GRDM acceptance and implementation at local scale; (iii) better understanding of catchment dynamics which differs from one catchment to the other, enhance GRDM implementation; (iv) GRDM implementation frameworks designed on the concept of SES, allows for utilisation of citizen science (living
123
poster presentations
laboratory), which not only allow for local com-
outlet increased the hydraulic efficiency from
particles were easily scanned and identified due
munity to take ownership of their water resourc-
15% to 52%.
to the extensive polymer materials library and knowledge. Smaller microplastic particles were
es, but also to allows for implementation and Conclusions
also successfully imaged, IR scanned and iden-
The study recommended further studies
The baffling factor concept (t10/TDT) was suc-
tified using the Spotlight200i microscope. Using
on the development of GRDM implementa-
cessfully applied on a full-scale small water
the different measurement options, a full particle
tion frameworks formulated on the concept of
treatment system. The method of determining
characterisation was established.
SES for efficient implementation of GRDM at
a detention time (as close as possible to the real
quaternary scale.
value) will assist designers to optimise hydraulic
Conclusions
disinfection efficiency.
Large and small particles of microplastics can be
monitoring of GRDM.
Improvement of Hydraulic Disinfection Efficiency for Small Waterworks Presantha Maduray In the rural areas of South Africa, small water treatment works (less than 2 MLD) struggle to achieve adequate disinfection to meet the SANS 241:2015 standards due to a number of challenges including poor operation and maintenance, inappropriate process design, deteriorating infrastructure and limited budgets. Currently in South Africa, contact time is calculated using the “theoretical” detention time (TDT = Volume/Flow Rate); however, this is not a realistic value due to the high occurrence of short-circuiting and dead zones in contact tanks. This observation is supported by recent research at Colorado State University through laboratory-based studies including computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Full-scale trials in a small water treatment system in KZN indicated that the real contact times are often significantly less than the calculated design TDT values. Using tracer tests in combination with CFD simulations, a baffling factor (t10/ TDT) was developed and proposed as a measure of the effectiveness of tank hydraulic contribution to disinfection efficiency. This research study aims to: • Measure the actual hydraulic contact time for disinfection in small-scale water treatment plants by applying the baffling factor concept (t10/TDT). • Design and implement cost-effective tank inlet modifications to improve hydraulic disinfection efficiency.
Simple and inexpensive modifications can
scanned, imaged and identified successfully. Us-
improve the hydraulic disinfection efficiency of
ing the different measurement options for the
contact tanks in small waterworks, resulting in
infrared spectroscopy and microscopy provides
improved contacting between filtered water and
flexibility in choosing the most appropriate meth-
disinfectant (chlorine). The immediate benefits
od for the given analytical opportunity that will
were reduced disinfection by-products and low-
hopefully lead to a full characterisation, and thus
er chemical operating costs.
a better understanding of the microplastic threat in the rivers in Austria, as well as also rivers and
Microplastics, Identifying the threat Solutions through Science Dr Krystelle Mafina There is an increasing concern about the amount of plastic materials observed floating in the World’s rivers and oceans. However, a major concern is now the microplastics, which are too small to be visible to the naked eye, that are entering into the river and marine environments; and ultimately into the food chain. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and microscopy are well-established analytical techniques for the detection and identification of plastic materials. And have been used to further the understanding of the microplastic threat through our users around Europe. This presentation demonstrates the useful application of these techniques in a real-world setting in the rivers of Austria. Methods IR spectroscopy is the established technique for identifying polymer materials and has been used extensively for identifying large (over 100 micrometres) polymer materials. The Spectrum Two™ is a portable FT-IR spectrometer that can operate from a battery pack and has been used on boats for immediate identification of these polymers.
Results
For microplastics, down to a few micrometers in
A simple test for measuring actual hydraulic
size, an IR microscope can be used for the detec-
contact time was developed for a typical ru-
tion and identification of these materials. There
ral water treatment system in a small town in
are two forms of microscope measurement: (1)
KwaZulu-Natal.
in-contact using a micro-ATR or ATR-crystal im-
Preliminary tests showed a significant increase
aging; and (2) non-contact measurement such as
in the hydraulic disinfection efficiency by a sim-
transmission or reflection imaging. With the help
ple inlet modification. The contact tank was a
of software packages Spectrum10 and Spectrum
10 m3 polyethylene tank with a single inlet, sin-
Image, appropriate and reproducible data can
gle outlet design. Initial tracer test results indi-
be collected.
cated that the actual contact time was less than
124
15% of the design (theoretical) residence time.
Results
The implementation of a modified tank inlet and
Using the Spectrum Two™, large microplastic
oceans across the world.
Treatment of Fischer-Tropsch wastewater containing valeric acid – Adsorption studies Mabatho Moreroa The Fischer Tropsch process is one that converts synthesis gas known as syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) to hydrocarbon products. Wastewater from this process contains valeric acid, which contributes 10.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Further analysis indicated that the wastewater contained valeric acid, which amounts to 202 mgCOD/ℓ. The high COD levels in water can cause detrimental effects to plants and aquatic life. It has then become necessary to reduce the COD levels in the wastewater to acceptable levels according to the Department of Water and Sanitation to sustain the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to develop a constructed wetland (CW) system that can be used to treat wastewater containing organics from industry. This will be achieved by inoculating VFA degrading bacteria into the CW to degrade n-Valeric and i-Valeric acids. Different types of CWs and support matrices for the bacterial biofilm formation were investigated in batch laboratory experiments. The support matrices that were used in this study are the roots of aquatic plants, gravel, biochar (made from gasification of wood pallets) and activated carbon. Characterisation of biochar and activated carbon were achieved by using XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Batch adsorption studies were done on all support matrices to investigate the effectiveness of the materials on the attachment of bacteria. The attachment was later observed on all support matrices, through the formation of biofilm on the surfaces of the materials. Batch experiments were done to investigate the effect of substrate concentration on the ability for bacteria to degrade them under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The COD of n-Valeric
poster presentations
and i-Valeric acid decreased by 54% and 19% re-
principal expected outcomes are (1) NOM charac-
reactor in which they are exposed to waste bio-
spectively during the first five days of anaerobic
terisation using FEEM data to generate datasets
mass, in this case grass cuttings, to raise the pH
incubation and barely changed during aerobic
for raw water and samples taken after each unit
and release soluble organic components such as
studies. This was an indication that the contam-
within the drinking water treatment train; (2) de-
sugars and volatile fatty acids. The effluent will
inants are better degraded in anaerobic condi-
termine excitation/emission using FEEM for on-
flow to the linear channel reactor, in which sulfate
tions. This was supported by the lack of growth
line monitoring; (3) perform disinfection by-prod-
reducing bacteria consume organic carbon and
of biomass during aerobic studies as compared
ucts formation potential (DBPFP) measurements
sulfate, producing sulfide. Control of the sulfate:
to the growth observed in anaerobic conditions;
relating ultra violet visible spectrophotometry
COD ratio allows for the formation of a biofilm,
whereby the optical density increased from 0.004
(UV-Vis) and FEEM; and (4) perform modelling
through which oxygen diffusion allows for partial
OD600 to 0.421 OD600 within the first five days
using Solo/ParaFac with the intention to predict
reoxidation of the resulting sulfide
of incubation.
the amount of different groups of molecules that
According to biochemical characteristics and
make up NOM in water.
time to the pilot site to closely resemble real
16S rRNA sequence analysis, the isolates that were involved in aerobic degradation were Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Eschericia coli (E. coli). Those that were involved in anaerobic degradation were Enterobacter spp., Bacillus subtilis spp. and Pantoea sp. The ability of these bacterial strains to degrade the substrates was monitored through the measurement of COD and GC analysis, which was also used to analyse degradation products.
Modelling natural organic matter in a water treatment plant using Solo/ParaFac Sikelelwa Ndiweni This study introduces a modelling technique that can be used to determine the characteristics and quantity of natural organic matter (NOM) fractions as well as predict the number and identity of molecules and fractions that make up NOM in water. To achieve this, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (FEEM) datasets were inputted into a parallel factor (Solo/ParaFac) model. The FEEM datasets were used to determine the NOM fractions that persist throughout each plant and contribute to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Analytical techniques such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measure amount of NOM, but do not determine the number of fractions that make up NOM. Liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) characterises the NOM fractions by molecular weight, but is time-consuming. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) characterizes NOM based only on the size of constituent fractions. Owing to the limitations of these techniques, there is a need to develop new approaches for NOM characterisation. The major strengths of modelling include (1) determination of the number of unknown molecular fractions making up NOM; and (2) rapid prediction of the quality and quantity of NOM changes in the water treatment plant and water distribution processes. The outcome of this study is to develop a model that will assist water treatment authorities to respond rapidly to changes in NOM characteristics due to seasonal and weather variations. The
This configuration will be run with synthetic and real AMD at matching hydraulic retention
Analysis of a passive treatment system for bioremediation of mine affected waters Sean Rossouw Acid mine drainage is a long term consequence of mining and land moving activity, particularly with the local geology of South African mining regions. AMD contributes to acidified and saline waters often containing elevated levels of dissolved metals entering water systems that are important for environmental health and human consumption. Passive treatment options involving biological systems have been developed through partnerships with industry and academia to try remediate AMD in a less expensive and resource intensive way. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are a group of micro-organisms that use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in their anaerobic metabolic pathways. SRB are found in anaerobic sediments of rivers and dams, or around the root systems of plants found in sulfate rich environments, reducing sulfate to sulfide Sulfide remediation by partial oxidation was identified by the Environmental Biotechnology Unit at Rhodes University to deal with sulfide after sulfate reduction and precipitation. A linear flow channel reactor was built to study kinetics of the system with a floating biofilm in which partial sulfide oxidation takes place to produce elemental sulfur, which may be harvested. The objective of this research is to integrate the above systems for remediation of the AMD via biological sulfate reduction followed by partial re-oxidation in surface biofilm to sulfur. The output of this reactor system will be fed to a constructed wetland as a polishing step for any residual organic compounds and sulfate. The results of this work will be used to inform decision-making on the pilot scale plant at an active coal mine in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Methods A lab scale pre-treatment reactor, linear flow channel bioreactor and a subsurface flow constructed wetland have been built. Real and synthetic AMD will be fed through a pre-treatment
operating conditions. Sampling will be done to determine performance, the carbon/sulfate system flux and the wetland performance. Redox potential, sulfate: CODs and sulfide: dO2 ratios have been identified as significant variables affecting proper operation. This will be supported by batch experiments to determine optimal reaction conditions and retention. Analysis will include pH, acidity and redox potential, metal concentrations and organic load via overall soluble COD and HPLC to identify sugars and volatile fatty acids produced and consumed in each subsystem. Results Previous experiments showed effective sulfate removal and pH rise achieved using grass cuttings with real and synthetic AMD in both batch and continuous operation. This research is currently underway.
Enabling Participation Through Good Governance
Pooling together Joint Sector Reviews: Stepping stone for good WASH governance? Chilufya Chileshe Poor reporting, inadequate monitoring, limited accountability evidence by little participation of citizens and poor coordination of stakeholder efforts consistently feature in descriptions of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector in Southern Africa. These have been used to justify why the sector is unattractive for investment. Joint Sector Reviews (JSRs) are lauded as having the potential to help resolve these problems. Despite varied definitions, there is convergence on JSRs being about conducting periodic assessments of performance. Also agreed is that
125
poster presentations
Conclusions
reviews must: be part of country planning and
Preparing our Cities for the Future
reporting cycles; include multi-stakeholder gatherings led by the sector ministry; be about learning for improvement. JSRs are expected to estab-
Plants produced under water stress performed better with respect to growth, physiology and yield.
lish a common basis for performance monitoring and priority setting in the WASH sector based on continuous partnership dialogue between all stakeholders.
Sink or swim
Writers on the subject contend that good JSRs
mutually agreed targets.
Growth, physiology and yield responses of selected sweet potato cultivars under different watering regimes Ladyfair Ntokozo Thobekile Dladla Food and nutrition insecurity remain prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for rural communities in SSA and ultimately the primary solution to ensure food and nutrition security. Agricultural production is limited by water scarcity and recurring droughts. There is a need to identify crops that utilise less water while producing sufficient and nutritious yields. Sweet potato is considered to be a drought tolerant root crop with good nutritional value. The objective of this study was to determine growth, physiology and yield responses of three sweet potato cultivars to varying water regimes.
Method
Methods
This brief represents pipeline work by WaterAid
Sweet potato cuttings of three cultivars (A40,
Southern Africa to understand JSRs’ in Mada-
A45 and 199062.1) were sourced from a trial at
gascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland and
Ukulinga research farm. A controlled environ-
Zambia contribution to strengthening sector
ment trial was established under automated
governance. The assessment is meant to be an
drip irrigation in tunnel beds at the University
action-learning effort to understand what is
of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg agricultural
crucial to achieving success. It is also aimed at
campus’ controlled environment facility. The ex-
contributing to the body of knowledge by inter-
perimental design was a split-plot, arranged in a
rogating what is necessary to make JSRs institu-
completely randomised design with water (30%
tionalised processes that fit into broader sector
and 100% crop water requirement) as the main
performance processes.
plots and cultivars as subplots replicated three
provide opportunity for in-depth debate about performance of the sector. In practice, however, most country JSRs have yet to overcome the challenge of simply being meetings characterised by presentation of unchallenged reports, rather than spaces for introspection and robust discussion about what is working, what is not, and what could be done differently. JSRs, when effective, should help resolve big issues that haunt the sector such as: sustainability; monitoring and data harmonisation; stakeholder participation. These are crucial for improving accountability and are indicators of maturity of national WASH governance. JSRs in other sectors, such as agriculture, are credited with contributing to improved evidence-based policies, planning, budgeting, and programme implementation, against
Key results and conclusions will aim to under-
times. Data collected weekly included growth
stand whether:
(leaf number, vine number and length of the
• JSR meetings are used for reviewing progress,
longest vine) and physiology (stomatal conduct-
setting priorities and making binding com-
ance and chlorophyll content). Yield and yield
mitments followed through from one JSR to
components were determined at harvest.
the next. • JSRs are integral to country planning and reporting cycle. • JSR reports are published preferably online by governments.
126
Results With respect to growth and physiology there were significant differences (P<0.001) between water treatments. Interestingly, plants produced
• Relevant government organisations and indi-
under water stress generally performed better.
viduals commit to JSRs as essential processes
Significant differences (P<0.001) were also ob-
for improved participation and accountability.
served among cultivars with respect to growth
• Evidence from the field informs planning and
and physiology, with cultivars 1999062.1 per-
priority with equal focus on infrastructure and
forming better compared to cultivars A40 and
actual change in people’s lives.
A45. No significant differences were observed
• All actors, particularly Development Part-
with respect to yield and yield components be-
ners, play a helpful facilitating role in building
tween the different water treatments and among
sector capacity.
the sweet potato cultivars.
Investigation into increased water flow through a longitudinal crack due to expansion of the pipe material under pressure Didier Ilunga Pipe material behaviour plays a major role in the crack opening of pressurised water distribution systems. Several studies have shown that the amount of water that leaks from a crack can be much more sensitive to pressure than theory suggests. The aim of this investigation is to understand the structural behaviour of longitudinal cracks in pipes under pressure. This is achieved by subjecting several plates with different length of cracks to tension and monitoring the opening of the cracks. A theoretical model for a longitudinal crack opening is derived using the orifice equation, as a function of the pressure, pipe material properties, pipe geometry and fluid properties for uni-axial stress state. Subsequently an equation describing the increase of the leakage flow rate as a function of the increase of the crack area in uni-axial stress state is determined. Results show that the material around the longitudinal crack exhibited elastic expansion behaviour due to hoop stresses induced by internal pressure in the pipe. Therefore, the crack opening area increases until the material exceeds its yield strength, causing a bulging of crack faces, thus resulting in a significant increase of the leakage flow rate. Pilot project for leak detection on Rand Water pipelines using Satellite Technology Danny Kuya Rand Water intends to conduct a detailed pilot project using satellite technology to detect leaks on its drinking water pipelines. Rand Water has more than 3 500 km of water mains, spread over a large geographical area and with a diverse range of pipe sizes, materials and ages. In order to reduce water loss in distribution system, which forms part of non-revenue for water and increase operational efficiency through innovative, efficient methods of non-destructive, leak detection on its trunk water mains have been introduced by Rand Water in condition assessment. Satellite leak detection is new technology solution of detecting non-revenue water leaks by analysing spectral images from satellites. This technology offers a non-invasive method or alternative to the problem of urban water leakage. The technology may be used to monitor a large portion of the water trunk network at once and identify
poster presentations
sites of leakage or potential leakage. Rand Water
Methods
pollution and open, fresh water sources. The
has recognised the capabilities of this technolo-
Three townships in Durban were selected for the
Blesbokspruit wetland is located towards the
gy to provide a cost-effective solution in reduc-
study. The first township Havelock was selected
east of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan area and is
ing water losses and intends to conduct a pilot
due to the informality of housing stock and the
one of 17 Ramsar sites in South Africa. It is a reed
case study on a section of its pipelines.
other two sites Piesang River and Namibia Stop 8
dominated wetland, permanently flooded due
were selected due to the existence of strong com-
to artificial inflows from various mines, industries
Methods
munity led housing processes. The authors used
and wastewater treatment plants.
• The pilot study will employ the following
transect walks, focus group discussions, season-
The objective of this study was to investigate
al calendar and priority mapping exercises with
the capacity of the Blesbokspruit wetland system
eight women in each site to assess existing envi-
to receive, treat and remove various chemical, or-
ronmental conditions and potential interventions.
ganic and bacteriological pollutants.
methodology • The Pilot project will cover an area of 50 km x 70 km • The Pilot project will provide an indication
Community Researchers were trained to ensure
Duplicate grab samples were collected on a
of the number of leaks identified on the
that the views of the community respondents was
monthly basis from 6 points within the central
scanned area
captured accurately.
area of the Blesbokspruit wetland system: an inlet point (1), downstream of a domestic WWTP
• Leaks identified should be within a 100 m disResults
(2), downstream of a goldmine and paper facto-
• The identified leaks shall be validated using oth-
In all sites, the authors noted the presence of veg-
ry (3), downstream of both the goldmine, paper
er complementary leak detection technologies
etable farming either in common plots, parks or in
factory and WWTP (4), downstream of an acid
such as correlators or physical excavation
household plots as residents expressed a strong
mine drainage (AMD) treatment facility (5), and
• The pilot business case report to review and
interest in growing vegetables. The potential for
at the outlet point (6) of the wetland. Samples
validate the viability of the pilot case as basis
re-use of grey water was discussed as all the sites
were collected for a period of 12 months and an-
for industrial scale application will conducted.
are water-scarce. Residents in Namibia Stop 8 ex-
alysed for a wide variety of chemical, organic and
pressed a strong interest in expanding vegetable
bacteriological parameters which included test-
Results
farming in lieu of buying food from the local mar-
ing for selected enteric pathogens (Salmonella,
The tangible outcomes and/or benefits of this
kets and asked for seeds. In Peisang River, residents
Shigella and Vibrio cholerae) using polymerase
project will be measured against the following:
were engaged in vegetable farming through a park
chain reaction (PCR) assays. In addition, historical
• Reduction of water loss due to leaks and hence
supported by eThekwini Water and Sanitation.
test data for effluent from the WWTP as well as
revenue loss curtailment. (Losses up to 100 mℓ
In Havelock, residents stated that they originally
from sampling points upstream and downstream
per minute can be detected)
came from rural farming backgrounds and ex-
from the WWTP were also considered.
tance on the identified pipeline
• Reduction of time to identify and repair leaks
pressed interest in farming. The residents showed
Preliminary results showed that the wetland
• Ability and repeatability of scanning a whole or
interest in organising themselves into a commu-
were able to slightly reduce chemical oxygen
large network within much shorter time frames
nity group. However, the area has a steep slope
demand (COD) with an average COD at the inlet
as compared to other traditional methods
and the soil conditions are poor. There is a need to
point to the wetland at 32.5±21.1 mg/ℓ while the
• Ability for the technology to help Rand Water
introduce farming practices such as terracing and
average COD at the outlet was 20.7±8.3 mg/ℓ.
to build agility and resilience in its operations.
determine soil properties to assess suitability for
The highest input of COD was downstream of
vegetable production.
the WWTP (point 2) and particularly the WWTP,
Conclusions
goldmine and the paper factory (point 4) with an
Satellite leak detection is a new and innovative
Conclusion
average of 47±27 mg/ℓ. However, the five-year
technical solution that has been identified with
Promoting urban farming in low-income commu-
average of COD levels in the WWTP effluent was
capability of reducing non-revenue water on
nities could promote livelihood and feed residents.
67.7±71.9 mg/ℓ which was within the permitted
Rand Water networks. The technology promises
There is need for a community-centred approach
maximum level of 75 mg/ℓ. Preliminary results
other secondary benefits such as timely identi-
if such initiatives are expected to be sustainable.
also showed the highest levels of Escherichia
fication of leaks and enhanced risk profiling of
Cropping patterns, tilling techniques and dryland
coli (E. coli) to occur downstream of the WWTP,
pipelines and Facilitates for planning.
farming techniques, which can reduce water use to
goldmine and paper factory (point 4) with an
avoid theft or over consumption of scarce water re-
average of 1.78x104±3.07x104 CFU/100 mℓ. En-
sources need to be considered. The potential for re-
teric pathogens detected at this particular point
use of grey water needs to be explored typically as
during the study period included Salmonella
grey water is disposed in open plots and streams.
and Shigella species. Again the wetland seemed
There is a tension between promoting activities,
to have remove bacteriological pollution quite
which increase water scarcity in townships which
well as no enteric pathogens were detected
are water scarce sites.
at the outlet with an average E. coli count of
Exploring the potential of urban farming in water-scarce townships in Durban Priti Parikh ‘IsulaBantu’ is an interdisciplinary project funded by ESRC (UK) and NRF (SA) with the aim of developing sustainable approaches for community-led upgrading through enhanced construction, environmental management and urban governance in Durban. This is a collaboration between the University of Westminster, University College London (UK) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. In order to assess current environment management systems the authors carried out a baseline assessment in three townships.
1.31x101±1.38x101 CFU/100 mℓ.
Investigating the ability of the Blesbokspruit natural wetland to remove pollutants from human activities – recommendations for future management policies Nico van Blerk Acting as natural filters, wetlands can be particularly useful barriers between human induced
Interestingly very few organic pollutants could be detected in any of the samples collected from the study area. Further evaluation of test data need to be completed and will include evaluating the levels of various metals and other chemical parameters such as sulphates, nitrates, nitrites etc.
127
poster presentations
Once data evaluations are complete, the capa-
model incorporates various tools to enhance its
regenerated with 15% (m/m) sodium chlorine
bility of the wetland to deal with pollution will
interpretative capabilities, and represents a sig-
solution and rinsed with chlorine free water
be discussed in more details. Test results will also
nificant development in the field of water quality
at 2 000 bed volumes (BVs). Samples that were
be discussed in context of current legislation and
modelling. Many of the processes required in or-
collected for analysis were untreated raw water,
requirements for WWTPs and industries and rec-
der to run the model, including but not limited to
MIEX treated water, raw water treated with poly-
ommendations made for future management of
pipe element sizing, element node creation, ini-
meric coagulant in jar tests to simulate a conven-
the wetland.
tial pipe element concentration calculations, and
tional water treatment process, and raw water
flow direction determination, are automated.
treated with MIEX in combination with polymeric
A full-scale distribution system is used to show
coagulant. Parameters that were monitored were
the conceptual soundness of the model and to
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV254, SUVA,
demonstrate its features.
THMs, polymeric dosage and chlorine demand.
How Do We Join the Dots?
The results of the simulations performed show the importance of both the maintenance of an
Under the microscope Development of the CDWQ-E2 PostTreatment Water Quality Model Dr Precious Biyela Drinking water distribution systems are considered to be the main source of drinking water contamination yet to be fully addressed. On the one hand, the foremost aim of potable water treatment is to produce water that does not pose a health risk when consumed and/ or otherwise used. On the other hand, research consistently shows that the quality of treated water deteriorates during distribution. The deterioration of water quality within distribution systems is a result of a complex set of interrelated factors, currently not fully understood by water utilities, as their effect on water quality must be considered simultaneously, which creates considerable difficulty. Regular monitoring of water can play an important role in ensuring that water supplied to consumers is of acceptable quality. However, relying exclusively on monitoring programmes only provides limited information. The limitation is due to two reasons: (i) sampling can only provide information regarding water quality at sampling locations, (ii) it is impossible for monitoring programmes to predict future water quality. Employing predictive mathematical models is one of the approaches, available to water supply engineers and researchers, to gain greater insight into the numerous interrelated processes affecting water quality within distribution systems and to determine effective ways of maintaining high quality water within distribution systems. Accordingly, the Expanded Comprehensive Disinfection and Water Quality Model, Version 2 (CDWQ-E2) has been developed to utilise the latest advances in the fields of microbial growth and residual disinfectant decay modelling in order to provide greater insight into the relationship between the biological, chemical, and hydraulic factors affecting water quality. The
128
The combined were reported as ratios according to SANS 241:2015, in the form:
adequate disinfectant residual and restriction of
CHCl3/300
substrate loading, into the distribution system, in
+
order to maintain biological stability (biostabili-
denominators denote the standard values for the
ty) throughout the distribution system. Addition-
respective THM.
+
CHBrCl2/60
CHBr3/100 <
1,
+
where
CHBr2Cl/100 the
numeric
ally, the model allows the prediction of biostability for different types of biomass, independent
Results
of each other, thus allowing the prediction of
The MIEX technology has resulted in the
bacteria driven nitrification. In systems utilising
reduction of polymeric coagulant demand,
chloramine as a secondary disinfectant, nitrifica-
Chlorine demand, UV254 absorbing compounds
tion can establish a positive feedback loop with
and DOC by up to 67%, 80%, 87% and 61%
regard to monochloramine decay and have se-
respectively. Treatment with polymeric coagulant
vere implications for drinking water quality.
alone and the combination of MIEX and polymeric
Finally, the CDWQ-E2 model is capable of as-
coagulant
resulted
in
undetectable
levels
sessing both the locations where disinfectant
of
loss is significant and the specific mechanisms
The combined THM ratios for both treatment
responsible for disinfectant loss.
approaches were on average 0.11 and 0.03
dibromochloromethane
and
bromoform.
respectively. Average DOC levels for were 1.8 mg/ℓ
Removal of Natural Organic Matter from Vaal Dam Water using Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin Sisekelo Dlamini Surface water sources are often compromised due to high return flows and indirect re-use. Natural organic matter (NOM) in water sources is of primary concern because it adversely impacts water treatment processes. It affects the aesthetics of the water; promotes biological re-growth in potable water distribution systems; and increases chemical requirements for coagulation and disinfection. Moreover, disinfectants such as chlorine react with the NOM to produce undesirable trihalomethanes (THMs) and other halogenated disinfection by products (DBPs). However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), disinfection in potable water systems must always be of paramount importance and must never be compromised. Therefore, removal of the DBP precursor material prior to contact with disinfectants is preferable. Methods A 1.5 m3/h Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX) pilot plant was employed for the investigation. MIEX is the proprietary technology from AXIOM. The hydraulic retention time in the contact tank was maintained at 7 minutes. The resin was
and 3.6 mg/ℓ, respectively. Average SUVA values were 1.8 ℓ/m∙mg and 3.2 ℓ/m∙mg, respectively. Conclusions The MIEX technology removed substantial amounts of UV254 absorbing compounds shown by the low SUVA values. Though DOC and THM levels satisfied SANS 241:2015 standards with polymeric coagulant treatment only, MIEX intervention resulted to further removal of substantial amounts. It also made the raw water more amenable to coagulation by reducing the coagulant demand. Further evidence of effective NOM removal was the significant reduction of chlorine demand. Performance of the MIEX technology promises chemical cost savings as well as assurance to always satisfy NOM-related regulatory standards.
Quinquennial systematic review in South Africa revealed shared antimicrobial resistance genes between clinical and environmental settings Deogratias Ekwanzala Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the leading threats of the 21st century. A literature search was conducted to elucidate the distribution and prevalence of ARB, ARGs and ARGDs in clinical, environmental and farm settings and to
poster presentations
identify. For Ascaris, oligo-nucleotide primers targeted the cytochrome b (cytb) gene while for Cryptosporidium primers were directed at the oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene while HRM™ curve analysis was used to characterise amplicon melting temperatures (Tm). Quantitation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Ascaris eggs were done using standard curves constructed from serially diluted synthetic, linear DNA fragments (gBlocks® Gene Fragment, IDT, US). Once optimised, both qPCR-HRM™ assays were applied to real water and sewage sludge samples. Extracting genomic DNA from the Cryptosporidium oocysts and Ascaris eggs proved to be challenging. The protocol was adjusted to include several freeze-boil steps to allow for the rupture of sturdy oocyst and egg cell walls. This improved the process permitting the positive amplification of the target genes. Both the cytb and COWP target amplification products could easily be differentiated and identified from mixed DNA populations. For A. lumbricoides, HRM™ profiles from target amplicons were characterised by a Tm of 78.10±0.26ᵒC while HRM™ profiles for C. parvum target amplicons were characterised by a Tm of 79.38±0.31ᵒC. Standard curves for quantitation purposes were constructed with detection limits calculated in terms of ng/μl. However, standard curves with a concentration range spanning the cycling time (Ct) of the qPCR-HRM™ assays could not be constructed. Very late amplification was observed for both C. parvum and A. lumbricoides with Ct values in excess of 40 cycles. This complicated quantitation using the constructed standard curves. Still, when ap-
Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to the freshwater crab Potamonautesperlatus Dr Chavon Walters Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent the largest and fastest growing category of all nanomaterials (NMs), with 8.00 –799 tonnes/year produced worldwide. When AgNP is discarded it can enter the environment as aggregates and soluble ions, which can be highly toxic to aquatic organisms. The dissolution of AgNPs is a significant process determining AgNPs effects in the aquatic environment and its organisms. Once introduced into aquatic ecosystems, the fate and transport of AgNPs and its uptake by aquatic biota depend on several factors. NP properties and water chemistry will largely influence the extent to which these particles will either remain in suspension, partition to dissolved organic carbon in the water column, form aggregates, and adsorb to suspended particles. The main feature associated with global climate change is the anticipation of wetter winters and drier, warmer summers. These changes are likely to affect the inputs of contaminants into the environment as well as affect their behaviour, fate and transport in aquatic environments. Although several studies have analysed the behaviour of NMs in the environment, understanding of NP effects on aquatic organisms is hindered by the scarcity of studies of the effects in the environmentally relevant context of multiple stress exposures. This study focuses on the combined effects of AgNPs and temperature on oxidative stress biomarkers in a freshwater crab species using conventional biomarkers of oxidative stress.
stress biomarkers analysed was generally higher in the hepatopancreas than in the gills, indicating that the hepatopancreas might be a more sensitive organ to the collective effects of AgNPs and elevated temperatures. Conclusion Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that AgNPs and temperature stress had an important effect of the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in P. perlatus. Significant aspects of climate change and pollutant interactions merit further studies to assess the effects on vulnerable species and exposing the nature of thresholds that might potentially trigger adverse events.
plied to natural samples, both the qPCR-HRM™ assays could successfully detect and identify
Methods
Cryptosporidium in water samples and Ascaris
Specimens of Potamonautesperlatus were ran-
in sewage sludge samples. Compared to micros-
domly sampled from an uncontaminated site
copy based methods, PCR was more rapid and
and divided into nine experimental treatments
cost effective.
of two temperature-dependant regimes and
Despite challenges with DNA extraction and
each temperature-dependant regime consisted
parasite quantitation, PCR is a potentially much
of three AgNP-dependant regimes. At the end
more powerful alternative for the rapid detec-
of the exposure period, crabs were cryoanae-
tion and identification of intestinal parasites
thesised and tissues were excised from each
such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Ascaris
crab sample. Biochemical analyses were deter-
lumbricoides when compared to microscopy.
mined spectrophotometrically using commer-
Both qPCR-HRM™ assays performed well allow-
cially-available assay kits
ing for the rapid identification of target gene amplification products. Robust cyst and egg cell
Results
walls makes the rupturing of these structures
Oxidative stress responses were generally low-
difficult impacting on genomic DNA extraction.
est at conditions of lowest stress and highest at
Still the qPCR assays were able to successfully
conditions of highest stress. Overall, SOD, CAT
detect A. lumbricoides and C. parvum in real wa-
and GST activities were generally suppressed
ter and sludge samples when applied. Future re-
at 18°C and induced at 28ᵒC in both tissues, the
search should perhaps focus on improving DNA
latter suggesting that AgNP and temperature
extraction from Cryptosporidium oocysts and
co-exposure induced oxidative damage in the
Ascaris eggs.
examined tissues. The response of the oxidative
129
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WORKSHOPS
Workshops Session 7 Gazetted Resource Quality Objectives – So what now? Lee Boyd Session 7, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 Over the past two years, the key protection based measures designed under the National Water Act (1998; NWA) i.e. water resource classes, Resource Quality Objectives and the Reserve have been gazetted for a number of catchment areas throughout the country, including the Olifants WMA, the Crocodile West, Marico and Mokolo catchments, the Vaal WMA, Olifants-Doorn and the Mvoti to Umzimkulu catchments. On paper, these reflect a very sound and solid framework for ensuring that the country’s water resources are sustained or improved, and to ensure the aquatic integrity and support development. The question that is now asked is “what happens now?” How are these RQOs and the Reserve going to be implemented to attain the water resource classes and “where do I fit in?” The next step is that the Department of Water and Sanitation is now responsible for: • I mplementing programmes to monitor the RQOs, which are important management objectives against which resource monitoring information will be assessed • I mplementing source directed controls to achieve the RQOs • Reporting against the achievement of the classification and RQOs. For most water users uncertainty exists on how the RQOs and Reserve impact on their water uses and what are the requirements that they need to comply with? The focus of this workshop is therefore: • To provide clarity on the various water resource management and regulatory instruments and how these relate to the RQOs and Reserve • To provide the water users with an understanding of the water management linkages and what these mean in a catchment context • To provide an understanding of what the RQOs mean to a water user – “What do I have to comply with?” • How do the RQOs and Reserve translate back to ‘my actions’ (“Where do I fit in – as a user etc.?”) • What are the implications to my water use authorisation? The workshop is targeted at the water users as
key stakeholders in the process to achieve the
cementitious material that has low permeability
RQOs, and ultimately the water resource class.
to limit the movements of ions, such as sulfates.
As there is no precedent or experience on the
Additional benefits of backfilling may include
implementation of RDM, there is much uncer-
prevention of illegal mining activities, stabilisa-
tainty, anxiety and to some extent distrust in
tion of unstable landscapes, and decreased risk
the process and implications.
of spontaneous combustion.
This workshop aims to provide the context,
Because the project aims to develop technical
bigger picture and then hone in on the user in
and regulatory guidance to obtain authorisa-
the catchment who has to comply at some level
tion to proceed with such a backfilling scheme,
based on the action required for that particular
wide consultation is required. The project team
water resource.
will have the draft technical framework and risk
The proposed programme will include an introduction by the DWS (as the regulator); pres-
assessment framework ready for consultation at WISA 2018.
entations on key components by Golder, Au-
The technical framework will include rec-
recon and Pegasys to create a context (each of
ommended tests/procedures and will provide
these teams having worked on various projects
guideline values to facilitate the evaluation of
in this sector). This will be followed by working
the suitability of ash slurry/paste backfilling for
through a catchment area where RQOs, the Re-
specific objectives (acid neutralisation, minimi-
serve and the Class have been gazetted and un-
sation of surface subsidence, an environmentally
packing these from a WMA, to a resource unit,
acceptable alternative to surface disposal, etc.).
to the water use site giving stakeholders an opportunity to understand how each fits in.
The risk assessment framework for ash backfilling into disused mines will include guidance
The workshop outcome is envisaged to re-
on risk quantification via modelling, recom-
duce some of the uncertainty around RQOs and
mended verification or test work (technical
what they mean, specifically to water users.
evaluation of ash as well as mine areas) and criteria or guidelines on long-term ground water
Session 8
data evaluation. The aim of this facilitated workshop will be to obtain sector feedback on the proposed frame-
Towards an enabling operating environment for ash backfilling into disused mines Heidi Snyman Session 8, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 A sector guideline on ash backfilling into disused mines cannot be completed without sector input. The Water Research Commission (WRC), in association with Sasol and Eskom, directed the commencement of a project to develop an outline of the technical and regulatory process for backfilling of disused mines with ash, either as a thickened slurry or paste. The project team has developed draft frameworks for this purpose. Backfilling using ash into disused mines has the potential to minimise water ingress (and consequently the generation of neutral, saline or acid mine drainage). The impacted mine water in many cases is in close proximity to surface water sources, and becomes a threat for contamination and building integrity. Ash typically has high neutralisation capacity, which has the potential to address the impacted mine water and potentially mitigate/minimise the risk of acid mine drainage. Furthermore, certain ash exhibits pozzolanic characteristics and can form
works. The organisers invite practitioners, academics and regulators to provide feedback on the proposed approach and content. Draft workshop programme: 1. Welcome and background: WRC 2. Industry perspective – challenges and opportunities: Sasol and Eskom 3. Regulatory framework – Golder Associates 4. Proposed technical and risk framework – Golder Associates 5. Research activities – WITS and links to the broader WISA programme (Plenary and Posters) 6. Facilitated workshop to obtain sector input to inform the finalisation of the technical and risk framework
Session 8 Defining the needs-driven research agenda for mine water Dr Jo Burgess Session 8, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The workshop intends to match-make between researchers looking to solve real-world problems and industry representatives frustrated
131
WorkshopS
with ‘ivory tower’ research. The target audience
would also like to try to get a diverse group of
is why we work in diverse teams. It is a challenge
is drawn from both sides of the mismatch.
our members (involvement in the sector as well
to cooperate and on top of that come with new
as geographically speaking) committed to the
ideas in two weeks. The presentations for a larger
activities of the Division.
audience and the interaction with a more expe-
Programme 1. Facilitated discussion #1: the big ticket wa-
rienced audience are part of that (and we found
ter items in mining. Panel of three people
Agenda
out that it is not only a challenge for the young
from the mining industry; open with a 5-min-
1. Latest developments (Nationally and each
participants; involved experienced professionals
ute scene setter from each panellist, then 45
of the provinces to highlight what they have
feel the same). This concept has been organized
minutes’ discussion. Strong facilitator.
been doing in 2017 and what they are plan-
27 editions in 17 different countries. It is a proven
ning to do in 2018)
concept with a lot of enthusiastic reaction.
2. Break
away
into
small
groups
with
focused topics:
2. Developments regarding Pr. PC Water (professionalization of Process Controllers)
• Financial provisions
Wetskills Foundation is initiating the fourth Wetskills Water Challenge in South Africa, after
3. Discussions around what we would like to of-
the 2012, 2014 and 2016 WISA conferences. With
• Long-term liability minimisation
fer non-WISA members, offer WISA members
a group of approximately 25 young participants
• Taking control of water – assurance of quality
and offer Pr. PC Water members (engagement
(students and YWP with a passion for water),
with one another on various Social Media
Wetskills will organize a two-week programme
3. Facilitated discussion #2: what drives R&D in
platforms, access to information, being able
prior to the IWA Water & Development Congress.
mine water. Panel: two from industry, two from
to build a “professional profile” on the WISA
In mixed teams, they will work on five cases pro-
academic side; open with a 5-minute scene
website and/or commercial tools such as
vided from the sector. Cases are mostly located
setter from each panellist, then 45 minutes’
LinkedIn, etc.)
in South Africa. We will launch a call for cases
• Closure certificates
& quantity of supply
4. Establish sub-committees to drive the items
discussion. Strong facilitator. 4. Break
away
into
small
groups
with
focused topics:
listed in No. 3 5. Open discussion/questions/concerns
and Wetskills would like to propose to organize the final presentation and awarding of this water challenge in this work session.
• Getting mines to express their needs clearly • Getting
researchers
to
explain
their
needs clearly
Session 10
Session 18
• Finding the handover point from research to demo to implementation • Current bottlenecks (brief ) and how to overcome them (longer) 5. Networking (at least half an hour). The outcome will be worked up into a needs-driven catalogue of research requirements from the mining houses and practitioners who support them. This catalogue will be matched by one describing South African universities’ centres of expertise in relevant domains, so that those offering to undertake research are able to link up with those seeking research services and partners. The catalogues will become a feature of the division’s web page. The impact will be to reduce or perhaps eliminate wasteful expenditure on repetitive or pointless research, and to enable those organisations whose research priorities or needs are aligned to collaborate and thus achieve greater
A drought’s silver lining. Advancing new financing models for water infrastructure Nick Tandi Session 10, Meeting room 2.64-2.66, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 If the private sector is to step in to finance an estimated R30 billion gap for water infrastructure over the next ten years, then business unusual is implied. What would the new institutional models that are implied look like and which are already provided for under current arrangements (less disruptive) and which are game changing (fully disruptive)? In this workshop, we explore emerging trends in private sector participation in infrastructure finance in South Africa and abroad and motivate that there is a business opportunity for SA Inc to invest in a globally competitive water industry; the drought’s silver lining.
benefits from their investments.
Session 9 Process Controller Division Workshop (1st Session) Dewald van Staden Session 9, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The aim is to update our members (and other interested parties) with the latest developments within the Division. Secondary to this need, we
132
Session 11 Wetskills Water Challenge - Finals Johan Oost Session 11, Roof Terrace, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 As Albert Einstein said: “We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.” So the sector needs out-of-box solutions to go forward. To get out of the box you need to come out of your comfort and that
Wastewater – tapping into this resource: Beneficial goods and services from wastewater Dr John Zvimba Session 18, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 With an estimated 80% of wastewater worldwide (over 95% in some developing countries) released into the environment without treatment, the recently launched UN 2017 World Water Development Report in South Africa recommends improved and sustainable wastewater management to focus on reducing pollution, removing contaminants from wastewater, reusing reclaimed water and recovering useful by-products (4Rs). These four actions generate social, environmental and economic benefits for all society, contributing to overall well-being and health, water and food security, and sustainable development. The cross-cutting importance of wastewater has further been highlighted in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, through Sustainable Development Goal 6 on water and sanitation, (Target 6.3) on halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling, and safe reuse globally. In line with the above global imperatives, the proposed workshop on wastewater – tapping into this resource will focus on show casing current and past WRC-supported research, development and innovative work that demonstrates
WORKSHOPS
beneficial goods and services derived from
Target audience
wastewater in support of the Recycle and val-
All water professionals.
Session 20
ue Recovery agenda. The workshop will therefore provide a platform for sharing knowledge
Outline the workshop programme
products/outcomes that can potentially be
Participants will be divided into groups of be-
used to transform wastewater treatment plants
tween 6 to 8 people and supported by a facili-
into wastewater resource centres in support
tator. Utilising DLT approach, the groups will ex-
the water-energy-food-nutrient nexus and the
plore the concept of a ‘Water-Wise African City’
circular economy.
– including strengths and weaknesses of existing frameworks within the African context. At
Target audience
the end of the session, the different groups will
All stakeholders within the wastewater sector,
provide feedback, and the facilitators will draw
representatives from government departments,
out the overarching themes to develop a con-
municipalities, civil society, industry, communi-
cept of what a Water Wise City in Africa could
ties, researchers and academics should attend.
look like. Following the session, participants will
Expected outcome At the end of the workshop, it is expected that
Process Controller Division Workshop (2nd Session) Dewald van Staden Session 20, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 The aim is to update our members (and other interested parties) with the latest developments within the Division. Secondary to this need, we would also like to try to get a diverse group of our members (involvement in the sector as well as geographically speaking) committed to the activities of the Division.
be provided with a DLT booklet, and a record of
Agenda
the workshop.
1. Latest developments (Nationally and each of the
A
brief
overview
of
the
workshop
is
provinces to highlight what they have been doing
an enhanced and better understanding of some
provided below:
in 2017 and what they are planning to do in 2018)
of the Research, Development and Innovative
• Welcome 5 min
2. Developments regarding Pr. PC Water (profession-
knowledge products/outcomes on sustainable
• Desired outcomes 10-15 min
wastewater management produced to date will
• Overview of DLT tools 15 min
be achieved, with possible new partnerships for
• Overview of Water Wise City’s 10-15 min
fer non-WISA members, offer WISA members
taking the developed innovation on tapping
• Developing a ‘Focus Question’ 10-15 min
and offer Pr. PC Water members (engagement
into the wastewater resource strengthened.
• Using the ‘Stakeholder Ecosystem Mapping’
with one another on various Social Media
This in turn will provide a platform for knowl-
tool 10-15 min
alization of Process Controllers) 3. Discussions around what we would like to of-
platforms, access to information, being able
edge sharing and enhanced uptake thereby
• Using the ‘SPICE’ model tool 10 min
to build a “professional profile” on the WISA
stimulating possible wastewater driven enter-
• Reframing the concept of Water Wise in an Af-
website and/or commercial tools such as LinkedIn,
prise development that uses wastewater as a conduit for economic development.
rican City 10-15 min • Towards a Water Wise African City 10 min Aurecon has utilised DLT to explore concepts
Session 19
and challenges in a variety of circumstances,
in No. 3 5. Open discussion/questions/concerns
most recently at the Afrika Design week (Nairobi – “By the Rivers” workshop) and at the
Contextualising the concepts of WaterWise Cities in Africa - Aurecon Lloyd Fisher-Jeffes Session 19, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 A plethora of approaches to, and terms associated with, water management have been emerging around the concepts of utilising water more efficiently and sustainably. These include the concepts of Water Sensitive, Water Wise, and Water Smart Cities. Most recently, the IWA has developed the ‘17 Principles for Water Wise Cities’ as an overarching framework; however, many of these concepts have been developed in countries that do not face the unique and ‘wicked’ challenges prevalent in Africa and the Global South. This workshop will utilise Design-Led Thinking (DLT) – a methodology used for exploring and solving complex problems, and finding desirable solutions – to explore and reflect on the vision of a Water Wise City within the African context. The outcomes of the workshop will be utilised going forward to contextualise the concepts of Water-Wise Cities in Africa.
etc.) 4. Establish sub-committees to drive the items listed
8th International YWP Conference (Cape Town
Session 21
– “Skills to work across silos” workshop). Feedback on these workshops has been positive and includes: “skills will be valuable going forward”; “they were allowed to have fun and giggle and be silly”; and “allowed people to be creative in a safe space”. The Workshop will be facilitated by experienced facilitators, amongst others: Geoff Du Toit, professional engineer Dr James Cullis, technical director Louise Lodenkemper, and water scientist Dr Lloyd Fisher-Jeffes. Expected outcomes and impacts of the workshop The workshop will utilise DLT to explore and reflect on the vision of a Water Wise City within the African context. This will help to contextualise what a Water-Wise City may be within the African context. The outcomes of the workshop will be captured during the workshop. The outcomes will then be written up and published as, inter alia, an opinion piece in ‘The Conversation’ or as a blog article.
Disruptology™: turning disruptive threats into opportunities for success Juanita Vorster Session 21, Meeting room 2.64-2.66, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 As WISA moves into the future, it needs to ensure that its valuable asset – its stakeholders – are willing and able to see rapid change as an opportunity to excel, not a threat to fear. Disruptology™ explores why traditional change management plans fail under disruptive circumstances. What is needed is not a massive leap into the unknown, but four habits that will enable stakeholders to leapfrog disruptive change. The method explained during this keynote will help organisations turn “but why” complaints into “how to” action plans that span across divisions and disciplines. The workshop will be customised to address the unique challenges faced by WISA, its stakeholders, and the water sector as a whole.
133
WorkshopS
Session 22 Effective governance and support of bilateral cooperation as a means of improving water resource management (Session 1) Eustathia Bofilatos Session 22, Roof Terrace, 25 June 2018, 11:15-13:00 The country is facing severe challenges in terms of water resource management, extreme phenomena such as drought (Cape Town) and floods, accessibility and use of groundwater, monitoring, compliance and enforcement as well as the impacts of poor functioning wastewater treatment works. Solutions to mitigate and prevent deterioration of our water resources are high on the agenda, such as the establishment of the catchment management agency, development and implementation of the water and sanitation master plan (sector). The impact of climate change on the probability of multiple occurrences of such problems and the opportunities to increase resilient water management in Southern Africa (SAWS; WRC); and the experiences of the Dutch Delta Programme with a multilevel – multi-governance approach in the Netherlands in recent years (Deltacommissaris); as well as lessons learned on colleague-to-colleague exchange of knowledge and experiences from the Kingfisher Programme will ensure that a winning approach will be used such as collaboration, partnerships and pooling together. Target audience Salga, all water users, national, provincial and local governments affected and impacted, water boards, TCTA, WRC, The Dutch partners both in government and private sector as well as the embassy. The workshop will consist of three sessions looking into these issues: 1) governance and institutional arrangements 2) groundwater 3) local government 4) water and sanitation master plan • The role of governmental institutions to align the governance strategy and work together on
management and address the present and future
of below average natural water availability, and
problems and contribute to the OECD Water Gov-
can thus be characterized as a deviation from
ernance Principles (2015), aiming at efficiency, ef-
normal conditions of variables such as precipita-
fectiveness, engagement and trust.
tion, soil moisture, groundwater and streamflow. It is a recurring and worldwide phenomenon,
Session 27
• The role of scientific institutions (Deltares,
Stakeholder Participation & Communication in the Inkomati-Usuthu Water Management Area Sylvia Machimana Session 27, Meeting room 1.61 & 1.62, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 According to the National Water Act, stakeholder participation is mandatory in integrated water resource management. Stakeholder Participation in the water sector is a new discipline which needs pulling together of technocrats and communicators to collaborate to bridge the gap between technical information and stakeholders for improved participation in water resource management. Target audience are communicators, technical people/scientists, intergovernmental relations officers, public liaison officers, water users. The workshop will highlight how stakeholder participation/engagement and communication is linked in our Water Management Area. The workshop will open a platform for communicators and other relevant parties in the water sector on how we can bridge the gap between the technocrats and stakeholders by way of stakeholder involvement in water resource management and empowerment through information sharing. More often communications and stakeholder relations are taken as a ‘by the way thing’ meanwhile they are at the heart of handling and resolving water issues. The workshop will therefore allow us to share knowledge and experiences on how the IUCMA manages its stakeholder relations through stakeholder participation and communications. This will also allow us to get other communicators and specialist to enrich our endeavours through discussions and information sharing.
problems (Hydronet) • The possible support from the Netherlands to take the next steps (Kingfisher). Expected outcome The collaboration of the past years can be used to establish a new level of integrated water resource
134
that has significant impact on socio-economic, agricultural, environmental and human health spheres. It has long term impacts. Damages due to drought depend on its intensity, duration, frequency and the affected area. There is a growing realization that South Africa being a water scarce country requires a long-term, national drought strategy to mitigate the risk of the future occurrence of drought and related natural disasters. In support of these initiatives, the WRC has conducted a number of studies relating to drought impacts and required interventions in the wastewater sector. These include the recently completed study on the impacts of reduced wastewater flow and changes in wastewater quality on sewerage systems and wastewater treatment. The WRC has also been vigorously driving adoption of water sensitive design principles by municipalities as part of urban water management planning in support of future water security, while studies on control and impacts of inappropriate discharges into storm water drains are currently underway. As part of adaptation to the “new normal” adaptive climate change technologies and approaches for the wastewater sector as part of a strategic response to climate change impacts have been developed. This workshop therefore seeks to provide a platform for information sharing regarding impacts of drought and required response within the wastewater sector based on the knowledge developed to date. Target audience All stakeholders within the wastewater sector, representatives from government departments, municipalities, civil society, industry, communities, researchers and academics should attend. Expected outcome At the end of the workshop, it is expected that
Session 29
the impacts of drought within the wastewater sector and the required response thereof, would be better understood by the sector. Based on
KWR, SAWS, WRC) and private parties (Hydrologic) to come with solutions for (parts of ) the
vary significantly from one region to another. Drought is a disastrous natural phenomenon
finding solutions for the problems of today and tomorrow (DWS)
with spatial and temporal characteristics that
Impacts of drought and required response within the wastewater sector Dr John Zvimba Session 29, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Drought in South Africa is a very serious phenomenon that affects society and development. Drought is a sustained and extensive occurrence
the interventions to be discussed as required response to the impacts of drought it is hoped that possible new partnerships and collaborations for taking the developed interventions to implementation will be forged as part of the response strategy for the wastewater sector.
WORKSHOPS
Session 30 How Should WISA Contribute in Alleviating Water Sector Challenges Lindelani Sibiya Session 30, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 One of WISA’s strategic goals is to “Grow WISA’s strategic partnership with the sector”. As the only professional water body in the sector, WISA has a responsibility to technically assist national and provincial water service authorities with water related issues. The organisation membership also cuts across disciplines, which makes it well placed to contribute in every facet of water management in the country. South Africa is currently facing a few challenges in the water sector which include, but are not limited to: drought; water scarcity; dilapidated water infrastructure; water resource management and planning. WISA has the capacity to mentor, consult and help implement solutions to these challenges. This workshop will use the KZN-WISA/eThekwini Borehole Project as a case study to highlight how WISA can achieve a strategic partnership with stakeholders in the sector. The WISA 2016 Conference held in Durban, realized a joint water project between KZNWISA and eThekwini Municipality. The ‘Borehole Project’ was aimed at upgrading existing boreholes and providing infrastructure solutions to alleviate the water shortage in communities (e.g. near schools and clinics). This case study will prompt discussion to establish a standardised approach on how WISA can implement its responsibility as a professional volunteer institute which assists and drives solutions to water sector challenges. This workshop is targeted to all members of the water sector especially WISA members and those that are responsible for and manage water and wastewater systems. The preliminary programme is as follows: How Should WISA Contribute in Alleviating Water Sector Challenges – Chair Dan Naidoo (Umgeni Water: Area Manager; KZN-WISA: Treasurer; WISA Fellow) 15 min KZN-WISA/eThekwini Borehole Project – M Mnguni/Renelle Pillay (KZN-WISA Chair) 5 min Strategy and Implementation – V Mabeer (eThekwini Municipality) 40 min Panel Discussion – V Mabeer, DWS, A Wurster (WISA Board Member and Consultant)
Session 31 FETWATER Workshop WISA Anita Pillay Session 31, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 Besides providing the update on the progress made on qualifications development, the WISA workshop has the following aims: i. Provide a platform for networks and workplace partners to engage on development of learning materials specific to the requirements of workplace delivery and the development of competencies to perform occupational tasks. Materials writers and expert practitioners will engage on the sequence of competencies that will drive the training schedule in the workplace as well as the assessment formats for these competencies. In addition, the work sessions will cover the key considerations for workplace facilities and mentors in this training revolution. ii. Provide a platform for key agencies (DWS, DHET, SETAs and sector workplaces) to deliberate on the challenges related to planning, funding appropriation and delivery capacity for mainstreaming. Given the context of new NSDP and the existing alignment of work of FETWATER III to this plan with regard to workplace-based occupational training in priority areas, it is imperative that the low priority accorded FETWATER in current skills planning and appropriation is discussed. A focus on the value, marketing, future mainstreaming and sustainability of the FETWATER by key sector representatives on SETA boards and leaders in in sector institutions in the context of current plans is an imperative at this stage of the programme.
Session 33 Effective governance and support of bilateral cooperation as a means of improving water resource management (Session 2) Eustathia Bofilatos Session 33, Roof Terrace, 25 June 2018, 16:00-17:15 The country is facing severe challenges in terms of water resource management, extreme phenomena such as drought (Cape Town) and floods, accessibility and use of groundwater, monitoring, compliance and enforcement as well as the impacts of poor functioning wastewater treatment works. Solutions to mitigate and prevent deterioration of our water resources are high on the agenda, such as the establishment of the catchment management agency, development and implementation of the water and sanitation master plan (sector). The impact of climate change on the probability of multiple occurrences of such problems and the opportunities to increase resilient water management in Southern Africa (SAWS; WRC); and the experiences of the Dutch Delta Programme with a multilevel – multi-governance approach in the Netherlands in recent years (Deltacommissaris); as well as lessons learned on colleague-to-colleague exchange of knowledge and experiences from the Kingfisher Programme will ensure that a winning approach will be used such as collaboration, partnerships and pooling together. Target audience Salga, all water users, national, provincial and local governments affected and impacted, water boards, TCTA, WRC, The Dutch partners both in government and private sector as well as
Session 32
the embassy. The workshop will consist of three sessions looking into these issues:
Ripples of change Juanita Vorster Session 32, Meeting room 2.64-2.66 25 June 2018, 13:45-15:30 WISA Directors and Head Office staff will lead this session on working together to let WISA grow to its full capacity in inspiring passion for water. Join this session and start a ripple effect of positive change. This workshop is especially important for all WISA branches, divisions and members.
1) governance and institutional arrangements 2) groundwater 3) local government 4) water and sanitation master plan • The role of governmental institutions to align the governance strategy and work together on finding solutions for the problems of today and tomorrow (DWS) • The role of scientific institutions (Deltares, KWR, SAWS, WRC) and private parties (Hydrologic) to come with solutions for (parts of ) the problems (Hydronet) • The possible support from the Netherlands to take the next steps (Kingfisher).
135
WorkshopS
Expected outcome
the parameters measured and the reasons for
The collaboration of the past years can be used
various interactions that may be taking place.
to the difficulty in monitoring and managing con-
to establish a new level of integrated water resource management and address the present and future problems and contribute to
Session 43
and trust.
Session 42 The use of R Markdown in Water Quality Assessments Leanne Coetzee Session 42, Meeting room 1.64, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The use of R software and its many packages to analyse data has been acknowledged as one of the key breakthroughs in data science in the last 100 years. This software is used routinely for data analysis by Google, NASA and other industries. The software and its packages form part of the scope of Water Research Commission Project K5/2730//3, which focuses on using R and R markdown to assist Water Services Authorities (WSA) with the assessment and interpretation of routine water quality monitoring. The target audience will be those with an interest in the investigation of water quality data in a new and groundbreaking way. These delegates should have an advanced understanding of water quality and should be able to utilise Microsoft Excel and its graphics. These delegates should attend with their laptops and an internet connection to allow them to participate in this practical and interactive workshop. Steve Markham and Tim White from Marquis and Lord, an independent scientific consultancy from the UK, will be the speakers presenting this introductory course on the use of R and R markdown. The workshop programme will take the participants through the basic processes, which will start them off on the application of data science steps such as: • Formatting the data • Choosing appropriate visualisation techniques • Accessing the required routines in R markdown • Producing reports that can be used for water quality interpretation. The workshop aims to improve the use of routinely monitored water quality data, which is currently available to the WSA but contains unused information. The workshop will deliver techniques for the assessment of routine water quality data to highlight and detect previously unknown relationships, which will provide more information about interaction between
136
tamination. Scientific decisions are based on the results received back from laboratories, yet it is only with the use of consistent methods for sample
the OECD Water Governance Principles (2015), aiming at efficiency, effectiveness, engagement
The sediment environment is highly variable and inevitably complex, both of which contribute
The use of innovation to create sustainability and resilience in the water sector Manjusha Sunil Session 43, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Given the current water crisis in the country, the need for innovative solutions to address the challenges of the sector are critical. This workshop will highlight the importance of using innovations to build a sustainable and resilient water sector. The intended audience for this workshop will be the end users e.g. municipalities, industry etc., policymakers, innovators, higher education institutions to name a few. The proposed workshop programme (tentative), speakers and tentative topics are listed below: • DST (Henry Roman) – DST’s perspective on driving innovations to address water sector challenges (20 minutes) • Chris Swartz – Technology Validation Frameworks (20 minutes) • Manjusha Sunil – WADER platform and basket of innovations (20 minutes) • Discussion (60 minutes) The expected outcomes would be to ensure that sector partners have access to the necessary platforms and frameworks to drive innovations forward and open doors for collaborative opportunities and elimination of duplication.
collection, manipulation, and storage that accurate data can be obtained in order to co-ordinate programs which prevent, remediate, and manage contaminated sediment. The WRC project “K5/2754: The development of a preliminary approached to sediment site evaluation and associated risk” is the beginning of a standardised approach that will help to ensure more accurate sediment quality data, facilitating comparisons between sediment projects, identification sites of potential risk, and ultimately the development of region specific guidelines. The purpose of the workshop is to present the current research status of sediment projects funded by the WRC (Dr E. Ubomba-Jaswa) as well as discuss the current WRC project “K5/2754: The development of a preliminary approached to sediment site evaluation and associated risk” which is compiling a standardised approach for sampling that will help to ensure more accurate sediment quality data, facilitating comparisons between sediment projects and ultimately the development of region specific guidelines (Dr BF Shaddock, Golder Associates Research Laboratory). The workshop include the presentations by Dr Ubomba-Jaswa and Dr Shaddock as well as along with speakers from the Department of Water and Sanitation, Universities and Laboratories which will then be followed by a discussion session which will cover topics relating to the Current Regulatory, Policy and Standards as well as the
Session 44
sediment collection and monitoring approaches being utilised. Feedback will also be gathered on Research and Development Gaps in Sediment
A unified approach for sediment risk, monitoring and interpretation Dr Bridget Shaddock Session 44, Meeting room 2.44-2.46 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The successful management of water resources depends on the co-operation from all spheres of government, water users and stakeholders. An integrated approach is needed to understand and manage the relationships between all components of the water resource (The National water Act, No 36 of 1998). However, current monitoring programs mainly focus on determining the water quality and occasionally total metals in sediment which do not evaluate the additional factors which can influence the actual quality of an environmental resource or the potential risk.
Monitoring in South Africa (sampling, physical and chemical analysis, as well as interpretation). The workshop is aimed at sediment researchers, users, laboratories, consultants, mining companies, environment practitioners responsible for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), government departments, practitioners responsible for microbial monitoring programmes as well as citizen science groups working with sediment analysis. The information generated by this workshop will be incorporated into the preliminary approached to sediment site evaluation and associated risk, driving the development based on the current status and understanding in South Africa.
WORKSHOPS
Session 45 Governance and Management of the Water Sector (1st Session) Dr Nezar Eldidy Session 45, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The workshop is aimed at water sector managers across the private sector – professionals engaged in water such as economists, legal practitioners, scientists, engineers, etc.; and the public sector – specifically targeting water boards, the Department of Water and Sanitation, water authorities, etc.; as well as water users such as mines, agriculture, industry. The purpose is to share information, present case studies and experience in management with the aim (expected outcome) of improving management (governance) in the water sector. Topics that will be discussed during the workshop include:
• Managing non-revenue water.
monitoring tools (guidelines and standards
• Cost-benefit analysis.
developed to date) and early warning systems,
• Fundamentals of water pricing for various users.
success stories, challenges regarding implementation of water reuse strategies and tech-
Session 5: Managing Water Organisations
nologies, and review of regulatory impediments
• Market Structure risk and impact on water
and incentives for water reuse. Topics to be cov-
operators.
ered include:
• Procurement and Managing service providers.
• Treatment technologies
• Structure
of
• Trace pollutants and emerging contaminants
• Management in water organisations, including
• Monitoring and management of water quality
and
key
work
processes
organizations.
of concern
the management of change.
• Plant reliability analysis
• Macro/Micro Management of Human Resources.
• Health impact
• Resources dexterity management.
• Regulations and standards
• Designing organizations for efficiency and effi-
• Regional laboratories and centralised virtual
ciency Management. Specialists
and
experienced
laboratory practitioners
from the private and public sector will make
Presentation of results from the WRC projects
presentations and facilitate the sessions of
on wastewater treatment for potable use,
the workshop.
where WRD members participated, water reuse projects from municipalities/water boards, City
Session 46
• Governance and Water Services Management. role
in
South
African
Water sector. • Corruption in work space. • Human Resources management. • Good
governance
and
leadership
of Cape Town, City of Windhoek, etc. Expected outcome
Session 1: Water Governance in South Africa • Stakeholders’
• Public acceptance
for
managers. Session 2: Water Law and Policies • National and International water and environmental law: main concepts, theories,
Water reuse in Southern Africa, addressing the gaps Dr Esper Jacobeth Ncube Session 46, Meeting room 2.64-2.66, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The objective of the WRD is to provide a communication forum for engineers, scientists and practitioners to share information and knowledge on water reclamation, recycling and reuse in order to facilitate the implementation of safe water reuse practice in Southern Africa.
discourses. • Water Act of South Africa.
Need for the workshop
• Water Policies of South Africa.
The WISA Water Reuse Division (WRD) was es-
• Water allocation and water rights.
tablished in 2013 and the inaugural meeting was
• Law of Contract and its application in
held at the International Water Association (IWA)
Water Management.
Specialist Reuse Conference in Windhoek during
• Dispute resolutions.
October 2013. A number of strategic initiatives that address key challenges facing Southern
Session 3: Water Economics and Finance
Africa have been attended to. There is a need to
• Economics in Planning and Management of
share this with stakeholders and policy makers
Water Systems. • Economic approaches to estimating the value of water for different uses.
in order to take stoke of what has been accomplished in the waste water value chain as well as determine the gaps.
• R isk assessment and management in various components of water systems.
Target audience
A consolidated document for WISA on the above topics especially for the South African context and a draft Road Map for 01 July 2018 to 30 June 2020 on strategic initiatives (projects) for water reuse in collaboration with major players in the water industry.
Session 47 Co-creating solutions to not waste a drop: water efficiency in agriculture and industrial water reuse Stèphanie de Beer Session 47, Roof Terrace, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 The Netherlands (NL) will be present at WISA with a Holland pavilion. We are expecting a broad delegation of companies to join us for WISA. We will soon open our subscription for the Dutch Delegation in NL and in our call, we will focus on two key-areas: 1. Water Efficiency in Agriculture 2. Industrial wastewater treatment and reuse. We would like to host a workshop focusing on these two key areas.
• Socio-economics and their impact on water.
This workshop is targeted for representatives
• Public-Private Partnerships Systems.
from municipalities, water boards, regulatory
Format
• Funding of Water Systems, Capex and Opex.
institutions, academia, environmental, and water
Our aim would be to do an opening by the NL
• Managing Risks.
and wastewater industries.
delegation leader and then split up into two
Session 4: Accounting in the Water Sector
Focus
as two parallel sessions, but under one NL title:
• Commercial accounting and standard financial
The workshop will focus on the progress
Co-creating solutions to not waste a drop: wa-
achieved on emerging water reuse tech-
ter efficiency in agriculture & industrial water
nologies, new research and development,
reuse. If we have two different rooms for parallel
groups. Preferably, we will split in two rooms
statements in water organisations. • Analysis of financial statements.
137
WorkshopS
sessions, this would give us more flexibility on the format (e.g. smaller groups per topic). Target audience Businesses & research/education sector active in these areas.
innovation and collaboration
emerging from the RDI community into practise.
• Provide access to tools and resources that fur-
This workshop, will thus bring together national
ther best practice • Support communication and professional development services • Foster diversity and inclusion within the field.
Expected outcomes Taking lessons learned and generating new ideas on how NL and Southern Africa can co-create
waste a drop of water and to not see any water as waste. What is needed to make this transition, how can we include business, research and education? Contact Jason Mingo is in touch with Nichi Walker, deputy CG of the NL in Cape Town, about our plans for WISA and we would like to discuss this further. We also need information on costs.
Session 48 North-South-south dialogue of emerging water challenges Water Research Commission Session 48, Auditorium 2, 26 June 2018, 10:30-12:15 Workshop abstract not available at time of going to print. Please refer to the conference app or conference website for updates.
Session 55 Citizen Science – Crowd-sourced Water Research Johann Kilian Session 55, Meeting room 1.64, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Target audience Young water professionals would be the medium through which citizen science is expected to be promoted, especially in schools. Programme outline • Speaker: Dr. Jean Seeliger (social scientist) • Chair: Johan Kilian • Facilitator: Paul Viljoen • Introduction followed by breakaway focus group discussions. Outcomes • Establish a global community of practice for citizen science • Advance the field of citizen science through
138
departments (including National Treasury), municipalities and SALGA, utilities, incubators and entrepreneurs to have a conversation about what practical steps can be taken to streamline some of the systemic challenges listed above.
Session 56
We believe that the WISA platform is an ideal one to kick start this conversation given the melting pot of public and private sector role
sustainable and implementable solutions that contribute to the new normal, which is to not
Water RDI Roadmap which aims to shift solutions
• Promote the value and impact of citizen science
Streamlining institutions to test, demonstrate and implement new water innovations and solutions Shanna Nienaber Session 56, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 The South African water sector has the eyes of the world upon it as we grapple with how best to respond to the drought, water quality and efficiency challenges being experienced in various parts of the country. Now more than ever, the need to find the right solutions and technologies to manage immediate and future water security challenges is key. Public and private sector institutions need an agile process of exploring, testing, demonstrating and upscaling water solutions. The process of adopting new solutions is both about driving immediate water efficiency and effectiveness but is also key to stimulating a culture of learning in institutions that enables us to respond to changing dynamics and challenges that require a range of different solutions. The water research, development and innovation community is an important contributor to this pipeline of solutions, technologies and innovations. However, despite a growing openness and recognition of the importance of testing, demonstrating and implementing new solutions by the public and private sector, there are still many systemic challenges in upscaling and localising new innovations into practise. Some of the ongoing barriers include: • A lack of clarity about how to link the testing of new innovations to large scale infrastructure developments and associated bulk infrastructure funding allocations from National Treasury • Complexity in the procurement of ‘single source’ solutions in the innovation space • Challenges in transitioning demonstration facilities to full scale roll-out • Difficulties for water entrepreneurs (particularly SMEs) in their interactions with public procurement and systems These barriers are key concerns for the Departments of Science and Technology and Water and Sanitation and the Water Research Commission as they jointly drive the implementation of the
players present. If we hope to put the right solutions on the ground quickly and effectively respond to the drought, and implement the Water RDI Roadmap and National Water and Sanitation Master Plan, it is key to kick start this system streamlining conversation.
Session 57 Making a splash: How WISA can strengthen the social compact within the water sector? (1st Session) Ayesha Laher Session 57, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 The WSD held the second Women in Water workshop in November 2017, which focused on the relationship between water and health, social and economic issues. It was at this event that the division launched a unique approach within WISA to incorporate a social responsibility component. For the first time, sponsor opportunities were offered to fund the purchase of hippo rollers for water conveyance, which were provided to deserving beneficiaries. The rollers were formally handed over to beneficiaries at the end of 2017 for use in both urban and rural locations to support personal water needs and to strengthen food security. By June, recipients will have experienced the benefit of owning a hippo roller for six months. At the Women in Water event, the committee pledged to inform and update delegates on the beneficiaries of the hippo rollers. At the workshop, we propose that: 1. Summarise the highlights and learnings from the Women in Water event. 2. Report back on the sponsorships received for the hippo rollers and who the beneficiaries are and feedback on the impact that rollers have made to their daily lives. 3. Presentation by Violet Phala Mabaso – one of the recipients of the rollers – who initiated the establishment of a food garden cooperative in Alexandra. Her story of becoming a successful gardener within an urban environment and developing contractual arrangements with local businesses and restaurants in the Sandton area is both inspiring and uplifting. Her vision
WORKSHOPS
of developing the local community, particularly
• Corruption in work space.
the youth, is a message that will be of value for
• Human Resources management.
everyone and one that can be taken back to our
• Good governance and leadership for managers.
Session 59
workplaces and lives. Based on the experience of implementing this
Session 2: Water Law and Policies
initiative within the WSD, it has become apparent
• National and International water and environ-
that we need to have the conversation about the
mental law: main concepts, theories, discourses.
role of WISA to contribute to addressing the chal-
• Water Act of South Africa.
lenges that South Africa is facing within the water
• Water Policies of South Africa.
environment. We would like to explore with work-
• Water allocation and water rights.
shop delegates their thoughts and inputs on how
• Law of Contract and its application in
we can position WISA to strengthen partnerships
Water Management.
and make a difference to the lives of communities.
• Dispute resolutions.
Some initial thoughts on the discussion include the following topics:
Session 3: Water Economics and Finance
1. The vision and objectives of WISA
• Economics in Planning and Management of Water Systems.
2. Translation of vision into action 3. The benefits of WISA becoming more involved 4. How can this approach be taken forward and be implemented across all divisions. How can the
Need for the workshop The WISA Water Reuse Division (WRD) was es-
• Economic approaches to estimating the value of water for different uses.
in social responsibility initiatives
Water reuse in Southern Africa, addressing the gaps Dr Esper Jacobeth Ncube Session 59, Meeting room 2.64-2.66, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 The objective of the WRD is to provide a communication forum for engineers, scientists and practitioners to share information and knowledge on water reclamation, recycling and reuse in order to facilitate the implementation of safe water reuse practice in Southern Africa.
tablished in 2013 and the inaugural meeting was held at the International Water Association (IWA)
• Risk assessment and management in various components of water systems.
Specialist Reuse Conference in Windhoek during October 2013. A number of strategic initiatives
skills and expertise of WISA members be har-
• Socio-economics and their impact on water.
that address key challenges facing Southern
nessed for the greater good.
• Public-Private Partnerships Systems.
Africa have been attended to. There is a need to
• Funding of Water Systems, Capex and Opex.
share this with stakeholders and policy makers
• Managing Risks.
in order to take stoke of what has been accom-
5. Specific activities of the WSD in ongoing engagement with initiatives that have been already been implemented and extending
plished in the waste water value chain as well as Session 4: Accounting in the Water Sector
the programme. Representatives from the other divisions of WISA will be encouraged to participate. This work-
determine the gaps.
• Commercial accounting and standard financial Target audience
statements in water organisations.
shop will be of interest to all delegates at the
• Analysis of financial statements.
This workshop is targeted for representatives
WISA conference.
• Managing non-revenue water.
from municipalities, water boards, regulatory
• Cost-benefit analysis.
institutions, academia, environmental, and water
• Fundamentals of water pricing for various users.
and wastewater industries.
Session 5: Managing Water Organisations
Focus
Session 58 Governance and Management of the Water Sector (2nd Session) Dr Nezar Eldidy Session 58, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 The workshop is aimed at water sector managers across the private sector – professionals engaged in water such as economists, legal practitioners, scientists, engineers, etc.; and the public sector – specifically targeting water boards, the Department of Water and Sanitation, water authorities, etc.; as well as water users such as mines, agriculture, industry. The purpose is to share information, present case studies and experience in management with the aim (expected outcome) of improving management (governance) in the water sector. Topics that will be discussed during the workshop include:
• Market
Structure
risk
and
impact
on
water operators.
achieved on emerging water reuse technologies,
• Procurement and Managing service providers. • Structure
and
The workshop will focus on the progress
key
work
processes
new research and development, monitoring of
organizations.
tools (guidelines and standards developed to date) and early warning systems, success stories,
• Management in water organisations, including the management of change.
challenges regarding implementation of water reuse strategies and technologies, and review of
• Macro/Micro Management of Human Resources.
regulatory impediments and incentives for water
• Resources dexterity management.
reuse. Topics to be covered include:
• Designing organizations for efficiency and effi-
• Treatment technologies
ciency Management. Specialists
and
experienced
• Trace pollutants and emerging contaminants practitioners
of concern
from the private and public sector will make
• Monitoring and management of water quality
presentations and facilitate the sessions of
• Plant reliability analysis
the workshop.
• Health impact • Regulations and standards • Regional laboratories and centralised virtual laboratory • Public acceptance Presentation of results from the WRC projects
Session 1: Water Governance in South Africa
on wastewater treatment for potable use, where
• Water
WRD members participated, water reuse projects
Governance
and
Water
Services
Management. • Stakeholders’ role in South African Water sector.
from municipalities/water boards, City of Cape Town, City of Windhoek, etc.
139
WorkshopS
Expected outcome A consolidated document for WISA on the above
Session 61
2020 on strategic initiatives (projects) for water reuse in collaboration with major players in the water industry.
Session 60
tion through TAG. • Innovative technology companies with an inter-
topics especially for the South African context and a draft Road Map for 01 July 2018 to 30 June
opportunity for wider cross sector collabora-
North-South-south dialogue of emerging water challenges Water Research Commission Workshop abstract not available at time of going to print. Please refer to the conference app or conference website for updates.13:15-15:00
est in the South African market and other global markets that TAG operates in. • Anyone with an interest in innovative technologies, how to accelerate technology uptake and share the resulting benefits across communities. Workshop programme
Hands-on Water Challenge – The Finals Johan Oost Session 60, Roof Terrace, 26 June 2018, 13:15-15:00 Hands-on Water Challenge is a 10-days challenge, linked to WISA 2018, stimulating outof-the- box solutions for practical working activities, enabling enthusiasm for being water practitioners and demonstrate innovative ways of learning. Due to team work, the participants will exchange practical knowledge and useful skills. (Note: It is a look-a-like Wetskills Water Challenge but for NQF 3-4 and only South African participants with different backgrounds and from various organisations/locations.) The challenge: Develop solutions for a real life topic (showcase) in a diverse unfamiliar group (mixed group with unknown people with diverse backgrounds) and pitching the result to an audience. Aim and impact • Expose the Water sector as attractive sector to work: The role of artisans/ PCs in fighting the water crisis and demonstrate their skills in supporting healthy drinking water/ proper sanitation • Co-create out of the box, but practical solutions for real life challenges • Exchange of knowhow between NQF 3-4 level staff members from various organizations and parts in South Africa • Train crucial soft skills to better operate and better maintain the water infrastructure, together The Finals would be best during the PC day at WISA. Each team will present their solution/idea to the target audience (diverse professionals in
Session 68
shortened version of a real TAG event. Following a brief introduction to Isle and the background
Accelerating the adoption of new technology solutions - Global Water Technology Innovation Forum Taster Session Fiona Griffith Session 68, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 There is a growing demand for the next generation of innovative solutions in the water sector, driven by increasing environmental policy, a need to improve efficiency, performance and service delivery, and the requirement to minimise both capital and operational spend. Innovation has become a necessity for water service providers, municipalities, etc, and their supply chains – to comply with legislation and to provide high-quality drinking water and sanitation services. Despite the demand for step change solutions, water service providers may not have the resources to identify, develop and implement the technologies that they need, particularly as some technologies are not always developed in line with the specific needs of water service providers. This workshop looks to address this gap in the market through TAG (Technology Approval Group), a global technology innovation forum, which aims to introduce innovative technologies to water service providers in line with their specific needs. This workshop directly aligns with Isle’s accepted oral presentation (which provides the theoretical context to Isle and TAG) by giving attendees the chance to experience TAG in action in the form of a shortened taster session.
sector, management, other PCs, artisans, operator (NQF 3-4)) in two minutes. In an interac-
Target audience
tive session the solutions will be discussed with
Isle is actively growing the South African chapter
the audience.
of the TAG network to increase sector collaboration in implementing innovative solutions, widening the group to smaller water service providers to accelerate the spread of benefits across all levels. Isle therefore in particular welcomes: • Representatives from the water service provider community to get first-hand experience of new innovative solutions globally available and the
140
As a taster session, the workshop will present a
of TAG, the meeting will comprise of two presentations from global innovative technology companies followed by an extensive Q&A led and facilitated by Isle. The technology companies chosen to present will align with current challenges in the sector, such as alternative water resources and leakage reduction, with the specific technology companies confirmed closer to the date once workshop slots have been assigned. Relevant material will be provided to TAG attendees at the workshop, such as background analysis on the technologies. Outcomes Direct: • First-hand experience of a TAG meeting and its benefits to the water community • Introduction to two new innovative solutions • Networking with like-minded people and the opportunity to collaborate when implementing innovative solutions South Africa/Regionally: • To introduce innovative technologies to water service providers in line with their specific needs, to facilitate their adoption, and to attract external investment into the sector to reduce the risk and cost of implementing innovative solutions, • To ultimately support water service providers in providing sustainable and high-quality drinking water and sanitation services to their communities.
WORKSHOPS
Session 69
Session 70
following topics: 1. The vision and objectives of WISA 2. Translation of vision into action
Making sense of the drinking water microbiome Fanus Venter Session 69, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 There is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the microorganisms in drinking water distribution networks to produce and deliver safe and clean water, and protect the public from increasing risk to pathogen exposure and development of antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics have allowed us to develop an in-depth understanding of the microbial community (microbiome) in distribution networks. This knowledge can be used by water utilities to better manage the microbial quality delivered to consumers as they assist us in answering some fundamental questions such as “Where do they come from?” and “Why do they grow and persist in the system?” The purpose of the workshop will be to introduce water practitioners to the principles of the technologies used to study the drinking water microbiome. It is also important that practitioners understand how the knowledge obtained could be applied in their day to day operations and inform their management practices. Typical issues that can be address include among other deteriorating water quality (e.g. nitrification) and public health issues (e.g. opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic resistance). The draft programme includes the following sessions: 1. Next generation sequencing and the impact it has made on water microbiology (Prof Fanus Venter , University of Pretoria) 2. What we have learned from community profiling of DWDS (Prof Ameet Pinto, Northeastern University, Boston, USA) 3. Applications: South African studies (Sarah Potgieter, University of Pretoria) 4. Tracing antibiotic resistance in water systems (Prof Carlos Bezuidenhout. North West University) 5. Future applications and perspectives (Prof Ameet Pinto, Northeastern University, Boston, USA) 6. Discussions and questions (Panel) Through this session, we hope to have created an awareness of drinking water microbiome studies and to their potential application. Through this engagement we hope to lay a foundation for future collaboration with industry to develop a cost-effective way in which microbiome studies could become part of the normal operations at drinking water utilities.
Making a splash: How WISA can strengthen the social compact within the water sector? (2nd Session) Ayesha Laher Session 70, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 The WSD held the second Women in Water workshop in November 2017, which focused on the relationship between water and health, social and economic issues. It was at this event that the division launched a unique approach within WISA to incorporate a social responsibility component. For the first time, sponsor opportunities were offered to fund the purchase of hippo rollers for water conveyance, which were provided to deserving beneficiaries. The rollers were formally handed over to beneficiaries at the end of 2017 for use in both urban and rural locations to support personal water needs and to strengthen food security. By June, recipients will have experienced the benefit of owning a hippo roller for six months. At the Women in Water event, the committee pledged to inform and update delegates on the beneficiaries of the hippo rollers. At the workshop, we propose that: 1. Summarise the highlights and learnings from the Women in Water event. 2. R eport back on the sponsorships received for the hippo rollers and who the beneficiaries are and feedback on the impact that rollers have made to their daily lives. 3. Presentation by Violet Phala Mabaso – one of the recipients of the rollers – who initiated the establishment of a food garden cooperative in Alexandra. Her story of becoming a successful gardener within an urban environment and developing contractual arrangements with local businesses and restaurants in the Sandton area is both inspiring and uplifting. Her vision of developing the local community, particularly the youth, is a message that will be of value for everyone and one that can be taken back to our workplaces and lives. Based on the experience of implementing this initiative within the WSD, it has become apparent that we need to have the conversation about the role of WISA to contribute to addressing the challenges that South Africa is facing within the water environment. We would like to explore with workshop delegates their thoughts and inputs on how we can position WISA to strengthen partnerships and make a difference to the lives of communities. Some initial thoughts on the discussion include the
3. The benefits of WISA becoming more involved in social responsibility initiatives 4. How can this approach be taken forward and be implemented across all divisions. How can the skills and expertise of WISA members be harnessed for the greater good. 5. Specific activities of the WSD in ongoing engagement with initiatives that have been already been implemented and extending the programme. Representatives from the other divisions of WISA will be encouraged to participate. This workshop will be of interest to all delegates at the WISA conference.
Session 71 Governance and Management of the Water Sector (3rd Session) Dr Nezar Eldidy Session 71, Meeting room 2.64-2.66, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 The workshop is aimed at water sector managers across the private sector – professionals engaged in water such as economists, legal practitioners, scientists, engineers, etc.; and the public sector – specifically targeting water boards, the Department of Water and Sanitation, water authorities, etc.; as well as water users such as mines, agriculture, industry. The purpose is to share information, present case studies and experience in management with the aim (expected outcome) of improving management (governance) in the water sector. Topics that will be discussed during the workshop include: Session 1: Water Governance in South Africa • Water
Governance
and
Water
Services
Management. • Stakeholders’ role in South African Water sector. • Corruption in work space. • Human Resources management. • Good governance and leadership for managers. Session 2: Water Law and Policies • National
and
environmental
International law:
main
water
and
concepts,
theories, discourses. • Water Act of South Africa. • Water Policies of South Africa. • Water allocation and water rights. • Law of Contract and its application in Water Management. • Dispute resolutions.
141
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WORKSHOPS
Session 3: Water Economics and Finance
ground and present an array of best practice
The data from the KZN project has already
• Economics in Planning and Management of Wa-
solutions to the skill crisis. Alongside the speak-
been used to assist the DWS in making critical
ers, an information leaflet with skills training op-
decisions in light of the severe drought condi-
tions will be handed out.
tions experienced in KZN. It is anticipated that
ter Systems. • Economic approaches to estimating the value
The workshop aims to inspire any interested
by showcasing this KZN V&V project and high-
parties in the water sector on how skills devel-
lighting the lessons learned, other V&V projects
opment can best be implemented, supplement
currently under way throughout the country
• Socio-economics and their impact on water.
BBBEE scores, and assist companies in reaching
will be able to revise their strategies according-
• Public-Private Partnerships Systems.
new heights.
ly to ensure successful completion of the V&V
of water for different uses. • Risk assessment and management in various components of water systems.
processes nationally.
• Funding of Water Systems, Capex and Opex. • Managing Risks.
Session 73
Session 4: Accounting in the Water Sector
operations, capacity building, and implementa-
• Commercial accounting and standard financial statements in water organisations. • Analysis of financial statements. • Managing non-revenue water. • Cost-benefit analysis. • Fundamentals of water pricing for various users. Session 5: Managing Water Organisations • Market
Structure
risk
and
impact
on
water operators. • Procurement and Managing service providers. • Structure
and
key
work
processes
The workshop will, therefore, draw on lessons learned in: research and development, project
of
organizations. • Management in water organisations, including the management of change. • Macro/Micro Management of Human Resources. • Resources dexterity management. • Designing organizations for efficiency and efficiency Management. Specialists and experienced practitioners from the private and public sector will make presentations and facilitate the sessions of the workshop.
Session 72 The most powerful weapon: Introducing initiatives from the education-water sector interface Nora Hanke-Louw Session 72, Roof Terrace, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 One of the largest challenges facing the water sector is the lack of skilled labourers. Yet, there are numerous shining examples of excellent skills training programmes in the water sector. The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) and the Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority (EWSETA) have come together for this workshop to present some of the outstanding examples of mentorship, artisan development, etc. from across the water sector. The various invited institutions (NGOs, public institutions, private companies, etc.) only get 5-10 minutes to showcase their contribution; the workshop will thus be quick, cover a lot of
Achieving transformation and redress in the water sector through the validation and verification of water use process Dr Inga Jacobs-mata Session 73, Auditorium 2, 26 June 2018, 15:30-17:15 For several years, the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) oversaw the national process of “Validation and Verification” (V&V) of water use in South Africa, a systematic process to license legal water use and eradicate illegal water use in various sectors. The principle aim of the V&V projects has been to answer the following key questions: Who is using water? How much water is being used? Where does the water come from? What is it being used for? Is the use lawful? Beyond that, the V&V projects are meant to drive a transformation and redress agenda in the water sector by providing the valuable groundwork necessary to achieve water allocation reform. Various water uses, including water storage (dams on farms), water abstraction for non-irrigation (e.g. mining, industry, bulk water supply), and water abstraction for irrigation are interrogated with the abovementioned questions, which forms part of the process that will lead to compulsory water licensing in terms of the Water Act (Act 36 of 1998). This process, as has been administered by various Catchment Management Agencies (CMAs), proto-CMAs and regional DWS branches has not been without challenges, particularly in achieving tangible transformation and redress in the water sector. In this context, this workshop seeks to unpack the challenges faced by V&V processes nation-wide and draws on lessons learned from the V&V KwaZulu-Natal project, a flagship V&V project given its exceptional performance to date. Additionally, it aims to inform practitioners and policy-makers of the complexities associated with the V&V process as well as the success stories that make for a successful V&V project. The KZN V&V project is seen as a “benchmark” to other V&V projects in the country.
tion and support services.
Session 82 Decentralised Water Technologies – Solutions for Peri-Urban Communities and Water-Sensitive Design? Gideon Wolfaardt Session 82, Meeting room 2.41-2.43, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The water utility industry is under enormous pressure to meet the challenges of increasing demands due to population growth and depleting freshwater resources. In transition countries like South Africa, high population growth in urban areas often leads to the establishment of informal, peri-urban settlements which come with unique water and sanitation services challenges. Goal 6 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Clean Water and Sanitation) foresees achieving access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all by 2030. The SA government is committed to achieving this vision and, through the DWS, is developing relevant strategies to improve access to quality water and sanitation services for all citizens. In support of this effort, the DST has developed the Water RDI Roadmap which is being implemented with DWS, WRC and various other sector partners. Decentralised systems offer the possibility to provide safe drinking water and effective hygienic sanitation where centralised supply systems are not feasible due to technical, economical or institutional reasons. Consequently decentralization is becoming increasingly popular: as an example, 25% of the population in the US was already served by small, decentralized WWTPs over a decade ago (Capodaglio, 2017). This workshop intends to explore the potential for decentralisation in South Africa, with particular focus on urban/peri-urban applications. By way of example, several technology development and demonstration projects will be presented, as well as latest international trends in decentralisation. Topics for discussion
143
WorkshopS
include the most appropriate applications for
for water user organisations (such as municipal-
a workshop at the WISA 2018 conference on
decentralised solutions (types of communities/
ities or large industries) that are dependent on
4th Industrial revolution: The Water Sector of
settlements, size, etc.), opportunities and barri-
them. This would include government officials
the Future.
ers, local technological and institutional capaci-
from all three spheres of government, specialist
We expect in attendance representation from
ty, regional and international partnerships, and
managers from large water users as well as the
industries, private sector, scientist, local gov-
the potential for decentralised technologies
consultants who provide advice. The secondary
ernment municipal officials, national govern-
to enable a transition to more water sensitive
audience will be academics working in the field
ment officials and representatives working in
urban/peri-urban design in the wider water
of water resource management or the larger
the space of ICT and smart city development.
security context. The workshop is aimed at a broad
fields of environmental management and public
range of participants from the water sector as
policy and administration
case international digitised solutions to water
well as stakeholders, policy and decision-makers
The programme will be based on a number of
management, to stimulate and encourage fur-
from other fields of administration, economy and
short, introductory papers, followed by facilitat-
ther international engagements and dialogue
science. This workshop will highlight the strate-
ed discussion along the themes of:
around digital innovation, ICT, smart cities, big
gic significance and practical potential of decen-
• the performance of current arrangements, their
data and data sharing in the water sector in
tralised water supply and waste water treatment
strengths and weaknesses
technologies to achieve SDG 6 of the United Na-
• alternative
tions and the development goals of the NDP in
discussion
South Africa.
arrangements
South Africa. Young professionals role in digiticurrently
under
The complex challenges of managing South Africa’s problem-sheds a way forward Muller Mike Session 83, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Policy approaches to the governance of water are currently once again in the spotlight. The supply crisis in Cape Town has drawn attention to difficulties in coordinating activities between national, provincial and local government. This has, in turn, made it difficult to establish clear lines of responsibility and accountability to ensure water security, particularly in relation to water resource development and management activities. Against this background, revisions to water laws are proposed to adjust the functional responsibilities of national and local government and expand the role of regional water utilities. There is once again discussion about the role, function and geographical scope of catchment management agencies, which should be playing an important strategic and coordinating role in the management of the underlying water resources. This workshop will consider the performance of current arrangements, their strengths and weaknesses, outline some of the alternatives currently under discussion, consider some international practice and seek to identify useful current approaches to how best to address the challenges and enhance water security in South Africa’s large water systems. The primary target audience would be practitioners engaged in the management of large water resource systems as well as those working
144
sation in the water sector of the future will also be an important topic.
• lessons from relevant international practice • new approaches to enhance water security in
Session 83
The purpose of this workshop is to”, show-
South Africa’s large water systems.
Programme Chair: YWP-ZA Rep 45 minutes – The enabling environment
Session 84
Introduction and welcome – Chair The South African Water Sector of the Future in 2050 – YWP-ZA rep
4th Industrial Revolution: The water sector of the future Suvritha Rampal Session 84, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The theme for the 2018 conference is ‘Breaking Barriers, Connecting Ideas’. Under this umbrella, ideas of big data, digital innovation, ICT, smart cities, Internet of Things and data sharing emerge. Danish companies are at the forefront of green technology, solutions, policies and knowhow - from green energy to clean water and resource efficiency. Denmark is one of the most digitized countries in the world and with a newly appointed Tech Ambassador to Silicon Valley, Denmark has to a very large degree positioned itself at the centre of the digital revolution so much so that it is ranked number 1 according to the EU Commission’s Digital Economy and Society Index. Besides countries, we also have tech giants like Google, Tesla and Amazon that have demonstrated their muscle in advancing technology and digitilisation development and continue to demonstrate the versatility in integrating technology throughout the full spectrum of our daily life and within our respective professional sectors. The Department of Water and Sanitation and Danish Embassy together with the Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science, the South African Water Research Commission, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of Science Technology and the South African Young Water Professionals proposes to host
The priority areas in the South African water sector for ICT investment according to the DST ICT and Water Roadmaps – Dr Henry Roman, DST The present and future of digitized water solutions – Danish official 3 hours 15 minutes – Digitised water solutions CSIR and City of Tshwane’s Integrated smart water management network – Meraka Institute, CSIR Disruptive
technologies
for
digital
transformation – CISCO Water Sensors – the future of water water utility management – IBM Hello Science – where Industry’s work together to revolutionise innovation in the water sector – Grundfos, Novozymes Total digitised use-specific water management solution – schools, businesses – EcoSource (DHI, Kamstrup, Vodacom) Closing Remarks – Chair
WORKSHOPS
Session 84 South African Young Water Professionals Annual General Meeting Nora Hanke-Louw Session 84, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 27 June 2018, 13:00-13:30 Notice is hereby given that the 2017 Annual General Meeting (AGM) of members of the South African Young Water Professional (YWP-ZA), a Division of the Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) and Programme of the International Water Association (IWA), will be held at the WISA Biennial Conference in Cape Town for the following business: 1. To confirm the notes of the previous AGM. 2. To confirm newly elected National Committee members. 3. To introduce the YWP-ZA annual budget. 4. To transact such other business as may be transacted at an AGNM. Supporting documents will be available on the YWP-ZA website (www.ywp-za.org) under National Committee, 2018 AGM by 4 June 2018.
contracts do not always run smoothly and require
approaches and agree on a common ap-
careful, constant management as the associated
proach for future management of treatment
financial, health and reputational risk is too great.
chemical risks.
Legislative Requirements 1. SANS 241-2: 2015: describes compliance monitoring of treatment chemicals. 2. Regulations under Section 9 of the Water Services Act, “Compulsory National Standards for Provision of Water Services and Quality of Drinking Water”. A proposed amendment to Regulation 5: Quality of Potable Water inclusion: A water services authority must ensure that water treatment processes are adequately managed to ensure the production of safe drinking water for the protection of public health, including – The use of drinking water treatment chemicals approved by a competent relevant body/authority. Therefore, Rand Water’s approach on risk management of treatment chemicals and compliance monitoring assists in mitigating quality and quantity risks. Audience This workshop is for all Water Services Institutions, municipal procurement leaders, chemical
Session 85
suppliers and testing facilities that require an understanding of the risk management of treatment chemicals for drinking water purposes and
Bulk Chemical Contract Management and Risk Mitigation Mathabo Gamede Session 85, Meeting room 2.64-2.66, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 Treatment chemicals are fundamental to water treatment processes. As a result, efficient contract management mitigates the risk of non-supply. This workshop will serve as a platform for information sharing on contract management best practice, thereby ensuring that compliance monitoring of treatment chemicals mitigates quality and quantity risks. Bulk chemical contracts require constant management throughout. In this regard, Rand Water’s contract management team initiated regular supplier liaison meetings which are held with every supplier on a monthly, quarterly or biannual basis. These meetings are designed to ensure that the supplier adheres to the commitments and obligations of the contract. During the contract term, there are often events that surface unplanned that need to be investigated and actioned. A case in point was the shutting down of one of the local sodium hypochlorite manufacturing plants at the end of 2011. The effect on the market saw prices double due to demand. Rand Water had to react speedily to ensure the best financial benefit to the organisation without compromising continuity of supply. Chemical
Session 86
the legislation that informs the risk management. Delegates from the Municipal Sector and Water Boards in particular will benefit from attending. Programme Facilitator: Prevashni Naicker • Bulk chemical contract management and risk mitigation (Mathabo Gamede, Yvonne Rakobane) • Chemical specification and testing at Umgeni Water (Debbie Trollip, Sibusiso Mdunge) • Current requirements for treatment chemicals and alternate proposals (Debbie Trollip, James Parsons and Leanne Zdyb Coetzee) • Future approach to Contract Management and Risk Mitigation (Workshop Discussion) Outcome Create an opportunity for the sector to agree on a common approach to be followed for the risk management of treatment chemicals. Ensure that SANS, Blue Drop and proposed legislative requirements for treatment chemicals and risk mitigation are aligned to the agreed principles. Create an opportunity to agree on a common approach and solution that benefits all with an ultimate goal of public health protection. Impact Opportunity for all experts to present their
No Drop Certification: Overview of the 20172018 No Drop Audits and No Drop Guideline Moloko Raletjena Session 86, Roof Terrace, 27 June 2018, 10:45-12:30 The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) and the Strategic Water Partners Network-South Africa (SWPN-SA) have developed a No Drop Programme., defined as an incentive based regulatory tool that draw focus and encourage progress in water use efficiency and water loss/ NRW management in the South African municipal sector. The Programme was developed considering that inefficient water usage and water loss is a prime risk to the municipal sector in terms of water availability and financial sustainability, as it translates to direct risk to all water users. Therefore, reducing water losses in the municipal supply systems is a national strategic priority, particularly in view of the national drought which is currently affecting many parts of the country. The objective of the 2018 WISA workshop on the No Drop programme is to: (1) communicate the No Drop Audit requirements to the sector in preparation for the 2018 No Drop Assessments; (2) provide practical training on the use of the No Drop Guideline; and highlight the importance of elevating efforts, investments, education and awareness in water loss management particular in view of the current drought. Previous workshops were held at WISA which the No Drop framework and No Drop results were presented to municipalities. The workshops were well attended and generated significant interest within the municipal sector regarding the need for voluntary incentive base reporting on non-revenue water, and also as a municipal planning tool to improve waters service delivery and water security. It is envisaged that the 2018 WISA Conference will provide a great opportunity to communicate to the municipal sector the No Drop requirements in preparation of the Audits. The target audience will comprise of (1) Municipal officials responsible for the purification and supply of drinking water, (2) Municipal officials responsible for the extraction and distribution of drinking water, (3) Engineers and scientists involved in supporting water users in terms of improved performance, technology selection, infrastructure upgrade and refurbishment, and attaining No Drop Certification status, (4) Sector role players
145
WorkshopS
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WORKSHOPS
who have interest and responsibilities in the
require skilled personnel who have an under-
of aquatic ecosystems. A key contributor a)health Blue Drop requirements
supply of water and wastewater to consumers,
standing of water treatment.
toGreen the progressive deterioration in the water b) Drop Requirements
in respect of institutional, technical, financial, economic and social aspects.
The private sector role players have the abili-
water resources and the Controllers marked inc)quality Statusofofthe Regulation 813 for Process
ty to be successful water services intermediar-
crease in nutrients and microbiological d) Integrated Regulatory Information contamiSystem
The Delegates attending should be able to pre-
ies but require information on how to operate
nants (IRIS)with associated health risks are the poorly
pare for the assessments and at the same time
and manage their groundwater resources in a
wastewater treatment e)managed 2015 Blue Drop Progress Reportworks. This con-
consider more consistent effort and investment
sustainable manner within the current legis-
is widespread, facing the majority of municfcern ) Regulation 5 for drinking water.
in water loss reduction particularly in view of the
lative framework while ensuring safe drinking
ipalities throughout the country,will andhave is reaching The Water Services Institutions an op-
drought. The accelerated action should be main-
water provision.
“crisis” proportions. This isabout apparent at district portunity to be informed the new devel-
tained in order to sustain good water management practices.
Session 92
and localthat municipality many small towns opments will take level placeinbetween 2018 and Target audience
but also occurs theDrop largerassessments and metropolitan 2019 Blue and with Green after
Private sector, government organisations, NGO,
municipalities.three The situation is direhaving and appears approximately years without formal
municipalities, research organisations, water
to beDrop the norm exception. done Blue and rather Green than Dropthe assessments
specialists, members of the public.
with theThe poor dischargewill quality, byCombined the Department. department also the deterioration in thethe source waters (councommunicate in general shortcomings iden-
Limitations and challenges of groundwater use by the commercial sector in the Western Cape Ayesha Laher Session 92, Meeting room 1.63 & 1.64, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 The drought in the Western Cape has turned the focus to alternative water supply for the commercial sector, which requires a sustainable supply of potable water to remain in business. The use of groundwater has traditionally been restricted to domestic and farming use in rural areas. However, as Day Zero looms over the Western Cape, the City of Cape Town has been inundated with requests from private and commercial sector to drill boreholes to secure water supply. The revised General Authorisation of Section 22(1) of the National Water Act allows for maximum abstraction of 40 000 cubic meters per year per property, which is calculated by maximum abstraction rate per hectare of land. This limitation based on land size favours farmers and severely restricts the use of groundwater by commercial and industrial users who have a small footprint. Coupled with this is the costly and complex processes of water use license applications, borehole drilling and registration and service level agreement with the City to comply with relevant bylaws. There is also lack of understanding from the private sector regarding the responsibility of providing potable water to the public. The private sector, in providing potable water, acts as a water services intermediary and is subject to regulations in both the National Water Act and the Water Services Act for treatment, operations, monitoring and management of the water supply system. This includes SANS 241 a and Blue/Green Drop Certification, which outlines best practice and legislative requirements for provision of safe drinking water. In closing, provision of potable water is very different from provision of energy as the treatment, operation, monitoring and management of the systems are unique to each site and
Programme
try’s rivers dams) also becoming an tified on theand 2015 Blue are Drop Progress Report.
• Ayesha Laher: opening presentation – back-
increasing threatwilltofurther the treatment drinkThe department introduceofformally
ground to legislation and compliance , current
ingIRIS water to which acceptable standards. In addithe system will replace the Blue Drop
status quo, challenges
tion to (BDS). poor quality of regulatory the sourcesystem water, will inSystem This new
• CIty of Cape Town: presentation by Regulations Department on groundwater use in city
adequate treatment processes and systems host different. are an added contributor to poor drinking
• Life Health Hospital: Case study on treatment
water, which again is being faced by the dis-
plant installed at two Life Hospitals in Cape
trict and local municipality level in many
Town using groundwater to secure supply
small towns.
• Panel discussion: Representative from DWS
The situation is a serious problem, and it is ir-
regulations, Life Health hospitals, City of Cape
responsible for such a strong, professional and
Town Regulations, Pioneer Foods/Mediclinic
experienced water consultancy sector in South
• Closing.
Africa to stand by as observers. The health of the country’s water resources is of concern to
Outcomes
all citizens.
1. Share knowledge on legal requirement for
It is time for water sector consultants, to un-
groundwater use and special conditions appli-
dertake a collective drive in an effort to identify
cable to Western Cape.
solutions, actions and to some extent resources
2. Stimulate discussion on limitations of current legislation on groundwater use.
to ensure that we ensure the sustainability of our water resources and a continued supply of good-quality drinking water.
Session 93
The focus of this workshop is, therefore: • To provide a platform where the water sector (primarily consultants) look at ways and means
Workshop abstract not available at time of going to print. Please refer to the conference app or conference website for updates.
to tackle the problem • To identify key actions and mechanisms • To define solutions and an outcome on how to take the process forward to the next step. The workshop is targeted at the water consul-
Session 94
tancy industry, but also any other water sector role players that are passionate about helping to solve the current challenges. The workshop
Consultancy Industry: Action to assist the problem of failing wastewater treatment plants in South Africa and getting our drinking water quality back up to standard Ralph Heath Session 94, Meeting room 2.44-2.46, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 South Africa is a water-scarce country with limited freshwater resources. Increased stresses on the country’s water sources are affecting water quality, quantity and availability, a serious concern for the country’s future water supply and
is not to target DWS and Water Service Authorities, but rather to see how to partner various organisations with struggling municipalities. Let’s identify what has worked and what has failed, and the reasons therefore. This workshop aims to initiate a process and hopefully a ‘movement’ in taking action to support the process of getting wastewater treatment works compliant; and drinking water treatment up to the set standards, across the country. The proposed programme will include facilitation by Golder; presentations to set the scene
147
World first in PE 100-RC.
WorkshopS
and outline the challenges. Thereafter, the workshop will strive to clearly and succinctly outline specific outcomes and actions required to support these. The workshop outcome is envisaged to be an action plan on how the water consultancy industry, WISA, WRC and CESA can assist the DWS and local government to the target that the blue drop and
AGRULINE
green drop compliance status is the norm throughout the country.
fittings & pipes resistant to cracks
Session 95 Imvelisi: Building Enviropreneurs Sivuyile Pezulu Session 95, Meeting room 2.61-2.63, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 Entrepreneurship has been, and will continue to be, a big focus in South Africa because of the opportunity for employment that it provides; and its significant contribution to the economy. In the science space, particularly in water, there is no mainstream concerted effort to grow entrepreneurs in the sector. YWP-ZA and GreenMatter have successfully organized three fullweek boot camps attended by over 110 budding Enviropreneurs chosen from a pool of almost 2 000 applicants to support young people kick start their business in the biodiversity space. We would like to organize one workshop that will target businessminded attendees to the conference. During the workshop we will present on the Business Canvas (a revolutionary one-page business plan) that will help the attendees conceptualize their business idea. This will then be followed by a practical session where the attendees will map out their idea and test its viability. The business ideas will be focused on the water sector.
LONGER SERVICE LIFE crack resistant PE 100-RC HIGH ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY sandbed-free installation LASTING CONNECTIONS better welding results ONE STOP SHOPPING complete PE 100-RC piping system
Session 96 Workshop abstract not available at time of going to print. Please refer to the conference app or conference website for updates.
Session 97
www.agru.at
All fittings are made of PE 100-RC agru Kunststofftechnik Gesellschaft m.b.H. Ing.-Pesendorfer-Strasse 31 4540 Bad Hall, Austria T. +43 7258 7900 F. +43 7258 790 - 2850 148 office@agru.at
YEARS
2017 Blue Drop and Green Drop Requirements Rodney M Mathebula Session 97, Roof Terrace, 27 June 2018, 13:30-15:15 The Department of Water and Sanitation presents Blue and Green Drop programmes and water-related regulatory functions during the WISA Conference. The Chief Directorate: Water Services Regulation will present 2018 Blue and Green Drop programme requirements for the next two years as the assessment of both programmes will commence during the year; Green Drop and 2019 Blue Drop will commence towards the end of the year. This is the opportunity where the all water services institutions will be available to attend this workshop. They will also present the status of the following regulations and programmes:
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EXHIBITORS
Exhibitors
See pages 12 - 13 for Exhibition Hall Floor Plan
3S Media
Africa Utility Solutions Stand number: M8
3S Media is a modern media company offering quality information to business communities through magazines and digital media. There are currently eight regular print titles, as well as special annual publications, in the print stable. Many of these are produced in partnership with professional institutes, while the annual publications are produced in partnership with large private and public sector companies and organisations. A number of the titles have been recognised for publishing and journalism excellence.
Stand number: A23
Africa Utility Solutions (AUS) is a local company offering specialist services in water and wastewater treatment solutions, turnkey smart city turnkey solutions and is a supplier of various energy-efficient and watersaving products. AUS prides itself on being a leader and innovator, and implements all its projects efficiently and on time. Contact details:
3S Media has four industry websites with weekly newsletters offering breaking news, in-depth analysis, upcoming events and latest industry developments. With a strong social media presence, 3S Media is entrenched in and engaged with its communities.
e: info@africaut.co.za w: www.africaut.co.za
Alveo Water/Aquamart Stand number: M6 & M7
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 233 2600 e: enquiries@3smedia.co.za w: www.3smedia.co.za
African Tank Systems Stand number: C13
African Tank Systems specialises in the manufacture and installation of various steel water tanks, reservoirs, and digesters. The company offers a complete turnkey solution from project design to installation and is the TEFSA belt press agent in South Africa. For wastewater treatment plants and biogas plants, ATS can offer digesters, both mixed and heated.
Alveo specialises in the design, manufacture, installation and operation of water and wastewater treatment plants, including the entire civil and structural infrastructure component appurtenant to mechanical plants. The company offers a full range of consulting services with a team of professional engineers and tradesmen backed by a fully equipped workshop resourced to manufacture all water- and wastewater-related equipment as well as package plants. Alveoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s retails store, Aquamart, supplies water supply and water treatment related retail products, together with a workshop that offers repairs on pumps, blowers and electrical motors. Alveo is ISO 9001 compliant and provides quality one-stop solutions for private, listed and public enterprises.
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 616 7999 e: info@africantanks.co.za w: www.africantanks.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0) 21 851 2576 e: info@alveowater.co.za w: www.alveowater.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
Amanzi Meters
Anhui Jucheng Fine Chemicals Stand number: F8
Amanzi Meters was established in 2012 as a proudly South African manufacturer of water management systems and devices. It designs, develops and manufactures its own products, which include plastic water meters, ball valves and meter boxes. Products are manufactured in an ISO-rated facility and tested to ensure high-quality standards. Contact details: t: +27 (0)87 095 1318
Stand number: O16
Anhui Jucheng Fine Chemicals Co. Ltd is one of the biggest producers of polyacrylamide, with primary applications being water/wastewater treatment, mining, coal washing, ore-dressing, drilling fluids, EOR, papermaking, textile industry and sugar making (juice clarification).
e: sales@amanzimeters.co.za w: www.amanzimeters.co.za
Our range of polyacrylamide products include anionics, cationics and nonionics, and our annual capacity is 75 000 tonnes. We have been awarded ISO9001, IS014001, Kosher, Halal, NSF, FDA, OHSAS18001 certificates together with many Anhui provincial awards.
Anatech Stand number: F7
Contact details: t: +86 552 3511234/3519123 e: admin@cjccchem.com w: www.cjccchem.com
Anatech is a leading supplier of innovative analytical instrumentation and consumables, encompassing mass spectrometry, chromatography, microbiology, water analysis, elemental analysis, molecular spectroscopy and molecular biology. Anatech has a dedicated team of qualified specialists offering full service, application support and training on all instruments supplied, assuring you of our total commitment to premium products and services. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 462 6776
Aquamarine Water Treatment Stand number: A11 & B11
Aquamarine Water Treatment is a business unit of Murray & Roberts Water, forming part of Murray & Roberts Holdings, South Africa.
e: sales@anatech.co.za w: www.anatech.co.za w: www.amanzimeters.co.za
Aquamarine is backed by over 16 years of operational and engineering excellence in water and wastewater treatment solutions and chemicals supply. The joint capabilities of Aquamarine and Murray & Roberts Water include expertise to design, supply, construct, commission, operate, service and maintain water treatment solutions with appropriate technology and commercial packages that are structured to meet clientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; specific requirements. Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 788 5341 e: capetown@aquamarinewater.co.za w: www.aquamarinewater.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
AquaPlan
Aveng Water Stand number: I18 & Q18
Stand number: C15
Founded in 1995, AquaPlan has become a market leader in the water treatment engineering sector. We are a full-service firm with in-house engineering, design, consulting, manufacturing and construction divisions. Our portfolio includes the full spectrum of water treatment engineering services; and our competitive edge lies in quick, accurate, cost-effective, and professional help to our clients.
Aveng Water has a proven track record in the design, construction, project delivery and operation of advanced water treatment plants throughout Southern Africa. Through innovative design and world-class operations, we are able to offer clients practical, affordable and reliable solutions that meet their complete water treatment needs.
Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 979 2510
t: +27 (0)10 205 1800
e: enquiries@aquaplansa.co.za
e: info@avengwater.co.za
w: www.aquaplansa.co.za
w: www.avengwater.co.za
Aqua Resources SA
Avista Technologies Stand number: I6
Stand number: C5
Aqua Resources SA, established in 2013, focuses on product and technical support for ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis technologies. We distribute several products in sub-Saharan Africa, namely:
Avista Technologies is a trusted expert in membrane system chemicals and process support for reverse osmosis, microfiltration/ultrafiltration systems and multimedia filtration.
• INGE® ultrafiltration • Dow FILMTEC 8-inch RO membranes • Phoenix Vessel Technology – RO pressure vessels • Defra Water – high TDS membranes and marine desalination • EVERBLUE™ - pre-filtration
Highly effective and environmentally friendly products are supplied to RO systems across many industrial and drinking water applications. Our antiscalants allow higher recovery on systems, and our cleaners restore performance where other products have failed. Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +44 (0)13 1449 6677
t: +27 (0)11 100 4822
e: mjefferies@avistatech.co.uk
e: info@aquar.co.za
w: www.avistatech.com
w: www.aqua-resources.co.za
Becon Watertech
Astore Africa
Stand number: K12, L12 & L13 Stand number: J20
Astore Africa, a member of the Hudaco Group, is the leading supplier in Southern Africa of the most comprehensive range of thermoplastic pipe fitting, valves and pipeline accessories. Operating fot over 30 years, Astore Africa is an ISO 9001-accredited organisation and services all industries utilising pressured piping systems. Positioned as a leading supplier, Astore Africa has eight national branches and exclusive long-standing partnerships with well-renowned manufacturers. Contact details:
Becon Watertech is the leading provider of small-scale, packaged sewage treatment solutions in Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands. More than 2 000 plants, featuring our renowned RBC technology, have been sold since inception in 1974. This year, we are bringing Kingspan’s RBC to market to serve domestic users.
t: +27 (0)861 278 673 e: info@astorekeymak.co.za
Contact details
w: www.astorekeymak.co.za
t: +27 (0)11 752 1191 e: info@becon.co.za w:www.beconwatertech.com
151
EXHIBITORS
Boffin & Fundi
Circuit Water Stand number: G2 & G25
Stand number: M20
Boffin & Fundi is a black-owned company, mastering effective revenue optimisation, information technology and engineering solutions. We work with local government and private companies in municipal, utilities, telecommunications, retail and financial services sectors. Our latest internationally acclaimed technology, Aquaduct™, is a game-changer in water pipe network monitoring and leak detection.
Specialists in water and wastewater treatment solutions, Circuit Water was established in 1974 and is best known as SA’s leading aeration equipment supplier. It also provides screening equipment form Nordic Water Sweden, dewatering equipment from EMO in France, membrane filtration as well as the DynaSand continuous flow sand filter. Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 813 1083
t: +27 (0)12 346 3318
e: info@circuit.co.za
e: admin@bofn.co.za
w: www.circuit.co.za
w: www.boffinfundi.co.za
City of Cape Town
Bosch Projects
Stand number: F5 Stand number: L4
Bosch Projects is a Level 2 BBBEE provider of innovative consulting engineering solutions for infrastructure projects. Our services range from feasibility studies to master planning, design and project management of dams, urban and rural water supply and sanitation schemes, water and wastewater treatment works, as well as water loss management. We have successfully completed projects in more than 45 countries. Contact details:
The City of Cape Town will be an exhibitor at this prestigious event to showcase the various programmes, projects and campaigns initiated, developed and implemented to influence behaviour change, reduce water consumption and save our precious water in the context of the current drought and water crisis to avoid Day Zero.
t: 27 (0) 11 706 4558 e: fourieg@boschprojects.co.za
Contact details:
w: www.boschprojects.co.za
t: +27 (0)21 400 1111 e: contact.us@capetown.gov.za
Breede-Gouritz CMA
w: www.capetown.gov.za
Stand number: A13
Conns Water Solutions Stand number: C11
Breede-Gouritz Catchment Management Agency plays a key role in protecting, developing, conversing, managing and controlling water resources.
Conns Water Solutions is a water treatment company based in Cape Town, specialising in potable, industrial, effluent and grey water treatment.
Our mandate is to manage water resources in the Breede-Gouritz Water Management Area and to improve service delivery and the sustainability of water resources.
At WISA, we’re launching the Hydraloop, a cutting-edge household grey water treatment system that runs off your smart phone. Hydraloop has won numerous international awards and is now available in South Africa.
Vision: “Quality water for all, forever.”
Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 981 7601
Contact details:
e: info@connsfilters.co.za
t: +27 (0)23 346 8000
w: www.connsfilters.com
e: mmlabateki@bgcma.co.za w: www.breedegouritzcma.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
Consulting Engineers South Africa
CRI Fluid Systems
Stand number: I19
Stand number: E25 & F25
Consulting Engineers South Africa (CESA) is a voluntary association of consulting engineering firms with a member base across the country totalling in excess of 540 companies. CESA members are required to uphold the integrity of the industry by adhering to a professional code of ethics and providing quality and cost-effective professional consulting engineering services.
CRI FLUID SYSTEMS is a manufacturer of water pumps, motors and pumping systems. We produce over 1 200 models, catering to various segments. CRI has a wide range of products and solutions for various applications, namely agricultural industries, building services, general water supply, wastewater treatments, mining, and oil and gas. Contact details:
The organisation serves as a channel for clients to address industry concerns while at the same time providing a platform for the sharing of information with the aim of assisting in optimising the planning and delivery of infrastructure projects both in the public and private sector.
t: +27 (0)11 805 8631 e: cri@cripumps.co.za w: www.cripumps.co.za
CSIR
Contact details:
Stand number: G7
t: +27 (0)11 463 2022 e: general@cesa.co.za w: www.cesa.co.za
Corodex Industries/EFLO Stand number: I15 & J15
EFLO International Ltd is a UK company designing, manufacturing and selling water treatment plants globally, and offers services such as: potable water treatment of sea water and brackish water reverse osmosis, wastewater treatment, sewage and industrial treatment, grey water recycling and sludge dewatering. Established in the 1970s, the company has developed a range of innovative, OEM treatment processes. This innovation continues to the present day with the membrane bioreactor, novel forms of industrial waste treatment and reverse osmosis desalination. As water supply and treatment costs rise, water reuse is now a commercial requirement.
The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a world-class African research and development organisation that undertakes directed, multidisciplinary research and technological innovation that contributes to the improved quality of life of South Africans. The organisation plays a key role in supporting government’s programmes through directed research that is aligned with the country’s priorities, the organisation’s mandate and its science, engineering and technology competences. Contact details: t : +27 (0)12 841 2911 e: enquiries@csir.co.za w: www.csir.co.za
CSV - EOH Stand number: G17 & R17
Contact details: t: +44 (0)1608 686171 e: info@eflo.com w: www.eflo.com
EOH is the largest technology services provider in Africa and we provide the technology, knowledge, skills and organisational ability critical to Africa’s development and growth. We provide high value end-to-end solutions to its clients in all industry verticals following the Consulting, Technology and Outsourcing model. Our water solutions cover the entire spectrum of the water value chain, ranging from water infrastructure data collection and data management to large water and wastewater treatment infrastructure design, construction and operation. Our water offerings provide true integrated infrastructure development and management solutions. Contact details: t: +27 (0)12 667 6260 e: csv@csvwater.co.za w: www.csvwater.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
Dow Water & Process Solutions
Ecochem Pumps Stand number:H2 & H25
Stand number: A1, B1 & C1
A global leader in sustainable separation and purification technology, Dow Water & Process Solutions is helping to make water safer and more accessible, food taste better, pharmaceuticals more effective and industries more efficient, and is spearheading the development of sustainable technologies that integrate water and energy requirements. Dow Water & Process Solutions offers a broad portfolio of ion exchange resins, reverse osmosis membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, particle filters and electrodeionisation products, with strong positions in a number of application areas.
Ecochem Pumps is dedicated to service excellence in the dosing/mixing fields and project consultation. We have a large network within Sub-Saharan Africa and supply dosing equipment pumps and expertise in the petro chemical mining and food processing industries. Our head office is based in Germiston with workshop and extensive stock holding facilities. The company’s technical expertise is based on over 30 years’ experience and backed up by Milton Roy which has been active in the country since 1950.
Contact details: t: +1 989 636 1000
Contact details:
w: www.dow.com
t: +27 (0)11 455 5710 e: info@ecochempumps.co.za
Dosing System Applications Stand number: M16 & M17
w: www.ecochempumps.co.za
EkoSource Stand number: E23 & E24
DSA
Africa
Dosing System Applications (Pty) Ltd is the importer and distributor of world-leading technologies for accurate chemical metering and chemical transfer systems for the water, wastewater and industrial markets. Our product offering is versatile, accommodating all end user requirements, from simplistic manual systems to sophisticated control bases installation. Our technologies include DOSATRON – water-powered chemicals metering pumps; ETATRON – solenoid, peristaltic and motor-powered metering pumps; and the YTS range of air-powered double diaphragm slurry and chemical transfer pumps. Please visit our booth at the WISA conference to discuss your requirements. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 681 0030
Greenius = Smart, environmentally conscious individual or organisation Whether you are an individual, a family, a business, an industry or any other enterprise, you have the ability to become a Greenius. Join the growing community of free-thinking people and enterprises who are thriving by living and producing more sustainably, reducing their impact on the planet, and ensuring a brighter future for the next generations. Let EkoSource help you create a better tomorrow. Our smart solutions and products will help you save water and energy, and assist you in living and producing more sustainably.
e: sales@dsaafrica.com w: www.dosatron.com
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 704 7877 w: www.ekosource.co.za
154
EXHIBITORS
Electrolytic Technologies
ERWAT Stand number: M5
Electrolytic Technologies is the leading manufacturer of on-site chlorine and sodium hypochlorite generation systems. For decades, industrial users of chlorine gas, caustic soda and sodium hypochlorite have been forced to rely on regular deliveries of these chemicals to sustain their processes. With Electrolytic Technologies’ innovative and cost-effective onsite generation technologies, the safety risks and unpredictable costs of bulk delivered chemicals are a concern of the past. Contact details: t: (305) 655 2755
Stand number: D10 & D11
ERWAT was established in 1992 as a Section 21 company. Its shareholders are the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and Lesedi Local Municipality. ERWAT believes in consistent excellence in: • Expert wastewater treatment • Industrial wastewater quality management • Chemical and microbiological laboratory analysis • Research and development • Focused design and development of facilities • Proven technology.
e: info@electrolytictech.com w: www.electrolytictech.com
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 929 7000 e: wandah@erwat.co.za
Endress+Hauser
w: www.erwat.co.za
Stand number: P7 & P8
Eskom Stand number: B5
The challenges faced by the water and wastewater industry have never been greater. You need a partner who combines extensive industry knowledge and experience with an entire portfolio of measuring instruments, solutions and services. Endress+Hauser has developed its entire instrumentation, solutions and service portfolio with the requirements of your industry in mind. Contact details:
Eskom, one of the top utilities in the world by generation capacity, generates approximately 90% of the electricity used in South Africa and approximately 45% of the electricity used in Africa. Eskom generates, transmits and distributes electricity to about five million customers in the industrial, mining, commercial, agricultural and residential sectors, and to redistributors.
t: +27 (0)11 262 8000 e: info@za.endress.com
Contact details:
w: www.za.endress.com
t: +27 (0)11 800 8111 w: www.eskom.co.za
Envirosan Stand number: H1
Envirosan is a service-oriented company that builds ethical business relationships based on mutual trust and top-quality services. This is made possible through collaboration with market-leading equipment and partners who share our vision. Envirosan’s core business was established in 2006 to provide a comprehensive range of dignified sanitation solutions. Contact details: t: +27 (0)31 700 1866 e: info@envirosan.co.za w: www.envirosan.co.za w: www.za.endress.com
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EXHIBITORS
EWSETA
Festo
Stand number: E23 & E24
The Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority (EWSETA) is one of the 21 SETAs with the strategic mandate to anticipate, build and manage the skills development and training needs of the energy and water sector, through strategic skills planning and within the context of the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS III).
Stand number: O4
Festo is a leading worldwide supplier of automation technology and the performance leader in industrial training and education programmes. Festo’s research and development in the field of water/wastewater management has resulted in the award-winning EDS® training platform, on display at WISA 2018. Our aim: maximised productivity and competitiveness for our customers. Contact details: t: 08600 33786
As a result, EWSETA’s mission is focused on: • Comprehensive research and a sound understanding of the skills demand and supply dynamisms in our sector • Coordinating, facilitating and providing quality assurance for sector-relevant skills development programmes for our stakeholders, aligned with stated national skills development priorities • Establishing a sector skills pipeline to contribute positively towards government‘s economic growth policies, employment creation and the reduction of poverty. The future of South Africa’s developmental state lies in comprehensive skills development, ultimately resulting in an able workforce addressing the drivers of our economy – namely the water and energy sector. Visit the EWSETA stand and play the Aquarepublica game to stand a chance to win a daily prize. If you are the most successful overall catchment manager, you can win a valuable prize from EkoSource and EWSETA on Wednesday.
w: www.festo.com
Flowinn Stand number: D18
Flowinn is brand of electric actuator that has been manufactured both in Shanghai and Taiwan for over 10 years. Our non-clutch design and patented sun-and-planet gearing systems make us stand out and have earned us a reputation for safety, mechanical efficiency and longer life guarantee. Find out more by visiting our booth or our website. Contact details: t: +86 (0)21 5107 8661
Contact details
e: marketing@flowinn.com
t: +27 (0)11 274 4700
w: www.flowinn.com/en
e: info@eseta.org.za w: www.ewseta.org.za
Famsystem Technology
Green-Tech Water and Waste Technology Stand number: N14
Stand number: K21
Famsystem Technology offers a wide range of technologies, manufacturing from its premises situated in Kelvin, Sandton. The company has recently been set up but offers extensive experience in design and manufacturing.
156
Green-Tech Water and Waste Technology has partnered with K-PACKTM Water Technologies BV in the Netherlands, having the full technical support of the leading European wastewater treatment company.
Famsystem Technology has representation in KZN and the Western Cape, and supplies plant and equipment to the whole of South Africa, while exporting to Africa and beyond.
The company specialises in water treatment systems and can supply custom-made solutions and secondary treatment systems. Using standard modular equipment selected from design parameters established by jar tests and the chemical analysis of wastewater samples, Green-Tech can supply cost-effective solutions for treating water and wastewater to comply with the relevant local government by-laws.
Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)82 561 1727
t: +27 (0)21 850 0337
e: juan@famsys.co.za
e: info@green-tech.co.za
w: www.famsys.co.za
w: www.green-tech.co.za
EXHIBITORS
Grundfos
Hanna Instruments Stand number: I23, J23 & K23
Grundfos is a global leader in advanced pump system solutions and a trendsetter in water technology. We contribute to global sustainability by pioneering technologies that improve quality of life for people and the planet. Grundfos is a full-range supplier of intelligent pumps and systems for all water supply and wastewater applications. We optimise pump system solutions to provide maximum reliability and resource efficiency for our customers. Our solutions are state-of-the-art and our expertise is part of any delivery. be think innovate is our promise to society and customers.
Stand number: L21 & L22
Hanna Instruments is a global manufacturer of analytical instrumentation. Our products include benchtop, portable and in-line process control instrumentation that test parameters such as pH, ORP, EC, turbidity, chlorine and dissolved oxygen in solutions. We have a wide range of titrators, chemical metering pumps, colorimeters, test kits, reagents and accessories. Hanna Instruments has the widest range of water treatment products and equipment in the industry. Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 615 6076
t: +27 (0)10 248 6000
e: hanna@hanna.co.za
e: infro_za@grundfos.com
w: hanna.co.za
w: za.grundfos.com
Headstream Water Holdings (Pty) Ltd
Hach
Stand number: O12 Stand number: K10 & K11, L10 &L11
Quality of water is something we take very seriously at Hach. We know that your water analysis has to be right, which is why weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re dedicated to providing you with the complete solutions you need to feel confident in your analysis. By developing reliable, easy-to-use solutions, as well as providing you with access to knowledgeable expertise and support, Hach is helping ensure water quality all across the globe. Contact details:
Headstream is an innovative water company with a mission to provide high-quality, practical and sustainable technology-driven solutions to protect the environment, uplift communities, and make a meaningful contribution towards the protection and efficient use of our precious water resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Headstream seeks to partner with world-class organisations that share our passion for water and the environment, so that we can provide the best possible turnkey solutions. Headstream is a proud member of the Thebe Investment Corporation group of companies.
t: +1/970-669-3050 e: intl@hach.com
Contact details:
w: www.hach.com
t: +27 (0)11 886 7805 e: xoli@headstreamwater.co.za w: www.headstreamwater.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
Hulsman Water Treatment (HWT)
IDEXX Water
Stand number: N15
HWT is a water and wastewater treatment services provider offering complete installation and maintenance management solutions. Founded in 1994, the company has successfully commissioned in excess of 100 treatment plants. Typical projects include treatment of domestic and industrial effluent, food processing waste water, winery effluent and potable water generation.
Stand number: K14 & L14
IDEXX Water is a global provider of water testing solutions that deliver easy, rapid, accurate and cost-effective information on water quality to laboratories and public utilities around the world. IDEXX entered the water testing market in 1993 with Colilert®, now one of the most frequently used testing methods for the detection of coliforms and E.coli in water worldwide. More recently, IDEXX launched Pseudalert® for the 24-hour detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems, pools, spas and bottled water. Legiolert® was launched in 2017 for the rapid detection of Legionella pneumophila, helping to safeguard against Legionnaires’ disease in sensitive populations.
Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 881 3014 e: info@hwt.co.za w: www.hwt.co.za
Contact details:
IMDSA Pty Ltd / Eijkelkamp
t: 01638 676800
Stand number: M14
w: www.idexx.co.uk/water/water-testing-solutions.html
ImproChem Stand number: A10, B10 & C10
IDMSA offers soil and water sonic drilling and installation of monitoring equipment. It develops, produced and delivers smart solutions for soil and water projects worldwide. Contact details: t: +31 313 880200
ImproChem provides innovative management solutions and technologies for the industries we serve. Our vision is to move beyond complexity, by providing incremental asset management solutions that have a ripple effect on the net value gain for our customers, while achieving our goal of zero harm.
e: sales@eijkelkamp.com w: www.en.eijkelkamp.com
We work with our customers to develop integrated solutions for continuous improvement in equipment integrity, process efficiency and product quality, while minimising water usage and waste generation. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 971 0400 e: improchem@improchem.co.za w: www.improchem.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
Inkomati-Usuthu CMA
Innovation Norway Stand number: C23 & C24, D23 & D24 Stand number: R8
Cambi:
IUCMA is the water resource management agency in the Inkomati-Usuthu Water Management Area (WMA) established in terms of Section 78 of the National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998; NWA) to perform water resource management at catchment level. The management of the resources entails protection, use, development, conservation, management, and control of water resources within the WMA as contemplated in the NWA. It is also listed as a national public entity in Schedule 3A of the Public Finance Management Act (No 1 of 1999). The NWA has three pillars, namely Equity, Sustainability, and Efficiency. These pillars guide the principles within which water resources are managed in the Inkomati-Usuthu WMA. Contact details: t: +27 (0)13 753 9000
Cambi is the global leading provider of thermal hydrolysis and biogas solutions for sewage sludge and organic waste digestion. We deliver technologies that are efficient, low-maintenance and easy to operate, and support clients in achieving sustainability goals. Our services reduce risk and maximise profits, by ensuring optimal operations and beneficial utilisation. Isiflo:
Since 2004, ISIFLO AS had been a fully owned subsidiary company of the Dutch industry group Aalberts Industries NV. We develop and supply ISIFLO couplings and related products to the water and gas distribution industry. The company’s main ISIFLO products are composite push-in couplings, threaded pipe fittings and tapping saddles.
e: info@iucma.co.za w: www.iucma.co.za
EnviroNor:
EnviroNor is an environmental company, founded in March 2011 by Sigmund Larsen. Sigmund is also the creator of the EnviroNor Concept, and idea that forms the basis for his company and promotes the use of floating, offshore wastewater treatment and desalination solutions (as opposed to traditional, onshore facilities or plants). Høst:
HØST® is a bio-economy company that harvests nutrient values from recycling bio-residues and industrial resources to produce a variety of high-quality fertilisers and soil enhancers. Our products focus on improving the soil fertility with essential nutrients and organic substances, increasing the yield. Contact details: t: (+47) 22 00 25 00 w: www.innovasjonnorge.no/en/start-page
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EXHIBITORS
Integral Laboratories
Kevali Chemicals Stand number: O2
With a national footprint, Integral Laboratories offers a comprehensive scope of accredited analyses to a wide range industry sectors, encompassing all potable, effluent, industrial, marine and reclamation analytical requirements.
Stand number: F23 & F24
Kevali Chemicals specialises in water and process treatment for industry as well as the public drinking-water sector. Industries we cover are mining, pulp and paper, petrochemical and refinery, automotive, power generation, chemical, and municipalities and water boards.
Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 863 1238
Contact details:
e: neilvk@integrallabs.co.za
t: 086 153 8254
w: www.integrallabs.co.za
e: info@kevalichemicals.co.za w: www.kevalichemicals.co.za
iX engineers Stand number: D14
Khanya Engineered Projects Stand number: I7
KHANYA iX engineers is a Professional Consulting Engineering Practice specialising in civil, structural, chemical, process, electrical and mechanical engineering, as well as instrumentation and project management. iX engineers has a national footprint in Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Durban, Kimberley, Port Elizabeth and Upington offices. Our teams have worked across most continents and are well versed in international best practices, routinely applying state-of-the-art technology and systems to support a more efficient project process.
ENGINEERED PROJECTS
As a 51% black-owned and Level 2 BBBEE company, with 7ME PE and 6CE PE CIDB gradings, Khanya offers tailor-made water and wastewater treatment solutions to industrial and municipal clients. We handle each aspect of a project from scoping, design and procurement to installation, commissioning, troubleshooting, training, operation and maintenance of equipment. Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 316 0077
t: +27 (0)12 745 2000
e: isaac@khanyaprojects.com
w: www.ixengineers.co.za
w: www.khanyaprojects.com
Lepelle Northern Water
Kangsaite Valve Co
Stand number: B20 & B21
Stand number: K20
Kangsaite Valve Co. Ltd. (KST) is a group company with four subsidiary companies located in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Wenzhou. KST Group is involved in the manufacturing and marketing of pneumatic actuators, electric actuators, angle seat valves, diaphragm valves, ball valves, butterfly valves and more.
Lepelle Northern Water (LNW) is a state-owned water utility established in terms of Chapter 6 of the Water Services Act (No 108 of 1997). Its mandate is to provide bulk water services to water services authorities, mines and other industries within its mandated service area of Limpopo.
Contact details:
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t: +86 0577 86880766
Contact details:
e: marketing@kst-cn.com
t: +27 (0)15 295 1800
w: www.kst-en.com
w: www.lepelle.co.za
EXHIBITORS
LWI (Pty) Ltd
Magalies Water
Stand number: J12
Stand number: B14 & C14
LWI is a South African company that has excelled in water and environmental management for the past 16 years. We are committed to providing unique tailor-made and prefabricated water and wastewater technology that is affordable, robust and easy to operate.
The vision of Magalies Water is â&#x20AC;&#x153;To be the leading provider of quality water services in South Africaâ&#x20AC;?.
Our company provides innovative solutions for the treatment of municipal, industrial and residential drinking water. Our products range from small residential units of 700 litres per day to large municipal systems.
Magalies Water Board provides water services to Water Services Authorities, water services institutions and other users, which positively impacts the quality of life and economic growth for communities in our area of operation. The culture of Magalies Water is guided by its values, which are used as anchor points to establish the manner in which the entity approaches its activities and relates to its stakeholders.
Contact details: t: +27 (0)15 223 0067 e: info@lwi.co.za w: www.lwi.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0)14 597 4636 e: info@magalieswater.co.za
Macsteel Fluid Control
w: www.magalieswater.co.za
Stand number: L23 & L24
Marsi Water
Stand number: D6
Macsteel Fluid Control is a key, niche-focused business, operating throughout the various industry sectors. Macsteel supplies a comprehensive range of fluid control systems, holding sole agencies for a wide range of reputable product brands, including Bermad, Amri, and Amiad in Sub Saharan Africa. The company has highly skilled technical personnel with the necessary expertise and detailed knowledge of product design and specifications.
Marsi Water (Pty) Ltd is an established company serving the RO industry. Marsi Water representS several international companies. Avista Antiscalants membrane chemicals are supplied ex stock. We also offer the Danfoss APP range of high-pressure pumps and iSave energy-recovery devices. Pressure vessels and EDI further add to our range.
Contact details:
Contact details:
t: +27 (0)11 871 0000
t: +27 (0)87 086 0831
w: www.macsteel.co.za
e: sales@marsiwater.com w: www.marsiwater.com
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EXHIBITORS
MEB Energy
Membrane Solutions Stand number: N13 & N27
MEB is a global leading total solutions company. We deliver effective management and implementation solutions for complex projects in the fields of oil and gas, power, energy, and water. MEBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exclusive strategic business partnerships with leading worldwide vendors provide innovative technology and fast project deployment for water, wastewater and reuse solutions.
Stand number: D1
Membrane Solutions is a global separation and purification company serving customers in water-intensive industries. We focus on the municipal and industrial, pulp and paper, oil and gas, chemical and petrochemical, food and beverage, power generation, microelectronic, mining, and water treatment industries to best improve our customersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; water, energy and raw material efficiency. Contact details:
Contact details:
e: info@membrane-solutions.com
t: +27 (0)31 100 1200
w: www.membrane-solutions.com
e: info@meb.za.com w: www.meb.za.com
Merck (Pty) Ltd
Stand number: A12 & B12
Mega Membrane System Stand number: O8
Mega Membrane Systems (Pty) Ltd is the Southern African area representative of MEGA a.s. and FLUYTEC S.A. Our principals manufacture and globally supply equipment and systems used in membrane filtration systems (e.g. microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis) and electro-membrane systems (electrodialysis, electrodeionisation). We offer systems integration and project management for various membrane applications.
With the 2015 combination of Merck Millipore and Sigma-Aldrich, we now have a broad portfolio of 300 000 products, expanded global footprint and industry-leading e-commerce platform. Our purpose is to solve the toughest problems in life science by collaborating with the global scientific community.
Contact details:
Contact details:
w: www.mega-membranes.co.za
e: emssa@merck.co.za
w: www.mega.cz
w: www.merck.co.za
w: www.fluytec.com
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Merck and Sigma-Aldrich bring together world-class products, services and innovation capabilities to create a global leader in the life science industry by providing scientists and engineers with best-in-class lab materials, technologies and services.
Abstracts
EXHIBITORS
Messe München
Mhlathuze Water Stand number: Platinum Stand
Stand number: M15
Messe München is one of the leading exhibition organisers worldwide with more than 50 of its own trade shows for capital goods, consumer goods and new technologies.
Mhlathuze Water is one of the leading water utilities in South Africa today, providing a world-class service to its customers. The organisation’s commitment and focused direction in providing safe and dependable water services is demonstrated through its consistent success.
Every year, a total of over 50 000 exhibitors and around three million visitors take part in more than 200 events at the exhibition centre in Munich – at the ICM Internationales Congress Center München and the MOC Veranstaltungscenter München – as well as abroad. Together with its subsidiary companies, Messe München organises trade shows in Brazil, China, India, Iran, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Turkey and Vietnam. With a network of associated companies in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America, as well as around 70 representations abroad for over 100 countries, Messe München has a global presence.
Based in KwaZulu- Natal, Mhlathuze Water’s area of supply covers some 37 000 km2, stretching from the uThukela River in the south and up the East Coast to the Mozambique and Swaziland borders, around Vryheid and back to the uThukela River. Within this region, Mhlathuze Water has built and operates an inter-basin transfer scheme, a major water treatment plant, an offshore wastewater disposal pipeline, and manages water treatment and sewage plants on an agency basis for industry. Contact details: t: +27 (0)35 902 1000
IFAT Africa: www.ifat-africa.com
e: communication@mhlathuze.co.za w: www.mhlathuze.co.za
IFAT worldwide: www.ifat-worldwide.com
Monitoring & Control Laboratories
Contact details:
Stand number: B13
t: +49 89 949-20720 e: info@messe-muenchen.de w: www.messe-muenchen.de
Metrohm Stand number: Q17
We are a regional support centre for all sub-Saharan countries, including Mauritius and Madagascar. Our products are widely used in the environmental, pharmaceutical, research, food, mining, electroplating, petrochemical and water treatment industries and tertiary institutions. We supply: • Metrohm equipment • Autolab potentiostats and galvanostats • Metrohm NIR systems • Applikon on-line analysers.
Monitoring & Control Laboratories supplies laboratory and field instrumentation for complete water monitoring solutions, including water quality, discharge, currents, bathymetry, sediments, data logging and telemetry. We exclusively represent Xylem’s YSI and Sontek, Grant Instruments, BDH Chemicals, Atago refractometers, Binder ovens, Retsch sample preparation, Brookfield viscometers, and VWR instruments and consumables. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 608 4664 e: sales@moncon.co.za w: www.moncon.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 656 1918 / +27 (0)21 852 0213 / +27 (0)31 265 0067 w: www.metrohm.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
N&Z Instrumentation Stand number: I1 & I2
N&Z Instrumentation is a local supplier with a 65-year track record. We service and support municipalities and local authorities with high-quality instruments, locally manufactured loggers and software systems. We specialise in: • water metering • automatic meter reading (AMR) • water loss and reservoir management • water quality measurement • Blue Drop/Green Drop/No Drop • leak detection. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 435 1080 e: enquiries@nz.co.za w: www.nz-online.co.za
Netherlands Pavilion Stand number: G21, G23, G28 & H21, H23, H28
Lynnwood Living/Xenz is one of the finest bath and shower system producers in Europe. With its in-house design team, high tech factory and experienced sales team Xenz is already for many years a preferred partner for implementing first-class bathroom solutions. With water saving as a core-value Xenz developed the game-changing UPFALL shower system for international markets bringing top level shower experience to drought stricken places in the world. w: www.xenz.nl PUM Netherlands’ senior experts offers freeof-charge advisory services to SMEs in regard to water and wastewater among many other areas of expertise. Our volunteer experts have over 30 years of experience in their fields. w: www.pum.nl Rollepaal is a leading manufacturer of pipe extrusion equipment for PVC, PVC-O and PO pipe. Rollepaal serves the global market with facilities in the Netherlands, USA and India and has dedicated agents all over the world. With over 50 years of experience, Rollepaal is able to build high quality equipment for the plastic pipe extrusion market based on leading innovative technology and a clear customer focus. It is our mission to contribute actively to the success of our customers by offering sustainable cost saving solutions. Our cost saving solutions are innovative and ensure a lasting competitive edge.
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Rollepaal provides first class solutions in pipe extrusion in the range from 16 mm to 1 200 mm. Products include extruders, die heads, cooling units, haul offs, cutters and scanners. In addition to this, Rollepaal has extensive captive material handling capacities to complete our market offerings. w: www.rollepaal.com Mienis Waterzuivering is a pioneering water treatment company. The business started off by developing highly effective, energy-efficient reverse osmosis systems in the Netherlands. We have been specialising in water treatment for more than 48 years and have built up an extensive customer portfolio in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The features of our systems include: • up to 50% lower energy demand than similar systems • full automatic RO flushing and CIP (cleaning in place) • CIP system is fully integrated in the system including valves, heating element, pressure control, water flow control and a lot more. The only thing left to do is feeding the right chemicals as instructed by us. • full automatic preservation • plug and play • PLC-controlled, including touchscreen and remote monitoring • membrane technology like desalination and reverse osmosis • drinking water production • water recycling • wastewater treatment. w: www.mienis-water.nl E.S.A. Inova is the innovative branch of E.S.A. Group. E.S.A. Inova is engaged in innovative projects in the (drinking) water sector. We develop installations that are suitable for water treatment independently but also in combination with each other. This creates a flexible water treatment that can be put together according to the customer’s wishes. E.S.A. Inova is in possession of a project team that will think along with the customer about the correct construction of a project. We will go through all wishes with the customer and realise it. In international projects, this will be in collaboration with a local agent. The (drinking) water treatment was designed by means of technical and practical knowledge of Drs. Ing. Charles van Rossum. He is also the driving force behind E.S.A. Group. His work is supported by managing director Sanne van Rossum. w: www.esagroup.nl Hydraloop International is committed to inspire people to save water, energy and money with smart, innovative and affordable water recycling consumer products. Hydraloop is an award winning, innovative in-house water recycling system that collects, cleans and disinfects shower, bath and washing machine water. The water can be reused for various purposes such as toilet flushing, washing machine, garden and/or swimming pool. Hydraloop water is clean, clear and safe and meets international standards. Hydraloop saves water by recycling 85% of the total domestic water used indoors. Hydraloop uses a completely new cleaning method by uniquely combining 6 water cleaning methods into one integrated continuous cleaning process, without using any filters or chemicals. In addition, Hydraloop is fully automatic, affordable, user-friendly, easy to install, has low maintenance, is self-cleaning, has a stylish design, is Wi-Fi connected with smartphone app and takes up only 0.27 m2 of floor space. w: www.hydraloop.com
EXHIBITORS
MTD is a service provider in the field of temporary drink- and waste water infrastructure and is active in three business units: 1) Event, 2) Expo and 3) Industry. MTD is a (turnkey) service provider with strengths in logistics and operations of water infrastructure and treatment facilities. Through an existing network of local offices and warehouses, MTD can serve its clients worldwide. MTD has offices and warehouses in Tilburg, Amsterdam, Basingstoke, Berlin, Paris, Moscow, Atlanta, Rio de Janeiro, Seoul and Tokyo. Services include: • drinking water treatment (including desalination) • drinking water infrastructure • wastewater infrastructure • wastewater management to meet local discharge criteria. With respect to the Event/Expo business units, MTD is serving major events worldwide. These include the Summer and Winter Olympic games and major international festivals like Tomorrowland and Rock in Rio. With respect to the Industry BU, MTD is focusing on temporary accommodations, energy projects (on- and offshore), humanitarian and emergency response, mining, public services, defence and agricultural projects. w: www.mtd.net Royal IHC enables its customers to execute complex projects from sea level to ocean floor in the most challenging of maritime environments. We are a reliable supplier of innovative and efficient equipment, vessels and services for the offshore, dredging and wet mining markets. With a history steeped in Dutch shipbuilding since the mid-17th Century, we have in-depth knowledge and expertise of engineering and manufacturing high-performance integrated vessels and equipment, and providing sustainable services. With our commitment to technological innovation we strive to continuously meet the specific needs of each customer in a rapidly evolving world. w: www.royalihc.com HydroNET is a multiple-award-winning web-based decision support system which transfers weather and water data into sophisticated applications and dashboards. Climate change and a fast-growing population in cities forces water professionals to deal more often with excessive rainfall, (flash)floods, water quality issues, longer periods of drought and rising sea levels. Easy access to the right information is essential in reducing impacts and risks before, during and after events. The HydroNET software as a service (SaaS) solution empowers over 2 500 water professionals worldwide to make well-informed and transparent decisions for the analysis and sustainable management of their water resources. w: www.hydronet.com
water/flood management) using smartphones as an intelligent device. We achieve this by exploiting existing wireless/cellulor network and low-cost investment in infrastructure upgrade. w: www.mobilewatermanagement.com The Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) is your gateway to the Dutch water sector. Companies, NGOs, knowledge institutes and government have joined forces in this public-private partnership. From water purification to spatial planning, from governance to land reclamation, from small scale solutions to mega structures, the partnership has the expertise. The members of the partnership work together to offer sustainable, multifunctional water solutions for people, planet and profit worldwide. The partnership, consisting of 200 members, acts as a centre of information on water expertise, policy developments and market opportunities. But NWP is more than an information source; the organisation also initiates, coordinates and executes projects for its members and organizes trade missions, exhibitions and conferences. Let’s work together! For more information about Dutch water expertise, projects, knowledge, education and events around the world, please check the website. w: www.dutchwatersector.com. Mozambican Water Platform (PLAMA) is a network of Mozambican water sector organizations aimed at improving the organization of the same and increased performance within the sector compared to other sectors Mozambicans and internationally. It is also a mechanism for dialogue and structured participation of the private sector and non-governmental development in the Water sector. ProPLAMA PLAMA is the name of the project, in the initial phase with a duration of 3 years. The challenges related to the water sector in Mozambique require integrated solutions that require different actors from different sub-sectors. So PLAMA behind private companies, government organizations, academic institutions and non-governmental organizations around the water sector. Since water supply civil engineering, sanitation and irrigation from the Integrated Management of Water Resources to flood control. w: www.plama.org.mz
Mobile Water Management is a spinoff from the Technology Institute, Delft University, founded in the Netherlands and is a leading technology firm specialising in pattern recognition (optical and sound) technologies and ”self-learning” software solutions. It consists of a strong international team with field experience and scientific expertise in operational water management and the utility sector. We have implemented decision support systems (DSS) for water management all around the world. Our mission is to drive complete digitization of field measurement operations in various industries (e.g. utilities,
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EXHIBITORS
NuWater
OPECS Stand number: A2 & B2
Stand number:I24 & J24
As a pioneer in the South African water industry, NuWater is a specialist in advanced water treatment solutions focusing on medium- to large-scale capacities for a variety of water sources, including ground, surface, sea, industrial and effluent. NuWater is able to customise solutions specific to the treatment requirements of its client.
OPECS (Pty) Ltd is a group of companies providing cutting-edge technologies and unique solutions in the field of water management solutions and expertise in professional project management.
NuWater offers mobile, modular and rapidly deployable water treatment solutions, with a large rental fleet available for short- and long-term deployment. The additional advantage of NuWater’s modular solutions is the ease of relocating and redeploying its units elsewhere.
OPECS provides cutting-edge technology in the field of wastewater treatment, providing a new invention that is both efficient and effective. It is in this field that OPECS has invested resources in building its capacity to understand the acute challenges of sanitation and water scarcity. Contact details:
Making use of the latest in innovative technologies and best-in-class equipment, NuWater has positioned itself as an industry expert in water filtration and treatment. This includes clarifiers, multi-media filtration, cartridge filtration, reverse osmosis, seawater desalination systems, and sewage treatment plants.
t: +27 (0)12 665 1345 e: info@opecs.co.za w: www.opecs.co.za
PerkinElmer Stand number: D13
Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 788 3125 e: info@nuwaterglobal.com w: www.nuwaterglobal.com
Odour Control Group Stand number: D15
The Odour Control Group specialises in the supply and servicing of stateof-the-art odour control solutions. We offer a wide range of solutions including chemical dry-scrubbing systems and bio-filtration. Contact us for a professional solution to your odour control problem. Contact details: t: +27 (0)12 111 0837 e: sales@odorcure.com w: www.odorcure.co.za
PerkinElmer Inc – a global leader focused on improving the health and safety of people and the environment – is represented in Southern Africa through a direct operation based in Midrand, with support offices in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban. Our offices support the business across all Southern African countries in the following key markets: environmental, water analysis, academia, mining and mineral testing, chemical and petrochemical analysis, pharmaceutical applications, and food and beverage safety testing. PerkinElmer provides solutions in the following areas: • molecular spectroscopy • atomic spectroscopy • chromatography • thermal and elemental analysis • mass spectrometry. Contact details: w: www.perkinelmer.com
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EXHIBITORS
Prentec
Pure Life Stand number: M9
Since 1974, Prentec has led the way as South Africa’s premier provider of water, mine, seawater, sewage and industrial effluent treatment technology. Our modern manufacturing facility is equipped to provide process plant and equipment fabrication in both carbon and stainless steel.
Stand number: H24
Pure Life, which manufactures filters and RO systems, is an Egypt-based company supplying water treatment and filtration products around the globe.
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 976 5234
Pure Life specialises in designing and manufacturing various filter cartridges used for different applications.
e: info@prentec.co.za w: www.prentec.co.za
Protea Chemicals Stand number: P17 & P18
Our products are used in a wide range of industries, including chemical processing, oil and gas, semiconductor, water treatment (including the production of ultrapure water), food and beverage, and pharmaceuticals. We deliver high-quality filters that operate optimally with water of diverse degrees of salinity, consequently reducing operational cost. Contact details: t: +20 572 290 0578
Protea Chemicals is one of the leading suppliers of water treatment chemicals for industrial and potable applications. Protea operates large factories producing flocculants and coagulants in Durban and Cape Town. Protea is one of the world’s few producers of DADMAC monomer. Products are supported by technical service and related equipment.
e: chairman@purelife-filters.com w: www.purelife-filters.com
QFS – Quality Filtration Systems Stand number: G4 & G5
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 709 8888 e: info@proteachemicals.co.za w: www.proteachemicals.co.za
Proxa Stand number: M18 & M19
Quality Filtration Systems brings water treatment solutions by supplying, manufacturing and installing advanced water treatment equipment. It provides desalination and reuse of municipal and industrial waters treated by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis technologies. Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 853 5248
Proxa is a leading provider of integrated water solutions – thinking water differently. Being in a water-scarce country, the management, protection, use and reuse of water is critical to all. Our focus is to minimise environmental impact, maximise production, and ensure safe drinking water in a cost-effective and sustainable way.
e: info@qualityfilters.co.za w: www.qualityfilters.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 656 3321 e: enquiries@proxawater.com w: www.proxawater.com
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EXHIBITORS
Rand Water
Rheochem Stand number: I10 & I11; J10 & J11
Rand Water was officially established on 8 May 1903 by Rand Water Board according to the Ordinance No 32 of May 1903 in order to supply potable water to the entire Witwatersrand area. Rand Water with 3 500 kilometres of pipelines and a production of 4 000 megaliters per day, is the largest bulk water utility in Africa and is one of the largest in the world. It provides bulk potable water to more than 16 million people in Gauteng, including 26 additional municipalities in the rest of Mpumalanga, North West and Free State. The additional area stretches over 18 000 km2. Rand Water draws water mainly from the Vaal Dam catchment and treats it for human consumption. The water is then supplied to municipalities, mines and industries. These municipalities include the three major metros – Johannesburg, Tshwane and Ekurhuleni – who in turn supply water. All metros are Blue Drop accredited.
Stand number: D12
Rheochem is a chemical company specialising in the treatment of conventional drinking water, industrial water and effluent, and sewage. With the drought having created greater awareness of South Africa’s classification as a water-scarce country, Rheochem’s current focus is the chemical treatment required for effective demineralisation of seawater and effluent. Contact details: t: +27 (0)31 700 3700 e: gen@rheochem.co.za w: www.rheochem.co.za
Romer Environmental Protection Stand number: R7
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 682 0911 w: www.randwater.co.za
Ravago Chemicals Stand number: L3
Romer Environmental Protection (ShenZhen) Co. Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise that has strived to deliver seawater desalination that meets the requirements of military ships, working vessels, luxury yachts and seaside or island resorts. We provide the most innovative and reliable RO purification systems, which have established Romer as a leader in seawater desalination. Contact details: t: 086 755 86219380 e: salesdirector@romertech.com w: www.romertech.com
Ravago Chemicals is a specialist for all products related to the water treatment. We offer our customers a wide variety of high quality products, individual advice and best service for all types of water treatment plants. We offer the possibility of system components appropriate to combine with perfectly matched products. Through sales network, we support our clients at their location. Contact details: t: +44 1638 724912 e: info.uk@ravagochemicals.com w: www.ravagochemicals.com
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EXHIBITORS
SA Leak Detection Distributers
SBS Tanks
Stand number: A4 & B4; A3 & C3
Stand number: J19
We provide water leak detection, utility location, internal pipe condition assessment and CCTV pipe inspection camera equipment or services in Africa suited for municipal, commercial and residential use.
SBS Tanks® is a proudly South African company, manufacturing Zincalume® steel panel tanks, PVC inner liners, accessories and fittings at its world-class facility in KZN. Being ISO 9001 and OHSAS 18001 certified, SBS offers premium water storage solutions with a 10-year warranty and a tank lifespan of 60+ years.
We also offer equipment training. Pinpointing the leak is not enough; we supply and install a unique technology to seal leaks using Nu Flow liquid epoxy.
Contact details: t: 086 048 2657 e: water@sbstanks.co.za w: www.sbstanks.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0)87 160 0376 e: gp@saleak.co.za
Schneider Electric
w: www.saleak.co.za
Stand number: E5
S.A.M.E. Water Stand number: G8
Schneider Electric is leading the digital transformation of energy management and automation in homes, buildings, data centres, infrastructure and industries.
S.A.M.E Water stands firm as one of the very best in the water and wastewater industry. With over 50 years experience we are able to supply a full range of world class locally manufactured equipment. All backed by a highly skilled maintenance and repair division fully stocked for quick turnaround time on breakdowns throughout South Africa. Contact details:
With a global presence in over 100 countries, Schneider is the undisputable leader in power management – medium voltage, low voltage and secure power, and in automation systems. We provide integrated efficiency solutions, combining energy, automation and software. In our global ecosystem, we collaborate with the largest partner, integrator and developer community on our open platform to deliver real-time control and operational efficiency.
t: +27 (0)72 431 2183 e: sales@same.co.za w: www.samewater.co.za
We believe that great people and partners make Schneider a great company and that our commitment to innovation, diversity and sustainability ensures that ‘Life Is On’ everywhere, for everyone and at every moment. Contact details: w: www.schneider-electric.co.za
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EXHIBITORS
Separations
Sensus South Africa
Stand number: A15 & B15
Stand number: F17
Separations Simply Spectacular
Sensus South Africa (Pty) Ltd is an original equipment manufacturer of water measuring equipment in the form of domestic and bulk water meters, including associated accessories for data transfer. Sensus South Africa, previously Meinecke Meters, also supplies metering solutions in the form automatic meter reading (AMR) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI).
Separations is a laboratory, biopharmaceutical process, and lab automation specialist company. Five dedicated Sales Divisions, an Applications and Support Division, as well as a Service Department work together to provide customers with complete and premium quality solutions. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 919 1000 e: info@separations.co.za w: www.separations.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 466 1680
Set Point Laboratories
w: www.sensus.com
Stand number: C6
Sedibeng Water Stand number: A21 & A22
Sedibeng Water was established on 1 June 1979. It initially serviced the Free State Goldfields and parts of the former Western Transvaal. In 1996, Sedibeng Water extended its operational area to the North West province. Since then, Sedibeng Water grew to include the Vaal Gamagara water scheme in the Northern Cape Province. In 2011, Sedibeng Water expanded its operational area further with the incorporation of the Namakwa Water Board. As a result, Sedibeng Water is now serving the Nama Khoi Local Municipality (Steinkopf, Okiep, Concordia, Carolusberg, Nababeep and Springbok) as well as mines in the arid north-western part of the Northern Cape. Sedibeng Water has recently also incorporated Pelladrift and Botshelo Water Boards into its operations. The organisation currently services an operational area spanning across three provinces: the Free State, North West and Northern Cape. This makes Sedibeng Water one of the largest water utilities in the country. Contact details:
Set Point Laboratories, a part of Torre Industries, is an ISO 17025 accredited analytical chemistry lab. The laboratory holds a COR from the National Nuclear Regulator to handle and analyse radioactive isotopes. Set Point Laboratories currently has a Level 3 BBBEE rating and is verified as a value-adding supplier, resulting in 100% preferential procurement recognition. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 923 7100 w: www.setpointwaterlaboratories.co.za
Shanghai Liansheng Pump-Making Stand number: F4
Shanghai Liansheng Pump-making Co., Ltd. is located in Shanghai, China. Established in the 1960s, it is a comprehensive enterprise with a long history. It produces stainless steel centrifugal pumps, chemical pumps, sewage pumps, control cabinets, fire pumps, etc.
t: +27 (0)56 515 0200 e: ceosec@sedibengwater.co.za
Contact details:
w: www.sedibengwater.co.za
t: 86 21 59270745 w: www.lianshengpump.en.made-in-china.com
170
EXHIBITORS
Shijiazhuang Yuncang Water Technology
Sobek Engineering (Pty) Ltd
Stand number: O7
Shijiazhuang Yuncang Water Technology is a manufacturer and trading enterprise, specialising in water treatment chemicals, such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanuric acid/polyacrylamide/ polyDADMAC/polyamine/antifoam, etc. With more than 20 years of full experience and a professional sales team, we can provide a full line of chemicals, technical backup and complete solutions for various projects. Contact details:
Stand number: J6
Sobek is a multidisciplinary consulting engineering, project management and management advisory firm operating in the infrastructure sector and specialising in water infrastructure. Sobek aspires to assist public and private entities to expand and maintain their infrastructure in such a manner that meets the interests of all stakeholders.
w: www.aquaenjoy.com Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 472 9294
Siemens AG
w: www.sobek.co.za
Stand number: K24
Structa Group of Companies Stand number: A14
Siemens AG (Berlin and Munich) is a global technology powerhouse that has stood for engineering excellence, innovation, quality, reliability and internationality for 170 years. The company is active around the globe, focusing on electrification, automation and digitalisation. One of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest producers of energy-efficient, resource-saving technologies, Siemens is a leading supplier of efficient power generation and power transmission solutions, and a pioneer in infrastructure solutions as well as automation, drive and software solutions for industry. Contact details:
As a member of Structa Group, Prestank offers pressed steel sectional water tanks that provide a hygienically safe, cost-effective and reliable way to store water for the commercial and private sectors, and even for personalised storage. Capacities range from 1 500 litres to 4.2 million litres.
t: +49 (69) 797 6660 w: www.siemens.com
Contact details: t: +27 (0)16 362 9100 e: watertanks@structatech.co.za
Sizabantu Piping Systems
w: www.structa.co.za
Stand number: J13 & K13
Tecroveer (Pty) Ltd Stand number: K12; L12 & L13
PIPING SYSTEMS South Africa
Sizabantu Piping Systems (SPS) is a limited liability company that was established in 2002. SPS is involved in the manufacture, marketing and distribution of predominantly plastic pipe solutions, to the infrastructure, agriculture, mining and industrial market sectors in Southern Africa. We are proudly Sizabantu. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 237 2200 w: www.sizabantupipingsystems.com
Tecroveer aims to provide holistic solutions in the water and wastewater industry. We enable our clients to maximise their resource recovery by offering sludge solutions, waste-to-energy and more. We design and commission wastewater treatment projects, refurbish and operate plants. The award-winning, Eastern Basin AMD project showcases our abilities. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 752 1191 e: info@tecroveer.co.za w: www.tecroveer.co.za
171
EXHIBITORS
Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority
Utility Systems
Stand number: E28 & F28
Stand number: E1&2; F1&2
The Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) projects provide bulk water infrastructure – the essence of TCTA’s existence. TCTA is currently managing a number of projects, meeting its mandate to finance and implement bulk raw water infrastructure such as dams, tunnels, pipelines and pump stations. The projects that TCTA manages include: the Short-Term and Long-Term Intervention of Acid Mine Drainage, the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, the Berg Water Project, the Vaal River Eastern Subsystem Augmentation Project, the Mooi-Mgeni Transfer Scheme Phase 2, the Olifants River Water Resource Development Project Phase 2, the Komati Water Scheme Augmentation Project, and the Mokolo-Crocodile Water Augmentation Project.
Utility Systems, established in 2001, offers STS prepayment smart water meters and electronic water management devices to a global customer base. Its solutions are built around its water management device, which allows for the remote control, configuration and management of water meters in the domestic, small commercial and bulk market segments. Contact details: t: +27 (0)31 700 4143 e: enquiries@utility-systems.co.za w: www.utility-systems.co.za
Valmet
Contact details:
Stand number: E4
t: +27 (0)12 683 1200 e: info@tcta.co.za w: www.tcta.co.za
Umgeni Water Stand number: N10, N11, N12 & N26
Umgeni Water is one of the largest catchment-based water utilities in Southern Africa. It is the largest bulk water supplier in KwaZulu-Natal mandated to treat and supply bulk potable water to municipalities. Umgeni Water supplies about 410 m3 of drinking water per annum to 6 million people, within a radius of 21 155 km2. It has a total asset value of R7.6 billion, and manages 14 storage dams, 17 water works and nine wastewater works. Umgeni Water’s infrastructure includes an extensive network of pipelines, inter-basin transfer tunnels, major pump stations and reservoirs. In support of its operations, Umgeni Water’s Laboratory Services provides a quality service that adheres to internationally recognised standards. The water sampling programme is ISO 9001 certified and the analytical competence of the laboratory is demonstrated by continued accreditation to the ISO/IEC 17025 standards. Contact details:
Based on many years of experience and know-how, Valmet offers innovative and superior solids measurement solutions for wastewater treatment plants, featuring new efficient technologies to fulfil ever tighter water quality and requirements. Valmet’s solids sensors provide benefits for all sludge processing stages, offering reliability to the end customer when optimising their wastewater treatment plants. Contact details: t: +358 (0)10 672 0000 w: www.valmet.com
Veolia Water Technologies South Africa Stand number: G20 & H20
Veolia Water Technologies provides the design, build, maintain, operate and upgrading of water and wastewater treatment facilities for industrial and municipal clients. In a rapidly urbanising world, optimising scarce water resources, reducing environmental footprint, transforming wastewater into a valuable resource and ensuring secure access to drinking water have become necessities. Veolia is the world leader in desalination, drinking water, wastewater, process water and reuse.
t: +27 (0)33 341 1111 e: info@umgeni.co.za
Contact details:
w: www.@umgeni.co.za
t: +27 (0)10 040 7310 w: www.veoliawatertechnologies.co.za
172
EXHIBITORS
Vovani Water Products (Pty) Ltd
Water Components SA
Stand number: J1 & J2; K1 & K2; L1 & L2
Stand number: E20 & E21; F20 & F21
Vovani Water Products provides safe, reliable and technologically advanced products used in the manufacturing of water treatment plants for various industries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Vovani offers a wide and unique range of products for the water treatment industry in SSA. We represent top international brands, in order to assist you, as the customer with your water treatment solutions and projects.
Water Components South Africa (WCSA) is the preferred supplier to the water treatment industry across sub-Saharan Africa. Our one-stop-shop approach, coupled with a bespoke product offering, brings unparalleled value to you and your business.
Contact details: t: +27 (0)10 140 3773 e: henk@vovani.co.za w: www.vovani.co.za
A large stock holding spread across our facilities in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban allows for a quick turnaround time to service our regular customer base of more than 1 000 water treatment companies. Exclusive distribution agreements with Dow Filmtec, Genesys, Dryden Aqua, EWP, Firstline, Darlly and many other brands result in an unmatched product offering with quality that’s hard to beat. Contact details:
WADER
t: +27 (0)21 001 8899
Stand number: I14 & J14
e: emma@watersa.co.za w: www.watercomponents.co.za
Water Connections Stand number: C12
The DST, in collaboration with WRC, established WADER to pull together applied research and development and commercialisation stages of the water innovation continuum. Acting as an innovation intermediary, the programme’s mission is to facilitate high-level, collaborative technology demonstrators from public and private sectors to maximise the potential of the water innovation value chain. WADER promotes the early adoption of promising technologies and accelerates innovation in the water sector by showcasing technologies that have gone through a credible assessment process. Through a series of open calls for water technologies – which are in the emerging, pre-commercial or newly commercialised stages of diffusion – innovative water and sanitation technologies will be identified, evaluated and showcased to interested parties like municipalities and industry.
Water Connections is a South Africa-based water saving company featuring the latest Neoperl water saving devices from Germany and Conti+ Swiss sensor faucets. Our devices and sensor taps are primary installations in efficient water use and management for all public, private and commercial water points. Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 447 0985 e: info@waterconnections.co.za w: www.waterconnections.co.za
Contact details: t: +27 (0)12 761 9300 e: wader@wrc.org.za w: www.wader.org.za
173
EXHIBITORS
Water Research Commission
WEC Projects
Stand number: C19 & D19
WAT E R
RES EA RC H C O M MI S S I O N
The mission of WRC is to be a global water knowledge node and South Africa’s premier water knowledge hub active across the innovation value chain that informs policy- and decision-making, supports the national transformation and redress project, develops sustainable solutions, and deepens water research and development in South Africa and the developing world. It was deemed to be of national importance to generate new knowledge and to promote the country’s water research.
Stand number: I13
WEC Projects (Pty) Ltd is a leading EPC contractor specialising in the provision of engineered solutions in the water and wastewater treatment industries. Our core focus areas include water treatment, sewage treatment, biogas-to-energy projects and sludge beneficiation solutions. We are the exclusive licensee for Nereda® in South Africa. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 745 5500 w: www.wecprojects.com
WETSPEC CC
Contact details:
Stand number: C20
t: +27 (0)12 761 9300 e: info@wrc.org.za w: www.wrc.org.za
Watermaster Stand number: G1
Watermaster is the leading multipurpose dredging and water construction machine in the market. Watermasters are powerful compact machines designed to take on the most challenging shallow water cleaning, maintenance and construction work.
WETSPEC CC is a Durban-based black-owned company that offers a variety of services for water and wastewater treatment, as well as for industrial effluent. WETSPEC delivers full turnkey services in these focus sectors. We are the sole agents for Sodimate (lime dosing system) and Parkson (wastewater equipment). Contact details: t: +27 (0)31 569 4184 e: info@wetspec.co.za w: www.wetspec.co.za
Watermaster keeps waterways, lakes, dams, rivers operational, maintain industrial ponds and prevent floods. Watermaster amphibious multipurpose machines excel alone in the tasks that are conventionally handled with multiple separate machines. Watermaster reduces investment, operational and maintenance costs, since one machine does the work of many separate machines. Contact details: t: +27 (0)21 788 2123 e: info@watermaster.co.za w: www.watermaster.fi
174
EXHIBITORS
Winelands UV Technology
Wilo Pumps SA
Stand number: I12
Stand number: H4 & H5
Wilo Pumps is an internationally recognised manufacturer of high-tech water pumps and pumping accessories. Resource scarcity, climate change and increasing urbanisation are rapidly changing water management requirements for the future and we have the solutions.
Winelands UV Technology (WUVT) is a UV specialist and supplier of Hanovia & Berson UV systems for the industrial and municipal markets. WUVT is the sole Southern African distributer for Berson UV Techniek from the Netherlands as well as Hanovia from the UK. UV technology is a non-chemical and reliable disinfection technology.
Visit us at WISA 2018 in Hall B, H4 & H5. Contact details: Contact details:
t: +27 (0)82 561 9676
t: +27 (0)11 608 2780
e: hans@winelandsuvt.co.za
e: www.wilo.co.za
w: www.winelandsuvt.co.za
w: www.wilo.com/za/en
WPCP
WISA
Stand number: C2 & D2 Stand number: Q7 & Q8
WISA is a non-profit company that is constantly evolving to meet the ever-changing needs of the sector and its members. The institute currently serves some 3 000 water sector professionals, companies, government departments, educational and research institutions, other associations, municipalities and water utilities as members.
WPCP is a multidisciplinary water treatment company, offering expertise in a number of technical areas such as potable water treatment, filtration, design and the construction of water and/or wastewater plants, water reuse plants and membrane plants, including MBR, UF and SWRO. WPCP is an 8 ME registered (CIBD grading) and Level 8 BBBEE company. Water, that’s our business.
WISA achieves its vision of ‘Inspiring Passion for Water’ by providing platforms for the promotion, integration and application of scientific, engineering and management knowledge in the water cycle through its newsletters, magazines, events and websites.
Contact details: t: +27 (0)31 502 3310 e: info@wpcp.co.za w: www.wpcp.co.za
Contact details: t: 086 111 9472 e: clientcare@wisa.org.za w: www.wisa.org.za
175
EXHIBITORS
WSSA
Zamangwane Water Technology Stand number: M18 & M19
WSSA was established in 1983 and has triple certification: ISO 9001:2008; ISO 14001:2004 and OSHAS 18001:2007. The company specialises in the management, operation, maintenance, construction, refurbishment and upgrading of water and wastewater infrastructure. WSSA also offers support for Blue, Green Drop and No Drop programmes. In conjunction with Proxa, it can supply mobile and package plants. Contact details: t: +27 (0)11 209 9200
Stand number: D7
Zamangwane Water Technology is an integrated water and wastewater treatment company providing turnkey water management solutions and uniquely positioned to capitalise on the growing water industry. ZMG is a 100% black-owned company with a 14-year proven track record in offering reliable solutions to meet customer needs in water and wastewater treatment. This has resulted in the company building a strong customer and supplier network.
e: info@wssa.co.za w: www.wssa.co.za
The company has a strong market presence in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, and is in the early stages of expanding into markets further afield. This puts the company in a good bargaining position in a market dominated by two bulk chemical suppliers who are price setters in the market.
Xylem Stand number: K4 & K5; J5
Contact details: t: +27 (0)13 752 2151 e: info@zamangwane.co.za w: www.zamangwane.co.za
Xylem is a leading global water technology company committed to developing innovative technology solutions to the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water challenges. The companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s products and services move, treat, analyse, monitor and return water to the environment in public utility, industrial, residential and commercial building services settings. Xylem also provides a leading portfolio of smart metering, network technologies and advanced infrastructure analytics solutions for water, electric and gas utilities. The name Xylem is derived from Ancient Greek and is the tissue that transports water in plants, highlighting the engineering efficiency of our water-centric business by linking it with the best water transportation of all â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that which occurs in nature. Contact details: t: +1 914 323 5700 w: www.xylem.com
176
Abstracts
Get maximum exposure in the infrastructure industry through our multiple platforms
www.infrastructurene.ws
4 371
audited print circulation
55 216
• Digimags • Newsletters • Website page views • Social media
IMIESA magazine, www.infrastructurene.ws and our weekly newsletters provide critical information on infrastructure development, maintenance and service delivery. Our readers are key decision-makers in the industry. Advertise with us and ensure your products and services receive multi-platform exposure to your target market.
TO ADVERTISE
Jenny Miller +27 (0)11 467 6223 | jennymiller@lantic.net TO SUBSCRIBE
+27 (0)11 233 2600 | subs@3smedia.co.za Print and digital solutions for business communities www.3smedia.co.za
3S MEDIA
3S Media is a modern media company that offers quality information to business communities through print publications and digital media. Publisher and managing director Elizabeth Shorten (married name Jordaan) has many years of experience in journalism and publishing management in London and Johannesburg. She has twice won the Mondi Award for Excellence in Journalism.
Company history Founded in 1960 as Shorten Publications, 3S Media produces industry and business publications, newsletters and websites. There are currently eight regular print titles, as well as special annual publications, in the print stable. Many of these are produced in partnership with professional institutes, while annual publications are produced in partnership with large private and public sector companies and organisations. A number of the titles have been recognised for publishing and journalism excellence. 3S Media has four industry websites with weekly newsletters offering breaking news, in-depth analyses, upcoming events and the latest industry developments. With a strong social media presence, 3S Media is entrenched in and engaged with its communities.
Company mission To provide the highest quality print and digital products that serve the information needs of our business communities and offer advertisers maximum exposure in their relevant target markets.
Titles 1. IMIESA (monthly), the official magazine of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa (IMESA), focuses on infrastructure development, maintenance and service delivery. It provides essential information for engineering and construction professionals, and related government departments.
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2
2. Water&Sanitation Africa (bi-monthly), the official magazine of the Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA), deals with the preservation, treatment and provision of water. 3. ReSource (quarterly) promotes integrated resources management, with a special focus on waste management and cleaner production. It is the official magazine of the Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa (IWMSA) and is endorsed by 12 industry associations. 4. Inside Mining (bi-monthly) carries topical features on mining, minerals processing and exploration largely across Africa, focusing on the entire mining value chain. 5. Meetings (bi-monthly) is a market leader in the business tourism sector. It investigates new trends, ideas and strategies for meetings and events professionals. It is endorsed by the African Business Travel Association (ABTA) and the PCO Alliance Network. It is also a member of the Southern African Association for the Conference Industry (SAACI) and the Exhibition Association of Southern Africa (EXSA). 6. The Meeting and Event Planner (annual), a member of SAACI and endorsed by the PCO Alliance Network, is a comprehensive reference guide for the professional conference and event organiser and meeting planner, featuring venues and service providers. 7. The Exhibition Planner (annual) is endorsed by EXSA and provides essential information for exhibition stand organisers, and a communication platform for industry suppliers.
Special Projects This division produces annual niche publications on behalf of organisations and companies. The types of publications produced include: • Anniversary/awards publications • Annual reports, shareholder documents and other corporate publications • Coffee-table books.
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3S MEDIA
Awards for publishing excellence • IMIESA won PICA awards in 1999, 2001, 2005 and 2006. It also won two highly commended awards – in 2001 and 2008. In 2011 and 2012, it won the PICA for Non-professional Writer of the Year. Also in 2012, it won a highly commended award in the Construction and Engineering category.
57YEARS AT A GLANCE
• ReSource won two PICA awards, in 2001 and 2004, and received a highly commended award in 2003. • Transport World Africa won a highly commended award in 2004. • Inside Mining won the PICA award for B2B Cover of the Year and was nominated for Best Trade and Industry Writer, both in 2010. In 2011, it was nominated for B2B Cover of the Year. In 2012, it won a highly commended award in the Resource-based Industry category. • Water&Sanitation Africa was nominated for B2B Editor of the Year in 2010. • 3S Media has received recognition at the CESA Awards for Publisher of the Year: Trade Publications in 2012, 2015 and 2017.
1960 1975 1999 2001
Shorten Publications founded IMIESA launched ReSource launched Elizabeth Shorten becomes managing director of Shorten Publications
2003 2005
Transport World Africa purchased
2005
Shorten Publications
Meetings SA, SA Conference, www. saconference.co.za purchased
CPD on Demand CPD on Demand is an online Continuing Professional Development (CPD) solution for engineers. Subscribers are able to attain CPD credits by completing online courses through videos that are validated by recognised accreditation bodies.
Content marketing 3S Media offers leading content marketing solutions to clients, delivering branded content to targeted audiences through a multiplatform approach. 3S Media utilises its recognised and established print and digital products and skilled editorial teams to enhance clients’ marketing messages and expand their brand reach.
Websites www.infrastructurene.ws is a leading news hub for infrastructure development and service delivery, with industry and company news, in-depth articles, and an events calendar. www.miningne.ws focuses on daily news, projects, services and equipment, and job opportunities across Africa. www.transportworldafrica.co.za is a leading news and resource hub for the transport, logistics and freight industry. It also has in-depth articles, company news and an events calendar. www.theplanner.guru is an online tool to assist event organisers to plan their events, enabling them to source venues, products and services for their meetings, conferences, events and exhibitions. There are also guides, tips and tools for the event planner.
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renamed 3S Media
2006 2008 2012
Water&Sanitation Africa launched Inside Mining launched Transport World Africa online (www.twa.co.za) launched
2013 2015
www.infrastructurene.ws launched 3S Special Projects launched
Excellence in journalism
Former managing editor Jaci Leitch won two consecutive Mondi awards for trade and technical journalism. Publisher Elizabeth Shorten won two consecutive Mondi Awards for articles in IMIESA and Transport World Africa. She also won the SAACE (now CESA) Excellence Award from the consulting engineering fraternity for Journalist of the Year.
SPECIAL PROJECTS
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3S MEDIA
Mouthpiece for the water and sanitation sector Water&Sanitation Africa is the official magazine of the Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA), and is dedicated to the management, preservation, treatment and provision of water. This bimonthly publication contains in-depth features, technical papers and product news. The weekly newsletter delivers breaking and latest news and links to www.infrastructurene.ws – the premier website in the infrastructure development and service delivery sector, including water and sanitation.
What makes WATER&SANITATION AFRICA unique?
• It is the most important source of business intelligence for the water sector • It is distributed throughout Africa • It is accessible through multiple channels: print, newsletters, web, and social media
Did you know?
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International News Media Association’s research shows that 86% of consumers seek out branded content with brands they trust. But for branded content to work, it must be in a relevant and natural environment.
Make waves in the water industry through our multiple platforms
Water& Sanitation Africa
4 109
www.infrastructurene.ws
38 947
audited print circulation
• Digimags • Newsletters • Website page views • Social media
Water&Sanitation Africa magazine, www.infrastructurene.ws and our weekly newsletters are essential media supplying vital information on the preservation, treatment and provision of water to key industry role players. Advertise with us and make your presence known to your target market across our multi-platform offerings.
TO ADVERTISE
Hanlie Fintelman +27(0)11 467 6224 | +27 (0)82 338 2266 | h.fintelman@lantic.net TO SUBSCRIBE
+27 (0)11 233 2600 | subs@3smedia.co.za Print and digital solutions for business communities www.3smedia.co.za
The home of
infrastructure Get your products and equipment in front of infrastructure decision-makers
Infrastructure development, maintenance, service delivery
Complete water resource and wastewater management
The official magazine of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa
The official magazine of the Water Institute of Southern Africa.
Promoting integrated resource and waste management The official magazine of the Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa.
IMESA
TO ADVERTISE TO SUBSCRIBE
contact Jenny Miller on +27 (0)11 467 6223 or jennymiller@lantic.net +27 (0)11 233 2600 or subs@3smedia.co.za