(teD;acwf Armjynf edik if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSK ordik ;f tusO;f ) (1948-2000)
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf (teD ; acwf Armjynf Ed k i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ ord k i f ; tusOf ; ) (1948-2000)
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pmtk y f r S w f w rf ; pmtkyt f rnf tarSmifMum;u Armjynf ( teD;acwf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;vSKy&f mS ;rSKordik ;f tusO;f 1948-2000 ) ûypka&;om;ol 0if;wifx h eG ;f
pDpOfol pGrf;NrdKif yxrtBurd f 27 &uf? arv ? 2007 ckEpS f tkyaf & (1000) av;atmuftjyiftqif udak rmifEikd f pmpDpm&du k f ud0k if;ode;f ? yDuEl xkwaf 0ol vl h abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwD (jyefMum;a&;Xme)ESihf tvif;tdrpf mapmif&aJ bmfrsm; (*syefEikd if )H qufo, G rf mS ,lvykd gu
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PO Box 50 AP Maesot TAK 63110 THANLAND
wefz;kd -10 a':vm (pmydk ch ryg)
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&nf p l ; csuf trdEikd if aH wmftwGuf pGe@f vw $ t f epfemcH &Guaf qmifo,fy;kd oGm;=uol tmZmenftm;vk;H udk ±kdaoav;pm;pGm OD;!¸wf&if; teD;acwf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvm ok;H oyf =unfjh rifv=kd uoltm;vk;H eJ@/ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk tvG,q f ;Hk tusO;f ±k;H òcHio Hk &d edS m;vnf vdk=uol tm;vkH;odk h æ
yef - um;csuf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f pOfukd jyefajymif;wl;azmf ±_ar#mEf ikd =f ua&;twGuf tkww f csyf oJwyGifhtjzpf ESvkH;oGif; ðypka&;om;rdygw,f? c|wf,Gif;r_/ wdrf;apmif;r_/ vpf[m vdktyfr_rsm;tay: yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a0zeft}uHay;=ur_rSefor#udk av;pm;pGmóudqdk&if;/ aemif ydkrdkjynfhpkHatmif óud;yrf; jznfhqnf;oGm;yghr,f?
aus;Zl ; rS w f w rf ; 'Dpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDcJh=uoltm;vkH;eJ@ xkwfa0Ekdif&ef tultnDay;=uaom “vlŒabmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD jyef=um;a&;Xme ESifh tvif;tdrfpmapmif &Jabmfrsm;” tygt0if (txl;ojzihf) tyifyrf;cH wm0ef,l pDpOfvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;cJhwJh armif ‘pGrf;òrdif’ udk txl;aus;Zl; Oyum&wif&Sdyga=umif;? 0if ; wif h x G e f ;
pDpOfol.pum; 2006 ckEpS x f rJ mS q&m*suaf umh usaemfxo H @kd vlóuHyg;vmaom pmESihf twl a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? pmudk zGifhzwf=unfhawmh q&m0if;wifhxGef;xHrSpm jzpfygw,f? q&mpmxJrmS vGecf ahJ omoH;k ESpcf ef@xu J a&;xm;+yD;wJh ‘tarSmif=um;u Armjynf’ vd@k acgi;f pOfay;xm;wJh pmrlEiS yhf wfouf+yD; qufvufaqmif&u G af y;zd@k usaemfhudk tultnDawmif;vmygw,f? pmrlrsm;udk usaemfzwf=unfv h u kd af wmh q&m0if;wifx h eG ;f u Armjynfordik ;f 1948-2000 vd@k ajymxm;ayr,fh 1938 ckEpS u f ae 2000 ckEpS t f xd twGi;f u ordik ;f qdik &f m Ekid if aH &;tjzpftysuaf wG/ xdu k mv Ekid if aH &;jzpfpOfawG/ xdu k mvawG twGi;f u Ekid if aH &;orm;awG&ŒJ aemufu, G u f twGi;f a&;awGukd Edu _ Ef u _d cf |wcf |wf csOf;uyfjrifjy/ awG;jy/ aumufcsufjyxm;csufawG jzpfaewmawGŒ&ygw,f? q&m0if;wifx h eG ;f u usaemfu h kd pmtkyt f jzpf zGŒJ pnf;ay;zd@k / yHEk ydS pf ufwifEikd f wJt h qifh r[kwaf wmif rdwLW pmtkyjf zef@Eidk &f ifyJ awmfyg+yD? 'Dpmrlukd pmtkyjf zpfatmif udk&ifyJ =unfhvkyfay;ygvdk@ wm0efay;tyfvmygw,f? usaemfvnf; usaemfxrf;&GuEf idk w f hJ tcef;u¾uae awmfveS af &;wm0ef w&yftjzpf tav;teufxm;+yD; xkwaf 0vdo k /l tultnDay;vdo k rl sm;udk &atmif &Sm+yD; yHEk ydS pf ufwif jzef@csEd idk o f nftxd wwfEidk o f r# tjrefq;kH jzpfatmif vufcv H yk f aqmifygrnfhta=umif; *wdðycJhygw,f? ,ckuo hJ @kd q&m0if;wifx h eG ;f ðypka&;om;onfh “tarSmif=um;u Armjynf (teD;acwf ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f tusO;f 1948-2000” pmtkyu f kd yHEk ydS f jzef@cs&d mwGif owfyo kH wf!e¸ ;f tustaygurf sm; &Syd gvrd rhf ,f? od@k aomf twwfEidk q f ;kH ordkif;qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsuftvuf/ t"dy`m,fwdk@udk xdcdkufysufpD;apaom owfyo kH wf!e¸ ;f wd@k uo kd m tav;xm; pDppf=unf±h r_ r_ sm;avmufom pma&;olEiS hf usaemfwdk@ n‡dEd_if;wdkifyifum yxrt}udrftjzpf yHkESdyfjzef@csdvkduf&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
pG r f ; òrd i f 2007 ckESpf/ arv (1) &uf?
xkwfa0olwkd‹&JŒpum; ordkif;trSefawGudk azmfxkwfcGifh vkH;0ray;bl;? ordkif;trSm;awGudk ausmif;okH;jyÏmef;w,fqdkwJh uae@umvvdk tarSmif acwf}uD;twGif;rSm æ ordkif;trSefawGudk ajymjy axmufjyEdkifpGrf;wJh/ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh ouf&Sd ordik ;f tbd"mef}uD;awG wOD;+yD;wOD; qk;H yg;uG,v f eG af e&wJh 'Dae@vakd cwfq;dk acwf=uyf}uD;xJrSm æ q&m0if;wifhxGef;a&;om;ðypkvdkufwJh‘tarSmif=um;u Armjynf’qdkwJh “teD;acwf ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;tusOf;(1948-2000)” [m jrefrmEdkifiHudkcspfwJh/ jrefrmjynfolawGudkcspfwJh/ jrefrmjynfopfudk xkqpf wnfaqmufcsif=uwJh rsKd;qufopfvli,fawGtwGuf/ ordkif;trSefawGudk &SmazGw;l azmfcsio f w l @dk twGuf wpkw H &m aus;Zl;ðyygvrd rhf ,fv@dk ar#mv f if, h Hk =unfygw,f? q&m}uD; a'gufwmoef;xGef; !¸efjyajymqdkcJhzl;wJh “ordkif;oifwm rt atmifvkd@” qdkwJhpum;udkvnf; tvGefudkyJ tav;teufðyygw,f? q&m0if;wifhxGef;&JŒ tm;xkwfvkH;yrf;r_awG/ ordkif;qdkif&m b¾mwdkuf}uD; twGif; q&m0if;wifhxGef;&JŒ jznfhpGufcsufawGudk *k%fðywefzkd;xm;pGmESifh avhvmvdkolwdkif;twGuf tcuftcJawG=um;xJuyJ 'Dpmtkyfudk xkwfa0 jzpf=uwm jzpfygw,f? ordkif;trSefrsm; rsm;rsm; azmfxkwf zl;yGifhEdkif=uygap? vl Œ abmif o pf ' D r d k u &uf w pf y gwD (jyef = um;a&;Xme) tvif ; td r f p mapmif & J a bmf r sm; (*syef ) 2007ckESpf arv(1)&uf?
rmwdum &nfpl;yef=um; aus;Zl;pum; pDpOfol.pum; xkwfa0olwdk@pum;
1? ed'gef; .............................................................................................................................. 11 2? ordkif;aemufcHum;csyfrsm; ............................................................................................... 15
tydkif; ( 1 ) 1948 - 1958 umv 1? vGwfvyfa&;udka=unmjcif; ............................................................................................. 72 2? vGwfvyfa&;&ump ArmEdkifiHtajctae ........................................................................ 75 3? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfacgif;pOfatmufrSm ............................................................ 81 4? jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifaygufzGm;vmjcif; .......................................................................... 87 5? jynfwGif;ppfudk b,folp ................................................................................................. 90 6? jynfwGif;ppftp EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh qufwdkuf ay:xGufvmcJhaom ppfrD;v#Hrsm; ...................................................................................... 98 7? u&ifhvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;eJ‹ &efukeftpdk;& ............................................................ 120 8? 1951 - 52 ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa±G;aumufyJG ............................................... 139 9? jynfawmfompDrHudef;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmf .................................... 142 10? 1955/ zqyv/ Auy/ yrnw eJ‹ jrefrmEkdifiHawmf .................................................... 162 11? +idrf;csrf;a&;/ tðywfwkdufa&;eJ‹ jrefrmEkdifiHawmf .......................................................... 169 12? 1956 ckESpf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG/ tm%m& zqyv tuGJeJ‹ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;aºuG;a=umfoH ..................................... 175 13? zqyv òyduGJjcif;/ yxrqkH;aom ppfwyftm%modrf;r_eJ‹ zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk; ed*kH;csKyfcsuf ........................................................................... 197 14? zqyv q,fESpf q,frdk;acwf ed*kH;csKyf ...................................................................... 226
tyd k i f ; (2) 1958-1962 umv 1? ppftkyfpk}uD;arG;zGm;jcif;/ ppftm%m&SifpepftwGuf Zmwfwdkufjcif; odk‹r[kwf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&acwf ................................................................................................... 232 2? 1960 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ/ yxp/ OD;-Adkvf-ocif-q&m eJ@ ygvDrefacwfae0ifcsdef jrefrmEkdifiHawmf&JŒ tajctae ..................................................................................... 252 3? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfed*kH;csKyfcsuf ............................................................................... 291
tyd k i f ; (3) awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D a cwf 1962-1974 1? 1962 ckESpf ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ESifh Armjynfppftm%m&Sifpepf ed'gef; ....................... 304 2? rqv/ acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;eJ‹ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;tajctae ..................................... 310 3? 7 &ufZlvdkifta&;tcif; (odk‹) ppftpdk;&&JŒvlowfyGJ ..................................................... 317 4? jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef pyful;rwful;umveJ‹ ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ yGJOD;xGufajcvSrf;rsm; .................................................................................................... 324 5? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf yxrESpftwGif; ArmEdkifiHtajctaetusOf;csKyf .................. 330 6? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;eJ‹ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒtoH/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒoabmxm;trSef ........................ 336 7? +idrf;csrf;a&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk ed*kH;csKyf=unfhjcif; ................................................... 356 8? +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ysufjym;+yD;aemuf ppftpdk;&&JŒajcvSrf;rsm;eJ‹ ppftm%m&Sifpepfatmufu Armjynf .......................................................................... 359 9? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf (okd‹r[kwf) ppftm%m&Sifpepf (yxrykdif;) ed*kH;csKyfcsuf ....... 408
tyd k i f ; (4) jref r mh q k d & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD a cwf (ok d ‹ r[k w f ) wygwD t m%m&S i f p epf a cwf (od k @ r[k w f ) ppf t m%m&S i f p epf a cwf ('k w d , yk d i f ; ) (1974-1988) 1? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfeJ‹ tqufrjywfay:xGufvmwJh vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; ....................... 413 2? 1974 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD; .......................................................................... 416 3? OD;oef@psmyeta&;tcif; .............................................................................................. 418 4? 1975 ZGef (6) tvkyform;ESpfvnfoydwf}uD; ............................................................. 423 5? rd_if;&mjynfh ................................................................................................................... 426 6? rqv wGif;uae xGufay:vmwJhrD;awmufrsm; ........................................................... 427 7? rqvtkyfpkd;r_tapmykdif;umv&JŒ jynfwGif;tajctae/ EkdifiHwumhtajctae .............. 430 8? rqvwygwDtm%m&Sifpepfacwf aemufykdif;umv ..................................................... 439 9? 1985 ckESpf 0ef;usiftajctae ..................................................................................... 445 10? rqvacwfae0ifcsdef ESifh a'0gvDcHoGm;&aomEkdifiHawmf ............................................... 448 11? &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD; ay:xGef;vmjcif; ............................................................... 451 12? ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf (26) ESpfwm ed*kH;csKyf ................................ 466
tyd k i f ; (5) e0w/ etz acwf 1988-2000 1? e0w +idrfydvrf;pOfeJ‹ ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ r+yD;qkH;ao;aomwkdufyGJpOf ............................ 480 2? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;eJ‹ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ............................................. 487 3? 1989 ckESpf Armjynftajctae ................................................................................... 494 4? Auy }uD; òyduGJjcif;eJ‹ +idrf;tzGJŒawGpwifjcif; .................................................................. 498 5? wif;rmvmr_rsm;/ uGefz&efaw;&Sif;eJ‹ ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ............................ 500 6? 1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJ}uD; .......................................................................................... 510 7? 90 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;aemuf Armjynf ................................................................ 513
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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8? ajymif;vJvmwJh EdkifiHwumtajctaeeJ‹ e0w acwfOD; Armjynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ vlr_a&; bufaygif;pHktajctae .......................................... 522 9? trsKd;om;nDvmcH/ ppfwyf&JŒtm%mavmbeJ‹ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;tajctae ................ 527 10? ppftpkd;&&JŒajcvSrf;rsm;/ azmufjyef,kwfrmr_rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;eJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm; ................................................................. 538 11? etzacwf EdkifiHa&; xdyfwdkufyGJrsm;/ wif;rmr_rsm;eJ‹ Armjynf ...................................... 547 12? ouU&mZf 2000 ukeftxd e0w/ etz acwf ed*Hk;csKyfcsuf ...................................... 556
ed*kH; .................................................................................................................................. 558
usrf ; ud k ; &nf!¸ef;udk;um; pmtkyfrsm; ....................................................................................... 560 t*FvdyfbmomeJ‹pmtkyfrsm; ........................................................................................ 561 *sme,fr*~Zif;pmapmifpmwrf;rsm; ................................................................................. 561
10
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ed'gef; 20 &mpk Armjynfordkif;udk t=urf;zsif;=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if - 1901 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpftxd[m udkvdkeDacwfArmjynfordkif;/ - 1948 ckESpfrS 2000 jynfhESpftxd[m vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;acwf Armjynfordkif;/ wenf;tm;jzifh rsufarSmufacwf teD;acwf Armjynfordkif;vdk@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f? udv k ekd aD cwf Armjynfordik ;f [m ‘u|eaf cwfArmjynfordik ;f ’vd@k ajym&rSmjzpfovd/k vGwv f yf a&;a=unm+yD;acwf Armjynfordik ;f [mvnf; ‘tarSmifacwf Armjynfordik ;f ’ vd@k yJ xyfqifzh iG q hf &kd rSm jzpfygw,f? tckazmfjyr,fh ordik ;f [m ‘tarSmifacwfArmjynfordik ;f ’ jzpfygw,f? tarSmifacwf Armjynf ordkif;[m tarSmifxJuArmjynfta=umif;yJjzpfygw,f? tarSmifacwf Armjynfordkif;udk jyefvnf =unfhvdkufwJhtcg - ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk pwifa=unmvdkufwJh 1948 ckESpfuae/ 1958 ckESpftxd zqyv (10)ESpf q,frdk;acwf/ - 1958 ckESpfuae 1960 txd tdrfapmihftpdk;& ppftpdk;&acwf/ - 1960 uae 1962 txd yxpacwf/ - 1962 uae 1988 txd rqv ppftpdk;&acwf/ - 1988 ckESpfuae 2000jynfhtxd e0w/ etzacwf/ 'DacwfawGudk xyf+yD;csKyf=unfhvdkuf&if - zqyvacwf eJ@ yxpacwfu ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf/ - rqvacwfeJ@ e0w/ etzacwfu ppftm%m&Sifacwf/ - aemufq;kH tcsKyfu ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwfe@J ppftm%m&Sipf epfacwf qdw k mudyk J awGŒ& vdrfhr,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwf}uD;atmufrmS arSmife@J rrJ J jzpfc&hJ wJh Armjynf[m ppftm%m&Sipf epf acwfatmufrSm ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifwJhb0 usa&mufcJh&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf tarSmifatmufrmS Armjynf}uD;[m tqif;&Jq;kH / tiwfjywfq;kH / ±kyt f qdk;qHk;/ temusif&qHk; jzpfcJhygw,f? tarSmifqHk;jzpfovdk t&Snf=umqHk;vnf;jzpfcJhygw,f? jzpfaeyg w,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
11
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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Armjynf jynforl sm;&JŒ nnf;nLoH/ idak ºu;G oH/ tH}uw d o f /H wufacguo f /H ±ke;f uefo/H v_y&f mS ; oHawG[mvnf; w&Hrvyf =um;ae&ygw,f? ppfreS w f hJ vGwv f yfa&;&JŒ t&om Armjynf jynforl sm; rcHpm;&ao;yg? at;jrwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tppf&JŒ&o Armjynf jynfolrsm; rxdawGŒ&ao;yg? wef;wlnD r#whJ tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; rwnfaqmufEikd af o;yg? bma=umifv h /J b,fvdkvJ/ bmawGjzpfcJh=uovJ? rSefrSefuefuef jynfvnf=unfhjrif=uzdk@ oHk;oyf=uzdk@vdkygr,f? twdwfudk jyef=unfhwm[m ordkif;udk jyef=unfhwmjzpfygw,f? ordkif;udk jyef=unfhvdkufwJhtcg æ
12
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
_idrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD; a'gufwm ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;
vGwfvyfa&;ydokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
13 13
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
1930 = 1941
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14 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ordkif;aemufcHum;csyfrsm; ordkif;udk jyefvnf=unfh±_ŒwJhtcg ordkif;aemufcHum;csyfrsm;udkyg jyefvnf,SOfwGJ qufpyf =unfhzdk@vdkygw,f? 'grSvJ ydkrdkjynfhpHkyDovmrSmjzpfovdk obm0usus awG@Ekdif jrifEdkif ±_ŒrdEdkifrSmjzpf ygw,f? tjzpftysuw f ikd ;f [m ta=umif;&if;cH&=dS uygw,f? ordik ;f tjzpftysuw f ikd ;f [m a&Smifwcif jzpfay:vm=uwmr[kwyf g? ta=umif;&if;cHawGuv kd nf; awGŒatmif&mS / aemufcu H m;csyaf wGe@J vnf; wGJzuf=unfh/ obm0usus =unfhEdkifavav trSefw&m;eJ@ eD;avavjzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;acwf Armjynfordkif;udk=unfhzdk@ vGwfvyfa&;pwif a=unmr,fh (1948) ckESpf eJ@wqufwnf; teD;qHk; (10) ESpfwmumvavmufqD aemufjyef=unfhzdk@ vdkygr,f? wenf;tm;jzifh (1938) ckESpfavmuftxd jyefvnf=unfhzdk@ vdkygr,f? 1938 ckESpf[m ‘axmifhoHk;&mjynfhta&;awmfyHk}uD;’ ay:xGef;cJhwJhESpfyg? axmifhoHk;&mjynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }uD;u acgi;f aqmifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;xk&ŒJ oydwfwdkufyGJawGeJ@ pwifvdkuf+yD;/ tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;/ &[ef;oHCm/ òrdŒaevlwef;pm;awGeJ@ awmifolv,form;awGyg wcJeuf wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifqifEGJcJh=uwJh +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒ qef@usifa&;/ trsKd;om;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;[m 'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk t=urf;zuf ESdyfpufòzdcGif;cJhygw,f? tvkyform;awG/ ausmif;om;awG/ &[ef; oHCmawG/ ocifacgi;f aqmifawG tajrmuftrsm; zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG cf &H ygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udkatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&ygw,f? rE Wav;rSm tmZmenf (17) OD; ypfcwfowfjzwfcHcJh&ygw,f? 'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:xGef;cJhwJhumv[m +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒvufatmuf/ (91) Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif;rSmyg? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;aemufydkif; 1939 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ay:aygufvmygw,f? yxrqHk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;[m ocifatmifqef;yg? v#KdŒ0SufygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcJh&ygw,f? ra&S;raESmif; ay:aygufvmwmu jynf olŒta&;awmfyHkygwDyg? ajratmuftzGJŒtpnf;wcktjzpfeJ@yJ pwifcJh&wmyg? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw[ D m 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D uae jzmqif; vmcJ=h uwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;ESpcf jk zpf+y;D / v#KŒd 0Sut f jzpfe@J yJ &yfwnfc=hJ uum ESpyf gwpD vH;k &JŒ acgi;f aqmifrsm; [mvnf; yifr 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D xJrmS ta&;}u;D wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifae=uolawG jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ocifatmifqef;[m 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;&JŒ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfcJhovdk jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDudk acgif;aqmifzGJŒpnf;cJhol ocifjr[m 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;&JŒ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
15
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
OuUÏ jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D [m ESpjf crf;uG+J y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? ocifApde/f ocif xGef;tkyfOD;pD;wJh 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; eJ@ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;pD;wJh 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;? ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifA[de;f / ocifoed ;f az/ ocifE/k ocifjr/ ocif AaqG (OD;AaqG) wdk@[m ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;uyg? uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ yifr'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;wdk@[m 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;+yD;uwnf;u +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtkyfpdk;oludk vufeufeJ@yg jyefvnfwGef;vSef wdkufcdkuf EdkifrSjzpfr,fqdkwm av;av;eufeuf oabmaygufcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DtwGufvnf; tav;xm;jyif qif=uygw,f? 1939 ckEpS rf mS 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;vnf; pwifc+hJ yDjzpfygw,f? Oa&myrSmyJ jzpfymG ;aeqJjzpf+yD; tm&Sukd ppfr;D ra&mufao;yg? ‘t*Fvyd t f cufArmtcsu’f aºuG;a=umfox H u G af y:vmygw,f? 1939 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxJrSm ‘ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;’ udk a'gufwmAarmf&JŒ qif;&Jom;tzGJŒ/ ig;yGifhqdkif tzGJ@eJ@ 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;wdk@ aygif;+yD;zGJŒvdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; tr_aqmif tzGJŒ0ifawGjzpfwJh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifjr/ ocifEk/ ocifoef;xGef;wkd@ yg0ifvm=uovdk a'gufwm Aarmf OuUÏ/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;u ocifatmifqef;/ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wyfaygif;pktjzpf zGJŒpnf; vdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k &JŒ vuf±;kH wyfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;or*~&ŒJ oHr%dwyfzŒJG rsm;[mvJ t*Fvyd f udk vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u kd Ef idk &f ef &nf&, G +f y;D ppfa&;avhusirhf a_ wG wd;k +y;D avhusijhf yifqifvm=uygw,f? ‘Apdef-xGef;tkyf’ ocif*dk%f;uvnf; vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufEdkifa&; oabmxm; csrSwfjyif qifvmygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;tquftoG,f&SmazG+yD; ppful,lrSjzpfr,fvdk@vJ qHk;jzwfxm;=uygw,f? Edik if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m aAmfvw H , D mwyfawG xlaxmifxm;=uygw,f? a'guw f mAarmf&ŒJ qif;&Jom;ygwu D "g;rwyf/ OD;apm&JŒrsK;d cspyf gwu D *VKefwyfz@JG xm;ygw,f? "m;rwyf wdk@ *VKefwyfwdk@[m oufqdkif&mygwD&JŒ cg;ydkufaqmifwyfawGomjzpf+yD; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;&JŒ vuf±Hk;wyfeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~&JŒ oHr%dwyfuawmh &nfrSef;csufjywfom;ygw,f? t*Fvdyfudk vufeufudkifwdkufcdkuf&r,fvkd@ cH,lxm;ygw,f? 1940 ckEpS /f rwfv (29) &ufrmS ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ 'd@k Arm tpnf;t±Hk;XmecsKyf tvkyftr_aqmifudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m tdENd,jynfuGef*&ufnDvmcHudk oGm; wuf=uygw,f? tdE, dN jynftv,fyikd ;f &rf;*g;òrŒd rSmusi;f ywJh &rf;*g;nDvmcHyg? tdE, dN jynf uGe*f &uf&ŒJ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk avhvmcJ=h uovdk ‘uGe*f &uf’ acgi;f aqmif ae±l;eJ@vJ awGŒqHak qG;aEG;cGi&hf cJyh gw,f? tdENd,jynf ‘vm[dk’òrdŒ uGef*&ufu }uD;rª;usif;ywJh w&m;yGJrSmvJ ocifatmifqef; pum;ajymcGifh &cJhygw,f? ocifatmifqef;u ‘&rf;*g;’rSm ‘+Adwdo#e,fcsJŒpepfudk tdENd,eJ@Arm vufwGJtwlwdkuf =urnf’ vdk@ ajymcJhovdk ‘aoG;xGufoH,dkr_r&SdbJ vGwfvyfa&;r&Edkif’vdk@ vm[dkòrdŒrSm ajymcJhygw,f? ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k tzGŒJ tdE, dN ujyefa&mufwt hJ cg tdE, dN roGm;cif ocif atmifqef; a&;cJhwJhpmwef;udk 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;}uD;u xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? Armhta&;eJ@ywf ouf+y;D ‘Armjynftm; u|et f jzpfcsKyfcs,x f m;onfh Ekid if cH sJŒpepfòydysurf u _ kd tm;xkw&f rnf? xked ,fcsJŒ pepf. cHwyf}uD;jzpfaom (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkufzsufI Armrsm;tvdkus ArmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk 16
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tjrefq;kH &&S&d ef óu;d pm;&rnf? &nf&, G cf suw f l Ekid if aH &;tzGŒJ rsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I aqmif&u G =f urnf? xk@d a=umifh vnf; qif;&Jom;tzGŒJ / ig;yGiq hf ikd t f zGŒJ ponfw@kd EiS yhf ;l aygi;f I Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f udk axmif+yD;+yD’ vd@k azmfjyxm;ovdk ‘ArmjynfopfwiG f tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;. b0udk jr‡iw hf ifay;&rnf? v,fr vkyfaom v,fydkif&Sifpepf zsufodrf;rnf? opfawm/ rD;&xm;/ a&a=umif;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ owWK wGi;f / pufrv _ yk if ef;}u;D rsm;/ b%fvyk if ef;ponfw@kd ukd jynfoyl ikd v f yk &f rnf? vlra_ &;wGif rde;f r a,musmf ; wef;wltcGifhta&; cHpm;Ekdif&rnf? bmoma&;wGif vGwfvyfpGm ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fEkdif=u&rnf? tcrJh ynma&;ESihf vli,frsm;.ynma&;ESihf vli,frsm;.,Ofaus;r_ pm&dwjW r‡iw hf ifa&;udk txl;apmihaf &Smuf tm;ay;&rnf? vlenf;pkrsm;twGuf ,Ofaus;r_vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sd&aprnf’ vdk@vnf; azmfjycJhygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u jzpfay:vmp urBmppf}uD;udk e,fcsJŒtcsif;csif;wdkuf=uwJhppfvdk@ yxr oabm xm;cJh=uygw,f? Armjynfudk e,fcsJŒppfyGJtwGif; qGJtoGif;rcH&zdk@ v_HŒaqmfv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f? 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k }u;D xJu ta&;ygwhJ xufjrufwufºuw G hJ acgi;f aqmiftrsm;pk[m rmhupf f 0g' vuf0J0g'udk wdrf;!Gwfolrsm;/ ,Hk=unfolrsm; jzpfae=uyg+yD? rmhufpf0g'/ vuf0J0g'[m Arm jynfudk (1931) ckESpfavmufrS pwifa&muf&Sdvmwmjzpfayr,fh pwifavhvm vufcH jzefcsdolrsm;&JŒ tm;xkwfr_a=umifh vuf0Jt,ltq wdrf;!Gwf,Hk=unfolrsm; OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJhwJh e*g;eD pmtkyf toif;&JŒaus;Zl;a=umifyh g? awmfawmfysŒH ES@H prd 0hf ifus,jf yef@pðyaeyg+yD? txl;ojzifh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwD zGJ@pnf;ay:aygufvm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; ydkrdkus,fjyef@euf±_dif;vmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u Armjynf Ekid if aH &;orm;rSeo f r# rmhupf v f eD if0g'/ uGejf rLepfq&kd , S v f pf vuf00J g'rsm;eJ@ ywfoufqufpyfc=hJ u zl;olcsn;f jzpfygw,f? trsm;pk}u;D [m vdv k v kd m;vm;vufccH =hJ uygw,f? óuu d Ef pS o f ufvaS =umif; enf; trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ azmfjycJh=uzl;ygw,f? a'gufwmodef;armifu e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmrSm rmhufpf0g' t,ltqaqmif;yg;rsm; a&; om;cJo h vdk aemifrmS uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;tzGŒJ udk twdtvif; aºuG;a=umfxal xmifr,fh ocifApdef vdk yk*~Kdvfuawmif uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;}uD;udk bmomjyefqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? ocifpdk;u ‘qdk&S,f vpf0g'’/ ocifAv kd u f ‘um;vfrmhupf ’f / ocifoef;xGe;f u vDeifta=umif;jzpfwhJ ‘usrcspv f if’/ ocif A[def;u ‘"e&Sifavmu’ pwJh pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJh=uovdk ocifodef;azu ‘bHk0g'ESifh 'dk@Arm’ udk wnf;jzwfcJh+yD; ±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ta=umif;udk ocifEku ‘vlrGJwdk@&JŒxGuf&yf vrf;’ tjzpf a&;om;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u ocifE[ k m ‘u|eaf wmfbo kH rm;’ vd@k a=unmcJ+h yD;/ ocifAaqG (OD;AaqG) uvnf; ‘avmuedAmŠ efwnfaqmufaeol pwmvif’ vd@k usL;&ifzh iG q hf kd a&;om; cJhygw,f? ocifatmifqef;udk,fwdkifuvnf; ajratmufygwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfovdk ‘urBmppfe@J Arm’ rSmæ vGwv f yfa&;rSm v$waf wmftwGi;f wGif tqdo k iG ;f ±Hrk # ESifhr&? v$wfawmftqdkrSm 0g'jzef@±Hkavmufom&Sdonf? tvkyfvkyf&ayrnf? e,fcsŒJ pepf/ "e&Sipf epf jzpfwkH ysuw f kH wnfwkH wnf;[laom avmu"Hw&m;rS rvGw?f "e&Sif pepfonf tvkyform;rsm;udk zefwD;&.? e,fcsJŒpepfonf yxr rdrdtwGuf taptcdkif;rsm;vdkI acwfynmwwfrsm;&Sv d matmif pDr&H .? od@k aomf xkt d vkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;onf tqifh twef;jrifhvmaomf ‚if;wkd@udk zefwD;cJhaom e,fcsJŒpepfudk jyefIawmfvSef=uay.? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
17
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf t JG wGuf jyifqif&mY vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f ? vlwef;pm;tcsi;f csi;f ruGo J ifo h nfh tcsed w f iG f ruGx J u kd o f nfo h rl sm;ESihf ruGu J aJG tmif vkyw f wfaom e,fcsŒJ pepf. y&d,m,fukd owdðy? TuJo h @kd tcsed af umif; tajcaumif;wGif igw@kd .vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tjyif;txef tm;xkwf =uygpdk@ &Jabmfwdk@[k aqmf=owyfvSef@cJhygw,f? 1940 ckESpf/ arvwGif om,m0wDrSm q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; nDvmcHusi;f yygw,f? &J&aJ wmuf ajyma[mqH;k jzwf=uygw,f? 'Dom,m0wDnv D mcH qH;k jzwfcsuef @J tnD nDvmcHt+yD;rSm c±dkifrsm;udk vSnfhvnfwifjya[majymwmawG vkyf=uygw,f? 1940 ckEpS /f ZGev f rSm [oFmwc±dik f ZvGeòf rŒd a[majymr_e@J ywfouf+y;D c±dik &f mZ0wf0ef ‘aZAD; ,m;’ u ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;zd@k 0&rf;xkwyf gw,f? odumQ cswt hJ aeeJ@ zrf;qD;ay;Edik o f u l kd qkaiG ‘ig;usyf’ay;r,fvdk@vnf; xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ocifatmifqef; ajr atmufv#Kd;+yD; v_yf&Sm;&ygawmhw,f? 1940 Zlvikd v f xJrmS &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) taqmuftODxrJ mS 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k acgi;f aqmif/ uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif/ ausmif;om;or*~acgi;f aqmifrsm; v#K@d 0u S af wGŒ qH=k u+yD; Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGu/f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f =uygw,f? tJ'aD qG;aEG;yGrJ mS yg0ifoal wGuawmh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifvaS z (aemif Adv k v f usmf )/ ocif cifatmif/ ocifausmfpdef/ ocifA[def;/ udkAaqG/ udkxGef;tkyf/ udkvSarmif (aemif AdkvfaZ,s)/ rpPwm *dk&S,f wdk@jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufeJ@t}uH^m%f&,lzdk@ w±kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD XmecsKyf&Sd&m ,iftef;udkoGm;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf vuf&Sd ajratmufudk v#Kd;ae&+yD jzpfwhJ ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ocifausmpf ed u f kd wm0efay; a&G;cs,o f abmwlncD =hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,f oGm;wJt h cg ocifausmpf ed f rvku d jf zpfawmhyJ ocifausmpf ed t f pm; ocifvòS rdif (aemif Adv k &f efatmif) jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 1940 Zlvikd f (26) &ufrmS Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f acgi;f aqmif a'guw f mbarmf udk tpd;k &t=unf !dyk suaf tmif a[majymr_e@J zrf;+yD; rE aW v;rSm ±H;k wifw&m;pGq J ykd gw,f? t*Fvyd &f ŒJ ±kyaf o;tpd;k &u awmh eef;&if;0ef *VKefOD;apm tpdk;&yg? ocifacgi;f aqmifawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; om,m0wDnv D mcHt+yD; a[majymv_aH qmfra_ wGe@J wa,muf+yD;wa,muf qufwu dk t f zrf;cH=u&ygawmhw,f? ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifE/k ocif wifw@kd tzrf;cH=u&ygw,f? ‘xGe;f tky-f Apde’f *d% k ;f bufuvnf; ocifn/D ocifcifarmifw@kd tzrf;cH =u&ygw,f? emrnf}uD; ocifacgi;f aqmifawG axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csxm;cH&wm te,fe,ft&yf&yf rSm jzpfvmygw,f? ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ocifvSòrdifwdk@ESpfa,muf ±kyfzsuf+yD; ‘[kdifvD’ oabFmeJ@ (8-8-1940) ae@rSm w±kwfjynfc&D;udk pwifygw,f? (24) &ufae@rSm w±kwfjynf ‘trGdKif’òrdŒudk qdkufa&mufoGm; ygw,f? w±kwu f rl ifwefe@J *syefa&wyfyikd ef ufteD; trGKd irf mS pwnf;cs+y;D w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygweD @J tquf toG,f&zdk@ óud;pm;ae=uwkef;rSm ygvmor#aiGukef+yD; aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf; óuH=uygw,f? Arm jynfvSrf;+yD; aiGa=u;tultnDawmif;awmh b¾ma&;wm0efcH ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm) u vdkuf tvSLcH&mrSm Armhxu G &f yf*% dk ;f }uD;udv k nf; tvSLcHryd gw,f? *syefvv kd m;ol a'guw f mode;f armif 18
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
odomG ; +yD; a'gufwmodef;armifu ‘qlZluD;’ udk ajymjywJhtwGuf ocifatmifqef; eJ@ ocifvSòrdif "mwfyHkudk qlZluD;u ,loGm;+yD; trGdKifuae wdkusKdydk@Ekdifa&; pDpOfygawmhw,f? tJ'ga=umifh Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufeJ@ tultnD&a&;/ w±kyfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqD oGm;cJh=uwJh ocif atmifqef;eJ@ ocifvSòrdifwdk@[m aemufqHk; *syefudka&mufoGm;&ygawmhw,f? 1940 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm ‘Apde-f xGe;f tky’f *d% k ;f uvnf; *syefe@J tquftoG,&f zd@k óud;pm;ae =u+yD;jzpfygw,f? *syefeJ@ tquftoG,f&+yD;wJhtcg tultnDtwGuf *syefu ,dk;',m;bufudk ul;yg? [drk mS jynfjh ynfph pkH kH pDpOfaqmif&u G af y;r,fajymwJt h wGuf ocifApdeu f , kd w f ikd f ,d;k ',m;oGm;&ef óud;pm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vrf;rSmyJ t*Fvdyftzrf;cHvdkuf&+yD; axmifwESpfusoGm;&ygw,f? ocif Apdef tzrf;cH&+y;D aemuf usev f rl sm;u qufóu;d pm;=u&if; ocifatmifoef; (aemif Adv k pf }umf ) wa,muf ,dk;',m;udk acsmacsmarmarm a&mufoGm;ygw,f? aemifrSm *syefudk ppfynmoifrsm; v$wfEkdifa&; tcdkiftrm aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&oGm;=uygawmhw,f? 1941 ckEpS f ESpq f ef;ydik ;f a&mufawmh ocifjracgi;f aqmif+yD; t*Fvyd u f kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS f zd@k A[dak jratmufawmfveS af &;tzGŒJ awG v#KŒd 0Suf zGŒJ pnf;ygw,f? A[kad jratmufawmfveS af &;tzGŒJ &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf ocifjru wm0ef,l+yD; c±dkif (20) cGJ+yD; zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? 'DtzGJŒcGJawGxJrSm yg0ifcJh=uwJh wcsKŒd aomacgi;f aqmifawG[m ‘'d@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ’ udpeP @J tzrf;tqD;cH=u&wmawGvnf; ay:vm ygw,f? tzrf;qD;cH=u&wJh ocifacgif;aqmifawG axmifawGxJrSm renf;awmhyg? usefacgif;aqmif trsm;pk[mvnf; v#KŒd 0Su+f yD; ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_awGuykd J tav;xm;+yD; vkyu f ikd v f y_ &f mS ;ae=u&yg awmhw,f? tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm 1941 ckESpf rwfvxJrSm ocifatmifqef; *syefuae &efukefudk v#KdŒ0Suf+yD; wacgufjyefvmcJhygw,f? ykodrfudk qefwifzdk@vmwJh ukefwifoabFmwpD;rSm oabFmt&m&Sda,mif aqmif+yD; vdkufvmwmjzpfygw,f? ykodrfuae &efukefudkqif;csvm+yD; ouFef;u|ef;wae&mrSm jynfo@l ta&awmfyykH gwD (yDtmyD) u ocifcspf (aemif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D wGi;f a&;rSL;) eJ@ awGŒqHk ygw,f? ocifcsp/f q&mxGe;f a&$w@kd &ŒJ tpDtpOfe@J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwu D acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ aqG;aEG; =uygw,f? *syefuay;r,fh tultnDta=umif;/ ArmrsK;d cspv f il ,fawGukd *syefvw $ +f yD; ppfynmoif ,la&;tpDtpOfawGta=umif; tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? ocifatmifqef; oabFmeJ@tjyefrSm ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k u ocifvaS z (aemif Adv k v f usmf )/ ocifA*sr;f (aemif Adv k v f a&mif)/ ocifat;armif (aemif Adv k rf ;kd )/ ausmif;om;or*~u udx k eG ;f &Sed f (aemif Adv k &f efEidk )f wk@d yxr tokwftjzpf vdkufygoGm;jzpf=uygw,f? aemifr=umrDrSmyJ 'kwd,tokwf/ wwd,tokwfawG qufvufydk@v$wfEkdif+yD; aemufqHk; tokwf pwkwo ˆ w k f (11) OD;rSmawmh ‘Apde-f xGe;f tky’f *d% k ;f u acgi;f aqmif ocifxeG ;f tkyt f ygt0if (6) OD;eJ@ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;tzGJŒu (5) OD;yg0ifygw,f? ocif±_armif (aemif Adv k af e0if;) [m tJ'aD emufq;kH okwrf mS ‘Apde-f xGe;f tky’f *d% k ;f &JŒtzGŒJ 0ifwOD;tjzpf ygvmwm jzpfygw,f? ,d;k ',m;udjk zwf+yD; a&mufvmcJw h hJ Apde-f xGe;f tkyf *d% k ;f u ocifatmifoef; (Adv k pf }umF )/ ocifoef;wif (Adv k o f ef;wif)/ *syefukd ynmoiftjzpf a&muf&Sdae+yD;jzpfwJh udkaqmif; (aemif-Adkvf xdef0if;) wdk@yg tm;vHk;aygif;vdkufawmh vl (30) jzpfoGm;ygw,f? ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
19
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
t±Hk;u (21) OD;eJ@ Apdef-xGef;tkyf 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;u (8) OD;jzpfygw,f? 'D (30) [m aemif &JabmfoHk;usdyfvdk@ Armjynfordkif;rSm trnfxif&Sm;vmygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdyf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfudk vufeufeJ@wdkufcdkufzdk@ *syefqDu&wJh ppfa&;tultnDudk &,lvufcH+yD; ppfynmudk oif,l=uygawmhw,f? 1941 ckEpS /f ZGev f (22) &ufae@rmS *smrefemZDawG[m qkAd , D uf,el , D u H kd 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u kd f ygw,f? qdAk , D uf,el , D H emZD*smrefw@kd &ŒJ vufatmuf us rus[m wurBmvH;k eJ@ oufqikd w f hJ ta&; jzpfvmygw,f? qdkAD,ufom 'DwdkufyGJrSmusqHk;oGm;cJh&if urBmhtem*wf[m emZDzufqpfrsm;vuf atmuf jym;jym;arSmufoGm;&awmhr,fh taetxm;rsKd;jzpfygw,f? 1939 ckESpf pufwifbmvu pwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;[m qkdAD,ufudk emZD*sm refwdk@u 0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufjcif; rðyrDtxd e,fcsJŒorm;tcsif;csif;=um; jzpfyGm;aewJhppf e,fajrvk ppfuae/ vuQ%mwpwp pwifajymif;vJ oGm;ygawmhw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;csif;wdkufwJhppfuae urBmzh ufqpftm%m&Sirf sm;u wzuf/ vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; 'Dru kd a&pDe@J qk&d , S v f pfpepfukd umuG,w f hJ tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf t}udwfte,f,SOfòydif=uwJh urBmhppfyJG}uD;tjzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;ygawmh w,f? urBmzh ufqpfpepfqef@usiaf &;twGuf urBmjh ynfot l m;vH;k eJ@qidk w f hJ ppfy}JG uD;toGijf zpfvmyg w,f? tJ'D 1941 ckESpf/ ZGefv pwkwWywfxJrSmyJ tif;pdefaxmifxJ a&muf&Sdae=uwJh ocifacgif; aqmifawGjzpfwJh ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifEk/ ocifvSabmf/ ocifav;armif/ ocifausmfpdef/ ocifcifatmif wkd@wawG[m urBmhtajctae/ ArmhtajctaeawGudk awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? ppfwrf;xkw=f unf=h uygw,f? tJ'pD pfwrf;[m Armhordik ;f rSm ta&;ygwhJ ‘tif;pdepf pfwrf;’ yg? tJ'D ppfwrf;&JŒ tcsKyfoabmuawmh urBmzh ufqpf0g'udk wdu k zf suaf &;/ urBmph pf}uD;twGi;f rSm r[mrdwf rsm;eJ@ wGJzufwdkufcdkuf+yD; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,la&;jzpfygw,f? tif;pdepf pfwrf;yg oabmxm;udk tJ'aD xmifwiG ;f a&muf ocifacgi;f aqmifrsm;[m t*Fvyd f tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;qDudkvnf; pmwapmifa&;ydk@cJh=uovdk tjyifrSm&SdaewJh ocifacgif;rsm;qDudk vnf; enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ay;ydk@cJh=uygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ArmhrsKd;cspfvli,f ocif acgif;aqmiftcsKŒd [m *syefe@J qufr+d yD; *syefuakd wmif a&muf&adS e=u+yDjzpfygw,f? *syefukd ppfynm oifrsm; apv$waf &;twGuf t"duwm0ef,lcJhwJh ocifjr/ ocifcspfwdk@acgif;aqmifwJh jynfolŒta&; awmfyHkygwD}uD;[m *syefeJ@qufoG,frd=u&if; vufvGefaerdcJh=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1941 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f v,frmS usi;f ywJh 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k uGe@f z&ifh (A[dak umfrwD tpnf;ta0;) rSm axmifuvGwfcgp ocifoef;òrdif (ausmufqnf)/ ocifv_dif (a&eHacsmif;) wdk@vdk yk*~KdvfawGu tif;pdefppfwrf;yg oabmxm;tjrifopfudk wifjyaqG;aEG;=uayr,fh ocifjr/ ocif A[def; pwJhacgif;aqmifawGu rlvay:vpDtwdkif; ‘yxr t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒudk qef@usifwdkufckduf/ aemufrS *syefwdk@. ajcvSrf;udk=unfh+yD; *syefudkygwdkufqdkwJh oabmxm;udkom twnfðyoifh a=umif; &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; vufcHvdkuf=uygw,f? 1930 ckEpS u f wnf;u w±kwjf ynfuw kd u kd +f y;D w±kwjf ynfxaJ &muf&adS ewJh *syef[m ‘tm&Swu kd f omwlnrD #a&;’ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J urBmt h a&SŒjcrf;wckv;kH udk pd;k rd;k odr;f ydu k Ef idk zf Œkd tcdik t f rm=uH&, G x f m; 20
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
+yD;yg+yD? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif; *syef[m w&m;0ifrygao;yg? tar&duefvnf; w&m;0if rygao;yg? qdkAD,ufudk emZD*smrefwdk@ 0ifwdkufcsdefup+yD; urBmppf}uD;&JŒta&;}uD; vuQ%majymif;vJ vmovdk urBmppfrD;&JŒ t&Sdef[mvnf; ydkrdkjyif;xefvmygw,f? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf enf; rsKd;pHkeJ@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf v_yf&Sm;r_awG[mvnf; ododomom jrifhrm;vmcsdefrSm t*Fvdyf&JŒ ±kyfao; tpdk;& *VKefOD;apm[mvnf; ol&JŒEkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft0g vdrfnmpdkufxlxm;Ekdifa&;twGuf Armjynf bk&ifcH qma':refprpfeJ@ tay;t,lvkyf+yD; Armhta&;udkqdk&ef vef'efoGm;zdk@jyifygw,f? atmufwdk bmvxJrSm tdkifpDtuf OD;wifxGwfudk twGif;0eftjzpfac:oGm;+yD; Armjynfqdkif&m twGif;0ef ‘atr&D’ eJ@awGŒ ‘csmcsD’ eJ@awGŒ vkyfygw,f? t*Fvdyfu ppf}uD;+yD;&if Armjynfudk 'dkrDeD,Htqifhxd jr‡ifhwifay;ygr,fqdkwJh uwdukdawmifray;yg? yg;pyfuwdav;awmif r&cJhyg? *syefa&muf ocifatmifqef;acgif;aqmifwJh &JabmfoHk;usdyf[m *syefodrf;xm;wJh [dkifeef u|ef;rSm 1941 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvu atmufwdkbmvv,ftxd/ xkdif0rfu|ef;rSm atmufwdkbmv,f uae 'DZifbmvqef;txd *syefuay;wJh ppfynmudk tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d yifyrf;qif;&Jr_ tzHzk =kH um; uae oif,lae=uygw,f? 1941 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmrSm tar&duefydkif ‘[m0dkif,Du|ef;’ ykvJqdyfurf;udk tvpftidkuf AHk; }uJwdkufcdkuf+yD; *syef[m urBmppf}uD;twGif; 0ifa&mufvmygawmhw,f? 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@rSm *syefu t*Fvyd /f tar&duefw@kd ukd w&m;0ifppfa=unmovd/k tar&duefuvnf; w&m;0if*syefukd ppfa=unm+yD; urBmppf}uD;xJa&mufvmygawmhw,f? 'DZifbm (11) &ufae@rmS tar&duefu *smref eJ@ tDwvDudkvnf; ppfa=unmygawmhw,f? zufqpfemZDrsm;jzpf=uwJh *smref/ tDwvD/ *syef 0if±;kd pGe;f oH;k Ekid if H tiftm;pkuwzuf/ t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qkdAD,ufr[mrdwf tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf/ wurBmvHk;v$rf;òcHwJh urBmppf}uD; [m urBmhjynfoltm;vHk;eJ@ ywfoufvm&ygawmhw,f? 1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (9) &ufae@rmS t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u 'd@k Armtpnf; t±H;k }u;D udk rw&m;oif; tjzpf a=unm+yD;/ ocifacgif;aqmiftm;vHk;udk vdkufvHzrf;qD;ygw,f? t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk jywfjywf om;om; qef@usi=hf uwJh ocifacgi;f aqmifreS o f r# axmifxaJ &muf&ifa&muf/ ra&muf&if ajratmuf tjzpf v#dKŒ0Sufvkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;=u&ygawmhw,f? ay:ay:xifxif aexdkifvdk@r&awmhyg? *syefzufqpfrsm;[m tvsit f jref ppfqiford ;f ydu k rf a_ wGvyk +f y;D tm&Sppfr;D udk t&Sed jf ri‡ v hf u kd f ygw,f? zdvpfydkifEkdifiHeJ@ ypdzdwfork'N&mwGif;&Sd u|ef;}uD;u|ef;i,fawGudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufygw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;&JŒ ta&SŒzsm;a'oppfbuf tcdik t f rmpcef;}u;D jzpfwhJ puFmylcw H yf}u;D udk t*Fvyd f rsm;ud, k w f ikd f wkev f y_ t f =hH ooGm;&avmufatmif taocH+yD; &ufyikd ;f twGi;f odr;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd yf gw,f? 'DZifbm (23) &ufe@J (25) &uf c&pPrwfae@rmS &efuek òf rŒd udk *syefu pwifA;kH }uw J u kd cf u kd yf gawmhw,f? Armjynf}uD;[m ppfrD;v#H=um; twdtvif;a&muf&SdoGm;yg+yD? t*Fvdyftpdk;&[m atmufArmEkdifiH&Sd tusOf;axmifawGxJ a&muf&Sdae=uwJh ocifacgif; aqmifawGudk txufArmjynfaxmifawGqDcGJ+yD; ae&mtESH@ydk@ygw,f? *syeftultnDe@J ppfynmoif =um;+y;D =uwJh &Jabmfo;kH usyd [ f m xkid 0f rfu|e;f uae befaumufòrdŒudk a&muf&Sdae=uyg+yD? *syefwdk@&JŒ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
21
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
awmifydkif; ppfwyftrSwf (15) ppfwyf}uD;[mvnf; xkdif;EdkifiHxJa&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? trSwf (15) vuf atmufcH 'D0DZHwyf (5) [m befaumufòrdŒrSm &JabmfoHk;usdyf a&muf&SdaepOfrSmyJ a&muf&Sdvm+yDjzpf ygw,f? 1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (26) &ufae@rmS befaumufòrdŒrSm ocifatmifqef;/ ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd acgif;aqmifwJh &JabmfoHk;usdyf[m ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aoG;udkazmuf opPma&aomufyGJusif; y+y;D Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) udk pwifzŒJG pnf;vdu k =f uygw,f? bDtikd af t[m Armh vufeufuikd w f yfrawmf&ŒJ rlvtpjzpfygw,f? Adv k af tmifqef;[m 'D bDtikd af tudk pwif acgi;f aqmif zGJŒpnf;ay;cJholppfppfjzpfvdk@ wyfrawmf&JŒ zcift&if;ppfppfjzpfygw,f? ocifxGef;tkyfvnf; &Jabmf oH;k usyd rf mS acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfcahJ yr,hf ol[m ppfynmtpm; tkycf sKyfa&;ynmudo k m tav; xm; oif,cl o hJ jl zpfygw,f? Adv k b f ŒJG cH,o l wfrw S =f uawmhvnf; Adv k b f ŒJG awmif rcH,cl yhJ g? bDtikd af t pwifxlaxmif&mrSm yg0ifcJhwJh *syefAdkvf ‘qlZluD;’ uawmif Adkvfrdk;óud;tjzpf cH,lcJhygw,f? bDtikd af t zGŒJ pnf;+yD;wmeJ@ ArmjynftwGi;f a&SŒajy;0ifa&muf+yD; jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gweD @J qufoG,fbdk@/ ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fzdk@ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfwm&m/ Adkvfvif; ,kef/ Adkvfrdk;!dkwdk@yg0ifwJh tzGJŒwckudk wm0efay; apv$wfvdkufygw,f? 1942 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;rSmyJ Adkvfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifwJh bDtdkifat (ArmhvGwf vyfa&;wyfrawmf) [m *syefwyfrawmfeJ@twl ppfa=umif;oHk;a=umif;cGJ+yD; xdkif;Arme,fpyfuae ArmjynftwGi;f atmifjrifpmG 0ifa&muf=uygawmhw,f? bDtikd af t pwifzŒJG pnf;wke;f u &m*%ef;r# om&Sdayr,fh a&;/ +rdwf/ xm;0,f/ armfvòrdifòrdŒawGudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;wmeJ@ tiftm;tqrwef wdk;yGm; vmygw,f? ay;EkdifwJh vufeuftiftm;xuf vltiftm;u tqrwefrsm;jym;ae+yD; ppfcsD&mvrf; wav#mufu &&mvufeufpGJudkif vdkufygvm=uwJh bDtdkifatwyfrawmf}uD;[m &efukefòrdŒudk ra&mufao;ciftwGif;rSm oHk;aomif;ausmfav;aomif;eD;yg; wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfaeyg+yD? *syefbufu ArmjynfppfyGJtwGuf t"duwm0ef,l&wJhwyfu trSwf (15) wyfrawmf jzpfygw,f? trSwf (33) wyfreJ@ trSwf (55) wyfr[m/ trSwf (15) wyfrawmf}uD;xJrSm yg0ifyg w,f? 'DtrSwf (15) wyfrawmf}u;D xJrmS yg0ifygw,f? 'DtrSwf (15) wyfrawmf}u;D wckv;kH udk OD;pD; olu vufzwifeif *sife&,ftD;'g;jzpfygw,f? 1942 ckESpf ESpfqef; *syeft0ifrSmyJ e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfrsm;[m olwdk@&J@ wynfhausmf ‘qmay: xGef;’ Armjynftpkd;&udkyg olwdk@eJ@ wyg;wnf;ac:aqmif+yD; atmifjrifpGmqkwfcGmjcif;udk jyifqifyg awmhw,f? 1941 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvxJu vef'efa&muf+yD; 'drk eD , D t H yk cf sKyfa&;ay;zd@k awmif;aewJh eef;&if; 0ef OD;apm[m 'dkrDeD,Hr&yJ vef'efuae tar&duefbuf vSnfht0if tar&duef&JŒ [m0dkiftDu|ef; [dEk v dk v l òl rdŒudk *syefu AH;k vm}uJomG ;vd@k òrdŒ}uD;wckv;kH ysupf ;D aewmudk jrifvu kd &f w,f? tm&Sa'o udv k nf; ppfr;D ul;ae+yq D w kd mudv k nf; odvu kd &f w,f? 'ga=umifh Oa&mybufjyefvn S &hf if; ay:wl*jD ynf vpPbGef;òrdŒta&muf *syefaumifppf0efcsKyf±Hk;oGm;+yD; olŒudk,fusKd;twGuf Armjynfudk *syef0ifr,f qd&k if olu ulnyD ;l aygi;f r,fv@kd ajymowJ?h 'ga=umifh ygvufpwdik ;f / [dik zf mòrdŒudk OD;apmwd@k ta&muf/ toifah pmifah ewJh t*Fvyd af xmufvrS ;f a&;awGu OD;apmeJ@ OD;wifxw G u f kd zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vdu k =f uyg 22
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
w,f? Armjynfudk jyefrydk@awmhbJ ppfumvwav#mufvHk; ,l*ef'grSm tus,fcsKyfeJ@ xm;vdkufyg w,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfrSm eef;&if;0ef OD;apmtpdk;&&JŒae&mrSm qmay:xGef;tpdk;&jzpfaewmjzpfyg w,f? 'Dumvw0du k rf mS ‘jrif;jcpH pfwrf;’ xGuaf y:vmygw,f? ‘jrif;jcpH pfwrf;’[m ‘tif;pdepf pfwrf;’ &JŒ tqufjzpfygw,f? tif;pdeaf xmifuae Ekid if aH &;orm; ocifacgi;f aqmifawGukd txufArmjynf axmifawGqcD yGJ @kd wt hJ cg jrif;jcHaxmifa&mufomG ;&wJh ocifp;kd u axmifxrJ mS a&;om;wJh ppfwrf;jzpfyg w,f? tJ'pD pfwrf;ygoabmxm;tjriftwdik ;f ocifp;kd [m axmifx&J dS &JabmfawG Ekid if aH &;orm;awG udv k nf; csjywm aqG;aEG;wm oifwef;ay;wmawGuv kd nf; vkyyf gw,f? uGejf rLepf&aJ bmfrsm;eJ@ ocif acgif;aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; vufcHoabmuscJh=uw,fvdk@qkdygw,f? jrif;jcHppfwrf;&JŒ oabmxm;tjrifu 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwJh t*Fvdyftar&duefeJ@ uGefjrLepf±k&Sm;aygif;+yD; r[mrdwfzGJ@um zufqpfemZD *smref/ tDwvDwdk@udk wdkufcdkufovdk/ ArmjynfrSm ArmawGuvnf; zufqpf*syefudk eHywfwpf&efoltjzpf owfrSwf+yD; t*Fvdyftar&duefawGeJ@ twlwGJwdkuf&r,f? r[mrdwfzGJŒ yl;aygif;wdkuf&r,fqdkwmygyJ? 'ga=umifh tJ't D csed u f ArmjynfEidk if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ taetxm; udck jJG crf;pdwjf zm=unfh vdu k rf ,fq&kd if t,ltq (3) ckawGŒ&ygr,f? tJ't D ,l tq (3) cktwdik ;f OD;wnfvy_ &f mS ; jzpfay:ae =uwmudkvJawGŒ&ygr,f? ‘ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf’ qkdwJh t"du&nfrSef;csuf[m ruGJjym;=uayr,fhæ yxrt,ltqu ‘Armjynfudk u|efðyxm;ol t*Fvdyfudkwdkuf&r,f? *syeftultnD&,l +yD; t*Fvdyfudk t+yD;wdkif wdkufxkwfypf&if; Armjynf&JŒvGwfvyfa&;udk &,lEdkifvdrfhr,f’ qdkwmjzpf w,f? jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw&D ŒJ t,ltqjzpfovd/k tJ't D ,ltq oabmxm;twdik ;f um,uH ajrmuf aqmif&Gufae=uolawGu ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)/ ocifvSòrdif (Adkvf&ef atmif) eJ@ &JabmfoHk; usdyftiftm;pkawG jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d t,ltqu ‘Oa&myrSm qkAd , D ufu r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@aygi;f +yD; zufqpfawGukd t"du xm;wdu k w f mrSew f ,f? ArmjynfrmS 'Dtajctaer&S?d vufawGŒrSm t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ [m igw@kd tm; r[m rdwðf ycGirhf ay;? vGwv f yfa&;ay;r,fuwdðyyg? ppftwGi;f rSm cifAsm;wd@k e@J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f ygr,fv@kd 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k &JŒ awmif;qkcd suu f kd y,fcs±rkH u/ ocifawGukd zrf;qD;axmifcsw,f? 'ga=umifh t*Fvyd f awGukd raxmufcEH idk ±f rkH u jynfwiG ;f ppfðy&r,f? *syefusL;ausmaf &;orm; zufqpfrsm;udv k nf; ckcH wdkufcdkuf&r,f’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ ocifA[def;wdk@[m 'Dt,ltq&SdcJh =uygw,f? 'Dt,ltqudk udkifpGJolawGvJ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&SdcJhygw,f? wwd,t,ltqopfu ocifp;kd eJ@ jrif;+cHppfwrf;axmufco H rl sm;&J@ (t*Fvyd u f zrf;qD;xm; vdk@ axmifxJa&mufae=u&ol ocifacgif;aqmif trsm;pk&JŒ) oabmxm;tjrifjzpfygw,f? ‘qdAk , D ufukd *smrefw@kd 0ifwu dk cf sed u f p+yD; urBmppf}uD;&JŒvuQ%m[m tajccHup+yD; ajymif; oGm;+y?D 'ga=umifh zufqpfqef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; vrf;pOftwdik ;f aqmif&u G =f u&r,f? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm;udk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;rSm r[mrdwfðyxm;Ekdif&r,f’ qdkwJh t,ltqjzpfyg w,f? 'Dt,ltqudk tjyifrSm&Sdae=uwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ±kwfw&uf vufcH teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
23
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
Edkif=ujcif;r&Sdyg? t*Fvdyf&JŒ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSmom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexkdifvmcJh&bl;olawGjzpf awmh t*Fvyd u f /kd jyefvnf wGe;f vSew f u kd cf u kd af &; pdwaf pmae=uwmuwa=umif;/ *syefta=umif;udk t*Fvyd t f a=umif;avmuf vufawGŒrod=uao;wmuwa=umif;/ *syeftay: ar#mv f ifch sux f m;ol awG&Sdaeao;wma=umifhwa=umif; 'Dt,ltq[m topftpdrf;ozG,fjzpfaeygw,f? bDtikd af twyfe@J *syefw@kd &ŒJ trSwf (55) wyfr}uD; armfvòrdiu f kd odr;f +yD;csed u f p+yD;/ *syefawG u Armjynfudk vGwfvyfa&;a=unmay;r,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; ArmawGudkyJtyfr,fqkdwJh uwd udk pwifcsKd;azmufygawmhw,f? bDtikd af twyfrsm;u ArmjynftwGi;f 0ifvmpOf odr;f ydu k rf w d hJ a'owdik ;f rSm &yf&mG at;csr;f a&;eJ@ +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;awG zGJŒay;ygw,f? tJ'Daus;&Gm/ òrdŒe,f/ c±dkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tzGŒJ awGukd ocifawG oufqidk &f ma'ou =oZmtm%m&So d al wG t&m&Sad [mif;awGe@J oifah vsmo f vdk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'Dacwfumvudk bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;acwfumvvdk@ac:a0: =uygw,f? bDtdkifatwyfawG[m 1942 ckESpf rwfv (8) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒudk odrf;ydkufrdygw,f? bDtdkifatwyfu &efukefòrdŒudk t0ifapmayr,f *syefwyf trSwf (15) wyfrawmfu tvHk;t&if; tiftm; ydkrdk}uD;wma=umifh trSwf (15) wyf&JŒvufatmufusa&mufoGm;ygw,f? trSwf (15) wyfu/ bk&ifcHtdrfudk odrf;ydkuf+yD; rwfv (15) &ufae@rSm ume,fempl (Clolnee Yoshio Nasu) acgif;aqmifwJh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk pzGJŒygawmhw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;uawmh ol&ŒJ eef;&if;0ef qmay:xGe;f tpd;k &udyk g wygwnf;ac:aqmif+yD; &efukefu jynf/ rE Wav;/ aròrdŒ/ ppfudkif;c&D; taxmufaxmuf ajymif;a&$Œ±Hk;pdkuf&if; ‘atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmjcif;’ udk atmifjrifpGm ðyvkyfoGm;ygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’ eJ@twlygvmwJh Adkvfrdk;óud;eJ@ olŒ&JŒ rDemrDuDuef;tzGJ@0if trsm;pk}uD;[m Armjynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;udk tjrefq;kH a=unmay;csiaf yr,fh Armjynfppfqifa&;udk t"du wm0ef,l xm;wJh trSwf (15) wyfrawmf[m tapmydkif;u ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk oabmwlcJh&muae oabmxm;ajymif;+yD; uef@uu G w f t hJ wGuf ‘bDtikd af t’ twGi;f rSmomru Adv k rf ;kd óud;wd@k vkd ‘rDemrD *syef’ rsm;uyg rauseyfjzpfcJh&ygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’ &JŒ vGwfvyfa&; a=unma&; ar#mfvifhcsuf[m taumiftxnf razmfEikd af wmhwb hJ 0 a&mufomG ;&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh bDtikd af t[m bDtikd af todr;f ydu k rf &d mwav#mufukd ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;aumfrwD’ awGzŒJG +yD; bDtikd af ttkycf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ awG xlaxmifay; cJhygw,f? bDtdkifat tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@awG[m oufqdkif&ma'orSm tm%m&tzGJŒawGozG,fjzpfwJh twGuf &mxl;tm%m&vdkolawGvnf; enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ 0ifa&mufyg0ifvm=uwm&Sdygw,f? bDtikd af ta=umifh &yf&mG at;csr;f wm/ olc;kd "m;jy awma=umifawG rxEkid w f m&So d vd/k bDtikd f attkyfcsKyfa&;umvxJrSm bDtdkifata=umifh rsufESmysufp&m/ tjrifr=unfvifp&mawGvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’ u ajcvGefvufvGefvkyfcJhwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? txl;ojzifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owcsKdŒrSm jy\emay:cJhygw,f? +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGufqdk+yD; vufeufawGvdkuf odr;f wm/ ttyfcikd ;f wmvky&f if; u&iftrsK;d om;awGe@J jy\emjzpfc=hJ uygw,f? u&if-ArmvlrsK;d a&; t"du±k%f;ay:cJh&ygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;awGbufu =unfhr,fqdk&if tJ'D ‘bDtdkifat’ qdkolawG 24
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
[m EkdifiHa&;tay:pD;&r_tay:uae *syeftm;udk;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGtay: Adkvfusvmwm vlrsKd; a&;zdESdyfowfjzwf/ t=urf;zufvmwmvdk@ jrif=uwmawG jzpfay:vmcJhw,f? ‘tdrfrJ’ e,frSm u&if trsKd;om; ‘ref;a&$xGef;=um’ OD;pD;wJh trsKd;om;ckcHumuG,fr_ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJawG ay:cJh&w,f? ajrmif;jre,frSmvJ Adkvfrdk;óud;wynfh uDrmwm; (Kimata) qdo k u l kd u&ifawGu owfjzwf vdu k =f uw,fqw kd o hJ wif;tay:rSm ‘Adv k af usmaf Zm’ &JŒwyfuv kd w $ +f yD; ESrd ef if;cdik ;f wJt h wGuf jy\em ay:cJh&ygw,f? &Srf;jynfbufrSmvnf; bDtdkifatAdkvfwa,mufu wyfwwyfeJ@ &rf;um;oGm;wJht wGuf rsufESmysufp&mjzpfcJh&w,f? *syefwyfrsm;uvnf; ArmjynfwGif;a&mufwJh tcsdefup+yD; olwdk@wyfa&muf&m t&yfwkdif; rSm zufqpfbDvl;±kyfudk tpG,fwjyL;jyL;eJ@ jyovmw,f? yg;±dkuf/ em;±dkuf/ vufonf;cGHcGm a&aEG;yl avmif;/ aeylvSef;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftkdrSef; rod bkef;}uD;&[ef;rSef;rod ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrlqufqHwm nOf;yef;ESdyfpufwmawG vkyfvm=uygw,f? atmufArmjynfwckvHk;uawmh *syefatmufa&muf oGm;+yDjzpfayr,fh txufArmjynfuawmh t*FvdyfvufxJ &SdaeqJjzpfygw,f? xif&Sm;wJhEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif trsm;pk}uD;[m txufArmjynf tusOf;axmifawGxJu rxGufEkdifao;yg? rE Wav;axmifxJrSm ocifpdk;/ ocifA[def;/ ocifEk/ ocifjroGif/ ocifausmfpdefwdk@ wawG&+dS yD; rH&k mG axmifrmS ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifav;armif/ ocifApde/f ocifcifatmifw@dk wawG &S=d u w,f? rdk;ukwfaxmifrSmu a'gufwmbarmf? w±kwjf ynf cseaf u&Sw d t f pd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,f ‘*sief &,f0rf;’ u ocifEu k kd axmifxo J mG ;awGŒ +y;D ‘w±kyjf ynfvu kd cf yhJ g? [dak &muf&if twlwv l yk &f atmif’ vd@k zw d af c:awmh ocifEu k ‘*sief &,f0rf;’ udk “ppf}uD;+yD;oGm;&if ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ay;r,fvdk@ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u a=unmygap? Armjynfol tm;vHk;u *syefudk wdkufcdkuf=uvdrfhr,f” vdk@qdkygw,f? ocifpdk;/ ocifEk/ ocifA[def;eJ@ ocifausmfpdefwdk@awG w±kwfjynf ‘csKHuif;’ txd vdkufzdk@ tpDtpOfvkyf+yD;wJhtcsdefrSm *syefu w±kwf-Arm vrf;r}uD;udk jzwfawmufydwfqdk@xm;vdkuf+yDjzpf vdk h tpDtpOfysufoGm;cJhygw,f? *syefu &efukefudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;wJhtcg txufArmjynfòrdŒ}uD;awGqD csDwufodrf;ydkufyg w,f? bDtdkifatwyfawGuvnf; *syefwyfawGeJ@,SOf+yD; wufygw,f// txufArmjynfòrdŒawGudk vnf; *syef[m ava=umif;uae AHk;}uJwdkufcdkuf&if; atmifjrifpGmqkwfcGmae=uwJh t*Fvdyfwyf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef xkd;ppfqifygw,f? t*FvdyfawG rE Wav;uae qkwfcGm+yD; rE Wav;axmif}uD;ay:rSm AHk;uscsdefrSm axmifrª;}uD;eJ@ tay;t,lvkyf+yD;/ ocifEk/ ocifpdk;/ ocif A[def;/ ocifjroGif/ ocifausmfpdefwdk@wawG axmifuvGwfvm=uygw,f? t*FvdyfwyfawGqkwf&if; ppfudkif;wHwm;}uD;udk csKd;+yD; rHk&Gmudk ta&muf *syefu AHk;t}uJrSm rHk&GmaxmifudkzGifh+yD; v$wfypfvdkufvdk@ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifav;armif/ ocifApdef/ ocifcifatmif wdk@awGvnf; rHk&Gmaxmifuae vGwfvm=uygw,f? ppftwGi;f rSm txufArmjynfrmS Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG tjyeftvSef tquftoG,&f +yD; pkpnf;rdae=uygw,f? ocifodef;azeJ@ udkausmf+idrf; (OD;ausmf+idrf;) wdk@ESpfa,mufvnf; rE Wav;udk a&mufaeygw,f? ocifodef;azu jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD &efyHkaiGeJ@ t*FvdyfeJ@ *syefe,fcsJŒwdk@udk teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
25
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
wòydifeuf wkduf&r,fqdkwJh oabmxm;pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;+yD; ‘wdkif;cspf’ ocifodef;az&JŒ wdkif;cspf yHEk ydS w f u kd u f ae v#KŒd 0Suf ±du k Ef ydS x f w k af 0wmawG pwifvyk af eygw,f? udak usm+f idr;f u jynfoŒl ta&; awmfyHkygwD &efukefXmecsKyf&JŒ wm0efay;csufeJ@ rdk;ukwfaxmifxJa&mufaewJh a'gufwmbarmfeJ@ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfygw,f? ocifoed ;f azeJ@ udak usm+f ird ;f [m tJ'w D ek ;f u a&$bu kd kd ppfajy;tjzpf a&mufaewJh 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd eJ@vnf; oGm;awGŒ=u+y;D Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? rE aW v;em;u ‘uydik ’f &Gmudv k nf; wkid ;f cspf ocif odef;azwdk@rdom;pk ajymif;a&$ŒoGm;=uvdk@ vdkufoGm;jzpf=uygw,f? tJ'D uydkif&GmrSmyJ axmifuvGwf vm+yD; a&mufvm=uwJh ocifE/k ocifp;kd / ocifausmpf ed /f ocifjroGiw f @kd e@J twl ocifoed ;f az/ udak usmf +idrf;wdk@ qHk=uygw,f? t*Fvdyfajy;±HkeJ@ vGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHkr+yD;ao;? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifa&;udpPudk aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? ocifEk/ udkausmf+idrf;wdk@u ArmjynfrSmae+yD; *syefeJ@yl;aygif;/ tm%mcGJa0,lum vHk;0vGwf vyfa&;txd wdu k yf 0JG ifa&;oabmxm;udk udik pf w JG ,f? ocifp;kd / ocifoed ;f az/ ocifausmpf ed /f ocifjr oGif wdk@u w±kwfwyfawGeJ@ twlvdkuf+yD; Armjynftjyifudk xGuf=ur,f? tJ'DurS w±kwf/ t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef pwJh r[mrdwfwyfawGeJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; *syefudkjyefwdkuf&if; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtxd wdkufoGm;=ur,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf=uw,f? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufeJ@tnD ocifpdk;/ ocifodef;az/ ocifjroGif wkd@ vdkufoGm;=uayr,fh aemufqHk; ratmifjrifyJ jyefvSnfhvm=u&w,f? 1942 ckEpS /f arv (13) &ufae@rmS a'guw f mbarmf[m *syefawGe@J qufo, G rf +d yD;jzpfw,f? ol@red ;f r a':cifrreJ@ wynfw h csKŒd u axmifr;ª / axmifq&m0efawGtultnDe@J rd;k ukwaf xmifuxkwf vm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; a'gufwmbarmf[m *syefeJ@ qufoG,frdwmjzpfw,f? *syefu eef;&if;0ef ‘wd*k sK’d uvnf; a'guw f mbarmfvkd Ekid if aH &;orm;udk toH;k ðycsiaf ecsed f Armjynf&dS *sief &,f ‘tD'g;’ uvnf; Adv k rf ;kd óud;/ ocifxeG ;f tkyef @J bDtikd af ttkycf sKyfa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;aumfrwDqw kd mawGukd rsuf aphaemuf+yD; ArmjynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJŒpnf;csifaecsdef a'gufwmbarmftwGuf tuGufaumif;qdkuf vmygw,f? 1942 ckESpf/ arvrSm rE Wav;/ ZGefvrSm wjynfvHk;udk *syefwyfawG[m xdef;csKyfodrf;ydkuf vdkufEdkif+yDjzpfygw,f? ZGefv (3) &ufae@rSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk xlaxmifvdkufwma=umifh bDtdkifat tkycf sKyfa&;acwf[mvnf; edÏw d o H mG ;&ygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh bDtikd af t tkycf sKyfa&;acwf[m 1942 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Duae arvukeftxd (5) vavmufyJ =umcJhygw,f? ocifodef;az[m ‘wdkif;cspfocifodef;az’ udk *syefawGu zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf+yD;/ olŒudk teH@cH vdkufaewma=umifh ajratmufv#Kd;ae&wmuae jynfyqDxGufzdk@ cyfokwfokwfjyif&ygawmhw,f? ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; ‘tdEdN,udkoGm;+yD; r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@ tquftoG,f&a&;twGuf óud;pm;zdk@’ ocifoed ;f azudk wdu k w f eG ;f aqG;aEG;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifoed ;f az[m ocifwifa&$ (ausmufqnf) eJ@twl tdE, dN udk xGucf mG oGm;jzpf+yD;/ 1942 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f xJrmS tdE, Nd udk a&muf&o dS mG ;+yDjzpfygw,f? 1942 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (10) &ufae@rSm *syeftpdk;&u rDemrDuDuefudk zsufodrf;ypfvdkuf+yD; Adkvfrdk;óud;udkvnf; ar*sm*sife&,f&mxl;wdk;ay;um *syefjynfjyefac:vdkufw,f? Adkvfrdk;óud;udk Arm 26
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jynfrSm rxm;csifawmh/ Adkvfrdk;óud;tcef; ukefoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ‘bDtdkifat’udkvnf; &rf;&rf;um; um;vkycf w hJ mawG emrnfysucf w hJ mawGukd vufnK‡ ;d xk;d jy+yD;/ pnf;urf;r&Sd ta=umif;jycsuef @J tzsuf odr;f cdik ;f w,f? 1942 ckEpS /f Zlvikd f (27) &ufae@rmS *syef{u&mZf trde@f t& *se&,ft;D 'g;u bDtikd af t (ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf) udk bD'Dat (ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf) tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;ap w,f? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufcJhwJh wyfrawmfudk ArmhumuG,fa&;twGufyJ &nfpl;wJh wyfrawmfjzpfatmif ajymif;vJypfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? Armjynfuae t*FvdyfawG xGufcGm oGm;&+yDjzpfvdk@ t*FvdyfawG jyefr0ifvmatmif umuG,fzdk@omvdkawmhw,fqdkwJh oabmt"dy`m,f eJ@ zGJŒpnf;apwmjzpfw,f? ta&twGufudkvnf; (3000) cef@txdyJ&Sdap+yD; AdkvfawZudk ppfaoem ywd cef@w,f? AdkvfawZu ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ qdkwJh emrnf&if;udkyJ jyefvnfoHk;pGJcJhygw,f? Adkvfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif+yD; wyf&if; (3) ckudk rwnfum ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) ay:ayguv f m ygw,f? wyf&if; (3) ckv;kH udv k nf; ysO;f rem;rSmyJ tajcpdu k af pcJyh gw,f? &efuek rf mS awmh ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf ppf±Hk;eJ@ r*Fvm'HkppfwuUodkvfwdk@ ay:aygufvmygw,f? &Jabmf (134) a,mufudk a&G;+y;D r*Fvm'HAk v kd o f ifwef; (yxrywf) tjzpfwufapcJyh gw,f? *syef ‘um0g&;DS rm;’ [m ppfwuUov kd f ausmif;tkyfjzpfvmw,f? 'DAdkvfoifwef; (yxrywf) rsm;[m Armjynfordkif;rSm aemif ppfwyfordkif;rSm ‘&JabmfoHk; usdyf’ +yD;&if ta&;ygt&ma&mufqHk;jzpfvm=ur,fh yk*~KdvfawGjzpfygw,f? 1942 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufcH Armtpdk;&tzGJŒudk *syefu zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a'gufwmbarmf? *syefudk vdkvm;oljzpfcJhwJh a'gufwm odef;armifu b¾m0ef}uD;/ ocifxGef;tkyfu opfawmESifhowWKwGif;0ef}uD;/ ocifApdefu vrf;yef; qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfcJhovdk ocifjru jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ ocifoef;xGef;u v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; 0ef}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? tm;vHk; (10) OD; &Sdygw,f? *syefppftyk cf sKyfa&;umvtwGi;f rSm vli,frsm;tpnf;t±H;k wckvnf; zGŒJ pnf; ay:ayguv f m ygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm; Avig;wefjynfh0a&;twGuf avhusifhðypkay;&efqdkwJh ta=umif;jy csufeJ@ ay:vmwmyg? tJ'guawmh ‘tm&Svli,ftpnf;t±Hk;’ vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ta&SŒtm&Swdkuf vli,frsm; tpnf;t±Hk;yg? OuUÏu yk*HOD;b*srf;? 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;uawmh ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;a&m/ Apdef-xGef;tkyf 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;yg a'gufwmAarmf&JŒ qif;&Jom;ygwDeJ@yl;aygif;+yD; 1942 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (27) &ufae@uwnf;u ‘'dk@Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±Hk;’ tjzpf xlaxmifvkdufygw,f? XmecsKyft}uD; tuJtjzpf ocifEku wm0ef,lygw,f? 'ga=umifh *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ vufatmufcH Armtpdk;& tjzpf ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg 'd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ESpjf crf;pvH;k u acgi;f aqmifrsm;a&m a'guw f mbarmf &JŒ qif;&Jom;ygwDua&m yg0ifaewmjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjynfudkvnf; rvdkufjzpf tdENd,udk ocifodef;azeJ@ twloGm;zdk@udkvnf; zsufypfvdkuf &wJh ocifpdk;uawmh tif;pdefppfwrf;/ jrif;+cHppfwrf; oabmxm;udkyJ +rJ+rJqkyfum *syefqef@usifha&; ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vk;yfief;rsm;udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; qufvufvkyfudkif aeygw,f? *syefuifaywdik pf pfyv k yd af wGu ‘ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw’D udk teH@c+H y;D vku d af eovdk ocifp;kd teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
27
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
udkvnf; vdkufaewJhtwGuf ocifpdk;[m jrpf0u|ef;ay:/ zsmyHk/ a';'&J/ usKdufvwfe,fawGrSm vSnfh vnf wdr;f a&Smif ajratmufcakd e&if;/ uGejf rLepfEikd if aH &;oifwef;yd@k cswm/ *syefqef@usiahf &; tiftm;pk aqmif;wmawG vkyfae jyifqifaeygw,f? axmifxrJ mS uwnf;u qdAk , D ufabmf&ADS pf&mZ0ifpmtkyu f kd bmomjyefc+hJ yD; tJ'pD mtkyu f ykd J vufudkifðy&if; axmifwGif;rmhufpf0g'oifwef; ydk@csvmcJhwJh/ tif;pdefppfwrf;t,ltqrSm udk,fwdkif ud, k u f s yg0ifazmfaqmifow l OD;jzpfcw hJ hJ ocifoef;xGe;f uawmh tpd;k &tzGŒJ xJ 0ef}uD;tjzpf ±kyjf yvkyf udkifae&if; ocifpdk;eJ@ v#KdŒ0SufqufoG,fum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwOD;taeeJ@ *syef qef@usifa&;tiftm;pkawGudk e,fy,faygif;pHkrSm ðypkysKd;axmifaecJhygw,f? k hJ ocifoed ;f azu tdE, dN rSm ‘ArmjynfwiG f jzpfysucf o hJ r#’ (What happened in Burma) qdw pmtkyu f kd t*Fvyd v f akd &;om;+yD; 1942 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyJ xkwaf 0vdu k yf gw,f? tm&SppfrsuEf mS awGrmS ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;twGuf t"duzGŒJ pnf;xm;wJh ‘zd@k 136 tzGŒJ ’ (Force 136) eJ@vnf; tquft oG,frjywf vkyfaecJhygw,f? oleJ@twloGm;cJhwJh ocifwifa&$ (ausmufqnf) udkvnf; Armjynfw acgufjyefv$wf+yD; tckdiftrmjyifqifr_awG vkyfaecJhygw,f? 1943 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm *syefeef;&if;0ef *sife&,fwdk*sKdu *syeftxufv$wfawmf t}udrf (80) ajrmuf tpnf;ta0;rSm Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;udk ESprf ul;rD a=unmay;r,fv@kd a=unmvdu k +f y;D rwfvxJrmS a'guw f mbarmfacgi;f aqmifwhJ ArmtzGŒJ udk wdu k sKv d mzd@k zdwaf c:w,f? a'guw f mbarmf/ ocifjr/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ a'guw f m ode;f armif/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Adv k &f efEidk yf g (8) OD;tzGŒJ wdu k sKu d o kd mG ; =uw,f? 1942 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (1) &ufrSm pwifcJhwJh *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; wESpfjynfhwJh 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm *sife&,ftD;'g;u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;±kyfodrf;a=umif; a=unm+yD;/ tJ'Dae@rSmyJ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk a=unmcGifhay;vdkufw,f? *syefay;wJv h w G v f yfa&;twke@J twl *syefppfwyfu csKyfuikd x f m;jcif;cH&wJh *syefacwf ±kyaf o; tpdk;&tzGJŒ[mvnf; vGwfvyfaomtpdk;&w&yftoGif zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhw,f? a'gufwm barmf [m t"dywdbŒJG udck , H &l if; 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efukd ,lvu kd w f ,f? ocifjru 'k0ef}uD;csKyf/ Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;u umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ a'gufwmodef;armifu b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ ocifEku EkdifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;/ ocifoef;xGef;u ajrESifhv,f,mpdkufysKd; a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmw,f? tpdk;&tzJGŒudk ‘ArmhxGuf &yf*kd%f;’ 0ifawGe@J zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f o hJ abmjzpfw,f? *syefacwfrmS Armhvw G v f yfa&;udk todtrSwðf y wJo h abm vkyfcJhayr,fh *syefppftm%mydkifawGuyJ ae&mwum óud;udkifAdkvfus=uw,f? *syef ppfwyfutvdk&SdwJh pm;eyf&duQm u|J/ EGm;/ =uuf/ 0ufawGomru ‘ac|;wyfom;’ vdk@ ac:wJh tvkyf orm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudkawmif tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdawGu zrf;qD;ay;=u&jyefw,f? t*F vdyfudkvdkeDorm;awGae&mrSm *syefudkvdkeD0g'orm;awGu vma&mufaoG;pkyf=uw,f? umvwdk twGif;rSmyJ trfbDaueJ@ trftufpfaupwJh *syefb¾mt&if;&Sif ukr`%Daygif; (50) avmuf[m ArmhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGxJvma&muf aoG;pkyfcJh=uw,f? Armjynf&JŒpD;yGm;a&;[m *syefacwf twGif;rSm tqdk;0g;qHk;tajctaea&mufcJh&+yD; tppt&m&m &Sm;yg;jywfvyf =uyfwnf;rGJaw cJh&w,f? 28
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
*syefuifaywdik af wG&ŒJ vufoaH jymifajymifEydS pf ufr/_ *syefppfom;awG&ŒJ zufqpfyyD D &rf;um; vlrqefra_ wGatmufrmS wjynfv;kH ae&mtES@H 0Éf'u k cQ =H u&w,f? *syefay;wJv h w G v f yfa&;[m b,f vdkvGwfvyfa&;vJqdkwm ezl;awGŒ 'l;awGŒ awGŒóuH=u&yg+yD? *syef0ifpuwnf;u *syefqef@usifa&; tjrif&Sdxm;=u+yD;om; uGefjrLepfawG[m *syefudk wGef;vSefarmif;xkwfEkdifzdk@ wdk;+yD; jyifqiftm;xkwfwmawG vkyf=uygw,f? v#KdŒ0Sufajratmufenf; awGeJ@yJ vkyfae=u&wmjzpfygw,f? *syefuvnf; *syefqef@usifa&;orm;rSefor#udk ykdufpdyfwdkuf+yD; ESdyfuGyfzdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f? ‘*syefov l #K’d qdw k hJ pmtkyef @J ‘qk&d , S v f pf0g'ESiehf o d #n;f ’ qkw d hJ pmtkyu f kd bmomjyefqckd w hJ hJ ‘vufyHwef;OD;bwif’udk *syefzufqpfawGu zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf owfjzwfvkduf=uygw,f? Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuq f w kd hJ &nfreS ;f csurf mS twlwjl zpfc=hJ uayr,fh 1942 ckEpS f 0ef;usif avmuftxd tjrift,ltq oabmxm;uGjJ ym;aecJ=h uwJh Armjynf trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif awGt=um;rSm wjznf;jznf;eJ@ *syefukd OD;wnfwu kd &f r,fqw dk hJ tjrifopfqD OD;wnfa&GŒvsm;pðyvm yg+yD? tif;pdefppfwrf;t,ltqqD pkpnf;rdpðyvmyg+yD? uGejf rLepfygwu D kd ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D ocifp;kd &JŒ vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf; trSwf (1) eJ@ trSwf (2) [m Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawG=um; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ysŒH ESv H mcJw h ,f? tJ'D ArmvGwv f yfa&; a=unm pmwrf;awG[m urBmhtiftm;pkawG&JŒ taetxm;/ *syefzufqpfpepfudk wdkufzsufzkd@twGuf &Ekdif or#aom r[mrdwfawGeJ@ yl;wGJvkyfaqmif=u&r,fh wm0efawGyg azmfjyxm;wJhtjyi/f zufqpf0g' rkcsusqHk;&r,fqdkwmudkvnf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfjyEdkifcJhygw,f? ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSmvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawG uGefjrLepfvkdvm;olawG tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ &Sdaeovdk/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD&JŒ ,lepf0ifawGvnf; &Sdae=uygw,f? ay:ay:xifxifr[kwfyJ v#KdŒv#KdŒ0Suf0SufeJ@ wnf&Sdae=uwmjzpfayr,fh udk,fhtpkeJ@udk,f EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;=uwm/ oifwef; oGm;wuf=uwm/ v#KdŒ0Sufpmapmifpmwrf;awG jzef@a0=u avhvm=uwmawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfay:aeygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfaewJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD&JŒ A[dkaumfrwD0ifwa,muftjzpf (1942) txd jzpfaeao;wmudk=unfh&if wyfrawmfxJrSm uGejf rLepfygwt D iftm; b,favmuf}u;D cJo h vJqw kd m vG,v f , G u f u l l pOf;pm;=unfv h @kd &ygw,f? tJ'D wke;f u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒv#KŒd 0Suef mrnfu (udak emifcsK)d ? ocifoef;xGe;f emrnfu udb k armif? wyfrawmfxrJ mS t}u;D tuJawGjzpfae=uwJh *syefjyef &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGukd jyef=unfrh ,f qd&k ifvnf; ‘uGejf rLepf’ awGjzpfaewm renf;yg? Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k af Z,s/ Adv k &f x J w G w f k@d [m uGejf rL epfawGyg? Adkvfvusfm[mvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD pwifxlaxmifolwpfOD;jzpfygw,f? bD'DatAdkvfoif wef; yxrywf/ 'kw, d ywfawGtwGi;f rSmvnf; uGejf rLepfawGtrsm;}u;D yg? Adv k Af xl;wd@k Adv k t f mVm0u wdk@[m uGefjrLepf}uD;awGjzpfovdk/ Adkvfpdk;armif (Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;)/ Adkvfyk/ Adkvf&Jarmif/ Adkvfrif;'if/ Adkvfoef;a&$ pwJholawG[m uGefjrLepfawGyg? jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwb D ufu OuUÏtjzpf ocifjr OD;aqmifyg0ifaeayr,fh t"duv_y&f mS ; aeolawGu ocifcspf (aemif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwb D ufajymif;oGm;)/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k jzpfyg w,f? wyfrawmfxJrSm jynfolŒta&;awmfyHk ,lepf0ifawGuawmh Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
29
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
Adv k af tmifa&$/ Akv d cf spcf ikd /f Adv k =f unf0if; pwJh Adv k af wGjzpfygw,f? Adv k af e0if;[m *syefjyeftyk pf u k ae yJhxGufvm+yD;/ tJ'D,lepftkyfpkrSm acgif;aqmifozG,f ae&m&vmcJhygw,f? ,lepftkyfpk[m AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;udk pdwrf csyJ *syefjyefxu J yJx h u G v f mwJh Adv k af e0if;udk tm;ud;k w}u;D eJ@ q&marG; acgi;f aqmif wifxm;wmvdk@qdkygw,f? *syefppfwyfu tdENd,EkdifiHbufqDtxd csDwuf0ifa&mufEkdifzdk@ óud;pm;xm;ygw,f? +Adwdo# wyf/ tar&duefwyfawGeJ@ &ifqdkifwdkufyGJqif&+yD; wyfvef aemufqkwfvm&ygw,f? t"dywd}uD; a'gufwmAarmfu ‘waoG;woHwrdef@’ atmfaeayr,fh zufqpf[m urBmh jynfoltm;vHk;&JŒ qef@usifr_udkcH&+yD; tusbufqD ajymif;vJvmaeyg+yD? tJ't D csed rf mS ocifApdeef @J ocifxeG ;f tkyv f nf; *syefu vdr+f y;D ac:wmcH&&if; puFmyle@J *smAm; u|ef;rSm wa,mufwae&mqDcGJ+yD; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;wm cHae&yg+yD? *syefudkqef@usifvdk@r[kwfyg? *syefukd ,H=k unfveG ;f +yD; *syefe@J aygi;f +yD; olw@kd tm%m&atmif=uHpnf=u&if; *syeftvdrcf o H mG ;&wm jzpfygw,f? t"dywd a'gufwmAarmfudk ðzwfcs+yD; olwdk@tm%m&a&; }uHpnf=upOf a'gufwmAarmf udkom acgif;aqmiftjzpfvdkcsifaewJh *syefu olwdk@udk jynfyydk@+yD; z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;yg? tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u &Sad ewJh Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tajctaeudk =unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if *syef ay;wJh vGwfvyfa&;twkta,mif qdkif;bkwfatmufrSm ‘'dk@Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±Hk;’ }uD;[m tm%m&tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;ozG,jf zpfygw,f? tqifq h ifah om tkycf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ tpnf; }uD;i,fawGukd ‘'d@k Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±H;k ’ 0ifawGe@J yJ t"duxm;zGŒJ pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wu,ft h m%m uawmh *syefppfwyfvufxJrSmyJ&Sdygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDuawmh ajratmuftjzpfeJ@ &yfwnf v_y&f mS ;ae=u&ygw,f? 'DygwED pS cf [ k m oabmobm0csi;f rwln=D uovdk jzpfwnfzŒJG pnf; ay:ayguf vmyHkcsif;vnf;rwl=uyg? 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkt+yD;rSm ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD’ tOD;qHk;ay: ayguv f mygw,f? vlwef;pm;udt k ajccH+yD; tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&JŒ wyfO;D ygwt D jzpf ay:ayguv f m wmjzpfovdk/ rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸eftbd"rRmtjzpf udkifpGJ+yD; EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ }u;D &JŒtpdwt f ydik ;f w&yftjzpfvnf;cH,u l m/ tqH;k wae@rmS vlwef;pm;rJh avmu}u;D qDtxd tquf rjywf csDwufoGm;zdk@ ar#mfrSef;xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDaemufrSm ay:aygufvmcJh+yD;/ EkdifiHa&; ygwDwckqdkwmxuf EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufwck/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;aqmifwmwckudk owfrSwf+yD;/ tJ'D owfrw S x f m;wJh vkyif ef;aqmifwmudk umvwcktwGi;f rSm twly;l wGaJ qmif&u G o f mG ;=uzd@k tav; ay; zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh tpktpnf;}uD;wck&JŒoabmudk ydk@aqmifygw,f? vlwef;pm;ygwDtjzpf wnf axmifxm;wmr[kwfovdk vrf;!¸eftbd"rRmtjzpf jyÏmef;udkifpGJxm;wmvnf;r&Sdyg? 'gayr,fh trsm;pk}uD;[m rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk ,Hk=unfolawG wdrf;!¸wfolawG/ vdkvm;olawG/ ,kH=unfwdrf; !¸wfw,fvdk@ qkdolawGjzpfygw,f? 'D*&Dtedrfhtjrifhcsif;awmh rwlnD=uyg? t"duu t*Fvdyf udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkifðzwfcsEkdifa&;twGuf &nf&G,fzGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpf+yD; ArmjynfvGwfvyf a&;twGufudkyJ yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfxlaxmifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifA[def;vdk uGefjrL epf xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifwOD;[m ‘jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD’ rSmvnf; ta&;}uD; acgif;aqmifwOD; 30
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tjzpfyg0ifaewmud=k unf&h if xif&mS ;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vnf; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxG axGtwGif;a&;rª; eHygwf (1) jzpfvsufeJ@ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD xlaxmif&mrSm ta&;}uD;acgif; aqmifwOD;tjzpf yg0ifaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;a&m ocifA[def;yg 1942 ckESpf aemufydkif; jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD tpktwGif; rawGŒ&awmhyg? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD+yD;&if ta&;}uD;tiftm;pkwcktoGif jzpf ay:wnf&v dS mwmu ‘Armhwyfrawmf’ yg? &Jabmfo;kH usyd ef @J pcJ+h yD; 1942 ck/ ESpq f ef;ydik ;f rSm tiftm;pk w&yftoGif tcdik t f rmwnf&adS eyg+y?D Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tygt0if &Jabmfo;kH usyd q f w kd mudk jyef=unfh r,fqdk&ifvnf; oHk;yHkESpfyHkausmf[m rmufpf0g' vDeif0g' qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac: ,Hk=unfvufcH ESpo f ufoal wG jzpfae=uwJt h jyif/ trsm;pk}u;D [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gwD awGeJ@ wenf;r[kwf wenf; ywfoufae=uygw,f? bDtdkifatacwf/ bD'Datacwfwavsmuf jzpfay:wnf&SdvmwJh ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;&Sd t=uyf/wyfAdkvf/ wyfom;awGxJrSmvnf; uGefjrLepf ygwDeJ@ywfoufolawG/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDtpkeJ@ ywfoufolawG tHkeJ@usif;eJ@&Sdaeygw,f? b,fe@J rS rywfoufwhJ t=uyf/ wyfAv kd /f wyfom;/ wyfrawmfom; oufouf[m tifrwef enf;yg; ygw,f? wyfrawmfudk,fwdkif trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh ay:xGufvmwmjzpfawmh rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd olwdkif;[m trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufaeygw,f? EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufae&ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufae+yDqdkuwnf;u tJ'Dwkef;u a&SŒwef;ta&mufqHk;jzpfaewJh uGefjrLepfygwD/ 'grSr[kwf jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gww D @kd e@J wck od@k r[kwf wcke@J ywfouf+yD;om;jzpfomG ;ygw,f? ESpyf gwpD vH;k u vnf; wyfrawmfwiG ;f pnf;±H;k a&;vkyif ef;udk tav;xm;vky=f uygw,f? txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH &;/ oabm w&m;a&;udk avhvmvd=k u/ qnf;yl;jznfph nf;vd=k uwJh wyfrawmfom;awG[m olw@kd avhvmqnf;yl; vdkwJh EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;awGtwGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqDudkom OD;wnf&ygawmhw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;a&;udk oifwef;ay;Edkifwm/ a[majymydk@csEdkifwm t"dutm;jzifh “uGejf rLepfygw”D eJ@ uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGyJ &Sw d t hJ wGujf zpfw,f? Adv k &f efatmif vdk yk*Kd~ vfuawmif “ocifA[de;f udk awGŒ&ifajymay;yg/ ole@J awGŒ&if olŒudk (Adv k &f efatmifu)kd Edik if aH &; oifwef;ay;ay;yg?” vd@k vdv k ckd sicf sif wufwufºuGºuGe@J Adv k af usmaf Zmuwqifh rSmcJzh ;l owJ?h tJ'v D kd oifwef;yd@k csEikd o f l oabmw&m; ydik Ef ikd af =unufoal wG[m uGejf rLepfawGcsn;f omvd@k qd&k ravmuf jzpfcw hJ ,f? ocifA[de;f uvnf; oifwef;yd@k csay;Edik w f ahJ e&mrSm emrnf}uD;/ ocifoef;xGe;f uvnf; oifwef;jy oifwef;cs emrnf}uD;? ocifpdk; uvnf; a&mufav&m oifwef;zGifh+yD; oabmw&m; oifwef;ay;avh&o dS ?l wyfrawmfwiG ;f u wyfr;ª wyfAv kd w f pfcsKd@[m pepfwus pDpOfv#Kd@0u S +f y;D uGejf rL epfygwu D yd@k cswhJ EdkifiHa&;oifwef;/ oabmw&m;a&;oifwef;rsm;udk oGm;wuf=uavh&Sdygw,f? wyfrawmf}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ t"duacgif;aqmifuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? 1944 ckEpS f azazmf0g&/D rwfva&mufawmh tdE, dN a&mufaewJh ocifoed ;f az[m ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ tcdkiftrm tquftoG,f&ae+yDjzpfygw,f? ocifodef;az[mvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfygw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f uwqifh ocifp;kd / Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifEw k @kd e@J vnf; v#dKŒ0SufqufoG,frd+yDjzpfygw,f? *syef0ifpuwnf;u *syefe@J jyoemay:cJh bDtikd af teJ@ jyoemay:cJzh ;l wJh u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
31
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
[m *syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfwavsmufvHk; &SdaecJhw,f? a'gufwm pHpDzdk;/ apmpHzdk;oif/ apmbOD;/ apm[ife&D/ *|efqif/ uH}uD; wdk@[m xif&Sm;wJh u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifawGjzpf=uw,f? apmpHzdk; oif[m awmifib l ufrmS cd+k yD; ajymufusm;wyfpnf;±H;k aewJh t*Fvyd af r*smqD;*&if;eJ@ tquftoG,f &Sdaew,f? Adkvfp}uFmuawmif olŒudk tdENd,bufudk ydk@ay;ygvdk@ pum;urf;vSrf;cJhzl;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u apmpHz;kd oife@J apm=um'k;d udk wyfrawmfwiG ;f odr;f oGi;f yg0ifapcJw h ,f? apmpHzdk;oif[m wyfrawmfwGif;rSm Adkvf}uD;jzpfvmcJhovdk/ qif;[wf ppfwuUodkvfqif; apm=um'dk; [m ppf0ef}uD;±Hk;rSm 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;jzpfvmcJhw,f? u&ifwyf&if;zGJŒ+yD; jrpf0u|ef;ay:udkvnf; u&ifArm cspf=unfa&;tzGJŒawG apv$wf=uw,f? ocifEk eJ@ Adkvfvusfmwdk@&JŒ cspf=unfa&;c&D;awG atmifjrifcJh w,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ apm=um'd;k / apm[ife&D/ *|eq f ifu}H uD;wd@k vkd u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG usdwf0dkif;aqG;aEG;=u+yD; *syefudk rawmfvSefrD u&ifArmaoG;pnf;a&;udk &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd wnfaqmufcJh=uw,f? 1944 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (1) &ufae@rSm *syefay;wJh ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; wESpfjynfhajrmufyGJ *sLAvDa[mrSm usif;yw,f? t"dywda'gufwmbarmf rdef@cGef;ac|t+yD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “vGwfvyfa&;[m tay:,HvGwfvyfa&;yJ &Sdaeao;w,f? usKyfwdk@a&SŒquf+yD; pcef;oGm;EdkiftHk;rS vGwfvyfa&;taumiftxnfudk jrif&vdrfhr,f” vdk@ zGifh[ajymqdkoGm;w,f? *syefudk qef@usifwGef;vSef=uzdk@ Armhajray:uae 'DzufqpfawGudk t+yD;ydkif armif;xkwfEdkifzdk@ vufawGŒ b0awGuae awmif;qdkvmaeyg+yD? *syefawG ArmjynfwiG ;f ajceif;0ifa&mufrvmEdik cf ifuwnf;u *syefawG[m zufqpfawGjzpf w,f? 'DzufqpfawGudk OD;wnfqef@usifwdkufckduf&r,fvdk@ EkdifiHa&; a&csdef&Sd&SdeJ@ óudjrifcJhwm[m uGefjrLepfawGjzpfcJhw,f? óudjrifwJhtwdkif; óudvJajymcJhw,f? tif;pdefppfwrf;[m tcdkiftrmouf aoygyJ? óudjrifwJhtwdkif; zufqpf0g'udk qef@usifzdk@/ zufqpfawGwdkufxkwfzdk@ óudjyifcJhwmvnf; uGejf rLepfawGyjJ zpfygw,f? tapmqH;k jyifqifpnf;±H;k aecJw h m/ tpDtpOf&&dS dS tiftm;pkaqmif; vkyaf qmif aecJhwm uGefjrLepfawGjzpfaew,f? 1944 ckEpS x f aJ &mufawmh uGejf rLepfawG&ŒJ 'Dtjrifukd a,bk,stm;jzifh tm;vH;k vdv k u kd od&dS oabmayguf vufcHae&+yDjzpfygw,f? oabmw&m;a&;tajccHtm;jzifhawmh zufqpfqef@usifa&; tjrif[m wpkwpnf; wnDw!Gwx f q J D a&muf&v dS mcJyh g+y?D oabmw&m;a&;tjrifuae vufawGŒ qDoGm;zdk@vnf; pwifjyifqif=uyg+yD? 'kw, d urBmph pf}uD; wckv;kH &JŒtajctaeudk jyef=unfrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; qkAd , D ufppfrsuEf mS rSm qdAk , D uf[m cHppfuae xd;k ppfu;l ajymif;vmaeyg+yD? *smrefemZDawGukd qkAd , D uftjyifa&mufatmif wdkufxkwfypfvdkufEkdifyg+yD? tDwvDzufqpfawGvJ ±_H;edrfhoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjynfrSmvnf; *syefawGa&SŒrwdk;EkdifawmhyJ cHae&+yDjzpfygw,f? ±k&Sm;ppfrsufESmtjyif *smrefawGtay: 'kwd,ppfrsufESm topfwckudkvnf; r[mrdwf ppfwyfawGu atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEkdifcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? jyifopf ‘aemfref'D’ urf;ajcudk atmifjrifpGm urf;wuf EkdifcJh+yD; jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,Hwdk@udk csDwufwdkufcdkufae+yDjzpfygw,f? 32
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1944 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (4) &ufae@rmS Adv k af usmaf Zm (&Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if) OD;pD;wJh yJc;l pHjywyf &if;xJrSm AdkvfausmfaZmtdrf tdyfcef; AdkvfausmfaZm&JŒ ukwifay:rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifpdk;wdk@ v#KdŒ0Suf+yD; awGŒqHkEkdifcJh=uw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;&JŒ txl;wm0efay;csuef @J Adv k af usmaf Zm ud, k w f ikd f a';'&Je,f *Guav;&Gmta&mufomG ;+y;D zuf qpfqef@usiaf &; ajratmufvyk if ef;awG v#KŒd 0Suv f yk af ewJh ocifp;kd udk ppft&m&Sid ,f ,leaD zmif;0wfqif ap+yD; ac:xkwfvmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? ocifpdk;udk oGm;ac:a&;twGuf a';'&Jc&D;pOfudk tao;pdwfpDpOf ay;olu ocifoef;xGe;f jzpfygw,f? Adv k af usmaf Zmtdrt f xd ocifp;kd udk ac:xkwv f mEdik +f yD;csed af &muf rS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u yJc;l udv k ma&muf tem;,lvnfywfw[ hJ efe@J yJc;l udak &mufvm+yD; ocifp;kd eJ@ awG@=uwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfausmfaZm tdyfcef;xJrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpdk;wdk@ oHk;&ufquf wdkuf v#KdŒ0SufaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? 'Dordkif;0ifaqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;&JŒ &v'fuawmh zwyvtzGJŒ}uD; atmif jrifpmG zGŒJ pnf;Ekid jf cif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD emuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k aqG;aEG; n‡dE_dif; wdkifyif=u+yD; zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; (zwyv) tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ OD;pD;tzGJŒudk zGŒJ Edik cf yhJ gw,f? wm0efcaJG 0,l=uwJt h cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;/ ocifp;kd u Edik if aH &;/ ocifoef; xGef;u EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; jzpfvmygw,f? yxrqHk; yJcl;rSm pwifaqG;aEG;=upOfu ocifpdk;[m uGejf rLepfygwu D kd uk, d pf m;ðy+yD;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;uawmh jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gwaD &m wyfrawmf a&mudk udk,fpm;ðyaqG;aEG;=uwmjzpfygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmfudk udk,fpm;ðyaqG;aEG;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ ArmwyfrawmfqdkwJh t"dutiftm;pk (3) pkudk tajccH+yD; (zwyv) qdkwJh trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;udk zGJŒpnf;vdkufawmh wzGJŒv#if (3) OD;pDeJ@ (9) OD;[m yxrqHk;aom ‘zwyv’ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJŒ0ifawGjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;/ wyfrawmfrS AkdvfcsKyfatmif qef;/ Adv k v f usmf / Akv d af e0if;? jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gwrD S ocifcsp/f OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f ? ocifp;kd u Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif/ ocifoef;xGe;f u taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;eJ@ r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fa&; wm0efudkyg,lygw,f? zwyvzGŒJ +y;D wmeJ@ wòyid ef uf/ pnf;urf;avsm&h &J jJ zpfaevd@k pHjywyf&if;awGzŒJG +y;D wnfaqmuf ae&wJh wyfrawmfukd awmfveS af &;twGuf tcsed rf D jrefjrefajymif;vJ vmapzd@k Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u uGefjrLepfygwDrS EdkifiHa&;au'gawGawmif;+yD; wyftoD;oD;xJ v#KdŒ0SufoGif;wmvkyfygw,f? ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ n‡dE_dif;+yD; t"duwyfrª;/ wyf=uyf acgif;aqmifawGudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@ awmfvSefa&; ynm ay;a&;awGudk vkyfaqmifapygw,f? ‘tm&Svil ,ftpnf;t±H;k ’ xJuv kd nf; wcsKŒd vli,frsm;udk ðryfEaHS e&mcsxm;ay;+y;D tpDtpOf&&dS dS v_yf&Sm;apygw,f? r[mrdwfrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fa&;wm0efudkyg,lxm;wJh ocifoef;xGef;[m tdENd, rSm&SdaewJh ocifodef;azrSwqifh (zwyv) taeeJ@ Force 136 (t*FvdyfwyfzGJŒ 136) eJ@ tquf toG,f w&m;0if&&Sdvmygw,f? ‘zwyv’ taeeJ@ tdENd,a&muf ocifodef;azeJ@ 0dkif,mvuf tquftoG,f vkyEf ikd v f movdk Force 136 eJ@ zwyv wd@k wywf (2) }udrf 0dik , f mvuf qufo, G f a&; yHkrSefvkyfEkdifvmcJhw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
33
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
zwyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ ‘e,fcsŒJ zufqpf'jr *syefv±l ikd ;f rsm;udak rmif;xkw=f u’ qkw d ahJ =unm pmwrf; trSwf (1) udk v#KdŒ0Suf+yD; xkwfjyefjzef@jzL;vdkufygw,f? *syefawG 0ifvmpuwnf;u ajratmufawmfvSefa&; enf;emawGeJ@ zufqpfqef@usifa&; vkyif ef;awGvyk af ecJw h hJ uGejf rLepfygwaD =umifh oabmw&m;a&;0g'jzef@csad &; ynmay;a&;awG twdik ;f twmwcktxd jynfhpHkae+yD;jzpfygw,f? ta&;}uD;vSwJh ajymufusm;tajccHa'o azmfxkwfa&;eJ@ ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒawG zGJŒpnf;a&;udkvnf; jyifqifEdkifcJh+yD; vdktyfwJh ppfoifwef;rsm;udkvnf; aus;vuf awm&Gm a'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;txd pnf;±Hk;ydk@csxm;Ekdif+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd a&&Snaf jratmufawmfveS af &; enf;emawGe@J vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G &f wma=umifh awmfveS f a&; rqifEEJ$ ikd af o;rDtcsed t f wGi;f rSmudk ay;cJ&h wJh t&if;tES;D awGvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwD0if &JabmfcspfwD; (ac: ) &Jabmfodef;wef (ppfudkif;) (Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh&JŒtudk&if;) [m *syef uifaywdik af wG&ŒJ tzrf;cH&+yD; n‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrr_ sK;d pHu k kd owW&d &dS &dS ifqikd &f if;/ ppfuikd ;f wHwm;}uD;ay:rSm/ *syef"m;csufatmufrSm {&m0wDjrpf}uD;twGif; vnfjywf+yD; acgif;uscJh&ygw,f? &uf&ufpufpuf towfccH &hJ ygw,f? 1942 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyg? *syefqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGa=umifh tapmqH;k zrf;qD; cH&olawGxrJ mS ocifausmpf ed /f ocifazaX;/ ocifjroef;/ q&m&m*sef wd@k vnf; ygcyhJ gw,f? olw@kd [m vnf; uGejf rLepfawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? awmifi/l jzL; ocifoef;azvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf tESyd pf ufccH &hJ w,f? 1944 ckESpf/ pufwifbm/ atmufwdkbmvxJrSm ocifoef;xGef;&JŒ pepfwus tpDtpOfeJ@ ±kyfjy0ifvkyfaewJh 0ef}uD;qdkwJh tumtuG,feJ@ ocifAdkvf/ ref;0if;armifwdk@OD;aqmifwJh rsKd;cspf&Jabmf wodkufudk ppfynmavhvmzdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;awGvkyfaqmifzdk@ tdENd,EdkifiH ocifodef;azqD v$wEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f? u&ifrsK;d cspw f a,mufvnf;jzpf wd;k wufwt hJ jrif&o dS v l nf;jzpfwhJ ref;0if;armif[m ocifoef;xGef;udk,fwdkif arG;jrLa&G;cs,fcJhwmyg? txufArmjynfwdkif;rª;jzpfwJh Adkvfrª;Axl;eJ@ ocif oef;xGe;f csw d q f ufrrd d pDpOf+yD; tdE, dN yd@k a&;udk wokw+f yD;wokwf pDpOfaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f? Adv k rf ;ª cspaf umif;/ Adv k t f ;kH armif/ OD;ausm&f if (aemif ygarmuQO;D ausm&f if) wd@k [m tJ'v D ekd nf;eJ@ tdE, dN a&muf cJ=h uwJo h al wGyg? &cdik Af v kd ! f x kd eG ;f wd@k tzGŒJ ryg/ tm;vH;k (30) &Sw d ,fqykd gw,f? 'D&aJ bmfawG[m aemif (avxD;) &JabmfawGvdk@ trnfxif&Sm;vmcJh=uygw,f? Armjynfordkif;rSm ta&;ygolawGjzpfcJh=uyg w,f? trsm;pk}uD;[m uGefjrLepfawGjzpf=uygw,f? pufwifbmvxJrSmyJ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&JxGËfwdk@ a';'&JudkoGm;+yD; zwyv}uD;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ocifpdk;eJ@ awGŒ=u+yD; pnf;±Hk;a&;qdkif&m tao;pdwfvkyfief;awG xyfnEd‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;jzpf=uygw,f? atmufwb kd mvxJrmS Adv k af tmif}uD;/ Adv k af rmifarmif/ ocifcspef @J &efukefbaqGwdk@ ocifpdk;eJ@ v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqHk=uum uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD/ wyfr awmfw@kd wygww D nf;tjzpfy;l aygi;f +y;D ‘awmfveS af &;wyfO;D ’ zGŒJ =ujyefygw,f? zwyv}u;D [m v#KŒd 0Suf trsKd;om; wyfaygif;pktzGJ@csKyf}uD;tjzpf ajcvSrf;&Sd&Sd ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;aeyg+yD? 1944 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxJrSm *syefudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufwJh vufawGŒwdkufyGJawGuawmh &cdkifwdkif;rSm pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? &cdkifwdkif;[m yx0Dtaetxm;t& r[mrdwf+Adwdo#awG tckdiftrmwyfcsxm;wJh tdENd,eJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif;qufpyfae+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf 1942 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufuxJu ocifodef;az/ ocifwifa&$wdk@ tdENd,rul;cif ocifpdk;/ ocifwifjrwdk@ 34
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rif;jym;bufa&mufvm&if;/ tapmqHk; pnf;±Hk;jyifqifcJh=uovdk Adkvf&efatmifwdk@ a&mufvmawmh vnf; pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfcJh±Hkru vufeufwcsKdŒeJ@ &HyHkaiGawGyg ay;tyfxm;cJhwJh wdkif;jzpfygw,f? &cdkif wd@k Armqif;&Jom; tpnf;t±H;k acgi;f aqmifawG[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J tquftoG,, f x l m; =u+yD; AkHaygufomausmf/ udkvSausmfwdk@[m jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwDeJ@ qufoG,fxm;=uygw,f? OD;!dkxGef;/ OD;ausmfjr/ OD;bpH/ OD;pdE Wm/ OD;ynmoD[/ OD;atmifomOD;/ OD;ausmf&ifwdk@[m &cdkifawmf vSefa&;acgif;aqmifawGjzpfygw,f? zwyv eJ@ qufoG,fvkyfudkifae=uolawGvnf;jzpf=uygw,f? r[mrdwaf wGbufuvnf; ArmjynfppfrsuEf mS zGizhf @kd yxrqH;k wdu k o f ifw h w hJ ikd ;f vd@k owfrw S f xm;+yD;/ 1944 tukefrSm ppfawGc±dkif ar,k/ ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;teD;rSm&SdwJh *syefawGudk pwifxkd; ppfqifygw,f? r[mrdwfawG ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;teD;rSm&SdwJh *syefawGudk pwifxdk;ppfqifygw,f? r[mrdwaf wG ukvm;wefjrpfjzwfrul;Edik cf if Adv k =f umvSatmif acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik u f muG,af &;wyf awGu *syefudk aoewfajymif;vSnf+yD; wdkufygw,f? &cdkifzufqpfawmfvSefa&;eJ@ acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lxm;wJh Adkvf!dkxGef;[m r[mrdwf (136) acgif;aqmif ar*smu±l;eJ@twl avxD;óudqif; a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? Adkvf=umvSatmifeJ@aygif;rd+yD; wyfopfawGzGJŒvdkuf=uygw,f? OD;pdE WmeJ@ AHkaygufomausmf wdk@udk rif;jym;bufrSm avxD;eJ@csay;+yD; vdkif;,if; (LION) tzGJŒemrnfeJ@ wdkuf=uygw,f? ausmufjzLbufrSmvnf; ocifodef;azv$wfvdkufwJh OD;bapmwdk@tzGJŒ[m 1945 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DrSm avxD;eJ@qif;Edkifvm+yD;jzpfygw,f? oHwGJudkwm0ef,l&wJh OD;ausmf&ifu &efukef ajymif;wm0ef,l&vdk@ ol@vufatmuf usefvlrsm;u qufwm0ef,l=uygw,f? azazmf0g&DvrSm rif;jym;/ ajryHkbufrSm wdkufyGJawG wdkufyGJawG pdyfvmyg+yD? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;udk wjynfvHk;qifE$Jzdk@ aemufqHk;awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfr_awGvkyfzdk@ 1945 ckESpf/ rwfvqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tdrfrSm awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawG v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqHk aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? (3) &ufqufwdkuf npOfaqG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf wjynfvHk;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ocifp;kd / wjynfv;kH ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ wjynfv;kH &JŒ Edik if jH cm;qufo, G &f ;wm0efcH ocifoef;xGe;f tjzpf owfrw S +f yD;wJt h jyif/ ppfwikd ;f }uD;awG owfrw S cf aJG 0ydik ;f jcm;=u+yD; wdik ;f tvdu k /f a'otvdkuf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkyg owfrSwfcGJa0 wm0efcsxm; zGJŒpnf; vdkuf=uygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;}uD; (7) wdkif;/ a'ooHk;ckcGJ+yD; wjynfvHk;twGuf zufqpfawmf vSeaf &;}uD; qifEzJ$ @kd rwfv (27) ae@tjzpf owfrw S v f u kd yf gw,f? ppfwikd ;f rsm;&JŒ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif awG[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDucsnf;jzpf+yD; ppfa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m Armhwyfrawmfucsnf; jzpfygw,f? wdkif;tvdkuf EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfucsnf;jzpfygw,f? wdkif; tvdu k f Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG[m ocifp;kd / ocifA[de;f / ocifcsp/f ocifAode;f wif/ ocifwifxeG ;f / ocifwifjr/ udkpH!Gef@wkd@jzpf=u+yD; ppfa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfapm=um'dk;/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfausmfaZm/ AdkvfwifxGef;/ Adkvf&JxGËf/ AdkvfrSL;atmif/ AkdvfrSL;Axl;/ Akdvfcif!dk wdk@jzpf+yD; wdkif; (2)/ wdkif; (3) qufoG,fa&;wm0efcHu Akdvfvusfmjzpfygw,f? OD;AaqGeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; u &efukefwm0efcHjzpfygw,f? &cdkifawmfvSefa&;orm;awG&JŒ pGrf;yum;eJ@ 1944 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;u pwifvdkufwJh zufqpf awmfveS af &;atmifyaJG wGa=umif/h r[mrdww f yfawG[m &cdik w f ikd ;f udjk zwf+y;D ArmjynftwGi;f atmifjrif teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
35
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
pGm0ifa&mufvmEdkif+yDjzpfygw,f? rHk&GmeJ@ a&$bdkbuftxd r[mrdwfwyfawG xdk;ppfqifvmcJh+yDjzpfyg w,f? AHk;=uJav,mOfawGeJ@ AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufvdkuf tajrmuf}uD;awG wifhum;awGeJ@yg ypfvdkuf wuf vdkufeJ@ 0ifvmcJhygw,f? &efukefòrdŒudkvnf; r[mrdwfwyfu AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufwmawG tqufrjywf vkyfvmygw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dvqef;ydkif;a&mufawmh txufArmjynf a&0ifwZ,fe,fbufrSm *syefawGu a[mf0pfZm ajrjyifypftajrmuf}uD;awG jzef@cGJcsxm;+yD; t}uD;tus,f ckcHae=uwm a=umifh/ r[mrdwfwyfawG a&SŒrqufwufEdkifjzpf=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ppfudkif;e,frSm ‘ygwDwyf’ qdkwm&Sdygw,f? zufqpfqef@usifa&; awmfvSefa&;qifE$JEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&; ppfa&; oifwef;ay;+yD; v#KŒd 0Supf mG zG@J pnf;xm;wJh ajymufusm;wyfjzpfygw,f? a'ocHawGuawmh ‘ygww D yf’ vd@k yaJ c: =uygw,f? tJ'D ‘ygww D yf’ rSmEkid if aH &;rSL;/ 'k Ekid if aH &;rSL;eJ@ ppfa&;wm0efc/H 'kppfa&;wm0efc&H dS ygw,f? wyf&JŒ t"duyk*~dKvf (4) OD;yg? tifzmppfrsufESmudk ydk@ay;aewJh *syef&JŒ v#KdŒ0Sufaxmufydk@ pcef;xJu vufeufawGudkyg enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &,lpkaqmif;wJhwm0efudkvnf; 'DwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;[m tpDtpOf&&dS dS vkyu f ikd af e=uygw,f? Adv k rf LS ;Axl;eJ@vnf; csw d q f ufrrd d qufo, G x f m;ygw,f? Adv k rf LS ; Axl; uvnf; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfovdk/ ygwDwyfu ta&; }uD;yk*K~ v d f (4) OD;vH;k [mvnf; uGejf rLepfawGjzpf=uygw,f? &Jabmfvid_ /f Adv k o f rd ;f OD;/ Akv d u f siaf rmife@J &JabmfjrifhaqG wdk@jzpfygw,f? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;awmfveS af &;orm;awGukd ae&mray;csiaf yr,fh a&SŒrwufEikd f tcuftcJ jzpfaewJh r[mrdww f yfuwyfrLS ;[m ygww D yfukd ‘aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f &efwufvmyg’ vd@k ta=umif;=um; ygw,f? tdE, dN a&muf ocifoed ;f azeJ@ rH&k mG wm0efcu H qufo, G &f ef emrnfaygux f m;wJw h yfu Edik if H a&;rSL; &Jabmfv_dif vdkufoGm;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;r_ tqifrajyjzpf+yD; &Jabmfv_difudk r[mrdwfwyfu zrf;xm;vdkufygw,f? &Gmopf}uD;rSmcsKyfxm;vdkufygw,f? t*FvdyfawGu “ppfa&;udpPom aqG;aEG; csiw f m/ 'ga=umifh vufeuf&a&;udp/P yl;aygi;f wdu k af &;udpaP wGukd ppfa&;wm0efcH vmaqG;aEG;yg” vd@k xyfta=umif;=um;vmvd@k ppfa&;wm0efcH Adv k o f rd ;f OD;eJ@ 'kppfa&;wm0efcH Adv k u f siaf rmifw@kd xyfvu kd f oGm;=uygw,f? t*Fvyd w f yfu ume,fwa,mufu vufcaH wGŒqHyk gw,f? ppfa&;wm0efcH ESpOf ;D u *syefwyf&JŒ wyfcsxm;yHkeJ@ axmufydk@pcef;awGta=umif; tao;pdwfajymjywJhtjyif ajryHkygqGJjyyg w,f? t*Fvyd w f yfume,fu *syefawG&w dS hJ ppfuikd ;f awmif±;kd udk AH;k =uJ+yD;&Si;f vif;zd@k pDpOfxm;a=umif; ajymjyvmwJhtwGuf/ ppfajy;'kuQonf jynfolvlxk odef;csD&SdaewJh ppfudkif;awmif±dk;udk AHk;r=uJzdk@ ta=umuftuef jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;&ygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm *syefuifaywdkif±Hk;&SdwJh usKdufvwfacsmifudk om AHk;=uJzdk@ t*Fvdyfbufu tav#mhay;oGm;ygw,f? ppfa&;udpPawG aqG;aEG;=u&mrSm tqifajy ae+yD; aemufqHk; ume,fu “cifAsm;wdk@ EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufubmvJ” vdk@ ar;w,fqdkygw,f? ppfa&;wm0efcH Adkvfodrf;OD;eJ@ Adkvfusifarmifu “vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; csufcsif;&zdk@yJ” vdk@ ajzvdkuf=u awmh/ ume,f}u;D u “wqifch si;f 'drk ed , D q H kd awmfa&mayg’h vd@k tajym/ ‘'drk eD , D [ H m t*Fvyd &f ŒJ udv k ekd yD ”J vdk@wkef@jyefajymqdkvdkuf=uwJhtwGuf/ ume,f}uD; aqGŒaqGŒckef+yD; 0kef;ueJx&yfum a'goeJ@ }udrf; armif;qJqdkygawmhw,f? +yD;awmh “rif;wdk@[m *syefppfAdkvfawGjzpfvdk@ ckcsdefup+yD; oHk@yef;tjzpf zrf;vdu k +f yD” wJ?h aemufrS ppfa&;wm0efcEH pS af ,muf odvu kd &f wmu 'Dume,f}uD;[m +Adwo d #tifyg 36
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
,mtwGi;f 'drk eD , D t H qifeh @J yg0ifae&wJh =opa=w;vsEikd if o H m;wOD; jzpfaew,fqw kd mygy?J Adv k o f rd ;f OD; eJ@ Adkvfusifarmifu aemufqHk; vufeuftjzpf tdENd,&Sd ocifodef;azwdk@qDydk@aeus pum;0Sufudk xkwfoHk;ajymqdkayr,fh “pum;0Suf [kwfr[kwf txufwifjyr,f? ckawmhzrf;w,f” qdk+yD; a&$bdkeJ@ tke;f awm t=um;u qm;awmif&mG udk wef;yd@k vu kd yf gw,f? ‘qm;awmif’ &Gmudak &muf+yD;aemufyikd ;f “pum;0SufrSefw,f? 'gayrJh ppfAdkvfawGjzpfvdk@ ppfoHk@yef;yJ” qdk+yD;/ yg;udkufvdk@ em;udkufwJhoabm npf+yD; qufcsKyfxm;vdu k yf gw,f? ‘qm;awmif’ uae usm;rif;}uD;&Gmem;&Sd tcsKyfpcef;udk ae&ma&$Œ +yD; ajymif;csKyfxm;ygw,f?‘ygwDwyf’ &JŒ ta&;}uD;yk*~dKvf (4) OD;rSm (3) OD;u tcsKyfcHae&yg+yD? Adkvfodrf;OD;eJ@ Adkvfusifarmif[m ‘usm;rif;}uD;’ &Gmem;u tcsKyfpcef;rSm tcsKyfcHae&wkef; tjyifxGuf acs;yHk; ao;yHk;oGefcGifht&rSm usefaecJhwJh 'kEkdifiHa&;rª;qD pmwapmifa&;+yD; ydk@vdkuf=uyg w,f? “'dk@awmhtzrf;cHae&+yD vufeufapmifhraeeJ@ &SdwmeJ@yJwdkuf=u” qdkwJh ta=umif;=um;pmyg? pmu 'k Edik if aH &;rSL;qD qdu k q f u kd òf rduòf rduf a&mufomG ;ayr,fh 'kEikd if aH &;rSL;[m olŒzmom rqH;k jzwfEidk ?f ppfudkif;u xwdkufwm rE Wav;uóudrod&if rE Wav;emEdkifwma&m/ wdkif;rSL;cGifhðycsuf&,lzdk@vdkwm a&ma=umifhyg/ wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;Axl;qD tpD&ifcHvdkufygw,f? Adkvfrª;Axl;eJ@ txufArmjynfqdkif&m ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG n‡Ed id_ ;f =u+yD; wnDw!Gww f nf; qH;k jzwfcsucf svu kd =f uygw,f? tJ'q D ;kH jzwfcsuf uawmh txufArmjynftaeeJ@ wwdkif;vHk; wdkufyGJ0if&r,fh (,-&uf) [m rwfv (8) &ufvdk@ owfrSwfvdkuf&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk owfrSwfvdkuf&wm&JŒ wjcm;ta&;}uD;tcsuf wcsufuawmh r[mrdwfwyfawG[m csi;f wGi;f udjk zwf+yD; rH&k mG bufu xd;k qif;vmr,fh ppfa=umif;wa=umif;/ a&$bv kd iG jf yifujkd zwf+yD; a&$bkd bufu xdk;qif;vmr,fh ppfa=umif;wa=umif;eJ@ ppfudkif;bufudk OD;wnfxdk;ppfqifvmae+yDjzpfwJh twGuf/ r[mrdwfwyfawG ppfudkif;udk rodrf;ydkufEkdifrD ArmhawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pku awmfvSefa&; pzdk@ vdktyfvmwmvJygygw,f? wjynfvHk;twGuf owfrSwfxm;wJh rwfv (27) &ufae@rwdkifrD txufArmjynfwdkif;u AdkvfrSL;Axl; acgif;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk[m rwfv (8) &ufae@udk ajymif;vJowfrSwf+yD; awmfvSefa&;udk apm+yD; qifvdkuf=u&ygw,f? tJ'Drwfv (8) &ufae@nrSmyJ ppfudkif;ygwDwyfu 'kEdkifiHa&;rSL;&Jabmf[m ppfudkif;&JŒ yxr qH;k aom zufqpfqef@usiaf &; wku d yf aJG c:oHukd vufypfA;kH eJ@ziG +hf yD; atmifjrifpmG pwifvu kd Ef ikd yf gw,f? *syefawG&JŒ tajrmufpcef;udk vufypfAHk;awGudkyJ tqufrjywfoHk;+yD; &JabmfjrifhaqG acgif;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;wyfu atmifjrifpGm odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uygw,f? tajrmufawGtm;vHk;udkvnf; zsufqD; ypfvdkufEdkifygawmhw,f? tJ'DusawmhrS zrf;qD;xm;wJh Adkvfodrf;OD;eJ@ Adkvfusifarmifudkvnf; r[mrdwfwyfu jyef v$waf y;±Hrk u wyfcw JG cGeJ @J ac:vmcJ=h uygw,f? um;oGm;r&wJah e&mrSm xrf;pifukd a0gvyk +f yD; ukvm; ppfom;awGu xrf;yd;k yd@k =uw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tJ'aD emuf ppfuikd ;f a'owckv;kH wdu k yf aGJ wGe@J v#o H mG ; ygw,f? r[mrdwfwyfawGvnf; *syefawGr&SdawmhwJh ppfudkif;udk atmifjrifpGm 0ifa&mufvm=uyg awmhw,f? rwfv (8) &ufae@ukd awmfveS af &;&uftjzpf owfrw S v f u kd &f +y;D Adv k rf ª;Axl; ud, k w f ikd f wyfawG teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
37
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
jzef@csum *syefawGudk wdkufcdkuf&if; ausmufqnfbufqD xGufvkduf=uygw,f? wyftoD;oD;[m rE aW v;òrdŒ vrf;ay:rSm/ r[mjrwfrek b d &k m;}uD;tem;rSm/ &efuif;awmifajcw0du k rf mS wdu k yf aJG wGwu kd f cJ=h uygw,f? tcsed af pm+yD; qifEv J$ u kd &f wJt h wGuf wjynfv;kH &JŒ awmfveS af &;tpDtpOf rxdcu kd &f av atmif Adkvfrª;Axl; u “a'gufwmAarmfeJ@wuG AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@onf *syef±kyfao;rsm;jzpfae onf? jynfolwdk@udk *syefzufqpfwdk@u ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;ae=uonfudk vufydkufIom =unfhae=u onf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@.acgif;aqmifr_udk r,Hk=unfawmhyJ jynfolŒtultnDjzifhom *syefudk awmfvSefvdkuf+yD” qdkwJhoabmyg a=unmcsufudkvnf; xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f? AdkvfAxl;&J@ *syefawmfvSefa&;owif;a=umihf &efukefrS *syefawG v_yfv_yf &Sm;&Sm;jzpfoGm;=u ygw,f? AdkvfAxl; a=unmwJhtwdkif; “olŒpdwful;eJ@ol awmfvSefwmvm;/ ArmhwyfrawmfwckvHk; awmfveS af &;a&SŒajy;vm;” qdw k m ok;H oyf=uw,fqykd gw,f? *syefppfXmecsKyfu ArmhwyfrawmfwiG ;f &Sd *syeft=uHay;t&m&SdcsKyf ar*sm*sife&,f q0grdkwdkeJ@ uDwm*sD;rm;wdk@u Armhwyfrawmf[m wkduf &nfcdkuf&nf&Sdw,f? tpGrf;jycsifaew,f? 'ga=umifh Armhwyfrawmfudk vufeufodrf;r,fhtpm; ,Hk=unftm;ay;wJhtaeeJ@ vufeufcJ,rf;awmifxyfay;+yD; ppfrsufESmawGrSm edyGefwyfawGeJ@twl ,SOf wm0efay;oifhw,fvdk@ t=uHay;wifjy=uygw,f? *syefppfaoemywd vufzwifeif *sife&,f u0gbDu tJ'Dtqdkudk vufcHvdkufygw,f? awmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifxm;+yD;+yDjzpfwJh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ Akdvfvusfm/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&efEdkif/ Adkvfva&mif/ Akdvf&efatmif pwJh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG[m tJ'DtcGifh ta&;udk toH;k cs+yD; rwfv (17) &ufae@rmS a&$w*d b kH &k m; taemufr'k f tqif;uGi;f jyif;rSm &efow l u kd f zdk@ ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ Armhwyfrawmf ppfxGuftcrf;tem; usif;yygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u teD;qH;k &efol a&G;wdu k =f uqdw k hJ t"dyg` ,yf gyg ppfxu G rf ed @f ceG ;f ajym+yD; wyfawGukd tpDtpOf&&dS dS txGuf cdkif;vdkufygawmhw,f? oludk,fwdkifvJ (22) &ufae@rSm aetdrfuxGuf+yD; owfrSwfxm;&mwyfqD vdkufygoGm;ygawmhw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv (27) &ufae@rSm jynfvHk;u|wfordkif;0if zufqpfawmfvSef a&;}uD;udk pwifqifE$Jvdkuf=uyg+yD? t*Fvdyf zdk@136 eJ@ armifhbufwef&JŒ ppfXmecsKyfudkvnf; 0dkif,mvuftquftoG,feJ@ ta=umif;=um;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f uvnf; olŒ&JŒ Edik if jH cm;qufo, G af &;wm0efuykd g xrf;aqmif&if; ocifA[de;f / ocifoef;azwkd@eJ@twl awmifilc±dkifbufrSm awmwGif;ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒrsm;udk OD;pD;um zufqpf awmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJawG=um; udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifqifE$Jygawmhw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;[mvnf; zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif; zwyv }uD;eJ@twl wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifcJh=uygw,f? woD;yk*~vtjzpf yg0ifcJh=uolawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yg? jynfolvl xkw&yfv;kH yg0ifc=hJ uwJh jynfv;kH u|wv f uQ%maqmifwhJ *k%af jymifwhJ zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;[m Armjynfordkif;rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tvSnfhtajymif;}uD;wckvJyJ jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pktm;vHk;udk ‘zwyv’qdkwJh wpkwpnf;wnf;aom trsKd; om;wyfaygif;pktzGJŒcsKyf}uD;tjzpf tcdkiftrmwnfaqmuf+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk tus,f 38
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jyef@qHk; qifE$JcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD; qifE$JpOfrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;atmif vHawmftjzpf owfowfrw S rf w S f toH;k ðycJ=h uwmu teDa&mifatmufcaH y:rSm =u,fjzLwyGihf tvH awmfjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfzufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m urBmhzufqpfawmfvSefa&;&JŒ tpdwftydkif; w&yftjzpfvnf; *k%f,lp&mjzpfcJhygw,f? r[mrdwfwyfrsm;eJ@ ajcvSrf;&Sd&Sd yl;aygif;wdkufyGJqifEdkif±Hk ru/ r[mrdww f yfrsm;ud, k w f ikd u f tH=h o& rSww f rf;wif&avmufatmif &Gy&f yG cf |ecf |ef wdu k yf q JG ifEikd f cJhygw,f? vufawGŒppfajrjyifrSm Armhwyfrawmf[m rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmftjzpf wdkufpGrf;&nfudk jyEkdifcJhovdk Armjynf te,fe,ft&yf&yfu ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒrsm;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;/ ocifoef;azwdk@ OD;pD;wJh jzL;/ awmifil/ ±dk;rwa=umu &Jacgifajymufusm;rsm;[mvnf; zufqpf*syef awGudk pHcsdefwif&avmufatmif rsKd;ðzwfacsr_ef; okwfoifwdkufyGJqifEdkifcJhygw,f? avxD;&JabmfawGuvnf; owfrw S x f m;&m awmfveS af &;a'otwGi;f r[mrdww f yfawGe@J twlqif;+y;D wdu k yf 0JG ifEidk cf =hJ uygw,f? ArmjynfppfajrjyiftwGi;f ar*sm *sief &,fpvif;&JŒ 'D0ZD H (14) wyfrsm;/ ar*sm*sief &,f0if;*dw&f ŒJ wyfrsm;/ tar&duef txl;wyfzŒJG acgi;f aqmif ume,fr&J &D ŒJ wyfzŒJG rsm;/ tar&duef *sife&,fpwD;0Jvf&JŒwyfrsm;/ tdENd,wyfrsm;/ w±kwfwyfrsm;/ zdk@(136) wyfzGJŒrsm; yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJh=uygw,f? t*Fvdyfrsm;[m ava=umif;uvnf; t}uD;tus,f AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufwm awGvkyfcJhygw,f? *syefawmfveS af &;tprSm *syefawG&ŒJ zrf;qD;jcif;cHvu kd &f wJh OD;AaqG vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vHk;yef;tm;xkwfzdk@ wm0efus&m wdkif; (3) udk rvkdufEdkifawmhwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;[m &efukefrSmyJ vSnfh vnfa&Smifwdrf;&if; &efukefwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifygw,f? *syefrsm;[m {+yDv (23) &ufae@rSm t"dywda'gufwmAarmftpdk;&tzGJŒudk ac: +yD; &efukef òrŒd uae qkwcf mG ygw,f? a'guw f mAarmfe@J twl vdu k o f mG ;=u&olawGuawmh ocifjr/ ocifE/k AE<Kv OD;pdef/ OD;xGef;atmif/ Adkvf&efEkdifeJ@ a'gufwmb[efwdk@ wawG jzpfygw,f? *syefawGu &efukefuae qkwfcGm+yD; armfvòrdifrSm ±Hk;pkduf/ aemuf rk'Hkajymif;±Hk;pdkuf&if; qkwfcGmygw,f? rk'Hkta&mufrSmawmh ocifjr/ ocifEkwdk@ aomifwifusef&pfcJh+yD; a'gufwmAarmfom *syefjynftxd ygoGm;&ygawmhw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ {+yDv (30) &ufrSm rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfu &efukefudk pwif0ifa&mufygw,f? t*Fvdyfwyfu arv (3) &ufrS &efukefudk 0ifa&mufvmEdkifayr,fh/ olwdk@odrf;wmtjzpf tom;,l a=unmygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm *syefeJ@wdkufyGJawGuawmh t}uD;tus,f qifEJ$ae&qJjzpfygw,f? jynf olŒta&;awmfyHkygwDu “ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmfu &efukefòrdŒudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;+yD jzpfa=umif;/ òrdŒolòrdŒom;tm;vHk;. vHkòcHa&;twGuf wm0ef,la=umif;” a=unmcsufxkwfygw,f? Akv d af e0if;[m arv (6) &ufae@rS jrpf0u|e;f ay:wyfrsm;udk Akv d w f ifazxHtyfE+HS y;D &efuek u f q kd if;vm wmjzpfayr,fh Adkvfae0if;wynfhausmf Akdvfatmif}uD;u Adkvfae0if;eHrnfeJ@ &efukefòrdŒudk Armhwyfr awmfu odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufudk Armvdk t*Fvdyfvdk (2) bmom eJ@arv (7) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ vufjrefajcjrefvkyf+yD; urBmudk a=unmygw,f? t*Fvdyfvdkbmomjyefcsufudkawmh *sme,f ausmfOD;cspfarmifeJ@ OD;cifarmifvwfwdk@u jyefqdka&;om;ay;&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? ‘&efukef tprf; toHvi$ ±hf ’kH vd@k trnfwyf+yD; toHvi$ Xhf me ,m,DziG +fh yD; a=unmvdu k w f hJ tJ't D oHvi$ ahf =unmcsuf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
39
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
udk tdENd,a&'D,dkeJ@ bDbDpD toHv$ifhXmeawGuwqifh xyfqifh toHv$ifhay;vdkufwma=umifh urBmh udka=unm+yD;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? Akdvfatmif}uD;&JŒ Adkvfae0if; od'<dwifay;csufjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D dk zufqpfawmfveS af &;umv}uD;twGi;f rSm awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;=um;rSm/ txl; ojzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwD=um;rSm EkdifiHa&;t,ltqESpfck jzpfay: uGJjym;vmjyefygw,f? wcku “zufqpfwdk@udk tºuGif;rJhwkdufcdkufacsr_ef;a&;onfomy"me/ zufqpf wdk@udk tjywftowf wdkufcdkufEkdifwmeJ@tr# t*Fvdyfwdk@eJ@ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf pm&if;&Sif;&mrSm +idrf;csrf;pGm+yD;pD;Ekdifvdrhfr,f” jzpf+yD; tjcm;wckuæ “zufqpfw@kd ukd tºuGi;f rJw h u kd cf u kd af csre_ ;f a&;[m y"mer[kw/f olw@kd um; ±_;H zd@k aocsmae+yD? udk,fhtm;udk,fðzef;wD;ovdk vkyfzkd@rvdk? jyefvmr,fh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒudk ckcHwdkufcdkufa&;om y"me/ xkdwdkufyGJtwGufom óudwifjyifqifxm;&r,f” qdkwmjzpfygw,f? t,ltqESpcf k jyif;xefvmwJt h cg wzufu avmavmq,f wdu k x f w k &f r,fh *syefukd wdu k f rxkwfyJ rvmao;wJh t*Fvdyfudkjyefcszdk@ vufeufpkxm;&r,f ajymaeolawG[m um,uHajrmuf tm;jzifh *syefolv#KdŒ? *syefudk rwdkuf&Jvdk@ a&Smifae&ef qifajcay;jcif;vdk@jrifovdk/ wzufuvnf; t*Fvdyfvufu +idrf;csrf;pGmvGwfvyfa&;&,lEdkifw,fajymum *syefudkwdkufxkwfa&;wckwnf; rJae olawG[m t*Fvdyfudk vufeufcst±_H;ay;r,fholawGjzpfw,f/ t*Fvdyfudk vufeufcst±_H;ay;r,fh olawGvdk@ pGyfpGJajymqdk=uygw,f? *syefawGqkwfcGmoGm;&vdk@ &efukefòrdŒay:udk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufvm=uygw,f? t*Fvdyfppfwyfu *sife&,fcsdef;Am; (General Chambers) uvJ &efukefòrdŒudk ppftkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mydkiftjzpf olu tkyfcsKyf&vdrfhr,fvdk@ w&m;0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;jrbl;/ OD;bOD;wdk@ a&SŒrSm a=unmajymqdkvmygw,f? urBmrSm qkdAD,ufwyfeDawmf&JŒ tifrwef}uD;us,fwJh wkdufyGJatmifyGJ owif;awGa=umifh qdkAD,uf,leD,H[m EdkifiHwumjynfolrsm;=um; *k%foduQm}uD;rm;vmcJhovdk/ ArmjynfrSmvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m jynfolawG=um; *k%ftwufqHk;tcsdefjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ArmjynfrSm *syefzufqpfawGudk wdkufypf&r,fvdk@ pjrifcJhwm[m uGefjrLepfawGjzpfcJh+yD;/ wdkufyGJawGtwGif;rSm vnf; &Gyf&Gyfc|efc|efwkdufjycJh=uEkdifawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG=um; =oZmt&Sdef}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? ‘awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;’ uae wygwDwnf;jzpfa&; aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg uGefjrLepfygwDu jynfolŒta&;awmfyHkygwDacgif;aqmifwpkudk wygwDwnf;jzpfcsif&if uGefjrLepfygwDwGif;odk@ jynfolŒ ta&;awmfyHkygwD0ifrsm; wOD;csif;0if=uzdk@eJ@ ocifcspf/ ocifAaqG (OD;AaqG) wdk@udk vufcHEdkifayr,fh OD;ausmf+idrf;udkawmh vufrcHEkdifbl;vdk@qkdowJh? aemufqHk;rSm wygwDwnf; rjzpfEkdifawmhyJ ysufoGm; cJhygw,f? *syefawmfvSefa&;+yD;&if EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawG[m ta&;}uD;vmawmhr,fvdk@ jrifwmu wa=umif;/ wav#mufvHk; ajratmuftjzpfeJ@ &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;vm&wmuae w&m;0ifvlxk=um; &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;vmEdkifwmudku }uD;us,fwJhatmifyJGwckjzpfw,fvdk@ odjrifcH,lvdkufwma=umifhyg/ 40
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1945 ckESpf/ arv (3) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒ Am;u&mvrf;rSm ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD’ qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfudk uGefjrLepfygwDu w&m;0ifwifvdkufygawmhw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒt&Sdef[m tifrwef}uD;cJhovdk uGefjrLepfygwDwGif; 0ifvdkolawGvnf; tvGerf sm;wJu h mvyg? ArmjynfrmS xif&mS ;wJh Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifreS o f r# uGejf rLepf0g'eJ@ ywfouf cJh=ubl;ovdk uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@vnf; ywfouf,SufEG,fcJh=uzl;ygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifawGxJrSm qdk&if Akdvf&efatmif/ Adkvfvusfm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&JxGÉf/ AdkvfausmfaZm/ Adkvfva&mif/ Adkvfwm&m pwJholawG[m uGefjrLepfygwD0if awGjzpfcJh=uygw,f? Adkvfae0if;awmif uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif;rSm ocifpdk;qD tqdkðycJhzl;ygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifr[kwfwJh AdkvfawGxJrSmqkd&ifvnf; AdkvfAxl;/ AkdvftmVm0u wdk@utp Adkvfcspfaumif; (AdkvfrSL;cspfaumif;)/ Adkvfyk/ Adkvfoef;a&$/ Akdvf&J'if/ Akdvfrif;'if/ oHr%dAdkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfodef;wef/ Adkvfatmifrif;/ Adv k rf sK;d jrif/h Adv k af t;aiG/ Akv d af tmifaz/ Adv k w f u kd af tmif/ Adv k t f ;kH armif (avxD;) wd@k awG[m uGejf rLepf ygw0D ifawGyg? Adv k pf aH iG (OD;cspv f id_ f rqv A[dEk ikd if aH &;wuUov kd af usmif;tky}f uD;) vnf; uGejf rLepfyg wD0ifczhJ ;l ovd/k Adv k af omif;'ef (umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf-av) wd@k vnf; uGejf rLepfygweD @J ywfoufc=hJ u zl;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwq D ikd ;f bkwu f kd Am;u&mvrf;rSm w&m;0ifwifvu kd w f hJ tcg OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwdk@uvvnf; ocifjrudk OuUÏ tjzpfwifajr‡muf+yD; jynfolta&;awmfyHk ygwDtpk0ifrsm;udk pkpnf;um ‘Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD’ qdkif;bkwfudk ra&S;raESmif;wifzdk@ óud;pm; tm;xkwfvm=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD tòydiftqdkif wnf&Sdvmyg+yD? Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf vlx=k um;xif&mS ;vmwmu ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocif odef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ ocifA[def;/ ocifAodef;wif/ &Jabmfbwif ac: *dk&S,f/ ocifoef;òrdif/ ocif oef;az (awmifil)/ ocifZif/ ocifwifxGef;/ ocifjroGif/ ocifwifjrwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf wufwufºuGºuG v_yf&Sm;ay:vGifvm wmu OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;AaqG/ OD;udu k }kd uD; (aemif-ode;f av;q,fuu kd }kd uD;)/ ocifwif/ ocifausm'f eG ;f / OD;vSarmif/ Adkvfcifarmifav;/ &efukefAaqGwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? Akdvfae0if;/ Akdvfarmifarmif/ Adkvf atmif}uD;/ bHkaygufomausmfwkd@vnf; acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf yg0ifvm=uygw,f// uGefjrLepfygwDu rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸eftbd"rRmtjzpf twdtvif;cH,lusihfoHk;+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&JŒ wyfOD;ygwDtjzpf tcdkiftrm &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;ygw,f? ‘qdk&S,fvpfygwD’ uawmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wdwdyy cH,lxm;wm rawGŒ&yJ qdk&S,fvpfa&; &nfrSef;csufawGudk aºuG;a=umfae=uwmawmhawGŒ&ygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D rmhuv f eD if0g' oabmw&m;oifwef;awGay;+yD;/ qdAk , D uf,el , D H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmfvf&SDApf) orkdif;tusOf;csKyfudkydk@cs&if/ qkd&S,fvpfygwDuvnf; qdkAD,uf,leD,H (abmfvf&SDApf) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudkyJ r&&atmif&Sm+yD; oifwef;ydk@csw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGt=um; pnf;±H;k a&;eJ h wyfrawmfwiG ;f pnf;±H;k a&;yg tòyid t f qdik f pnf;±H;k v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD&JŒ ta&;}uD;acgif;aqmif (&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifjzpf=ur,fh teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
41
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
yk*~dKvfawGudk *syefydk@a&;udpP aqmif&GufcJhwJh t"duacgif;aqmif) ocifcspfuawmh qdk&S,fvpfyg wDbufrSmraeyJ ArmuGefjrLepfygwDbuf w&m;0ifa&mufvmcJhygw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ arv (17) &ufae@rSm qif;rvm;pDrHudef;ac: puULjzLpDrHudef; xGufay:vmyg w,f? *syefawGt0ifrSm e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfwdk@eJ@twl vdkufygxGufajy;oGm;+yD; tdENd,EkdifiH ‘qif;rvm;’ òrdŒrSm ±Hk;pdkufaecJhwJh qif;rvm;tpdk;& (Armjynfppfajy; tpdk;&) u a&;qGJcJhwJh pDrHudef;jzpfygw,f? ('kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;&if/ usifhokH;zdk@ +Adwdo#ygvDrefudk wifjytwnfðycsuf&,lxm;+yD; jzpfw,fqdk wJh) 'DpuULjzLpDrHudef;&JŒ tcsKyfoabmuawmh Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfu qufvufu|efðyxm;a&;jzpf ygw,f? t*FvdyfwyfawG[m olwkd@odrf;ydkufxm;or# ae&ma'oawGtm;vHk;rSm ppfbufqkdif&m òrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&;udk xlaxmifxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m òrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒawGudk t*Fvdyfvdk (Civil Affairs Service Burma) vdk@ac:ygw,f? twdkaumuf CASB jzpfwma=umifh uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;vdk@ac:ygw,f? uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk +Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf ‘[l;bwf&ef@’ u OD;pD; tkyfcsKyfygw,f? 1944 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (1) &ufup+yD;/ uufpbDudk/ ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqkdif&m r[m rdwfwyfrsm;&JŒ aoemywd armifhbufwefvufatmufrSm v$Jajymif;+yD;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;&JŒ vuf eufudkifwyfawG tcdkiftrm&Sdaeovdk/ wzufu zwyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;eJ@ ArmvufeufudkifwyfawG vnf; wnf&Sdaeygw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ arvukefrSm ta&;}uD; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk; &efukefudk jyefvnfa&muf&v dS m=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;wdu k yf aJG wGuawmh a'oawmfawmfrsm; rsm;rSm qufqifEaJG e&qJjzpfygw,f? weoFm&Dwikd ;f wwdik ;f vH;k [m zufqpfatmufrmS yJ &Sad eygao; w,f? *syefrsm;[m ppfawmif;jrpf ta&SŒbufurf;wav#muf cHppfa=umif;rsm; wnfaqmuf+yD; acgi;f rmrm wdu k cf u kd =f uqJjzpfygw,f? yJc;l ±d;k rawmifwef;eJ@ awmtkyaf wGtwGi;f pk±;kH rdaewJh trSwf (28) *syefwyfr}uD;&JŒ *syefwyfom;rsm;[m r[mrdwfwyfr}uD;rsm;eJ@ ArmzufqpfawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawG ydwq f @kd xm;wJh &efuek -f rE aW v; vrf;r}uD;twdik ;f twif;xd;k azmuf+yD; ppfawmif;jrpf ta&SŒbufurf;qD jzwful;Edkifzdk@ óud;pm;ae=uqJ jzpfygw,f? 1945 ckEpS /f ZGev f xJrmS +Adwo d #vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;&JŒ aoemywd/ ta&SŒawmift&Sqikd &f m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;&JŒ ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef[m t&yf&yftajctaersm;udk ppfaq;avh vmzd@k &efuek òf rdŒudk a&mufvmygw,f? ZGev f (16) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k eJ@ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;ygw,f? t"du aqG;aEG;wmu ArmvufeufudkifwyfawG&JŒ tem*wfta&;jzpfyg w,f? 1945 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ygwD&JŒ 'kwd,t}udrf uGef*&ufudkusif;yw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; usif;yygw,f? udk,fpm; vS,feJ@ {nfhonfaygif; (200) ausmfavmuf wufa&muf=u+yD;/ olŒrdef@cGef;xJrSm zufqpfwdkufzsuf a&;eJ@ jyefvnfxal xmifa&; tvky}f uD; (2) ck&w dS ,fqw kd mudk tav;wifazmfjyoGm;&if; 'Dtvky}f uD; ESpfckudk +yD;atmifvkyfzdk@ ‘trsKd;om;tpdk;&’ w&yfvdkw,f? trsKd;om;tpdk;&w&yfay:aygufzdk@ ppftkyf csKyfa&; tjrefqHk;&yfpJzdk@ vdkw,fqdkwm &Sif;jyygw,f? (1) ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tjref&yfpJzdk@/ (2) ,m,D trsK;d om;tpd;k &zGŒJ pnf;/ a&G;aumufyt JG jrefq;kH usi;f y+y;D wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf}u;D ac: zd@k / (3) wdik ;f ðy 42
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jynfðyv$wfawmf}uD;u ArmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; a&;qGJzdk@qdkwmudk xkwfazmf&Sif;vif;oGm;w,f? taxG axGtwGi;f a&;rª; ocifp;kd u ‘Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;pOf’ udk zwf=um;wifoiG ;f ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygw[ D m wdik ;f &if;om;"e&Sirf sm;eJ@ yl;aygi;f +yD; vGwv f yfa&;vkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G &f mrSm b,fawmhrS rpGe@f vw $ f tyfwhJ tcsuf (3) csuu f kd twGi;f a&;rª; tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh (1) uGejf rL epfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifciG &fh jdS cif;/ (2) tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;tusK;d twGuf pnf;±H;k &mrSm uGejf rL epfygwu D kd "e&Sirf sm;u taESmuft,Surf ay;a&;/ (3) vlrsK;d a&;nD!w G rf t _ wGuf xlaxmifxm;aom tzGJŒcsKyfwGif tvkyform; v,form;wdk@udk,fpm; uGefjrLepfygwDu vGwfvyfpGm a0zefcGifh&Sdjcif;wdk@ jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ 'kwd,uGef*&ufudk (20) &ufuae (27) &ufae@txd usif;yyg w,f? usif;yaewJhumvtwGif; Zlvdkif (26) &ufae@rSm t*Fvefa&G;aumufyGJrSm ‘tufwvD’ acgi;f aqmifwhJ avbmygwD tEdik &f wufvmygw,f? avbmygwD tEkid &f wufvmjcif;[m Armjynf/ tdENd,jynfwdk@&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aumif;wJhtvm;tvmyJvdk@ ,lqcJh=uygw,f? Zlvdkif (27) &ufae@ uGef*&ufaemufqHk;ae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwDtopfudk a&G;cs,fwif ajr‡muf=uygw,f? A[dkaumfrwD0if (22) OD;eJ@ A[kdaumfrDwD pnf;±kH;a&;rSL; (9) OD; / aygif; (31) OD; jzpfygw,f// uGefu&ufu ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifpkd;ukd tdrfaxmifa&; pnf;rsOf;azmuf ysufr_eJ@ ygwD0iftjzpfu (2) ESpf&yfpJxm;zkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufwJhtwGuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf ‘ocifoed ;f az’ jzpfvmygw,f// ocifoed ;f az tdE, dN u a&mufrvmao;cif ‘ocifjroGi’f ukd ,m,D wm0efay;ygw,f// 'DuGefu&ufu qkH;jzwfvkdufwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfuawmh +idrf;csrf;pGmajymif;vJa&;vrf;pOf (ba&muf'gvrf;pOf) jzpfcyhJ gw,f// 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;t+yD; ay:ayguv f mwJh Ekid if w H um tajctae ajymif;vJvmr_udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; +Adwed Ef idk if rH mS wufvmwJh avbmtpk;d &eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;um Arm jynf&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;ukd &,la&;jzpfygw,f// uGefu&uf usif;yaewJh Zlvkdif (20) &ufrSmawmh awmifileJ@yJcl;=um; &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf; wav#muf zufqpfawmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ *syefw@dk &ŒJ wku d yf aGJ wG t}uD;tus,f ay:ayguaf e ygw,f? Zlvkdif (20) uae =o*kwfv (4) &ufae@txd jzpfyGm;cJhwJh 'DwkdufyJGawGukd ‘ppfawmif;jrpf 0Sr;f wku d yf ’GJ tjzpf ppforkid ;f rSm armfueG ;f wifc&hJ ygw,f? zufqpf*syefaygi;f (6272) a,muf usq;Hk cJh &mrSm (3500) ausm[ f m ArmhawmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;u acsre_ ;f okwo f ifcw hJ mjzpf+yD; *syefo@Hk yef; aygif; (740) ukd zrf;qD;&rdw,fvkd@ r[mrdwfppfXmecsKyfukd,fwkdifu todtrSwfðy a=unmcJh&yg w,f// 1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (6) &ufeJ@ (9) &ufae@rSm *syefjynf [D±kd&SD;rm; eJ@ e*gpuDòrdŒukd tar&duefu tEkjrLAk;H }uJygw,f// vlaygi;f ode;f eJ@csD aoqk;H cJ&h +yD; wurBmvk;H wkv H y_ o f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? qkAd , D ufuvnf; *syefudk =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS ppfa=unm+yD; *syeford ;f xm;wJh refcsL;&D;,m;ukd 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u dk cf yhJ gw,f// =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS ppfa=unm+yD; *syeford ;f xm;wJh refcsL;&D;,m; ukd 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJhygw,f? =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSm ppfyGJt±_H;}uD; ±_H;ae+yDjzpfwJh *syef[m vufeufcszkd@ enf;vrf;&Sm+yDjzpfygw,f// tJ'Dae@ =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSmyJ Armhwyfrawmf acgif; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
43
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
aqmif (10) OD;&JŒ xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf ArmjynfrmS xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f/ “ArmEkid if t H wGi;f acgi;f aqmif =ur,fh yk*~Kdvftaygif;eJ@ wkdif;oljynfom;taygif; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;jcif;r&SdyJ/ zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfolŒvGwfvyfa&;tzJG@csKyftwGif; 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifum ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxl axmifa&;vkyfief;t&yf&yfukd wnDw!Gwfwnf; aqmif&Guf=u&ef jyif;xefpGm wkdufwGef;vkdufyg a=umif;” vkd@ azmfjyE_d;aqmfxm;ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AkdvfcsKyfvusFm/ AkdvfaZ,s/ Akdvfae0if;/ Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmif}uD;/ AkdvfausmfaZm/ Akdvf&JxGËf/ AkdvfrSL;atmif/ AkdvftmVm0u/ wkd@ (10) OD;u vufrSwfa&;xkd; xkwfjyefcJhwmjzpfygw,f// ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvJ ‘vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;’ ukd aºuG;a=umfcJhovkd/ wyfrLS ;}u;D (10)OD;uvJ ‘vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxal xmifa&;’ ukyd J aºu;G a=umfwu dk w f eG ;f xm;ygw,f? 1945 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (14) &ufrmS zufqpf*syefu ¹cGi;f csurf &Sv d ufeufcsa=umif; a=unm vkdufygw,f// 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; w&m;0if+yD;qkH;oGm;yg+yD? wurBmvkH; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfoGm; =uygw,f// AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ wuG zwyv A[kdOD;pD;tzJGŒ0ifawG =o*kwfv (16) &uf (17) &uf ESpf&ufwkdifwkdif tpnf;ta0;awGxkdif=uygw,f? A[ef; ‘aeol&def’ ±kyf&Sif±kHrSm vlxktpnf;ta0; yGJ}uD;udk ‘zwyv’ u OD;pD;usif;yzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkduf=uygw,f// 1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (19) &ufrSm orkdif;0if ‘aeol&def’ vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD; ay:xGef; vmcJyh gw,f? jyifqifcsed f (2) &ufom&cJah yr,fh vlxak omif;csD wufa&mufcw hJ hJ aeol&ed f vlxt k pnf; ta0;yGJ}uD;[m +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;udk twdtvif; pdefac:vkdufwJh vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;vnf;jzpfyg w,f? zwyv tzGJ@csKyf OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u obmywdvkyf+yD; zwyv taxGaxGtwGif; a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGef;u twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg; wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;a&m Armjynfqdk&S,f vpfygwED , G rf sm;yg wufwufºuGºuG wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? e,fcsŒJ +Adwo d #&ŒJ puULjzLtkycf sKyfa&;udk tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? trsKd;om;tpdk;&zGJŒay;&ef/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;&yfpJ+yD; òrdŒjytkyfcsKyf a&;xlaxmif&ef/ trsK;d om;,m,Dtpd;k & tkycf sKyfaepOftwGi;f t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;Edik w f phJ epfe@J a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf jzpfay:vmr,fh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&ef/ twWvef wma=unmcsufudk axmufcH+yD; tJ'Da=unmcsufeJ@tnD ArmEdkifiHudk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwf vyfwEhJ idk if t H jzpf todtrSwðf y&ef pwJh ta&;}uD;awmif;qdck surf sm;udk yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; az:xkwcf =hJ u ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1) ,m,Dtpd;k &zGŒJ pnf;a&;eJ@ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfac:a&;/ (2) wEdik if v H ;kH trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;eJ@ (3) rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmfukd todtrSwðf y+y;D ArmhwyfrawmfopfzŒJG a&;jzpfyg w,f? 'Daeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;rSmyJ zwyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk vuf&SdA[dkOD;pD; tzGJŒ0if (21) OD; uae (36) OD;txd wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? apmbOD;/ ref;bcdik /f b&momwd@k vkd u&iftrsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;yg0ifc=hJ uovdk OD;atmifZaH 0/ OD;ausm&f ifw@dk vkd &cdik t f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;vnf; yg0ifchJ =uygw,f? OD;baz/ OD;yk/ aysmb f , G f OD;jrwk@d vkd vusmf Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGuv kd nf; xnfo h iG ;f zGŒJ pnf; yg0ifapcJyh gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u obmywdred @f ceG ;f tzGirfh mS udk &Si;f vif;oGm;wmuawmh 44
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
“zwyvtzG@J csKyf[m ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;r[kw/f vGwv f yfa&;udk t&,lwu kd yf 0JG ifv=kd uwJh wyfrawmf/ uGejf rLepfygw/D jynfoŒl ta&;awmfyykH gww D @kd yl;aygi;f +yD; 1944 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f u pwifzŒJG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpf a=umif;/ tzGŒJ csKyfo@kd vlrsK;d bmomra&G; wdik ;f oljynfom;wdik ;f yg0ifEikd af =umif;/ tzGŒJ csKyf[m b,ftzGŒJ tpnf; b,fygwD&JŒ rlydkiftzGJŒrSr[kwfa=umif;/ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wwdkif;jynfvHk; aoG; pnf;zdk@ zGJŒcJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;taejzifh r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ qufoG,fcJha=umif;/ rwfv (27) &ufup+yD; zufqpfudkawmfvSefcJh=ua=umif;/ &cdkifbufrSmvnf; &cdkifawmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;u zufqpfuakd wmfveS cf =hJ ua=umif;/ awmfveS af &;rSm ucsi/f csi;f / u&if trsK;d om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifc=hJ ua=umif;” jzpfygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm ‘wyfrawmfe@J aysmufusm;rsm;&JŒ wdu k cf u kd rf a_ =umifh r[mrdww f yfrsm; &efuek u f t kd a&mufjrefcjhJ cif;jzpfa=umif;/ aemufq;kH ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f wav#mufrmS &Gyf&Gyfc|efc|ef wdkufcJha=umif;/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;udk r[mrdwfrsm;u todtrSwfðy cs;D usL;cJ&h a=umif;/ 'Dwu kd yf aJG wGa=umifh Armjynfukd vkycf siw f ikd ;f vkyv f @kd r&bl;qdw k m odvmwJt h wGuf +Adwo d #tpd;k &u cifAsm;wd@k csi;f om nD!w G +f yDajym=u? vGwv f yfa&;vdck siaf wmif ay;r,fqw kd hJ pum; rsK;d ajymvm&a=umif;/ urBmt h ajctae[m odyaf umif;vm+yDjzpfa=umif;’ awGuv kd nf; &Si;f jyajymqkd cJhygw,f? zwyv taxGaxGtwGif;a&rSL; ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf urBmh +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf&efe@J Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;udk t&,l&ef&nf&, G af =umif; ajym=um;+yD; urBmh +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom Armjynfacgif;pOfeJ@ azmfjyxm;wJh zwyvtzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ oabmxm; a=unmcsufudk zwf=um;cJhygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh aeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;[m/ zwyv}uD;uOD;aqmif+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yf vH;k u qef@usiu f ef@uw G v f u kd w f hJ vlxt k iftm;jyyG}J u;D jzpfovd/k Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf tvdk tyfq;kH awmif;qdck surf sm;udk csrw S af zmfxw k f aºuG;a=umfEikd cf w hJ hJ ordik ;f 0if Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD; jzpfchJ ygw,f? zwyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkif&JŒ oabmxm;tjrifuvnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk +idrf;csrf;wJh enf;eJ@ &&SdEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqar#mfvifhxm;cJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 'kwd,uGef*&ufu csrSwfvdkufwJh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ@ qef@usifuGJjym;r_ r&Sdwm awGŒEdkifygw,f? ‘aeol&ed ’f acwf}uD;xJrmS ‘zwyv’ tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;[m tiftm;cdik rf mawmifw h if;vSwhJ trsK;d om;wyfaygif;pk}uD; tppftrSefjzpfcJhygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wm0ef,l+yD; taxG axGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifoef;xGef;u aqmif&Guf&if; OD;yJhnDnD xrf;EdkifcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'aD cwfukd taemufwikd ;f owif;pmawGuawmif ‘qef;ESio hf ef;acwf’ vd@k uifyeG ;f wyfa&;om;cJ=h u ygw,f? aeol&ed t f pnf;ta0;}uD;&JŒ t&Sed ef @J Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f / armifb h ufwefw@kd &JŒ aqG;aEG;xm;cJhcsuftquftjzpf Armhvufeufudkifwyfrsm;ta&; aqG;aEG;zdk@ r[mrdwfppfaoem ywdcsKyfvnf;jzpf/ uufpfbD tkyfcsKyfa&;&JŒ tjrifhqkH;tm%mydkifvnf;jzpfwJh ‘armifhbwfwef’ u ‘zwyv’ ud, k pf m;vS,af wGukd olŒppfXmecsKyfwnf&&dS m uEND (oD[)kd udk vma&mufz@kd zdw=f um;vm ygw,f? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (4) &ufae@rSm armifhbufwefeJ@aqG;aEG;zdk@ zwyv udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJŒtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ Akdvfae0if;/ Akdvfvusfm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ AdkvfausmfaZm/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
45
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
Akv d af rmifarmif/ Adv k af Zmfrif; (aemif-Adv k rf LS ;csKyf armifarmifausm0f if;)/ OD;baz/ apmbOD;}u;D / OD;!dx k eG ;f (&cdkifAdkvf!dkxGef;) wdk@ (11) OD; uENDòrdŒudk oGm;=uygw,f? pufwifbm (6) &uf/ (7) &uf ae@awGrSm awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJudk Armjynfppfajy;tpdk;& (qif;rvm;tpdk;&) &JŒ t=uHay;yk*~Kdvftjzpf OD;wifxGÉfvnf; vma&mufwufygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJ&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ‘uENDpmcsKyf’ xGufay:vmygw,f? ‘uENDpmcsKyf’ t& rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS vufa&G;pifwyfom; (5200)/ t&Hwyfom; (3000)/ Adkvf (200)/ t&HAdkvf (200) udk Armjynf +Adwdo#vufatmuf&Sd Armhwyfrawmftjzpf zGJŒpnf;zdk@ armifhbwfwefu oabmwlcJhovdk/ usefArmhvufeufudkifwyfom; rsm;udk &Sif;vif;zsufodrf;ay;zdk@‘zwyv’ }uD;eJ@ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGu oabmwlnDcJh=u ygw,f? tiftm; (2) aomif;avmuf&w dS hJ ArmhawmfveS af &;rsK;d cspw f yfrawmf wyfzŒJG }uD;udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD; t+rJwef; ‘Armhwyfrawmf’ tjzpf uENDpmcsKyft& ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;&ygawmhw,f? t+rJwef; w&m;0if Armhwyfrawmf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; udk,fwdkif wyfudkqufvufOD;pD;+yD; ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrvm;/ zwyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udkyJ OD;pD;+yD; EdkifiH a&;acgi;f aqmifvyk rf vm;/ wckcu k ykd J jywfjywfom;om; a&G;cs,&f awmhr,ft h ajctaejzpfvmygw,f? Armjynf&JŒtaetxm;t& EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawG ta&;}uD;vmawmhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf,lqwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m EdkifiHa&;udkyJ a&G;cs,fvdkufygw,f? wyfuxGufr,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfvdkufayr,fh oludk,fwdkif OD;pD; wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ ppfwyftay: oHa,mZOf}uD;vSwma=umihf olŒtpm;wyfukd OD;pD;Edik rf ,haf cgi;f aqmif/ wyfrawmf}uD;udk Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csurf eS rf eS ef @J rSerf eS u f efuef a&SŒaqmifweG ;f wifEikd rf ,fh acgi;f aqmif udk tav;teufxm;+yD; &SmazGcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk t&nftcsif;jynhf0wJh acgif;aqmifrsKd;vufxJudkyJ wyfut kd yfEcHS sicf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m yxrqH;k uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif ocifA[de;f udk a&G;cs,fcJhygw,f? ocifA[def;udk wyfudkOD;pD;a&;twGuf v$Jay;zdk@ uGefjrLepfygwDudk w&m;0if awmif;wJhtcg uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ygwD&JŒ ta&;}uD;EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;awGa=umifh v$Jray;EdkifcJhyg? ocifA[de;f udrk ay;Edik &f if 'kw, d ol@pw d óf uu d f ‘ocifoef;az (jzL;)’ udk v$aJ y;zd@k awmif;qdjk yefygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D ocifoef;azudv k nf; ray;Ekid af =umif; ta=umif;jyefcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifA[de;f a&m ocifoef;azyg r&wJhtwGufa=umifh aemufqHk;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m AkdvfvusfmudkyJ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftjzpf a&G;cs,f wm0efay;vdkuf&ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;udk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ,H=k unfrr_ &Scd yhJ g? ppf+yD;puqd&k if Adv k af e0if;udðk zwfypfz@dk awmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; pOf;pm;qHjk zwfczhJ ;l w,fqdkygw,f? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒudkawmif xkwfazmfwdkifyifcJhygw,f? twdkifyifcH&wJh EdkifiH a&;acgif;aqmifawG (ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifAodef;wif) wdk@u uae@vdktcsdefrSm nD!Gwfa&;ta&; }uD;a=umif; azsmif;zsajymqdck =hJ uwJt h wGuf Adv k af e0if;udk xkwzf ,fypfwhJ tqifx h d ra&mufcw hJ mvd@k qdkygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wyfuxGuv f u kd w f t hJ wGuf Armhwyfrawmf&ŒJ t}u;D tuJ[m Adv k v f usmf jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? topfjyefvnfzŒJG pnf;vdu k w f hJ wyf&if;awGxrJ mS uGejf rLepfygw0D if/ qk&d , S v f pfygwD 0ifawG qufvuf&SdaecJhygw,f? 46
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfuxGufvdkuf&ovdk wyfrawmf[mvnf; ‘zwyv’ tzGJŒcsKyf }uD;twGif;uae w&m;0ifxGufvdkuf&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm uENDpmcsKyft& wyfuxGufvdkuf&ol awG trsm;}uD;ay:cJhovdk EkdifiHa&;udkyJ aZmufcsvkyfzdk@ wyfuxGufvdkufolawGvnf; awmfawmfrsm; rsm; ay:cJhygw,f? r=umrDrSmyJ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfolŒvGwfvyfa&; (zwyv) tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk vnf; zufqpfqef@usiaf &;jynfoŒl vGwv f yfa&; (zqyv) tzGŒJ csKyf}u;D vd@k trnfajymif;vJac:ygw,f? zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;[m wrsKd;om;vHk;&JŒ wyfaygif;pktzGJŒcsKyf}uD;tjzpf &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cJhyg w,f? 'DtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;twGif;rSm t"dutiftm;pktjzpf wnf&Sdaewmu vuf0Jtiftm;pk jzpfcJhyg w,f? vusfmtiftm;pkrsm;[m aemufrS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@zGifh+yD; zGJŒpnf;vdkufwJhtcgrS ygvm=u/ a&mufvm=uolawGjzpfygw,f? vuf0t J iftm;pkawGxrJ mS vnf; t"du tckid t f rmwnf&adS ewmu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygwjD zpfygw,f? 'DygwED pS cf [ k m ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ csKyf}uD; twGi;f rSm twlwnf&adS eovd/k tòydit f qdik t f jzpfvnf; wnf&adS ecJ=h uygw,f? vusmf orm;Edik if aH &; orm;a[mif;}uD;awG[m trsm;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;usm;ao}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ tzGŒJ cGaJ wG[m ArmjynftES@H tjym; w&m;0ifzŒJG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJh ovdk uGefjrLepfygwD/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDwdk@&JŒ tzGJŒcGJawG[mvnf; a'otESH@ zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhyg w,f? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (29) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ jynfolŒtm%m*sme,f pwifxkwfa0 xGufay:vmygw,f? atmufwdkbmvv,frSm ppfajy;bk&ifcH qma':refprpf &efukefudk jyefa&mufvmygw,f? wjynfv;kH u qef@usiu f ef@uu G af ewJh puULjzLpDru H ed ;f udk tpG,x f w k zf @kd óu;d pm;ygw,f? atmufwb kd m (16) &ufae@rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efawGudk pwifvufcH aqmif&Gufygw,f? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ ppfzuf qdkif&mòrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&; ±kyfodrf;vdkufwJhtwGuf uufpfbDtkyfcsKyfa&;acwf tqHk;owfoGm;ygw,f? qma':refprpfu bk&ifcHwOD;wnf;tm%mydkifwJh puULjzLtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifygw,f? ppf}uD;twGi;f ysupf ;D qH;k ±_;H cJ&h wJh +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ ydik f ukex f w k v f yk if ef;rsm;/ o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;vkyif ef; rsm;eJ@ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk t"duxm;+yD; ‘jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;’ vkyfzdk@jyifygw,f? cspfwD; awGeJ@ ajr&Sif}uD;i,fawGuvnf; olwdk@ydkifqdkifcJhwJh ajr,mawGeJ@ v,faxmufcpyg;awGudk v,fo rm;awGqDu twif;t=uyf jyefvnfvk,uf ,liifzdk@ tm;xkwfvm=uygw,f? qma':refprpfu bk&ifc&H ŒJ twdik yf ifcH tr_aqmiftzGŒJ eJ@ twdik yf ifcH Oya'ðyv$waf wmfzŒJG zd@k jyifygw,f? todtrSwfrðy&if rjzpfawmhwJh zqyv tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk puULjzLpDrHudef;rSm yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufzdk@ bk&ifcHu zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;ygw,f? ‘zqyv’u Ekid if jH yefvnfxal xmifa&;eJ@ w&m;r#wwJah &G;aumufyJG tjrefusi;f yEkid af &;udk &nf&G,f+yD; tr_aqmifaumifpDrSm yg0ifzdk@ oabmwlygw,f? atmufwdkbm (19) &ufrSm bk&ifcHeJ@ oGm;a&mufawGŒqH+k yD; zqyv 0ef}uD;avmif; (11) OD;pm&if;udk ay;tyfygw,f? bk&ifcu H oabmrwl yJ jiif;y,fvdkufygw,f? bk&ifcHeJ@ zqyvwkd@ xdyfwdkuf yÉdyuQ pwifygawmhw,f? bk&ifcu H ‘zqyv’ wGi;f a&mufae=uwJh vusmf Ekid if aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D rsm;udv k nf; &mxl; jy+y;D zJx h w k &f if; olŒpdwóf uu d f ‘tr_aqmifaumifp’D zGŒJ vdu k yf gw,f? ppfajy;tpd;k &tzGŒJ 0ifa[mif; qmay: xGe;f / qmxGe;f atmifausmef @J qm*|e0f u kd /f qmruf';l *Jw@kd ukd tr_aqmifaumifp0D ifawGtjzpf cef@tyf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
47
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
vdu k yf gw,f? zqyv uaexGu+f yD; &mxl;,l=ur,fh rsK;d cspyf gwu D OD;btke;f / OD;at;/ OD;yke@J ref;bcif wd@k uv kd nf; aumifp0D iftjzpfcef@tyfygw,f? rsK;d cspyf gwu D yJjzpfwhJ OD;vGe;f / qif;&Jom;ygwu D OD;om ,m0wDarmifarmife@J OD;&efatmifqo kd w l @kd tjyif r=umcifurS Armjynfjyefa&mufvmwJh ocifxeG ;f tkyf udkvnf; tr_aqmifaumifpD0iftjzpf cef@tyfa&G;cs,fvdkufygw,f? olŒpdwfóuduf ‘Oya'ðyaumifpD’ qdkwmudkvnf; zqyv tjyifbufa&muf&Sdae=uwJh vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;vdkufyg w,f? (1945 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (1) &ufae@rSm cg;ydkufaqmif bk&ifhtwdkifyifcH ‘tr_aqmifaumifpD’ xGufay:vmcJh+yD; 'DZifbm (31) &ufae@rSm ykwfoif!dk ‘Oya'ðyaumifpD’ jzpfwnfvmcJhygw,f?) 1945 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif+yD; ‘jynfolŒ&Jabmf wyfzGJŒ) zGJŒpnf;ay:xGef;vmygw,f? +Adwdo#vufatmufcH ‘Armhwyfrawmf’udk uENDpmcsKyft& zGJŒpnf;&mrSm yg0ifcGifhr&wJh &Jabmfa[mif;awGudk tajccH+yD; bDtkdifat/ bD'Dat&Jabmfa[mif;awG/ awmfvSefa&;orm;awGeJ@yg pkpnf;zGJŒpnf;vdkufwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 0g'tm;jzifh uGefjrLepf0g' ,Hk=unfola&m r,Hk=unfolyg yg0ifvmcJhygw,f? ppfwyfzGJŒpnf;yHktwdkif; zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD;/ ppfaoemywd eJ@ OuUÏtjzpf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ 'kw, d aoemywdtjzpf Adv k rf LS ;atmif jzpfygw,f? OD;pD;aumfrwD 0ifawGuawmh AdkvfxGef;vif;/ Adkvfva&mif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ AdkvfAwif/ AdkvfvSat;/ Adkvfwiftkef;/ Adkvfodef;wef/ Adkvfatmifrif;/ Akdvfykwdk@wawGjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒ&JabmfwyfzGJŒxJudk &Jabmfa[mif; awGomru/ &JabmfopfawGyg 0ifa&mufvm=uwJhtwGuf umvr=umrDtwGif;rSmyJ wyfzGJŒ0if wodef;ausmf&SdvmcJhygw,f? ppfa&;avhusihfr_awGvkyf=uygw,f? ppf,leDazmif;awG 0wfqif=uyg w,f? òrdŒ&GmtESH@ ay:aygufvmygw,f? bk&ifcu H ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ udk zqyv&JŒ cg;ydu k af qmifwyfzŒJG vd@k ,lqygw,f? wdik ;f jynfqyl l atmif v_yf&Sm;aeolawGvdk@ orkwfygw,f? ,leDazmif;r0wf&/ ppfa&;ravhusifh&trdef@awGxkwf+yD; trdef@qef@usifolawGudk zrf;qD;ta&;,lygw,f? jynfolŒ&Jabmfudk ysufatmifzsufygw,f? 'gayrJh ysufatmifrzsufEdkifyg? zqyv}uD;xJudk jynfolŒ&Jabmf[m tiftm;pkwcktjzpf yg0ifvmcJhygw,f? zqyv}uD;eJ@ bk&ifct H pd;k &=um; wif;rmr_awG[m wqif+h yD;wqifh wd;k vmcJyh gw,f? bk&ifc&H ŒJ ‘tr_aqmifaumifp’D eJ@ ‘Oya'ðyaumifpD’ [m vlxk=um;=oZmr&Sdyg? zqyv }uD;&JŒ =oZmom wkd;wufjrifhrm;vmcJhyg w,f? bk&ifcHtpdk;&[m puULjzLpDrHudef;t& jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tay: wdk;+yD; zdESdyfwmawGvkyfyg w,f? zqyv tzGJ@csKyf}uD;u ,m,D=um;jzwftpdk;&zJGŒpnf;a&;/ wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf ay:xGef; a&;/ puULjzLpDrHudef;yg pD;yGm;a&;y±dk*sufrsm; zsufodrf;a&;pwJh rlvawmif;qdkcsufawGudk vlxktif tm;eJ@zdzdpD;pD; qufvufawmif;qdk v_yf&Sm;ygw,f? 1946 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D (21) &ufae@rmS wrsK;d om;vH;k &JŒ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpfwhJ zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf }uD;u vlxw k ode;f ausmw f ufa&mufwhJ puULjzLtkycf sKyfa&; uef@uu G yf }JG uD;udk usi;f yygw,f? 'Duef@ uGuq f ENjyyG}J uD;[m bk&ifct H yk cf sKyfa&;udo k m udik v f y_ v f u kd Ef ikd w f mr[kw/f t*Fvefavbmtpd;k &udyk g wkefv_yfoGm;apcJhygw,f? OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ OD;pD;wJh ‘zqyv’ &JŒ yxrqHk;nDvmcHudkvnf; a&$wd*Hktv,fypP,HrSm wcrf;wem; usif;yygw,f? 48
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vlxw k ode;f ausmef @J wjynfv;kH ud, k pf m;vS,f (1200) ausmf wufa&mufwn hJ v D mcH}uD;rSm vH;k 0vGwf vyfa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifa&;/ ajr,mjy\emajz&Sif;a&;/ e,fcsJŒt&if;tESD;rsm;udk jynf olyikd o f rd ;f a&;/ touf (18) ESpf jynfo h w l ikd ;f rJqENay;cGi&hf a&;/ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf ac:,lusi;f y Ekid af &; pwJh ta&;}uD;qH;k jzwfcsuaf wG csrw S Ef ikd cf =hJ uygw,f// 'Dnv D mcH}uD;rSmyJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;&JŒacgif;aqmif OuUÏtjzpf wifajr‡mufcJhygw,f? 1946 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; usif;yyg w,f? +idrf;csrf;pGmajymif;vJa&;jzpfwJh ‘ba&muf'g0g'’ udk w&m;0ify,fzsufypfvdkuf=uygw,f// ba&muf'g0g'trSm;/ ygwDwGif;a&mufvmcJhykHZmpfjrpfudk/ &SmazGazmfxkwfokH;oyfa0zef=u&if;u/ ud, k w f ikd f wufwufºuGºuG vufcjH zef@cscd o hJ w l OD;jzpfcw hJ hJ ocifp;kd [m wjcm;olrsm;tay:om jypfwif ±_wcf sa0zef+y;D *d% k ;f cGx J u G o f mG ;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) qkw d hJ ‘tvHeyD gw’D udk cG+J y;D xlaxmif vdkufygw,f? ocifpdk;eJ@twl ocifwifjr/ a':apmjr pwJh A[kdaumfrDwD0if (7) OD; ygoGm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwD uGrJ oGm;a&;twGuf ocifA[de;f ud, k w f ikd f twefwefóud;pm;cJah o;ayr,fh ocifp;kd wd@k u “tacsmiform;awGe@J jcm;em;r_onf t}u;D qH;k aomawmfveS af &;vkyif ef;jzpfonf?” vd@k aºu;G a=umf +yD; cGJxGufoGm;ygw,f? tvHeDygwDudk ‘zqyv’ uvnf; vufcHjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf tvHeDtpk0if rsm;[m zqyv}uD;&J@ tjyifbufukd a&muf&o dS mG ;ygw,f? tvHeyD gw[ D m “tvHeu D u kd ikd +f yD; wyfO;D a&SŒuxGuu f m &Gy&f yG cf |ecf |ef awmfveS af &;wdu k yf aJG wGukd qifEjJG y&r,f” qdw k hJ tmabmfe@J twl vuf0J pGef;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk tqufrjywf azmfaqmifygawmhw,f? 1946 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (28) &ufae@rmS bk&ifc&H ŒJ ‘Oya'ðyaumifp’D tpnf; ta0;usi;f y ygw,f? bk&ifcHu vuf!dk;xkd; cef@tyfxm;wJh Oya'ðyaumifpD0iftm;vHk;vdkvdk[m ‘zqyv’ qef@usifa&;orm;awGjzpf=u+yD; ‘zqyv’ tzGJŒcsKyfudk tjyif;txef a0zefwdkufcdkuf=uygw,f? bk&ifcHudk,fwdkifuvnf; zqyvudk òzdcGJzdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppftwGif;vlowfr_eJ@ zrf;qD;ta&;,lzdk@ uvdrfuuspf^m%feJ@ =uHpnftm;xkwfvmygw,f? 'Dt=uH,kwfudk vufawGŒ taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,fh e,fcsJŒtvdkus yk*~KdvfwOD;vnf; ay: aygufvmygw,f? tJ'Dyk*~Kdvfuawmh ‘ocifxGef;tkyf’ ygyJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ twl ppfcsDcJhwJh ocifxGef;tkyf[m AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk oxHkc±dkif aygifòrdŒe,f oJjzLukef;aus;&Gm ukvm;ol}uD;owfcJhr_eJ@ ta&;,lzdk@ bk&ifcHxHwifjyygw,f? Oya'ðy aumifprD mS vnf; bk&ifcu H kd wdu k w f eG ;f wJt h jyif w&m;±H;k wif ppfaq;ta&;,lr,fq&kd if rsujf rifouf aotjzpf oludk,fwkdif oufaocHygr,fvdk@ ,kwf,kwfrmrm tqdkðyvmcJhygw,f? t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH&JŒ trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0ef}uD;jzpfwJh ocifxGef;tkyf&JŒ e,fcsJŒtvdkus trsKd;om;opPmazmufvkyf&yf[m wjynfvHk;udk tHh=ooGm;apcJhygw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;bufrS jywfjywfom;om;&yfwnfum ppftwGif;u ocifxeG ;f tkyf ud, k w f ikd af &;cJw h hJ ‘u|Eykf . f pGe@f pm;cef;’ pmtkyx f u J qDavsm&f mtcef;awGukd t*Fvyd f bmomjyefqkd+yD; +Adwdo#ygvDrefu ygvDreftrwf '±dkif;bwf (Tom Driberg) wdk@qD ydk@vdkufygw,f? ocifxeG ;f tkyu f , kd w f ikd f ppfajrjyifrmS / b,fvkd ud, k x f v d ufa&muf vkyu f ikd cf w hJ ,fqw kd mawG/ tm;yg; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
49
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
w& pmtkyfxJ a&;oGif;azmfjyxm;cJhcsufawGudk xkwfE_wf+yD; wdwdusus bmomjyefqdkay;vdkufwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘ocifxeG ;f tky&f ŒJ ppftwGi;f &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfrr_ sm;a=umifh olŒudk tr_aqmif aumifpDu xkwfy,fypfr,fvm;’ vdk@ tudk;tum;ðy ar;EkdifcJhw,fqkdygw,f? aemufq;kH rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;ta&;,lr,fq&kd if jynfow l &yfv;kH tHºk uGvmrSm/ tHºk uGvmcJ&h if tHºk uGru _ Ekd rdS ef if;ypfz@kd tdE, dN wyfawGuv kd nf; ac:,lv@kd r&Edik rf mS wGucf surf +d yD;/ bk&ifcH [m t=uHtpnfukd vufav#mv h u kd &f ygw,f? bk&ifc&H ŒJ t=uH,w k f ±_;H edro hf mG ;&ovdk ocifxeG ;f tkyf vnf; tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; &moufyef EkdifiHa&;aooGm;&ygawmhw,f? vlxkcsOfzwf jzpfoGm;&ygawmh w,f? 1946/ arv (18) &ufae@rSm tif;pdefc±dkif ‘xef;wyifta&;tcif;’ }uD;ay:aygufvmyg w,f? ‘jynfol@&Jabmf’ wcsKdŒ tzrf;cH&wmudk rauseyfwJhtwGuf jynfol@&Jabmfrsm;/ awmifol v,form;rsm;u pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjy=uwmudk ykvdyfu aoewfeJ@ ypfcwfòzdcGif;cJhygw,f? v,form;}uD; (4) OD; aoewfxdrSef aoqHk;cJh&wJhtwGuf vlxktHkºuGr_}uD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;u bk&ifcHtpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfudk tjyif;txef uef@uGuf±_wfcswJhtjyif pHpk rf;a&;tzGŒJ wckvnf; apv$wyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ jynfo@l tm%m*sme,fuvnf; ‘xef;wyif aoewfypfr_ ta&;tcif;}uD;’ ta=umif; jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufa&;om;ygw,f? &efukefvlxk }uD;[m armfawmf,mOfor*~u um;rsm;eJ@ xef;wyifudk csDwufoGm;a&muf+yD; tiftm;jy=uyg w,f? vlwef;pm;toD;oD;&JŒ rauseyfcsufawG 'D*&Djrifhoxuf jrifhvmygw,f? v,form;rsm;&JŒ tiwfjy\emajz&Sif;a&;/ vufikwfv,fajrvufrvGwfa&;/ trawmfa=u;&&Sda&;/ t&m&Sdqdk; ol}uD;qdk;wdk@&JŒ !‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_u vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJawG ay:aygufvmygw,f? rcHr&yfEdkifwJh a'oawGrSmqdk&if &&mvufeuf pGJudkifykefuefr_awGawmif ay:aygufvmcJhyg w,f? ‘&ckdifolykef’ eJ@ ysOf;rem;e,frSm ‘v,fa0;v,form;olykef}uD;’ ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? +Adwo d #avabmtpd;k &[m 0rf;udu k af ew,fqw kd hJ qma':refprpfukd t*Fvef jyefac:vdu k &f +yD; ArmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ tqifajyEdkifr,fh bk&ifcHopfudk &SmazGa&G;cs,f&ygawmhw,f? bk&ifco H pf rcef@Eikd rf D ‘qm[ife&DEu d_ ’f qdo k u l kd acwWb&k ifct H jzpfvw $ yf gw,f? zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;&JŒ =oZm[m vlxk=um;rSm wufaeygw,f? e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;rSm tajccHpdwf"mwfcsif; wlnDae=uay r,fh zqyvwGi;f &Sd uGejf rLepf-qk&d , S v f pfawG&ŒJ tm;òydirf e_ @J tjrifqikd &f m oabmxm;qkid &f m uGjJ ym; r_awGuawmh xkeJ@xnfeJ@ jzpfay:vmaeygw,f? zqyv qdkwJh wyfaygif;pkqdkif;bkwfwckwnf; atmufrSmjzpfayr,fh t"du ygwD}uD;ESpfckjzpfwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfygwD[m olŒpnf;±Hk;a&; eJ@ol/ olŒtiftm;eJ@olvnf; tòydiftqdkif wnf&Sdae=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ OD;aqmifr_ atmufrSm vlwef;pm;tvdkufqdkif&m or*~awG&Sdae=uovdk qdk&S,fvpfygwDatmufrSmvnf; vlwef;pm;tvdkuf zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh ‘tpnf;t±Hk;’ awG pifòydifwnf&Sdaeygw,f? aemufxyf zqyv tzGJŒcsKyftwGif;rSm ta&;}uD;tiftm;pkwcktjzpf jzpfwnfyg0ifvmwmuawmh 1945 ck 'DZifbm (1) &ufae@rSmrS pwifzGJŒpnf;vdkufwJh jynfolŒ&JabmfwyfzGJŒjzpfygw,f? 50
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ qkd&S,fvpfygwD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmf tzGJŒ (3) zGŒJ &J@ nD!w G af &;udk tav;xm;cJyh gw,f? 'D (3) zGŒJ udk tajcwnf+yD; ‘vuf0n J ! D w G af &;’ udk tcdik t f rmzGJŒpnf;vdkcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh taumiftxnfray:cJhyg? zqyvtzGŒJ csKy}f u;D twGi;f rSm ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;tjyif OD;Ek/ OD;baz/ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsK/d [oFmw OD;jr/ OD;wifxGÉfwdk@vdk xif&Sm;wJh woD;yk*~vrsm;vnf; ta&;}uD;ae&mawGrSm yg0ifae&m&xm;yg w,f? 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm ordkif;0if taxGaxGoydwf}uD; pwifygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@ qkd&S,fvpfawGu oydwfudkqdkif;iHxm;csifwJh oabmt,ltq&Sdygw,f? wzufu vufeufpk aqmif;jyifqif+yD;rS taxGaxGoydwf}uD;udk ykvdyfoydwftxd jr‡ifhwifqifE$Jvdkw,fvdk@ ta=umif;jy ygw,f? uGejf rLepfawGu vufeufpak qmif;+yD;atmif apmifzh rkd vd/k taxGaxGoydw}f uD;udk euf±id_ ;f ap &r,f? ykvdyfoydwftxdomru ppfwyfoydwftxd jr‡ifhoGm;&r,fvdk@ awmif;qdkaºuG;a=umfygw,f? v,form;ta&;rSmvnf; OD;ausm+f ird ;f / ocifwif wd@k u awmifov l ,form;awG awmif;qdck su&f atmif/ v,f,mrvkyfyJ oydwfarSmuf&r,fqdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGu awmif;qkdcsuftwdkif; vufikwf vuf&if; v,ftwif;0ifxGefa&; ajr&Siftdrf0dkif;a&;/ y±kd*sufqefawGvk,l+yD; tiwfjy\em ajz&Sif; a&;udk ‘wdkufyGJvrf;pOf’ tjzpf wifygw,f? vlxkwdkufyGJvrf;pOfqdkwmudk csrSwfygw,f? pufwifbmv (5) &ufrSm acwftqufquf udkvdkeDvufyg;aptac:cH toHk;awmfcHcJh&wJh ykvdyfrsm;uawmif oydwfarSmuf+yD; vlxkwdkufyGJtwGif; yg0ifvmygw,f? ykvdyfoydwf}uD; atmif jrifpGmay:vmcJhygw,f? pufwifbm (23) &ufrSm OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;bazwdk@ wm;qD;aewJh=um;xJu tr_xrf;aygif;pHk oydwf}uD; xyfrHxGufay:vmygw,f? pufwifbmwvvHk; oydwfawG wvHk;+yD;w vHk; tqufrjywf ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awGuvnf; oydwfarSmuf+yD; ppfulay;=uyg w,f? taxGaxGoydwf}uD;[m ordkif;wGifavmufatmif }uD;us,fcJhovdk udkvdkeD,E W&m;}uD;[m vnf; wcgwnf;&yfpJoGm;&ygawmhw,f? a':refprpfae&mrSm wm0ef,lzdk@ bk&ifcHtopftjzpf qm[l;bwf&ef@ Armjynf a&mufvm wJhtcg pufwifbm taxGaxGoydwf}uD;eJ@ óudqdk+yD;om;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? qm[l;bwf&ef[m zqyv &JŒ t&Sdef=oZmudk wGufcsufrd+yD;jzpfovdk/ taxGaxGoydwf}uD;&JŒ 'Dv_dif;t[kefa=umifhyg zqyv tzGJŒcsKyf acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ jrefjrefqefqef awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;r_vkyfygw,f? oydwfvSefa&;eJ@ twdik yf ifcH tr_aqmifaumifpo D pf zGŒJ pnf;a&;udk tay;t,lvyk yf gw,f? tr_aqmifaumifpaD [mif; udk zsufodrf;ypf+yD; tr_aqmifaumifpDopfrSm zqyv udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&; zdwf=um;ygw,f? t&if zqyv u awmif;qdkcJhwJh twdkifyifcH0ef}uD; (11) ae&mtxd ray;ayr,fh zqyv OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk twdkifyifcH tr_aqmiftzGJŒrSm 'kwd,OuUÏtjzpf ay;ygw,f? umuG,fa&;eJ@ jynfyqufoG,fa&;XmeawGudkvnf; OD;pD;zdk@ay;ygw,f? bk&ifcH&JŒoabmeJ@ zqyv qef@usifa&; Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f u yk*K~ v d t f csKŒd udv k nf; zqyveJ@ tay;t,lvyk +f yD; xnfo h iG ;f zGŒJ pnf; apygw,f? zqyv acgi;f aqmifawGu taxGaxGoydw}f uD;udk jyefveS &f iS ;f vif;ay;zd@k wm0ef,cl &hJ yg w,f? qm[l;bwf&ef&JŒ ajz&Sif;yHk[m =oZmt&SdqHk; zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udkvnf; auseyfatmif tqifah e&mrSet f wdik ;f todtrSwðf yvdu k +f yD; jzpfomG ;ovd/k +Adwo d #tpd;k & rajz&Si;f Edik w f hJ taxGaxG teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
51
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vm;tyfwJh om;i,fudkr&&Sdzdk@ udk,f0efaqmifaepOftwGif;rSmudk ae@aphvaphtxd }uD;&ifhcGifhrðyyJ zsucf s&r,f? om;av#musap&r,f” qdw k hJ t,ltq&Sw d hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f [m vufO;D r_&&dS dS ajcvSr;f vSr;f ygw,f? “uGefjrLepfygwD[m =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJŒpnf;a&;udk olwdk@ygoabmwl+yD;rS ,ck raxmufcH±Hk ru Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;udk e,fcsŒJ eJ@y;l aygi;f oGm;ol opPmazmufyrm olw@kd *sme,fu a&;om;ajymqdk aewm[m tvGe}f uD;rm;wJt h jypfjzpfwt hJ wGuf zqyv tvkyt f r_aqmiftzGŒJ u ta&;,l&r,f” vd@k wifjyygw,f? OD;bazeJ@ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKw d @kd u OD;ausm+f ird ;f udk axmufc=H uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; udk,fwdkifuawmh =um;ujzefajzvdkygw,f? ‘jynfo@l tm%myg a&;om;csuaf wGukd ±kyo f rd ;f +yD; awmif;yef&r,f’ vd@k zqyv tvkyt f r_ aqmiftzGJŒu uGefjrLepfygwDudk awmif;qdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu r±kyfodrf;yg? rawmif;yefyg? 'kwd,uGef*&ufuwnf;u twdtvif;azmfjya=unmxm;cJhzl;+yD; ‘ygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmif wnf&cdS iG &hf jdS cif;’ qdw k hJ tajccHru l u dk ikd pf +JG yD; ‘ygwo D nf vGwv f yfpmG a0zefciG Ehf iS hf oD;jcm;&yfwnfciG &hf &dS rnf? zqyv. vufatmufcHtzGJŒtpnf;tjzpfrcHEdkif’ vdk@ wkef@jyef&yfwnfvdkufygw,f? aemuf qHk;rSm 1946 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm (10) &ufae@rSm zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;twGif;uae uGefjrLepfygwD udk xkwfy,fa=umif; a=unmvdkufygw,f? zqyv}uD; ay:xGe;f jzpfwnfvma&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkw&f mrSm t"du pwifyg0ifcw hJ hJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m olóud;yrf;wnfaxmifcJhwJh zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ tjyifbufudk a&muf&Sd oGm;&yg+yD? z,fxkwfjcif;udkcHvdkuf&yg+yD? wyfaygif;pk}uD;&JŒ nD!Gwfa&; pwifòyduGJjcif;jzpfovdk wdkif;jynf&JŒ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ pwifòydtufjcif;jzpfygw,f? ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh) vnf; =um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒu E_wfxGufvdkuf&ygw,f? +Adwdo# tpd;k &[m zqyv udk tm%mwd;k wd;k +yD; ay;vmygw,f? bk&ifc&H ŒJ tr_aqmifaumifpD oabmuae uufbdeufoabm ajymif;vJay;vmygw,f? wjznf;jznf; ‘zqyv =um;jzwftpdk;&’ ozG,f jzpfvmygw,f? 'k OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m 0ef}uD;csKyfoabmjzpfvmcJhygw,f? qdk&S,fvpf OD;ausmf+idrf;[mvnf; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; jzpfvmygw,f? uGefjrLepf-qdk&S,fvpf yÉdyuQ[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvmygw,f? zqyv wyfaygif;pk}uD;xJu uGefjrLepfawGudk xkwfy,fvdkufEdkif+yD;wJhtcg zqyv twGif;rSm qdk&S,fvpfawG tompD;&vmyg w,f? ae&mwum wGifus,fvmygw,f? zqyvxJu uGefjrLepfawGudk xkwfy,fypfvdkufwJh *,uf[m jynfolŒ&JabmfawG=um; t}uD;tus,f ±dkufcwfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG&JŒ tompD;,lr_ tay: rauseyfcsuaf wGvnf; jyif;xefvmygw,f? jynfoŒl &Jabmfvnf; ESpyf ikd ;f uGo J mG ;&ygawmhw,f? Akv d o f ed ;f wef/ Adv k af tmifrif;wd@k acgi;f aqmifwt hJ ydik ;f u wyfet D jzpfcaJG xmifygw,f? wyfeeD @J jynfoŒl &Jabmf pifòydifjzpfvm=uygw,f? ysOf;rem;bufrSm t&ifuwnf;u wnf&Sdae+yD;jzpfwJh ‘v,form; wyfrsm;’ eJ@ wyfeDaygif;+yD; wyfeDtjzpf yl;aygif;zGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvfwm&m wdk@[m wyfeDjzpfvmygw,f? wyfeDeJ@ jynfol@&Jabmf[mvJ &efolozG,f jzpfvm=uygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;rSm a&SŒwef;ta&mufqHk;jzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m 1946 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvHeDygwDtjzpf (2) ydkif;uGJ oGm;cJh&ovdk/ atmufwdk bm (10) &ufae@rSm zqyv}uD;xJuae uGefjrLepfygwDudk xkwfy,fvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh zqyv teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
53
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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}uD;vnf; pwifòyduGJvmcJh&ygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuae tvHeDygwDtjzpf cGJxGufr_a=umifh ygwDtuGJ pdwfxdcdkufcJh&wJh ocifA[def;[m usef;rma&;qdk;0g;vm+yD; rE Wav; rdb&yfxH jyefaq;0g; ukocHae&wke;f / aq;±Hw k uf ae&wke;f / aygirf ek @f xyk v f mwJh owif;pmjzwfyikd ;f xJu ‘uGejf rLepfygwu D kd zqyv}uD;xJu xkwfy,fvdkufjcif;’ owif; trSwfrxif zwfrdoGm;&mu t}uD;tus,f pdwfxd cdu k o f mG ;&&Smygw,f? tJ'o D wif;udk odvu kd &f wm[m Ek0d ifbm (19) &ufae@yg? Ek0d ifbm (20) &ufae@ rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; rE aW v;a&mufvm+yD; ocifA[de;f udk vlrrmvm=unfrh ,fqw kd o hJ wif; ocif A[de;f odvu kd &f wJt h cg “igoŒl udrk awGŒcsib f ;l ? vmcGirhf ay;yge@J ” vd@k olŒZeD;udk wzGzaG jym&if; wnvH;k rtdyaf wmhy/J pum;rajymawmhyJ jyif;jyif;xefxef a=uuGeJ musn;f cHpm;oGm;&if; Ek0d ifbm (20) &uf t±k%w f ufrmS uG,v f eG q f ;kH yg;oGm;&&Smygw,f? (20) &ufae@ Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; a&mufvmwJt h cg tavmif;udyk J jrifciG &hf ygawmhw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd v f nf; a=ua=uuGu J JG cHpm;oGm;cJ&h yg w,f? uGejf rLepf-qd&k , S v f pf yÉdyuQ[m qd&k , S v f pfrsm;u zqyvqdw k hJ pnf;±H;k a&; vufeufenf; eJ@a&m zqyv =um;jzwftpdk;&qdkwJh tm%mvufeufenf;eJ@a&m toHk;ðy wdkufcdkufwJhtwGuf ‘zqyv-uGefjrLepf’ yÉdyuQtoGif ay:vGifcJh&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu olwdk@&JŒ rlv&Sd+yD; rltwdkif; v,form;xGefwHk;wdkufyGJ/ qefvkyGJ/ tvkyf orm; oydww f u kd yf aJG wGukd oufqikd &f m or*~awGuae t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;tjzpf azmfxw k f qifE$Jygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;u jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; tm%mudkoHk;+yD; òzdzsuf[ef@wm;ESdyfuGyfygw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒ pmtkyfpifacsmif=um;uae ‘yDtdkyDat (POPA) ac: jynfolŒ+idrf0yfydjym;r_ xdef;odrf; a&;tufOya' yk'rf (5) udk zqyv pm;yGaJ y:,lvm+y;D / vufeufozG,f toH;k ðycJyh gw,f? OD;ausm+f ird ;f eJ@ yk'fr (5) [m cGJr&atmif jzpfvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif bk&ifcH&JŒ tr_aqmifaumifpD tpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif; 0ifoGm;&wJh twGuf zqyv XmecsKyfudk ocifEku OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;[m ðryfae+yD; vGwfvyf a&;wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ vufaES;ae&if EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_ tqifhae&m uGefjrLepfvufxJ a&mufoGm;Edkif w,f? vGwv f yfa&;udk uGejf rLepfawGu ,lay;wmrjzpfyJ zqyv u ,lay;wmom jzpfcsiw f ,fqw kd hJ oabmxm;tjrifeJ@ OD;Eku OD;ausmf+idrf;eJ@aygif;+yD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;qD tqdkwckwifygw,f? tJ'D tqdkuawmh wESpftwGif; ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk t*Fvdyfu a=unmay;zdk@/ a=unmray;&if zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tpd;k &tzGŒJ wGi;f uae E_wx f u G +f y;D tEkenf;eJ@ tm%mzDqefz@kd jzpfygw,f? +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf OD;wnfóud;yrf;wJah e&mrSm Edik if aH &;tiftm; pkawG=um;xJrmS 1946 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvup+yD; t,ltqESp&f yf vrf;pOfEpS &f yftjzpf uGjJ ym;pGm jzpfwnfay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? zqyvtzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ ‘aygi;f vnf;aygi;f rnf/ wdu k v f nf;wku d rf nf’ udkvdkeDpepf qef@usifa&;vrf;pOfeJ@ uGefjrLepfwdk@&JŒ “udkvdkeDorm;rsm;udk vlxkvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;/ wdu k yf rJG sm;/ aemufq;kH rv$rJ a&Smifomjzpfvmv#if vufeufuikd w f u kd yf rJG sm;jzifh qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd f &rnf” qdkwJh udkvdkeDpepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJvrf;pOfjzpfygw,f? 'Dvrf;pOfESpf&yf tjrifESpf&yf&JŒ yËdyuQ[m yk*~Kdvfa&;yËdyuQ/ tzGJ@tpnf;csif;qdkif&m tòydiftqdkif yËdyuQawGeJ@twl jyif;xefonf; xefvmcJhygw,f? 54
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;[m awmif;qdck suf (3) &yfukd bk&ifcH uaewqifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&qD Edk0ifbmvxJrSmyJ ay;ydk@vdkufygw,f? awmif;qdkcsuf (3) &yfuawmh (1) vuf&Sdtr_aqmiftzGJŒudk vHk;0tm%m&Sdaom =um;jzwftpdk;&tjzpf ajymif;vJay;&rnf? (2) wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmfzGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;y&rnf? (3) Armjynftm; vHk;0 vGwv f yfaom wdik ;f jynftjzpf wESpt f wGi;f jzpfap&rnf[k a=unmay;&rnfqw kd mjzpfygw,f? 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@ aemufqHk;xm;+yD; a=unmay;&ef rvdkufavsmygu tpdk;&tzGJŒrS E_wf xGufr,fvdk@vnf; azmfjyvdkufygw,f? zqyv&JŒ wESpt f wGi;f vGwv f yfa&;aºuG;a=umfoeH @J vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf t JG wGuf uGejf rLepf ygwDu axmufcHcJhygw,f? yËdyuQawG uGJvGJr_awG=um;xJuae axmufcHvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? 1946/ 'DZifbmrSm +Adwdo#tpdk;&u Armtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk vef'efvma&muf aqG;aEG;zdk@ zdwf=um;&ygw,f? 'DZifbm (20) &ufrSm eef;&if0eftufwvDu “u|Ekfyfwdk@onf "eo [m,e,ftwGif;Y raevdkolrsm;tm; ae&rnf[krwm;vdkyg? Armjynfolwdk@onf olwdk@qENt& olw@kd . aemifa&;udk qH;k jzwfprD =H u&efjzpfygonf?” vd@k ygvrD efatmufvw $ af wmfrmS a=unmay;&yg w,f? vef'efukd roGm;cif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u jynfo/l zqyv/ wyfrawmfw@kd ukd toif&h =dS uyg/ pnf;vH;k nD!w G =f uygv@kd rSm=um;owday;ygw,f? jynfoŒl &Jabmfuv kd nf; toifjh yifz@kd rSm=um;xm;cJh ygw,f? 1947 Zefe0g&D (2) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k tzGŒJ tdE, dN jynf e,l;a'vDukd av,mOf eJ@ pwifc&D;xGufygw,f? e,l;a'vDrSm owif;pmq&mawGu “ArmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm tEk enf;oHk;rvm;/ t=urf;enf;oHk;rvm;” ar;=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfu “tajctaet&yJ/ u|efawmfwdk@ uawmh vufraES;ygb;l ” vd@k ajzcJyh gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rSm yg0ifolawGuawmh/ ocifjr/ OD;baz/ OD;wifxGËf/ ocifApdefeJ@ *ÏKefOD;apmwdk@jzpfygw,f? ocifApdefeJ@ *ÏKefOD;apm[m bk&ifcHu a&G;cs,fv$wfwmjzpfygw,f? t=uHay;tjzpf vdkufygoGm;=uolawGu awmh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Akdvfp}uFm/ ocifcspf (a';'&J)/ OD;b&if rdwˆDvmwkd@ jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ OD;wnfcsuftwGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&v D xJrmS yJ ‘aemufq;kH wdu k yf v JG rf;pOf’ udck srw S +f y;D ‘zqyv uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;wnfaqmuf oGm;&ef’ qH;k jzwfvu kd yf gw,f? e,fcsŒJ orm;udk t+y;D wdik f wdu k x f w k af &;twGuf jyifqifygw,f? e,fcsŒJ orm;wdu k x f w k af &;twGuf vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_reS o f r#ukd yl;aygi;f tm;jznfzh @kd oabmxm; csrw S f ygw,f? Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@rmS vef'efukd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k a&mufygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wdk@&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf; ta&;qdkr_udk tm;jznfhbdk@ ArmjynfwGif;uae vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ e,fcsJŒqef@ usifa&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; usif;yqifEGJygw,f? (10) &ufae@rSm v,form;ae@/ (11) &ufae@rSm jynfolŒ&Jabmfae@/ (12) &ufae@rSm vcpm; tr_xrf;aygif;pHkae@/ (13) &ufae@ trsKd;orD;ae@/ (14) &ufae@ tvkyo f rm;ae@/ (15) &ufae@ ausmif;om;ae@/ (16) &ufae@ zqyv ae@ pojzifh ae@tvdu k f cGJ+yD; qENjy tiftm;jyv_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? tJ'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
55
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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yl;aygif;tm;jznfh yg0ifcJhygw,f? tJ'DumvtwGif;rSm ‘&&if&r&&ifcs’ aºuG;a=umfoH xGufay:vmcJh ygw,f? Zefe0g&D (13) &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ tufwvDw@kd pwifaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? aqG;aEG; aepOfumvtwGi;f rSm ‘Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf &Sr;f jynfvx l . k ud, k pf m;vS,rf [kw’f vd@k &Sr;f jynf apmfbGm;tcsKdŒu vef'efudk oHóud;±dkufygw,f? &Srf;jynfu OD;bZH (tif;av;)/ OD;azcif/ OD;xGef;jrifh pwJh vli,fawGu vlxktpnf;ta0;ac: +yD; &Srf;jynfvlxkudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfw,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf udkcsrSwf+yD; oHóud;jyef±dkufygw,f? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae@txd aqG;aEG;yGJ (10) }udrfusif;y+yD; ‘atmifqef;-tufwvDpm csKyf’ xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? pmcsKyfukd ud, k pf m;vS,w f zGŒJ wnf; twlyg0ifaqG;aEG;cJ=h uwJh ocifApdeef @J *ÏKefO;D apmwd@k u yg0ifvuf rSwx f ;kd jcif;rðyyJ uef@uu G cf =hJ uygw,f? (Armjynfjyefa&mufwahJ emufvJ 0ef}uD;tjzpfuae E_wfxGufoGm;=uygw,f) pmcsKyfyg oabmwlnDcsufawGt& tr_aqmifaumifpD[m =um;jzwftpdk;&tjzpf todt rSwðf ycH&+yD; =um;jzwftpd;k & tm%m&vmygw,f? +Adwo d #vufeufuikd f wyfawGrt S y/ umuG,af &; qdkif&m vufeufudkifwyfawGeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xmeudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifwJh =um;jzwf tpdk;&u tkyfcsKyfcGifh&ygw,f? udk,fydkif b¾ma&;tkyfcsKyfr_udk &&Sdygw,f? Armtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,f r[mrif;}uD;wOD; vef'efrSm xm;cGifh&ygw,f? jynfreJ@awmifwef;a'o tem*wf ta&;twGuf awmifwef;a'o&JŒqEN,l&ef oabmwl=uygw,f? t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJay;EkdifwJhpepfeJ@ a&G; aumufwJh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf ac:cGifh&cJh&ygw,f? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf&JŒ tqHk;tjzwfudk +Adwdo#ygvDrefrSm twnfðyzdk@ wifoGif;&r,fvdk@ oabmwlcJh=uygw,f? azazmf0g&v D qef;rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; Armjynfjyefa&mufvmygw,f? Armjynf jyefa&muf a&mufcsi;f atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfe@J ywfouf+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd wm0ef,l &Si;f vif;ajym=um;&m rSm ‘vGwv f yfa&;r&cJah o;a=umif;/ od@k &mwGif enf;vrf;udo k m&&Scd ahJ =umif;/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk taumif txnfazmf&eftwGuf wwdkif;wjynfvHk; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfzdk@vdka=umif;’ vdk@ twdtvif; xkwfazmf oGm;cJhygw,f? 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (5) &ufae@txd &efukefòrdŒ Aifweftxdrf;trSwf cef;rrSm u&if trsKd;om;uGef*&uf usif;yygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om; (700) ausmf wufa&mufygw,f? tJ'DrSm u&ifA[dktzGJŒcsKyf (KCO) eJ@ u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk; (KYO) aygif;+yD;/ ‘u&iftrsKd;om;tzGJŒ csKyf’ (KNU) zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJhygw,f? uGef*&ufrSm autif,luvJ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk uef@uGufa=umif; +Adwdo#eef;&if0efqDudk oHóud;±dkufygw,f? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m Ekid if w H 0ef;oGm;+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k a&;/ twlwuG jynfaxmif pk}u;D xlaxmifa&; a[majymygw,f? yifvn kH v D mcH}u;D ay:vmygw,f? &Sr;f jynfyifvòkH rŒd rSm &Sr;f / ucsi/f csif; udk,fpm;vS,fawG pka0;=uygw,f? u&ifeJ@ u&ifeDu avhvmoltjzpfyJ wufa&mufygw,f? autif,lu z'dk0D&Dausmf/ oxHk OD;vSaz/ apmpHau;eJ@ OD;cspfwD;wdk@ avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufyg w,f? yifvHknDvmcH}uD;&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ordkif;0if yifvHkpmcsKyf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufae@rmS yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; awmifwef;eJ@ ajrjyef@ waygi;f wnf; vGwv f yfa&; 56
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&,la&; qHk;jzwfEkdifcJh=uygw,f? yifvHkpmcsKyfudk ArmEkdifiHtpdk;&udk,fpm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,f (22) OD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;chJygw,f? yifvHknDvmcHusif;yaepOftwGif;rSmyJ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m “awmifwef; om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJŒ’ udkvnf; zGJŒpnf;cJh=uygw,f? OuUÏ [m pyfa&$odkufjzpf+yD; 'k OuUÏ u qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif jzpfygw,f? tJ'u D mvtwGi;f rSm wzufu trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;twGuf óud;yrf; tm;xkwrf _ awGawGŒ&ovdk/ rSefrSefuefuefvrf;a=umif;qDa&muf&Sda&;udk wGef;wifEdk;aqmfay;r_awG awGŒ&ovdk/ tjcm;wzufrSm aoG;uGJr_awG tm%mòydifqdkifr_awG *dk%f;*%v_yf&Sm;r_awG[mvnf; tqufrjywf qufvufjzpfay:aecJhygw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfa=umifh uGejf rLepfygwu D ‘rdwaf qGatmifqef;b,fv’J qkw d hJ pmtkyfudk xkwfa0+yD; owday;&if; EkdifiHa&;t,ltqawGudk wifjyygw,f? tm%mwydik ;f &jzpfaewJh zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f rSm qd&k , S v f pf-jynfoŒl &Jabmf yËdyuQ[m ay:ay:xifxif jzpfwnfvmae+yD; qdk&S,fvpfygwDuvnf; “atmifqef; cg;ydkufaqmifwyf jynfolŒ &Jabmf” “zufqpfatmifqef;b,fvJ”pwJh a=unmcsufawG xkwfjyefvmwmawGŒ&ygw,f? e,f awGrSm uGefjrLepf-qdk&S,fvpfyËdyuQ xdyfwef;a&mufaeovdk/ jynfol@&Jabmf-qkd&S,fvpf&efyGJawG vnf; xdy+f yJ acgi;f uGt J ajctae ay:ayguaf eygw,f? jynfoŒl &Jabmfbufu Adv k pf ed rf eS f acgi;f aqmif +yD; ‘iSufzsm;wdkufzsufa&; jcifrsKd;ðzwfa&;pDrHudef;’ vdk ‘qkd&S,fvpfrsKd;ðzwfa&;pDrHudef;’ awmif toH xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? qd&k , S v f pfawG&ŒJ npfywfrr_ sK;d pHu k kd rcHEikd v f eG ;f vd@k vd@k qykd gw,f? tJ'pD rD u H ed ;f ocifEk em;aygufoGm;+yD; aròrdŒa&mufaewJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ta&;w}uD; ac:,lwdkif=um; ajz&Sif;cJh& w,fqdkygw,f? AdkvfpdefrSefu jynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJŒudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yftoGif ajymif;vJwnf aqmufz@kd Adv k cf sKyfukd wifjyem;ylwt hJ cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u cg;cg;oD;oD; jiif;y,fc±hJ rkH u “uGejf rLepf ygww D &yf&+dS yD;jzpf&if aemufxyfygwo D pf raxmif&bl;? rif;wd@k vkd oabmxm;rsK;d igrh mS &Scd &hJ if tapm }uD;uwnf;u pifòydiyf gwaD xmifcrhJ mS ayg?h raxmiftyfraxmifaumif;vd@k raxmifyaJ ecJw h mjzpfw,f? rif;wdk@vnf;raxmif&bl;?” vdk@ jywfjywfom;om; ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhygw,f? wqufwnf;rSmyJ “wm;r&vd@k ZGwaf xmifcsiw f ,fq&kd ifvnf; axmif=uayg?h 'gayrJh iguawmh b,fawmhrS rygEikd b f ;l ?” vdk@ ,wdjywf ydwfajym+yD; olŒ&yfwnfcsufudk azmfxkwfjyocJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 1947 ckESpf/ rwfvrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OD;pD;wJh ‘jzL;awmifolv,form; uGef*&uf’ jzL;e,frmS usi;f yygw,f? Zefe0g&/D azaz:0g&x D rJ mS yJc;l e,frmS awmifov l ,form;rsm;&JŒ qeford ;f yG/J qefvkyJG/ v,form;wkdufyGJawG ay:ayguf+yD;cgp tajctaerSm usif;ywmjzpfygw,f? yJcl;e,f/ ykodrfe,f ‘qefodrf;yGJ’ ‘qefoydwfxm;jcif;’ wdk@udk jynfolŒ&JabmfeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfrsm; zqyvrsm; ud, k w f ikd f yg0ifqifEcJG =hJ uygw,f? tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk uGejf rLepfygwu D axmufccH +hJ yD; jzL;uGe*f &ufrmS ygwDtoD;oD;&JŒ &duQmwdkufyGJtajctaeawGudk qef;ppf+yD; &duQmwdkufyGJrsm; z±dkz&Jrjzpfap&? pepf wuspnf;±Hk;+yD; wdkufwJhwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfapa&;/ y±dk*sufbkwfwdk@udkom t"duOD;wnfwdkufwJh e,fcsJŒpD; yGm;a&;pepfudkom OD;wnfwdkufwJh wkdufyGJrsm;jzpfapa&;wdk@twGuf EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufudk csrSwf qHk;jzwfwm vkyfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
57
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
qdk&S,fvpfawGu 'DqefvkyJGawG[m zqyvtpdk;&udk t=uyftwnf;jzpfatmif uGefjrLepf awGu vkyfaqmifapwm/ wcsKdŒe,fawGrSm qdk&S,fvpfeJ@ jynfolŒ&JabmfawG[m vlxk}uD; uGefjrLepf awGbuf ygroGm;apa&;twGuf tzGJŒcsKyfu !¸ef=um;csufr&rDtwGif; qefvkyGJawGrSm a&m¹yGrf;+yD; yg0ifaqmif&u G cf w hJ m/ {+yDv a&G;aumufyeJG m;eD;+yDr@kd zqyveJ@ vlxu k kd vSn&hf efwu dk af y;+yD; uGejf rLepf awG vlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmifwmvdk@ jrif=uygw,f? twdtvif; pGyfpGJ ajymqdkwmawGvnf; vkyfygw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD oabmwlncD sut f & ppf+yD;acwf Armjynf&ŒJ yxrqH;k aom ‘wdik ;f ðy jynfðy v$waf wmfa&G;aumufy’JG udk 1947/ {+yDvrSm usi;f yygw,f? pkpak ygi;f ae&m (255) ae&m&Scd ahJ y r,fh (182) ae&mtwGufyJ jynfrrSm,SOfòydif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=u&wmjzpfygw,f? usef (73) ae&m[m vlrsKd;pkrsm;eJ@ ujym;rsm;twGuf oD;oef@ csefxm;cJGa0ay;cJh&ygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;rsm; (24) ae&m/ &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm; (23)/ ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm; (7)/ csif;trsKd;om;rsm; (7)/ u&ifeDtrsKd; om;rsm; (2)/ tjcm; awmifwef;a'o wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; (6) ae&meJ@ t*Fvyd -f Arm ujym;rsm; (4) ae&m/ pkpkaygif; (73) ae&mjzpfygw,f? 'Dwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk *VKefOD;apm/ ocifApdef/ a'gufwmbarmfwdk@ ‘apmpdefarmf’ *dk%f;u oydwfarSmufovdk/ ocifpdk;&JŒ tvHeDygwDuvnf; oydwfarSmufygw,f? apmbOD;}uD; acgi;f aqmifwhJ autif,u l vnf; oydwaf rSmuf uef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwDu ygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfcsjyEkid af &;eJ@ v$waf wmfwiG ;f rSm ygw&D ŒJ toH azmfxw k Ef idk af &;twGu&f nf&, G +f y;D 0ifa&muf ,SOòf ydif ta&G;cs,cf yH gw,f? ae&mtm;vH;k rSm r,SOòf ydiyf /J ae&mtenf;pkuav;rSmyJ vuf a&G;piftrwfawGeJ@ ,SOfòydifygw,f? ysOf;rem;c±dkif (&rnf;oif;c±dkif) rSm (6) ae&m ,SOfòydifta&G;cs,f cH&m rSm (4) ae&m tEdkif&cJhw,fqdkygw,f? ArmjynfrtwGuf ae&m (182) ae&mrSm zqyvu (171) ae&m/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD u (7) ae&m/ woD; yk*~vu (4) ae&m tEdkif&&Sda&G;cs,fcHcJh=u&ygw,f? arv (23) &ufae@rmS zqyvu ‘y%mrjyifqifrn _ v D mcH}uD;’ udk usi;f yygw,f? zqyv tvkyt f r_aqmif (11) OD;/ A[dOk ;D pD;0if (25) OD;/ c±dik u f , kd pf m;vS,f (30) OD;/ zqyv trwf (45) OD;/ aygif; (111) OD;yg aumfrDwDzGJŒpnf;+yD; tajccHOya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;udk pDpOfygw,f? 1947 arvxJrmS yJ u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufz@kd / u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;&JŒ autif,'l t D kd tzGŒJ }uD;ay:ayguv f mygw,f? (=o*kwv f rSm autif,'l t D u kd ae autif 'Dtdk vdk@ emrnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:ygw,f) ZGefvrSm wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;}uD; pwifusif;yygw,f? zqyv }uD;xJu jynfolŒ&Jabmftrwfrsm;u ,leDazmif;0wfeJ@ v$wfawmfwufvmovdk qdk&S,fvpfygwD0iftrwf rsm;uvnf; umuD,el aD zmif;0wf+yD; v$waf wmfwufvm±Hrk u vnfp;D teDawmif wyfqifvmvdu k f =uygao;w,f? uGefjrLepftrwf (7) OD;vnf; yg0ifwufa&mufygw,f? ocifEkudk v$wfawmf OuUÏ tjzpf a&G;cs,fygw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDawGzGJ@=uygw,f? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'rlawGukd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ZGev f 16 &ufae@rmS wifoiG ;f +yD; v$waf wmfu wnDw!Gwx f J twnfjyKygw,f? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'rl=urf;udk aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg uGefjrLepftrwfawGvJ 58
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu a&;qGJxm;wJhtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm AsL±dkua&pD taqmufttHkudk rzsufyJ rlvtwdkif;xm;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,f uGejf rLepftrwfrsm;u ‘jyifqifcsu’f wifoiG ;f cJ=h uygw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &; r&&Sdao;csdefrSm e,fcsJ@orm;eJ@ azmufjyefa&;orm;awGudk toHk;cs&ef vufeufay;ovdk jzpfrSm pdk;vdk@qdk+yD; ‘jyifqifcsuf’awGudk ±kyfodrf;cJhw,fqdkygw,f? 1947 ckESpf/ ZGefv (18) &ufae@rSm ‘ArmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfaom orRwEdkifiHawmftjzpf xlaxmif+yD; +Adwdo# "eo[m,tkyfpktjyifbufwGif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifjcif;ðyrnf’ qdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm; t*Fvyd af wG rcHr&yfEikd jf zpf=uw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? +Adwo d #ygvrD efrmS ‘c&Geb f -D jr’ b¾ma&; oabm wlnDcsuft& ArmEdkifiH&oHk;aiG&JŒ vdkaiGtwGuf axmufyhH&efxm;cJhwJh uwdudkawmif jyefvnfzsuf odr;f zd@k atmf}uD;[pfus,f ajymcJ=h uw,fqykd gw,f? wu,fu ‘c&Geb f -D jr’ pmcsKyf[m Armjynfu emwJph mcsKyfjzpfygw,f? (wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfa&G;aumufyJG jyifqifusi;f yaecdu k u f mvrSm csKyfqckd hJ wJh pmcsKyfjzpf+y;D / Armjynfbufu =um;jzwftpd;k & b¾ma&;0ef}u;D ocifjreJ@ +Aw d o d #bufu ‘c&Geb f ’D qdo k l ud, k pf m;ðyvufrw S x f ;kd cJw h hJ b¾ma&;qdik &f m pmcsKyw f ckjzpfygw,f? ppf+y;D acwf ArmEdik if x H al xmif a&;twGuf +Adwed u f a&$'*F g; (18) oef; acs;iSm;ay;a&;eJ@ Armjynfu òrdŒjytkycf sKyfa&;omru Arm Edik if rH Smusef&SdcJhwJh taxGaxGypPnf;rsm;&JŒ ukefusaiGudkyg +Adwdeftm; jyefvnfay;oGif;&ef oabm wlnDcsufjzpfygw,f?) +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;awG[m Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifwa,mufukd jref jrefqefqef z,f&Sm;csifvm=uygw,f? ppf+yD;puvnf; vlowfr_eJ@zrf;qD;+yD; z,f&Sm;a&; ratmifr jrif jzpfcJh+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@&JŒajcvSrf;udk wae@wjcm; ydkrdkod&Sdae+yD jzpfygw,f? zqyv wGif; azmufjyefa&;orm;wcsKdŒ&JŒ ajcvSrf;awGudkvnf; odjrifem;vnf aecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? (om"utm;jzifh +Adwo d #e@J y;l aygi;f a&;udk tjyif;txeftm;xkwaf ewJh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0ef}uD; OD;bazudk zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfuae xkwyf ,fc&hJ +y;D +yD jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyftud&k if; OD;atmifoef; qd&k , S f vpfygw0D ifwek ;f uvnf; Adv k cf sKyu f “urBmrSm qd&k , S v f pfygwq D w kd m tacsmiform;awGAs” vk@d ajym+y;D rESpfòrdŒa=umif; jyocJhzl;w,fqdkygw,f?) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒajcvSrf; azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;&JŒ ajcvSrf;awGudk wm;qD;zd@k ‘nD!w G af &;vufeuf’ eJ@ wm;qD;ckczH @kd jyifygw,f? zqyv-uGejf rLepfn! D w G af &;udk jyefvnf wnfaqmufzdk@ pdkif;jyif;pDrHvmcJhygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvuwnf;u aemufqHk;wdkufyGJvrf;pOfcs+yD; zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmuf&ef aºuG;a=umfxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? +Aw d o d #e,fcsŒJ orm;&JŒ ppfwyftwGi;f vufeufwu kd u f b&if;*ef; (200) eJ@ cJ,rf; rD;ausmuf tajrmuftrsm; cdk;xkwfcH&wJhowif;/ aysmufqHk;aea=umif;owif; ZGefv (24) &ufae@rSm xGufay: vmygw,f? (t*Fvdyfppfwyf&JŒ ppfOD;pD;csKyf vufzwifeif *sife&,fb&pf udk,fwdkif b&if;*ef;awG OD;apmvufxJ a&mufoGm;a=umif; od+yD;jzpfygw,f?) teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
59
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
t*Fvyd pf pfwyftwGi;f u b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) eJ@ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufawG cd;k xkwcf &H a=umif; owif;udo k wif;pmrsm;uvnf; pmvH;k rJ}u;D awGe@J azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? jynfoŒl tm%m*sme,f/ uGejf rL epfowif;pmwk@d uvnf; 'Dowif;udk ta&;}u;D owif;tjzpf tav;wifazmfjycJ=h uygw,f? om,m0wD e,fbufrmS vnf; 'Dowif;[m ysŒH ES@H aecJyh gw,f? t*Fvyd pf pfwyfe@J wm0ef&t dS &m&S}d u;D rsm;[m olw@kd udk,fwdkif yl;aygif;yg0ifvkyfaqmifxm;cJhwJh udpPjzpfwJhtwGuf vlxk=um;rSm 'Dowif;[m awmrD; yrmysHŒESH@aeayr,fh bmrSta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ rvkyfyJ rodusKd;u|H vkyfaecJh=uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m ‘aygi;f jcif;aygi;f v#if uGejf rLepfygwED iS o hf m aygi;f rnf’ qdw k hJ rde@f ceG ;f udk twdtvif;ajym=um;vm+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmufzdk@ jyifqifvmcJhygw,f? Zlvdkifv (13) &uf òrdŒawmfcef;rrSm rdef@cGef;ac|wJhtcgrSmvnf; ‘ArmjynfrSm vltrsKd;rsKd; tcsif;csif;ruGJzdk@/ vli,fydkif;jzpfwJh vuf0Jorm;tcsif;csif; ruGJ=uzdk@ owday;vdkw,f’ vdk@ xyfqifhzGifh[jyef ygw,f? òrdŒawmfcef;r aemufqHk; rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD; ajym=um;t+yD;rSm zqyv uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; twGuf aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ ocifoef;xGef;qDudkvnf; w&m;0if&ufcsdef;ay; zdwf=um;vdkufygw,f? Zlvikd v f (19) &uf reuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfrmS trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wd@k wawG vl,w k rf mrsm;&JŒ vky=f uHowfjzwfjcif;udk cHvu kd =f u&ygawmhw,f? =um;&olwikd ;f wkev f y_ f oGm;=u&ovdk 0rf;enf;yufvuf ,lóuH;r&jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? tJ'Dae@naerSmyJ aysmufqHk;aew,fqdkwJh vufeufawGudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; *VKefOD;apmtdrf udk aomif;use;f r_ ESrd ef if;a&;wyfe@J &Jrsm;u 0ifa&muf&mS azGygw,f? vufeufawGuv kd nf; azmfxw k f &SmazG odr;f qnf;rdc+hJ yD; OD;apmeJ@ OD;apmtdr&f dS vltm;vH;k udv k nf; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dtcsdeftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ acgif;aqmifawGudk b,folvkyf=uHowfjzwfcJhovJqdkwm wdwu d susrajymqdEk ikd =f uao;ygb;l ? qd&k , S v f pfawGu “'gæuGejf rLepfawGvufcsuaf erSmvd@k wD;wd;k 0g'jzef@ pGypf =JG uovdk jynfoŒl &Jabmfrsm;uvnf; aoewfwjyifjyif jzpfc=hJ uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tajc tae[m twdr;f tapmif;rcHEikd af vmufatmif ±_yaf xG;aecJ+h yD; ajcwvSr;f rSm;v#if owf=ujzwf=ueJ@ jynfwGif;ppfrD; xawmufvmEdkifwJh taetxm;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtajctaerSm AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf=uH cH&+yD; aemufw&ufrmS yJ awmufavmifvmvke;D jynfwiG ;f ppfuw kd m;qD;zd@k uGejf rLepfygwD taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f u “wu,fvyk }f uHrw _ &m;cH[m e,fcsŒJ orm;eJ@ e,fcsŒJ vufyg;aprsm; omjzpfa=umif; vufrSwfa&;xdk; xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? w&m;cHtppftrSef e,fcsJŒorm;udk rD;armif;xdk;jy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tjrif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;eJ@ rSefrSefuefuefaxmufjyay;cJhygw,f? ypfrSwfrSef &Smr&yJ od@k avm od@k avm jzpfae=uwJh jynforl sm; 0if;ueJ&iS ;f ueJ jzpfomG ;+yD; e,fcsŒJ tay: rke;f wD;r_ aZmif; [kef;ceJa&mufoGm;oavmuf e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@tzdk@ xdwfvef@wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf=uHcH&+yD;+yD;csif; bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef@u OD;Ekudk tpdk;&zGJŒ cdkif;yg w,f? ocifEkacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJŒ ay:aygufvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf=uHowfjzwfcH&r_}uD; aemufuG,frSm +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;awG trSefyJ twGif;usus ywfoufcJhygw,f? t*Fvdyfppfwyfudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufcJhygw,f? Armjynf &Sd t*Fvdyfppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;u vufeufawG cdk;xkwfay;jcif;eJ@ywfoufcJhovdk t*Fvdyfppfwyf&JŒ 60
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wm0eft&Sq d ;kH Akv d cf sKyf/ Adv k rf LS ;csKyf}u;D rsm; axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ &JŒ t}u;D qH;k wm0ef&o dS rl sm;[m aysmuf qHk;oGm;w,fqdkwJh vufeufawG OD;apmxH a&mufoGm;rSef;odvsufeJ@ zHk;zHk;zdzdvkyfxm;cJh=uygw,f? tvdw k l tvdyk gvyk cf =hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? &nf&, G cf sut f rSeu f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk e,fcsŒJ qef@usif a&;tjrif&Sdol ppfrSefwJh wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&Sdol trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwa,mufudk z,f&Sm;ypf+yD;/ OD;apmvdk tm%m±l; tvkad wmf&w d a,mufvufxJ Armjynfukd xm;csicf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? qufvuf +y;D udv k ekd ðD ycsiaf ecJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd wm0efukd vuf&ZJ uf&J xrf;aqmifEikd rf ,fo h [ l m OD;apm jzpfw,fqw kd m ,H=k unf+yD; ,l*ef'guae Armjynfjyefac:vm/ a&mufa&mufcsi;f tpd;k &tzGŒJ wGi;f oGi;f ay;/ wav#mufv;kH Adv k cf sKyfw@kd ukd twdu k t f cHvyk af eapcJw h m jzpfygw,f? yxrqH;k t}udrf vlowfr_ eJ@ pGJcsufwifz,f&Sm;a&; ratmifjrifcJh&yJ EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;t& óud;yrf;wmawG ±_H;edrfcJh&wJhtwGuf ppfwyfu ppfwyfenf;eJ@ óud;yrf;zd@k vufeufawGxw k af y;+yD; vky=f uHa&;vrf;udk taumiftxnfay: apcJhwmjzpfygw,f? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; &,l+yD; "eo[m,xJvnf; rae&efqHk;jzwfvdkufwJhtay: rausrcsrf;jzpfcJh=u&wJh e,fcsJŒorm;awG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd vuf0n J ! D w G af &;wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd tcdik t f rmajcvSr;f awG vSr;f vmwJt h cg vky=f uH a&;udk jrefjrefqefqef taumiftxnfay:atmif tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyay;vdu k =f uwmjzpfygw,f? vkyf=uHr_a=umifh OD;apmtpdk;& wufvmEkdifv#if wufvm/ rwufvmEdkifawmif OD;apmwdk@vdk vlawGvufxJ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufawG tajrmuftrsm;&Sdaeapjcif;tm;jzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifvmap&ef &nf&G,fcJhyHkvJ&ygw,f? vkyf=uHa&;oufoufavmuftxdqdk&if vufeuf tenf;i,f usnftenf;i,f xkwfay;±HkeJ@ vHkavmufEdkifrSef;odygvsuf tJ'Dacwfu taumif;qHk; avmufjzpfaewJh b&if;*ef; pwif;*ef; tvuf (200) ausmfeJ@ usnfqH odef;csD xkwfay;cJhwmudk =unfhr,fqdk&if e,fcsJŒorm;awG&JŒ oabmxm;[m jynfwGif;ppfjzpfa&;qdkwm &Sif;aecJhygw,f? uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ azmfxw k af xmufjycsuaf =umifh wkev f y_ o f mG ;cJ&h wJh e,fcsŒJ bk&ifc[ H m ocifEk udk tpd;k &zGŒJ ap+y;D wmeJ@wòyid ef uf t*Fvyd q f ef@usiaf &; vlxt k ºkH urG }_ u;D rsm; jzpfay:rvmapa&;twGuf ,Of,Ofaus;aus; pum;vH;k awGo;kH +yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekukd jyif;jyif;xefxef owday;wm;cJw h ,fv@kd qykd g w,f? tJ'o D wday;csuu f awmh “owif;pmrsm;u pmvH;k rJ}uD;rsm;jzifh qufvufa&;oGm;=urnfqkd v#if vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qdk;0g;aom tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfvmzG,f&Sda=umif;” vdk@ owday; w,fqdkygw,f? =um;jzwftpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkuvnf; vkyf=uHr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; t*Fvdyfppfwyf &JŒ yg0ifywfoufaer_udk zHk;zHk;zdzd vkyfay;cJhovdk um,HuHajrmuf aqmuf&GufcJh&ygw,f? “vkyf=uHr_ }uD;wGif t*Fvyd w f @kd yg0ifywfoufaeonft h a=umif;udk owif;pmrsm;rSjzpfap/ vlxak [majymr_rsm; rSmjzpfap vH;k 0pGypf aJG jym=um;jcif;rðy=u&ef owday;cJo h vdk ta&;ydik f (c±dik 0f ef) rsm;udv k nf; txufyg twdkif; ajymqdkpGyfpGJolrsm;tm; vdktyfovdkta&;,l&ef !¸ef=um;xm;cJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? (tajc taerSefawGudk odvmygvsuf/ zHk;zHk;zdzd vkyfay;cJhwm[m “vGwfvyfa&;twGuf taESmuft,Suf jzpfrSmpdk;vdk@qdkygw,f? t*Fvdyfwdk@&JŒ ppfwyfyg0ifywfoufaer_udk t*Fvdyfwdk@u zHk;zHk;zdzd atmif atmifjrifjrif vkyEf ikd o f mG ;cJjh cif;[m tJ'w D ek ;f u ocifEak cgi;f aqmifwhJ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;uvnf; jynfoludk todray;yJ zHk;zdxm;cJh=uwma=umifhjzpfygw,f) teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
61
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
nD!Gwfa&;a&mifjcnfudk jyefvnfjrif&csdefrSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf=uHcHvdkuf&wm[m wwdkif;wjynfvHk;&JŒ uH=urRmudk qdk;0g;oGm;apcJhovdk uGefjrLepfygwD twGufvnf; tifrwef}uD;rm; wJh qH;k ±_;H epfemr_}u;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D Zlvikd f (30) rSm ‘vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;od@k ’ pmwrf;xkwf ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu ‘zqyv nD!Gwfa&;’ twGuf olwdk@&JŒ (47) ckESpf Zefe0g&D qHk;jzwfcsuf aemufq;kH wdu k yf v JG rf;pOftwdik ;f qufvufóud;yrf;ygw,f? ocifEek @J ocifoef;xGe;f wG+J yD; vlowf0g' ±_wfcsyGJw&m;awG ysOf;rem;e,frSm a[mygw,f? ‘nD!Gwfa&;’ w&m;yGJawGvnf; e,ftESH vdkuf+yD; a[mygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k r&Sad wmhwt hJ cg zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;xJrmS qd&k , S v f pfawG yd+k yD;wGiu f s,f vmcJhygw,f? tm%m&t0dkif;t0ef;rSm qkd&S,fvpfawG trsm;pkjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ocifEku 0ef}uD; csKyfjzpfayr,fh zqyvtzGJ@csKyf OuUÏ jzpfayr,fh ygwDvufudkifr&Sd jzpfygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabmxm;u zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;t&trd wnfaqmuf+yD; nD!Gwfa&;tm;eJ@ e,fcsJŒorm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdkufxkwfa&;/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;jzpfygw,f? zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEdkifzdk@ &Edkifor#enf;vrf;pHkukd &SmazG+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef; uae zqyvOuUÏ ocifEq k D vdyrf +l y;D zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;twGuf =o*kwv f (14) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ yxrqHk;w&m;0if ay;pm ay;ydk@urf;vSrf;ygw,f? zqyvtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; OD;AaqGu vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; OD;Ekqu D wqifh uGejf rLepfygwu D kd ‘zqyv&JŒjyefpm’ =o*kwv f (25) &uf ae@peJG @J jyefygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu vkdufem&r,fh nD!Gwfa&;tajccHtcsuf (5) csufudkvnf; azmfjyxm; ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu pufwifbm (8) &ufae@pGJeJ@ zqyv&JŒjyefpmudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;wJhpm ('kwd,ay;pm) tjzpf ocifEku wqifh ay;jyefygw,f? zqyvu awmif;qdkwJh nD!Gwfa&;tajccH (5) csuq f w kd mudk wke@f jyef&iS ;f vif;jy+yD; nD!w G af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uzd@k tcsed f ae@&uf csed ;f qdak &;udk wdkufwGef;awmif;cHxm;ygw,f? 'Dumv=um;xJrSm (47) =o*kwfv (29) &ufae@rSm ‘vusfmz&D;rif;’ pmcsKyf ay:xGufvmyg w,f? vusfmz&D;rif;pmcsKyfu umuG,fa&;oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? 'D umuG,fa&; oabmwlncD supf mcsKyf[mvnf; c&Geb f -D jr b¾ma&;oabmwlncD supf mcsKyfvkd Armjynfbufu emcJh&wJhpmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? 1947/ pufwifbm (24) &ufae@ nae (3) em&D (29) rdepfrSm wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf OuUÏ pyfa&$ou kd u f aemufq;kH twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k +f yD;/ Armjynf&ŒJ yxrqH;k aom zGŒJ pnf; tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' (1947) ay: xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? v$waf wmf yxrnDvmcH (9-6-47) ae@uae wwd,t}udrfnDvmcH (24-9-47)ae@txd (108) &uftwGif; +yD;pD;atmifa&;qGJcJh=uwJh zGJŒpnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jzpfygw,f? 'DtajccHOya'xJrSm tm;enf;csufawGvnf; yg0ifaecJhw,fvdk@qdk ygw,f? +Adwo d #tpd;k &JŒ zdwaf c:csut f & atmufwb kd mvxJrmS Armjynf =um;jzwftpd;k & 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk vef'efudkoGm;a&mufygw,f? ocifEkacgif;aqmifwJh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒrSm umuG,fa&;0ef }uD; AdkvfvusfmeJ@ AkdvfxGef;vif;wdk@wawGvnf; vdkufygoGm;=uygw,f? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; twGuf t+yD;tydkif aqG;aEG;vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uzdk@jzpfygw,f? ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJŒudk eef;&if;0eftufwvDu acgif;aqmifaqG;aEG;jyygw,f? 62
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
atmufwdkbm (17) &ufae@rSm ‘Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf’ udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;zdk@ oabmwlnD vdkuf=uygw,f? 'DpmcsKyft& +Adwdo#tpdk;&u udkvdkeDArmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyf+yD; tcsKyftcsmtm%m ydkifwJh ‘jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEdkifiH’ tjzpf oabmwlvdkuf&+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH,m,Dtpdk;&uvnf; ukv d ekd aD cwf ArmEdik if o H rdik ;f wav#muf +Adwo d #tpd;k &u ArmEdik if u H , kd pf m; csKyfqx kd m;cJw h hJ Edik if w H um oabmwlncD suf pmcsKyfreS o f r#ukd qufcw H m0ef,v l u kd &f ygw,f? pmcsKyfaygi;f (170) ausm&f ydS gw,f? pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; +Adwo d #uv kd ekd o D rm;rsm;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vGwf vyfwJh jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&u ta&;,laqmif&Gufr,fqdk&if +Adwdo#tpdk;&eJ@ a&S;OD;pGm wdkifyifn‡dE_dif;+yD; w&m;r#wwJh av#mfa=u;ay;ygr,fvdk@ wm0ef,lcJh&ygw,f? b¾ma&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; udkvdkeDacwfwav#muf ArmEdkifiHeJ@ywfouf+yD; ukefuscJh&w,fqdkwJh aºuG;+rDudpPtm;vHk;udk jrefrm EdkifiHu jyefqyfzdk@ wm0ef,lcJh&ygw,f? +Adwdefudkqyfzdk@ usyfaiG (35) ukaÉ (6) oef;/ tar&duefudk tacs;tiSm;ypPnf;rsm;twGuf a':vm (5) oef; jyefqyfa&;tjyif tdENd,tifyg,mrS jrefrmEdkifiHudk cGx J w k jf cif;rðycif tr_xrf;cJ=h uwJh tdE, dN eJ@ygupPwef tr_xrf;awGtwGuf ay;qyf&ef&w dS hJ yifpifvpm (6 ukaÉ 9oef;) udkvnf; wm0ef,lcJh&jyefygw,f? umuG,af &;twGuv f nf; vusmzf &D;rif;pmcsKyft& +Adwed Ef ikd if u H jrefrmEdik if u H kd a&a=umif; oGm;vma&;eJ@ umuG,af &;qdik &f m ppfoabFmeJ@ ppfarmfawmf (37) pif; v$aJ jymif;ay;zd@k oabmwlc+hJ yD;/ jrefrmtpdk;&u +Adwdo# "eo[m,0if ppfrpf&SiftzGJŒrsm;eJ@ "eo[m,tzGJŒ0if ppfoabFm ppfav ,mOfrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHrSmqdkufuyfcdk0ifcGifhudk vufcHoabmwlcJh&ygw,f? umuG,fa&;qufqHr_udk (3) ESpfom uef@owfoabmwlcJhygw,f? Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf[m ‘vGwfvyfa&;’ todtrSwfðycH&wmmuvJGvdk@ Armjynfbufu epfem&r_awG tajrmuftjrm;&Scd w hJ mawmif atmufwb kd m (23) &ufae@rmS +Adwo d #ygvrD efrmS ‘jynf axmifpo k rwjrefrmEdik if v H w G v f yfa&; Oya'=urf;’ wifoiG ;f wJh tcg/ Armjynfukd u|eðf yxm;a&;om vdv k m;cJw h hJ uGeq f maA;wpfygwaD cgi;f aqmif}uD; ‘0ifpwefcsmcs’D u tjyif;txef qlnu H ef@uu G cf yhJ g w,f? Armjynfukd vGwv f yfa&;ay;vdu k &f if aoG;acsmif;pD; jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd vnf; óuw d if a[mudef;xkwfvdkufygw,f? +Adwdo#ygvDrefrSm Oya'=urf;udk twnfðyzdk@ rJcGJqHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? (228) rJ (114) rJeJ@ qHk;jzwf twnfðycJh=uygw,f? tJ'aD tmufwb kd m (23) &ufae@rmS yJ ArmjynfrmS vnf; zqyvqd&k , S v f pfrsm;u uGejf rLepf ygwu D v dk ufrcHEikd af =umif; zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;udk y,fcsvu kd =f uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif ocifomcifu vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; ‘jyef=um;pm’udk ay;ydk@ ta=umif;jyefcJhygw,f? zqyvtzGJŒ}uD;u Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfeJ@ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unmzdk@ jyifygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqakd &;twGuf ocifEk vef'efroGm;cifuwnf;u ‘vGwv f yfa&;tcrf;tem; pDpOfr_aumfrDwD’udk zGJŒpnf;xm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf w&m;0ifxGufay:vmwJhtcg ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu jyif;jyif;xef xef uef@uGufygw,f? Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfðycH&wmuvGJ vd@k pD;yGm;a&;t&/ b¾ma&;t&/ umuG,af &;t& wzufowf tav#mah y;vdu k af vsmcJ&h wJh pmcsKyf vdk@jrifygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
63
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ usqHk;cJh&t+yD; (11) &uftuGmrSm xkwfjyefa=unmcJhwJh Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ ‘vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;od@k ’ pmwrf;ygoabmxm;tajccH Edik if aH &;tESpo f m&wd@k e@J vnf; ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usifaewJh pmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;ydkif vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk jynfolydkifvkyf v#if avsmfa=u;ay;ygr,fvdk@ oabmwlxm;&jcif;/ t*Fvdyfppfrpf&Sifrsm;udk qufvufxm;&Sdzdk@ oabmwlxm;jcif;/ t*FvdyfppfoabFm/ ppfav,mOfrsm;udk ArmjynfrSm qdkufuyfcGifhðyxm;&jcif;/ ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; ay;&jcif;wdk@tay:rSm wcsufcsif; axmufjya0zefcJh+yD; ArmhtusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkuf epfemapwJh pmcsKyftjzpf av;av;eufeuf qef@usifuef@uGuf=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ‘e,fcsJŒorm;udk qufvufwdkufyGJqif/ zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&;udk t&trdwnfaqmuf udk,fhtiftm;eJ@udk,f Armjynf&JŒvGwfvyfa&;udk a=unm&,l a&;jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ umuG,af &; bufaygi;f pHk trScD u kd if;wJh vGwv f yfa&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk azmfaqmifcsifcJhygw,f? zqyvu =um;jzwftpdk;& tm%mudkqkyfudkif&if; Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdk/ aphpyf vdu k af vsmwJh enf;udu k sio hf ;kH / vGwv f yfwhJ tcsKyftcsmtm%mydik f Edik if w H cktjzpf todtrSwðf ycH+yD; vGwfvyfa&;udk&,lzdk@ vufawGŒ vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhygw,f? ‘zqyv’wd@k &,lvufc=H ur,fh vGwv f yfa&;[m Ekid if aH &;t& vGwv f yfayr,fh vGwv f yfa&; a=unmcGi&hf Edik af yr,fh pD;yGm;a&;t&rvGwv f yf/ udv k ekd aD ESmifóu;d awG wJxm;jcif;cH&wJh vGwv f yfa&;vd@k uGefjrLepfygwDu ±_jrifoHk;oyfxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfr_uae pD;yGm;a&;t&yg vGwv f yfa&; udv k ekd aD ESmifóud;rSeo f r# t+yD;tydik f jzwfawmuf ±ke;f xGuEf ikd af &;awGtwGuf qufvuf csDwufEdkifzdk@ zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEkdifa&;[m ta&;}uD;w,fvdk@ qufvuf oabmxm;cJhygw,f? zqyvuGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;twGuf qufvufóud;yrf;v_HŒaqmfygw,f? 1947/ Ekd0ifbm (7) &uf trsKd;om;ae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku “jynfol@&Jabmf/ qdk&S,fvpf/ uGejf rLepfawG aygi;f rdatmif u|eaf wmfu, kd w f ikd f tpGr;f uke}f udK;pm;r,f”vd@k rde@f ceG ;f ac|jyvdu k w f t hJ cg wjynfvHk;vef;vef;qef;qef; jzpfrd=ujyefygw,f? 1947/ Edk0ifbm (17)&ufrSm zqyv XmecsKyfu zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&;vkyfief; &yfpv J u kd +f yDv@kd a=unmygw,f? “uGejf rLepfygwu D aemufausmudk "m;eJ@x;dk aoma=umif”h vd@k vnf; pGyfpGJxm;ygw,f? 'D=um;xJuyJ uGefjrLepfygwDu zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfu nD!Gwfa&;udky,fcsapumrl nD!Gwf a&;udk r&raeóud;pm;rnf” vd@k azmfjy+yD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f &JŒ aemufq;kH jyefpm tjzpf jyef=um;vdkufygw,f? jyef=um;wJh&uf[m 47 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (8) &ufae@jzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (20) &ufae@rmS zqyv jynfv;kH u|wf 'kw, d nDvmcHrmS uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ nD!w G f a&;urf;vSr;f csuu f kd vufrcHEikd af =umif; aemufq;kH twnfðyvdu k =f uygw,f? tJ'n D v D mcHrmS OD;ausm+f ird ;f u uGefjrLepfygwDudk }udrf;0g;±Hkru “vGwfvyfa&;&wm[m bdvyfavbmtpkd;&&JŒ aus;Zl;a=umifh” vdk@ qdkygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;udkudk}uD;uvnf; pm;yGJudkvufoD;eJ@xk+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDudk ppfa=unmcJw h ,fqykd gw,f? qk&d , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif}uD; ‘ocifwif’ uvnf; Akv d v f usmf udk twif; oufaoxl+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDudk pGJcsufwifcJhw,f qdkygw,f? 64
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;urf;vSr;f csuf zsuo f rd ;f cHvu kd +f y;D wJah emuf uGejf rLepf-qk&d , S f vpfwdk@&JŒ yËdyuQ[m ydkrdkonf;oefjyif;xefvm&muae EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk; ysHESH@v$rf;òcHoGm;cJhygw,f? txufrSm azmfjycJhwJhtwdkif; 1938 ckESpfuae 1947 ckESpfukeftxd (10) ESpfwm/ wenf; tm;jzifh vGwv f yfa&;a=unmcge;D umv/ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f &JŒ ta=umif;&if;jrpf tjzpf tysuf tcsufaemufcH ordkif;rSefor#awGudk pkpnf;aygif;csKyf ed*Hk;csKyf=unfhr,fqdk&if/ yxrqHk; Arm jynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tJ'Daemuf jynfolŒta&;awmfyHktzGJŒ}uD; ay:xGef;vmwmawGŒ&ygr,f? 'dk@Arm tpnf;t±Hk;}uD;xJrSm ðryfESHyg0ifae&if;/ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm;vufatmufuae ArmjynfvGwfvyf a&;twGuf ajratmuftzGJŒtpnf;}uD;ESpfcktjzpf v#KdŒ0Suf&yfwnf+yD; óud;yrf;tm;xkwf aqmif&Guf cJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfEikd if aH &;rSm vuf0t J iftm;pkrsm;&JŒ tcef;[m a&SŒwef;ta&mufq;kH jzpfvmcJo h vdk rmhufpfvDeif0g'/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ vuf0JtawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;[m us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpf wnf&SifoefvmcJhygw,f? rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸eftawG;tac:tjzpf ckdifcdkifrmrm cH,lqkyf udkifolawG tzGJŒtpnf;awGay:vmovdk/ a&yef;tpm;qHk;0g'wckudk ay: jyLvmtjzpf udkifpGJvmol awG tzGJŒtpnf;awGvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ,Hk=unfol/ wdrf;!¸wfol/ vdkvm;ol toHk;csol awGvnf; toGifo¿mefrsKd;pHkeJ@ jzpfwnfay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ tpd;k &udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd zf @kd vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkwckvnf; ay:xGuv f m cJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘wyfrawmf’ yg? *syefzufqpfawG&ŒJ tultnDe@J Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmif +yD; xdkif;e,fajray:rSm pwifarG;zGm;cJh&wJh wyfrawmfyg? 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;twGi;f rSm t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ tpd;k &udk armif;xkwzf @kd óud;pm;=u&if; zufqpf *syefwdk@&JŒvufatmuf (3) ESpfavmufusa&mufcJh&jyefygw,f? *syefawGay;wJh a&$&nfpdrfvGwfvyf a&;&JŒ t&omudk Armjynfjynfolrsm; ezl;awGŒ 'l;awG@ óuHawGŒcHpm;cJh&zl;ygw,f? zufqpf*syefawG udk qef@usifwGef;vSefarmif;xkwfzkd@ uGefjrLepfawGu pwifóud;yrf;v_HŒaqmf tm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f? ‘uGejf rLepfygw-D jynfoŒl ta&;awmfy-Hk wyfrawmf’ tiftm;pk (3) ck pkpnf;+y;D ‘zwyv’ }u;D ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? zwyv wyfaygi;f pktvHawmf}uD;udk v$ix hf +l yD; u&if/ ucsi/f csi;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tyg jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; tnD!GwfqHk; qifE$JcJh=uwJh ordkif;0if zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD; ay:xGef;cJhyg w,f? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;eJ@vnf; vufwGJEdkifcJhygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &; atmifjrifpmG qifE+J$ yD;csed rf mS / Armjynfukd jyefvnfu|eðf yzd@k udv k ekd t D &Sif ocifa[mif; t*Fvyd rf sm; jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mygw,f? ta&SŒtm&SrmS tcsKŒd aom udv k ekd v D ufatmuf cHEkdifiHrsm; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; udk,fhEdkifiH&JŒvGwfvyfa&; udk,fh[mudk,fa=unm+yD; &,lEdkifcJh=u wm&Sdygw,f? urBmppf}uD;twGif; zufqpfrsm;udkwdkufxkwf&if; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmwJh udkvdkeD t&Siaf [mif;rsm;udv k nf; wqufwpyfwnf; qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if armif;xkw+f yD; ud, k v hf w G v f yfa&; udk,fa=unmEdkifcJh=uwJh EdkifiHrsm;vnf;&Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh ArmjynfrSm tJ'DvdkrvkyfEdkifcJh=uyg? puULjzLpDrHudef;eJ@ jyef0ifvmwJh e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfrsm;udk vufcHcJh&ygw,f? uufpfbDacwfudk jzwfoef;cHcJh&ygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;rSm/ jynfolŒta&;awmfyHktzGJŒ[mvnf; Armjynfqdk &S,fvpfygwDtjzpf ay:aygufvmygw,f? zwyv wyfaygif;pk}uD;[m ‘zqyv’ trnfajymif;+yD; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
65
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfvmygw,f? rlv uGefjrLepf/ qkd&S,fvpf/ wyfrawmftiftm;pktjyif vusfm EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG[mvnf; ‘zqyv’ xJ tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? zqyv}uD;[m =oZmt}uD;qHk; wyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd af wG[m ‘zqyv’ }uD;&JŒ nD!w G af &;udk ròydòydatmifczJG @kd enf;rsK;d pHek @J óud;pm; cJyh gw,f? bk&ifct H r_aqmifaumifp&D mxl;jy+yD; cGyJ gw,f? tenf;pkygomG ;ygw,f? zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;&JŒ OuUÏ vnf;jzpf/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;vnf; jzpfvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd z,f&Sm;Edkifzdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f? aumufuspfwJh EdkifiHa&;enf;emudkoHk;+yD; ‘w&m;±Hk;Oya'a=umif;’ t& ppftwGif; vlowfra_ wGe@J óud;pifwifa&; =uHpnfygw,f? ratmifjrifcyhJ g? ocifxeG ;f tkyv f kd tm%mavmb}uD; olwa,mufukd Edik if jH cm;tusO;f axmifxJ xnfx h m;&muae jyefac:/ 0ef}uD;wae&may;/ e,fcsŒJ tvdk us opPmazmufwa,mufjzpfatmif vkyEf ikd cf ahJ yr,fh vlxt k ºkH uGEikd w f hJ tajctaea=umifh vufav#mh cJ&h ygw,f? 'gayr,fh Edik if aH &;enf;emeJ@ rvkyEf ikd cf w hJ hJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; z,f&mS ;a&;[m/ t*Fvyd pf pf wyfu ppfwyfenf;emoHk;+yD; vufeufawGcdk;xkwfay;/ vkyf=uHa&;vrf;a=umif;eJ@ taumiftxnf azmfapcJhwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@wawG a&wdrfepfcJh&ygw,f? e,fcsJŒvufyg;apvkyfoGm;wJh OD;apm[mvnf; tm%mavmb}uD;ol wa,mufjzpfcJh+yD; ,l*ef'gtusOf;axmifuae e,fcsJŒwdk@ udk,fwdkifjyefxkwfvm/ 0ef}uD;wae&may; arG;jrLxm;jcif;cHcJh&oljzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒwdk@ AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; udk z,f&Sm;csifwm[m zqyv}uD;udk òzdcGJzdk@tjyif ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif wa,mufukd z,f&mS ;+yD; aphpyfa&;orm;awGvufxJ tm%ma&mufaeapcsiw f mtjyif uGejf rLepfe@J nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmufoGm;rSm a=umuf&GHŒwJhtwGuf jrefjrefqefqef ,kwfrmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG tajctaeudk =unfhvdkufwJhtcg/ EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmt}uD;qHk; uGejf rLepfygw}D u;D [m ocifp;kd &JŒ tm%mavmb *d% k ;f *%0g'a=umifh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J tvHeD ygwt D jzpf uGo J mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? vuf0pJ eG ;f rif;rJv h yk [ f efawGusio hf ;kH cJw h hJ tvHe[ D m tapm}u;D uwnf; u rw&m;oif;a=unmcHcJh&+yD;aemufqHk;rSm/ tOD;qHk;aom awmcdktzGJŒtpnf;jzpfaecJhygw,f? t+rJwef;vufeufudkifwyfrawmftjzpf ay:aygufvmcJhwJh wyfrawmf[mvnf; ‘uEDN’ pmcsKyft& jyifqifzGJŒpnf;cJh&+yD; t*FvdyfvufatmufcH ppfwyftjzpf oGwfoGif;cHcJh&um/ zqyv&JŒ tjyifpnf;a&mufomG ;cJ&h wJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ bDtikd af t/ bD'aD t a[mif;rsm;/ &Jacgiaf jymufusm; awmfvSefa&; &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ‘jynfolŒ&JabmfwyfzGJŒ’ tjzpf ay:aygufapcJhygw,f? jynfolŒ&Jabmf[m zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;xJrSm tiftm;pkwcktjzpf ay:aygufvm cJhygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@&JŒ tm;xkwfr_eJ@ zqyv trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;xJuae uGefjrLepfygwD z,fxkwfcH&wJhtcg zqyv}uD;xJu jynfolŒ&Jabmf[mvnf; (2) ydkif;uGJoGm;cJhyg w,f? wydik ;f u ‘wyfe’D tjzpfcaJG xmif+yD; t*Fvyd u f q kd ef@usiaf e=uwJh v,form;wyfrsm;eJ@ oGm;yl; aygif;ygw,f? trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ usqHk;+yD;wJhtcg trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ wdk;wdk;+yD; òyduGJcJh&ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k vky=f uHrcH&cifrmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ acgi;f aqmifre_ @J wkid ;f &if;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;twGuf yifvpkH mcsKyf csKyfqEkd ikd cf yhJ gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;twGuf atmifqef;-tuf 66
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wvDpmcsKyf csKyfqckd yhJ gw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfe@J ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D axmufjya0zefcJhygw,f? ‘rdwfaqGatmifqef; b,fvJ’ vdk@ owday;cJhygw,f? autif,luvnf; uef@uGufcJhygw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyft& ay:xGef;vmwmuawmh wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wf awmfa&G;aumufyGJeJ@ wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfjzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; usq;kH +y;D wJah emuf ocifEk =um;jzwftpd;k & ay:ayguv f mygw,f? zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;xJrSm aemufqHk;usef&Sdwmuawmh qkd&S,fvpf/ jynfolŒ&JabmfeJ@ qdk&S,fvpf=oZmcH tpnf; t±Hk;rsm;/ woD;yk*~vausmfEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfygw,f? zqyv}uD;udk t"dutkyfpD;v$rf;rdk; xm;wmu qkd&S,fvpfrsm;jzpfygw,f? zqyv-uGefjrLepf nD!Gwfa&;udk y,fcsqef@usifcJhwm[m vnf; t"dutm;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;yJjzpfygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfxJrSmu vusfmqdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;u t"dujzpfygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒvufatmufuae vGwfvyfa&;t&,l=ua&;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OD;wnfa&SŒ±_ tm;xkwfóud;yrf;oGm;wJh vrf;a=umif;u ba&muf'g0g'vufcHcJhwJh (6) vavmufu vJ+G yD;/ e,fcsŒJ orm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdu k yf q JG ifomG ;a&;/ vlxw k u kd yf JG enf;aygi;f pHek @J a&m/ zqyv =um;jzwftpdk;& tm%mudkifpGJ+yD; e,fcsJŒorm;udk armif;xkwfypfEdkifa&;jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ raphpyfyJ awmfveS af &;enf;eJ@ ud, k v hf w G v f yfa&;udk ud, k af =unmEdik af &;jzpfygw,f? aemufq;kH umv rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; eJ@awmif n‡Ed id_ ;f wdik yf ifxm;wmu wdik ;f ðyðynfðyv$waf wmfukd olyek v f w $ af wmf tjzpftoGiaf jymif;/ toHviG ±hf u kH o kd rd ;f ydu k u f m awmfveS af &;enf;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;udk urBmudk a=unm zdk@vdk@qdkygw,f? zqyv-uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf+yD;+yD;csif;/ taumift xnfazmf=uzdk@awmif pDpOfn‡dE_dif;xm;+yD;+yDqdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD wav#mufvHk;aecJhwJh vrf; a=umif;[m ba&muf'g (6) vavmufuvG+J y;D wdu k yf v JG rf;a=umif;twdik ;f jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfw@kd &ŒJ aemufq;kH wdu k yf v JG rf;pOfqw kd m[mvnf; e,fcsŒJ orm;udk tðywfwu kd af &;yJjzpfovd/k ‘vH;k 0vGwv f yf a&;odk@’ qkdwJh A[dkaumfrDwD qHk;jzwfcsufqdkwm[mvnf; e,fcsJŒorm;udk tav#mhray;a&; raphpyf a&;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ umuG,fa&; vHk;0O\Hk trSDtcdkuif;wJh wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; udk,fh=urRm ud, k zf efw;D cGi&hf w dS hJ vGwv f yfa&;udk awmif;qdak ºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfukd uGejf rL epfygwDu qef@usif±_wfcscJhwm[m EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfa&; a=unmEdkifwmu vGJvdk@/ EdkifiHa&;t& vGwv f yfwmuvGv J @kd usew f mawG tav#mah y;cJ&h epfemcJ&h w,fv@kd ,lq=unfjh rif oabmxm;cJv h @kd jzpfygw,f? OD;Ektygt0if qkd&S,fvpfvusfm*dk%f;om;rsm; tompD;&cJhwJh zqyv}uD;&JŒ vGwfvyfa&; &,la&;vrf;a=umif;u wckv;kH taeeJ@ òcHi+kH yD; oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if wdu k yf rJG qifyJ e,fcsŒJ orm;eJ@ aphpyf +yD; at;aq;nifompGmeJ@ &,la&;jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;+yD;ump vufeufawG t*Fvyd q f D rtyfyJ odk0Sufxm;/ vdktyf&if vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufzdk@ tqifoifhjyifxm;&r,fvdk@ pum;tm;jzifh aºuG;a=umfcJhbl;ayr,fh um,uHajrmuf OD;wnfaqmif&GufoGm;wmu ‘aphpyfa&;enf;eJ@ vGwfvyf a&;’ vrf;a=umif;u t"dujzpfcyhJ gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd v f nf; tJ'v D rf;a=umif; xJrmS tapmydik ;f umvawGrmS a&muf&adS ecJyh gw,f? “yHo h ulom;rpm;bl;vm;/ vnfv;DS om;rSpm;rSmvm;” vdk@ ar;cJhzl;w,fqdkygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒ ajcvSrf;udk wp wp wdk;wdk;+yD; jrifvm&+yD; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
67
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
wJt h cgrmS / Adv k cf sKyfu zqyv-uGejf rLepf nD!w G af &;vky+f yD; awmfveS af &;enf;qD a&SŒ±_vmwmawGŒ &ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; r&Sad wmhwahJ emufyikd ;f rSm/ qk&d , S v f pfrsm; tompD;&cJw h hJ zqyv}uD;[m e,fcsJ@orm;eJ@ aphpyfa&;vrf;udkyJ vdkufcJh+yD; wpdkufrwfrwf EdkifiHa&;tm%mudkyJ zufwG,fxm;cJhyg w,f? zqyv =um;jzwftpdk;&tm%meJ@ vlxkwdkufyGJawGudk òzdcGJcJhygw,f? qef@usifbuf EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGtay: vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd ESdyfuGyfEdkifzdk@ =uHpnfvHk;yrf;aecJhygw,f? vGwfvyfa&; ra=unm& ao;ayr,fh/ zqyv [m tm%m& tzGJŒtpnf;toGif jzpfaecJhygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒrsm;[m Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyfeJ@ zqyv vufxJ tm%mv$Jay;rSmjzpfygw,f? ud, k af xmifxm;cJw h hJ ql;ajimifah wG ud, k o f x d m;vd@k vm;/ ud, k zf efw;D xm;wJh tcsut f vuf awG udk,fóudwifodaevdk@ vm;awmhrajymwwfyg? e,fcsJŒorm; xdyfoD;}uD;jzpfwJh 0ifpwefcsmcsDu “Armjynfudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;vdkuf&if aoG;acsmif;pD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ay:vmvdrfhr,f” vdk@ óudwif edrdwfzwfay;+yD; jzpfygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu zqyvuGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufzdk@ wzufowf tvHv$ifhxl xm;wm awGŒ&ygr,f? trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJaewJhvuQ%mawG wae@wjcm; xGufay: vmaewJh=um;u wifxm;wJhtvHjzpfaeygw,f? uGefjrLepf-qkd&S,fvpf yËdyuQ/ qkd&S,fvpf-jynf olŒ&Jabmf yËdyuQawG ay:vGifvmaeygw,f? ‘1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'’ }uD;[m vnf; tqifoifh&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unmzdk@twGuf &ufa&G;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
68
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmftvH (1948) yxrqHk; jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;& acgif;aqmifwcsdKΠ(1948 = 1951)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH yxrqHk;orw}uD; pyfa&$odkuf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH yxrqHk;0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH yxrqHk; 'k0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfvusfm
jynfxJa&;ESifhw&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme OD;ausmf+idrf;
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
69 69
1952 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSay:xGufvmaom tpdk;&tzGJŒ0iftcsdKŒ
EdkifiHawmforw a'gufwm OD;bOD;
OD;baqG umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme
OD;cifarmifvwf w&m;a&;ESifh jynfol@0efxrf;Xme0ef}uD;
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek
Adkvfcifarmifuav; jynfxJa&;Xme0ef}uD;
ref;0if;armif o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme0ef}uD;
ocifwif v,f,majrjynfolydkifðy vkyfa&;Xme0ef}uD; 70
1956 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSay:xGufvmaom tpdk;&tzGJŒ0iftcsdKŒ
EdkifiHawmforw ref;0if;armif
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek
OD;baqG 'k0ef}uD;csKyf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD;
ocifwif 'k0ef}uD;csKyfESifh jynfol@vkyfief;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;ausmf+idrf; 'k0ef}uD;csKyfESifh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
Adv k cf ifarmifav; b¾ma&;ESihf tcGefawmfXme0ef}uD;
ocifomcif jynfxJa&;Xme0ef}uD;
OD;cifarmifvwf w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; 71
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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tydkif; ( 1 ) 1948 = 1958 umv vG w f v yf a &;ud k a -unmjcif ; / jrefrmouU&mZf 1309 ckeSpfjymodkvqkwf (9) &uf/ c&mZfouU&mZf 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &uf/ eHeuf (4) em&D rdepf (20) tcsdefrSm æ vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf urBmudka=unmvdkufygw,f? t±k%fwufcgp ESif;zGJzGJav; awGusaeqJ aumif;uifatmufrmS òrdŒawmf&efuek &f ŒJ bk&ifct H rd af wmf0if;a&SŒrSm tm%mvGaJ jymif;wJh tcrf;tem;usif;yygw,f// Armajray:rSm ESpfaygif; (120) ausmfv$ifhxlxm;cJhwJh +Adwdo#udkvdkeDorm;wdk@&JŒ ,leD,H*suf tvH[m wjznf;jznf; rav#mcsif av#mcsifeJ@ av#muscJh&+yD;/ 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'eJ@twl ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ jrefrmEdik if aH wmf&ŒJ tvHopf[m wjznf;jznf; jrifw h ufviG x hf l ae&m ,lvdkufygw,f? wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmftwGif;usif;ywJh vGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;yGJukd ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ uGefjrLepftrwfrsm;vnf; wwfa&muf=uygw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒ0iftrwfrsm;vnf; wwfa&muf=uygw,f// vGwv f yfa&;tcrf;tem; usi;f ywJt h cg tcrf;tem;pifjrifah y:rSm ÁajENou d mQ xnf0gpmG eJ@ cef@cef@}uD;xdkifae=uoltrsm;pkum;/ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJw avsmuf a&SŒwef;tcef;u wdkufyGJqifzl;olawGr[kwfyJ/ EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:t&/ pnf;±kH;a&;t& vnf; xif&Sm;=uolawGr[kwf/ tpOftvmt&vnf; xufjrufxif&Sm;=uolawGr[kwfyg// ppfppf ayguaf yguf a&wGu=f unfrh S ocifEt k ygt0if vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf t JG wGi;f a&SŒwef;tcef;u yg0ifczhJ ;l ol vufwzufpmawmifr&Sdbl;qdkygw,f// vGwfvyfa&;a=unmt+yD;rSm xGufay:vmcJhwJh EdkifiHawmf[m ‘jynfaxmifpkorw jrefrm EdkifiHawmf’ jzpfygw,f? 72
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vGwv f yfaom jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ tvHawmf[m teDa&mifaemufcaH y:rSm vuf0aJ 'gihf tjyma&mif pwk*HeJ@/ tjyma&mifpwk*HuGufxJ =u,fyGifh (6) yGifh&SdwJh tvHawmfjzpfygw,f/ tv,f&Sd =u,fyGifh }uD;wyGifhudk =u,fyGifh (5) yGifhu 0ef;&Hxm;ygw,f// =u,fyGifh}uD;u jrefrm/ rGef/ &cdkif udk&nf!¸ef;+yD;/ =u,fyiG hf (5) yGiu hf &Sr;f / csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;udk &nf!e¸ ;f w,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tajccH+y;D vdu k ef m usifhoHk;rJh Oya'u “1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'” jzpfygw,f// wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfudk ,m,DygvDreftjzpf owfrSwf+yD;/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepftwdkif; taumiftxnfazmf usifhoHk;tkyfcsKyfoGm;r,fjzpfygw,f// EdkifiHawmf[m jynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiHawmfvdk@ uifyGef;wyfac:a0:ayr,fh/ 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkajccHOya'vm ‘jynfaxmifpk’ ykHo¿mef[m “wjynfaxmifqefwJh jynfaxmifpk” yHo k ¿mefrsKd ;jzpfaew,fv@kd zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'qdik &f m u|r;f usio f rl sm;u tuJjzwfc=hJ uyg w,f// yxrqH;k orw}u;D tjzpf anmifa&$apmfbmG ;}u;D p0fa&$ou kd u f akd &G;cs,+f y;D / yxrqH;k 0ef}u;D csKyf ‘ocifEk’ jzpfvmygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEktpdk;&tzGJŒrSm æ Adkvfvufsm - 'k0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ OD;wifxÉG f - EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD;/ OD;ausmf+idrf; - jynfxJa&;Xme0ef}uD;/ OD;wif - b¾ma&;eJ@ tcGefawmfXme0ef}uD; OD;b*srf; - w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; ocifwif - pdkufysdK;a&;eJ@ aus;vufpD;yGm;a&;Xme0ef}uD; Adkvfzdk;uGef; - jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; OD;jr([omFw) - trsdK;om;pDrHudef;Xme0ef}uD; OD;ndKxGef; - jyef=um;a&;Xme0ef}uD; OD;udkudk=uD; - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;eJ@ axmufyHha&;Xme0ef}uD; ref;0i;farmif - pufr_vufr_eSifh tvkyform;Xme0ef}uD; OD;xGef;jrifh - &Srf;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD; apmpHzdk;oif - u&ifjynfe,fXme0ef}uD; qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif - ucsifjynfe,fXme0ef}uD; p0f0À - u&ifeDjynfe,fXme0ef}uD; OD;0rf;ol;armif - csif;a&;&mXme0ef}uD; AdkvfpdefrSef - Xmevufudkifr&Sd0ef}uD; - wdk@jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;ae@rSm “atmifapownf;” vdk@O'gef;csDwJh vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? TtcsdefrSpI igwdk@. rlvtydkifjzpfaom vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd igwdk@jyef,l+yD; wdkif;&if;om; taygif;wdk@ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfvsuf tcGifhta&; tqifhtwef;wlnDonfh jynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiH awmf}uD;udk wnfaxmif+yDvdk@vnf; a=unmaºuG;a=umfvdkufygw,f// teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
73
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orwp0fa&$odkuf&JŒ o0%fv$m 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk&JŒ o0%fv$m/ 'k0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfvufsm&JŒ o0%fv$mwdk@udkvnf; zwf=um; a=unmvdkufygw,f// orw}uD;&JŒ o0%fvmG rSm “,ck u|Eyfk w f @dk vufqyk v f ufuikd f tydik &f &S+d yDjzpfaom vGwv f yf a&; qkx;l r*Fvm}uD;onfum; vufeufpu JG ikd I f tiftm;jcif;òydiu f m t=urf;zufrj_ zif&h &Sad om vGwf vyfa&;qk}uD;r[kwfrlI +AdwdefEdkifiHESifh rdwfo*F[tjzpfodk@ a&muf=uonfESifhtnD cspf=unfav; jrwfpGm aphpyfnd‡E_dif;I &&Sdtyfaom vGwfvyfa&; r*Fvmqk}uD;yifjzpfawmhonf?” vkd@ azmfjycJh+yD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ o0%fvGmrSm “,ck u|Efkyfwdk@. EdkifiHawmf}uD;Y vlrsdK;a&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/vlrsdK;pk tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wOD;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rnD!Gwfr_rsm; roifhwifhr_rsm; &SdzG,frvdk+yD? u|Ekfyfwdk@. Zmwdjzpfaom TEkdifiHawmf}uD;. tusdK;udka&SŒ&_I jynf axmifpkEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHom;wdk@tm; udk,fusdK;udkriJhuGufyJ/ nD!Gwf=u&efESifh óud;yrf;=u&ef ,ck u|Efkyfwdk@u wdkufwGef;Ekd;aqmftyfygonf” vdk@ aºuG;a=umf azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'k0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfvufsmuawmh olŒ&JŒo0%fvGmxJrSm EdkifiHawmf&JŒopPmukd apmifhod±kdao a&;eJ@ywfowf+yD; “tu,fI EdkifiHawmf&Sd vuf0Jtiftm;pkwdk@ wnDw!GwfxJ&Sdygu ajymifajrmuf atmifjrif&ef ruGmvSrf;vSawmhaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'}uD;twGuf aqmif&GufusifhoHk;=ujcif;omv#if EdkifiHawmf.opPmudk apmifhod±dkaoonfrnfownf;” vdk@ teufzGifh azmfusL;oGm;ygw,f// wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf (,m,DygvrD ef) rSmvnf; orw}u;D eJ@ 0ef}u;D csKyfw@kd u rde@f ceG ;f pum; awG ajym=um;=uygw,f? orw}uD; p0fa&$odkufu tpdk;&&JŒ 0g'vrf;pOfeJ@ywfowf+yD; &Sif;vif;rdef@ =um;&mrSm ‘jrefrmjynfaxmifpw k iG f t&if;&Si0f g'udk ydwyf ify,fzsuI f Edik if aH wmf. vkyif ef;aqmifwm t00udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;om ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdaom qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHwnfaqmuf&efjzpfayonf//” qd+k yD; twdtvif; azmfjyoGm;ovdk ‘Tjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f &S&d o dS r#aom Edik if o H m;rsm;onf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'wGiyf g&o dS nft h wdik ;f wOD;ESiw hf OD; tcGit hf a&;csi;f wln=D uap” vd@k vnf; orw&JŒ tm%mpufukd usio hf ;kH +y;D xkwjf yefa=unmoGm;ygw,f? 'Ge;f p¾m;/ olawmif;pm;/ bk&m;u|ef ausmif;u|ef/ oifcsdwdk@udkvnf; ‘,ae@rSpI a&S;trif;rif;wdk@. tm%mpufudk u|Efkyfy,fzsufI xdo k w l @kd . oabmtwdik ;f vkyv f akd om tvkyrf sKd ;pHu k kd vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd Ef ikd =f uap’ vd@k trde@f csrw S f a=unmvdkufygw,f// Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k vnf; vGwv f yfa&;rde@f ceG ;f }uD;udk wcrf;wem;ajym+yD; ‘u|Eyfk f wdk@wawG[m 'Dae@up+yD; EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;wckwnf;udkom &wmr[kwfygbl;// jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EkdifiHwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;&JŒ pnf;vHk;r_udkyg xyf=uyfruGm&jcif;jzpfygw,f’ vdk@ teuft"dy`g,fzGifhqdk vdu k yf gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;ausmufwikd f tkwjf rpfcsyu JG v kd nf; vGwv f yfa&;ae@rmS yJ ðyvkycf +hJ y;D 0ef}u;D csKyf ocifEku tkwfjrpfcsyGJ rdef@cGef;ay;cJhjyefygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwdkif tkwfjrpfcsyGJxJrSmawmh “,ae@&&SdwJh vGwfvyfa&;[m toif;tzGJŒwckwnf;&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;r[kwfyg? jynfolŒ&Jabmf/ qdk&S,fvpf/ uGefjrLepf/ vli,f/ trsdK;orD;/ awmifolv,form; tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk; or*~ tp&SdwJh toif;tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u udk,fqdkif&m e,fedrdwftwGif;rSaeI e,fcsJŒ}uD;udk 0dkif;tHk wdu k cf u kd cf =hJ uwma=umifh &&Sv d mwJh vGwv f yfa&;jzpfwt hJ wGuf ,ck vGwv f yfa&;[m jynfoŒl &Jabmf qdk&S,fvpf/ uGefjrLepf/ vli,f/ trsdK;orD;/ awmifolv,form;/ tvkyform;/ tpnf;t±Hk; or*~ 74
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tp&Sw d hJ rsm;ajr‡mifvpS mG aom toif;tzGŒJ tm;vH;k . vGwv f yfa&;jzpfw,f” vd@k zGi[ hf ajymqdo k mG ;yg w,f// tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,fawGrSmvnf; vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJobifawG usif;yapcJhygw,f// vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&JŒ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'uvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk tqdt k & ‘vuf0’J rsKd ;aphawG tajrmuftjrm;yg&o dS vd/k 'DzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH Oya'tkwjf rpf}uD; ay: wnfaqmufr,fh jrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD;[m vuf0Jbufudk ,drf;aewJh EdkifiHawmfygvdk@ awmfawmf apmapmuxJu aºuG;a=umfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHawmforw}uD;&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;ae@rdef@cGef;/ Adkvfvufsm&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;ae@ o0%fv$m awGuvnf; qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmftjzpf csDwufa&;qD OD;wnfaewmawGŒ&ygw,f? ‘Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf’/ ‘aphpyf,lcJh&wJhvGwfvyfa&;’ eJ@ wnfaxmifcsifw,fqkdwJh ‘qdk&S,f vpfEdkifiHawmf’ [m b,fvdktoGifay:vmr,fqdkwmawmh qufvuf=unfh=uzdk@yJjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu 'DvGwfvyfa&;[m EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfaomfvnf; pD;yGm; a&;tm;jzifh rvGwfvyfao;a=umif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_twGufyg qufvufwdkufyGJ0if=u&OD;rnf jzpfa=umif; owday;E_d;aqmfygw,f?
vG w f v yf a &;&ump ArmEd k i f i H t ajctae vGwv f yfa&;a=unmEdik v f u kd af yr,fh vGwv f yfa&;&ump ArmEdik if t H ajctae[m vGwv f yf a&;eJ@twl tcuftcJaygi;f pH/k t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pHk yËdyuQaygi;f pHv k nf; uyfygvmcJ+h yD;/ &ifav;p&m taetxm;jzpfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;t& =unfrh ,fq&kd ifvnf; vGwv f yfa&;a=unmzd@k taºuG;eJ@pcJ&h ovdk jzpfygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyft& jyefay;ygr,f/ oabmwlygw,fv@kd tmrbaE cW x H m;&wJh taºu;G u +Aw d o d # udkay;qyf&ef usyfaiG (35 ukaÉ 6 oef;)/ tar&duefudkay;qyf&ef a':vm (5oef;)/ +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHudk udkvdkeDðy tkyfcsKyfzdk@ac:,lcef@xm;cJh=uwJh tdENd,eJ@ ygupPwefom; tr_xrf; t&mxrf; awGtwGuf yifpifvpmtjzpfay;zd@k u (wenf;tm;jzif)h udv k ekd ðD yc aºu;G u usyaf iG (6 ukaÉ 9 oef;) jzpfygw,f? Armjynf}uD;udk ESpaf ygi;f (120) avmufu|eðf y aoG;pkyf tjrwfxw k v f mcJ=h uolawGqu D tavsm&f zd@k aeaeomom/ aoG;pkycf =hJ uolawG&ŒJ t&if;tES;D vkyif ef;udik if ef;awGu/kd ArmEkid if t H pd;k &u vdktyfovdk ta&;,laqmif&Gufr,fqdk avsmfa=u;ay;yghr,fvdk@awmif uwdcH pmcsKyfxm;&ygw,f? tJ'Dt&if;tESD;uvnf; usyfaiGukaË (60) ausmf&Sdygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unmwJhtcsdefrSm Armjynf&JŒvlOD;a&[m (17) oef;ausmf&Sd+yD; ukvm;u woef;ausmf&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dh ukvm;woef;ausmf[m e,fcsJŒ+Adwdo#wdk@ udkvdkeDðyaoG;pkyfzdk@/ 1908 ckESpfuae 1929 ckESpftwGif; qGJoGif;vmwmudk vufcHcJh&wJh ta&twGufjzpfygw,f? v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;udyk J tajccH&wJh Edik if jH zpfwt hJ wGuf (70) &mcdik ;f E_e;f ausm[ f m aus;vuf awm&Gmae v,form;rsm;jzpf=uygw,f? v,fajr (19) oef;cGaJ usm&f ydS gw,f? t"du pyg;pdu k yf sKd ;wJh teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
75
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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77
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
xdxrd rd d qkyu f ikd t f oH;k cscyhJ gw,f? zqyv-uGejf rLepf yËdyuQqw kd m tESpo f m&tm;jzifh uGejf rLepfqdk&S,fvpfyÉdyuQomv#ifjzpfygw,f? +Aw d o d #uv kd ekd o D rm;rsm; vufatmufu/ zufqpf*syefrsm;vufatmufwek ;f u/ u|eðf yaeol e,fcsJŒrsm;udk qef@usifawmfvSef+yD; wkdif;jynf}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ ‘vGwfvyfa&;’ twGuf OD;wnfóud;yrf; v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m (txl;ojzifh uGejf rLepf-qd&k , S v f pf rsm;[m) vGwv f yfa&; ukd&&Sdatmif b,fvdkenf;eJ@ tm;xkwf=urvJ/ vGwfvyfa&;rkcfOD;qD b,fvrf;eJ@oGm;=urvJ qdkwJh tajccHay:rSm rwljcm;em;wJhtjrif t,ltqoabmxm;awGeJ@ yËdyuQawG ay:aygufcJh=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&;yËdyuQawG=um;xJrSm *dk%f;*%yËdyuQ/ yk*~dKvfa&;yËdyuQawGvnf; qifhyGm;jzpfwnfay: aygufcJh&ygw,f? +Aw d o d #e,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;u Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;udk a=unmcGiðhf y+y;D Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfe@J ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfðyvdkufwJhtcg/ wenf;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;ay;vdkufwJhtcg/ &&SdwJh vGwfvyfa&;tay: ‘vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;’ jzpfw,fqdkwmeJ@ ‘vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; tppftrSef r[kwaf o;’ qdw k hJ tajccH tjrift,ltq oabmxm;qdik &f m yËdyuQ ay:ayguv f mcJw h ,f? 'Dtcg rSmvnf; *dk%f;*% yËdyuQ/ yk*~dKvfa&;yËdyuQawG qifhyGm;ay:aygufvm&jyefygw,f? txl;ojzifh tm%mudk usifhoHk;cGifh&ol tm%mvufukdif&Sdolrsm;u tm%mudk zdzdpD;pD; ukdifwG,ftoHk;ðy=uwJh twGuf ‘yËdyuQ’ awG[m wdk;wdk;+yD;om jzpfwnfus,fjyef@vmcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh ajym&&if vGwfvyfa&;a=unmjcif;rðy&ao;cifu +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtygt0if vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk Armjynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;kH =um;yËdyuQ[m t"duyËdyuQjzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;csed rf mS +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;wd@k &ŒJ wdu k ±f u kd f tkycf sKyf u|eðf yr_atmuf uae vGwaf jrmufciG &hf &Sv d m=u+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf Armjynf&ŒJ Edik if aH wmfvuQ%m[m udv k ekd ED ikd if t H jzpf uae/ udkvdkeDwydkif; ya'o&mZfwydkif;EkdifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJvmygw,f? udkvdkeDwydkif;vdk@ owfrSwf wmu EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifhomvGwfvyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ppfa&;qdkif&m e,fy,fawGrSm +Adwdo#wdk@&JŒ udkvdkeD aESmifóud;wJxm;r_awG &Sdaeao;wJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f? Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfudk om"uwck tjzpf=unfEh ikd o f vd/k wdik ;f jynfwckv;kH &JŒ ukex f w k v f yk if ef;eJ@ pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;}uD;tm;vH;k avmuf eD;yg;[m e,fcsŒJ orm;ydik /f wdik ;f &if;om;r[kww f hJ vlrsKd ;jcm;rsm;ydik af wGcsn;f yJjzpfygw,f? ya'o&mZf wydkif;vdk@ owfrSwf&wmuawmh wdkif;jynfwckvHk;&JŒ vufawGŒpD;yGm;a&;b0[m acwfaemufuswJh ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifukefxkwfpepftwdkif;yJ qufvufwnf&Sdaeao;wJhtwGufjzpfygw,f? wenf; tm;jzifh qufvufcdkif+rJaeqJ ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfeJ@ ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifukefxkwfpepfudk t+yD; tydkif zsufodrf;ypfEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;wJhtwGufjzpfygw,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
79
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
80
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u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD; OuUÏ apmbOD;}uD;
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD; OuUÏ ref;bZH
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD; OuUÏ apmAdkvfjr
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD; OuUÏ y'dkapmboif
80 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vG w f v yf a omjref r mEk d i f i H a wmf a cgif ; pOf a tmuf r S m vGwv f yfaomjrefrmEdik if aH wmf&ŒJ yxrOD;qH;k aom wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf/ ygvrD ef tpnf; ta0;udk 1948 Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae@rSm pwifusif;yygw,f? 27-1-48 ae@rSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfygvDrefu qufoG,for# pmrsm;udk ‘jrefrmpm’ ESifhtoHk;ðyEdkifa=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmygw,f? wdik ;f jynfrmS w&m;0if twnfðyvufcu H sio hf ;kH aewJh ‘zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'’ tay: vufco H abmusjcif;r&Sw d hJ u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;&JŒ ‘u&ifjynfe,f’ &&Sad &; awmif;qdo k [ H m ydrk jkd rnf [de;f vmygw,f? autif,t l rSL;ðywJh u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ u&ifjynfe,f oD;jcm;&&Sad &; awmif; qdo k [ H m tckrS a&Smifwcifay:xGuv f mwmr[kwyf g? 1947/atmufwb kd m (3) &ufuae (4) &ufae@ xd usi;f ycJw h hJ autif,t l rSL;ðy u&ifacgi;f aqmifrsm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;&JŒ ‘armfvòrdin f v D mcH’rSm uwnf;u w&m;0if aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwf twnfðyxm;cJw h hJ awmif;qdo k jH zpfygw,f? wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$wf awmfu a&;qGJxm;wJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk u&ifnDvmcH}uD;u vufrcHEdkifa=umif;/ u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf auseyfavmufwJh u&ifjynfe,feJ@ u&iftpdk;& &&Sdr_ rygjcif;a=umifh vufrcHEdkifa=umif; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJh=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;ptcsdefrSm u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&;awmif;qdkoH[m ydkrdkjrnf[def;vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 1948 azazmf0g&D (1) &ufae@rSm u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;/ o&momxdk eJ@ tzGJŒ[m/ oxHk&JXmeydkif tif;0dkif;&GmrSm u&ifjynfe,f oD;jcm;&&Sda&; w&m;a[m=uygw,f? azazmf 0g&D (3) &ufae@rSm u&ifjynfe,fzGJŒay;zdk@ autif'Dtkd tzGJŒ}uD;u awmif;qkdygw,f? azaz:0g&Dv (11) &ufae@rmS u&ifwrsKd ;om;vH;k &JŒ qENazmfxw k jf yor_ukd u&iftrsKd ;om;xk&&dS m t&yfa'owdik ;f rSm wcrf;wem; usi;f yðyvkyaf e=uygw,f? autif't D t kd zGŒJ }uD;u }uD;rSL;+yD; tif;pderf mS u&iftrsKd ; om;rsm; tiftm;jyyGu J kd usi;f yðyvkyo f vd/k usKd ufxt kd xufwef;ausmif;0if;twGi;f rSmvnf; usi;f y ðyvkyyf gw,f? (12) &ufae yh o k rd ef @J anmifwek ;f rSmvnf; u&iftrsKd ;om; tiftm;jyyGJ qENxw k af zmf yGJawG usif;y=uygw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&; EkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m 'Da&yrmwufvmygw,f? autif,l/ autif'DtdktzGJŒ}uD;rsm;u }uD;rSL;usif;ywJh u&iftrsdK;om; rsm;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qENazmfxkwfjyoyGJ}uD;awGtwGif;rSm 1// u&ifjynfe,f csufcsif;ay; 2// u&ifwusyf Armwusyfcsufcsif;jy 3// vlrsdK;a&; t"du±k%f; tvdkr&Sd 4// jynfwGif;ppftvdkr&Sd - qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoH (4) &yfyg0ifcJhygw,f? tm%m& zqyv tpd;k &u u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;&JŒ awmif;qdck suf aºuG;a=umfou H kd csucf si;f wH@k jyefrr_ vkyyf J ESmap;aecJyh g w,f// wqufwnf;rSm wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;cJhygw,f// 1948 azazmf0g&v D xJrmS yJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f [m ygwaD y:vpfAsL±d0k if ocifAode;f wife@J twl tdE, dN jynf uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ 'kw, d t}urd u f eG *f &uf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
81
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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udk oGm;wuf=uygw,f? tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwDu zdwf=um;vdk@ nDaemifygwDawGtjzpf oGm;wuf=u jcif;jzpfygw,f// tJ'DhtcsdefrSm urBmrSm txl;ojzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; udkvdkeDxrf;ydk;atmufu vGwf ajrmufvmumpEdkifiHawGrSm uGefjrLepf0g' a&yef;pm;vSovdk uGefjrLepfygwDawG&JŒtcef;[m tifr wefta&;ygygw,f? tm%m& Armjynf zqyv tpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f csw D uf r,fv@kd vGwv f yfa&;ae@red @f ceG ;f awG o0%fvm$ awGrmS azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfovd/k zqyv twGi;f tm%m& xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;udk,fwdkifuvnf; olwdk@udk,folwdk@ vuf0Jorm; qdk&S,fvpf0g'D}uD;rsm;toGif yHkazmf aºuG;a=umfae=uqJjzpfwma=umifh tajctaetcsdeftcg tcsuftvufawGeJ@ [yfpyfr_&Sdatmif tpdk;&tzGJŒ&JŒ w&m;0ifajcvSrf;opfwcsdKŒudk pwifazmfaqmifvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh Armjynf wjynfvHk;&JŒ tus,fjyef@qHk; tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh aus;vufawm&Gmae awmifol v,form; rsm;eJ@ywfowfwhJ ‘v,f,majr Edik if yH ikd ðf yvkyaf &; tufOya'’ udak =unmvdu k jf cif;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm;om;ydik f vkyfief;}uD;wcsdKŒudk EdkifiHydkifðyzdk@ =uH&G,ftm;xkwfvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? tpdk;&u ‘EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; ra&$Œrajymif;Ekdifaom ypPnf;rsm; ta&mif;t0,frvkyf&’ Oya'udkvnf; jyÏmef;a=unmygw,f? v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;tufOya'=urf;udk ajr&Sif}uD;awGu qef@usif=uovdk apmfbGm;}uD;awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; rvdkvm;Ekdifjzpf=uygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;twGuf ra&$Œajymif;Edik af om ypPn;f rsm; ta&mif;t0,frvky&f Oya'jyÏmef;vmwmeJ@ywfowf+y;D a&m Edik if jH cm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm tpdk;&udk,fwdkif 0ifygvmwmeJ@ywfouf+yD;a&m t*Fvdyfwdk@u uef@uGuf =uygw,f? jynfolydkifodrf;a&;ajcvSrf;udk [ef@wm;Ekdifzdk@jyif=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuawmh olŒ&JŒrlv&yfwnfcsufjzpfwJh EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkif pufr_vkyfief; }uD;rsm;udk jynfolydkifodrf;,l&mwGif avsmfa=u;ray;a&;/ +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk ay;qyf&eftaºuG;rsm;udk ray;qyfa&;/ +Adwdo#ppfrpf&SiftzGJŒ apv$wfwmudk vufrcHa&;wdk@udkyJ qufvuf &Sif;vif;wifjy awmif;qdkaecJhygw,f? ajr,meJ@ywfoufwJh uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabmxm;uawmh ‘v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&;’ jzpfygw,f? azazmf0g&DvxJrSmyJ tm%m&zqyvtzGJŒ}uD;twGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfygwD[m ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwDeJ@ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;vdka=umif; avoHypfvmygw,f? w&m;0iftm;jzifh tqdkðywmr[kwfyJ qdk&S,fvpfygwD xdyfoD;}uD;wOD;jzpfwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;uae ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)/ocifAodef;wif wdk@uwqifh ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ awGŒqHka&;/ uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef &ufcsdef;awmif;wmjzpfyg w,f? vGefcJhwJh wvcGJavmufuyJ zqyv jynfvHk;u|wfnDvmcHrSm uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ nD!Gwfa&; urf;vSr;f csuu f kd vH;k 0vufrcHEikd af =umif; ,wdjywfy,fcsc=hJ uwJh zqyv qd&k , S v f pfrsm;[m bmha=umifh aqG;aEG;&ef urf;vSrf;vm=uygovJqdkwm pdwf0ifpm;p&mjzpfygw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ u&ifwusyf Armwusyf aºuG;a=umfoHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;tufOya'=urf;tay: ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;&JŒ qef@usifuef@uGufoHrsm;/‘u&ifv,fudk rodr;f eJ@’ aºu;G a=umfwek @f jyeforH sm;eJ@/ apmfbmG ;}u;D rsm;&JŒ rvdv k m;oHrsm;udk óuaH wGŒae&&if;/ t*Fvyd f rsm;&JŒ zdtm;ay;uef@uGufr_awGudkyg &ifqdkifae&csdefrSm uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;Edkifa&; &ufcsdef; 82
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
awmif;oH xGufay:vmwmjzpfygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@ tqdkt&uawmh ‘jynfolacwf (People'sAge) *sme,fyg *dk&S,f&JŒ aqmif;yg;t& ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwmt& jynfwGi;fppfqDoGm;a&; OD;wnf aewJh uGefjrLepfygwDudk olykefrxatmif wm;qD;&ef aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@qdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu ‘nD!w G af &;urf;vSr;f csuu f kd y,fcsjcif;udk igw@kd vufrcHyJ r&raeóu;d pm;rnf’ vd@k aºu;G a=umf+y;D quf vuftm;xkwfwmudkawmif y,fcscJh=uwJh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[m 'Dwcg olwdk@u aqG;aEG;zdk@ &ufcsdef; awmif;wmudk uGefjrLepfrsm;u &ufcsdef;ray;Edkifao;wmtay: awmfawmf rausreyfjzpf=uygw,f? u&ifjy\emajz&Sif;a&;twGuf ^m%feD^m%feufxkwf+yD; jyifqifr_awGvkyfae&wJh zqqdk&S,f xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;[m uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awGŒqkHnd‡Ed_if;zdk@ wzufu &ufcsdef;awGawmif;aeayr,fh/wzuf u b,fvdktjywf&Sif;ypf&rvJqdkwmudkvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzkHzkH pOf;pm;}uHpnfaeygw,f? ‘igwdk hpdwfr &Snfawmhbl; odef;az (Desperate) jzpfae=u+yD? 'gayr,fh wdk@u vuf,mzufawmhroGm;csifbl;? vuf0o J moGm;csiw f ,f? wzufu t*Fvyd f ukr% R }D uD;awGuo kd rd ;f / v,form;awGukd ajrawGa0ypf/ wzufu *dk&S,f-oef;xGef; uGefjrLepfygwDudk xa&mfpuD0g'orm;awGvdk@ a=unm+yD; acsr_ef;ypf/ wdk@ygwDudk uGefjrLepfygwDvdk@a=unm? tJ'Dvdkawmif wdk@xJrSm pdwful;olu pdwful;ae=uw,f’ vd@k qckd w hJ hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f &JŒpum;[m om"uwckyrmjzpfygw,f? wzufu vdt k yfcsut f & ‘!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &rl’ eJ@ aphpyfr,fv@kd ajymaejyifqifaepOftwGi;f rSmyJ acsre_ ;f ypfcsif vufO;D r_,cl siw f hJ oabmu vnf; wzufrSm&Sdaeygw,f? azazmf0g&D (26) &ufae@u ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku “tpdk;&[mqdk&S,fvpf0g'rS wdrf;apmif;rnfr[kwfa=umif;” xyfavmif;ajym qdkygw,f// rwfvxJrSmyJ Armjynf&Sd +Adwdo#ukr`%D}uD;awGu ppftwGif; ysufpD;qHk;±H_;cJh&jcif;awGt wGuf avsmaf =u;aiG&vkad =umif; ppfavsmaf =u;awmif;=uygawmhw,f? tpd;k &udk zdtm;ay;wJt h aeeJ@ vef'efu txnftvdyfrsm; a&mif;csay;&mrSmvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHudk (10) &mcdkifE_ef;om a&mif;csay; r,fq+kd yD;/ oD[/kd tdE, dN / ygupPwefw@kd uo kd m ydrk akd &mif;csay;ygw,f? 'gah =umifh Armjynfu ukvm;ukef onfawG[m ygupPwefEdkifiHt0,feJ@ t0,fjy+yD; wifoGif;a&mif;cs=u&ygw,f? ‘jrefrmjynfv;kH qdik &f m ajrydik &f iS rf sm;toif;’ u &efuek òf rdŒrSm jynfv;kH u|wf uGezf &ifh usi;f y +yD;/ ‘zqyv’ &JŒ ajr,mðyjyifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk uef@uGufqENjy=uygw,f? &cdkifbufu t}uD;qHk; aom &Jausmfol rdom;pkajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;uvnf; wufa&mufyg0if=uygw,f? rwfv (10) &ufae@rSm autif,l apmbOD;}uD;/ apmom'ifeJ@tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyf±kH;rSm ocifEk eJ@awGŒqHk+yD; u&ifjynfe,foD;jcm;&&Sda&;udpP aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? rwfvxJrSm rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;uvnf; u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl rGefjynfe,f&&Sd a&;v_yf &Sm;vm=uygw,f? rGefwdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t±Hk; tvkyftr_aqmiftpnf;ta0;u rGefjynfe,f awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwfygw,f? 'Dvqef;ydkif;rSmyJ qdk&S,fvpfygwDxdyfoD;}uD;wOD;jzpfwJh ‘ocifwif’ &JŒowif;/ tdk;a0/ jynfolŒ[pfwdkif/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ uGefjrLepfae@pOfowif;pmwkd@rSm òydifwlygvmcJh+yD;/ 'Dowif;twGuf qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifrsm; a'gotrsufajcmif;ajcmif;xGuf=uygw,f? owif;u ocifwifrD;cGufr_wf/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
83
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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85
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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87
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rwfvqef;rSm qd&k , S v f pfygwD xdyo f ;D jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwDudk vufOD;r_&Sd&Sdòzdzdk@ tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwf+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkeJ@ ESpfa,mufcsif; awGŒ+yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D wGi;f oloiG ;f xm;wJh ay:vpfAsL±dt k zGŒJ 0ifwOD;qDu &&Sx d m;w,fqkd wJh *d&k , S pf pfwrf; (Armjynfrsuaf rSmufEikd if aH &;tajctaeeJ@ u|Eyfk w f @kd .vkyif ef;pOfpmwrf;) udk jyoyg w,f? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawGtm;vHk; &efukefrSmpkaewkef; wa,mufrusef odrf;usHK;zrf;+yD; axmifxx J nfx h m;a&; jywfjywfom;om;vkyaf qmifa&; aqG;aEG;ygw,f? ocifEu k oabmwlovdk vkyfcJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku zqyv tvkyftr_aqmif xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;ac: +yD; uGefjrLepfawG olykefxawmhr,fhta=umif; aqG;aEG;&Sif;vif;jyr_vkyfygw,f? tvkyftr_aqmifwcsKdŒu uGefjrLepf awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGufaqG;aEG;zdk@ t=uHay;cJh=uwJhtwGuf ucsifjynfe,fOuUÏ qrm;'l;0g;qif0g; aemifukd tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf uGejf rLepfawGqv D w $ yf gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwXD mecsKyf ydwx f m;wJh twGuf rawGŒcJb h ;l qdyk gw,f? 'kw, d 0ef}uD;csKyfAv kd v f ufsmeJ@ qrm;'l;0g;udk 'kw, d t}udrf v$waf wmh vnf; uGejf rLepfawGu wHcg;ydwx f m;wJt h wGuf awGŒcGirhf &cJb h ;l qdyk gw,f? Adv k v f ufsm/ Adv k zf ;kd uGe;f eJ@ qrm;'l;0g;wdk@udk aumfrDwDzGJŒ+yD; wm0efay;cJhwm rwfv (24) &ufae@jzpfygw,f? tJ'@D &ufawGtwGi;f rSm uGejf rLepfawG[m tvkyaf wGrsm;aecJ=h uygw,f? ysO;f rem; awmifol v,form;nDvmcHudpPeJ@ tvkyfawGrsm;aecJh=uovdk nDvmcH+yD;awmhvnf; nwdkif;avmufeD;yg; vrf;pOfqdkif&mudpP&yfawG aqG;aEG;&if; A[kdaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;xdkifae=uw,fqdkygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm rwfv (28) &ufae@nae (4) em&Dudk aemufqHk;xm;+yD; awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uzdk@ &ufcsdef;owfrSwfvdkuf=uygw,f? rwfv (27) &ufae@rSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ tcrf;tem;awG usif;y=uygw,f? 0ef}uD; csKyfocifEu k tmZmenfuek ;f rSm vlxt k pnf;ta0;yGrJ mS rde@f ceG ;f ajymygw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfukd vdkuf=uzdk@ w&m;a[mygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGe;f u AE<Kvyef;+cH vlxt k pnf; ta0;rSm zufqpfqef@usifa&;w&m;a[m+yD; rdef@cGef;ay;ygw,f? vltrsm;u qdk&S,fvpfawGtay: ‘qd&k , S zf ufqpf’ awGv@kd cg;cg;onf;onf; rke;f wD;±_wcf sac:a0:ae=ucsed rf mS ocifoef;xGe;f u aemuf vmvwWaH om Armjynfordik ;f txdwiG f use&f pfr,fh ol@&ŒJ tausm=f um;qH;k rde@f ceG ;f }uD;udk ajym=um;cJh ygw,f// tJ'guawmh ‘qdk&S,fvpft±dk;awGeJ@ Am;u&macsmuf}uD;zdk@ypfr,f’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawGu owif;pmwdu k f (3) wdu k u f kd ,kw, f w k rf mrm ±du k cf sKd ;ypfcw hJ hJ ylyal EG;aEG;udp&P yfe@J qufpyf+yD; ajym=um;cJh jcif;jzpfygw,f// uGefjrLepfeJ@ ygwD&JŒowif;pmwdkufudkvm+yD; ±dkufcsdK;apmfum;vdk@uawmh qdk&S,fvpf awGudk ±dkufowf+yD; teD;rSm&SdwJh Am;u&macsmuf}uD;xJ csypfr,fvdk@ qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dhae@nrSmyJ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;u ol&JŒ &ifxJut=uHtpnfudk taumift xnfazmfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;ae@ txdr;f trSwef @J uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawG vlpakH eqJtcsed /f wzufu rwfv (28) &ufae@ nae (4) em&D aemufq;kH xm;+y;D awGŒqHzk @kd csed ;f qdx k m;qJtcsed /f tvpf tidkufzrf;+yD; oef;aumifausmf vif;cgeD;rSm uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJ}uD;udk pwifygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
89
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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XmecsKyf±Hk;udk 0dkif;+yD;wufzrf;wJhtcg uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifrsm;[m vufrwifav;wif a&Smifwdrf; xGucf gG omG ;cJ=h u+yjD zpfygw,f? tpd;k &&JŒ trSwf (1) Armaoewfuikd w f yf&if;xJ&dS Adv k o f ufxeG ;f &JŒ óuw d if tcsdefrD owif;ay;csuft& uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm; a&Smifwdrf;oGm;EdkifcJh=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifcJh&ygav+yD? Armjynfordkif;rSm t&Snfvsm;qHk;jzpfawmhr,fh jynfwGif; ppf}uD; pwifawmufavmifcJh&ygav+yD? 1948 ckEpS /f rwfv (28) &ufae@up+y;D ArmjynfjynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D pwifayguzf mG ;cJ&h ygav+y?D vufeufeJ@ t=urf;zufESdyfpufvmwJh tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk vufeufudkifenf;eJ@yJ jyefvnf wGef;vSef wdkufcdkufoGm;zdk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu rwfv (28) &ufae@rSmyJ Armjynf jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pD vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;}uD; pwif+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufygw,f? tm%m& zqyv qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&&JŒ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm; vGwfajrmufoGm;&jcif; tay: rcHcsdrcHomjzpfr_eJ@twl wjynfvHk; uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJ}uD;vnf; qufvuf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGm ay:aygufvm&ygawmhw,f? óudwifjyifqifxm;r_r&SdwJhtwGuf uGefjrLepfygwD xdyfoD;acgif;aqmif }uD;rsm;rSty ArmjynfwjynfvHk; tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,f&Sd usefuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmiftrsm;pk}uD; tzrf;tqD;cH=u&ygw,f? wjynfvHk; ae&mtESH@ tvpftidkuf a&Smifwcif 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;wm cH=u&ygw,f? wjynfvHk; tHk;tHk;ºuGwfºuGwfjzpfoGm;&ygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD u tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd óudwifpDrH today;Edkifjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf wjynfvHk;&Sd ygwD0ifpkpkaygif; OD;a&&JŒ xuf0ufausmf tzrf;tqD;cH=u&ygw,f?
jynf w G i f ; ppf u d k b,f o l p 1948 ckESpf/ rwfv (28) &ufae@u pwifay:aygufcJhwJh Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m tawmrowfEdkifatmif t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGm qufvufawmufavmifvmygw,f? Armjynfjynfol vlxkw&yfvHk; tylvHk;qdk@cJh=uygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD;&JŒ avmifòrduf0g;òrdr_udk wjynfvHk;cHcJh& ygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+y;D vd@k rS vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg pmom;pmyd'k f pum;vH;k rsm; rSief @H rajcmufao;cif (83) &uftuGmrSmyJ jynfwGif;ppf}uD; aygufzGm;ay:xGufvmcJh&wmjzpfwJhtwGuf jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m vGwfvyfa&;&JŒ zGm;bufawmfvdkjzpfcJh&ygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;=uD; erdwfzwf a[mudef;xkwfcJhovdk ‘ArmjynfudkvGwfvyfa&;ay; vdkuf&if jynfwGif;ppf}uD;jzpfvdrfhr,f’ qdkwmuawmh rSefcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh olar#mfvifhcJhovdk ‘jynfwGif;ppf’ awmh [kwf[efrwlyg? jAwdo#e,fcsJ Œorm;awG vufeufxw k af y;xm;cJw h /hJ *XKefO;D apmacgi;f aqmifwhJ azgujf yefa&; orm; tm%m±l;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒtvdkawmf&drsm;/ vufsm*dk%f;om;rsm;uwzuf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmftygt0if tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf/ tjyeftvSef t}uD; tus,f wdkufcdkuf=uwJh ‘jynfwGif;ppf}uD;’ r[kwfyJ/ e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;u tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;cJhwJh 90
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
zqyv-qdk&S,fvpf tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDu wzuf/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif wdkufcdkuf=ur,fh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;tjzpf ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? pwifjzpfay:vmygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfqdkwm ppfudkrvdkvm;wJh jynfolvlxkudkvnf; ¹cGif;csufxm;avhr&Sdyg? tjypfrJh jynfov l x l u k v kd nf; aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif owfjzwfaoaus 'kuyQ ifv,fa0apcJyh gw,f? tpGr;f ukef avmifòrdufzsufqD;0g;òrdypfygw,f? 'gha=umifh jynfwGif;ppfudk b,folpovJ? Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D }uD;udk b,fopl wif±Œld ovJqw kd m tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh ordik ;f a&; jy\emjzpfygw,f? bufwzufxJ&JŒ ajymqdkcsufudkr=unfhyJ "rR"dÏmefusus =unfhzdk@vdkygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfrsm;&JŒtqdt k & Armjynftm%m& tkypf ;kd oltqufquf&ŒJ tqdt k &/ 1948 ckEpS f rwfv (28) &ufae@up+yD; pwifcJhwJh Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk pwifzefwD;cJhol[m wenf;tm; jzifh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk pwifcJhol[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDjzpfw,f? uGefjrLepfawGjzpfw,fvdk@qdk ygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk a&;om;cJh=uol taemufwdkif;ordkif;ynm&Sif/ Armjynfordkif; ynm&Sifqdkolawmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; 'Dtmabmftwdkif;yJ qifhyGm;yJhwifxyfavh&Sdygw,f? Arm jynf tkypf ;kd oltqufquf&ŒJ ausmif;oH;k ordik ;f pmtkyf pmrsuEf mS awGay:rSmvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk pwifcJhwm uGefjrLepfawGtjzpf &nf!¸ef;azmfjy vuf!dk;xdk;avh&Sdygw,f? ordkif;udk xdefcsif&mxdef/ ðryfcsif&mðryf/ azmfcsif&mazmf+yD; wzufowfusus ajymqdkwifjy aumufcsufcsavh&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk ‘Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk pwifcJhwm uGefjrLepfawGjzpfygw,f?’ ‘uGefjrLepfawGu jynfwGif;ppf vrf;pOftwdik ;f avsmufvrS ;f cJ=h uw,f’/ ‘uGejf rLepfawGu jynfwiG ;f ppfvrf;pOfukd wGe;f wif+yD; vuf eufuikd v f rf;pOfukd taumiftxnfazmfomG ;r_a=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;pcJ&h w,f’ qdw k hJ ajymqdck suf wifjycsuf qGo J m;csuaf wGwikd ;f rSm wlnw D hJ azmfxw k cf suw f ck&ydS gw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh olw@kd &ŒJ tqdk rSefuefa=umif; vufqkyfvufudkif oufaotjzpf wifjyavh&SdwJh azmfxkwfwifjycsuf}uD;wck&Sdyg w,f// tJ'guawmh ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdkwJh t"duoufaocH azmfxkwfwifjycsuf}uD;eJ@twl 'Doufaojycsuf}uD; udk ydrk ckd ikd rf matmif t&Hoabm odik ;f 0dik ;f wifjyavh&w dS mu/ tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygwu D t*Fvyd b f mom eJ@ a&;om;xkwaf 0wJh (Peoples' Age) jynfoŒl acwfpmapmifyg &JabmfAwif (*d&k , S )f a&;om;w,fqkd wJh aqmif;yg;jzpfygw,f? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@xkwf pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;jzpfygw,f? (wcsKdŒuvnf; azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ xkwfvdk@qdkygw,f?) tJ'&D aJ bmfAwif (*d&k , S )f a&;w,fqw kd hJ aqmif;yg;eJ@ tpysKd ;/ ‘*d&k , S pf pfwrf;’ qdw k mudk t"du vufqkyfvufudkifoufaoeJ@ wifjy+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u vufeufudkift=urf;zufenf;eJ@ tm%mudkodrf;,lzdk@ *dk&S,f&JŒ jynfwGif;ppfðya&;vrf;pOfudk qkyfudkif +yD; jynfwiG ;f ppfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f av#mufvrS ;f oGm;cJw h ,fv@kd aumufcsuq f jJG yavh&ydS gw,f? Arm jynf EdkifiHa&;ordkif;/ jynfwGif;ppfordkif;udk a&;om;ajymqdkwifjywdkif;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu pwifcJhwmtjzpf tJ'DtcsuftvufawGudkyJ qkyfudkif+yD; enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ yHkazmf0g'jzef@csdcJh=uyg w,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
91
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D ‘jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfa&;’ qdw k m b,fwek ;f urS ygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfrjzpfchJ ygbl;? tJ'Dhwkef;u ygwD&JŒ ‘aemufqHk;wdkufyGJvrf;pOf’ qdkwmuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfr[kwfcJhygbl;? tJ'Dhwkef;u (vGwfvyfa&;ra=unmcifteD;umv) ygwD&JŒ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; r#m;OD;[m aemufq;kH tcsed t f xd t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;yJ? jynfwiG ;f ppfr[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'aD emufq;kH wdu k yf v JG rf;pOf udkvnf; wjynfvHk;tESH@ w&m;0ifjzef@csdxm;wmygyJ/’ vdk@qdkygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfvrf;pOfrcsrSwfcJh a=umif; twdtvif; jiif;qdkygw,f? 'gjzifh t"duoufaocHjzpfwJh ‘*dk&S,fvrf;pOf’ qdkwmbmvJ/ b,fvdkvJ? *smreDEkdifiH [ef;bwfòrdŒrSm odrf;qnf;xm;wJh okawoe tcsuftvufzdkifwGJrsm;txJrSm/ ‘ArmjynfueG jf rLepf0g'ESihf ywfowfaom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; 1945-1977 ckEpS ’f qdw k hJ zdik w f w JG wG&J dS ygw,f? tJ'DhzdkifwGJ&JŒ pmrsufESm (83) rSm ‘Armjynf rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh u|efkyfwdk@. vkyfief; wm0efrsm;’ a&;ol Awif/ 1948 ckESpf/ rwfv ( ? ) qdkwJh pmwrf;wapmifvnf; &Sdw,fqdkyg w,f? tJ'pD mwrf;udk &nf!e¸ ;f ud;k um;=uwmqdyk gw,f? *d&k , S pf pfwrf;qdw k m[m tJ'guakd jymqd=k u wmqdkygw,f? wu,fu ‘*d&k , S ’f a&;cJw h hJ tJ'h D ‘*d&k , S pf pfwrf;’ qdw k m[m pmtm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ E_wftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; vHk;0r&Sdbl;qdkygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDordkif;eJ@ywfowf+yD; jynfwGif;jynfy azmufjyefa&;orm;awGu vkyf}uHvnfq,fxm;=uwm renf;bl;qdkygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD tqdkt& *dk&S,fom tJ'D *dk&S,fppfwrf;udk trSefwu,fa&;cJhr,fqdk&if/ 1948 ckEpS /f rwfvxJrmS awmufav#mufvyk af ewJh (nwdik ;f avmufvyk af ewJ)h A[kad umfrwDtpnf; ta0;awGrmS *d&k , S u f ‘oydwpf rkH o S yl ek x f ’ a&; t,ltqudk bmvd@k wifaervJ? vufeufuikd af wmf vSefa&;vkyfzdk@qdkwJh *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdkwmxJuyg t,ltq pdwf"mwfeJ@ ‘oydwfpHkrS olykefx’ qdkwJh t,ltq pdwf"mwf[m wjcm;pDjzpfw,f? qef@usifbufjzpfw,fqdkygw,f? rwfv (28) &ufae@ rSm &efolu vufeufeJ@ pwifzdESdyfvmvdk@ rv$Jra&Smifom vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; qif;vmcJh&wJh aemuf ausmuf}uD;aygu/f pG,af wmfòrdiw f @kd rmS ðyvkyw f hJ A[dak umfrwDtpnf;ta0; (4) }udrrf mS awmif &JabmfAwif[m ‘aus;vuftajccH òrdŒ0dkif;a&;’ vrf;pOfcsrSwfzdk@ aqG;aEG;=uwmudk awmufavsmuf qef@usiaf ew,fqykd gw,f? qdv k w kd mu tpuwn;fu &JabmfAwifrmS vufeufuikd jf ynfwiG ;fppfðy a&; t,ltq&SdcJh+yD;om;qdk&if/ wenf;tm;jzifh vufeufudkifjynfwGif;ppfðya&; oabmxm;yg0ifwJh ‘rsufarSmufEdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh u|Ekfyfwdk@.vkyfief;wm0efrsm;’ pmwrf; (*dk&S,fppfwrf;) qdkwm udk trSew f u,fa&;om;cJo h jl zpfw,fq&kd if ‘aus;vuftajccHòrdŒ0dik ;f ’ vrf;pOfcsrw S af &;rSm qef@usif p&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? oydwfpHkrSolykefxudkvnf; awmufav#muf qufvufwifaep&mta=umif; r&Sdyg? &JabmfAwif[m tpnf;ta0; (4) }udrfvHk;rSm awmufav#mufqef@usifaecJhw,fqdkygw,f? csKyf+yD;ajym&&if ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm *dk&S,fa&;cJhwmr[kwf/ *dk&S,fa&;w,fqdkwJh *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdk wm[m wOD;OD;u vky=f uHvnfq,fcjhJ cif;omjzpfw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD mS b,f wkef;urS jynfwGif;ppfðya&;vrf;pOfr&SdyJ tkyfpkd;olu vufeufudkift=urf;zufvmvdk@ vufeufudkif enf;udk a&G;cs,fcJh&wmjzpfw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 92
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
*d&k , S pf pfwrf;qdw k mudk azmfxw k cf =hJ uwJh t"duyk*Kd~ vf (2) OD;&Syd gw,f/// tJ'w D ek ;f u Edik if aH wmf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@ ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh) jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku olŒ&JŒud, k w f ikd af &;txˆKywWd ‘wmawpaeom;’ xJrmS ocifoef; xGef;eJ@ *dk&S,fwdk@ tdENd,EdkifiHu jyefa&mufvm+yD;wJhaemufydkif; &uftenf;i,ft=umrSm jynfxJa&; 0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f [m olŒudv k mawGŒ+yD; pmwrf;wapmifjyow,fv@dk qykd gw,f? jyoyHk jyoenf;udk vnf; a[m'Dvdka&;om;xm;ygw,f? ‘u|efawmfwdk@ vlwa,muf uGefjrLepfay:vpfAsL±dkxJrSmoGif;xm;w,f/ olŒqDu 'Dpmwrf; udk&wm?’ ‘atmfæ’ ‘'Dv[ l m b,fov l q J w kd m txdawmh rar;yge@J awmh0ef}u;D csKyf u|eaf wmfawmif;yefygw,f’ OD;ausmf+idrf;[m ocifEkudk olŒvufxJu pmwrf;vSrf;ay;w,f? ocifEkzwf=unfhwJhtcg “jrefrmEkid if aH wmf. vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tajctaeESihf u|Eyfk w f @kd .vkyif ef;pOf” qdw k ahJ cgi;f pOfuakd wGŒ&ygw,f? ‘'DudpPudk u|efawmfwdk@ jywfjywfom;om;vkyfrSjzpfvdrfhr,f 0ef}uD;csKyf/ csDwHkcswHk vkyfaevdk@ rjzpfbl;/ 'DuGefjrLepfawG olykefxrSm{uefyJ?’ ‘rif;b,fvdkjywfjywfom;om;vkyfzdk@ pdwful;xm;ovJ ausmf+idrf;?’ ‘uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawG tckvdk &efukefrSmpkaewkef;/ olwdk@udk ðAef;ueJzrf;+yD; axmifxJ xnfhxm;csifw,fæ’ vdk@azmfjycJhygw,f? OD;ode;f azjrifu h awmh ol@&ŒJ ‘ausm+f idr;f ’ txˆKywWpd mtkyx f rJ mS / OD;ausm+f idr;f ud, k w f ikd f trSm pma&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyfxJrSm tckvdka&;om;xm;wmawGŒ&ygw,f? ausmf+idrf;rSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfojzifh ,ck u|efawmhfxH,lvmaom aqmif;yg;omru/ *d&k , S f u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwDwiG ;f rSm v#Kd Œ0Supf mG a0xm;aom ppfwrf;}uD;udv k nf; &xm;onf[kod&onf? ygwDu u|efawmfhtm; xdkppfwrf;udkay;onfr[kwfacs? ygwDrS xGuf+yD; aemuf twef=umrS ausmf+idrf;u ,lvmIzwf&onfæ vdk@azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'v hD kd OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ode;f azjrifh &JŒ azmfxw k af &;om;xm;csuaf wGukd axmuf±o _ ;kH oyf=unf&h r,f qdk&if ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm}uD;udk &&Sd=unfhjrifzwf±_&zl;ol ESpfOD;&Sdygw,f? ocifEk eJ@ OD;odef;azjrifh jzpfygw,f? tcsdefu azazmf0g&Dv odk@r[kwf rwfvqef;xJyg// zwf±_&ol ESpfOD;vHk;&JŒazmfjycsuft& tJ'Dh *dk&S,fppfwrf;qdkwm}uD;udk ay;oluawmh wOD;xJyg? tJ'Dyk*~dKvfuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;yg? OD;ausmf+idrf;u 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk udk tJ'Dhpmwrf;udkjyo+yD; zwf±_aepOfu ‘u|efawmfwdk@ vlwa,muf uGefjrLepfygwD ay:vpfAsL±dkxJrSm oGif;xm;w,f? olŒqDu 'Dpmwrf;udk&wm’ vdk@ajym +yD; tJ'v hD l b,fob l ,f0gjzpfa=umif; xyfrar;zd@k E_wyf w d cf ikd ;f xm;cJyh gw,f? tifrwefpw d 0f ifpm;p&m aumif;ygw,f? tJ'Dhae&mrSm tcsuftvuftrSefawGxJuae trSefw&m;udk&Smzdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? tJ'D tcsed w f ek ;f u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwx D rJ mS Edik if aH &;OD;aqmiftzGŒJ 0if ay:vpfAsL±d0k if[m (3) OD;xJy&J ydS g w,f? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;ocifoef;xGef;/ &JabmfAwif ac: *dk&S,feJ@ ocifAodef;wifjzpfygw,f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
93
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ocifoef;xGef; [m eHygwfwpfacgif;aqmifjzpfygw,f// ocifAodef;wif[m aemifwcdsefrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ OuUÏtxdjzpfvmcJh+yD; uG,fvGefcsdeftxd b,fvkd&yfwnfoGm;cJholvJ qdkwm oufaojycJh+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? ‘*dk&S,f’ [mvnf; 'Dppfwrf;}uD; ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm}uD a&;om;olygvdk@ t"duxm;ajymqdkcHcJh&ol um,uH&Sifppfppfjzpfygw,f? tcsuftvufrSefawGudk owWKcs=unfhvdkuf&if 'D ‘*dk&S,fppfwrf;’ qdkwm}uD;[m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;qDrSmyJ pwif awGŒ&Sd&+yD; OD;ausmf+idrf;qDrSmyJ vrf;qHk;aecJhygw,f? aemif Armjynfordik ;f a&;=uolawGtm;vH;k [mvnf; txufrmS azmfjycJw h hJ ocifE&k ŒJ a&;om; csufeJ@ OD;odef;azjrifh&JŒ a&;om;csuftay:rSmyJ wnfrSD+yD; udk;um;&nf!¸ef;=uwmcsnf;jzpfygw,f? t&HoabmrsdK; azmfxkwfcJh=uwJh tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwD tmabmf ‘jynfolŒacwf’ pmapmifyg *dk&S,f a&;w,fqdkwJh aqmif;yg;uaum b,fvdkjzpfysufcJhwmygvJ? uGefjrLepfygwDtqdkt& tJ'Dh aqmif;yg;[mvnf; *dk&S,f trSefwu,fa&;om;cJhwmr[kwfyg? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvxJrSm &JabmfAwif (*dk&S,f) [m tdENd,c%oGm;csifw,fvdk@wifjyvdk@ usefay:vpfAsL±dk0if ESpfOD;u oabmwlvdkuf=uw,fqdkygw,f? *dk&S,f tdENd,a&muf+yD;wJhaemuf tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwDuxkwfwJh ‘jynfolŒacwf’ xJrSm &JabmfAwifa&;w,fqdkwJh aqmif;yg;ygvmcJh w,fqdkygw,f? tJ'Dhaqmif;yg;xJrSm ‘ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ vrf;pOf[m vusfmusaeygw,f? 'ga=umifjh yif&r,f’qdw k hJ oabmrsKd ;vnf; yg0ifaew,fqykd gw,f? *d&k , S jf yefvmwJt h cg tJ'ahD qmif;yg; [m ygwDudktodray;yJ ygwDvrf;pOfukd qef@usifa&;om;xm;wmjzpfvdk@ ygwDA[dkaumfrDwDu jyif; jyif;xefxefa0zef=uwJt h cg/ &JabmfAwif[m 'Daqmif;yg;udk ola&;om;cJw h mr[kwaf =umif;/ tdE, dN uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwa,mufu ol@emrnfeJ@a&;wmjzpfygw,fvdk@ jyef vnf&Sif;vif;wifjycJ vd@k tJ'u hD pd P tJ'ahD vmufe@J +yD;jywfomG ;cJ=h uw,fqykd gw,f? qdv k w kd mu tJ'ahD qmif;yg;yg oabmxm; [mvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabmxm;r[kwfyg? uGefjrLepfygwDu csrSwfxm;wJh w&m;0ifvrf;pOf eJ@ udkufnDcJhwmr[kwfbl;qdkygw,f? tJ'v hD kd tcdik t f rmr[kww f hJ udprP sm;udq k yk u f ikd +f yD; vdt k yfovdyk }kH uD;csŒJ um yHak zmfum/ trSef wu,f r&Scd w hJ hJ ‘*d&k , S pf pfwrf;’ qdw k m}uD;udk vnfqnfvyk =f uH vuf!;kd xk;d +yD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfyg wDu jynfwGif;ppfvrf;pOfukd pwifcJhwmvdk@ wzufowfajymqdkcJh=ujcif; jzpfw,fqdkygw,f? jiif;r&Edkifavmufatmif tcdkiftrmjzpfysufcJhwmuawmh rwfv (27) &ufae@ zufqpf awmfveS af &;ae@ txdr;f trSwt f crf;tem;t+yD;/ noef;aumifausmf rd;k rvif;ao;rD tcdset f awm twGif; tm%m& zqyvtpdk;&u tvpftidkuf uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJ vkyfaqmif taumiftxnfazmf cJw h muae/ rwfv (28) &ufae@rmS Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; pwifc&hJ wmjzpfygw,f? tapm}uD;u wnf;u }udw+f yD; }uHpnfjyifqifaecJw h hJ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f &JŒ vufawGŒtaumiftxnf azmfr_uae jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'g wu,fhtjzpftysufrSef ordkif;jzpfygw,f? aemufxyf t&HoabmrsKd ; ajymqdak &;om;ud;k um;ae=uwJh ‘qd&k , S v f pft±d;k awGe@J Am;u&m acsmuf}uD;zd;k ypfr,f’ ‘at;at;aq;aq;aecsiw f hJ ocifEk =uHawmocsiô ;f oGm;aeyg’ qdw k hJ uGejf rLepf acgi;f aqmif ocifoef;xGe;f &JŒ jyif;xefrmausmvGe;f vSwhJ }udr;f armif;ajymqdo k aH wGqw kd m[mvnf; b,ftay:rSmajymqdkcJhwmvJ/ bmtjzpftysufawGeJ@ qufpyfajymqdkcJhwmvJqdkwmuawmh rSefrSef 94
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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95
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
97
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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99
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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101
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tJ'D Zlvdkif (10) &ufae@rSmbJ EdkifiHa&;jcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;wifxGwfuvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk eJ@twl Zlvdkif (20) &ufup+yD; &mxl;rS EkwfxGufr,fjzpfa=umif; ajymqdkvmygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k vnf; Zlvikd f (20) &ufae@rmS Ekwx f u G zf @kd jyifqifovd/k Adv k v f usmF uvnf; 'kw, d 0ef}u;D csKyf tjzpfua&m umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfuyg EkwfxGufzdk@pDpOfygw,f? trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_awG qufwdkufòyduGJvmovdk EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG wpxuf wp t&Sed jf yif;xefvmwJt h wGuf zqyv tpd;k &ud, k w f ikd v f nf; rwnfr+idrjf zpfvm&wJh oabmjzpf ygw,f// Zlvdkifv (13) &ufae@rSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk u atmifqef;tm;upm;uGif;}uD;rSm vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJ}uD;usif;y+yD; (15 csufvkyfief;pOf) vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;r_udk trsdK;om;vkyfief;pOf tjzpf a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? tJ'v D yk if ef;pOfukd taumiftxnfazmfz@kd qd&k , S v f pf/ jynfo&l ŒJ abmfe@J uGefjrLepfrsm; nD!Gwfa&;vkyf&r,fvdk@qdkum vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;udk zdwfac:vdkufygw,f? tpurSm tòydifjzpf+yD; uGJvGJaewJ &Jabmfrludk vHk;0z,fcsypfvdkufwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? ocifEk&JŒ Ekrl (15) csuf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;rl[m vef'ef/ 0g&SifwefeJ@ taemufEdkifiHwcsdKŒrSm *,uf±u dk o f mG ;cJyh gw,f? taemufwikd ;f owif;pmwcsKd Œu Armjynf eDomG ;+yDv@kd a&;=uom;=uovdk vef'ef wdkif;owif;pmu ppfaoG;ºuGuGefjrLepfrsm;eJ@ aphpyfIrjzpfEkdifvdk@ a&;om;ygw,f? +Adwdo# EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; bDAif u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfay:vmaomtajctaea=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtay: +Adwdo#wdk@.oabmxm; vrf;pOfajymif;vJ&vdrfhrnfvdk@ +Adwdo#ygvDrefrSm ajym=um;vmovdk/ vef'ef&dS jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;udk csucf si;f qifah c:+yD; tJ'v D uf0n J ! D w G af &;vrf;pOfta=umif; &Si;f jycdik ;f ygw,f? bk&ifcHa[mif; qma':refprpf acgif;aqmifwJh jrefrmEdkifiH awmifay:om;rsm; vGwfajrmuf a&;aumfrwDuvnf; ta&;}uD;+yDjzpfwJtwGuf vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGuf toifh&Sdae&ef a=unmygw,f? +Adwdo#wdk@u jrefrmjynf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;jzpfrSm awmfawmfpdk;&drfcJh=uygw,f? avoHav;avmufawmif em;cHEdkifpGrf;r&Sda=umif; jyocJh=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk udk,fwdkifu vnf; +Adwo d #txifvrJG mS pd;k &drw f t hJ wGuf olwŒkd vuf0n J ! D w G af &;rl[m b,fvv kd uf0n J ! D w G af &; rlvnf;qdkwm ywfywfeyfeyf &Sif;vif;jyzdk@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;wifxGwf udk t*Fvefv$wf+yD; &Sif; vif;ajymjyapygw,f? rmhu(f pf) 0g' jzef@jzL;r,fqw kd hJ tcsuw f csuðf zwf+y;D Ekrl (14) csut f jzpf &Si;f vif; cJh&ygw,f? rlv Ekrl (15) csufuae aemifrSm Ekrl (14) csuftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;chJygw,f? wyfrawmftwGif;rSmvnf; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;udpP[m ta&;}uD;acgif;pOfwck jzpfvmcJhyg w,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD awmcdo k mG ;wJah emufyikd ;f wdu k cf u kd &f r,fh wdu k yf rJG sm;rSm wyfzŒJG wcsKd Œudk apv$wfwm0efay;zdk@ tcuftcJ&Sdvmw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh wcsdKŒwyfcGJrª;rsm;[m uGefjrLepfEG,f0ifawGjzpfaevdk@qdkygw,f/ 'ga=umifh wjcm;wyfzGJŒawGeJ ajymif;+yD; wm0efay;&wm/ vlrsK;d pkwyfzŒJG awGeaJ &G;+yD; apv$w&f wmawG&v dS mw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f/ tJ'v D kd wm0efay;cH&wJwyfawG u aus;&GmwcsKd Œudk jyefvnford ;f ydu k &f mrSm &Gmom;eJ olyek f rcGjJ cm;bJ ypfcwfwu kd w f m ajrvSepf epfe@J &Gmudrk ;D ±dŒ_ wmrsKd ;awG jzpfay:vm+yD;/ Armaoewfuikd w f yf&if;rsm;u ra=ureyfjzpf=u/ ajymqdv k m=u wmawG&w dS ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tJ'v D kd a0zefajymqdrk a_ wGxu G v f mvd@k umuG,af &;0ef}uD; Adv k v f usmF u Adkvfae0if; tygt0if Armt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk tpnf;ta0;ac:,lajymqdkwJhtcg Adkvfae0if;tyg teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
103
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
t0if Armt&m&S}d uD;rsm;u jyefveS af 0zefajymqd=k uw,fqykd gw,f? rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfvmwJh Adv k v f usmF u tJ't D &m&S}d uD;rsm; vuf0n J ! D w G af &;vkyaf qmif=uzd@k pdeaf c: cJw h hJ twGuf Adv k af e0if;wd@k wawGu 0ef}uD;csKyfudkcGifhawmif;+yD; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;twGuf wyfrawmf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrwD azmfaqmifc=hJ uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? tJ'D wyfrawmfvuf0n J ! D w G af &; (9) OD;aumfrwDrmS Adv k af e0if;/ Adv k af Z,s/ Adv k &f x J w G /f Adv k w f ifO;D / Adv k w f ifarmif? Adv k cf spòf rdi/f Adv k x f eG ;f pde/f Adv k Af pdef pwJh olawGyg0ifchJ =uygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfvusFmeJ@ Adkvfae0if;[m wOD;eJwOD; tjrifr=unf=ubl;vdk@vnf; qdkygw,f// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olwyfuxGufcdsefrSm wyfudkOD;pD;zdk@ Adkvfvusfmudk aemufqHk;a&G;cs,f wm0efay;cJh+yD;uwnf;u Adkvfae0if;[m Adkvfvusfmtay: òydifbufvdkoabmxm;+yD; remvdkpdwf 0ifcw hJ mvd@k vnf;qd=k uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'w D ek ;f uvnf; Adv k v f usfm&JŒ trde@f ay;r_wcsKd Œudk Adv k af e0if; [m remcHbJ olvkyfcsifovdk vkyfcJhwmawG&SdcJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? tJ'D yk*~dKvfa&;uGm[r_[m wdkif; jynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;csdef ta&;}uD;umvwav#muf qufvufjzpfay:aecJhygw,f? wyfr awmfvuf0JnD!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrwDu Adkvfvusfm udk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u EkwfxGufay;a&; awmif;qdkzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfm &mxl;uEkwfxGufzdk@ qH;k jzwfjyifqif&wJh ta=umif;&if;awGxrJ mS wyfrawmfvuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumfrwDu olurkd vdv k m; bl;qdkwmuvnf; ta=umif;wckjzpfcJhygw,f? Zlvdkif (15) &ufae@ ae@vnf (2) em&DrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk eJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ EkwfxGuf+yD; tJ'Dn (7) em&DausmfrSmbJ jyefvnfzGJŒpnf; usrf;opPmusdefqdk=ujyefygw,f? qd&k , S v f pf-&JabmfjzL yËdyuQa=umifah &m/ Ek-rl &Jabmfrl uGjJ ym;r_a=umifah &m/ jynfxaJ &;udk tjywfudkifxm;wJh qdk&S,fvpfawGu &JabmfjzLawG&JŒ vufeufawGukd odrf;vdrfhr,fqdkwJh xGufay: vmwJh toHawGa=umifhyg &JabmfjzLwcsdKŒ Zlvdkif (16) &ufae@rSm awmcdk=uygw,f? Zlvdkif (16) &ufae@rSmyJ vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpD zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmygw,f? tzGJŒ0if (21) OD;&Sdygw,f? 1? Adkvfae0if; OuUÏ wyfrawmf 2? AdkvfApdef tzGJŒ0if ? 3? AdkvfapmxGef;pdef ? ? 4? Adv k &f x J ÉG f ? ? 5? AdkvfaZ,s ? ? 6? Adkvfrª;atmif ? jynfol@&Jabmf 7? AdkvfpdefrSef ? ? 8? Adkvfva&mif ? ? 9? Adkvfrif;acgif ? ? 10? Adkvf!Gef@armif ? ? 11? Adkvfatmif!Gef@ ? ? 104
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef; 12? Adkvfbkef;atmif 13? OD;vSarmif 14? OD;AaqG 15? OD;ausmfjidrf; 16? ocifwif 17? Adkvfatmif}uD; 18? Adkvfodef;wef 19? Adkvfatmifrif; 20? Adkvf&efatmif 21? OD;odef;azjrifh
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf ? ? ? qdk&S,fvpfygwD ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? uGefjrLepfygwD ? ? ? ? twGif;a&;rª; - wdk@jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm &Si;f vif;p&m&Syd gw,f? OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&u G w f hJ Adv k af e0if;yg wyfrawmft&m&Sd }uD; (5) OD;[m wyfrawmfvuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumfrwD0if (9) OD;xJujzpfygw,f wyfrawmfvuf0n J D !Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrwDudk udk,fpm;ðyxm;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? uGefjrLepfvkd@acgif;pOfwyfay;xm;wJh Adkvfodef;wef/ Adkvfatmifrif;/ Adkvf&efatmif wdk@(3)OD; [mvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk w&m;0ifudk,fpm;ðyxm;olawGr[kwfyg? ( Adkvfodef;wef [m rwfv (28) &ufae@ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; rv$rJ a&Smifom ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg vdu k o f mG ;cGi&hf cJh ygvsuf vdu k rf oGm;cJo h jl zpfygw,f?) jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;OD;ausm+f idr;f u rwfv (28)&ufup+yD; wjynf vHk; odrf;usHK;+yD; uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJ}uD; qifE$JwJhtcg tzrf;cH&ol (3) OD;jzpfygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; aumifpzD @JG pnf;prSm axmifxu J aexkw+f yD; aqG;aEG;apwmjzpfygw,f? Zlvikd v f (18)&ufae@rmS vuf0J nD!Gwfa&;aumifpD&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsuft& OD;ausmf+idrf;u axmifuv$wfay;cJ+yD; vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; aumifpDrSm yg0ifapcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd Adv k af e0if;OuUÏ tjzpf aqmif&u G w f hJ vuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumifpD zGŒJ pnf;ay:ayguv f m csdefrSm wdkif;jynfrSmjzpfysufaewJhtaetxm;u ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m rwfv (28) &ufae@u wnf;u awmcdkae&+yD;jzpfovdk/ &JabmfjzLrsm;vnf; vufeufodrf;cH&/ tzrf;tqD;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ wpdww f ydik ;f awmcdak e=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_awG[mvnf; odoo d mom jzpfay:ae+yD; u&ifppf&Jrsm;u oxHkudkodrf;ydkufwm óuHawGŒ&+yD;csdefjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&tzGŒJ twGif;&Sd vusFmtiftm;pkrsm;udk,fwdkifuvnf; tpDtpOfwckudk jyifqifae=uw,fqdkygw,f? tJ'guawmh qd&k , S v f pfjynfolŒ&Jabmfrsm;ryg0ifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &zGŒJ pnf;ay;a&; tpDtpOfjzpfygw,f? umuG,f a&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfm/ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;/ &JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmif/ jynfxaJ &;XmetwGi;f 0if OD;umpDw@kd yg0ifwhJ Edik if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;aumifpu D 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k kd qd&k , S f vpfe@J jynfolŒ&Jabmfw@kd ryg0ifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &zGJŒpnf;ay;&ef awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? Edik if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD; OD;wifxGwfuvnf; vHkðcHa&;aumifpDeJ@ woabmwnf;jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? vHkðcHa&; aumifpu D tckvkd uGejf rLepfawG olyek x f jcif;eJ@ u&ifoyl ek x f &ef v_yv f y_ &f &G jG zpfae&jcif;[m qd&k , S f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
105
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
vpfawGudkrkef;vdk@jzpfw,f? tpdk;&xJrSm ygwDorm;awGryg&if at;oGm;vdrfr,fvdk@ ta=umif;jy=u w,fqdkygw,f? rdwˆDvmrSm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHeJ@ ykvdyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;nDvmcHusif;y+yD;/ tJ'DnDvmcHawGrSm Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f eJ@ OD;xGe;f vSatmifw@kd u vH;k òcHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ qH;k jzwfcsuo f abmxm;twdik ;f ajym=u qdk=u jyifqif=uw,fqdkwJh toHawGxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;eJ@ vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumif pD0ifawGu 'DvkòH cHa&;aumifp&D ŒJ qH;k jzwfcsuo f abmxm;[m wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf ,m,DygvrD ef udk ab;z,fxm;+yD; ppfwyf/ ykvdyfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u tm%modrf;&ef=uHjcif;om jzpfw,fv@kd ,q l =uwJt h jyif ppfwyfxrJ mS &Sad ewJh t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS &f JŒacgi;f aqmifwOD;u aemufu, G f uae =oZmay;aew,fvdk@ rouFmjzpf=uw,fqdkygw,f? vHkòcHa&;aumifpD&ŒJ tpDtpOfomatmif jrifoGm;&if e,fcsJŒvkyf}uHr_}uD;atmifjrifoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@vnf; ,lq=uw,fqdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDudk zGJŒvdu k +f yD; vHkòcHa&;aumifpD&JŒ ygwD0ifawGrygaom tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJŒ pnf;a&;t}uHtpnfudk wdkufzsuf&efpOf;pm;=uygw,f? vusfmtE W&m,ftjzpf ±_jrifoHk;oyfylyef=u w,fqdkygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDu ocifEkudk quf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfap&ef/ rvkyfvdk u Adkvfvusfmudk vkyfap&ef/ Adkvfae0if;udk umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;cef@&ef/ OD;wifxGwf tm; EdkifiHa&;jcm; a&;0ef}uD;ae&mu z,f&Sm;+yD; OD;tkef; odk@r[kwf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDu a&G;cs,folwOD;OD;udk cef@xm;&efvnf; qHk;jzwf=uw,fqdkygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpD xJrSmvnf; txufazmfjyygqHk;jzwfcsufawGudkom vufcH oabmwlnDae=uayr,fh rwlnDwmawGvnf; trsm;}uD;vdk@qdkygw,f? wcsdKŒu vusfm tE W&,f udkomwdkufzsufvdk+yD;/ uGefjrLepfeJ@ r& &wJhenf;eJ@ aphpyfvdkolawGjzpf+yD;/ wcsdKŒu vusfmtE W&m,f kd &f r,fv@kd cH,x l m;=uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f ird ;f a&m/ uGejf rLepftE &W m,fa&m ESpcf pk vk;H tðywfwu uawmh ESpfckpvHk; tðywfwdkufa&;orm;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm yk*~dKvfa&;yÉdyuQawG[mvnf; ay:aygufvmjyefw,f/ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ywfouf wJhyÉdyuQjzpfygw,f? Adkvfvusfm u olumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&mxl;u EkwfxGufoGm;&ifawmif/ Adkvfae0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmrSmudk rvdkvm;ovdk/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf prpf'Gef; uvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k kd csO;f uyf+yD; Adv k af e0if;udk umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tjzpf vufrcHEikd af =umif; wifjycJw h ,fv@kd qykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f uawmh Adv k af e0if;udv k v kd m;+yD; umuG,af &;0ef}uD;jzpfapcsif ygw,f? qd&k , S v f pftEG,0f ifjzpfwhJ Adv k af e0if;udk olŒvltjzpfvnf; tcdik t f rmarG;jrLxm;csiyf gw,f? Adv k v f ufusmf uawmh umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tjzpf Adv k af Z,sukd jzpfapcsiw f ,fqykd gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f u Adkvfae0if; ae&m&a&;twGuf tpGrf;ukeóf ud;pm;cJhygw,f? Zlvikd v f ukeyf ikd ;f rSm jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;OD;ausm+f idr;f u 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEq k v D m+yD; Akv d af e0if; udkjzpfjzpf/ AdkvfaZ,sudkjzpfjzpf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; cef@ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkae=u+yD? tajctaeawGu awmh ta&;}uD;ae+yDqdkwJhta=umif; wifjyygw,f? ocifEku 'Davmufta&;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm 'Dvakd wmif;qdv k mwm[m t=uyfuikd w f mbJv@kd cpH m;+yD; b,fou l rkd S rcef@b;l / olw@kd vyk cf si&f mvky=f u ygap? 'dk@rSmvnf; ajcrJhvufrJhrSr[kwfbJvdk@ jiif;y,fw,fqdkygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;u 'Dvdkqdk olwdk@udk 106
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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107
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&if; 'Davmufrsm;rsm;zJŒG pnf;zd@k pdik ;f jyif;vmjcif;[m u&iftrsKd ;om;awGukd ESyd u f yG zf @kd v@kd ,lqw,fqkd ygw,f? tJ'DvdktcsdefrSm vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDxJygolwcsdKŒ v_yf&Sm;vm=uovdk@/ wyfrawmf twGif;rSmvnf; v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfvmygw,f? wyfrawmftwGi;f rSm v_y&f mS ;vmolrsm;[m vuf0EJ , G o f rl sm;eJ@ trsKd ;om;a&;pdwf jyif;xef olrsm;jzpfaeygw,f? olwdk@u tcsdef&Sdwkef; xºuGv_yf&Sm;=urS awmfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqvm=uygw,f? aESmifah ES;ae&if; vuf,morm;rsm;u Armwyfukd vufeufawGord ;f vmrvm;/ vuf,morm;awG vufrOD;cif olwdk@u t&if;OD;atmifodrf;oifhw,fvdk@ wyfwGif;u aqG;aEG;vm=uygw,f/ umuG,f a&;ODpD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;/ avwyf AdkvfcsKyf &SD;±_d/ b&D;a*;'D;,m; apm=um'dk;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;jzpfvmol OD;wifxw G /f ar*sm*sief &,fppf&mxl;ay;xm;wJh &JcsKyfO;D xGe;f vSatmif pwJyh *k K~ v d af wGu Edik if aH wmfvkH òcHa&;aumifpDudk óud;udkifcs,fvS,fae=uw,fvdk@ ,lqxm;=uovdk tJ'Dtkyfpkudk vuf,morm; rsm;vdk@vnf; owfrSwfxm;=uygw,f? wyfrawmftwGif;rSm &mxl;}uD;}uD;&xm;oltcsdKŒ u&if trsdK;om;awGjzpfae=uwmudkvnf; trsdK;om;pdwfjyif;xefolawGu r,Hkr&Jjzpfae=uygw,f? tJ'D vdktajctaeawGaygif;vdkufwJhtcg wyfrª;wyfom;wcsdKŒu tm%modrf;zdk@ aqG;aEG; }uHpnfvm=u awmhw,fqykd gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfae0if;udk acgi;f aqmifxm;+yD; tm%modr;f zd@k wdu k w f eG ;f olawGvnf;ay: vmw,f? tJ'Dvdk wyfrawmftwGif;u pwifjzpfay:vmwJh tm%modrf;a&;t}uHtpnf[m bmrS atmifatmifjrifjrifjzpfrvmwJh vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDwcsdKŒqD ul;puf±kdufcwfvmygw,f? tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk jynfolŒ&Jabmfu Adkvfva&mifuvnf; oabmwlovdk/ uGefjrLepf a[mif;rsm;jzpfwhJ Adv k o f ed ;f wef/ Adv k af tmifrif; wd@k uvnf; oabmusw,fqykd gw,f? OD;ode;fazjrif/h AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&JxGÉf wdk@uvnf; oabmwl=uovdk qdk&S,fvpfwcsdKŒuvnf; axmufcH=uw,fqdk ygw,f? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;aumifpDu =oZm&SdwJh vufeufudkifwyfrsm;eJ tm%modrf;+yD; vuf0JnD !Gwfa&; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJŒpnf;&efjzpfygw,f? tJ'D vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&rS uGefjrLepf olykefrsm;eJ +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfum tpdk;&xJ xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;+yD;/ ygwD0ifawGrygwJh tpdk;&zGJŒpnf;&ef }uHpnfae=uwJh vuf,mtiftm;pkawGukd OD;wnfwu kd cf u kd o f mG ;zd@k tm%mrJah tmifvyk jf ypfz@dk vd@k qykd g w,f? +yD;awmhrSm OD;ausmf+idrf;uae ocifoef;xGef;txd yg0ifEdkifr,fh us,fjyef@wJh vuf0Jtiftm;pk awGudk odrf;oGif;pkpnf;+yD; tm%mtyf&efvdk@qdkygw,f? tJ'v D kd pdwu f ;l eJjyif=uqif=uygw,f? tm%modr;f zd@k yg0if=ur,fh awmfveS af &;wyf&if;rsm; [m =o*kwfv (10) &ufae@ &efukefòrdŒta&muf csDwufvm=u+yD; &efukefòrdŒrSmqHk+yD;wJhaemuf tm%modrf;=u&efjzpfw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfpdefwifacgif;aqmifwJh o&ufòrdŒu Armhaoewfudkifwyf &if; (1) [m &efuek òf rdŒudk tcsed rf q D if;vm+yD;/ r*Fvm'Hrk mS &Sw d hJ Adv k &f x J ÉG f &JŒ wyf&if; (3) eJ@ aygi;f =uzd@k jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk wyfrawmftwGif;u wyfrsm;&JŒv_yf&Sm;vmwJh owif;[m vufawGŒrqifEJ$Edkif ao;rDrmS yJ óudwifowif;aygurf j_ zpfay:vmcJw h ,f? awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f rª; Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmifoif; u Adv k rf ;ª cspfòrdifudkac:,l+yD; wyf&if; (3) u uGefjrLepf Adkvfodef;[m tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyfudk vma&muf pnf;±kH;jcif;/ axmufyHydk@aqmifa&;wyfu armfawmfum;rsm;pDpOfjcif;awGudkaxmufjy+yD; wyf&if; (3) u &efukefòrdŒudkodrf;zdk@ }uH&G,faea=umif; pGyfpGJajymqdkw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfcspfòrdifu tJ'Dvdk owif; aygufaewmudk Adkvf&JxGÉfudk jyefvnfajymqdkw,fqdkygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
109
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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wu,ftm%modr;f zd@k tcdik t f rmjyifqif=uawmhvnf; Adv k af e0if;ujiif;y,fco hJ vdk ygr,f ajymxm;wJh wcsdKŒwyf&if;rª;rsm;[m rygawmhbl;vdk@qdkygw,f? Adkvfae0if; rygawmhbl;vdk@qdkwmu rydik rf Edik b f J awmfveS =f u&if vuf,mtkypf u k tóuduaf wGŒoGm;vdrrf ,f? Edik if jH cm;ppfu, l +l yD; vuf0J tkypf rk eS o f r#ukd òz;d cGi;f jypfEikd w f ,fv@kd ,lqwJt h wGuaf =umifq h ykd gw,f? wyf&if; (3) xJrmS vnf; tm%m odrf;,la&;t}uHtpnfudk vufcHoleJ@ vufrcHol ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;ygw,f? wyf&if;rª; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD; &JxÉG u f tm%modr;f a&;t,ltqudk qkyu f ikd +f yD; 'kw, d wyf&if;rª; Adv k rf ;ª cspòf rdiu f tm%modr;f a&; qef@usifoljzpfvmygw,f? yJcl;rSm&SdwJh wyf&if; (6) rSmvnf; vufcHoleJ@ vufrcHol&Sdvmygw,f? wyf&if;rª; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;wifOD;eJ@ Adkvfrª;wifarmifwdk@u tm%modrf;,la&;udk vufrcHolawGjzpfvm ygw,f? Adv k &f x J ÉG ef J Adv k af Z,s [m tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOf owif;aygu=f um;ae+yD;jzpfwt hJ wGuf awmcdzk @kd qH;k jzwfvu kd yf gw,f? Adv k af Z,s[m ppf±;kH u ppfO;D pD;t&m&Sd yxrwef;jzpfygw,f? Adv k &f x J ÉG f u wyf&if;(3) wyf&if;rª;jzpfygw,f? =o*kwv f (8)&ufae@rmS o&ufòrdŒu Armhaoewfuikd w f yf&if; (1) eJ@ r*Fvm'Hk u wyf&if;(3) wjcrf;[m awmcdkwyfjzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f? o&ufu Adkvfpdefwif acgif;aqmifwJh wyf&if; (1) [m &efukef&ŒJ ajymif;vJoGm;wJh tajc taeudkrodbJ x&yfum;awGeJ@ &efukefudkqif;vm=uygw,f? om,m0wDrSmawGŒ&wJh tapmifhwyf wwyfqu D vufeufawGord ;f ,lc=hJ u+yD; vrf;rSm tusO;f axmifawGziG +hf yD;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGukd v$waf y;cJ=h uygw,f? tpd;k &u qif;vmwJh Adv k pf ed w f if&ŒJ wyfukd qD;wdu k zf @kd avwyfu av,mOfEpS pf ;D udv k w $ +f yD; pufaoewfe@J typfcikd ;f ygw,f? av,mOfEpS pf ;D 0Jvmwmudk tóudvmw,fxif+yD; wyf&if; (1) u vufjya0&rf; E_wq f uf=uw,fqykd gw,f? pufaoewfe@J av,mOfysaH y:uae tqufrjywf ypfawmhrS ykef;a&Smifajy;v$m;=u&w,fqdkygw,f? AdkvfaZ,s Adkvf&JxGÉf wdk@ awmcdkzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwJhtcg tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOftwGuf t"du ZmwfaumifwaumifjzpfcJhwJh OD;odef;azjrifh [m awmxJudkrvdkuf&JawmhbJ r*Fvm'Hkuae vSnfhjyefoGm;ygw,f? r*Fvm'Hkwyf&if; (3) eJ@ trSwf (2) *sDtD;wyfcGJu t&m&Sd t=uyfwyfom;wcsdKŒ yJcl;wyf&if; (6) u t&m&SdeJ@ &JŒabmfwcsdKŒ pkpkaygif;tif;tm; (350) avmuf[m ppfum; (32) pD;eJ@ awmcdk=u ygw,f? AdkvfaZ,seJ@ Adkvf&JxGÉfwdk@ uOD;pD;ygw,f? wyf&if; (3) [m Adkvfpdefwif OD;pD;wJh wyf&if;(1) eJ@aygif;zdk@ jynfvrf;r}uD;twdkif; ajrmifzufudk OD;wnfcsDwufvmygw,f? tpdk;&eJ@ wyfrawmf (av) u av,mOfrsm;eJ@ 0g;eufacsmif;teD;rSm vdkufvHwdkufcdkufacsrªef;zdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f? awmcd&k mudv k u kd rf oGm;awmhwhJ OD;ode;f azjrifu h kd vuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumifprD mS tzGŒJ 0ifwOD; tjzpf yg0ifcJhzl;wJh jynfxJa&0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;u wyf&if; (3) udk ajr‡mufay;cJhw,fqdkwJh pGyfpGJcsuf eJ@twl zrf;qD;+yD; axmifxo J iG ;f vdu k yf gw,f? tpnf;ta0;&Sv d @kd vdu k cf zhJ @kd vdrn f mrSm=um;+yD; olŒtdrf u um;udak wmif aoaocsmcsmv$waf y;+yD;rS ODausm+f idr;f u olŒtdrt f aygu0f ra&mufrrDS mS ykvyd rf sm; udk toifhapmifhzrf;apcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 110
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
'DvdkeJ@ wyfrawmfvuf0JnD!Gwfa&; (9) OD;aumfrDwDqdkwm ysuft+yD; r=umcifrSmyJ vuf0J nD!Gwfa&;aumifpDqdkwmvnf; edXdwHoGm;ygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unmt+yD; (7) v ausmfausmf twGi;f rSmyJ vufeufuikd af wmcdo k mG ;=u&wJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awG[mvnf; rsm;oxufrsm;vm&ygawmh w,f? yxrqHk; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tJ'Daemuf &JabmfjzL/ u&ifppf&J/ autif'Dtdk/ awmcdkwyf rawmfqdkwmawG jzpfvm&ygawmhw,f? awmcdkwyfrawmfay:vm+yD;wJhaemuf u&ifrsm;&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? 'g[mvnf; obm0uswu hJ pd w P ckv@kd qd&k ygvrd rf ,f? ArmvlrsKd ;tzGŒJ tpnf;pH&k ŒJ vufeufuikd t f iftm; pkrsKd ;pHak y:ayguv f mcsed rf mS u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm; vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;vm=uwm[mvnf; obm0uswhJ udpw P cktjzpfyJ ±_jrif&ygvrd rhf ,f? ud, k t hf iftm;pkukd ud, k }f uD;xGm;atmifvyk =f uovdk ud, k =hf oZm&Sd atmif xlaxmifvm=u csJŒxGifvm=uwmawG qufwdkufjzpfay:vmygw,f? =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒ e,ferdwftwGif; nrxGuf&trdef@ xkwfjyefvdkuf&yg w,f? Armwyfrawmfxu J wyfwcsKd Œ awmcdw k t hJ wGuf wyfrawmfppfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f u u&if aoewfuikd w f yf&if;awGukd vufeuf}uD;eJ@ pufaoewfawG zG@J pnf;yHx k ufausmv f eG +f yD; xkwaf y;w,f vdk@qdkygw,f? =o*kwfv (14) &ufae@rSm u&ifppf&Jrsm;u wHGaw;òrdŒudk odrf;ydkufygw,f? =o*kwfv (16) &ufae@rmS Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;wifxÉG f 0ef}uD;&mxl;u w&m;0ifEw _ x f u G +f yD; ppfwyfxaJ &muf oGm;ygw,f? ujym;aygi;f pHek @J zGŒJ pnf;xm;wJh ,lattuf(zf)rSm wyfrif;}u;D jzpfomG ;ygw,f? =o*kwv f (20) &ufrmS armfcsD;rdkifudk autif'Dtdkrsm;u odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uovdk oxkHc±dkifwckvHk;[mvnf; autif'Dtdkrsm; vufatmufa&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;wdk@&JŒ v_yf&Sm;vmr_eJ@twl a&SŒqifhaemufqifh v_yf&Sm;vmwmu rGeftrsdK; om;rsm;jzpfygw,f? rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;[m &mrnwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m rGeftoif;/ rGeftzGJŒaygif;csKyf/ rGefwdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t±kH;/ rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJŒ/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJŒ/ rGefqdk&S,ftoif;/ jynfaxmifpkrGeftoif;/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ/ jynfaxmifpkrGeftzGJŒcsKyf pwJhtoif;tzGJŒ}uD; (9)zGJŒeJ@ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk aqmif&u G cf =hJ uygw,f? u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;u u&ifjynfe,f&&Sad &; awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;vm=ucsed rf mS / e,fajrcsi;f wqufwpyfwnf;jzpfwhJ rGet f rsKd ;om;rsm;uvnf; rGejf ynfe,f&&Sad &;udk aqmif&u G v f m =ujcif;jzpfygw,f? oxHkc±dkifrSm autif'Dtdkrsm; awmfvSefv_yf&Sm;vm=uwmeJ@wòydifeufrSm rGef vufeufudkiftzGJŒrsm;jzpf=uwJh rGefwdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t±Hk;eJ@ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ awmcdkv_yf&Sm; vm=uygw,f? rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒ[m autif'Dtdkrsm;eJ@yl;aygif;+yD; oxHkc±dkifudk odrf;ydkufygw,f? armfvòrdifbufrSmvnf; ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG oGufoGufvufvuf taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? jynfolŒv$wfawmftrwfjzpfwJh awmfcdk&JabmfjzL AdkvfpdefxGef;u jynfaxmifpkppf&J wyf&if; (16) eJ@aygi;f +yD; anmifwek ;f / yef;waemf/ "EkjzL wd@k ukd odr;f ydu k v f u kd yf gw,f/ =o*kwv f (21) &ufae@rmS oxHkeJ@ usdKufcrD&Sd u&ifppf&Jrsm; twdtvif;ykefuef+yD; tpkd;&udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufvmygw,f? OD;wifxÉG f Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;u w&m;0ifEw _ x f u G o f mG ;+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf ,m,DEikd if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;jzpfvmwJh pyfceG cf sKd [m xdik ;f -jrefrm rdwq f ufc&D;tjzpf befaumufuo kd mG ;a&muf+yD; =o*kwf v (24) &ufae@rSm xdkif;-jrefrm oHwrefqufqHa&;udk pwifygw,f? =o*kwfv (25) &ufae@rSm teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
111
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
u&ifeDjynfe,f&JŒ tajctae[mvnf; v_yf&Sm;vmwJhtwGuf rm&S,favmppfOya' xkwfvdkuf&yg awmhw,f? (30) &ufae@rSm yef;vHkeJ@ vG,fvif&Sd jynfaxmifpkppfwyfu u&ifppf&Jrsm; awmcdk=uyg w,f? tpdk;&u trf;ykvdyf (Armed Police) vdk@ac:wJh vufeufudkif oD;oef@wyfzGJŒeJ@ aomif;usef;r_ ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;wyfzŒJG awGuakd ygi;f +yD; jynfaxmifppk pf&w J yfrsm;tjzpf zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? vuf eufudkiftHkºuGr_rsm; tawmrowfEdkifatmif aygufuGJay:xGufvmcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf&if; (20) &if;&Syd gw,f? o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;wyf&if;eJ@ tcsujf y qufo, G af &;wyf&if;awG udzk ,fvu kd &f if wdkufcdkufa&;wyf&if;csnf; (16) &if; zGJŒpnf;+yD;om;&Sdygw,f? &Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;&JŒ ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;r_udk cHcJh&zl;wJh ytdk0fhrsdK;cspfrsm;vnf; jyefvnf v_yf&Sm;vm+yD; autif'Dtdkrsm;eJ@ aygif;qufrdum vufeufudkifvm=uygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fxJrSm v_yf&Sm;Edk;ºuGvmwJh ytdkifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJŒrsm;[m &Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;eJ@ e,fajrawGudk wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k =f uwJt h wGuf wcsKd ŒapmfbmG ; òrdŒpm;rsm;[m olw@kd &ŒJ a[mfeef;awGrmS awmif rae0Hh avmufatmif jzpfay:vmygw,f? oxkHbufu ytdk0fhrsm;u autif'DtdkeJ@ aygif;qufv_yf&Sm;vm ovdk &Sr;f jynfbufu ytd0k rhf sm;[mvnf; autif't D rkd sm;eJ@ wGq J ufrv d m+yD; olw@dk &ŒJ trsKd ;om;a&; qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ aqmif&Gufvm=uygw,f? u&ifeDjynfe,frSmvnf; u&ifeDv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ ya'gif;tHkºuGr_}uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmygw,f? pufwifbm (1) &ufae@rSm u&ifppf&Jrsm;u rGef/ autif'Dtdkrsm;eJ@twl armfvòrdifòrdŒudk odrf;ydkufyg w,f? tpdk;&uvnf; tHkºuGvmr_awGudk ESdrfeif;zdk@ jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if; (ucsif) eJ@ (csif;) udk pwifzŒJG pnf;jyefygw,f? wzufu +idr;f csr;f a&;pum;awGajymae=uayr,fh tjcm;wzufu tjyeft vSef tiftm;pkaqmif;ae=uygw,f? awmifydkif;wdkif; ppfe,fajrwckvHk;twGif;rSm vufeufudkiftif tm;pkrsm;u òrdŒ&Gme,fy,fa'oawGudk odrf;ydkufvdkuf/ tpdk;&wyfrsm; jyefvnfxdk;ppfqifodrf;ydkuf vdkufeJ@ aoewfoHawGnHaecJhygw,f? pufwifbm (2) &ufygvDrefxJrSm ocifEku Auy [m tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ =oZmcHjzpf aeyHk &Sif;vif;ajymqkd ±_wfcsygw,f? tJ'Dae@rSmyJ Auy u xef;wyifudk0ifwdkufygw,f? autif't D rkd sm;u/ uavmteD; v,fjyifbw l m/ yifavmif;e,f vkjH yif wk@d ukd 0ifwu kd o f vdk aumhu&dwf/ zmyGef/ a&$usif/ ausmuf}uD; wdk@udkvnf; 0ifodrf;ygw,f? 1948-49 b¾ma&;ESpt f wGuf buf*suv f akd iG (10) ukaÉausmw f ,fv@kd b¾ma&;0ef}uD; u ygvDrefrSmwifjyygw,f? v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifvkyfa&;Oya'=urf;udk ygvDrefu a=unmygw,f? a'oqdkif&m autif'DtdkwyfzGJŒrsm;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufr_awGudk autif'Dtdk A[dk acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdef;odrf;zdk@óud;pm;=uwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? apmbOD;}uD;eJ@ autif'Dtdkacgif; aqmifrsm;u tpdk;&eJ@ oxHk&Sd autif'DtdkawG=um; em;vnfr_&atmif aphpyfjzefajzay;ygw,f? tJ'h t D csed t f xd autif't D t kd zGŒJ csKy[ f m vufeufuikd ef nf;eJ@ u&ifjynfe,fjy\emudak jz&Si;f zk@d OD;wnf aqmif&Gufvdkjcif;r&Sdao;yg? pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@rSm ykodrfòrdŒrSm autif'Dtdk ta&;ay:nDvmcHusif;yygw,f? oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,f&&Sad &;udk av;av;eufeuf awmif;qdyk gw,f? vufeufuikd af omif;use;f r_awG udk ±_wfcsa=umif;eJ@ vlrsdK;a&;t"du±k%f;rsm;udk qefusifa=umif; w&m;0if azmfxkwfwifjycJhygw,f? 112
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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113
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115
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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wdik ;f vdu k ef m=uzd@k toHvi$ ahf jym=um;ygw,f? &JabmfjzLwcsKd Œu vufc=H uayr,fh &JabmfjzLwcsKd Œu vufrcH=ubJ qufvufwdkufyGJqif=uygw,f? tpdk;&uvnf; yk'fr(5)eJ@ zrf;xm;wJh &JabmfjzLwcsdKŒ udk jyefvw $ w f m/ Edik if aH &;orm;wcsKd Œudk jyefvw $ w f mvkyyf gw,f? u&ift h a&;udk t"duxm;udik w f , G f Edkifzkd@ vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;wcsdKŒudk tav#mhtwif;vkyfay;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? &JabmfjzL 'kwd,OuUÏ Adkvfva&mif&JŒ toHv$ifhajym=um;csuf xGufay:rvmcifuav;rSm ta&;}uD;tjzpftysufwckay:cJhygw,f? ucsifjynfe,f OuUÏ qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemif &JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk xH wifjycsufjzpfygw,f// ol&JŒtwGif;0ef vbef*a&mif;u tpD&ifcHpma&;+yD; wifjycJhwmudk 0ef}uD;csKyfqD today;wifjycJhwmvdk@qdkygw,f? Edk0ifbmv (28) &ufae@rSm wifjycJhwmjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;u vbef*a&mif;udk u&ifo[m,uvyfudk vma&mufzdk@ zdwf=um;+yD; uvyfrSm autif't D kd OuUÏ ref;bZH/ q&momxd/k apm[efwmomar$; pwJh u&ifacgi;f aqmifrsm;u autif'D tdrk sm;&JŒ wdu k yf rJG sm;udk ucsirf sm;u ulnzD @kd ppfual wmif;=uw,fqw kd t hJ a=umif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd u&ifrsm;&JŒ ucsirf sm;udk pnf;±k;H awmif;cHjcif;owif;udk =um;od+yD;+yD;csi;f 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k Adv k cf sKyf ae0if;/ Adv k af tmif}uD; wd@k uakd c:,l+yD; 1949 Zefe0g&D (31) &ufxufaemufrusapbJ vdo k r#wyfrsm; zGJŒpnf;ay;zdk@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? t&ifuwnf;u zGJŒpnf;zdk@ w&m;0if trdef@xkwfxm;cJh+yD; ppf0ef xrf;wyf (52) wyftjyif aemufxyf (49) wyfzGJŒpnf;zdk@ trdef@cscJhygw,f? tm;vHk; ppf0efxrf;wyf zGJŒ (100) ausmf&SdapcJhygw,f? 1948 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (4) &ufae@rmS awmh Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k “e,faygi;f pHu k &wJh owif;rsm;t& jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH [m &ifrat;zG,&f m tifrwefq;kd 0g;wJt h ajctaeudk a&mufae yg+yD” vdk@ a=unmvdkufygw,f? 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@rmS q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f }uD;rª;wJh +idr;f csr;f om,ma&;tzGŒJ u +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; axmufcHyGJusif;y+yD;/ ydkrdkjyif;xefvmr,fh jynfwGif;ppfrD;v#Hudk wm;qD;zdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;toHudkay;ygw,f? 'DZifbm (8) &ufae@rSm ocifEkaetdrfrSm zqyv tzGJŒcsKyf tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒtpnf; ta0;usi;f y+y;D vufiif;Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk jywfjywfom;om;ajz&Si;f a&; aqG;aEG;=uw,fqykd gw,f? apmbOD;}uD;acgif;aqmifwJh autif'Dtdkacgif;aqmifrsm;u awmufavmifvmaewJh ppfrD; &Sed u f t kd &Sed o f wfEikd zf @kd wwfEikd o f r# óud;pm;cJ=h uygw,f? atmufwb kd mvxJwek ;f uwnf;u apmbOD; }uD;[m 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk tygt0if ucsi/f &Sr;f / rGe/f jrefrm acgi;f aqmifawGukd zdw=f um;+yD; npmpm;yGJ wnf;cif;{nfc&H if; ajyvnf&majyvnfa=umif; óud;pm;cJyh gw,f? u&ifrsm;&JŒ rtlyifaiGwu kd f azmuf +yD;,loGm;r_twGuf v,f{u (1000) a&mif;+yD; av#mfa=u;ay;zdk@odrf;oGm;wJh aoewfawGudk (2)v twGi;f jyeftyfcikd ;f zd@k olóud;pm;tm;xkwrf ,fqw kd m uwday;cJyh gw,f? u&ifacgi;f aqmif apmom'ife@J q&momxdw k @kd u owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;wdu k rf mS owif;pmq&mrsm;a&SŒrSm “u&ifArm txif rvG=J ubJ arwWmjzift h vkyv f yk =f uzd@k ” 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@rmS ajymqdyk gw,f? 'DZifbmv (18) &uf ae@rmS u&ifa&;&m0ef}uD; refbqdik u f vnf; owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;wdu k rf mS yJ u&ifArmcsp=f unf a&; &Si;f vif;ajym=um;r_awGvyk yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh tajctaeawGu wae@wjcm; ±_yaf xG;vdr, f u S v f m aeygw,fyJajym&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? ppfoHeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;toH nD!Gwfa&;oHawG[m vHk;axG;&pf 116
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ywf a'G;a&m,SufwifjzpfaecJhygw,f? ESpfbufpvHk;[m tjyeftvSef tjynfht0 r,Hk=unfEdkifp&m awG&SdaecJh=uygw,f? tpdk;&bufuae=unfhwJhtcgusawmhvnf; vufeufudkifaomif;usef;olrsm; [m òrdŒodr;f / &Gmodr;f / aiGwu kd af zmufvyk if ef;rsm;udk tqufrjywfvyk af e=u+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd a*smufxJ wGef;csae=uw,fvdk@jrifygw,f? vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;ae=uoltm;vHk;udk ‘aomif;usef;olawG’ tjzpfyJ oabmxm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepf/ jynfoŒl &Jabmf/ awmcdw k yfrawmf/ awmcku d &ifppf&/J awmcdk autif't D /kd eJ@vrl sKd ;pkvufeufuikd f ykeu f efaeolawGtm;vH;k udk odr;f óuH;+yD; “a&mifpo kH yl ek ”f “a&mifpkH aomif;usef;olawG”vdk@ uif;yGefwyfac:a0:ygw,f? rv$Jom ra&Smifom +idrfcsrf;a&;pum; nD!Gwf a&;pum; ajym=um;vm&wJt h cgrmS vnf; ‘vufeufcsvmyg’ ‘tvif;0ifvmyg’ ‘vGw+f idr;f csr;f om cGifh trdef@xkwfay;xm;ygw,f’ qdkwmawGudkyJ ajym=um;avh&SdcJhygw,f? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGbufu=unfw h t hJ cgusawmhvnf; zqyv tpk;d & [m tifrwef uvdrfuswJhtpkd;&yJjrifygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&[m qdk&S,fvpfawGtkyfpD;xm;wJh tpd;k &jzpf+yD; qd&k , S v f pfawGu òydib f ufEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtay: vufO;D r_,l ajcr_e;f a&;udb k v J yk f aqmif+yD; tm%mudk &moufyef vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;csif=uw,fvdk@jrifygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGudk awmxJarmif;ydck w hJ m/ &JabmfjzLawGuakd wmxJarmif;ydck w hJ mawG[m vufawGŒom"uawGjzpf+yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;xuf tðywfwu kd af &;udo k m t+rw J rf;vH;k yrf;ae=uolawGv@kd ,lqygw,f? ppfwyfawGuo kd m wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;ae+yD;/ wu,fhppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ nD!Gwfa&;udk &vdk ,lvdk wnfaqmufvdkolawG r[kwfvdk@ tajzxGufygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m ykdrdkt&Sdef&vmcJhygw,f? vwfwavmxdyfa&mufvmcJhwJh u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm; jy\em[mvnf; wpwp ydrk ekd uf±i_d ;f vmcJyh gw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k u&if/ rGef/ &cdkifrsm;twGuf jynfe,fzGJŒay;a&; oabmxm;usvm+yD; aumfolav;e,ferdwfowfrSwfa&; aumfr&SifqdkwmeJ@ jynfe,fpHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sifqdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;ay;cJhayr,fh 'Daumfr&Sifrsm;[m jy\emrsm;udk ajyvnfatmifajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhr,fr[kwfwm olŒ[molŒvnf; oabmayguf+yD; jzpfygw,f? tajccHukd udik w f , G w f o hJ abmr[kwyf J ,m,Dxu G af ygu&f mS wJo h abm ta=umif;jycsuf wckay; ac|;ody+f yD; tcsed q f w JG o hJ abmomjzpfaecJygw,f? tajccHta=umif;u u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm; u u&ifjynfe,fudkvdkcsifwmjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'xJrSm owfowfrSwfrSwf azmfjyxm;jcif;rcH&ao;wJhtwGuf *k%feJ@j'yfeJ@udkufnDwJh u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ pdwfqENeJ@vnf; avsmfnDwJh u&ifjynfe,f&&Sdcsifwmjzpfygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&ay;csifwmu odk@r[kwf ay;Edkifw,f qdkwmu u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ pdwfqENeJ@ trsm;}uD;a0;uGmjcm;em;aeygw,f? u&ifjynfe,fzGJŒ pnf;ay;r,f? zG@J pnf;cGiu hf v kd ufcw H ,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'zD ŒJG pnf;vdu k w f hJ u&ifjynfe,f[m jynfaxmifpk xJu cGx J u G v f u kd cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG &hf &dS r,fqw kd hJ autif,&l ŒJ awmif;qdck suu f kd vufrcHEikd v f @kd qykd gw,f? u&ifjynfe,fxrJ mS yg0ifr,fh e,fajra'oudprP mS vnf; Armjynfw0ufavmufe;D yg;&Sad evd@k oabm rwlEikd v f @kd qykd gw,f? aumfoal v;e,ferdwo f wfrw S af &;aumfr&Siu f axmufcrH ,fh a'orsm;udo k m u&ifjynfe,fxJ xnfah y;zd@k tpd;k &uqH;k jzwfxm;w,fqykd gw,f? (wu,fu e,fajra'oudp[ P m e,fajra'owGif;&Sd jynfolvlxktm;vHk;&JŒqENudk azmfxkyf+yD; qENcH,l+yD; oufqdkif&m um,uH&Sif tm;vHk;eJ@ n‡dE_dif;qHk;jzwf taumiftxnfazmf&if tcsdefumvwckrSm +yD;pD;ajz&Sif;EdkifwJh udpPjzpfyg teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
117
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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w,f? wzufu ‘&udk&&r,f’/ tjcm;wzufu ‘ay;udkray;Edkifbl;’ vdk@ ajymvdk@qdkvdk@jzpfwJhudpP r[kwfpaumif;yg?) tJ'Dawmh ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGifhray;Edkif’ qdkwJhtcsufeJ@ ‘e,fajrudpP’[m tc&mjzpfusecf yhJ gw,f? ‘e,fajrudp’P [m tcsed w f ckct k wGi;f ndE‡ i_d ;f ajz&Si;f zd@k ,m,Dz,fxm;=unfh r,fq&kd if ‘cGx J u G v f u kd cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG ’hf qdw k muaum zqyvtpd;k &u vH;k 0rvdu k af vsmEdik w f t hJ csuf tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& ‘&Srf;jynfe,feJ@ u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f ESpfckuvGJ+yD; cGJxGufydkifcGifhudk todtrSwfðyxm;wmr&Sdvdk@qdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'Dvdk oabmxm;tjrifut kd ajccH+yD; ‘u&ifjynfe,f’&&Sad &;v_y&f mS ;r_/ awmif;qdrk /_ óud;yrf;tm;xkwrf a_ wG tay: zqyvtpdk;&u ‘rjzpfEdkifaomawmif;qdkr_’ ‘vdkufavsmvdk@rjzpfEdkifaomawmif;qdkr_’ vdk@ aumufcsufqGJowfrSwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Dvdk aumufcsufowfrSwfr_awGtay:uae ajz&Sif;zdk@ a&G; cs,fvdkufwJhvrf;a=umif;uvnf; vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;vmr_awGudk acsr_ef;a&;qdkwmyJjzpfoGm;yg awmhw,f? ‘rvdkufavsmEdkifwJhawmif;qdkr_’ tjzpf owfrSwfqGJudkifxm;+yD;/ tJ'D pGJudkifxm;wJh rl atmufuae vkyfaqmifw,fqdkwJh +idrf;csrf;a&; aphpyfajy+idrf;a&;awG rSefor#[m twif;em;cswm odk@r[kwf wzufvSnfheJ@ vSnfhywf+yD; vufcHcdkif;wmomjzpf&ygawmhw,f? ppfrSefr#wwJhtajzudk b,fvdkr# ra&mufEdkifawmhyg? 1948 ckEpS u f ek t f xd tajctaeud=k unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if zqyvtpd;k &&JŒ vkyaf qmif taumif txnfazmfcJhcsufrsm;[m bmrS r,fr,f&& atmifjrifwdk;wufvmwmrawGŒ&yJ trsdK;om;aoG;uGJ r_}uD;om ydrk }kd uD;rm;us,jf yef@vmwmawGŒ&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; ayguzf mG ;vmcJ&h +yD; jynfov l x l k w&yfvHk; ppfab;ppf'%foifh=u&ygw,f? ppfudk zefwD;cJhwJholawGudk,fwdkif ppfrD;v#Hrsm;&JŒ avmif òrduf0g;òrdr_/ ppfrD;jyef[yfvmr_'%f óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifvm&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfrsm;udk awmwGif;armif;ydk@ vdkufwJhtwGuf jzpfay:vmwJh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk ESdrfESif;Edkifzdk@ tm;xkwfvm&ygw,f? ta&;ay:vufeufudkif vJ+AD;wyf&if; (18) &if;zGJŒ+yD; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufxm;&SdcJh&m uae/ wyfrawmfae&m tpm;xd;k toH;k ðyEdik zf @kd atmufwb kd m (1) &ufae@up+yD; umuG,af &;0ef}uD; Xmeatmuf v$aJ jymif;ay;cJ&h ygw,f? uGejf rLepfawGukd jywfjywfom;om;wdu k Ef ikd af &;twGuf ‘oH;k v twGi;f tðywfwu kd rf nf’ ‘ajcmufvtwGi;f tðywfwu kd rf nf’ ‘wESpt f wGi;f tðywfwu kd rf nf’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGukd ajymif;ajymif;ajymum azmfxw k w f u kd yf q JG if&if; tpd&k ud, k w f ikd v f nf; &efoal wG omydkrdkrsm;rsm;vmcJh+yD;/ t=uyftwnf;awG óuHvm&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGudkwdkufzdk@ tpdk;&udk,f wdkif&JŒ xyfrHwyfqifay;vdkufwJh vufeufawGeJ@ &JabmfjzLawGawmcdk=uwmjrif&+yD;/ tpdk;&wzGJŒvHk; rsufvHk;jyL; rsufqHjyL;jzpfcJh&ygw,f? udk,fhtukodkvf udk,fhjyeftusdK;ay;wm jrefjrefqefqefóuHawGŒ cJ&h ygw,f? uGejf rLepfuw kd u kd zf @kd topfxw k w f yfqifay;xm;wJh vufeufawGukd tjynft h 0udik af qmif xm;wJh ‘u&ifppf&J’rsm; ykefuefv_yf&Sm;vm=uawmhvnf; ajcrudkifrDvufrudkifrD xyfjzpf=u+yD; bDwDtuf(zf)wyf&if;awG wdk;zGJŒ&jyefygw,f? 48 ckESpf ESpfukefrSm ppf0efxrf;wyf&if;aygif; (100) ausmfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;pum; nD!Gwfa&;pum;awG wzGzGajymae&if;=um;u/ +idrf;csrf;wJh t&dyt f a&mif nD!w G rf ,ft h &dyt f a&mif rawGŒjrif&bJ ppfwyfawGom wd;k wd;k zGŒJ vmwm wd;k wd;k +yD;ay: vmwmjrif&ygw,f? vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawG ykefuefqef@usifol tzGJŒtpnf;awGom wae@ wjcm; rsm;jym;vmcJh+yD; awma&mòrdŒyg ae@pOfnquf aoewfoHawGqufvmcJhygw,f? 118
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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119
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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cGiu hf t kd oH;k ðy+y;D tif;pderf mS tcdik t f rmpk±;Hk a&muf&v dS mw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:c±dik f wcsKd Œu autif'Dtdk wyfrsm;a&m/ oxHkc±dkifbufu autif'Dtkdwyfrsm;yg wHGaw;/ pmbl;awmif;wdk@u wqifh tif;pdefudka&muf&Sdvm=uw,fqdkygw,f? tif;pdefrSm&SdwJh u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;&JŒ tultnD awmif;csut f & umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;Edik zf @kd pk±;Hk a&muf&adS e=uw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f// tJ'v D kd tajct aejzpfay:vmaewmudk tpdk;&uvnf; vufrcHEdkifbJ ‘ppf0efxrf;’ wyfwcsdKŒ tif;pdefudk apv$wf+yD; aiGwu kd ef @J tpd;k &taqmuftOD;awGukd apmihaf &Smufz@kd wm0efay;ygw,f? tJ'v D kd ppf0efxrf;wyfawG a&muf&Sdvmjcif;udk autif'Dtkd wdk@uvnf; olwdk@udkESdyfuGyfzdk@vdk@ ,lqygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh tif;pdef rSm ppf0efxrf;wyfeJ@ autif'Dtdk wdk@t=um; roifhrjrwf jzpfvm=uygw,f? yÉdyuQawG ay:vm cJhygw,f? tpdk;&u tpdk;&xdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;/ wyfrawmft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ autif'Dtdk acgif;aqmif rsm;yg yg0ifwhJ &SpOf ;D aumfrwDz@JG +yD; aphpyfajz&Si;f zd@k óud;pm;w,fqykd gw,f? tJ'D (8)OD;aumfrwD&ŒJ t"du wm0efu tif;pderf mS autif't D akd wG pk±;kH a&muf&adS ejcif;[m ta&;tcif;}u;D wck jzpfyGm;ay:ayguf ap&ef ta=umif;&Sdvdk@ oufqdkif&mae&mrsm;odk@ autif'Dtdk wyfzGJŒ0ifawGudk jyefydk@zdk@jzpfygw,f? wif;rmvmaewJh roifjh rwfra_ wG=um;rSm &SpOf ;D aumfrwD&ŒJ aqmif&u G cf suaf wGvnf; ratmifjrifEikd f atmifjzpfcJhygw,f? Zefe0g&v D (16) &ufae@rmS Armha&wyfrawmfu u&iftrsKd ;om; Adv k af pm*suf acgi;f aqmif +yD; a&wyfoabFmESppf ;D ykeu f ef+yD;/ autif't D kd (2000) avmuf ykord u f kd wdu k cf u kd zf @kd óud;pm;ygw,f? awmifirl mS pcef;csxm;wJh trSw(f 1) u&ifaoewfuikd f wyf&if;uvnf; w&if;vH;k ykeu f ef+yD; Zefe0g&D (27)rSm awmifiludkodrf;ygw,f? Zefe0g&D (30) &ufrSmawmh tif;pdefw0dkufu ordkif;/ c0J+cH/ apmfbGm;}uD;ukef; pwJh qifajczHk; &yfuGufawGrSm wdkufyGJi,fawG pwifjzpfyGm;vm+yD; ‘&SpfOD;aumfrwD’ óud;yrf;csufvnf; ysufjym; oGm;ygawmhw,f? (31)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef; eJ@ 'kwd,Adkvfr–;}uD;eJ@ txuft&m&Sd}uD;awG ‘jynfaxmifpk ppf±Hk;’rSm qlylrlawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tpnf;ta0; w&ufusif;yygw,f? tpnf;ta0; u wyfrawmf[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'eJ@ Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tay: opPmapmifo h &d ef/ vlrsKd ;a&; t"du±k%f;rsm; ray:aygufatmif wm;qD;&ef qHk;jzwf=uygw,f? ‘vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;eJ@ wdkif; jynf&JŒajctae’ qdkwJhpmwrf;udkvnf; jzef@a0aqG;aEG; =uw,fqdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tpdk;&[m wyfrawmf twGi;f &Sd u&ift&m&S}d uD;awGukd ,H=k unfrr_ &Sad wmhyg? u&if&aJ bmfrsm;udv k nf; ,H=k unf r_r&Sdawmhyg? tpdk;&u u&ifwyfrsm;u vufeufawG jyefvnf;odrf;,lzdk@ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@rSmyJ trde@f xw k jf yef+yD; pwifvy_ &f mS ;ygw,f? tJ'aD e@rmS bJ r*Fvm'Hk qufo, G af &;wyf&if;u u&if&aJ bmf rsm;[m vufeuftðzwfrcHbJ t&m&Sw d OD;udk ypfowf+yD; vufeufawG,al qmifum tif;pdeòf rdŒwGi;f u autif'DtdkawGqD 0ifa&mufoGm;=uygw,f? 1949 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (31)&ufae@rmS yJ emrnfausmt f if;pdew f u kd yf }JG u;D pwif&ygawmhw,f? Adkvfrª;pdk;&/ Adkvf!Gef@0if;/ AdkvfpHvSabmf/ Adkvfausmf'ifwdk@ OD;pD;wJh jynfaxmifpk ppf&Jwyf&if;u ordkif;/ c0J+cHudk 0dkif;xm;+yD; u&ifrsm;udk vufeufcscdkif;ygw,f? vufeufrcsbJ usdKufuvm;eJ@ tif;pdef vrf;axmifh &xm;wGJysufrsm;&Sd&m ae&mtxd wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;+yD;/ ppf&Jwyfu e*g;/ ol&d,/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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a&$jynfat; pwJh oHcsyfum; (8) pD;eJ@ pwifwdkufcdkufygw,f? u&ifrsm;uvnf; tjyif;txef jyefvnfwdkufcdkufygw,f? 'Dvekd @J u&ifah wmfveS af &;[mvnf; tcdik t f rm pwifay:ayguv f m&ygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&v D (1)&ufae@rSm ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;udk OD;pD;csKyfppfaoemywd tjzpfuae tem;ay;vdkuf+yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk OD;pD;csKyftjzpf zqyv tpdk;&u wm0efay; cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? aomif;usef;r_ rSefor#udk tjrpfðywfwdkufcdkufzdk@qdk+yD; tm%mtyfESif;ay;vdkufygw,f? Adkvfae0if; wm0efpwifxrf;aqmifwJh azazmf0g&Dv (1)&ufae@rSmyJ txufArmEdkifiH aròrdŒrSm &SdwJh u&ifwyfrsm;udk vufeufodrf;+yD;/ t&m&SdawGudk Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;/ usefolawGudk tif*sifeD,mwyfxJ xnfhxm;vdkufygw,f? rE Wav;rSm&SdwJh u&ifaoeyfudkifwyf&if; (3) udkvnf; vufeufodrf;vdkufygw,f? yckuUL eJ@ vdGKifaumfydk@xm;wJh wyfcGJrsm;rSty tm;vHk; vufeufodrf;cH vdkuf=u&ygw,f? wyfrawmftwGif;&Sd u&ift&m&SdeJ@ wyfom;rSefor#udk vufeufodrf;+yD; cGifh&uf &Snaf y;um tem;,lcikd ;f wJt h pDtpOfukd wufow k ±f u kd f taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? tpurS trsKd ; om;a&;jy\emjzpf+yD; v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfae=uwJh wyfrawmfwGif;u u&ifaoewfudkif wyfzŒJG rsm;[m ydkrdkv_yf&Sm;vm&ygawmhw,f? vufeufawGtodrf;cHrvm;/ tpdk;&udkykefuefjcm;em;+yD; awmfvSefa&;vkyfrvm;/ ajzp&mar;cGef;[m ESpfckxJbJ &Sdygawmhw,f? AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppfOD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD;aemuf w&ufrSmyJ/ autif'Dtdk tzGJŒ}uD;udk w&m;r0if tzGJ@tjzpf a=unmygw,f? tJ'D azaz:0g&Dv (2)&ufae@rSmyJ &efukef/ tvHk u&if&yfuGuf jy\em }uD;vnf; ay:aygufvmjyefygw,f? tvHk[m tif;pdef/ c0J+cH wdk@+yD;&if u&iftrsdK;om;awG aexdkif =uwJh &efukefòrdŒay:u t"du u&if&yfuGuf}uD; wckjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ rSefrSefuefuef rajz&Sif; Edkifr_a=umifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owcsdKŒrSm u&ifArm vlrsdK;a&;jy\emvdk toHAvHawG xGufay:ae& cdkufrSm tvm;wljy\em ay:aygufvm&wm jzpfygw,f? tvHk u&if&yfuGufxJu uav;/ vl}uD;/ a,musfm;/ rdef;r pkpkaygif; u&iftrsdK;om; (100) ausmfavmufudk ArmawGu zrf;oGm;+yD;/ rpf&Sif rD;&xm; blwm±Hkem;u c&pf,mef0wfðyausmif;xJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;w,fqdkwJh udpPjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D akd y:ayguv f mwJh tvHk u&if&yfuu G f jy\emrSmvJ tpd;k &[m rSerf eS u f efuef rajz&Si;f Edik cf yhJ g? tvHk u&if&yfuu G f rD;wdu k cf &H ygw,f? uav;/ vl}uD;/ a,mufsm;/ rde;f r awmfawmfrsm;rsm; touf qHk;±H_;cJh&ygw,f? tvHk &yfuGufjy\emudk xdrf;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;zdk@ wm0efcsay;jcif; cH&olu awmh Adkvfr–;}uD; atmif}uD; ( aemif- Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;jzpfvmol) jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfygwD acgi;f aqmifwOD;tjzpfuae wyfrawmfxJ tavmoH;k q,f jyef0ifvmptcsed jf zpfygw,f? vrf;rawG ay:txd u&iftavmif;awG jyef}uJaeatmif towfcH=u&/ toufqHk;±_H;cJh=u&w,fqdkygw,f? ppfwyfu ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhwmvdk@ qdkygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;twGuf emusn;f a=uuGpJ &mjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? tJ'D azazmf0g&D v (2) &ufae@rmS bJ autif't D kd uvnf; tif;pdeu f kd odr;f ydu k v f u kd yf gw,f? tif;pdeu f kd autif't D kd u odr;f ydu k v f u kd w f meJ@ tvHk u&if&yfuu G f rD;wdu k zf suq f ;D cH&wm[m a&SŒqifah emufqifh w&ufxJ yJjzpfygw,f? u&iftrsdK;om;wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef&mxl;u tem;,lvdkuf&+yD;/ 122
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwmeJ@ wòydifeuf u&iftrsdK;om; jy\em[mvnf; wjznf;jznf; jrifhwufvm ae&muae w[kefxdk; xdyfa&mufoGm;ygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&v D (5)&ufae@rmS jynfòrŒd rSm&Sw d hJ trSw(f 2) u&ifaoewfuikd w f yf&if;[m vufeuf odrf;rcHbJ tpdk;&udk ykefuefjcm;em;vdkuf+yD; jynfòrdŒudk,m,D odrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f? u&ifaoewf udkifwyf&if; (3) &if;rSm (2) &if; ykefuef+yD; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? trSwf (1) u&ifaoewfukdifwyf&if;/ trSwf (2) u&ifaoewfuidk w f yf&if;eJ@ trSwf (3) u&ifaoewfuidk f wyf&if;qk+d yD; u&ifaoewfuikd f wyf&if; (3) &if;&Sd&mrSm/ wyf&if; (2)&if;u twdtvif; ykefuefjcm;em;vkduf+yD; wyf&if;pcef;cs&m òrdŒrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;vkduf=uygw,f? trSwf (3) u&if aoewfukdifwyf&if;uawmh yckuULeJ@ vdKG ifaumfuydk @dk xm;wJh wyfcrGJ sm;rSty ppfO;D pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyfae0if;&JŒ tpDtpOfe@J tm;vk;H vufeuford ;f wm cHvkduf=u&ygw,f? 1949 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@uwnf;u twdtvif; pwifay:aygufcJhwJh tif;pdef ppfrsufESmwkdufyJGrsm;[m azazmf0g&Dvqef;xJrSm ykdrkdjyif;xef onf;oefvmcJhygw,f? wyfrawmf ppfO;D pD;csKyfwm0efudk tjynft h 0vufc&H ,l+yD; Akv d cf sKyfae0if;[m u&iftrsK;d om;wk@d &ŒJ vufeufuidk f awmfvSefa&;ukd t+yD;tykdif acsr_ef;ypfEkdifzkd@ enf;aygif;pkHeJ@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@rSm u&ifukef;rSm tjyif;txefwkdufyJGjzpf=uygw,f? azazmf0g&Dv (2) &ufae@rmS autif't D u dk tif;pdeu f o dk rd ;f yku d cf +hJ yD; óudŒuke;f rSm t}uD;tus,f wku d yf jGJ zpfygw,f? azazmf0g&v D (4) &ufae@rmS ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f r–; Akv d rf –;}u;D ausmaf Zm (Akv d rf –;csKyf ausmaf Zm)ukd awmifykdif;wkdif; wkdif;r–;tjzpf wm0efv$Jajymif; vufcHapcJhygw,f? awmifykdif;wkdif; wkdif;r–;Akdvfrª; csLyfatmifoif;qDuae wm0efukd v$Jajymif;vufcH&,lapygw,f? zqyvtpkd;&[m &efukefòrdŒawmfwckvkH; autif'Dtkdwkd@ vufxJrusa&mufapa&; twGuf tjyif;txef jyefvnfxkd;ppfqifzkd@ óud;pm;ygw,f? awmckdaewJh &JabmfjzL wcsKdŒeJ@ rajy ajyvnfatmif !dSEd_if;+yD; tvif;0ifvkyfapum u&ifukdwkdufzkd@ &efukefukdumuG,fzkd@ pDpOfygw,f? 'ga=umifh &efuek ef @J teD;w0ku d f oHvsi/f ausmufwef;/ ok;H cGe,fu &JabmfjzLwcsK@d &efuek u f dk 0ifa&muf vm=uwJt h cg ‘u&ifom;pm;csiw f ,f’ vk@d aºuG;a=umfvm=uvk@d ocifEu k , dk w f idk f wm;,lc&hJ w,fqdk ygw,f? t&yfom;/ ausmif;om;wpfcsKdŒukdvnf; pnf;±kH;+yD; wkdufyJGxJrSm yg0ifwkdufckdufapcJhygw,f? tif;pdefppfrsufESm enf;AsL[mÏmecsKyfukd orkdif;rSmzGifhxm;+yD; tjyif;txef wkdufyJGqifygw,f? &efukefjynfaxmifpk t&Hwyf&if;/ trSwf (18) jynfaxmifpkppf&J/ trSwf (21) jynfaxmifpk ppf&J/ trSwf (15) jynfaxmifpkppf&J/ t&Hppf&Jwyfrsm;/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ csif; aoewfukdifwyf&if;(1)/ trSwf(1)ajcvsifwyf&if;/ trSwf(4)ajcvsifwyf&if;/trSwf(5) Armhaoewf ukdifwyf&if;wkd@ukd yg0if wkdufckdufapovkd ausmif;om; &JacgifeJ@ oHr%dwyfrsm;/ a&wyfrS atmfvDuGefpuftajrmufeJ@ (25) aygif'g tajrmufwyfzJGŒukdvnf; tokH;ðycJhygw,f? tpk;d &ukd ykeu f efjcm;em;vku d w f hJ u&if aoewfuidk w f yf&if;(1) uvnf; awmifiu l dk odr;f yku d f xm;&muae awmifit l a&SŒbuf oHawmifa'o/ 'ku d Of ;D taemufbufe@J yJc;l w0ku d u f autif't D dk rsm;eJ@yg yl;aygif;vkduf+yD; pkpkaygif;tiftm; (1000) ausmfavmufeJ@ &efukefukd OD;wnf csDwufvmcJhyg w,f? azazmf0g&D (4)&ufrSm anmifav;yif ausmfvmcJhygw,f? yJcl;ukdodrf;ykduf+yD; yJcl;awmifbuf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
123
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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125
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131
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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133
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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e,ftwGif;&Sd òrdŒawGudk w¶kwfjzLwyftcsKdŒu 0ifa&mufodrf;ykduf=uovkd w¶kwfjzLwyftcsKdŒu usKdif;wHkta&SŒbufuae jzwfausmf+yD; }wd*Ha'oxJpk+yD; wyfpJG=uygw,f? w±kwfjzLwyfwcsKdŒu arv (25) &ufae@rSm Armjynfe,fpyfòrdŒ wòrdŒjzpfwJh ‘=uLukwf’udk wku d cf u dk zf suq f ;D =uygw,f? w¶kwjf zLwyfawGukd OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifvmolawGuawmh ulrifweftrSwf (8) wyfawmfu AkdvfcsKyf}uD; vDrD/ trSwf (26) wyfawmfu 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD; vludkc|rf;eJ@ trSwf (93) wyfru AkdvfcsKyfrmacsm,DeJ@ AkdvfcsKyfvlcsif;qGef; wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? 1950 jynfh ZGev f xJrmS usKid ;f wHak 'o&Sd Armhwyfrawmftm%mydik af wGu w¶kwjf zLwyfzŒGJ 0if awGukd vufeufcs&ef okd@r[kwf Armjynfykdifeufe,fajrtwGif;u xGufcGgoGm;&ef &mZoHay;cJhyg w,f? 'gayr,fh w¶kwfjzLulrifwefwyfawGu eJeJav;rS rvkdufem¶Hkru Armhwyfrawmfu olwkd@ukd wkdufcdkufvm&if jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&ef toifh&Sda=umif; jyef=um;ygw,f? w¶kwjf ynf[m Armjynfe@J e,ferd w d cf si;f t&Sn}f uD;qufpyfwnf&adS ewJh tdref ;D csi;f wkid ;f jynf wckjzpfwt hJ wGuf w¶kwjf ynf&ŒJ ‘w¶kwjf ynfopf’ xlaxmifay:ayguv f mr_[m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;e,f udv k nf; *,uf¶u dk cf yhJ gw,f? t¶H;_ eJ@ajy;vmcJo h l w¶kwjf zL ulrifwefwyfrsm;&JŒ usL;ausmcf sO;f eif;0if a&mufvmwmukd cHvkduf&wJhtwGuf ArmjynfvHkòcHa&;twGufvnf; ta&;}uD;jy\emwckjzpfvm &ygw,f? w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmv f mr_jy\em[m ArmjynftwGuf yx0DEidk if aH &;jy\emavmufwif ru urBm@EkdifiHa&; &moDOwktajymif;tvJeJ@yg qufqkdifywfoufvm&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD;rSm urBmEh idk if aH &;e,fy,frmS t&if;&Sief ,fcsŒJ *k% d ;f }uD;eJ@ qk&d , S v f pf*% dk f }uD;&,fvkd@ *kd%f}uD;ESpf*kd%f; twdtvif;ay:xGufvmygw,f? t&if;&Sif;e,fcsJŒ*kd%f;ukd tar&duef u acgif;aqmifygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf*dk%f;ukd qkdAD,ufu acgif;aqmifygw,f? e,fcJsŒEkdifiHrsm;vuf atmufu vGwfajrmufvmpEkdifiHawGeJ@ vGwfajrmufzkd@óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=uwJh EkdifiHawGtm;vkH; avmufeD;yg;[m qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;}uD;udk axmufcHvkdvm;=uygw,f? awmfvSefwdk;wufwJh EkdifiHa&; ygw/D Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Si*f % dk ;f ukd qef@usi=f uygw,f? e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Si*f % dk ;f &JŒ acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ tar&duef[m qk&d , S v f pf*% dk ;f }uD;}uD;rm;rm;us,jf yef@vmrSm atmifycGJ v H mrSmudk tpGrf;ukef wm;qD;ydwfyif acszsufzkd@óud;pm;aeygw,f? urBmrSm e,fajrtus,ft0ef; t}uD;qkH;jzpfwJh qkdAD,ufu uGefjrLepfEkdifiHjzpfae&wJhtxJ/ urBmrSm vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpfwhJ w¶kwu f uGejf rLepfEidk if t H jzpf xyfraH y:ayguv f mwJt h cg t&if;&Sif e,fcsJŒ*kd%f;}uD;&JŒ xdyfoD;tar&dueftzkd@ ykdrkdpkd;&drfwkefv_yfp&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1950 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS tar&duefw@dk &ŒJ 'krd ED o dk 0D &D xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? tar&duef orRw tku d q f ifa[mif0gup+yD; ajymwmjzpfygw,f? ('krd ED dk zJupm;enf;rSm 'krd ED zdk cJ syaf v;awGpx D m; +yD;/ wckeJ@wck qufpyfaewJhtwGuf zJcsyfav;wckus&if usefwJh[mawGyg qufwkdufusavh &Sdygw,f? 'kdrDEdkzJcsyfav;awGvkd qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHawG wck+yD;wckray:&atmif umuG,fxm;zkd@ ajymwmjzpfygw,f?) tar&dueftzdk@ w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfEkdifiHjzpfvmwmukd rvkdvm;ovdk/ tm&SwdkufrSm aemufxyfuGefjrLepfEdkifiHawG qufwkdufay:xGufvmrSmudkvnf; r¶_pdrfhwJhtwGuf wm;qD;ydwfyif a&;awG tpDtpOf&Sd&Sdvkyfygw,f? w¶kwfeDukd qef@usifzkd@ w¶kwfjzLudktm;ay;ygw,f? w¶kwfjynfeJ@ 134
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
e,ferd w d cf si;f qufpyfaewJt h wGuf Armjynf[m tar&duefw@dk twGuf ta&;ygvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfxJ a&muf&SdusL;ausmfvm=uwJh ulrifwefw¶kwfjzLwkd@&JŒaemufuG,frSm tar&duef yg0ifywfoufaeygw,f? wzufuvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udk t"duOD;wnfvkyfaewJh Armjynftpkd;&ukd acsmhjrLodrf;oGif;Ekdifzkd@ vdktyfaeygw,f? Armjynf zqyvtpkd;&[m jynfyu usL;ausmfvmoljzpfwJh w±kwfjzLudk tjywftowf jyefvnfwkdufxkwfa&;xuf/ jynfwGif;u wEkdifiHwnf;om;csif;jzpfwJh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawGudkyJ rJ+yD; acsr_ef;okwfoifypfEkdifzkd@ vkyfaeygw,f? 1945 ckESpfu ‘aAmf&SDApforkdif;tusOf;csKyf’ pmtkyfudk r&&atmif&Sm+yD; qkd&S,fvpfygwD Ekid if aH &;oifwef;awGrmS oifwef;yk@d cscw hJ hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f uawmh ok;H av;ESpt f wGi;f a'giaf 'gijf rnf uGejf rL epfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f? 1949 ckESpftukefrSm w±kwfjynfol@orRw EkdifiHtjzpf ay:aygufvmwJhtcg Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfygwD tr_aqmifrsm;eJ@ 'kwd,acgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;ta0;vky+f y;D óuq d adk xmufcaH =umif; a=unmcsux f w k yf gw,f? tJ'aD =unmcsuu f kd uef@uu G f ajymqkdol[m OD;ausmf+idrf; wa,mufwnf;yJ&Sdw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? t*Fvdyf/ tar&duefòidjiifrSm a=umufwmeJ@ jynfwiG ;f olyek af wG ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;twGuf tultnD r&rSmpk;d &drw f ma=umifv h @dk qkyd gw,f? 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSm tm%m& zqyv }uD;xJu tm%m& qkd&S,fvpfygwD}uD;twGif; ywfww k rf &Ekid w f hJ tuGt J +y}J u;D wck xyfraH y:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? t"duuawmh OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ vusmf qd&k , S v f pfrsm;eJ@ rm@upf f vDeif0g'ukd ouf0if,=kH unfygw,fv@dk aºuG;a=umf xm;=uwJh ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) / ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|wkd@acgif;aqmifwJh vuf0J,drf; qkd&S,fvpf rsm;t=um;/ tJ'Dwkef;u ay:aygufvmwJh urBmhEkdifiHa&; tajctaeawGtay: ±_jrifoHk;oyf oabm xm;=uykcH si;f rwln&D muae twdtvif; cGm+yo J mG ;=uwmjzpfygw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygww D iG ;f u vusmf qkd&S,fvpfrsm;eJ@ vuf0J,drf;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;[m tm%mukvm;xkdifay: twlarS;+yD;xkdifae=u &muae ajymif;vJvmwJh Ekid if w H umhtajctaeawGatmufrmS uk, d &hf yfwnfcsuu f dk uk, d af zmfjy&if; arS;aevkd@r&awmhyJ uJGoGm;=uwmjzpfygw,f? yxrtjzpftysufu (WFTU) yg0ifa&;udpPeJ@ywfoufygw,f? zqyv tzJG@csKyf tvkyf tr_aqmifvnf;jzpf/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;tzJG@csKyf OuUÏvnf;jzpfwJh ‘ocifvGif’[m tzJŒG csKyf&ŒJ =um;aea&;0g'eJ@ qef@usi+f yD;/ vuf0, J rd ;f WFTU (World Federation of Trade Union) ac: urBm@tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;tzJGŒcsKyfeJ@ qufoG,f0ifa&muf&eftqkdeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufw&yfukd zqyv tzJ@G csKyf tvkyt f r_aqmiftzJŒG &JŒ cGiðfh ycsurf &bJ 1950 jynfh ara';ae@ vlxt k pnf;ta0;rSm wifoGif; csrSwfajymqkdw,f qkdygw,f? 'kw, d tjzpftysuu f uk&d ;D ,m;ppfyGJ udpeP @J ywfoufygw,f? 1950 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS / uk&d ;D ,m; ppfyJG tjyif;txef ay:aygufvmygw,f? w±kwfeJ@ qkdAD,ufwkd@u ajrmufudk&D;,m;bufu tckdif trm&yfwnf=uygw,f? tar&duefacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&if;&Sit f yk pf u k awmifu&dk ;D ,m;bufu ae=u ygw,f? tar&duef[m ukvor*~qkdif;bkwfeJ@ udk&D;,m;ppfyJG twGif;0if+yD; ygvmygw,f? awmifajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;ppfyrGJ mS ukvor*~vòHk cHa&;aumifpu D ‘urBm@+idr;f csr;f a&;ukd xdyg;aprnfh tE &W m,f vkd@owfrSwf+yD; ukvor*~u 0ifa&muf+yD; tajctaeudkxdef;odrf;&ef’vkd@ qkH;jzwfygw,f? tJ'DqkH; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
135
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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jzwfcsufudk jrefrmtpdk;&u axmufcHcJhygw,f? 1950 jynfh pufwifbm (5) &ufae@ Armjynf ygvrD efvw $ af wmfrmS 0ef}u;D csKyfocifEk wifoiG ;f wJh uk&d ;D ,m;tqked @J ywfouf+y;D tvkyo f rm;tpnf; t±Hk;rsm;tzJGŒcsKyf 'kOuUÏ vnf;jzpf ygvDreftrwfvnf;jzpfwJh ocifvSau|u a0zefygw,f? a0zef &mrSm tqkdudkawmh axmufcHayr,fh ajrmufukd&D;,mtay: tjypfwifajymqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; uef@uu G af jymqkyd gw,f? ud&k ;D ,meJ@ywfoufwhJ zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ rl0g'&yfwnfcsut f ay:/ ocifviG /f ocifcspfarmifwkd@uvnf; jypfwifa0zef=uygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh tJ'Dvkdjzpfay: ajymqkdcJh=ur_awGtay: zqyv tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@u ocifviG ef @J ocifvaS u|ukd ta&;,lygw,f? ocifviG ef @J ocifvaS u|ukd ‘rdr&d ŒJ ygwjD zpfwhJ tm%m& ygwDtpkd;&&JŒ rl0g'ukd a0zef±_wfcscJhwJhtwGuf’ zqyvu c%xkwfy,fypfcJhw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? vufwkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ atmufwkdbm (16) &ufae@rSm ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|wkd@ tzJG@[m tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;uae E_wfxGufvkduf=uygw,f? 'DZifbm (7) &ufae@rSmawmh ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|/ ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&)/ ocifvlat;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpfygwD0if (43) a,mufwkd@[m qkd&S,f vpfygwDuae t+yD;tykdifE_wfxGufvkduf=uygawmhw,f? aemufw&uf 'DZifbm (8) &ufae@rSm “tvkyform;/ v,form;ygwD” udk twdtvif; xlaxmifvkduf=uygawmhw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygwu D aecJx G u G +f yD; xlaxmifvu dk w f hJ ‘tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygw’D ukd ‘qk&d , S f eDygwD’vkd@vlodrsm;vmcJhygw,f? qkd&S,feDygwD0ifawGudk zqyv tzJG@csKyf}uD;uvnf; xkwfy,fz,f &Sm;ypfvu dk yf gawmhw,f? tJ't D csed u f p+yD; zqyv tzJŒG csKyf}uD;[mvnf; vuf,m qk&d , S v f pfawG csnf; }uD;pkd;xm;wJh tzJG@csKyf}uD;jzpfoGm;cJhovkd/ emrnfqkd;eJ@ausmf=um;cJ@wJ@ ‘Armjynfqkd&S,fvpf ygw’D [mvnf; vuf,mqk&d , S v f pfawGcsn;f yJ usecf w hJ hJ vuf,mqk&d , S 'f rD u dk &ufwpfygwD jzpfvm cJhygawmhw,f? t"duqkd&S,facgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfwJh 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifu qkd&S,fvpfygwD twGif;uae olwkd@xGufcGmvm&ykHe@J ywfowf+yD;æ “1950 ckESpfokd@a&mufaomtcg u|Ekfyfwdk@ qkd&S,fvpfygwD a&SŒwef;acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒonf/ zqyv OD;EkEiS ahf ygi;f I tar&duef tD;pDatudp/P wDpaD tudp/P ud&k ;D ,m;udp/P tar&duefEiS hf t*Fvyd f ESpfOD;t=um;rSmom Asmrsm;ae&aom =um;ae0g'udpP ponfwkd@jzifh e,fcsJŒESifhaygif;pyfI uGefjrLepf ygwo D mru uGejf rLepf0g'udyk g tjywftowfacsre_ ;f &ef wdwv d if;vif; jyifqifvmayonf? xk@d a=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@&Jabmfrsm;onf tjypfuif;pifpGmjzifh EkdifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;t&om 1950 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (8) &ufae@wGif oduQm&Sd&Sd vrf;cJGvmjcif;jzpfayonf?” vkd@ xkwfazmf aºuG;a=umfa&;om;cJhygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwD ESpjf crf;uJo G mG ;wke;f u tvHe-D tvHjzLvd@k epfe-D epfjzLvk@d uifyeG ;f wyfc=hJ uwJh qk&d , S v f pfawGudk olw@dk u, kd w f idk f ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;&wJt h cg/ qd&k , S ef -D qk&d , S jf zLvd@k vlxu k uifyeG ;f wyf ay;vkdufygw,f? qkd&S,feD-qkd&S,fjzLwkd@tuJG ykdqdk;wmuawmh qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m tm%m&ygwD jzpfwJhtwdkif; tm%mudkudkif+yD; ajAmifusus&rf;um;owfjzwfr_awG usL;vGefjyjcif;jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,feDawG&JŒ ygwDopfudkzJG@pnf;a=umif; a=unm+yD;wmeJ@ wòydifeuf qkd&S,feDygwD&JŒ ygwDopfudk zJGŒpnf;a=umif; a=unm+yD;wmeJ@ wòydifeuf qkd&S,feDygwD&JŒ OD;pD;tzJGŒ0ifawGjzpfwJh ysOf;rem;c±kdifu 136
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&JabmfAcsKdeJ@ &JabmfvS'if}uD;wkd@ukd vuf,mqkd&S,fvpf *kd%fom;awGu vlykHtv,frSm armfawmf um;eJ@ &uf&ufpufpuf wkdufowfypfcJh=uygw,f? Oya'udk av;pm;vkdufema&;/ 'Drkdua&pDudk umuG,fa&;vkd@ wzGzG rem;wrf;ajymvmcJhwJh zqyv tpk;d &[m Oya'ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; csK;d azmuf±rkH u 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;awGuv dk nf; uef@owfcsKyfcs,fol jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEkukd,fwkdif tm%m&Sifqefqef ðyrl/ usifh}uHvmwmawG&Sdovkd qkd&S,fvpf xdyo f ;D }uD;rsm;jzpfwhJ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / ocifwif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f wk@d uvnf; vlru dk af rG;/ wynfh arG;+y;D olw@dk tydik t f pm;&&m e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm tm%maZmif;xufc=hJ uygw,f? tm%m& zqyv }uD;udk xifovkdcs,fvS,fcJh=uygw,f? zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk acgi;f ay:&Gu+f yD; zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'yg jyÏmef;csuf awGe@J rudu k n f w D mawGuadk wmif cyfwnfwnf vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f? zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' (116) rSm a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&ol jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fr[kwfbJ (6) vxufydkrkd+yD; tpkd;&tzJG@0if 0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcGifhr&Sda=umif; jyÏmef;csuf twdtvif;&Sdayr,fh 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku OD;at;armifudk (8) v ausmf 0ef}uD;tjzpf qJGcef@cJhygw,f? OD;at;armif[m Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;ru w&m;a&;0ef}uD;yg jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfae0if;[m (18) veD;yg; umuG,af &; 0ef}u;D ru 'kw, d 0ef}u;D csKyfyg jzpfcyhJ gw,f? ocifEjk ynfyc&D;oGm;aewke;f rSm ,m,D0ef}u;D csKyfawmif wufvkyfcGifh &cJhygao;w,f? AkdvfcsKyfae0if;[m 1949 ckESpf/ {+yDv (1) &ufae@uae 1950 jynfhESpf pufwifbm (9) &ufae@txd tpdk;&tzJG@rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfcJh+yD;rS ppfwyfudkjyefygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfaewkef;rSm ppfwyfukd wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;wm/ ppfwyfukd ykrd ckd idk rf mawmifw h if;atmif jyifqifwm/ ppfwyfukd ta&;ygatmifvyk w f mawG tpDtpOf&&dS dS aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD;uvnf; t&Sdefw+iD;+iD; awmufavmifaeqJjzpfwJhtwGuf jynfwGif;ppfudkjy+yD; ppfwyfudk ol@pdwfóuduf wnfaqmufjyifqifEkdifcJhygw,f? 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSm trSwf (6) ajcvsifwyf&if;/ trSwf (7) ajcvsifwyf&if;/ trSwf (8) ajcvsifwyf&if;awG wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf; EkdifcJh+yD;/ trSwf (2) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (awmifil)/ trSwf (3) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (yJcl;) eJ@ trSwf (4) ajcjrefwyfr[m XmecsKyf (usKdif;wkH) wkd@ zJGŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? r*Fvm'kHtrSwf (2) oHcsyfum um;wyfcJGeJ@ tif*sifeD,mwyfzJGŒrsm;udkvnf; zJGŒpnf;cJhygw,f? 1950 jynfh/ Zefe0g&D (20) &ufuae (30) &ufae@txd ‘wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH’udkvnf; AkdvfcsKyfae0if; OD;pD;+yD; usif;yðyvkyfcJhygw,f? armif;jyefvufeufi,feJ@ usnfqefrsm;xkwfvkyfEkdifwJh umuG,fa&;ypPnf;puf±Hkukd (Burma Army Godown) qkdwJh emrnf0SufeJ@ tif,m;uefapmif;rSm wnfaqmuf+yD; 1950 jynfh/ {+yDv (26) &ufae@rSm w&m;0if zJG@pnf;ay;cJhygw,f? trSwf (1) umuG,fa&; ypPnf;puf±Hkudk tDwvDEdkifiHu pufrsm;eJ@ wyfqifcJh+yD; bDat (52) tayghpm;armif;jyef aoewfawG xkwv f yk &f ef pDpOfcyhJ gw,f? 1950 jynfh =o*kwv f rSm +yD;pD;+yD;/ atmufwb dk mrSm prf;oyf vnfywf xkwfvkyfapygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
137
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'yk'fr (233) t& (18) vtwGif; usif;yðyvkyfay;&r,fh ‘ygvD refa&G;aumufy’GJ [m 1949 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f twGi;f usi;f yay;&rSmjzpfayr,fh zqyvtpk;d &[m usi;f y ay;jcif;rðyEkdifbJ (18) vuae (28) vtjzpfajymif;+yD; yxrqkH;t}udrf a&$Œqkdif;cJhygw,f? (28) vjynfhwJh tcg rSmvnf; usi;f yray;Ekid jf yefbJ 'kw, d t}urd f zJŒG pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ukjd yif+y;D v (40) txd a&$Œqdkif;cJhwJhtwGuf 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSmvnf; ygvDref'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG[m ay:aygufr vmcJhyg? 'g a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;csdefup+yD; ocifEk wa,mufwnf;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf awmufav#muf tkypf ;dk vmcJo h vkd zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;u tm%m& Ekid if aH &;tzJŒG tpnf;}uD;tjzpf qufwkduf wGifus,faecJhygw,f? zqyv xJrSmvnf; qkd&S,fvpfygwDu tkyfpkd;xm;wmjzpfwJh twGuf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;[m òydifbufr&Sd tm%m&rsm;jzpfvmcJhygw,f? yxrqHk;t}udrfa&G;aumufyJGudkawmif rusif;y&ao;vkd@ wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfudk ,m,D ygvDreftoGifajymif;+yD; tkyfcsKyfae&ayr,fh tm%m&xm;olrsm;uawmh tm%mrmef0ifhae=uyg w,f? ygvDref[mvnf; awmckdjynfol@&Jabmftrwfrsm;/ uGefjrLepftrwfrsm;pkpkaygif; (44) OD;ukd xkwfy,fxm;&wJhtwGuf t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh ao;i,fae+yDjzpfygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfygwDuae cGJxGuf+yD; qkd&S,feDygwDaxmif=uwJh ocifvGif/ ocifcspfarmif/ ocifvSau|wkd@ (43) OD;tzJGŒ[m twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvm=uygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&+yq D rdk S wdik ;f jynf}u;D uawmh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D v#t H wGi;f wae@wjcm; ykyd +dk y;D usqif; avmifòrducf aH e&+yD; ydrk q kd if;&J =uyfwnf;vmcJyh gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfuawmh ydkydk}uD;vmcJh+yD;/ ppftokH;p&dwf[mvnf; wdk;wdk;rsm;vmcJhygw,f? 1948-49 ckESpftwGif; ppftokH; p&dwf[m wEkdifiHvkH;toHk;p&dwfpkpkaygif;&JŒ (20µ) ausmfuae 1949-50 ckESpfrSm ppfoHk;p&dwf[m wEkdifiHvHk;toHk;p&dwf pkpkaygif;&JŒ (25µ) ausmfjzpfvmygw,f? 1948-49-50 twGi;f jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh wEkid if v H ;Hk pku d yf sK;d Ekid w f hJ ajr{&d,m&JŒ ( 35µ)[m yvyfajrawGjzpfoGm;&ygw,f? vlOD;a& (3) oef;avmuf tkd;rJhtdrfrJh jzpfoGm;&ygw,f? jynfolvlxk (22000) ausmfeJ@ ppfbufòrdŒjybuf tr_xrf; (5700) ausmf toufqkH;±_H;=u&ygw,f? tpkd;& ypPnf;wefzkd; a':vm (5) oef;eJ@ jynfolvlxkypPnf;wefzkd; a':vm (95) oef;zkd;avmuf qkH;±H_;cJh&yg w,f? 'Dudef;*%ef;wefzkd;awG[m Armjynfta=umif; pmtkyfawGa&;om;wJh tar&duefpma&; q&m}uD; Awf0J (Butwell) &JŒ pkaqmif;azmfjycsufjzpfygw,f? wu,fu 'Dxufykd+yD;awmif rsm;jym; cJhygw,f? tm%m& zqyvtpdk;&u “aomif;usef;ol tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;” “a&mifpHkaomif;usef; olrsm;ESdrfeif;a&;” qkdwJh tvHudk tjrifhqkH;wif+yD; wkdufckdufovdk/ t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; rvJ$om ra&Smifom udk,fhukd,fudk ckcHumuG,f&if; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;ukd qifE$Jvkduf&wmjzpfayr,fh “zqyvtpkd;&tðywfwdkufa&;” “(2) ESpftwGif; ppfEkdifa&;” qkdwmawG aºuG;a=umf+yD; jyefvSefwkdufyJGqifygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfrD;=um;rSm jynfolrsm; uawmh ajrZmyifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk[m ‘ocif’udk ðzwfvkduf+yD; OD;EkjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 138
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1951=52 ygvD r ef ' D r k d u a&pD taxG a xG a& G ; aumuf y J G zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'twnfjzpf+yD; (18) v tuGmrSm usif;yðyvkyfay;&r,fh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;[m 1949 ckESpf xJrSmvnf; rusif;yEkdif/ 1950 jynfhESpfxJrSmvnf; rusif;yjzpfbJ 1951 ckESpf/ ZGefvxJrSm yxrqkH; t}udrftjzpf usif;yay:aygufvmygw,f? ZGev f rSm pwif;usi;f yjzpfw,fqadk yr,fh wjynfv;Hk wòydief ufwnf; usi;f yEkid w f mr[kwyf g? wkdif;jynf vkH;0at;csrf;om,mao;wmr[kwfqkdwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ ‘qmbOD;’ acgif;aqmif+yD; OD;at;armif yg0ifwhJ a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siu f a&G;aumufyGJ usi;f yEkid +f yDv@dk owfrw S w f hJ e,fajrawG rSmom we,f+yD;we,f usif;yay;wmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh qmbOD;eJ@ OD;at;armifwkd@u zqyv wk@d Eikd af jc&Sw d hJ e,fajrawGuo kd m OD;pGmowfrw S af y;+yD; usi;f yapwmjzpfw,fv@dk wcsKŒd u pGypf aGJ jymqdk =uygw,f? a&G;aumufyrGJ mS tm%m& qk&d , S v f pfzqyvtzJŒG csKyfe@J ,SO+f yD; tòydit f qkid f ,SOòf ydiaf &G;cs,f cH=uwJh EkdifiHa&;tzJGŒtpnf;awGuawmh qkd&S,feDac: Armjynftvkyform;/ v,form;ygwD/ AkdvfxGef;pdef&JŒ jynfol@&JabmftzJGŒ/ AdkvfcsKyftudk OD;atmifoef;&JŒ jynfol@+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJGŒaygif;pk/ a'gufwmbarmf&JŒ r[mArmtzJGŒ/ ocifApdef&JŒ Armjynf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ OD;baz&JŒ jynfcspf r[mrdwftzJGŒ/ woD;yk*~v &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;tzJG@/ Arm-rGwfpvifuGef*&uf/ ‘AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; tzJ@G atmifygw’D / tif'yD if;'ifyh gwD pwJt h zJŒG awG jzpfygw,f? woD;yk*v ~ rsm;vnf; 0ifa&muf ,SOòf ydif =uygw,f? tm%m& zqyvqkd&S,ftzJG@csKyfeJ@ twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk[m tiftm;tcsKd; tpm;t& tifrwefuGmjcm;vGef;vSygw,f? twkduftcH tiftm;pkbufu EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;&JŒ EkdifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;[m vnf; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk taoG;ta&mifpHkjzpfaecJhygw,f? twkduftcHtiftm;pkawGxJrSm EkdifiHa&; t&Sdeft0g&Sdwm/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDqefwmqdkvkd@ qkd&S,feDygwD avmufyJ&Sdygw,f? 'Davmuftiftm;tcsKd;tpm;uGm+yD; wzufowf tay: pD;&aewmawmifrS‘zq-qkd&S,f’ rsm;[m rauseyfEidk af o;bJ enf;vrf;aygi;f pko H ;kH +y;D npfywfc=hJ u/ &rf;um;cJ=h uygw,f? zq-qk&d , S rf sm; tEdkif&a&;twGuf cg;ydkufaqmifwyfzJGŒawG/ aomif;usef;olESdrfeif;a&;twGufqdk+yD; zJGŒpnf;xm;wJh aysmuf=um;jzLwyfawGokH;+yD; twkduftcHawGtay: tpGrf;ukefzdESdyf&efðycJh=uygw,f? zq-qkd&S,f awG&ŒJ cg;yku d af qmifwyfawGjzpfwhJ ,ltrfyD (UMP) wyfzJGŒrsm;eJ@ umuG,fa&;wyfzJGŒrsm;[m twkduf tcHawGtay:om rw&m;zdEydS &f ef&mS wmr[kw/f jynfov l x l t k ay:vnf; rw&m; +cdr;f ajcmuf tEkid f usi+hf y;D rJxnfah pwm/ rJ0,fwmawG ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? vufeufe@J +crd ;f ajcmuf jcif;/ tm%meJ@ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;awGvkyfcJh=u±Hkru a'otcsKdŒrSm ajymifajymifwif;wif; zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifwm/ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfz,f&Sm;wmawGyg usL;vGefcJh=uygw,f? tEkdif&a&;twGuf tjywf&Sif;/ owfjzwfcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? zqyv trwfavmif; tEkid &f a&;twGuf rJ0,fwm/ rJvrd w f m/ rJc;dk wmawGvnf; enf;rsK;d pkeH @J vkyfcJh=uygw,f? a&G;aumufyJGusif;y+yD;vkd@ rJa&wGufwJhtcg tm%m& zqyvrsm;[m rJykH;awGudk teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
139
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csucf si;f rzGib hf J rJy;Hk awGazmuf rJc;kd +yD;rS rJa&wGuw f mrsK;d / rJy;Hk awGukd vkòH cH&mae&mudk a&$Œajymif;o,f ,l&if; vrf;c&D;rSm rJjym;awG a&$Œajymif;&,l+yD; aemufae@rS a&wGuw f mrsK;d awG/ rEkid Ef ikd af tmifvyk w f m rsKd;awGvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyu GJ dk (3) &pfc+GJ yD; usi;f ywmjzpfv@dk a'owckrmS ±_;H cJw h hJ zqyv trwfavmif;udk aemufw&pfrmS tjcm;a'owckrmS a&$Œajymif;+yD; ta±G;cs,cf aH p&if; rEkid Ef idk af tmif/ r&&atmifvyk cf hJ wmrsKd;vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? yxrt&pf a&G;aumufyJGrSm ajrmif;jrrSm ±_H;cJhwJh trwfavmif;udk 'kw, d t&pf rdwv ˆD mrSmusi;f ywJt h cg 0if,OS òf yid af p+y;D rdwv ˆD mtrwftjzpf tEkid &f oGm;cJw h m&Syd gw,f? cg;ykdufaqmifwyf (UMP) wyf/ umuG,fa&;wyfpwJh vufeufukdifwyfrsm;uom zqyv qkd&S,fvpfrsm;bufu enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ rEkdifEkdifatmif ulnDcJh=uwmr[kwf/ wyfrawmf udk,fwkdif uvnf; zq-qkd&S,frsm;bufu yif;cJh/ ulcJh/ axmufyHhcJh=uw,f? a&G;aumufyJG}uD; usif;yaepOftwGif; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tjzpftysufuawmh u&iftrsKd;om; acgif;aqmif autif,l OuUÏ apmbOD;}uD; taoypfowf zrf;qD;cHvkduf&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 1951 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvxJrSm usqkH;cJh&ygw,f? vd_if;bJGŒòrdŒe,ftwGif;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'kAkdvfrª;}uD; at;armif (aemif Akv d rf ;ª }u;D ) eJ@ Akv d rf ;ª pdev f iG f (aemif orRw) wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ Arm@aoewfuikd f wyf&if; (3) u autif't D pdk cef;wckukd 0kid ;f 0ef;wdu k cf u dk f odr;f yku d &f if; wku d yf x GJ rJ mS usq;Hk cJ&h wmvd@k tpd;k &buf uqkdygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD; tavmif;udk armfvòrdiftxd o,fvm+yD;rS ajrjrK‡ yfo+*Kõvcf iG rhf ay;bJ ppfa&,mOfay:wifum (4) em&D=um ckwaf rmif;&wJh yifv,f0txd o,fomG ; +y;D a&csjrK‡ yfEyHS pfc=hJ uygw,f? tavmif;ae&m ajrykaH e&mruse&f atmif vufpwk;H azsmufzsuyf pfcJh=u wmjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ usi;f yaepOfumvtwGi;f rSmyJ aemufxyfjzpfay:r_uawmh ulrifwef w±kwjf zL usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm; tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ ArmjynftwGif; 0ifa&mufwyfpGJae=u±Hkru oHvGifjrpfta&SŒ bufurf;uae taemufzufurf;txd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf v_yf&Sm;vm=ujcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 0e,f/ ukd;uef@e,/f rdkif;vif;e,fwkd@omru usKdif;wkH/ rkdif;quf/ rkdif;yef;wkd@wGifru rdkif;yef;uwqifh armufr,feJ@ u,m;jynfe,fxJtxd usL;ausmfa&muf&Sdvm=uygw,f? rkid ;f ,ef;e,frmS XmecsKyfwck zGiv hf pS +f y;D tckid t f rmwyfpx GJ m;=uwJh w±kwjf zLrsm;[mvnf; e,fpyfrmS &Sw d hJ w±kw"f m;jyAkv d f vDwikd &f iS ;f eJ@ atmvpf,ef; (Olive Yang) wkd@&JŒaemufvdkuf (1000) ausmf&Sd tkyfpk}uD;udk pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;+yD; tiftm;jznfhxm;EkdifcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;[m a&muf&mae&mwdkif;rSm cdk;qkd;vk,uf/ owfjzwfwmawG vkyfae=uygw,f? a&G;aumufyu GJ kd w&pfcsi;f cJ+G yD; usi;f yaeqJrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;[m qufvufawmufavmif aeqJjzpfayr,fh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ektpdk;&tzdk@ ‘&efukeftpdk;&’ acwfueJ@rwlbJ touf±_acsmifpðyae+yD jzpfygw,f? wzufowfyif;ay;cJh=uolawGa=umifh yxrt&pfa&G;aumufyJGrSm tjywftowftEkdif &&Sdxm;wJhae&mawGuvnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdae+yDrdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek pdwful;,OfpDrHudef;awG taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ pwifygw,f? 48-50 twGif; ratmifjrifcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; (2 ESpfpDrH ude;f ) udk jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D a=umifv h @dk ta=umif;jy ed*;kH csKyfvu dk +f yD;/ aemufxyfp;D yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f opf}uD; wck a&;qJ&G ef pkid ;f jyif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f opf}uD;a&;qJ&G eftwGuf vkt d yfwb hJ ¾maiGa=u; 140
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tajctaeuvnf; enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1950 jynfhrSm jzpfyGm;wJh udk;&D;,m;ppfyJG *,ufa=umifh urBm@qefaps; xkd;wufwJhtwGuf qefukdyJ t"du xkwfvkyf wifykd@a&mif;cswJh ArmEkdifiH[m aps;aumif;rdcJh+yD; aiG,m;av;&Sdvmcsdefjzpfygw,f? 'DaiG,m;av;awGudk udkif+yD; pD ; yG m ;a&;pD r H u d e f ; opf } uD ; a&;qJ G z k d @ 0ef } uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek u pd k i f ; jyif ; jyif q if v mjcif ; jzpf y gw,f ? pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;udk a&;qJGzkd@ auwDat KTA (Knappen Tabbet Association) ukr`%D[m 1951 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvxJrSm Armjynfuakd &muf&v dS mygw,f? KTA auwDat ukr% ` [ D m tar&duefurk % ` jD zpfygw,f? auwDat ukr`%D[m refae*smwa,muf/ Xmae0efxrf; (150) wkd@eJ@ twl &efukefrSm±Hk;pkduf+yD; Armjynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tcsuftvufawGudkavhvm+yD; pDrHudef;awGudk wck+y;D wck a&;qJzG @dk jyifygawmhw,f? auwDat pDru H ed ;f awGukd a&;qJw G t hJ cg auwDat pD;yGm;a&;ynm &SifawG[m t"dutm;jzifh Armjynf&JŒ pyg;a&mif;&aiGay:rSm tajccH+yD; wGufcsufa&;qGJ=uygw,f? oGm;a&;vma&; vG,fulwJhae&mawGrSmom tcsuftvufawG jynfhjynfhpkHpkH pkaqmif;+yD;/ trsm; tm;jzifh t=urf;zsif;yJ avhvmwGufcsufum pDrHudef;udk a&;qJG=uygw,f? owWKwGif;wckudkqkd&if av,mOfay:uae=unfh+yD; pDrHudef;a&;qJGcJhw,fvkd@awmif qkd=uygw,f? Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfu, kd w f idk u f pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f awGukd tav;xm;jyvmcsed rf mS pD;yGm;a&; qkdwm toHjrnfvmcsdefrSm wyfrawmfuvnf; ppfwyftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wck pwifvmcJh ygw,f? 1951 ckESpfxJrSmyJ 'Dtuf(pf)tkdif DSI (The Defense Service Institute) udk pwifzJGŒpnf;yg w,f? ppfwyfppfonfrsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;twGufqkd+yD; ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ pwifzJGŒpnf;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? zJGŒpnf;pu DSI [m cyfao;ao;yJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh umvwkdwcktwGif;rSmyJ cyfao;ao; DSI [m tifrwef}uD;rmwJh ppfwyfpD;yGm;a&; t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;&mXme}uD; jzpfvm cJhygw,f? ( DSI uae tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;wck zJGŒpnf;jzpfay:vmcJhyg w,f? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;wkd;wufa&;aumfykda&;&Sif;qkdwJh bDtD;'DpD BEDC (Burmar Economic Development Corporation) qkdwmygyJ?) yxrqkH;t}udrfðyvkyfwJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;&JŒ wwd,t&pf[m 1952 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (3) &ufae@jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh yxrt}udrf ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDa&G;aumufyGJ }u;D [m 1951 ckEpS /f ZGev f (12) &ufae@uae 1952 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (3) &uftxd &ufaygi;f (200) ausmf=umjrifhcJhygw,f? tm%m& zqqkd&S,frsm;uyJ tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJh+yD; qdk&S,feDtygt0if twkduftcH tiftm;pkrsm;uawmh tenf;tyg;yJ ygvDrefv$wfawmftwGif; a&muf&Sdvm&ygawmhw,f? 1951-52 ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ uD;t+yD; ay:xGuv f mwJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&uawmh qkd&S,fvpfrsm;OD;pD;xm;wJh zqyvtpkd;&yJjzpfygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf vuf0J*kd%f;0ifrsm; ryg0ifawmhwJhtwGuf vuf,mqkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;om;rsm;csnf;om t"duOD;pD; xm;wJh ‘zqyv’ jzpfwJhtwGuf vuf,mqdk&S,f zqyv tpdk;& wenf;tm;jzifh zqvuf,m qkd&S,ftpdk;&jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfuawmh OD;EkyJ jzpfjyefygw,f? EkdifiHawmforRw}uD;tjzpf ay:vmwmu awmh t*~r[moa&pnfol a'gufwmbOD; jzpfygw,f? ‘qmbOD;’ jzpfygw,f? orRwa&G;aumufyJG teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
141
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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wifajr‡mufyJGrSm trwfwcsKdŒu tqkdðycJh=uwJh *sDpDbDat 0HomEkacgif;aqmifa[mif; OD;cspfv_difudk y,fcsvkduf+yD; zqyvrsm;u qmbOD;udk orRwtjzpf a&G;cs,fvkduf=uwmjzpfygw,f? +Adwdo#e,f csŒJ orm;rsm;acwfu v,form;ta&;awmfyaHk cgi;f aqmif}uD; q&mpHukd ppfaq;pD&if óud;rde@f ay;cJw h hJ e,fcsJŒorm;&JŒckH±kH;rSm cHk±Hk;tzJGŒ0ifwOD;jzpfcJhwJh qmbOD;udk vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwf 1952 ckESpf tpdk;& tzJGŒrSm EkdifiHawmforRw}uD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvkduf=uwmudk =unfhr,fqkd&ifudkyJ zqyv tpk;d &tzJŒG &JŒ &yfwnfcsuo f abmxm;[m xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf eygw,f? 'ga=umifh Ekid if aH &;a0zeforl sm; u ‘e,fcsJŒacwfrSm e,fcsJŒvufatmufu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wref xrf;&GufcJhwJh v,form;acgif;aqmif}uD; q&mpHudk óud;rdef@ay;cJholwOD;[m wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yDqkdwJh vGwf vyfa&;acwfrSm vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEkdifiHawmf&JŒ EkdifiHawmforRw}uD;tjzpf tHh=opzG,f awGŒvkduf =u&avownf;’ vkd@ axmyemcJh=uygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfxdyfoD;}uD;wOD;jzpfwJh OD;AaqGu umuG,f a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? acgif;rmqkd&S,fvpfxdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpfwJh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Akdvfcifarmifav;/ ocifwif/ ocifausm'f eG ;f / ocifomcife@J OD;wif/ OD;0if;/ Akv d rf if;acgi/f OD;ausmjf rif/h OD;bapm/ OD;xGe;f az (xGe;f ae@pOf)/ OD;oef;atmifw@dk vnf; 0ef}uD;awGjzpfvm=uygw,f? OD;Ek&ŒJ tpd;k &tzJŒG rSm OD;Ek&ŒJ tvku d s emrnfygajymif;+yD; ‘vwpf’ uae OD;cifarmifvwftjzpf jynfolŒ0efxrf;Xme0ef}uD;jzpfvmol ‘&ef&Sif;’ tjzpf trnfajymif;ckdif;wmudk rajymif;bJ rlvtrnftwkdif;yJcH,l+yD; tdrf,maqmufvkyf a&;eJ@ tvkyform;Xme0ef}uD;jzpfvmol OD;&m&Spf wkd@vnf; yg0ifcJh=uygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;a&;eJ@ &Srf;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u pyfcGefcsKd/ u&ifjynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u rpPpfb armifcsed /f ucsijf ynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif/ u,m;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;u pyf0À/ csi;f a&;&mXme0ef}uD;u OD;&Sed x f ef jzpf+yD; vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;Xme0ef}uD;u ref;0if;armif jzpfvmcJh ygw,f? vuf,mqkd&S,fvpfawGcsnf;om }uD;pkd;xm;wJh zqyvtzJGŒcsKyf}uD;[m tm%m&tzJGŒ tpnf;}uD;jzpfwJhtwGuf aus;vufawm&Gmygrusef wjynfvkH;ae&mtESHrSm zqqkd&S,frsm;wGif us,fcJh=uygw,f? tm%mukd udkif+yD; tm%mjycGifhykdrkd&&SdcJh=uygw,f? òrdŒ&Gmaus;vufa'owkdif;&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;tqifhqifh[m zqqkd&S,fwkd@&JŒ vufxJrSmyJ &SdcJhygw,f?
jynf a wmf o mpD r H u d e f ; / w±k w f j zLusL;ausmf r + E S i f h jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf tm%m& zqyvtzJGŒcsKyf[m tpdk;&tm%mudk &&Sdxm;±Hkru v$wfawmfwGif;rSmvnf; òydifbufuif;tkyfpk}uD;ozG,f jzpfvmcJhygw,f? trwfae&m trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;udk ydkifqkdif&&Sd xm;wmjzpfawmh óudufwJhOya'udk óudufovkd jyÏmef;EdkifcGifh csrSwfykdifcGifh&&Sdxm;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek[m zqyvxJrSm qkd&S,fvpfrsm;vkd ygwDvufudkifr&Sdayr,fh =oZmt}uD;qkH;yk*~Kdvfjzpfvmyg w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwJh t&Sdeft0geJ@ (ppfwyftay:uvJGvkd@) olxifovdkqkH;jzwfwm/ tm%m&Sif qefqef ðyrlaqmif&GufwmawG vkyfvmygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk,fwkdif ygvDrefudk rSefrSefrwuf±Hk ru olvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufxm;wJhudpP&yfawGudkvnf; v$wfawmfudk wifjytpD&ifcHjcif; csjyaqG;aEG; 142
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jcif;awGrvkyfbJ óuHovkdvkyfavh&Sdw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ ta&;}uD;wJhvkyfief;rl0g'awGukd OD;Eku ESpyf wfw}udr/f wywfw}udrf owif;pmq&mawGe@J awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;&if;/ wae&m&mrSm rde@f ceG ;f ac|&if; xkwfazmfwwfw,fqkdygw,f? OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD;/ wkdif;jynfzGHŒòzd;wkd;wufa&;twGufqdk+yD; w&m;0if pwifazmfxkwf vkdufwJhpDrHudef;}uD;uawmh ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;’ jzpfygw,f? 1952 ckESpf tmZmenfae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku ‘ArmEkdifiH[m v,fawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ 'Dv,fawGa=umifh ArmEkid if [ H m urBmay:rSm qeftrsm;qk;H wify@dk a&mif;cswEhJ idk if jH zpfaew,f? 'Dv,f awGtjyif tzk;d wefu|eo f pfawGxu G w f hJ opfawmawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f/ owWKwGi;f rsK;d pk&H w dS ,f/ ywWjrm;wGif;awG&Sdw,f/ a&eHwGif;awG&Sdw,f’ qkdwm azmfxkwfajymqkd&if; ‘vlwudk,f wkdufwvkH; um;wpD; vpOf0ifaiG&pS &f m&atmif vkyaf y;Ekid w f ,fqw dk hJ ol&ŒJ Armausmrf ed @f ceG ;f }uD;udk pwifajymqkyd g w,f? OD;Ek&JŒ “vlwudk,fwkdufwvHk; armfawmfum;wpD; vpOf0ifaiG&Spf&m” qdkwJh jynfawmfom uwd}uD;[m jynfawmfompDrHudef;pwifzkd@ jyifqifvkdufwJh y%mrtzGifhjzpfygw,f? 1952 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (4) &ufuae (17) &ufae@txd tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; jynfawmf ompDrHudef;}uD;udk a&;qJGcsrSwfygw,f? jynfawmfomuGefz&ifh}uD;udk usKduUqHuGif;rSm csdrfhcsdrfhoJoJ usif;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;awGuvnf; 'DpDrHudef;}uD;udk rpm;&0cref; ajym=uqkd=u wifjy=uygw,f? ae@csi;f ncsi;f ajr}uD;ua&$o;D +yD; ya'omyifacwf 'ufxad &mufawmhrwwf ºuGm;=u 0g=u od'x <d yf wif=uygw,f? wu,fu jynfawmfom&SpfESpfpDrHudef;}uD;[m &SpfESpfumvtwGif; ArmEkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk ppfóudacwftajctaetxd jyefvnfa&muf&Sdapa&;jzpfygw,f? tar&duef ukr% ` D ‘auwDat’ uqJaG y;xm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f awGukd eJeyJ g;yg; zkwzf ufcg aq;okwt f a&mif jc,f+yD; ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;’ vkd@ uifyGef;wyfay;vkdufwmomjzpfygw,f? jynfawmfompDrHudef; }uD;xJrSm (1) b0opfpDrHudef;rsm; (2) pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; (3) tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;rsm; (4) vlxktwGufvwfwavm oufomacsmifcsda&;qdk+yD; t=urf;zsif; (4) rsKd;cJGjcm;xm;yg w,f? b0opfpDrHudef;awGxJrSm òrdŒjyaus;vufuGm[r_enf;yg;a&;/ zHGŒòzd;r_r&Sdao;wJha'orsm;rSm b0opfzefwD;a&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ tkd;tdrfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;/ òrdŒ&Gm pnfyifa&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;pDrHudef;awG &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif pDrHcsrSwfazmfjyxm;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGxJrSmawmh v,f,meJ@pufr_u¾awGyg0if+yD; v,f,mvkyfief;wkd; wufa&;/ aus;vuf}uD;yGm;a&;/ v,f,majr EkdifiHykdifðyvkyfa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_pDrHudef;awG tpDt&D csrSwfazmfjyxm;ygw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;awGxJrSmawmh ukdvkdeDvufusef AsL±kdua&pD,E W&m;ukd 'Drkdua&pD ,E W&m;eJ@ tpm;xkd;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ a'oE W&tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;awG vSvSyyazmfjyxm;ygw,f? vwfwavmoufomacsmifcsad &;vkyif ef;awGxrJ mS awmh a'oE &W tvku d f zHŒG òzd;a&;pDru H ed ;f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
143
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i,fawGukd a'oE &W tqifo h @dk vyk yf idk cf iG t hf m%mtyfEiS ;f ay;+yD; oGuo f u G v f ufvufaqmif&u G Ef idk &f ef vGwfvyfcGifhawGawmif;ay;jyxm;ygw,f? 'DpDrHudef; (4) rsKd;pvkH;[m tar&duefauwDat tpD&ifcHpmyg jyefvnfxlaxmif&r,fh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; (10) rsK;d eJ@!ESd id_ ;f +yD; uku d n f aD tmif ykaH vmif;azmfjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f? auwDat&JŒ ‘jyefvnfxlaxmif&r,fh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; (10) rsKd;’ uawmh(1) v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf (u) v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&; (c) qnfajrmif;azmufvkyfa&;qkd+yD; (2) rsKd;? (2) qufoG,fa&;ESifho,f,lykd@aqmifa&;twGuf (u) qdyfurf;eJ@a&a=umif;oGm;vma&; (c) &xm;ykd@aqmifa&; (*) ava=umif;oGm;vma&; (C) a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&; qkd+yD; (4) rsKd;? (3) pufr_vufr_ u¾twGuf (u) pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm; (c) v#yfppfvkyfief;rsm; qkd+yD; (2) rsKd;? (4) o,HZmw azmfxkwfokH;pJGa& u¾twGuf (u) owWKwGif; (c) opfawmqkd+yD; (2) rsKd;? tm;vk;H aygi;f u¾}uD; (4) cktwGuf vkyif ef;}uD; (10) rsK;d a&;qJaG zmfjy tpD&ifcx H m;ygw,f? tJ'DtajccHay:uae jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD; aygufzGm;vmwmjzpfygw,f? OD;Ektygt0if zqyv tpdk;&tzJGŒ}uD;[m auwDat pDrHudef;}uD;tay: tm;udk;,Hk=unfcJh=uovkd/ tar&duefwkd@&JŒ pD;yGm; a&;tultnDudkvnf; &,lxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf onfhxufonf ykdrkdar#mfvifhxm;cJh=uygw,f? ‘jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD;’ [m (8) ESpf pDru H ed ;f jzpf+yD;/ ESpEf pS pf rD u H ed ;f ay:rSm tajccH+yD;a&;qJyG gw,f? pDrHudef;&JŒukefusaiG[m usyfukaÉ (750) cef@jzpfr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;+yD;/ ukefusaiGtwGuf ukaÉ (500) avmufudk jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sm}uH/ ukaÉ (250) avmufukd jynfyutultnD,zl @dk &nf&, G x f m;ygw,f? vkdtyfwJhaiGudk EdkifiHjcm;u acs;iSm;+yD;yJjzpfjzpf/ axmufyHa=u;,l+yD;yJjzpfjzpf/ *syefppfavsmfa=u;aiGu ,liifoHk;pJGvkd@jzpfjzpf }uHzef&,l+yD; okH;pJGtaumiftxnfazmfoGm;zkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;ygw,f? jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD;&JŒ pDru H ed ;f toD;oD;udk taumiftxnfazmfz@dk ‘ajr,maus;vuf _ ufrz_ ŒHG òzd;wk;d wuf }uD;yGm;wkd;wufa&;aumfydka&;&Sif; wenf;tm;jzifh ajraus;&Sif(A.R.D.C)/ pufrv a&;aumfyadk &;&Si;f (IDC) eJ@ "mwfowWKzGŒH òzd;wk;d wufa&;aumfyadk &;&Si;f (M.R.D.C) wd@k ukd tòydit f qkid f wnfaxmifzJGŒpnf;vkdufygw,f? ARDC udk 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku, kd w f idk f OuUÏ tjzpfaqmif&u G zf ŒGJ pnf;+yD; IDC udk OD;ausm+f idr;f u OuUÏ/ M.R.D.C udk OD;wifu OuUÏ tjzpf acgif;aqmifzJGŒpnf;vkduf=uygw,f? ppfwyftwGufu (BEDC) jzpfvmygw,f? 144
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1952 ckEpS t f ukerf mS Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek&ŒJ jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD; tawmiftvufpkH vmovkd ArmjynftwGif; rw&m;ojzifh 0ifa&mufvm=uwJh w±kwfjzL (KMT) usL;ausmfr_}uD;[m vnf; omrefusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmr_}uD;r#omru EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawG pGufzufa&;ajcvSrf; awG tar&duef pDtkdifat ausmaxmufaemufcHðyr_awGyg a&m,SufayGvdrfyg0ifaewJh tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd usL;ausmfr_}uD;tjzpf zHk;rEkdifzdr& ±kyfvkH;ay:pðyvmcJhygw,f? 1949 ckESpfuwnf;u pwif0ifa&mufvmcJhwJh w±kwfjzL (KMT) usL;ausmfr_udk OD;Ektpkd;& [m cyfaygah yhgyJ oabmxm;cJyh gw,f? ppf±;_H vk@d e,ferd w d cf si;f qufa'oawGtwGi;f ajy;0ifcu dk yfvm olawG tcsed w f ef azmfrq dk mu jyefac:oGm;r,fo h al wGavmufom oabmxm;cJ+h yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnfwHk@jyefcJhjcif;/ oabmxm; w&m;0ifxkwfazmfcJhjcif; rvkyfcJhyg? jynfwGif;vufeufukdif awmf vSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay:om a&mifpkHaomif;usef;olawG a&mifpHkolykefawGtjzpf trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk pGyfpJG/ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkusifhoHk;+yD; rD;ukef,rf;ukef wkdufckdufESdrfeif;cJhygw,f? tjywfacsr_ef;Ekdifa&;udk OD;wnfaqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? usKid ;f wkpH pfqifa&;/ za&mhp/f armf/ yefvpkH pfqifa&;/ rk;d óud; txl;ppfqifa&; qkw d hJ ppfqifa&;awGe@J wyfrawmfu jyefvnfweG ;f vSew f u dk cf u kd w f mawG vkycf ahJ yr,fh t"dutm;jzifh Auy/ autif'DtkdeJ@ jynfwGif;vufeufudkifolykeftiftm;pkawGtay:om ppfqifa&;}uD;awG tqufrjywfazmfxw k +f yD; tðywfwu kd af &;udk óud;yrf;cJyh gw,f? &ef&iS ;f / vGwaf jrmufa&;/ atmifrmC/ jynfaxmifp/k rk;d óud; pwJh ppfqifa&;}uD;awGe@J Auy tay: tjyif;txefwu dk cf yhJ gw,f? txufArm jynfrSm a&$vDppfqifr_vkyf+yD; Auy udk OD;pm;ay; ypfrSwfðyacsr_ef;cJhovkd atmufArmjynf&Sd AuyeJ@ autif't D rdk sm;tay: armf0if;pde/f vGe;f pdeaf rmf/ 0if;ausmpf pfqifa&;awGe@J tqufrjywfx;dk cJyh gw,f? 1950/ 51-52 rsm;[m ppfwyfu ppfqifr_awGtrsm;qkH;ðyvkyfcJhwJh ESpfawGjzpfygw,f? &ckdifwkdif;&Sd &JabmfjzL/ rl*sm[pfeJ@ Auy awGudk awmifydkif;wkdif;u OD;pD;acsr_ef;r_awGvkyfovkd weoFm&Dwkdif; twGif;&Sd autif'Dtkd/ trftif'DtkdeJ@ Auyrsm;ukdvnf; trSwf (5) ajcvsifwyfr[mXmecsKyfu tjyif;txefwkdufckdufwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGtay: acsr_ef; wku d cf u dk zf @dk óud;yrf;wmawGe@J Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unf&h if jynfyusL;ausmo f l w±kwjf zLawGtay: wku d cf u dk w f m [m tifrwefenf;yg;vSygw,f? 'ga=umifh w±kwfjzLawG[m wpxufwp tiftm;ykdrdktm;aumif; vm twifh&Jvm+yD; 1952 ckESpf ESpfvnfavmufup+yD; &Srf;jynfe,feJ@ ucsifjynfe,fwckvkH;udk odrf;ykduf&efeJ@ ajrmufzufe,fpyfwav#mufrSm t+rJwrf;ppfpcef;wck wnfaqmuf&efyg ajcvSrf;usJ usJ óud;yrf;jyifqifvm=uygw,f? rdik ;f qwfukd w±kwjf zLrsm;u av,mOfuiG ;f ðyvkyx f m;+yD; av,mOf jzifh wywfv#if ESp}f udrv f ma&mufcsay;wJh vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmufawGe@J wk;d csŒJ vufeufwyfqif wm/ ppfa&;avhusiahf y;wmawGyg tckid t f rmðyvkyv f m=uygw,f? w±kwjf zLusL;ausmaf &;wyfawG&ŒJ aemufrSm azmfrkdqm/ xdkif0rfwdk@omru tar&duefe,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ ‘pDtkdifat’ wkd@yg twGif;usus yg0ifywfoufaewmudk wk;d wufwhJ Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtm;vk;H u axmufjya0zefvm=uygw,f? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD; pwifvmcJw h hJ ppfat;wku d yf [ GJ m urBmrSm ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ *k% d ;f }uD; (2)*k% d ;f tiftm;òydiyf [ GJ m Armjynfuv dk nf; *,uf±u dk cf wfvmcJyh gw,f? w±kwjf ynfrmS cseaf u&Sw d x f u G af jy; &+yD; w±kwfuGefjrLepfawGatmifyJGcH+yD; w±kwfjynfopftjzpf ay:xGef;vmwm[m tar&dueftzkd@ tcH&cufvSovkd tar&duefwkd@&JŒ 'kdrDEkdoD0&Dt& tm&SrSm uGefjrLepfEkdifiHwck ay:aygufvmwm[m teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
145
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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aemufxyftm&SrmS uGejf rLepfEidk if aH wG qufvufay:xGuv f mzk@d a&cHajrcHjzpfaewmudk zsuq f ;D ypfcsif aecJhygw,f? 1950 jynfh udk&D;,m;ppfyJGay:aygufvmwJhtcg tar&duef[m ukvor*~ emrnfudk toHk;ðy+yD; wkduf±kduf ppfyJGxJrSm yg0ifywfoufvmcJhygw,f? tm&SrSm uGefjrLepfEkdifiHawG ray:ayguf a&;twGuaf &m w±kwjf ynf}uD;udk 0kid ;f ywfacsre_ ;f Ekid af &;twGuyf g ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwref a&;/ enf;emawGtm;vk;H udk &Ekid w f hJ axmifah ygi;f pHu k ae enf;emaygi;f pHek @J toH;k ðy yg0ifywfoufvmcJh ygw,f? ud&k ;D ,m;ppfyu GJ ae tEkjrLppfyt JG xd jzpfay:vmEkid w f t hJ E &W m,fukd wurBmvH;k u pk;d &dryf yl ef aecJh=u&ygw,f? Armjynf[m w±kwfjynfeJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif;qufpyfaewJhtwGuf tar&duef&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; aoe*FAsL[mtwGuf tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh a'owckjzpfvmcJhygw,f? wzufu Armjynfzqyv&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyf&yfawGudk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðywm pD;yGm; a&;tultnDawGay;wm/ tar&duefypPn;f awGukd (Special Account) eJ@ 0,f,cl iG ðhf ywm/ ppfzufqidk f &m avhvma&;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJŒG awGukd vufcw H mawGvyk cf o hJ vk/d wzufu w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f l awGukd aemufuG,fuae tm;ay;+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;wyfawG ArmjynfrSm tckdiftrm tajc pkdufwnf&Sdaewm[m tar&duefppftiftm;pkwck w±kwfjynfem;uyf+yD; csxm;cGifh&wmeJ@rjcm; tusKd;&Sdw,fvkd@ ,lqxm;ykH&ygw,f? tJ'Dvkd tar&duefwkd@&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; ppfa&;/ EkdifiH a&;/ aoe*FAsL[mawGeJ@ qufpyf+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rSm tar&duefawGvnf; yg0ifywfouf aecJhygw,f? zqyv tpkd;&[m udk&D;,m;ppfyJG jy\emrSmvnf; tar&duefbufu&yfcJh+yD; tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;tultnDawGukd &,lvufc&H if;/ tar&duefurk % ` D auwDatudk iSm;&rf;+yD; jynfawmfom pDrHudef;ukd taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ pdwful;,OfaecsdefjzpfwJhtwGuf w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;udk jywf jywfom;om; qef@usifa&;xuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udkom tav;ay;vkyfaqmifaecJhygw,f? jynfyusL;ausmfr_u ta&;r}uD; jynfwGif;aomif;usef;r_u ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@,lq+yD; jynfwGif; aomif;usef;olrsm; tðywfwkdufa&;eJ@ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tvHukdom tjrifhqkH;v$ifhxlxm;yg w,f? vuf0J0g'/ bkH0g'/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk óudufESpfoufvSa=umif;/ vufcH,kH=unfa=umif; wzGzG ajym=um;cJ=h uwJh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wk@d wawG[mvnf; avoHajymif;pðyvmygw,f? zqyv tzJGŒcsKyf}uD;xJuae uGefjrLepfygwDudk xkwfy,fvkdufcsdef (1946) u ‘uGefjrLepf0g' t"Gef@&Snfygap/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDusqkH;ygap’ vkd@ xatmfcJhwJh OD;Ek[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD qef@usifa&; omru/ uGejf rLepfpepfqef@usiaf &;yg ajymif;vJatmf[pfvmpðyygw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygwD xdyo f ;D }uD; OD;AaqGeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;uvnf; rmuQ(pf) 0g'/ vDeif0g'udk óudufESpfoufa=umif; wav#mufvkH;aºuG; a=umfajymqkdvm&muae uGefjrLepf0g'wckvkH;udkyg ykwfcwfwkdufckduf qef@usif ajymqkdpðyvm=uyg w,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;uqdk&if rmuQ(pf) 0g'ukd vufrcHa=umif; uGefjrLepf0g'udk róudufa=umif;/ olwkd@ qk&d , S v f pfygw&D ŒJ vufcu H ikd pf w GJ 0hJ g'[m rmuQ(p)0g'r[kwf qk&d , S 'f rD u kd &ufwpf0g'omjzpfa=umif; ajymqkdvmygw,f? uGefjrLepf0g'tE W&m,f[m e,fcsJŒtE W&m,fxuf ykda=umufp&m aumif;w,f vk@d awmif twdtvif; cH,al zmfxw k v f mygw,f? tJ'v D dk tjrift,ltq/ ajymif;vJvmr_awGtay: uae uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udkom oJ}uD;rJ}uD; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&if; vufawGŒoabmtm;jzifh 146
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tar&duefbuf rSDcdk,drf;,kdifcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf; eJ@ qdk&S,fvpf awGtm;vHk;[m qdk&S,fvpf0g'qdkwmukdawmh wGifwGifatmfae=uqJjzpfygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;rSm t"duygwD}uD;wckvnf;jzpf/ twkduftcHEkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS Ekid if aH &;t&Sed =f oZmt}uD;qk;H vnf;jzpf/ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; qifEa$J e&ol vnf;jzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfuawmh ‘'Drdkua&pD +idrf;csrf;a&;!Gef@aygif; tpkd;&vrf;pOf’ jzpfygw,f? 1951 ckESpf/ pufwifbm A[kdaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0;uae w&m;0ifcs rSwfxm;wJhvrf;pOfjzpfygw,f? ESpfESpftwGif; ppfEkdifa&;vrf;pOf+yD;wJhaemuf ay:aygufvmwJhvrf;pOf jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awmwGif;&Sd jynfol@&Jabmf/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfwkd@ okH;ygwDnD !Gwaf &;wnfaqmufz@kd awGŒqk=H uwJt h cg tJ'+D idr;f csr;f a&;!Ge@f aygi;f tpk;d &vrf;pOf[m +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf nD!Gwfa&;vrf;pOf’ vkd@ trnfwGifcJhygw,f? 1952 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (4) &ufuae (15) &ufae@txd a,me,f ykHawmifykHnma'orSm Arm jynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfoŒl &Jabmf/ tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygww D @dk [m ‘ok;H ygwn D ! D w G af &;uGezf &if’h usi;f yygw,f? EkdifiHwumhtajctae jynfwGif;tajctaeawGudk okH;oyf=uygw,f? tar&duefe,fcsJŒ orm;&JŒ tajctaeeJ@ ArmjynfrSmjzpfay:aewJh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ jy\emawGudk av;av; eufeufokH;oyf=u+yD; pufwifbm (15) &ufae@ ae@pJGeJ@ oHk;ygwDa=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? jynfolvlxktaygif;wkd@vkd@ tpcsD+yD; tar&duefe,fcsJŒorm;u a&SŒaqmifv_HŒaqmfaeonfh urBmhtEkjrLppfudk wm;qD;=uavmh/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;uGef*&uf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vkdufemaqmif &Gu=f uavmh/ jynfwiG ;f a&;0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaeonfh Ekid if jH cm;ppfwyfrsm; ±kyo f rd ;f a&;udak wmif;qk=d u avmh/ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfp+J yD; wrsK;d om;vH;k aoG;pnf;a&;jzifh xm0&+idr;f csr;f a&;udk t&,l=upk@d v@dk azmfjy aºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? uGefz&ifhxkwfjyefa=unmcsufudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifoef;òrdif/ ocifZif/ ocifcspf/ &JabmfaX;/ tvHeDygwDu ocifpkd;/ &JeDjrifhatmif/ &JeDxGef;pdef/ &JeDatmifvif;/ &JeDxl;/ jynfolŒ&Jabmfu &JabmfxGef;vif;/ &Jabmfatmif!Gef@/ &JabmfatmifEkdif/ &Jabmfqef;armif/ &Jabmfbkef;atmifwkd@u vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;=uygw,f? ‘'Drkdua&pD +idrf;csrf;a&;!Gef@aygif;tpkd;& wnfaqmuf=u’ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf=u’ qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawG us,fus,favmifavmifxGufay:cJhayr,fh tm%m& zqyv tpkd;&uawmh tðywfwkdufa&;twGuf ppfwyf}uD;ukdyJ }uD;oxuf}uD;atmif csJŒxGifwnf aqmufaecJhygw,f? 1952 ckESpftwGif;rSm trSwf (13) rS trSwf (24) txd ajcvsifwyf&if; (12) &if; xyfrHzJGŒ pnf;cJhovkd/ ta&;ay: trSwf (1) csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;udk ykHrSefaoewfukdifwyf&if;trSwf (4) csif;aoewfukdifwyf&if;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (1) ta&;ay:u&ifeDwyf&if;udk trSwf (1) u,m;aoewfudkifwyf&if;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (1) u,m;aoewfukdifwyf&if;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ trSwf (1) ta&;ay:ucsifwyf&if;udk trSwf (4) ucsifaoewfukdifwyf&if;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ trSwf (2) ta&;ay:ucsifwyf&if;udk trSwf (5) ucsifaoewfudkifwyf&if;tjzpf vnf;aumif; wk;d csŒJ zJŒG pnf;cJyh gw,f? trSwf (1) wifu h m;wyf&if;udk zJŒG pnf;cJo h vkd tif*sief , D mwyf/ aq;wyf/ qufoG,fa&;wyfrsm;udkvnf; wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;cJhygw,f? ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyftopfwck vnf; ay:aygufvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh trSwf (8) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (ykodrf) jzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
147
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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trSwf (1) tajrmufwyf&if;udk zJŒG pnf;cJw h t hJ jyif/ &S+d yD; trSwf (1) avhusiahf &;wyfwckwnf; eJ@ rvkaH vmufawmhv@dk ajcvsiw f yfom;awGudk wk;d jri‡ o hf ifwef;ay;avhusizhf @dk rdwv ˆD mrSm trSwf (2) avhusiahf &;wyfuv kd nf; pwifzŒGJ pnf;vku d yf gw,f? 1950 jynfEh pS u f &efuek òf rdŒ abmif'&D ("rRapwD) vrf;rSm pwifzŒGJ pnf;cJw h hJ ‘Military Intelligence Training Centre’ qkw d hJ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;oifwef; ausmif;ukv d nf; 1952 ckEpS rf mS ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;twwfoifwyf” qk+d yD; ajymif;vJw;kd csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;cJyh g w,f? ppfwyfawGudk wkd;csJŒzJGŒpnf;jcif;/ ppfqifa&;awGudk wkd;jr‡ifhðyvkyfjcif;wkd@omru jynfwGif;vuf eufukdiftiftm;pkawGukd òzdcJGzkd@ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;tzJGŒrsm;vnf;zGJŒum ‘pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;’ 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;awGyg wkd;csJŒvkyfukdifcJhygw,f? aomif;usef;olqef@usifa&;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; pm&Gufpmwef;awG odef;eJ@csD±kdufESdyfcJh+yD; ppfqifa&;e,fajrawGay:omru wEkid if v H ;Hk tES@H ysŒH atmif jzef@csad 0iScyhJ gw,f? pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;OD; wnfcsufeJ@ pmaytEkynme,ftwGif;okd@yg ajcukwf,lEkdif&ef ppfwyfuae OD;pD;+yD; r*~Zif;wapmif xkwfa0jzef@csdvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh 1952 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrSm pwifxkwfa0vkdufwJh ‘jr0wD’ r*~Zif;jzpfygw,f? umuG,af &;Xme0ef}uD;u OD;AaqG/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu 'kAv dk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;? OD;AaqGu qkd&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;jzpfovkd Akdvfae0if;uvnf; qkd&S,fvpfygwD&JŒ wyfwGif;tpk 0ifwa,mufjzpfcJhygw,f? Akdvfatmif}uD;/ Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmifa&$/ Akdvfcspfckdif/ Akdvf=unf0if; pwJh wyfrawmfwGif;&mxl;}uD;}uD;&xm;olawGuvnf; qkd&S,fvpfygwD0ifawGjzpfcJhawmh wyfr awmf[m qk&d , S v f pfawGp;D xm;wJh wyfrawmfjzpfae+yD;/ ppfa&;ppf&mudpP umuG,af &;qkid &f mudpaP wG [m qkd&S,fvpfygwDtvkdusozG,fjzpfaecJhygw,f? (Akdvfarmifarmifvnf; autif'Dtkdwkd@ zrf;qD; jcif;cHxm;&&mu ‘tvif;a&mif’ ppfqifa&;vky+f yD; jyefvnfu,fwifEidk cf v hJ @dk 1952 ckEpS x f rJ mS wyfr awmfwGif;rSm ta&;}uD;yk*~Kdvfwa,mufjyefjzpfvmygw,f?) 1952 ckESpftukefrSm zqyvtpkd;&taeeJ@ txl;ojzifh wyfrawmftaeeJ@ pOf;pm;vm& wmu Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unmcge;D csKyfqx dk m;cJw h hJ +Aw d o d #-jrefrm umuG,af &;pmcsKyf (vusmf z&D;rif;pmcsKyf) udk aemufxyfoufwrf;wdk;rvm;/ rwkd;bl;vm;udpPjzpfygw,f? vusfm-z&D;rif; pmcsKyft& yxroufwrf; (3) ESpf[m (3-1-51) ae@rSm ukefqkH;cJh+yD; aemufxyfoufwrf; (2)ESpf wkd;jr‡ifhcJh=u&m/ tJ'Doufwrf;[mvnf; (3-1-53) ae@rSm ukefqkH;awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf umuG,af &;pmcsKyftay: jyefvnfpOf;pm;=u&if; Armjynfbufuom epfemcJ&h wmawGudk vufawGŒ t& awGŒóuHcJh&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGufh +Adwdo#-jrefrm umuG,fa&;pmcsKyfudk oufwrf;rwkd;awmhyJ tJ'D pmcsKyftpm; pmcsKyftopfw&yf csKyfqkda&;udkom qkH;jzwfvkduf=uygw,f? Armjynf tm%m& zqyvtpk;d &[m vusmf -z&D;rif;pmcsKyfukd wavsmufv;Hk zH;k zH;k zdzv d yk f vmcJhor# tckrSyJ zsufodrf;ypfzkd@/ 'kwd,t}udrf oufwrf;rwkd;awmhzkd@/ tJ'DpmcsKyftpm; vufeuf 0,f,la&;pmcsKyfopfw&yfeJ@ tpm;xkd;&efjyifqifcJhygw,f// 1952 ckEpS u f ek rf mS Armjynf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd =unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh pyg;aps;aumif; wJt h wGuf t&HEidk if jH cm;aiGyrm%mjrifw h ufvmcJw h ,f? 51 u qefwwef ukd pwmvifaygif (60)aps; 148
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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149
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
zGJŒppfaq;awmh (2&) odef; okH;pGGJcGifhðyxm;wJh pDrHudef;[m usyfaiG (505) odef;awmif&Sdae+yDqkdwm awGŒ=u&+yD; t±H_;}uD;±_H;cJh=u&ygw,f? tJ'DvkdyJ ordkif;csnfpuf udpPrSmvnf; (1951) xJ puf±kHpvnfwJhtcg ArmjynfrSmwnfwJh puf/ ArmjynfuxGufwJh csnfr#ifwkd@ 0gwdk@ okH;vkd@r&wJhpuf jzpfaewmawGŒ=u&ygw,f? tJ'Dvkd ocFef;pmawG&SdygvsufeJ@ jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD; pwJhtcgrSmvnf; wkdifwkdifyifyif ndn ‡ E‡d id_ ;f E_id ;f r&S?d ppfppfaq;aq; avhavhvmvmr&Sb d J uk, d t hf yk pf ek @J u, dk f oef&moef&m taumift xnfazmf=uwJhtwGuf aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ vufawGŒ[m puwnf;u ,OfoukdjzpfaecJhygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;uwnf;u aºuG;a=umfjyÏmef;cJw h hJ v,f,majr Ekid if yH idk ðf yvkyaf &;ukd (1953) ckESpfxJrSm ocifwif/ ocifausmfxGef;wkd@ acgif;aqmif+yD; pwifvkyfaqmifygw,f? jynfawmf ompDrHudef;}uD;eJ@twl taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? emrnfuom v,f,majrEkdifiHykdifðywmqkday r,fh ajr&Sif}uD;awGqDu ajrawGukd avsmfa=u;ay;+yD; odrf;&wmjzpfygw,f? Oya't& odrf;,lvkduf wJhajr{u (7) oef;eD;yg;twGuf avsmfa=u;aiG oef; (150) eD;yg;ay;cJh&ygw,f? 'D ‘v,f,majrEdkifiH ykdifðyvkyfa&;’ ay:vpD[m ajr&Sif}uD;pepfukd wpkHw&mcsdeJ@oGm;apcJhayr,fh ajr&Sifpepfukd t+yD;tykdif zsufodrf;ypfEkdifcJhwmr[kwfyg? zsufodrf;vkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufvnf;r&SdcJhyg? zqyv tpkd;&vufatmufrSm t"du vlxkvlwef;pm; tzJGŒtpnf;}uD;oabmrsKd; (3)ck&Sd ygw,f? ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m awmifolv,form; tpnf;t±kH; (Awvp)/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±kH; tzGJŒcsKyf - ArmEkdifiH (wD,lpDbD) eJ@ pD;yGm;ukefoG,ftzJGŒcsKyf (pyuo) wkd@jzpfygw,f? awmifov l ,form;awGe@J qidk w f hJ ‘Awvp’ u trawmfa=u;udp/P pyg;ta&mif;t0,fupd /P v,form;udpPawGukd wkduf±kdufukdifwG,faqmif&Gufygw,f? trawmfa=u;xkwfacs;&mrSm zqyv tpk;d &u awmifov l ,form;awGudk wku d ±f u dk x f w k rf acs;yg? Awvp u wqifx h w k af cs;wJt h wGuf zqyv vufatmufcH Awvp tzJGŒ0ifawGom trawmfa=u;&ygw,f? Awvp tr_aqmifawG u a'otoD;oD;rSm trawmfa=u;aiGawG xifovkb d ;Hk =uwm/ v,form;ppfppfu trawmfa=u; rjzpfpavmufom&+yD; v,form;tppfr[kwo f al wGu trawmfa=u;yk&d wmrsK;d awG ae&mtES@H ay: cJhygw,f? Awvp eJ@ ajr,maumfrDwDqkdwmawG&JŒ =oZmremcHol v,form;awGtay: zdESdyfn‡if; yef;wm/ tcGet f wkwf rw&m;aumufcw H mawG &uf&ufpufpuf vkyu f idk cf =hJ uwJt h wGuf wjynfv;Hk rSm Awvp awG emrnfysufcJh=uw,f? tvkyform;tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfwJh wD,lpDbD uvnf; tvkyform;awGtusKd;twGufqkdwm xuf uk, d [ hf muk, d f qkid ;f bkwaf xmif+yD; uk, d v hf al wGu, dk &f mxl;ay; ae&mcsxm;ay;xm;wmawGom vkyu f idk cf =hJ uygw,f? tpk;d &eJ@ tvkyo f rm;=um; tpk;d &bufu ‘qJcG s’ oabmvkyaf qmif&if; tvkyf orm;tcGifhta&;awGukd vpfvsL±_cJh=uygw,f? ‘Awvp’ u v,form;awGtay: acgif;ykHjzwf ovdk/ wD,lpDbDuvnf; tvkyform;awGtay:acgif;ykHjzwfwm ae&mtESH@ay:aygufcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;ukeo f , G t f zJŒG csKyf ‘pyuo’ uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;/ ukeo f , G af &;vkyif ef;awGtay: cs,v f , S }f uD;pk;d zk@d tjrwfxw k zf @dk om vkyu f idk af qmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? ‘Awvp’/ ‘wD,pl b D ’D /‘pyuo’ awG[m qkd&S,fvpfygwD&JŒ vufatmufcHtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awGomjzpf+yD; 'DtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awG&JŒ xdyfoD;OD;aqmifolrsm;[mvnf; qkd&S,fvpf}uD;awGcsnf;yJjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
151
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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tzJGŒtpnf;toD;oD;/ a'otoD;oD;u qkd&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;&JŒ tykyfeH@awG[m wae@wjcm; waxmif;axmif;xvmcJhygw,f? ‘qkd&S,fvpf}uD; vm'fpm;vkdufjyef+yD’ ‘qkd&S,fvpf}uD; aiGawGbkH; vku d jf yef+yD’ ‘aemufxyfq&dk , S v f pf rk'rd ;f r_wckay: jyef+yD’ ‘aemufxyf qk&d , S v f pf vlowfr}_ uD;wck’ qkdwJh acgif;pOfawGeJ@ owif;pmawGay:rSm r=umc% ygygvmcJhygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfrsm; vlxkcsOfywf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;wkd@wawG AsL±kdu&uf t&m&Sd}uD;awGozG,f ðyrlusio hf ;Hk vm=uovkd qk&d , S v f pfrsm; tm%m,pfr;l vm=uovk/d Ekid if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek [mvnf; wae@wjcm; tm%m&Sifqefvmw,fvkd@qdk=uygw,f? tm%m& tpk;d &tzGŒJ }uD;atmufu ‘Awvp’ ‘wD,pl b D ’D wk@d e@J tòydiu f awmh qk&d , S v f pf ygwu D cJx G u G o f mG ;cJw h hJ qk&d , S ef w D @dk &ŒJ ArmEkid if aH wmifov l ,form;nD!w G af &;tpnf;t±k;H (wvnp) eJ@ Armjynftvkyform;tpnf;t±kH;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (bDwD,lpD) (Burma Trade Union Congress) wkd@jzpfygw,f? ‘wvnp’ ukd ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) uacgif;aqmif+yD; ‘bDwD,lpD’udk ocifvGifu OD;aqmifygw,f// ‘Awvp’eJ@ ‘wvnp’ [m tòydifjzpfovkd wD,lpDbD (TUCB) eJ@ ‘bDwD,lpD’ (BTUC) [m tòydifjzpfygw,f? Awvp eJ@ wD,lpDbD u tm%m& tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? wvnp eJ@ bDw, D pl D uawmh tm%mrJh twku d t f cHtzGŒJ oabmrsK;d pifòyid w f nf&adS ewmjzpfygw,f? 1953 ckESpf ESpfqef;rSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_jy\em[m zkH;rEkdif/ zdr& tqifhavmufwifr uawmhyJ xdyu f adk &muf&v dS mygw,f? ArmjynftwGi;f rw&m;ojzifh 0ifa&mufusL;ausmw f yfpx JG m; ±kHru ajymifajymifwif;wif; Akdvfusrif;rlv_yf&Sm;ae=uwJh w±kwfjzLtiftm;[m tqrwef wkd;yGm; ae+yDjzpfygw,f? tar&duefu aemufuG,fuyg0if+yD; azmfrkdqmu wdkuf±dkuf tiftm;jznfhwif; pDpOfaqmif&u G af ewma=umifh w±kwjf zLtiftm; waomif;ESpaf xmifausmrf S waomif;ig;axmifcef@ txd&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&JŒ w&m;0ifcef@rSef;csuft& oHvGifjrpf ta&SŒ zufjcrf; rkdif;±_; yef,ef;a'owa=umrSm tiftm; (4000) cef@/ ta&SŒajrmuf rlq,f/ erfhcrf; tyg a'owav#muf tiftm; (3000) cef@/ rkid ;f qwf/ rkid ;f wk/H rkid ;f yefa'otyg e,fajrwav#muf tiftm; (4000) cef@ armfcs;D / v_id ;f bJŒG / u±kyad` 'orsm;rSm tiftm; (1000) cef@/ pkpak ygi;f tiftm; (12000)cef@ wyfjzef@vy_ &f mS ;ae=uygw,f? a0zefo;Hk oyfoal wGtqdt k &uawmh 'dxufrsm;w,fv@dk q=dk uygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1953 ckESpf/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rSm autrfwD (KMT) w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ jy\emukd ukvor*~tzJGŒcsKyf}uD;xHwifjyzkd@ zqyv tpkd;&tzJGŒu rvJ$omra&Smifom qkH;jzwf vkduf&ygw,f? 1953 ckESpf/ {+yDvrSmusif;ywJh ukvor*~tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ (7) }udrfajrmuf taxGaxGnD vmcH}uD;rSm jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒu wifjywkdifwef;ygw,f? wkdifwef;wJhtcg tar&duef yg0if ywfoufwJh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;vkd@awmif wdwdyy azmfjywkdifwef;0Hhjcif;r&SdyJ ‘jynfyusL; ausmfolrsm;’ ‘EkdifiHjcm;wyfrsm;’ vkd@om azmfjywkdifwef;cJh=uygw,f? {+yDv (22) &ufae@rSm “jrefrmhe,fajray: usL;ausmfaom EkdifiHjcm;wyftm;vkH; tjrefqkH; xGufcGgoGm;&ef” tqkdukd rJcJGqkH;jzwfwJhtcg EkdifiHaygif; (60) teuf axmufcHrJ (59) rJ/ =um;aerJ (1) rJeJ@ tjrefqkH;xGufcGgay;&ef qkH;jzwfcJhygw,f? azmfrdkqmu csefau&Sdwftpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,fu rJray;yJaecJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ukvor*~}uD;[m w±kwfjynfopf (w±kwfjynfr}uD;) ukd ukvor*~0ifEkdifiHtjzpf todtrSwfðyrxm;wJh tcdsefjzpfygw,f? 152
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;&JŒ qk;H jzwfcsut f & jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f uae w±kwjf zLusL; ausmfa&;wyftm;vkH; xGufcGgoGm;a&;twGuf tar&duef/ xkdif;/ jrefrmeJ@ w±kwf orRwEkdifiH (w±kwfjzL) wkd@yg0ifwJh av;EkdifiH ppfzufukd,fpm;vS,f aqG;aEG;yGJusif;yzkd@ tar&duefu urux vkyyf gw,f? xkid ;f Ekid if H befaumufòrdŒ tar&duefo±H ;Hk rSm arv (22) &ufae@rmS pwifusi;f yygw,f? tar&duefEkdifiHu autrfwD (w±kwfjzL ulrifwef) udpP oleJ@rywfoufygvkd@om cyfwnfwnfjiif; aeayr,fh ukvor*~qkH;jzwfcsufxGufvm+yD;wJhtcg tar&duefuyJ uruxðy+yD; ‘(4) EkdifiH befaumuftpnf;ta0;’ udk uruxðy pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu yxrawmh w±kwfjzLukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ rsufESmpkHnD xkdifraqG;aEG;Ekdifvkd@qkdwJhtwGuf tar&duef eJ@ xkdif; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;[m jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ w}udrf w±kwfjzL udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ w}udr/f udp&P yfwckudk ESp}f udraf qG;aEG;&ygw,f? jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ ukd Akv d rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD;u acgif;aqmifwufa&mufygw,f? tjrefqkH;xGufcGga&;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg qkwfcGgay;&r,fh usL;ausmfol w±kwfjzLrsm; u ArmjynftESH@tjym;&Sd olwkd@wyfrsm;tay: Armhwyfrawmfu typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk csufcsif;ðy vkyfay;&r,fvkd@ ppcsif;awmif;qkdygw,f? jrefrmbufu ‘jrefrmEkdifiHrS trSefwu,fxGufcGgoGm; onfhtcsdefwGif oufqkdif&ma'orsm;ESifh oufqkdif&mvrf;a=umif;rsm;ukd vkHòcHaoma'orsm;tjzpf owfrSwfay;+yD; ESpfzufpvkH;u typftcwf&yfpJ&ef ðyvkyfay;Ekdifa=umif;’ ajz=um;wJhtcg w±kwfjzL ukd,fpm;vS,fu vufrcHEkdifa=umif; acgif;rmaecJhygw,f? w±kwfjzLrsm;[m olwkd@udk,fwkdifu usL; ausmf+yD;olrsm; EkdifiHtwGif;a&muf&Sdaeygvsuf usL;ausmfolwkd@udk b,folurS rxd& rwkd@&/ typf tcwf&yfpJay;+yD; xkdif=unfhae&r,fhoabmrsKd; awmif;qkdaecJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? tar&duefOD;pD;wJh tar&duefeJ@ xkdif;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒu jrefrmbuf/ w±kwfjzLbufeJ@ ESpfzufpvkH;ukdaqG;aEG;+yD; aqG;aEG;ajym=um;csuaf wGtay:uae rlwnf+yD; ‘oabmwlncD surf =l urf;’ ukad &;qGyJ gw,f? tar&d uef/ xkid ;f / jrefrmtzJŒG rsm;u oabmwlncD =hJ uwJw h idk af tmif usL;ausmo f w l ±kwjf zLbufu oabm rwlbJ aqG;aEG;yJGudk aESmifhaES;=uef@=umatmif tcsdefqJGjcif; r±kd;rom;ðyrljcif;awGudkom vkyfaecJhyg w,f? ZGefv (1) &ufae@rSm w±kwfjzLbufu ‘jrefrmEkdifiHtESH@tjym; typftcwf&yfpJa&;tpm; oHvGifjrpf ta&SŒbufa'otm;vkH;wGif typftcwf&yfpJ&ef’ vkd@ ajymif;vJawmif;qkdygw,f? ZGef (2) &ufae@rSm ‘olwdk@ tpkd;&eJ@wkdifyif&ef&Sdonf’ qkd+yD; azmfrkdqmukdjyefoGm;ygw,f? ZGefv (10)&uf ae@rmS jrefrmbufu rjzpfEidk af =umif; befaumufaqG;aEG;yGaJ umfrw D u D w dk ifjy+yD; w±kwjf zLrsm;xGuf cGma&;tpDtpOf (3) ckudk ukeu f sr,fph &dwef @J wuG jyifqifwifjyygw,f? ZGef (13) &ufae@rmS w±kwjf zL ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ befaumufukdjyefa&mufvm+yD; olwkd@a&;qJGvmwJh xGufcGma&;tpDtpOfwck wifjyvmygw,f? tcsdefr=uef@=umatmifqkd+yD; jrefrmbufu ‘w±kwfjzLbufutpDtpOf’ ukd jyifqifcsut f enf;i,favmufe@J yJ vufcv H u dk yf gw,f? ¹cGi;f csut f aeeJ@ “rkid ;f qwfEiS t hf jcm;ta&;}uD; a'orsm;ukd ArmhwyfrawmfrS wku d cf u dk rf r_ &Syd J 0ifa&muford ;f yku d Ef idk &f rnf” vk@d xnfo h iG ;f awmif;qkyd g w,f? w±kwfjzLu ‘,m,DoabmwlnDcsufrl=urf;’ ukd vufrcHao;wJhtjyif “rkdif;qwfokd@ aumfrw D D oGm;a&muf&mwGif tar&duefEiS hf xkid ;f wk@d uo dk m oGm;cGiahf y;Ekid +f yD; jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
153
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ESifh jrefrmowif;pmq&mrsm;ukd vufrcHEkdifa=umif;eJ@ jrefrmtpkd;&u zrf;qD;xm;onfh w±kwfjzL rsm;udk ¹cGif;csufr&Sd csufcsif;v$wfypf&rnf” vkd@ xyfqifhawmif;qkdvmjyefygw,f? w±kwjf zLud, k pf m;vS,t f zJŒG azmfrq dk mjyefaewke;f rSm tar&dueftzJŒG u jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,f tzJŒG udk w±kwjf zLuk, d pf m;vS,t f zJŒG eJ@ rsuEf mS pkn H D aqG;aEG;zk@d wu dk w f eG ;f wJt h wGuf w±kwjf zLud, k pf m; vS,t f zGŒJ jyefa&mufvmwJt h cg oabmwlncD suf vsijf refpmG taumiftxnfay:ap&efq+dk yD; rsuEf mS pkHnDaqG;aEG;wmvkyfaqmifygawmhw,f? ZGefv (14) &uf (23) &ufae@txd rsufESmpkHnD qufvufaqG;aEG;=u+yD; ZGef (23) rSm w±kwjf zL tyg ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ (4) zGŒJ pvk;H u ,m,DoabmwlncD surf =l urf;udk rltm;jzifh oabm wl=uwJhtwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHrS w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; xGufcGma&;twGuf ‘av;EkdifiHoabmwlnDcsuf’ &+yDjzpfa=umif; urBmukda=unmcJhygw,f? oabmwlnDcsufukd vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmfzkd@rSmusawmh w±kwfjzLwkd@&JŒ tcsdefqJG aejcif; r±kd;rom;ðyr_jcif;awGa=umifh rcHcsifp&maumif;avmufatmif Armjynfbufu epfemcJh&yg w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u zqyv tpkd;&ukd vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefwkdufckdufae=uwJh Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmf/ autif'Dtkfd/ rGef/ ytkd@/ u&ifeD pwJh vufeufudkiftiftm;pk pkpak ygi;f ta&twGuf tiftm;xufawmif jynfyusL;ausmo f l w±kwjf zL autrfwD wyftiftm;u ykdrdkrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? jynfwGif;olykeftiftm;pktm;vkH;xuf jynfyusL;ausmfol w±kwfjzL ta& twGufursm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyv tpkd;&[m e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@yg vuf0g;csif;±kdufxm;wJh wkdif;wyg;om; usL;ausmfolrsm;ukd jywfjywfom;om; acsr_ef;wkdufxkwfa&;xuf/ wkdif;&if;om;csif; jzpfwJh jynfwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;tay: &uf&ufpufpuf tðywfwkdufa&;udkom OD;wnf óud;yrf;aecJhygw,f? e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;vuQ%mrawGŒ&yJ e,fcsJŒrSDckda&;vuQ%mom ododomom awGŒ&Ekdifygw,f? jynfwGif;wkd;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u a0zefokH;oyf axmufjyae=uwJh=um;xJu tar&dueftpkd;&eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ oabmwlnDcsuf (tD;pDat) pmcsKyfukd csKyfqdkcJhyg w,f? rv$Jra&Smifom ukvor*~ udkwkdif=um;cJh&+yD;/ w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;udk tar&duefu ulnD axmufyHhaewm zkH;rEdkifzdr& jzpfay:vmwJhtcgusrS ‘tD;pDat’ pmcsKyfukd ZGefv (30) &ufae@rSm &yfpJr,fvkd@ a=unmcJhygw,f? t"du EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;wckvnf;jzpf vufeufudkifolykef tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;wckvnf;jzpf wJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf u _ kd jywfjywfom;om;wku d zf @dk e,fcsŒJ tE &W m,fudk yl;aygif;umuG,fzkd@qdkwJh &yfwnfcsufeJ@ jynfwGif;ppfudk&yf+yD; trsKd;om;ppftoGifukdajymif;zkd@ urf; vSr;f tqkðd yygw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD; OD;AaqGe@J vkyw f u l idk zf ufjzpfczhJ ;l wJh ocifcspef @J Akv d af Z,su awGŒqkHcsifa=umif; (1) e,fcsJŒtE W&m,fukd yl;aygif;umuG,fa&;/ (2) wrsKd;om;vkH;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf a&;/ (3) +idrf;csrf;a&;wkd@twGuf aqG;aEG;vkda=umif; ZGefv (18) &ufae@ ae@pJGeJ@ ay;pmESpfapmif ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;AaqGeJ@wuG zqyv tpkd;&u ta&;awmifrvkyfcJhyg? jynf wGif;twkduftcHtiftm;pkawGtm;vkH;ukd evHrxlEkdifatmif vkyfxm;a&;onfomt"duqkdwJhrludk 154
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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155
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157
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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xm;p&mr&Sdatmif jzpfvmygw,f? 52 ckESpf udk&D;,m;ppfyGJ +yD;oGm;csdefup+yD; urBmrSm qefaps;awG w&dyf&dyfusvmwJhtwGuf rsufvkH;jyL;pðyvmygw,f? qefa&mif;&aiGusvmwJhtwGuf t&HEkdifiHjcm; aiGyrm%m[mvnf; avsmheJvdkufvmygw,f? 1953 ZGefvu EkdifiHjcm;aiG (126²9) ukaÉ&Sd&mu 1954 Zefe0g&DrSm (96²8) ukaÉom &Sdygawmhw,f? qkd&S,fvpfpum;ukd ajymaeqJjzpfwJh zq-qkd&S,f tpkd;&[m EkdifiHjcm;om;ykdif pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;}uD;awGukd Ekid if yH idk ðf ya&; vkyaf e&muae tpk;d &eJ@ zufpyfvyk af &;awGqD ajcOD;vSnv hf mygw,f? 54 ckESpfxJrSm wav#mufvkH; Armjynftay:aoG;pkyfvmcJhwJh bDtkdpD a&eHukr`%DeJ@tpkd;& zufpyfvkyf ygw,f? tpkd;&u (51µ)/ t*Fvdyfu (49µ) &S,f,mowfrSwf+yD; zufpyfvkyfygw,f// armfcsD;owWK wGi;f eJ@ t*Fvb dk m;rm; oHjzLwGi;f awGrmS vnf; zufpyfvyk yf gw,f? erRwl abmfwiG ;f udak wmh bm;rm; aumfykd&Sif;eJ@ tpkd;&[m 1951 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmuwnf;u zufpyfvkyfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? EkdifiH jcm;t&if;&Sirf sm;eJ@ tpk;d &a0yku H s tusK;d wlvyk +f yD; tcGit hf a&;awGay;&ygw,f? OD;AaqGu owWKwGi;f wl;azmfa&;awGudk csKyfuidk yf gw,f? xm;0,f/ +rdwef @J &Sr;f jynfe,frmS &Sw d hJ owWKwGi;f awG&w dS hJ a'oawG rSm vrf;awGukd aiGodef;eJ@csD tukeftuscHazmufwJh wm0efukdvnf;,lygw,f? jynfawmfompDrHudef;t& tif*sifeD,maumvdyf/ pufr_vufr_ody`Hausmif;/ pkdufysKd;a&; ausmif;/ wd&dp>mefaq;ukoa&;ausmif;eJ@ puf±kH tvkyf±kHawG xlaxmifwnfaqmufygw,f? vkyfykdif cGi&hf olawG tqift h oD;oD;rSm vdrn f mck;d 0Supf m;aomufciG hf tcGit hf a&;awG&=u+yD; ‘jynfawmfom’ oGm;=uygw,f? pok;H vk;H &JŒ w&m;0ifay:ayguv f mwJh tr_tcif;pm&if;t&rSmyJ (16-3-52 ae@uae 6-8-53) ae@twGif; tusifhysuftvGJokH;pm;r_ tr_}uD;aygif; (116) r_/ yg0ifywfoufolaygif; (225) OD;/ ,dkzdwfqkH;±_H;wefzkd;aiGaygif; (41612491073) usyf&SdcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? w&m;0iftr_tcif;tjzpf ray:vmwmawG zkH;zdxm;=uwmawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&SdcJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpf ESpfqef;ykdif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tjzpftysufvkd@qkd&rSmuawmh +Adwdo# ppfrpf&Sif tzJGŒ w&m;0if±kwfodrf;oGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? Zefe0g&Dv (3) &ufae@rSm ±kwfodrf;oGm;ygw,f? vufsm z&D;rif;pmcsKyft& 1951 ckEpS rf mS yxrt}udro f ufwrf;ukeq f ;Hk cJ+h yD; 'kw, d oufwrf; qufvufw;dk cJh&muae/ 'kwd,oufwrf;ukefqkH;cgeD;rSm rlvpmcsKyftpm; ‘pmcsKyftopf’ csKyfqkdzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH tpkd;&u tqkdðycsuftopf wifjycJhygao;w,f? tJ'Dtqkdðycsufukd +Adwdo#wkd@bufu vufrcHyJ vufsm-z&D;rif; pmcsKyf 'kwd,oufwrf;ukefqkH;+yD;csdefrSm +Adwdo#ppfrpf&SiftzJGŒudk ±kwfodrf;oGm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? +Adwdo#ppfrpf&Sif Armjynfu ±kwfodrf;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf +Adwdo#wkd@&JŒ ppfrpf&Sifae&mrSm tpm;xk;d ae&m,lEidk zf @dk tar&duefw@dk ajcvSr;f jyifc=hJ uygw,f? Armjynfudk yx0DEikd if aH &;t& tar&duef wkd@&JŒ urBmvkH;qkdif&m ppfa&;aoe*FAsL[mtcif;tusif;t& tar&duefwkd@ rsufaphuscJh=uygw,f? wzufu uGefjrLepf w±kwfjynfukd +cdrf;ajcmufxm;Ekdifzkd@ urBmvkH;qkdif&m uGefjrLepftE W&m,fudk umuG,w f m;qD;zk@d e@J wzufu xkid ;f / zdvpfyidk w f @dk rmS ajccsxm;Ekid w f hJ tar&duefppfpcef;wnfaqmuf xm;r_rsm;eJ@ wqufwpyfwnf;jzpfatmif zefwD;wnfaqmufvkdr_a=umifhjzpfygw,f? Armjynfudk om em;csodrf;oGif;Ekdifr,fqkd&if tar&duefwkd@&JŒ tm&Sqkdif&maoe*FAsL[mtcif;tusif;[m ykdrkd jynfhpkHckdifcef@vmzG,f&SdwJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f? 158
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ArmjynfeJ@e,fedrdwfcsif; &Snfvsm;pGmqufpyfaewJh w±kwfjynfuvnf; Armjynf&JŒtae txm;ukd tqufrjywf tuJcwf=unfhaecJhygw,f? tar&duef&JŒajcvSrf;awGukd *±kwpkduf owd xm;=unfhae+yD; olŒEkdifiH&JŒvkHòcHa&;twGuf tav;wif;ae&csdefjzpfygw,f? w±kwfeJ@ tar&duef xdyfxkdufqkHcJh&wJh ukd&D;,m;ppfyGJ}uD;+yD;wm ylylaEG;aEG;yJ&Sdao;csdefjzpfygw,f? tar&duefawG&JŒ ppfaoe*FAsL[m &nfreS ;f csux f J Armjynfusa&mufroGm;a&;[m w±kwjf ynftwGuf ta&;}uD;aeyg w,f? 1954 ck ZGefvxJrSm qGpfZmvefEkdifiH *sDeDAmujyefvmwJh w±kwfjynf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif; [m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& &efukefòrdŒukd (2) &ufwm 0ifa&muf&yfem;ygw,f? ESpfEkdifiH tusK;d wlupd &P yfawGudkf aqG;aEG;=u+yD; orkid ;f 0if a=unmcsuw f ck xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh “twlwuGyl;wGJaexkdifa&;rl}uD; (5) csuf” qkdwmyg0ifwJh ESpfEkdifiH yl;wJGa=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? ZGefv (29) &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? 'Drl}uD; (5) csuf[m EkdifiHwumhqufqHa&;e,f/ EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;e,fy,frSm aemifxif&Sm;ay:vGifvmr,fh t"durl}uD; (5) csufjzpfcJhygw,f? (29-4-54) ae@rSm w±kwf/ tdENd, oabmwlnDcsufrSmvnf; rl}uD; (5) csufygygw,f//) csLtifvkdif; u ArmjynfutjyefrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd yDuif;òrdŒokd@ cspf=unfa&;c&D; vma&mufvnfywfzkd@ zdwf =um;oGm;cJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku w±kwf jrefrme,fjcm;ukd oGm;a&muf avhvmpkpH rf;zk@d ‘e,fpyfa'owk;d wufr_ pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Si’f ukd zJŒG pnf;ay;ygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª }u;D apmjrifu h dk OD;aqmifap+yD; ylwmtkdajrmufzuf tdENd,-jrefrm w±kwfe,fjcm;up+yD; usKdif;wkHe,f/ rJacgifjrpfe,f jcm;txd oGm;a&muf+yD; e,fedrdwfykdif;jcm;a&;qkdif&m taxmuftxm;awGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf pkpH rf;pkaqmif;zk@d wm0efay;ygw,f? txl;wm0efuawmh ‘0’e,ftwGi;f w±kwef w D yfawGa&mufae w,fqw dk u hJ pd eP @J w±kwjf ynfu axmufcaH ewJh ‘Auy’ awG w±kwjf ynfukd oifwef;oGm;wufae=u w,fqdkwJhudpP b,favmufrSefuefa=umif; pHkprf;avhvmzdk@jzpfygw,f? w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J uGejf rLepfygwcD si;f nDaemifygwcD si;f qufqaH &;&S±d rkH u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D w&m;0ifapv$wo f al wGuv kd nf; w&m;0ifvufcx H m;&Sd wm[m 1950-51 avmufuwnf;ujzpfygw,f? ocifAode;f wif acgi;f aqmifwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwD ta0;a&muf A[kdaumfrDwDukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒtygt0if okH;okwfcJG+yD;a&muf&Sdvm=uwJh Arm jynfuGefjrLepfygwDu &JabmfawG[m w±kwfjynfrSm a&muf&Sdae=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? 1949 ckESpfu u&ifah wmfveS af &;eJ@twl ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ ucsit f rsK;d om; Adv k af emfqidk ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ vufeuf ukdiftiftm;pk[mvnf; zqyv tpkd;&wyfrsm;eJ@ &ifqkdifwkdufyJGqif&if; aemufqkH;rSm ta&;edrfh+yD; w±kwfjynfxJ0ifa&mufvm=uwJhtwGuf w±kwftpkd;&u vufeufawGudk ðzwfodrf;+yD; vufcHxm; vkduf&ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh 1950-51 xJrSmuwnf;u w±kwfjynfxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu tiftm;pkwpkeJ@ Akdvfaemfqkdif;acgif;aqmifwJh tpkd;&qef@usifa&; tkyfpkwpk[m &SdaecJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? w±kwjf ynfu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D tpkuakd wmh nDaemifygwcD si;f tjzpf oabmxm;qufq+H y;D / Akv d af emfqidk ;f tpkuakd wmh tajctaet& w±kwjf ynfxJ u|0H ifvmwJh vlrsK;d a&;qkid &f m trsK;d om;i,f tpkwpktjzpf oabmxm;+yD; vufcx H m;ygw,f? w±kwjf ynfukd ajcukw, f +l yD; Armjynfbuf0ifvy_ f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
159
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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&Sm;rSmpkd;&drfwJhtwGuf Akdvfaemfqkdif;tpkudkvnf; e,fpyfuaewqifh w±kwfjynftwGif;ykdif;xJtxd wpwp a&$Œajymif;ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhw,f// w±kwfjynfu tpkd;&csif;qufqHa&;eJ@ ygwDcsif;qufqHa&;udkcGJjcm;+yD; usifhokH;aecsdefumv jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ qufqHa&;udk nDaemifygwDcsif; qufqHa&;tjzpf ta&;xm; qufqHaeovkd/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek tpkd;&eJ@qufqHa&;udkvnf; rdwf0wfrysuf qufqHa&;tjzpf rl}uD; (5) csufabmiftwGif;uae taumif;qkH;qufqHEkdifatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaecsdefjzpfygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek cspf=unfa&;c&D;tjzpf yDuif;udka&mufygw,f? w±kwfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGjzpfwJh armfpDwkef;/ csLaw;/ vsLa&SmufcsD/ csLtifvkdif;wkd@eJ@ awGŒqkHygw,f? 'DZifbm (12) &ufae@rSm ESpfEkdifiHyl;wGJ a=unmcsufukdxkwfjyef+yD; ESpfEkdifiH oabmwlnDxm;=uwJh “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexkdifa&;”rl}uD; (5) csufudk xyfavmif;azmfjy twnfðycJh=uygw,f? 'Dr}l uD; (5) csuf tpOf&iS o f efaezd@k tav;teufxm;a&;/ aumifppf0efcsKyfrsm; tjyeftvSex f m;a&; tusK;d wlupd rP sm; aqmif&u G zf vS,af &;/ Ekid if o H m;rsm;ukd umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;a&;awGtjyif e,fed rdwjf y\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; csp=f unfru _ kd t&if;cHum oHwrefenf;vrf;rsm;eJ@ ajz&Si;f a&;awG yg0ifcyhJ g w,f? w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfjyoemajz&Sif;a&;twGuf w&m;0if wdwdusus pwifwJh yxrqkH;ajc vSrf;vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek w±kwfjynf c&D;xGufcgeD; 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;eJ@ awGŒwJhtcg w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;udpP aqG;aEG;cJhzkd@ 0ef}uD;tm;vkH;u OD;Ekukd 0kdif;+yD;rSmvkduf=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒ w±kwfjynfcspf=unfa&;c&D;[m rl}uD; (5) csufukd xyfavmif;azmfxkwftwnfðywJhc&D;jzpfovkd/ w±kwf-Arm e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;twGuf atmif atmifjrifjrif pwifEidk cf w hJ chJ &D;vk@d ajymEkid ±f rHk u w±kw-f tar&duef csp=f unfa&;w&m;udyk g ajymjzpf atmifajymcJhygao;w,f? 'Dc&D;[m OD;EktwGuf jynfyeJ@ywfouf+yD; atmifjrifwJhc&D;wckvdk@ qkd&rSmjzpfayr,fh/ cspf =unfa&;vrf;a=umif;zGiEhf idk cf w hJ ,fv@dk q&dk rSm jzpfayr,f/h jynfwiG ;f eJ@ywfoufv@dk uawmh OD;ausm+f idr;f eJ@ trkef;oHo, pcJh&wJh c&D;ozG,fvnf;jzpfcJhygw,f? ta=umif;u OD;EkeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; ‘qefudpP’ ra=ureyf jy\emay:cJh&wmvnf; 'Dc&D;twGif;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dc&D;twGif;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku csLtifvkdif;eJ@awGŒwJhtcg Armjynf *kda'gifawGtwGif; pkykH xm;&wJh qefa[mif;awGukd a&mif;xkwfcsifvkd@ qefa[mif;a&mif;a&; aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvidk ;f u 0,fr,fv@kd uwday;vku d w f t hJ wGuf OD;Eku Armjynfudk qefa[mif;wefcsed f b,favmuf &Sad ewm/ bmqefawG&adS ew,fqw dk m vSr;f ar;cJyh gw,f? Armjynfu jyefvnfajz=um;cJjh cif; r&Sv d @dk qdk ygw,f? tJ'Dvkdar;jref;wmudk OD;ausmf+idrf;uvnf; ‘rod’ vdk@qkdygw,f? tJ'D qefudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; OD;Eku OD;ausmf+idrf; tay: oHo, pcJhw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh yDuif;uae &efukefukd OD;Ek oHóud;±ku d +f yD; qefupd aP r;wJah e@rmS yJ OD;ausm+f idr;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘qefqyfaumfrw D ’D u qefa[mif; awGa&mif;ypfvu kd w f t hJ wGuf jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek vmatmiftxdrapmifb h J bmrS jyefvnfajz =um;jcif;rðybJ wufokwf±kduf a&mif;ypfvkdufwJhtwGufa=umifh OD;Ek u oHo, p0ifcJhwmvkd@qkdyg w,f? OD;Eku (1) OD;ausmf+idrf;[m qefuufbdeuf tpnf;ta0;udk OD;Ek r&Sd&if wufavhr&SdbJ/ tck tpnf;ta0;usrS wufjcif;? 160
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(2) OD;Eku oHóud;±kdufar;+yD;aemuf qefa&mif;zkd@qkH;jzwfwJhtcg twGif;0ef OD;bpef; u OD;EkqD ta=umif;=um;zkd@ owday;wifjywmudk OD;ausmf+idrf;u jiif;y,fcJhjcif;? (3) qefukefonfawG arG;xm;wJh t&m&SdawGuwqifh w±kwfEkdifiHukd qefa&mif;awmhr,fh udpP qefukefonfawG odoGm;+yD; qef0,fzkd@ tavmw}uD; wif'goGif; vkyfudkifoGm; w,fvkd@ ,lqjcif;eJ@ (4) 0ef}uD;csKyf udk,fwkdifowfrSwfxm;wJh tmrcHaiGukd 0ef}uD;csKyf rodbJ av#mhay;aqmif &GufcJhjcif;awGa=umifh oHo,0ifcJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmif+y;D qefuufbed ufaumfrw D u D yifvaHk ':Ek,Ofe@J yifvHk a': =unf=unf ukd qefa[mif;wefEpS o f ed ;f a&mif;csay;cJyh gw,f? tmrcHaiG (5µ) owfrw S x f m;wmukd (2½µ) eJ@av#mh cs+yD; a&mif;ay;cJhygw,f? w±kwfjynfc&D;u OD;Ek jyefa&mufwJhtcg 0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;eJ@ qefudpPuwdysuf&wJh twGuaf =umifah &m oHo,a=umihyf g OD;Ek awmfawmfa'gycG yhJ gw,f? tJ'rD a=ueyfcrhJ _ rsK;d aph[m OD;Eke@J OD;ausm+f idr;f =um; pwifc+hJ yD; aemif zqyv tuGt J +yJawGqt D xd OD;wnfomG ;cJw h ,fv@dk awmif qk=d u ygw,f? OD;EkeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;=um; ESpfukd,fhwpdwf vkyfcJh=u&muae rnD!Gwfr_pwifcJh+yD; òyduGJr_qD a&SŒ±_&mrSm 'DqefudpP[m tcsufwcsuftjzpf yg0ifcJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpfukeftxd tajctaeudk csKyf=unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh jynfwGif;ppf}uD; w[kef;[kef; awmifavmifaeqJjzpfwmudak wGŒ&ygr,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfut dk a=umif;jy+yD; ppfwyf}uD; qufvufw;dk csŒJ aewmawGŒ&ygw,f? acsmufòrŒd rSm trSwf (10) ajcvsiw f yfr[mXmecsKyf topfwckzŒGJ pnf;+y;D trSwf (105) (106) (107) ajcjrefwyf&if; (3) &if; xyfrHzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? jynfy&efumuG,fa&;eJ@ jynfwGif; aomif;usef;r_ESdrfESif;a&;twGufqkd+yD; pypfzkdif;,m; wkdufav,mOftopfawG tpPa&;EkdifiHuae 0,f,lcJhygw,f? tpPa&;EkdifiHudk ppfzufukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ apv$wfavhvmapovkd ppfvufeuf ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf oifwef;ykd@v$wfwmawGvnf;vkyfcJhygw,f? 54 ckESpfwyfrª;rsm; nDvmcH up+yD; =unf; omru (a&) (av) wyfrª;rsm;yg wufa&mufcGifhðy+yD; =unf;/ a&/ av wyfrawmf wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfa&; tm;xkwfjyifqifvmwm awGŒ&ygw,f? auwDat pDrHudef; a&;qJGolawGu 1954 ckESpfrSm jynfwGif;aomif;usef;r_tm;vkH; csKyf+idrf; oGm;vdrfhr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;+yD;a&;qGJcJh=uovkd/ tm%m& zqqkd&S,ftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif tðywfwdkufa&; aºuG;a=umf+yD; (54) ckEpS rf mS jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f oltm;vk;H csKyf+idr;f oGm;zk@d ppfa&;enf;eJ@ tpGr;f ukef wkdufcdkufóud;pm;cJhayr,fh (54) ckESpftukefrSm jynfwGif;ppf}uD;uawmh qufvufawmufavmif aeqJjzpfygw,f? tðywfwu dk af &;enf;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppfudk b,fvrdk S csKyf+ird ;f atmifvyk v f @dk r&Ekid af =umif; om"uxljyovkd &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh zqqk&d , S rf sm;[m tðywfwu dk af &;udyk J qufvufuidk pf x JG m; =uovkd wyfrawmfuvnf; aomif;use;f olacsre_ ;f a&;qkw d muko d m oJ}uD;rJ}uD;qifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? u&if jynfe,frmS odEd< ppfqifa&;qkw d m qifEaJ$ ecJ+h yD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwAD [ked @J tvHerD sm;&S&d m yckuLU c±kdifukd txl;ajcvsifwyf&if;rsm;eJ@ ppfqifa&;awGvkyfcJhygw,f? jynfyusL;ausmfoljzpfwJh w±kwfjzLjy\emuvnf; qufvuf}uD;xGm;aeqJjzpf+yD;/ puf wifbm (14) &ufae@u (21) &uftwGif; wyfom; (5000) xGufay;&ef av;EkdifiHaumfrDwDukd teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
161
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wifjycJah yr,fh w±kwjf zLrsm;u raxrJjh rifvyk af ecJw h t hJ wGuf aemufq;Hk rSm Akv d rf ;ª csKyf ausmaf Zmacgi;f aqmifwhJ bk&ifah emifppfqifa&;}uD;eJ@ armif;xkw&f ygw,f? bk&ifah emif ppfqifa&;}uD;[m atmifjrif wJh ppfqifa&;}uD;jzpfayr,fh qkwfcGmoGm;&wJh w±kwfjzLawG[m avmeJ@xkdif; e,fpyfawGxJ ,m,D 0ifajy;oGm;jcif;omjzpfygw,f? ,m,Dqkwfay;&jcif;tjzpfyJ oabmxm;ygw,f? pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rSm jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzJGŒ ±kwfodrf;xGufcGgcJhayr,fh aemufykdif;rSm jyef+yD; befaumufaqG; aEG;yGJrSm rsufESmcsif;qkdif=ujyefygw,f? aqG;aEG;=ujyefygw,f? w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_jy\em[m (54) ckESpfukeftxdvnf; }uD;rm;+rJ }uD;rm;aeqJjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ jynfawmfompDrHudef;}uD;[mvnf; rkd;wvkH; avwvkH; qufvufaºuG; a=umfaeqJjzpfygw,f? jynfoal wGtzk@d jynfawmfrom&ayr,fh zqqk&d , S af wGe@J uefx±ku d f ukeo f nf tjrwf}uD;pm;awG tzk@d awmh jynfawmfomcJ=h uygw,f? pm;p&m 0g;p&m bke;f p&m r[m tcGit hf a&; }uD;awGeJ@ yJGawmf}uD;ozG,fjzpfcJhygw,f? zqqkd&S,f xdyfoD;}uD;awGtcsif;csif; tkyfpkzJGŒ tiftm;òydif +yD; wa,mufwayguf xif&mvkypf &m tcGit hf a&;tjynft h 0&&Scd =hJ u+yD; wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ b¾maiGa=u; awG ae@pOfqkH;±_H;epfemaecJh&ygw,f? pDrHudef;qJGay;olu auwDat tar&duef/ [efwvkH; yefwvkH; aºuG;a=umf+yD; xifovkd taumiftxnfazmf=uolawGu tm%m& zqqkd&S,fvpf xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;/ olwkd@&JŒ wynfhvuf om;awGu olckd;"m;jy tcGifhta&;orm;awG trsm;pk}uD;qkdawmh 'Drif; 'Dpkd; 'Dolckd;eJ@ 'Drkd; 'Dav 'DvlawGjzpfcJh=uygw,f? (54) ckEpS rf mS OD;Ek&ŒJ tpGr;f aqmifEidk q f ;Hk vloal v;pm;p&m tcsut f vufudk jyygq&dk ifawmh w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;eJ@wGJ+yD; vufrSwfxkd;EkdifcJhwJh “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexkdifa&;”rl}uD; (5)csuef @J w±kw-f Arm e,ferd w d u f pd P pwifEidk cf jhJ cif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (28 eJ@ 29) rSm tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if H ‘bkad *g’ rSmusi;f ywJh udv k b H dk ig;Ekid if H tpnf;ta0;udw k ufc+hJ yD; tm&S-tmz&du nDvmcHwckusi;f yzk@d jyifqif EkdifcJhygw,f?
19 55/ zqyv/ Auy/ yrnw eJ ‹ jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf 1955/ 1953-54 ckEpS u f wnf;u qefaps;awGx;dk usvmwJt h wGuf Armjynf&ŒJ t"duyk@d uek jf zpfwhJ qefykd@ukefwefzkd;[mvnf; wESpfxufwESpf av#mhusvmygw,f? 52-53 wkef;u qefykd@ukef wefzkd; (101³9) ukaÉ&Sd&mu 53-54 rSm (81³1) ukaÉxd xkd;usoGm;ygw,f? 54-55 a&mufawmh (80) ukaÉ om&Sdygawmhw,f? qefa&mif;&aiG wae@wjcm;avsmhvmovkd EkdifiHjcm;t&HaiGyrm%m[m vnf; 1954 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dwkef;u (96³81) ukaÉ&Sd&mu 1955 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv a&mufawmh (53³32) ukaÉom usefygawmhw,f? qefaps;ukd wwefaygif (50) atmuf rusEkdifvkd@ cef@rSef;+yD; qefa&mif;&aiGay: tajccHwGuf csuf&if; ArmjynfvufawGŒtajctaeawGeJ@ tyfpyfqDavsmfjcif;r&SdpGm xifovdka&;qGJay;xm;wJh auwDat pDrHudef;}uD;[mvnf; wae@wjcm;vuf!dk;xkd; ±_wfcsp&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 162
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vufawGŒeJ@vnf; r[yfrd/ aiGuvnf; jywfvmwJhtwGuf 1955 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvxJrSm auwDat pDru H ed ;f ukd &yfqidk ;f ypfvu dk &f ygawmhw,f? ArmjynfrmS auwDat pDru H ed ;f edXw d o H mG ;&yg awmhw,f? tar&duef yg&*l}u;D awG a&;qGw J ifjywJh auwDat pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f awG edwXd o H mG ;&ayr,fh tar&duef pDtkdifat aemufcHðy autrfwD usL;ausmfr_}uD;uawmh tqkH;rowfEkdifao;wJhtwGuf 1955 ckEpS /f rwfvxJrmS yJ Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm acgi;f aqmif+yD; &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD; qifE&J$ jyef ygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ rwfv up+yD; bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;}uD; qifE$JcJh&ovkd 1955 ckESpf/ rwfvu p+yD; &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD; qifE&J$ jyefwmjzpfygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm [m 'Dppfqifa&;}uD; awGudk qifE$Jzkd@ rjzpfpavmufwyfav;awGudkom xkwfE_wf,lcGifh&+yD;/ owif;pm pme,fZif;awGu wqifh wyf}uD;awG tvkH;t&if;eJ@ ppfqifa&;xGuf&av[ef ppfy&d,m,ftzkHzkH usio hf ;Hk +y;D / uk, d w f idk f a&SŒwef;xGuf wku d cf u dk Of ;D pD;cJ&h wmjzpfygw,f? wk;d wufzŒGJ pnf;xm;wJh wyftrsm;pk}uD;ukd wkid ;f &if;om; tcsi;f csi;f wku d cf u dk &f wJh jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;twGi;f rSmyJ ykaH tmtok;H ðy wku d cf u dk af pcJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? jynfytE W&m,f tjywfwkdufckdufa&; jynfyusL;ausmfoludk tjywfarmif;xkwfa&;xuf jynfwGif; vufeufukdif tiftm;pkawGtay: tðywfwkdufa&;udkom zqqkd&S,ftpkd;&u aZmif;ay;cJhygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm&JŒ &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H OD;pD;wku d cf u dk rf a_ =umifh av;Ekid if t H pnf;ta0; aqG;aEG;yJaG wG ta=umif;jy+yD; 54§55 ckESpftwGif; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;orm; (7000) avmuf xGufcGmoGm;cJh =uygw,f? 'gvJ tkrd if;rpGr;f '%f&m&olawG cGijhf yefawGe@J rdom;pk0ifawGyg a&maESmpm&if;jy xGucf mG oGm;=uwmvkd@qkdygw,f? ta&;edrfhoGm;=uwJh w±kwfjzLrsm;[m avmeJ@xkdif; bufukd qkwfcGmoGm; =u+yD; jyefvnfajcukwf,lzkd@ jyif+rJjyifcJh=uygw,f? ArmjynfxJuae t+yD;tykdif at;at;aq;aq; xGucf mG oGm;a&; oabmxm; b,fwek ;f urS r&Scd =hJ uvd@k qydk gw,f? tar&duef[m Oa&myrSm aewk;d ppfpmcsKyf tzJGŒzGJŒ+yD; taumiftxnfazmfcJhovkd ta&SŒawmiftm&Sudkvnf; qD;wkd;zJGŒ+yD; Arm jynfukdusKH;oGif;Ekdifzkd@ óud;pm;aecsdefjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjzLukdudkif+yD; Armjynfukd zdtm;ay;csifwJh &nf &G,fcsufvnf;&Sdw,fvkd@ EkdifiHa&;okH;oyfolawG wkd;wufwJh tiftm;pkawGu jrifcJh=uygw,f? w±kwfjynfuvnf; Armjynf tar&duefwkd@&JŒ ppftkyfpk zJGŒpnf;a&;xJ a&mufroGm;a&;[m tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh jy\emtjzpf ±_jrifxm;ygw,f? xkdif;/ zdvpfykdif/ xkdif0rf/ ygupPwefwkd@[m tar&duef&JŒ qD;wkd;ppftkyfpk0ifawGjzpfvm=uygw,f? jyifopfe,fcsJŒorm;awG qkwfcGmoGm;&wJh tif'cdk sKid ;f em;a'oukv d nf; tar&duefawG toGit f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ae&m,lEidk zf @dk pwif yg0ifywfoufvm cJh=uygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm e,fcsJŒorm;a=umifh ESpfjcrf;uJGcJh&wJh EkdifiHawGxJrSm tm&Su uk;d &D;,m; eJ@ AD,uferfw@dk [m txift&Sm;qk;H om"uawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? uk;d &D;,m;ppfyrJG mS tar&duef yg0ifywfoufco hJ vkd AD,uferfrmS vnf; jyifopfawGqw k cf mG t+yD; tar&duefawG yg0ifywfoufvm cJhygw,f? awmifAD,uferfrSm ajc±_wfvmcJh=uygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD OD;aqmiftm%m&xm;wJh ajrmufAD,uferfudk òzdcGif;ypfa&;twGuf awmifAD,uferfbufuae tar&duefawG yg0ifulnDpGuf zufvmcJh=uygw,f? avmeJ@ uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHawGxJvnf; tar&duefwkd@&JŒ ppfa&; pGufzufr_ajc vSrf;awG ododomom jzpfay:vmaeygw,f? xkdif0rfudk tar&duef xD;&dyfatmufrSm qGJoGif;xm; +yD;/ wkdif0rf&JŒ w±kwfjzLvufeufudkifwyfawGukd Arm/ avm/ xkdif;e,fpyfwav#mufrSm ae&m&,l teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
163
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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v_yf&Sm;aeapjcif;tm;jzifh tar&duefwkd@&JŒ tm&Sqkdif&m ppfa&;&nfrSef;csufawGtwGuf tar&duef ppfwyf}uD; wwyfcsxm;ay;xm;ovkd tok;H 0ifaecJyh gw,f? xkid ;f Ekid if u H v kd nf; ‘qDw;dk ’ xJ w&m;0if qGJoGif;+yD;wJhtcg w±kwfjzL ulrifwefwyfrsm;tzkd@ ajcukwf,lp&m tykdifae&m wck&Sd+yD;jzpfwJhtjyif Arm/ avm/ xkdif;e,fpyfwavsmuf ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;p&m ‘*Gif’ us,fvmcJhygw,f? Armjynfbufu wku d x f w k cf &H wJt h cg xkid ;f eJ@ avmxJ qkwaf y;+yD; tajcpku d w f nf&EdS idk cf iG &hf aeovkd tajctaeaumif; vmwJhtcg ArmjynfxJ jyef0ifa&mufvmEkdifcGifhvnf; vG,fulaecJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh Armjynf&JŒ w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f rl sm; jy\em[m t+yD;tjywf ajz&Si;f vk@d r&wJh jy\emwckvjkd zpfaecJyh gw,f? tar&d uefwkd@&Jh tm&Sqkdif&may:vpDawGeJ@ wkduf±kdufywfoufaecJhygw,f? Armjynf tm%m& zq-qkd&S,f rsm;uvnf; ‘e,fcsJŒ tE W&m,fxuf uGefjrLepftE W&m,fu ykda=umufp&maumif; w,f’ vkd@ cH,lcsrSwf ukdifpGJxm;=uawmh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm; armif;xkwfypfa&;[m t"du ta&;}uD;wm0efr[kwfovkd jzpfaecJhygw,f? tar&duefe,fcsJŒ&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ uGefjrLepf tE W&m,fwm;qD;um uG,fa&;&yfwnfcsufeJ@ Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfrsm;&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; uGefjrLepfawGudk tðywfwkdufa&; oabmxm;&yfwnfcsuf[m tusKd;pD;yGm;wlay:rSm ajcpkH&yfr_csif; wlaecJh=uygw,f? w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfcH&r_jy\em[m &ifemp&maumif;wJh trsKd;om;a&;jy\em }uD;jzpfaewmawmif/ zkH;zkH;zdzdvkyfxm;+yD; tar&duefqef@usifa&;ukd wcGef;wyg'rS qef@usifajym =um;jcif;rvkyfcJh=uyg? qkd&S,fvpfxdyfoD;}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;u “ppfrSefwJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm; aumif;wa,muf[m ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'Djzpfw,f” qkdwJh azmufjyefwJht,ltqudk udkifpJG xm;ovkd OD;AaqG&JŒ Ekid if aH &;uvnf; uGejf rLepfwu kd af &;om t"dujzpfcyhJ gw,f? olw@kd EpS Of ;D pvk;H [m ArmjynfrmS “uGejf rLepfygwDusqkH;v#if qkd&S,fvpfygwD tvkdvkdwufvmvdrfhrnf” qkdwJh t,ltq udkom vufukdifðyxm;cJh=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekuawmh w±kwef @J awGŒ&if tar&duefawG rqd;k a=umif;ajym/ tar&duefe@J awGŒ &if w±kwfawGrqkd;a=umif;ajym+yD; tar&duefcspf=unfa&;a&m w±kwfcspf=unfa&;yg òydifwlvkyf+yD; ol@&JŒ a&$jynfat;t,ltqukd vufawGŒusifhokH;Ekdifzkd@ jyifqifaecJhygw,f? 1955 ckEpS /f {+yDvrSm befa'gi;f nDvmcHusi;f yygw,f? tm&S tmz&du Ekid if aH cgi;f aqmifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wufa&muf=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; wufa&mufovkd w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvidk ;f vnf; wufa&mufygw,f? tdE, dN u ae±_;/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;u qlumEk/d uarBm'D;,m;u oD[mEk wkd@awGvnf; wufa&muf=uygw,f? aemif ay:xGuv f mwJh befa'gi;f rl}uD; (10) csuq f w dk m/ ae±_;/ csLtifvidk ;f eJ@ OD;Ekw@dk a=unm cJh=uwJh “+idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;wJGaexkdifa&;rl}uD; (5) csuf” tajccHay:u xyfavmif;rGrf;rHxm; wmomjzpfygw,f? “befa'gi;f rl}uD; (10) csu”f rSm Armjynfu 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ tcef;u¾vnf; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; yg0ifcJhygw,f? w±kwfjynf&JŒ ta&mifwifay;csufeJ@ OD;Ek ta&mifxGufvmcJhwmvkd@ vnf; EkdifiHa&;tuJcwfrsm;u qkdprSwfðycJh=uygw,f? EkdifiHwumhqufqHa&;e,fy,frSm OD;Ek *k%f wufcJhwJhESpf[m 1955 ckESpfu pw,fvkd@awmif ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwumrSm OD;Ek *k%fwufayr,fh jynfwGif;rSmawmh OD;Ek *k%fysufp&mawG jzpfay:vmyg w,f? rd;k wvk;H avwvk;H [pf+yD; OD;Ek uk, d w f idk f pum;vk;H vSvS a&G;+yD;aºuG;a=umfprD H taumiftxnf 164
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
azmfvu dk w f hJ ‘jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f ’ }uD;uawmh (55) ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyJ cg;usK;d oGm;ygw,f? t&if;u vJawmh tzsm;xif;jzpfovdk (55) ckEpS /f Zefe0g&rD mS ‘auwDat’ pDru H ed ;f &yfqidk ;f vku d &f +yD;wJah emuf jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }u;D [mvnf; a&pkaH rsmpðycJ&h ygawmhw,f? jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }u;D bma=umifh ysuf&ovJqkdwm tajz&Sm=unfhr,fqkd&if wkdif;jynf&JŒ vufawGŒtajctaeeJ@rukdufnDwJh pDrHudef; awGukd auwDatuqGaJ y;cJ+h yD;/ vma&mufywfouf=uwJh Ekid if jH cm;yg&*lqo dk al wGuvnf; rwefwq vpm/ rwefwqtcGifhta&;awGudkom &,lcHpm;&if; Armjynftay: apwemrrSefcJhwmawG&Sdjcif;/ qefaps;udk wwef aygif (50) atmuf rusEikd q f w dk hJ pdwu f ;l ,Ofwu G q f r_rsm;/ 1954 ckEpS rf mS aomif;use;f oltm;vk;H csKyf+idr;f oGm;vdrrhf ,fqw dk hJ rSe;f qr_rsm;eJ@a&mar$+yD; pDru H ed ;f }uD;ukd a&;qGw J ifjycJjh cif;a=umifh 'D ‘auwDatpDrHudef;’ awGudk tajccHxm;wJh jynfawmfom pDrHudef;}uD;[m ysufjym;cJh&wmjzpfyg w,f? 'g[m tcsufwcsufyJjzpfygw,f? aemufwcsuu f jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f ukd taumiftxnfazmf=uwJh tpk;d &tzJŒG xdyo f ;D }u;D awGukd,fwkdif tkyfpkzJGŒ tiftm;òydifae=u+yD; tykdiftpm;&&m ukd,fhae&m ukd,fxifovkd vkyfukdifae =u&if; oef&moef&m pDru H ed ;f awGudk csrw S t f aumiftxnfazmfae=uvk@d jzpfygw,f? v,f,mu¾eJ@ pufr_u¾/ or0g,ru¾awG[m qufpyfr_&Sd&Sd nd‡nd‡E_dif;E_dif; taumiftxnfazmf&r,fhtpm; jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;vkjd zpfaecJ=h u+yD; tm%m&qk&d , S yf gwt D wGi;f aumvdyt f yk ef @J bke;f }uD;ausmif; tkyf&JŒ *kd%f;*%òydifyJGt=um; csdwfqufrrd xifovkdtaumiftxnfazmfcJh=uvkd@vnf;jzpfygw,f? aemufq;Hk wcsuu f tqift h oD;oD;&Sd zqqk&d , S rf sm;[m rw&m;ojzifh ck;d 0Sucf =hJ u/ bk;H cJ=h u/ pm&if;tif;vdrfvnfcJh=u ukd,fusKd;&SmcJh=uwJhtwGufa=umifhjzpfygw,f? Awvp u trawmfa=u;/ ajrcGeaf =u; aumufyo J ;D ESH a&mif;0,fa=u;awGtay: ck;d =u/ bk;H =u/ vufoif&h mpm;awmfac:a&;vkyf =u/ pm&if;aysmuf tif;aysmuf *kad 'giaf ysmufvyk =f uwmawG wjynfv;Hk tES@H jzpfay: cJo h vkd or0g,r eJ@ pufr_vkyfief;/ taqmuftOD;wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;vkyfief;awGbufuvnf; uefx±kdufeJ@ aygi;f ukeo f nfe@J aygi;f +yD; rw&m;pD;yGm;&Sm=u/ tjrwfxw k =f u/ vufajymif;vufvcJ$ sxm;a0iS/ rwef wq0g;òrdpm;aomuf uk, d u f sK;d &SmcJ=h uwmawG ae&ma'otoD;oD;rSm ausmrf aumif; =um;raumif; jzpfay: cJhygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u owif;pmawGay:rSm ‘Awvp}uD; trawmfa=u;awG bkH;vkdufjyef+yD’ ‘qkd&S,fvpf}uD; 0g;vkdufjyef+yD’ qkdwJh owif;awG[m ae@pOfowif;awGvkd jzpfaecJhygw,f? b0opf pDrHudef;qkdwmawGrSmvnf; wESpf (10) ukaÉavmuf/ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;awGrSm (6) ukaÉ avmuf[m tv$JokH;pm;r_awGa=umifh avvGifhqkH;±_H;cJh&w,fqkdygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f awGudk jynfawmfrompDru H ed ;f awGv@dk awmif vlxu k ac:a0: avSmifajymif uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJ=h uygw,f? OD;Ek&ŒJ ‘jynfawmfom’ qkw d hJ vSvyS y pum;vk;H [m avSmif ajymifoa&mfp&m pum;vk;H wckozG,f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? t"dyg` ,t f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ajymif=u avSmif=u oa&mfchJ =uwmawGvnf; ay:cJhygw,f? jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f }uD; cg;usK;d +yD; a&pkeaf r#m&wJt h csed rf mS jynfawmfom&JŒ ajc&mvuf&m tjzpf ajymp&m&,fvkd@ usefcJhwmu tnmaus;vuf rkd;acgifa&&Sm;&yf0ef;a'o aus;&GmwcsKdŒrSm usecf w hJ hJ ‘jynfawmfomwGi;f ’ qkw d meJ@ ‘uE mW &yif’ awGy&J ydS gawmhw,f? ayw&m ESp&f mavmuftxd oHyu dk v f ;Hk av;cs+yD; ajray:rSm cg;apmif;omomavmuftjrifh oHyu dk v f ;Hk xGm qkid u f , kd x f nfiw k w f w k f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
165
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
eJ@ wa*smif;a*smif; vufqGJp&m oHarmif;wHwyf/ t0dpda&wGif;av;awGukd ‘jynfawmfomwGif;’ vk@d ac: =uygw,f? tnmwcGif pdr;f vef;pkad jya&;twGuq f +dk yD; av,mOfysaH y:uae }uJcsay;cJw h mvk@d vnf;qkd=uwJh ‘tpPa&;’ u o,fvmwmvm;/ b,fuo,fvmwmvJqkdwm odyfruGJjym;vSwJh uE mW &yif qkw d mawGuawmh tnma'ow0ku d f awmx+yD; &Sio f efuse&f pfcyhJ gw,f? ql;awG tòydi;f t±kdif;eJ@ vleif;rdvnf; tE W&m,f/ u|JEGm;awGtzkd@vnf; roufomvSwJh uE Wm&yifawG usef&pfcJh ygw,f? 'D 1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ tpk;d &eJ@ t"dutwku d t f cHvnf;jzpf vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; qifEJ$ aewJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy) [m ‘55 vrf;pOf’ ukd w&m;0if azmfxkwfvkdufygw,f? 55 vrf;pOfudk jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfv@dk ac:ygw,f? 55 vrf;pOf[m ‘ppfa&;csKd Ekid if aH &;yk’d qkw d hJ azmfxw k o f eH @J twl jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpzJ @dk / jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf zkd@ tqkdðyxm;ygw,f? 1951 ckESpfwkef;u csrSwfxm;cJhwJhvrf;pOfuvnf; ‘'Drdkua&pD+idrf;csrf;a&; !Ge@f aygi;f tpk;d &vrf;pOf’ omjzpfcyhJ gw,f? vrf;pOf (2)ck pvk;H rSm ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’ ukd tav;wif;azmfjy cJhwmawGŒ&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;ukd tav;xm;E_d;aqmfcJhwm awGŒ&ygw,f? 55 vrf;pOfrSm =uawmh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;udk xdyfpnf;wif acgif;wyf+yD;ukd OD;wnfazmfjycJhwmawGŒ&ygw,f? 1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ zqyv tpd;k &u azmfvu dk w f muawmh ‘ysLapmxD;’ pDru H ed ;f jzpfygw,f? Auy tygt0if jynfwGif;vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGukd ppfwyfeJ@ tðywfwkdufa&; ay:vpDudkifpJG+yD; tjyif;txef xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufaewmukd tm;r&ao;yJ ppfwyf}uD;udk tquf rjywf wdk;csJŒwnfaqmufaewmukd tm;r&ao;yJ aomif;usef;olESdrfESif;a&;eJ@ &yf&Gm+idrf0yfydjym;a&; twGuq f k+d y;D ‘ysLapmxD;’ ukd zJŒG pnf;zk@d jyifqifwmjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf[m twGi;f wyfjzpf+y;D ppfwyfudk tjyifuae taxmuftulðyzk@d / ysLapmxD;ukd tjyifwyftjzpfwnfaqmufz@dk &nf&, G w f mjzpfygw,f? ysLapmxD;udk 1955 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&GufwJh trsKd;om; umuG,fa&;aumifpDqkH;jzwfcsuft& zJGŒpnf;apwmvkd@qkdayr,fh pufwifbmv (14) &ufae@rSm r*Fvm'kHrSmusif;ywJh wyfrawmfnDvmcHrSmuwnf;u ppfwyfu 'DysLapmxD;pDrHudef;ukd zwf=um; wifjy aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;jzpfaewm awGŒ&ygw,f? ppfwyf[m ppfwyfacwfrDwkd;wufa&;twGuf ppfbufavhvma&;tzGJŒawG zGJŒ+yD; EdkifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfawGukd apv$wfwm avhvmapwm vufeuf0,f,l pkaqmif;wmawGvnf; 55 ckESpfxJrSm trsm;qkH;ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? 55 ckESpf/ {+yDvqef;rSm Akdvfrª;csKyf oef;az/ Akdvfrª;}uD; wifaz/ Akdvfrª;}uD; armifarmifw@dk acgi;f aqmifwhJ tzJŒG [m tzJŒG (2) zJŒG cJ+G yD; ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;/ taemuf*smr%D/ tpPa&;/ jyifopfw@dk uo dk mG ;cJyh gw,f? ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;u ay;tyfr,fh wyfr[mwckpm vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmuf eJ@ 0efwifwd&p>mefawGudkyg vufcH&,lcJhygw,f? usnfqH (2) oef;xkwfvkyfEkdifwJh pufukdvnf; taemuf*smr%DEkdifiH z&pf0gemukr`%D uae 55 ckESpf/ rwfv (9) &ufae@uwnf;u pmcsKyfcsKyfqkd 0,f,lcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? 55 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrSm ypPnf;axmufyHha&;0ef}uD; Akdvfrif;acgif eJ@twl ppfzufukd,fpm; vS,fawG[m tpPa&;/ ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;/ [efa*&D/ csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;/ ta&SŒ*smr%DeJ@ qkdAD,uf wkd@udkvnf; oGm;a&mufcJh=ujyefygw,f? 166
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tJ'D pufwifbmvxJrSmyJ w±kwfjynfumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& w±kwfjynf c&D;udkvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwkdif acgif;aqmif+yD; oGm;a&mufcJh=ujyefao;w,f? w±kwfjynf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& w±kwfjynfc&D;udkvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; udk,fwkdifacgif; aqmif+yD; oGm;a&mufcJh=ujyefygw,f? 1955 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (28) &ufae@rSm ppfOD;pD;csKyfukd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfvkd@ trnf ajymif;vJac:a0:cJ+h yD;/ a&wyfO;D pD;csKyfudk 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (a&)/ avwyfO;D pD;csKyfudk 'kumuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) vk@d ajymif;vJ ac:a0: cJo h vk/d atmufwb dk m (1) &ufae@up+y;D umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyu f dk 'kumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (av/ a&) wk@d &ŒJ vkyyf idk cf iG ehf @J tm%mtm;vk;H udyk g tyfEiS ;f vdu k yf gw,f? =unf;/ a&/ av tm;vk;H [m umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if; &JŒvufatmuf wpkwvk;H wnf;a&muf &SdoGm;apwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? 1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS 1950 jynfEh pS u f wyf&if;opfawGzŒJG pnf;&mrSm xnfo h iG ;f zJŒG pnf;cJw h hJ ‘ppf0ef xrf;wyf’ awGteuf/ useaf eao;wJh wyf&if; (13) &if;ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf+yD;/ ajcvsiw f yf&if;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJzJGŒpnf;ygw,f? wyf&if; (25) uae (31) txd ajcvsifwyf&if; (7) &if;jzpfay:vmygw,f? trSwf (104) ajcjrefwyf&if;ukdvnf; wkd;csJŒzGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? 1955 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvrSm aomif;use;f r_umuG,af &;twGuq f +dk yD; ppfbuf/ &Jbuf/ tkycf sKyf a&;bufawGpkaygif;+yD;/ ysLapmxD; ppfqifa&;pDrHudef;}uD;udk taumiftxnfazmfvkdufygw,f? ‘ysLapmxD;’ wyfawG w&m;0ifay:vmygw,f? 51-52 a&G;aumufyJGwkef;u aomif;usef;&rf;um;cJh =uwJh emrnfqkd;eJŒausmf=um;cJhwJh ajymufusm;0efxrf; umuG,fa&;qkdwJh cg;ykdufaqmifwyfawGukd ysLapmxD;vk@d trnfajymif; zJŒG pnf;vku d w f momjzpfw,fv@dk twku d t f cHEidk if aH &;tiftm;pkawG/ ygwD tzJGŒtpnf;awGu a0zefaxmufjy=uygw,f? ysLapmxD; zJGŒpnf;awmhzkd@ w&m;0if pwifa=unm uwnf; uvnf; a0zef qef@usif uef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyv tpkd;&u ysLapmxD;ukd zJGŒjzpfatmif zJGŒvkdufygw,f? zJGŒpnf;+yD;csdefup+yD;awmhvnf; ysLapmxD;awG[m a'otoD;oD;rSm w&m;0ifvufeufukdif&rf;um;r_awG usL;vGefawmhwmjzpfygw,f? w&m;0ifvkdifpif&awGjzpfvmcJhyg w,f? 1955 ckESpfxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xGufay:vmwmwckvkd@ qdk&rSmuawmh zqyv tpkd;&&JŒ ‘vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef’ a=unmcsufyJjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek OuUÏ tjzpfaqmuf&GufwJh umuG,af &;aumifpq D ;Hk jzwfcsuf ysLapmxD; pDru H ed ;f }uD;eJ@twl a&SŒqifah emufqifh xGuaf y:vmcJw h m jzpfygw,f? ‘ysLapmxD;’ u aomif;use;f olawGukd ESrd ef if;zk@d / vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf trde@f a=unmcsuf }uD;u aomif;use;f olrsm; tvif;0ifvm=uzk@d jzpfygw,f? 0ifapcsiw f t hJ ayguu f kd zGiahf y;+yD; wzufu wkwfjyifvkdufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? aemufwpfcsufu aemufxyf vtenf;i,ftwGif; usif;y& awmhr,fh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;twGuf vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@xkwf+yD; rJqG,fajcvSrf; pvkdufwmvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,t}udrf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;u 1956 ckESpf/ {+yDvrSm usif;y&awmhr,fjzpfygw,f? vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@a=unmcsufudk jynfxJa&; 0ef}uD;Xmeu 1955 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm (1) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
167
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
atmufwkdbm (1) &ufae@u 1956 ckESpf/ rwfv (31) &ufae@txd (6) v oufwrf;owf rSwaf y;xm;+yD; vufeufuikd f ykeu f efqef@usiaf e=uolrsm; tcGit hf a&;ukt d &,l+yD; tjrefq;Hk tvif; 0ifz@dk aqmf=oxm;ygw,f? 'Dvw G +f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f u vufeufuidk yf ek u f efqef@usiaf e=uolawG vufeufcstvif;0ifzkd@oufouftwGufyJ &nf&G,fxkwfjyefcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'D 1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSww f rf;wifp&m ay:xGe;f vmwmuawmh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkqkdwJh yrnw tzJGŒ}uD; ay:xGef;vmwmjzpfygw,f? yrnw tzGŒJ }uD;[m ajray:twku d t f cH Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vm cJhygw,f? 51-52 ckESpf yxrt}udrf ygvDref'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG}uD;wkef;u a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;[m cdkifrmwJh wyfaygif;pkwck atmifatmifjrifjrif zJGŒpnf;oifh ygvsuf rzGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh=uyg? 'kwd,t}udrf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD; usif;ycgeD; usrS twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wpkwpnf;wnf;aom wyfaygif;pk}uD;tjzpf ‘yrnw’ ukd zJGŒpnf;EdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfae&wJhtwGuf jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &ifqkdifae&+yD;/ 'Dvkdtajctaeqkd;awGrS jynfoludku,fwif&efqkd+yD; ‘yrnw’ }uD;ukd zJGŒpnf;vdkuf wmvkd@ aºuG;a=umfygw,f? 1955 ck/ Ekd0ifbm (18) &ufae@rSm ‘yrnw’ ay:xGufvmygw,f? ‘yrnw’rSm (1) ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m 'dk@Armtpnf;t±kH;/ (2) jynfol@nD!Gwfa&;ygwD/ (3) jynfol@+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@aygif;pk/ (4) Armjynf tvkyform; v,form;ygwD/ (5) Armjynf tvkyform; tpnf;t±kH;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf/ (6) awmifolv,form;nD!Gwfa&; tpnf;t±kH;/ (7) jynfolŒvli,ftzJGŒcsKyf/ (8) w&m;r#wr_tzJGŒ/ (9) rGef/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t±kH; eJ@ (10) ref;xGe;f &if tp&Sw d hJ vly*k Kd~ vf vlwef;pm;tzGŒJ tpnf;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;yg yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? vli,fhwyfOD;wkd@tjyif tr_xrf;or*~ OuUÏ a[mif; OD;xGef;atmifausmf wkd@vnf; yrnw rSmyg0ifvmcJh=uygw,f? yrnw xJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qkH;uawmh qkd&S,feDrsm;jzpfygw,f? awmckv d ufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;jzpfwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) u jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ a&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idrf ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfudk aºuG;a=umfovk/d w&m;0if ajray:tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;jzpfwhJ yrnw uvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;toHuykd J yJw h ifxyfapcJyh gw,f? ‘yrnw’ }u;D [m xif&mS ;wJh ajray: Oya'wGi;f twku d t f cH Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD; jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? yrnw &JŒxif&mS ; wJh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGuawmh ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&)/ ocifvGif/ ocifvSau|/ OD;odef;azjrifh/ Akv d cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;/ OD;b+idr;f / w&m;0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;at;armif/ OD;bxGe;f pwJo h al wGjzpf=uyg w,f? OD;at;armifu w&m;0ef}uD;&mxl;u E_wfxGuf+yD; ‘w&mr#wr_ygwD’ axmif/ aemufykdif; ocifcspfarmifwkd@ tvkyform; v,form;ygwDeJ@wGJ+yD; ‘yrnw’ zJG@&mrSm yg0ifvmwmjzpfygw,f? 168
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
‘yrnw’ ukd zqyv tpk;d &u ‘ajray:uGejf rLepf’ awGv@dk uifyeG ;f wyfcyhJ gw,f? yrnw wyfaygi;f pk}uD; ay:vmwm[m zqyv tpkd;&&JŒ rl0g' ay:vpDawGudk a0zef ±_wfcs zGifhcsEkdifcJh+yD; jynfolvl xk&JŒ óuHawGŒ&ifqkdifae&wJh vlr_b0taxGaxGukd rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhygw,f? 1955 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf idk ;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) &JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J twl yrnw tzJŒG }uD;&JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;awmif;qkd oHawGtjyif wuUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) &JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfp+J yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; ukd t&,l=uzkd@ awmif;qkdoHawGyg us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pnfpnfa0a0 xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? 1955 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (5) &ufae@/ (35) ESpaf jrmuf trsK;d om;ae@rmS ‘wuo’ u +idr;f csr;f a&;tqkw d ifoiG ;f vkduf+yD; tpkd;&eJ@ vufeufudkifawmfvSefaeolrsm; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=uzkd@ awmif;qkdvkdufygw,f? 1955 ckESpf[m Armjynforkdif;rSm awmfawmfxl;jcm;wJhESpfvkd@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f? Armjynf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek vnf; uruxðyolwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhwJh ‘befa'gif;nDvmcH}uD;’ usif;yEkdifcJh+yD; Armjynftpk;d &&JŒ Ekid if jH cm;a&;qkid &f m *k%w f ufcw hJ EhJ pS jf zpfovk/d zqyv tpk;d &&JŒ auwDat pDru H ed ;f &yfqkdif;vkduf&wJhESpf jynfaxmifompDrHudef; a&pkefar#mvkduf&wJhESpfvnf;jzpfygw,f? w±kwjf zLwku d x f w k af &;twGuf &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;}uD; qifEcJ$ o hJ vk/d ppfwyfu ppfzuf qkdif&mv_yf&Sm;r_awG wkd;csJŒwnfaqmufr_awG vkyfcJhwJhESpfjzpfygw,f? Auy &JŒ 55 vrf;pOf/ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOf ay:xGufcJhwJhESpfjzpf ovkd zqyv tpdk;& &JŒ ysLapmxD;pDrHudef;/ ysLapmxD;zJGŒpnf;r_awG ay:aygufcJhwJhESpfjzpfygw,f? zqyv tpk;d & &JŒ vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f xGuaf y: cJo h vkd twku d t f cH Ekid if aH &;tiftm; pkawG&JŒ wyfaygif;pk ‘yrnw’ }uD; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? ajray:ajratmuf Oya'wGif; Oya'y EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawG tygt0if tm%m& zqyv tpdk;&tzJGŒuvJGvkd@ wjynfvkH; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;toHawG pnfpnfnHnH pwifazmfusL;vmwJhESpfvnf;jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek qkdAD,uf,leD,HoGm;+yD; c±k&SufeJ@ cspf=unf a&;vkyfcJhovkd c±k&SufeJ@ bl*geifwkd@vnf; ArmjynftvnfvmcJh=uwJhESpfjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek omoemh 'g,umbJGŒcHzkd@ qXoHCm,emwifyGJvnf; pcJhygw,f?
_id r f ; csrf ; a&;/ tðywf w k d u f a &;eJ ‹ jref r mEk d i f i H a wmf wzufu jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;toHawG v_yf&Sm; pnfnHvmptcsdef rSmyJ zqyv tpdk;& &JŒ oabmxm;trSefudk xif[yfjyvkdufwJh ‘atmifrmCppfqifa&;}uD;’ xGuf ay:vmygw,f? 1956 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvqef;up+yD; wyfrawmf&JŒ trSwf (10) ajcvsifwyfr[m&JŒ uGyu f rJ e_ @J atmifrmCppfqifa&;}u;D ukd pwifqifEyJ$ gw,f? aomif;use;f olvufeufuidk t f m;pkawGukd tðywfwkdufa&;twGufqkd+yD; pwifvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? rwfv (31) &ufae@txd oufwrf;owfrw S x f m;wJh vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f ukd vufeuf csa&;/ tvif;0ifa&;wk@d twGuf zGiahf y;xm;+y;D wòyid ef ufwnf;rSm ppfa&;t&zdtm;ay;zk@d vufeufrcs teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
169
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csifolawGudk tjywfacsr_ef;zkd@ ‘atmifrmC’ udk pwifvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;toHawGudk ppfoHeJ@ zkH;ypfvkdufygw,f? 'gayr,fh +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawGu aysmufroGm;bJ qufay:vmygw,f? ‘atmifrmC’ p+yD; vkd@ (14) &uft=um Zefe0g&D (20) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef;u 0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek qD Akv d v f usmf uwqifh pmwapmifay;yk@d ygw,f? awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf urf;vSr;f a&;wJh pmjzpfygw,f? pmrSm (1) Armjynftpdk;&onf t*Fvdyf-tar&duefwkd@. usL;ausmfa&;*kd%f;twGif;okd@rygbJ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twl&Sda&;0g'ukd jywfom;pGm usifhokH;&rnf? (2) wjynfv;Hk wGif 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;ay;&rnf? jynfow l @kd . 'Dru dk a&pD tcGit hf a&; rsm;ukd tmrcH&rnf? uGefjrLepfygwD0ifESifh tjcm;wkd;wufaom EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; tm;vkH;ukd v$wf&rnf? (3) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh &Sdor#aom 'Drkdua&pDygwDrsm;ESifh vlxktzGJŒtpnf;rsm;. Oya'wGif; wnf&SdcGifhESifh vkyfukdifaqmif&GufcGifhrsm;ukd tmrcH&rnf? [laom tcsuf (3) csufudk tajccHI zqyv tpkd;&ESifh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;vkdonfvkd@ azmfjy urf;vSrf;ygw,f? wuUov dk ef @J aumvdyaf ygi;f pkH aqG;aEG;yJ}G u;D uae ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ awmif;qkyd ef=um;oHtjzpf ‘jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;yef=um;v$m’ vnf; qufwu dk x f u G af y:vmygw,f? ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ yef=um; v$m[m ausmif;om;uk, d pf m;vS,af ygi;f (126) OD;/ avhvmol (65) OD; wufa&mufwhJ &efuek w f uUov dk f wuo taqmuftOD;rSmusi;f ywJh 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf wuUov dk af umvdyaf ygi;f pkH aqG;aEG;yG}J uD;&JŒ &v'ftjzpf xGuaf y:vmwmjzpfygw,f? &efuek w f uUov dk /f rE aW v;wuUov kd /f armfvòrid Of ypmaum vdyf/ rauG; Oypmaumvdyfu ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ wuUodkvfaygif;pkH tzJGŒaygif;pkH udk,f pm;vS,af wG[m wuo taqmuftOD;rSm Zefe0g&D (23) uae (25) &ufae@txd (3) &ufwidk w f idk f awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=u+yD;wJhaemuf 'Dyef=um;v$mukd xkwfjyefvdkuf=uwmjzpfygw,f? ynma&;tokH; p&dwu f adk v#m+h yD; jynfwiG ;f ppftok;H p&dwu f dk ykrd o kd ;Hk pGaJ ewm/ ynma&;t=uyftwnf;awG ykrd edk uf±id_ ;f vmwmawGudkaxmufjy&if;/ jynfwGif;ppfukd jynfolw&yfvkH;u&yfpJ&ef vkdvm;ae=uwmudk azmfjy +yD;/ ppfa&;t& t=urf;zufESdrfESif;jcif;eJ@ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;rSm rjzpfEkdifa=umif; (7) ESpfausmf tawGŒtóuHrsm;u oufaojy+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;enf;eJ@ jynfwGif;ppfukd &yfpJ=uzkd@ azmfjywkdufwGef; yef=um;xm;wmawGŒ&ygw,f? azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef; ay;pmt& ocif oef;xGef; aqG;aEG;vdkw,fqkdwJh tcsuf (3) csuftay: zqyv tpdk;&u w&m;0ifwkef@jyef jyef=um; ygw,f? jrefrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &&JŒoabmxm;ukd azmfjywJt h aeeJ@ jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D OD;xGe;f 0if; uae azazmf0g&D (13) &ufnrSm toHvi$ hf &Si;f vif;ajym=um;apcJyh gw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f aqG;aEG;csiw f ,f qkdwJh tcsuf (3) csuf[m aqG;aEG;&efrvkdawmhwJh tcsufawGjzpf+yD; EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u ay;xm;+yD; om;jzpfwJhtwGuf ‘vmcsifv#ifteD;av;/ rvmcsifvkd@ c&D;a0;atmifvkyfaewJh tcsufawGomjzpf a=umif; wkef@jyefajymqkdcJhygw,f? tcsuf (3) csufudk wcsufcsif;&Sif;ygw,f? 170
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
eHygww f pftcsuu f &kd iS ;f wJt h cg “u|Eykf w f @dk tpk;d &onf t*Fvyd -f tar&duef tkypf u k o kd mv#if ru rnfonfh *k% d ;f / rnfonft h yk pf k bufur# r0ifbaJ ecJo h nfukd Arma&m urBmuyg od+y;D jzpfonf? twkduftcH EkdifiHtkyfpkzGJŒjcif;udk a&S;uvJ raxmufcH/ ,ckvJ raxmufcH/ aemufvJaxmufcHrnf r[kwf” vkd@ qkdvkduf+yD; “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk ,ae@txd opPmrazmufzsufcJhaom tpkd;&rSmvnf; u|Ekfyfwkd@ tpkd;&omv#ifjzpfonf” vkd@ &ifhusL;vkdufygw,f? eHygwf (2) csufukdvnf; “u|Ekfyfwdk@tpkd;&onf tajccHtcGifhta&;rSefor# jynfolvlxk w&yfvkH;tygt0if rnfonfhtwkduftcHtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;udkrqkd ay;xm;+yD;jzpfonf” vkd@ &Sif;vif;vkduf+yD; tusOf;om;rsm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;vnf; EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;qkdwm r&Sd/ ykefuefxºuG aomif;usef;r_awGeJ@ zrf;qD;xm;olawGom&Sdw,fvkd@ wkef@jyefajymqkdygw,f? eHygwf (3) tcsuu f adk wmh “awmckad omif;use;f olrsm; tvif;ok@d 0if/ vufeufenf;jzifh ykeu f ef aomif;use;f r_ukd pGe@f vw $ af =umif; a=unmonfw h ae@wiG f awmckyd gwrD sm; w&m;0iftoif;tjzpfo@dk jyefvnfa&muf&Sdap&rnfvdk@ a=unm+yD;jzpfw,f” qkdwmeJ@ &Sif;vif;wkef@jyefvkduf+yD; ‘vGwf+idrf;csrf; omcGiftrdef@’ wHcg;aygufzGifhxm;+yD;jzpfw,f? rwfv (31) &ufae@rSm 'DwHcg;aygufydwfawmhrSm jzpfwJhtwGuf 'DtcGifhta&;ukd t&,l+yD; vufeufcstvif;0if=uzkd@eJ@ tqkH;owfxm;ygw,f? jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D OD;xGe;f 0if; toHvi$ ahf jym=um;&Si;f vif;wJh zqyv tpk;d & &JŒ oabmxm;udk csKyf=unfhr,fqkd&if ‘vufeufcstvif;0if=u’ qkdwmomjzpfygw,f? vufeufcs tvif;0ifa&; twGufvnf; v$wf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@xkwfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf wHcg;yGifhae+yD;jzpfw,f? w&m;0ifwnf&SdcGifh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;cGifhawGtwGufuawmh vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ ykefuef aomif;use;f r_ukd pGe@f vw $ af =umif; a=unm/ tJ'v D dk a=unm+yD;&if w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG hf &&Sv d mvdrrhf ,f vkd@yJ t"dy`m,fxGufapcJhygw,f? wdwdusus &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awmh azmfjyrxm;yg? w&m;0ifwnf&Sd cGifhudk vufeufcsa=umif; vufeufukdifvrf;pOf pGef@a=umif; t&ifa=unm+yD;rS pOf;pm;r,fhoabm/ aemufwqifhudpPtjzpf oabmxm;ovkd tmrcHcsufrJhaeygw,f? azazmf0g&D (25) &ufae@rSm wyfrawmfrSvnf; ‘tvif;0if&ef zdwfac:csuf’ qdkwmudk xyfrH xkwjf yefygw,f? “tjrefq;Hk om tvif;ud0k ifcahJ yawmh” qkw d hJ pum;&yfe@J tqk;H owfxm;wJh wkw d dk wkwfwkwf a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefykefuefr_/ opPmazmuf ykefuefr_oufoufqkd&if vkH;0 vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGi&hf r,fqw dk m &Si;f jy+yD; b,fvt dk r_rsK;d [m awmfveS yf ek u f efr_ opPmazmufzsuyf ek f uefr_qdkwm &Sif;jyxm;wJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvkd &Sif;vif;csuf a=unmcsufawG xGufay:t+yD; r=umcifrSmyJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD u +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf jzpfEidk o f r#enf;vrf;awGukd &SmazGz@dk yk*Kd~ vfwOD;udk wm0efay;apv$wyf gw,f? =um;vltjzpf AkdvfvusmfukdowfrSwf+yD; Akdvfvusmfuwqifh tpdk;&tzGJŒeJ@ qufoG,fapwmjzpfyg w,f? Akv d v f usmu f tJ'yD *k Kd~ vfe@J tpk;d &tzJŒG awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;apvkad =umif; jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Akv d cf if armifuav; eJ@ Adv k rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD; wd@k udk ta=umif;=um;ygw,f? Akv d cf ifarmifuav;eJ@ Akv d rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD; u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekukd qufvufwifjyygw,f? OD;Eku tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJ@ Auy u wifajr‡mufxm;wJh=um;vl AkdvfvusmfeJ@om awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ trdef@csrSwfay;+yD;/ aqG;aEG;wJh tcgrmS vnf; tvif;0ifa&;tpDtpOfudk b,fvpkd pD Of&r,fqw dk mavmufuykd J aqG;aEG;+yD; Ekid if aH &;udpP teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
171
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ukd vk;H 0raqG;aEG;zk@d vkid ;f csay;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv d cf ifarmifuav;eJ@ Akv d rf ;ª }uD;atmif}uD; wk@d [m Akv d v f usmef @J yJ aqG;aEG;r_vyk yf gw,f? aqG;aEG;wmudv k nf; “vufeufcstvif;0ifa&;twGuf vkt d yf wJhtpDtpOfawGðyvkyfa&;” qkdwJh tcsufay:rSmyJ t"duxm; aqG;aEG;=uw,fqkdygw,f? Akv d v f usmef @J aqG;aEG;r_awGtay:uae ‘uGejf rLepfawG tvif;0ifa&;[m &mE_e;f jynfh ,k=H unf pdwfcs&avmuf+yD’ vkd@,lqwJhtwGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav;eJ@ Akdvfrª;}uD; atmif}uD; wkd@u uGefjrLepfrsm; vufeufcsa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tpDtpOf trdef@!¸ef=um;csufawGudk toHv$ifh a=unmygawmhw,f? rwfv (25) &ufae@rSm “uGefjrLepfrsm;vufeufcsa&;eJ@ywfoufI zqyv tpdk;& jynfxJ a&;Xme0ef}uD; Akdvfcifarmifav; . toHv$ifhcsuf” qdkwmeJ@ “uGefjrLepf rsm;vufeufcsa&;ESifh ywfoufI wyfrawmfrS Akdvfrª;}uD; atmif}uD; . toHv$ifhcsuf” qkdwm ESpfck a&SŒqifhaemufqifh xGufay:vmygw,f? Adkvfcifarmifav;&JŒ a=unmcsufu (1) tpd;k &onf tpk;d &ESihf vufeufuikd af omif;use;f olrsm; awGŒqkaH phpyfaqG;aEG;aomrlukd rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# vufrcH? (2) vufeufcsa&;onf EkdifiHa&;vkH;0rygbJ ±kd;±kd;vufeufcsa&;omjzpf&rnf? (3) vufeufcsvadk omvlrsm;onf tpd;k &u a=unmxm;onft h wkid ;f 31-3-1956 &uf ae@ rukefqkH;rD teD;qkH; vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;bufokd@ vufeufcs vkda=umif; ta=umif;=um;&rnf? (4) Todk@ vufeufcsvkda=umif; ta=umif;=um;onfESifhwòydifeuf vufeufcsEkdifa&; twGuf vkdtyfaomtpDtpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfay;rnf? tu,fI vkdv#if tcsKdŒaom vufeufcsrnfhae&mrsm;odk@ ajrmufykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrS Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm ESifh awmifykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrS Akdvfrª;csKyf bvdwf wkd@udk,fwkdif wm0ef,lI vufeufcsa&;udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;rnfqkdwmjzpfygw,f? aomif;usef;olrsm; vufeufcs+yD;wJhaemuf aoewf0g'udkpGef@v$wf&if 'Drkdua&pDpnf;0kdif; twGif;rSm vGwfvyfpGm a[majympnf;±kH;a&;om;cGifh 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awGudk ay;r,fvkd@vnf; azmfjyajymqkdoGm;ygw,f? Akdvfrª;}uD;atmif}uD; &JŒ a=unmcsufu epfjzLygwD0if vufeufudkifaomif;usef;olrsm; tpkvkduf tòyHvkduf vufeufcs 0ifa&muf zG,&f mta=umif;&So d nf? vufeufcsa&;udk vufcaH qG;aEG;yg? vufeufcs&efaqG;aEG;ovkðd y+yD; vuf eufcsa&;udpPr[kwfaom EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;v#if aqG;aEG;yJGudk&yfpJ+yD; awmxJodk@jyefygap? uGejf rLepfrsm;u vufeufcsvo dk nft h wGuf rnfo@kd rnfyHk vufeufcs&rnfh tpDtpOfðyvkyf &efom aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfI EkdifiHa&;t& aphpyfa&;vkyfjcif;r[kwfqdkonfudk owdðyapvkdonf? vuf eufcsonft h cg &&Srd nft h cGit hf a&;rSm ,cifa=unm+y;D twkid ;f jzpfI rwfv (31) &ufae@txdom&Sd onf? vufeufcsa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;aepOf ppfqifa&;rsm;udk qkid ;f iHx h m;jcif;/ &yfpx J m;jcif;rðyvky&f ef ponfjzifh azmfjyajymqkdoGm;ygw,f? 172
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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173
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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175
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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179
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0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf qdk&S,fvpf}uD; OD;AaqGudk &mxl;vJ$ay;ygw,f? 'k0ef}uD; csKyftjzpf xm;cJhwmuawmh pyfcGefcsdK/ OD;ausmf+idrf;eJ@ ocifwifjzpfygw,f? OD;Eku OD;ausmf+idrf;udk zqyv taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ae&mu txGufcdkif;ygw,f? ocif ausmfxGef;udk 0ef}uD;tjzpfu E_wfxGufap+yD; tJ'D taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ae&mudk t,lcdkif;um olŒatmufrSm yl;wJGxm;vdkufygw,f? zqyv oef@&iS ;f a&;vkyzf @kd pDpOfvu kd w f hJ OD;Ek[m tJ'h v D kd &mxl;tajymif;tvJvyk w f mawGukd b,fol@udkrSrwdkifyifbJ olŒpdwfwdkif;us vkyfcsifovdkvkyf trdef@ay;ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? ¡aemifrSm OD;Ek tJ'Dvdk 0ef}uD;csKyfu xGufay;wm[m aA'ifudef;cef;t& ,=wmacszdk@vkyfcJhwmvdk@ vnf; OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@u pGyfpGJ=uwmvJ&dSygw,f?¢ zqyv tzJGŒ}uD; oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfzdk@ tJ'DvdkpDpOfvdkufwm[m ‘zqyv’ tzJGŒ}uD; òyduJGzdk@ pwifvu kd w f mjzpfcyhJ gw,f? qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd em;axmifvufcv H u kd af yr,fh OD;ausm+f idr;f [m awmfawmf rausreyfjzpfcJhygw,f? 54 ckESpf qefudpPrSmuwnf;u qdk&S,fvpf &efyHkaiGtwGuf vmbfpm;+yD; qefa&mif;pm;xm;wmvd@k oHo,0ifaecJ+h yD; pwiftòid;xm;cJ&h muae olŒudck sypfawmhz@kd jyifqifwm jzpfw,fvdk@ OD;ausmf+idrf;u ,lqcJhygw,f? 1956 ckESpf/ ZGefv (12) &ufae@rSm OD;AaqG 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmygw,f? OD;Ek zqyvOuUÏ &mxl;,lygw,f? zqyvoef@&Sif;a&;udk zdzdpD;pD; pwifaqmif&Gufygw,f? ol pwifzJGŒpnf;cJhwJh ‘poHk;vHk;’ tzJGŒ}uD;udk vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m tjynfht0ay;+yD; jcpm;r_ azmfxkwfta&;,la&;awGudk vkyfaqmifapygw,f? tJ'Dvdk ðyvkyfaqmif&Gufr_awGa=umifh wav#mufvHk; olwyg;tay:om vufOD;rl&dS&dS ta&; ,lprD cH ef@cv GJ mcJw h hJ OD;ausm+f idr;f [m rcHr&yfEikd af tmifjzpfcyhJ gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f awmfawmf rausreyf jzpfaewJhowif; OD;EkqDa&mufvmwJhtcg OD;Eku“rif;ig@udkrausreyfjzpfaew,fvdk@ =um;&w,f/ tJh'Draus reyfcsufawG bmawGvJqdkwm pma&;+yD; ig@qDydk@vdkuf/ 'Dpm&wJhtcg rif;eJig aqG;aEG;r,f” vdk@ OD;Ek u wkef@jyefvdkufygw,f? 1956 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (3) &ufae@rSm OD;ausmf+idrf; &JŒ w&m;0if &ifzGifhv$m OD;EkqDa&mufvm ygw,f? Zlvdkif (6) &ufae@rSm OD;Ek&JŒ OD;ausmf+idrf;xH jyefpmxGufay:vmygw,f? 'DpmESpfapmif[m &mZ0ifwGifcJhwJhpmESpfapmifjzpfygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf; &JŒpmxJhrSm ²²² ²²² &efukefòrdŒ olykefawG0dkif;aepOfu bmwckrSraqmif&GufcJhwJh ukefonf}uD;awG/ vdkifpifpD }uD;awG/ tjrwfawmfceG af &Smifwv hJ al wG/ Edik if jH cm;aiGc;kd xkww f v hJ al wG/ omaygi;f nmpm;awGwcsKd Œ[m OuUÏ }uD;em;rSmuyf+yD; ajr‡mufae=uw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawGeJ@ &efwdkufay;ae=uw,f? olwdk@u tjyifrSm vdkifpifa&mif;pm;vdk@ csrf;omoavmuf/ OuUÏ}uD;óudufwJh tvªtwef;awGrSm vª=uwef; =uw,f? (t&ufóuduw f hJ vlem;usawmh 'Dval wGu ykvif;armh=uw,f) OuUÏ}uD;ysi;f &if; td;k pnf';kd ywf0ikd ;f vJ ujy=uw,f? w&m;emcsi&f ifvnf; ,yfvw JS &m;av;bmav; a[majymwwfw,f/ tvsO;f oifw h t hJ cg b,fq&kd , S v f pfacgi;f aqmifu acgi;f aqmif}uD;udk b,fvrkd w&m;ajymygw,fv@kd &efwu kd f =uw,f? “*syefacwf t"dywdvkyfaewkef;u ightem;rSm nmaewJh pD;yGm;a&;orm;cyfrsm;rsm;[m tck ocifEktem;a&mufae+yD” vdk@ a'gufwmbarmf uajymaewmudk wqifh=um;&w,f/ rSef rrSef 180
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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185
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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187
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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OD;AaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wdk@ vmawGŒ=uvdrhfOD;r,fvdk@ ocifwifu ajymvdkufygw,f” vdk@ ajymyg w,f? tJ'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; OD;Ek u “'g OD;ausmf+idrf; vufcsuf” vdk@,lqygw,f? 1957 ckESpf Zefe0g&v D xJa&muf&if Edik if aH &;uxGuaf wmhr,fv@kd vlo&d iS =f um;a=unmxm;ygvsuef @J tckvv kd yk f wmraumif;bl;/ ppfAdkvfudkudkif+yD; olŒudk+cdrf;ajcmufwmvdk@vnf; rSwf,lcHpm;ygw,f? a'govnf; t}uD;tus,fxGufygw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufw&uf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; wa,mufxJvmawGŒ+yD; “OD;Ek tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyefr 0ifbJ w±kwfjynfu OuUÏ}uD;armfvdk zqyvOuUÏtjzpfeJ@yJ óud;udkifxm;&if aumif;vdrhfr,f” vdk@ ajymjywJhtcg OD;Ek u “tpdk;&tzJGŒxJudkjyef0ifzdk@ rae@uwnf;u qHk;jzwf+yD;+yD/ jyef0ifzdk@twGuf tvkyftr_aqmiftzJGŒrSm w}udrfwdkuf&r,f/ v$wfawmfrSm w}udrfwdkuf&r,f/ qdk&S,fvpfawG[m ESpfqifhpvHk;rSm tm;aumif;wJhtwGuf ol±H_;rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh wdkufr,f/ wyGJrSrwdkufbJ t±Hl;ay;wJh vrf;pOfudkróudufzl;” vdk@ tajzay;vdkufygw,f? paeae@ tvkyftr_aqmiftzJGŒ tpnf;ta0;rSm ol tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyef0ifr,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf &mxl; jyef,lr,fvdk@ OD;Ek u a=unmvdkufygawmhw,f? OD;AaqG u “udk}uD;Ek tpdk;&tzJGŒxJ jyef0if r,fq&kd if jyef0ifyg? usaemfxu G af y;ygr,f” vd@k wnfwnf+idr+f idraf jym+yD; uset f r_aqmifawGuvnf; apm'uwufr,fhvlr&dSwJhtwGuf jy\emrwufcJhyg? OD;ausmf+idrf; tpnf;ta0;rwufjzpfyg? wufjzpf&ifawmh uef@uGufrSmrkcsyJvdk@qdkygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;uae wESpftem;,lr,fqdkwJh OD;Ek/ wESpfrjynfhrD 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk jyef vnf&,lzdk@ vG,fvG,fulul jzpfoGm;ygw,f? OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; =um; wif;rmr_awG ydk}uD;vmygw,f? tjyeftvSefr,Hk=unfr_awG ydkrsm;vmygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;olwdk@&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;toHawGvnf; ydknHvmygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;}uD;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tusKd;ðywJhpmayrsm;udk a&;om; =u&ef w&m;0ifq;Hk jzwfxm;+y;D jzpfovd/k pmqdak wmfae@usi;f ywJt h cgrmS vnf; t&ifEpS af wGueJ@rwlbJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tav;xm;ar#m&f nfwhJ jyZmwfjyuGuaf wGe@J ya'omuyG}J u;D udk pma&;q&mawGu, kd f wdik f o±kyaf qmifujycJ=h uwJt h wGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;aw;oHcsKd csKd v$r;f wJh pmqdak wmfv}uD;jzpfapcJyh gw,f? ±kyf&Sif/ *Dwynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yg0ifulnD tm;jznfh o±kyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; yg0ifóud;yrf; tm;jznfhawmfrlvm =uygw,f? jynfc±kid f ayguaf cgi;f òrdŒe,ftwGi;f &Sd q&mawmf oHCmawmf}uD; (24) yg;&JŒ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ a&;twGuf yef=um;csuv f nf; xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? r=umrD q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ +idr;f csr;f a&;yef=um;v$mvnf; xGufay:vmygw,f? 1957 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (23) &ufae@rSm ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rª;tjzpfuae Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZmudk &mxl;csxm;vdkufygw,f? ppfbufpnf;rsOf;Oya't&/ tJ'Dae@uae (22) &ufajrmufwJh azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSm/ ppfbufrlv§'kAdkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;odk@ avsmhcs+yD;/ rwfv (6) &ufae@rSm t+idrf;pm;ay; vdkufygw,f? 188
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
Adkvfrª;csKyftqifhuae ESpfqifhav#mhcs+yD; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;eJ ht+idrf;pm;ay;vdkufwmjzpf ygw,f? w&m;0ifpmudk {+yDv (9) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? trdef@pmrSm - ‘vkH;vkH;cs rSwEf ikd af vmufaom taxmuftxm; jynfjh ynf0h 0r&So d nfw h ikd af tmif oHo,ruif;p&mjzpfonf’ qdkwm azmfjyxm;+yD;/ ‘wyfrawmfESifh wdkif;jynfwdk@udk tE W&m,ftrsdK;rsdK;rS umuG,f&rnfjzpfonfh twdik ;f / 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD;ausmaf Zm tm; wyfrawmfwiG f qufvufwm0efray;awmhoif[ h k umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyfu ‚if;.,lqcsufudk tpD&ifcH&m/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu aumfrD&SiftzGJŒi,fwckjzifh xyfrHpkHprf; ppfaq;=um;em+yD;aemuf/ OD;pD;csKyf. t}uHay;csuftwdkif;yif vufcHvdkufygonf?’ [k ed*kH;csKyf&if; t+idrf;pm;ay;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;/ &ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;wdk@&JŒ ydou k m/ w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f al wGukd jywfjywfom;om; &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H wdu k cf u kd cf w hJ phJ pfo}l uD;/ &Jabmfo;Hk usdyf0if AdkvfausmfaZm [m 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ wyfrawmfuae xGufcGgoGm;&ygawmhw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ óud;yrf;csuf atmifjrifoGm;ygw,f? ppfwyfxdyfoD; Adkvfae0if; tygt0if/ wyfrawmf t&m&Sd}uD; tm;vkH;vdkvdk[m qdk&S,fvpfEG,f0ifawGcsnf;om usefawmhwJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;vnf; tm;&auseyfc=hJ uygw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD;u OD;AaqG/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;/ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; vufatmufu wyfrawmfxyd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawGu/ Adv k rf ;ª }u;D atmif}u;D / Adkvfrª; }uD;armifarmif/ Adkvfrª;}uD;atmifa&$/ Adkvfrª;}uD;=unf0if;/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif pwJholawGjzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;wifaz eJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD;odrf;armif wdk@vnf; ygygw,f? 1957 ckESpf/ rwfv (1) &ufae@rSm OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl; jyefvnfvufcH&,lygw,f? rwfv (9) &ufae@rSm Auy Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;udk &efukefrSmrdygw,f? 1957 rwfv (12) &ufae@ jynfolŒv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rSm yrnw twdkuftcHtrwf rsm;u tpdk;&tay: t,kHt=unfr&Sda=umif;tqdkudk wifoGif;ygw,f? OD;at;armifu tqdkudkwif oGif;+yD;/ ocifcspfarmif tygt0if trwf (10) OD;u tqdkudk axmufcHaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? t,kHt=unfr&Sda=umif;tqdkrSm æ tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ touf tdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfudk umuG,fay;Edkifjcif;r&Sda=umif;/ tpdk;&&JŒ w&m;0ifxkwfjyefcsufrsm;t&yif 1948 ckESpfuae 1956 ckESpftwGif; w&m;cHrazmfxkwfEdkifaom vlowfr_aygif; (6644) r_/ "m;jyr_ (17004) r_/ jyefay;r_ (1156) r_/ rk'drf;r_ (633) r_ &Sda=umif;/ pm&if;raygufao;wJhtr_rsm;vnf;&Sda=umif;eJ@ 'Dvdk vlowf/ "m;jy/ jyefay;r_rsm;udk w&m;cHazmfxkwfray;Edkifjcif;/ jyLapmxD;tygt0if vufeufudkifwyfrsm;&JŒ tEdik u f siAhf v kd u f sra_ wGukd ajz&Si;f ray;Edik jf cif;/ jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_jy\emawGukd rajz&Si;f Edik jf cif; wd@k twGuf tpd;k &rSm wm0ef&adS =umif;eJ@ 'ga=umifh tpd;k &tay: t,kt H =unfr&St d qdk wifoiG ;f &jcif; jzpfa=umif; tcdkiftrm azmfxkwfpGJcsufwifvdkufygw,f? tqdu k kd axmufcaH qG;aEG;=uwJh trwfrsm;uvnf;/ ppfwyfuzGŒJ xm;wJh vufeufuikd f t&H wyfawGjzpfwJh umuG,fa&; vJAD;/ jyLapmxD;rsm;u &mZ0wfr_tzkHzkHudk usL;vGefcJh=ua=umif;/ 'ga=umifh ppfwyfrmS wm0ef&adS =umif;udv k nf; azmfxw k w f ifjycJ=h uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmifawG udkvnf; a0zefcJh=uygw,f? csuu f svufus axmufjya0zef+y;D tqdu k kd tcdik t f rm wifEikd cf =hJ uayr,f/h zqyv tiftm;u tqrwef}uD;wJhtwGuf tqdkudk rJcGJwJhtcg tqdk[m ±_H;edrfhoGm;&ygw,f? ±_H;edrhfoGm;cJh&ayr,fh/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
189
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
'Dtqdk[m tm%mudk wav#mufvkH;udkifpGJvmcJhwJh zqyv tpdk;&tay: t,kHt=unfr&Sda=umif; wifoGif;cJhwJh yxrqkH;aomtqdktjzpf ordkif;rSwfwrf;0ifjzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'Dvkd v$waf wmfwiG ;f wdu k yf rJG ay:cif wywftuGm/ rwfv (6) &ufae@wek ;f uyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek [m +idrf;csr;fa&;eJ@ywfoufwJhrdef@cGef;wck ay;oGm;cJhygw,f? ‘+idrf;csrf;a&; wu,f&r,fqdk&if/ &mZ tdajEyN ±hJ rHk uvdk h a=urGomG ;ygap aphpyf+y;D wm=umyg+y/D vufeufcsvmcJyh g/ w&m;Oya't&awmh ta&; ,l&vdrfhr,f? raoap&/ oufn‡mpGmpOf;pm;r,f? pdwfcs&wJhtcg w&m;oif;a=unmr,f/ EdkifiHa&; n‡O;f yef;r_r&Sad p&’ qdw k hJ rde@f ceG ;f jzpfygw,f? q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ ‘olrom ud, k rf em +ird ;f csr;f a&;yef=um;v$m’ xGuaf y:vm+yD;wJah emuf/ q&m}uD;yef=um;v$mtay: owif;pm}uD;awGtygt0if EdkifiHw0Sef;u axmufcHvm=u+yD;wJhaemuf/ OD;Ek rdef@cGef;xGufay:vmwmjzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒ olromudk,frem +idrf;csrf;a&;rleJ@,SOf+yD;xGufvmcJhwJh tpdk;&tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rlvdk@ yJajym&ygvrd rhf ,f? acgi;f rmqd&k , S v f pf}uD;rsm;uawmh/ ‘ocifp;kd -ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k [m aphpyfajz&Si;f a&;udk ,kHwJhvlawGr[kwf/ aphpyfa&;udk y&d,m,fvkyfaewmomjzpfw,f/ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fvdk vm;wJholawGr[kwf’ vdk@ wdk;wdk;wzkH us,fus,fwrsdK;ajymqdk&if; aphpyfa&;udk qef@usif=uygw,f? q&m}uD;rdi_ ;f OD;aqmifwhJ (8) OD;aumfrw D u D jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;zGŒJ +yD; aqmif&u G &f if;/ q&m}uD;&JŒ ‘olrom udk,frem oifykef;acsenf;ESifh ppfruf&yfpJ+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk,l=u&ef’ qdkwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;rludk bmoma&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ua&m/ vlrsdK;pkeJ@ vlwef;pm;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&; tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uyg twdtvif; axmufcHv_yf&Sm;vm=uygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rleJ hArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl (wenf;tm;jzifh) tpdk;&udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefae=uolrsm;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rlqdk+yD;/ rl (2) rl twdtvif;uGJjym;ae&mu q&m}uD;rd_if;&JŒ ‘olrom udk,frem’ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tpdk;& &JŒ rlu ‘vufeufudkifaomif;usef;oltm;vkH; vufeufcs/ oufn‡mpGmpOf;pm;r,f’ qdkwJh vufeufcsa&;rljzpf+yD;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD u wifjywJhrl - vufeufudkifawmfvSefaeol rsm;&JŒrlu ‘awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;vdkw,f/ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=u+yD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk &yfpJoGm;=uzdk@’ qdkwJh ‘awGŒqkHaqG;aEG; aphpyfa&;rl’ jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;rd_if; OD;aqmifwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; (8) OD; aumfrDwD&JŒrlu ‘olrom udk,fremwJhenf;eJ@ oifykef;acs=u+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk t&,l=ua&;rl’/ oifyek ;f acsa&;rljzpfygw,f? vufeufcsa&;rle@J aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rlt=um;/ uGjJ ym;uGm[aer_uq kd +JG yD; &if=um;aphay;vdu k w f rhJ /l w&m;ojzifjh zpfatmif wHwm;xd;k ay;vdu k w f rhJ jl zpfygw,f? oifyek ;f acs=ua&; jzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒrludk w&m;r#wwJhrltjzpf wjynfvkH;u 0dkif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;=uayr,fh/ qdk&S,fvpf}uD;rsm;eJ@ ppfwyfu wpufuav;rS róudufESpfoufEdkifcJh=uyg? q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &JŒ +ird ;f csr;f a&;rlukd axmufcv H v kd m;olrsm;u &efuek òf rŒd vk;H u|wf +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD; usif;yðyvkyfr,fvdk@ a=unmvdkufwJhtcg +idrf;csrf;a&;rvdkvm;EdkifolawGu +idrf;csrf;a&;qENudk zsufqD;zdk@/ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifzdk@ ‘vufeufudkifawmfvSefae=uol awGu rD;&xm; wHwm;vrf;rsm; csKd ;zsuaf ewJh "mwfy}Hk uD;rsm;ud’k / ‘'gvm;+idr;f csr;f a&;’ qdw k hJ pmwrf; xdk;+yD;/ wwdkif;jynfvkH; yvlysHatmif jzef@a0vdkuf=uygw,f? ‘'gvm;+idrf;csrf;a&;’ &JŒ zefwD;&Sifrsm;u 190
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
awmh/ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;Xmeu yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;jzpfygw,f? ppfwyfuae zefw;D azmfxw k cf w hJ mjzpfyg w,f? ppfwyf[m pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;Xmeqdw k mudk oD;oef@zŒJG pnf;xm;+yD; ppfwyf&ŒJ ppfqifa&;wdik ;f rSm wGJzufyg0ifaqmif&GufapcJhovdk/ jynfolvlxk=um;u v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif;rSmvnf; wm0efay; aqmif&u G af pcJyh gw,f? pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;vkyif ef;rsm; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ydrk v kd yk u f ikd Ef ikd zf @kd tar&duef EdkifiHudk oifwef;ydk@v$wfcJhwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? atmifrmCxd;k ppf}uD;tjyif wGzJ ufppfqifa&;awGe@J yg woDwwef;}uD; qufvufx;kd ppfqif wdkufcdkufaewJhtwGuf/ vufeufudkif olykeftiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; tjyif;txef jyefvnfckcHwdkuf cdkufae&&if;/ ppfa&;t&/ vrf;wHwm;rsm;udk csdK;zsufvkyfudkifcJh&wmawGudk "mwfykH}uD;awG trsdK;rsdK; ±kduf,l+yD; ‘'gvm;+idrf;csrf;a&;’ vdk@ pmwef;xdk;jycJh=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wm;qD;òzdcGJEdkifzdk@ t}uD;tus,f óud;pm;cJh=uygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_/ jynfov l x l }k uD;&JŒ +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG[m wm; qD;r&Edkifatmif qufvuft&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vmwJhtwGuf/ ‘'gvm;+idrf;csrf;a&;’ pm&Gufpmwrf; rsm;avmufeJ@ òzdzsufr&rSef;odvmwJhtwGuf aemufxyfajcvSrf;opfwckudk tpdk;&zufu pwif vdkufygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D apv$wcf w hJ hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;wref OD;csr;f at; (ac: ) &Jabmfwifa&$ukd jyef=um; a&;0ef}uD;ud, k w f ikd f ac:xkwv f m+yD;/ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme±k;H cef;xJrmS owif;pmuGezf &ifw h ck vkyyf g w,f? 1957 ckEpS /f {+yDv (5) &ufae@rmS jzpfygw,f? tJ'o D wif;pmuGezf &ifrh mS OD;csr;f at;u +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ywfoufwJh ol&JŒoabmxm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkygw,f? ppfwrf;xkwfygw,f? tJ'Dxkwfazmf ajymqdkcsufppfwrf;udk ‘csrf;at;ppfwrf;’ vdk@ uifyGef;wyfjcif;ðy=uygw,f? tpdk;&u pDpOfyGJxkwf usif;yay;cJhwJh owif;pmuGefz&ifhuaewqifh ay:xGufvmcJhwJh csrf;at;ppfwrf;&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHu awmh/ ‘vufeufeJ@'Drdkua&pDvJa&;’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? vufeufeJ@'Drdkua&pDvJvS,fa&;rlvdk@vnf; ac:a0:=uygw,f? tESpfcsKyfuawmh‘uGefjrLepfvufeufudkifawmfvSef=uaomvrf;pOf rSm;onf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnf&&Sdatmif vufeufESifhvJvS,f,l&rnf?’ qdkwmjzpfyg w,f? OD;csrf;at;&JŒ ‘vufeufeJ@'Drdkua&pDvJa&;’ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl[m zqyv tpdk;&&JŒ ‘vufeufcs cJyh g/ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;awGay;rnf’ qdw k hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;rle@J a=umif;wlou H JG twlwo l mjzpfygw,f? tpd;k &u OD;csr;f at;&JŒ ‘vufeufEiS 'hf rD u kd a&pDvaJ &;’ owif;pmuGezf &ifu h kd taotcsm±ku d u f ;l +yD;/ owif;um;wum;tjzpf &efukefòrdŒ&Sd ±kyf&Sif±kHawGrSm jyoay;ygawmhw,f? {+yDv (10) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@xkwfjyefvdkufwJh ‘tpdk;&. vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhudk t&,lavmh’ qdkwJh Adkvfvufsm&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;a=unmcsufvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl/ OD;csrf;at;&JŒ ‘vufeufESifh'Drdkua&pDvJvS,fa&;’ rl/ Adkvfvufsm&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;rl/ qdkwJh rl (3) ckvkH;&JŒ tESpo f m&uawmh/ ‘vufeufcs’ qdw k myJjzpf+yD;/ oHwal =umif;uGeJ @J a=umif;uGo J w H l twlwcl sn;f jzpf ygw,f? q&m}uD;rdi_ ;f &JŒ oifyek ;f acsa&; +idr;f csr;f a&;rlukd òzdzsuaf usmv f m$ ; zk;H v$r;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd jf cif;r&Sad y r,fh/ OD;csrf;at;&JŒ ‘vufeufESifh'Drdkua&pDvJvS,fa&;rl’ [m *,uf±kdufcwfcJhygw,f? vufeufpGef@ vdo k /l vufeufe@J 'rD u kd a&pD vJv, S w f ,fq+kd y;D / vufeufcsvo kd al wG/ vufeufcsomG ;olawG tajrmuf trsm;ay:xGufcJhygw,f? 191 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aewJhwyf jzpfaewmudk owdrlrd+yD;jzpfaeygw,f? 'gawGa=umifh csLtifvdkif; udk,fwdkif yDuif;uae ,leefjynfe,f e,fpyftxdwdkif qif;vm+yD; OD;Ek udk tav;xm;óudqdkwmjzpfygw,f? OD;EkoGm;csifwJh &Spfaqmifyef;em;c&D;udk 0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif;udk,fwdkif vdkufygydk@aqmifay;ygw,f? ,leefjynfe,f òrdŒawmf ulrif;òrdŒrSm c%em;=uwke;f rSm csLtifvikd ;f u ‘w±kw-f Arm e,fjcm;pmcsKyf tckavmavm q,f vufrSwfxdk;vdk@rjzpfao;&if/ w±kwf-Arm cspf=unfa&;eJ@ wOD;tay:wOD; rusL;ausmfa&; pmcsKyfwck rcsKyfqdkcsifbl;vm;’ vdk@ OD;Ekudk ar;ygw,f? OD;Eku w±kwf-Arm e,fjcm;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD; awmhrSyJ wOD;tay:wOD; rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkcsifw,fvdk@ ajzcJhygw,f? &Spfaqmifyef;em;rSm o}uFeaf & twlupm;=u&if;/ OD;Ek eJ@ csLtifvikd ;f wd@k w±kw-f Arm csp=f unfa&;pum;awG/ +idr;f csr;f a&; pum;awG tjyeftvSeaf jymqd=k u+yD;/ csp=f unfa&;wnfaqmufc=hJ uygw,f? jynfwiG ;f u +idr;f csr;f a&; toHawG udak wmh r=um;[efðyxm;+yD;/ jynfyrSm +idr;f csr;f a&;pum;awG vmajymaecJw h mjzpfygw,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGo J aH wG v$r;f aewke;f / +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd oabmxm; tzkHzkHuGJ+yD; wif;rmvdkolrsm;u wif;rmae=uwkef;rSmyJ/ zqyv tvkyftr_aqmifawG=um;rSmom csjycJh+yD; zkH;zdxm;cJh=uwJh/ ‘OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@&JŒ &mZ0ifwGifr,fh pmESpfapmif’ [m vlxk=um; bGm;ueJay:vmcJhygw,f? 56 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifvqef;ydkif;u a&;cJh=uwJh pmESpfapmif[m/ 57 ckESpf/ arv (6) &ufae@xkwf *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmrSm ygvmcJhygw,f? zqyv wGif; tuGJudk vlxk=um;xJtxd w&m;0if csjyvdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? wckvkH;taetxm;udk òcH=unfh&if/ tm%m&tpdk;&[m zqyv yg? 'gayr,fh twdkuftcH yrnw awGvnf;&Sad ewJh zqyvtpd;k &yg? ae&momuGmayr,fh rJu odyrf jywfwma=umifh 0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek udk,fwdkif *±kwpdkuf owdxm;ae&wJh taetxm;yg? jynfolvlxk}uD;=um; zqyv tykyfeH@ waxmif;axmif;xaer_a=umif/h OD;Ek u zqyv oef@&iS ;f a&;vky&f if; vlxak xmufcrH &_ atmif ud, k hf aygifudk,fvSefaxmif;wJhenf;eJ@ &Smygw,f? tJ'Dvdk&Smavav/ zqyv oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfavav &Sd+yD; *d% k ;f *% yÉdyuQ[m jrifv h mavavjzpfcyhJ gw,f? txl;ojzifh OD;Ek eJ@ OD;ausm+f idr;f yÉdyuQ ydrk akd y:vGif vmavavjzpfcJhygw,f? awmwGif;vufeufudkif Auy tygt0if/ ygvDrefwGif; yrnw tygt0if wwdkif;jynfvkH;&Sd jynfolw&yfvkH;u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk awmif;qdkv_yf&Sm;ae=uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfrsm;eJ@ Adv k af e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ qd&k , S v f pfE, G 0f ifrsm; OD;pD;xm;wJh ppfwyfu tðywfwu kd f a&;vrf;udyk J acgi;f rmrmeJ@av#mufygw,f? ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’ vdck si&f if ‘vufeufcs’ qdw k myJ udik pf x JG m; ygw,f? atmifrmC tygt0if xd;k ppf}u;D awG woD}u;D qufwu kd af zmfxw k yf gw,f? OD;Ek u vGw+f ird ;f csrf;omcGifhtrdef@xkwf+yD; Oya'abmifwGif;0ifa&;vrf;udk zGifhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif; +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG nHvmwJt h cg ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;rl’ qdw k mawGvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ;tzkzH Hk xGuaf y:vmcJyh g w,f? tpd;k & rl/ Auy rl/ yrnw rl/ vufeufe@J 'rD u kd a&pD vJv, S af &; rl/ Adv k v f ufsm rl/ q&m}u;D rdi_ ;f &JŒ olrom udk,frem +idrf;csrf;a&; rl? tpdk;& rl/ vufeufeJ@'Drdkua&pDvJvS,fa&; rleJ@ Adkvfvufsm rlawGu tESpfom&tm;jzifh vufeufcsvma&;rlawGjzpfygw,f? Auy rl eJ@ yrnw rlu awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;rljzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;&JŒ rlu olromud, k rf emenf;eJ@ oifyek ;f acsa&; rl jzpfygw,f? aemufq;Hk rSm a&yef;tpm;qk;H jzpfvmwmu olromudk,frem rl jzpfygw,f? 193 teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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195
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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197
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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199
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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rSm;cJhwmawG&Sd&ifvnf; usaemfwdk@u onf;cHygr,f? (3) cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ usaemfwdk@[m 0g'eJ@vrf;pOfawGrSm wzufwvrf;jzpfaeayr,fh jynf axmifpkom;awG aumif;pm;zdk@ vkyfay;&r,fhvkyfief;awGrSmawmh twlwlvufwGJ+yD; vkyfay;Edkifr,fhvkyfief;awGu trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? 'Dvkyfief;awGudk pepfwus&SmazG+yD; twlvufwGJvkyf=u&atmif tvif;udk0ifcJh=uyg? qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ pum;}uD; (3) cGef;vdk@ emrnfwGifusefcJhygw,f? 'Dpum;}uD;(3) cGef;udk jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;oltm;vkH;u pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ zqyv nDvmcH ed*kH;csKyfrdef@cGef;rSmawmh zqyv wGif; tuGJt+yJawGudk trsm;rjrif omatmif wHawG;qGwf aumfwJvdkuf+yD; ‘OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf; eJ@ ocifwif wdk@udk tmZmenfppf onf (3) odef;eJ@nDr#aom yk*Hacwfol&Jaumif; iaxG±l;/ ivkH;vufz,f/ anmifOD;zD; wdk@uJhodk@yif tm;ud;k &a=umif;/ tJ'v D v kd pl rG ;f aumif;}u;D awGyg0ifaewJh zqyv }u;D udk tpdwpf w d t f r$mr$m uGrJ oGm; apzdk 0h ikd ;f 0ef;óud;yrf;aqmif&u G o f mG ;=uapvdak =umif;’ vd@k tqdðk y tr$r;f wif ed*;Hk csKyfay;vdu k yf gw,f? tay:,Htm;jzifh nD!GwfoGm;oa,mifykHaqmif+yD;/ nDvmcH}uD; +yD;pD;oGm;cJhygw,f? nDvmcH}uD;+yD;oGm;ayr,fh/ qufusef&pfcJhwmuawmh (2) ck &Sdygw,f? wcku zqyvwGif; tm%mòydifr_ tkyfpkzGJŒr_ twGif;yÉdyuQjzpfygw,f? aemufwcku OD;Ek &JŒrdef@cGef;yg ‘pum;}uD;okH;cGef;’ udpPjzpfygw,f? twGif;yÉdyuQuawmh =umav uJav/ ref;av +yJavjzpf+yD;/ tkHzGJŒavmifu|rf;aeqJ jzpfygw,f? pum;}uD; (3) cGef;uawmh wjynfvkH; *,uf±kdufusefcJhygw,f? yrnw tzGJŒ}uD;u OD;Ek &JŒ pum;}uD; (3) cGe;f udk c&D;OD;óudðyvdu k o f vd/k q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f OD;pD;wJh jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; pum;}uD; (3) cGef;udk tav;xm; rsufESmrlvdkufygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwOD uUÏ ocifoef;xGe;f uvnf; OD;Ek qDay;pmwapmify@kd +yD; jynfwiG ;f ppf (10) ESpaf jrmufae@jzpfwhJ rwfv (28) &ufae@rSm twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJ=uzdk@ tpdk;&u oabmwlr,fqdk&if uGefjrLepfygwDu udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfvdka=umif; urf;vSrf;vdkufygw,f? q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;u jynfwiG ;f ppf (10) ESpfajrmuftjzpf usa&mufr,fh rwfv (28) &ufae@udk +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD; usif;yzdk hjyifqifyg w,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk &yfpJ=uzdk@/ +idrf;csrf;a&;qD OD;wnfav#mufvSrf;=uzdk@ E_d;aqmf+yD;/ jynfol vlxkw&yfvkH;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;qENudk azmfxkwfjyoEdkifzdk@ aumif;jrwfwJhqENeJ@ jyifqifygw,f? (28) &ufae@ wae@wnf;jzpfjzpf typftcwf&yfpJ=uzdk@ yef=um;ygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ pum;}uD; (3) cGef;eJ@ q&m}uD;rd_if; OD;aqmifwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;qENazmfoHudkyg qef@usifr vdv k m;Edik f jzpf=uwmuawmh/ ppfwyfe@J OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k acgi;f rmqd&k , S v f pftyk pf jk zpfygw,f? tðywfwdkufa&;/ vufeufcsa&;uvGJvdk@ bm+idrf;csrf;a&;toH/ bmaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;t}uHudkrS rvdk vm;Edkif=uyg? ppfwyf&ŒJ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;Xmeu ‘vufeufe@J pum;rajymeJ@ vufeufpeG @f +yD;&if tawGŒ cHr,f’ qdw k hJ ydpk wm}uD;rsm;eJ@ ydpk wmwdu k yf q JG ifygw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGeJ ;D vmwJt h cg &efuek jf rLeD pyg,fu ydkufa[mif;zsuf+yD; ydkufopfvJr,fqdkum a&tcuftcJ a&jy\emay:atmifvkyfygw,f? 200
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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201
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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203
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
oef@&iS ;f -wnf+rJtuG[ J m tpd;k &tzGŒJ twGi;f / Xmeqdik &f mawGtwGi;f / vlxv k w l ef;pm;tzGŒJ tpnf;awGtwGif;/ ygvDreftrwfawGtwGif;omru/ wjynfvkH;udk *,uf±kdufcwfcJhygw,f? ae&m wdkif;rSmvnf; aemufqufwGJ tuGJawG qufwdkufay:cJhygw,f? {+yDvukefuae arv wvausmf ausmfvkH;[mvnf; tpdk;&&SdvsufeJ@ tpdk;& r&SdovdkrsdK;taetxm; jzpfaecJhygw,f? Ekwif-aqG+idr;f tkypf k (2) ckpvk;H [m tjyeftvSef vuf!;kd xd;k =uovd/k tòydit f qdik pf nf;±k;H =uwmawGvnf; t}uD;tus,fvkyfaqmif=uygw,f? tuGJeJ@ywfoufwJhowif;awGudkvnf; owif;pmawGu udk,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@udk,f a&;=uom;=u azmfjy=uygw,f? ygvDrefwif+yD; rJcGJqkH;jzwf=urSm jzpfwJhtwGuf trwfawG aps;aumif;cJhygw,f? Ek-wif oef@&Sif; zqyvu olwdk@udkifpGJwJhrltjzpf ‘ay:vpD (4) &yf’ udk xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? (1) Edik if jH cm;a&;0g'eJ@ywfouf+yD; vuf&0dS g'udk rajymif;vJbJ waoGa0rwdr;f usio hf ;Hk rnf? (2) urBmat;nDvmcHrSm ajym=um;cJhwJh pum;}uD;okH;cGef;twdkif;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk qufvuftaumiftxnfazmfrnf? (3) 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; jynfh0pGm &&Sdap&rnf? (4) jynfe,frsm;. w&m;ojzifh &oifh&xdkuftcGifhta&; tmrcHrnf? qdkwJh ay:vpD (4)&yf jzpfygw,f? v$waf wmfxrJ mS trwfae&m (45) ae&m &&Sx d m;wJh yrnw u ‘Ekwif’ &JŒ ay:vpDav;&yf [m yrnw &JŒ oabmxm;vkyfief;pOfjzpfwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;tcGifhta&;eJ@ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapEdkifw,fvdk@ okH;oyfyg w,f? yrnw u zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJtay: qef;ppftuJjzwfwmvnf; vkyfygw,f? yrnw &JŒ tjrifu Ek-wif tiftm;pk[m e,fcsJ hqef@usifa&;vuQ%m &Sdwefoavmuf &Sdao;w,fjrif+yD;/ aqG+idrf;tiftm;pkrSm r&Sdvdk@jrifygw,f? Ek-wif [m uGejf rLepf0g'udk tajccHtm;jzifh qef@usiaf yr,fh uGejf rLepfygweD @J qufqaH &;rSm awmh ae±l;wd@k vkd aysmah ysmah jymif;ajymif;&SEd ikd af o;w,f/ aqG+idr;f uawmh uGejf rLepf0g'a&m uGejf rLepf ygwu D ykd g azmfpwm'g;vuf/ ruUmoD wd@k vkd &if&h ifo h nf;onf; qef@usio f al wGjzpfw,fv@kd jrifygw,f? Ek-wif tkyfpk[m uGefjrLepf0g'eJ@ +idrf;csrf;pGm,SOf0Hhao;w,f? aqG+idrf; tkyfpkuawmh r,SOf0Hh/ vuf euftm;udk; tðywfwdkufa&;yJjzpfw,f? 'Drdkua&pDrSmvnf; vpfb&,feJ hwif;wif;rmrm csKyfcs,fvdk olvdk uGJjym;jcm;em;w,f? pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; Ek-wif u t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;&JŒ vGwfvyfr_udk xl axmifvakd o;w,f? aqG+idr;f u vufa0cHp;D yGm;a&;vrf;pOfusio hf ;Hk +yD; csw D ufvw kd m xif&mS ;w,fv@kd okH;oyfygw,f? EdkifiHwumhqufqHa&;rSmvnf; Ek-wifu =um;aea&;rSm rwufºuGapumrl ‘rl}uD; ig;csu’f udk xde;f odr;f vdu k ef mao;w,f/ aqG+idr;f om tpd;k &jzpf&if jrefrmjynf[m ,d;k ',m;tpd;k &rsK;d jzpfoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@ ±_jrifygw,f? yrnw tzGJŒ}uD;u Ek-wif Ekdif&if +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tusKd;ðyoGm;Edkifw,fvdk@ ±_jrifygw,f? tJ'v D kd cGjJ cm;±_jrifo;kH oyf&muae ‘Ekwif’ udk tqd;k xJu taumif;jzpfap&ef &nf&, G +f yD;/ ‘Ekwif’udk axmufcHa=umif;udk a=unmcsufudk arv (10) &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? ygvDreftwGif;rSm Ek-wif xuf tajctae tiftm;omaewJh aqG+idrf;tkyfpk[m yrnw &JŒ arv (10) &uf a=unm teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
205
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
csufa=umifh rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;&ygw,f? Ek-wif tkyfpkeJ@ t}udwfte,f ,SOfòydif&r,fh tajctae a&mufoGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh e,fawGtxd tòydiftqdkifqif;+yD;/ rJqG,f pnf;±Hk;=uygw,f? axmifxJa&mufae &wJh trwfESpfOD;jzpfwJh OD;armifudk/ OD;atmifrdk; wdk@qDta&muf oef@&Sif;uvnf; oGm;ygw,f? Adkvfrª; cspfaumif; tr_eJ@wGJ+yD; tzrf;cHxm;&wJh OD;armifudk u jrif;+cHtrwfjzpfygw,f? OD;atmifrdk; u ykodrftrwfjzpfygw,f? ESpfOD;pvHk;[m yrnw trwfawGjzpfygw,f? jynfr&Sd trwfawGomru jynfe,fu trwfawGudkvnf; tòydifpnf;±Hk;zdk@ jynfe,fawG qDudkvnf; tòydifc&D;xGuf+yD; pnf;±Hk;=uygw,f? oef@&Sif; p0f0Àu awmif}uD;rSm jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ oDv/ orm"d&SdwJh OD;Ek udkyJ axmufcH =uzdk@/ OD;Ek bufuae jynfe,fawGeJ@ awGŒqHk+yD; oef@&Sif;udk rJxnfhzdk@ rJqG,fygw,f? arv (18) &ufae@rSm a'gufwmAarmfu “zqyv òyduGJjcif;jy\emudk ygvDrefodk@wifjyI ajz&Sif;=ujcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒenf;vrf;r[kwf” vdk@ *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmuae a0zefygw,f? arv (18) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ 0ef}uD; p0fcGefcsdK tdrfrSm &Srf;apmfbGm;awG tpnf; ta0;vkyfygw,f? jynfe,fawG&JŒ epfemcsufawGudk twdtusawmif;qdkzdk@ awmif;qdkwJhtcg jynf e,ftoD;oD; pkaygif;+yD; awmif;qdkzdk@ aumffrDwDzGJŒ+yD; OD;Ek qDwifjyzdk@awG aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? arv (21) &ufae@rSm p0fEGJŒ OD;aqmifwJh EGHppf[ef tzGJŒ pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? arv (22) &ufae@rmS awmif}uD; rd;k rdwaf [mfrmS apmfbmG ;awG xyfrH tpnf;ta0;vky=f u+yD; apmfbmG ;awG uae &Srf;jynfe,f&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufrl (15) csufrl=urf;udk a&;qGJ=uygw,f? rdkif;±l;apmfbGm; p0frefz OuUÏjzpfwJh ‘&ynz’ tzGJŒuvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_awG vkyfvmygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u &Srf;jynfe,frSm&Sdae=uwJh t"du EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk}uD;awGuawmh Õ p0fcGefcsdK &JŒ &Srf;jynfawmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ (&wpnz)/ Õ r[ma'0D p0f[defcrf; OD;aqmifwJhtzGJŒ/ Õ erfhcrf; trwf OD;xGef;at; acgif;aqmifwJh &Srf;jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&m tzGJŒcsKyf (&yvz) eJ@ Õ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &Srf;trsdK;om;XmecsKyf wdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? p0fceG cf sKd tkypf u k Ek-wif/ erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at; tkyu f aqG+idr;f / r[ma'0D tkyu f yxr=um;ae (aemufydkif;aqG+idrf;) udk axmufcHcJh=u+yD; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m &Srf;trsdK;om; XmecsKyfuawmh Ekwif udkyJ rJay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? ucsifjynfe,frSmu t"du EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk (3) ck &Sdygw,f? Õ ucsiftrsdK;om;rsm; uGef*&uftzGJŒcsKyf (KNC) autifpD/ Õ jynfolŒ,Ofaus;r_ESifh wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;tzGJŒ (y,uz)/ Õ aygifa,mifvli,ftzGJŒ qdkwmwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? autifpD (KNC) tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f / 0ef}uD;OD;Zefxm;qif wd@k u aqG+idr;f udk axmufc+H yD; y,uz tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif eJ@ aygiaf ,mifvil ,ftzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif 'l;0g;aZmf&pf wdk@u Ekwifudk vdkvm;=uygw,f? 206
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (yuz) uvnf; arv (20) &ufae@rSm tpnf; ta0;vkyfwJhtcg tvkyftr_aqmif tD;pD (E.C) (23) OD;&SdwJhteuf (18) OD;wufa&muf+yD; (14) OD;u Ekwif/ (4) OD;u aqG+idrf;udk axmufcHcJhygw,f? tD;pDtpnf;ta0;rSm v$wfawmftrwf (7) OD;ygcJh+yD;/ (2) OD;u Ekwif/ (5) OD;u aqG+idrf;jzpfcJhygw,f? csif;trsdK;om;awGuawmh zqyv uGJ&wm[m oabmw&m;t&r[kwfbJ yk*~dKvfawG roifrh wifh jzpf=uvd@k uG&J wmvd@k ,q l +yD;/ Ekwif axmufco H al &m aqG+idr;f axmufco H yl g ay:cJyh gw,f? &cdik jf ynfe,f&dS ‘&wn’ trwf (6) OD;uawmh &cdik jf ynfe,f &&Sad &;eJ@ 0ef}u;D &mxl;&&Sad &;udk aps;qpf&if;/ apmapmydkif;rSm bmoabmxm;rS rxkwfjyefao;bJ aecJhygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;rSm ordkif;tpOftvm }uD;rm;cJhwJh ausmif;om;xk&JŒ tzGJŒ tpnf; ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auorsm;tzGŒJ csKyf) uvnf; arv (13) &ufae@rmS a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f? Ek-wif tkyfpku a=unmcJhwJh ay:vpD (4) &yf[m wdkif;jynf&JŒvGwf vyfa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@twGuf aumif;rGefwJh tusdK;oufa&mufr_ &SdEdkifw,fvdk@,l q+yD;/ aqG+idr;f tkypf u k awmh vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;wd@k twGuf tmrcHcsuaf y;wm r&Sdvdk@ oHk;oyfrdygw,f? 'ga=umifh Auo u Ek-wif zqyv udk axmufcHa=umif;/ a=unmcJhovdk ausmif;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;u tm%m&&Sdxm;wJh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) uvnf; oef@&Sif;zqyv udkom axmufcHa=umif; a=unmcJh=uygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG zGJŒpnf;ay;cJh=uwJh 'Dtuf(p)tdkeJ@ &Jacgifuawmh aqG+idrf;udk axmufcHcJh=uygw,f? ‘jynfaxmifpkvli,f’ tzGJŒuvnf; Ek-wif bufu &yfcJhygw,f? tvkyform;avmu 0efxrf;avmurSmvnf; Ek-wif axmufco H el @J aqG+idr;f axmufco H al wG uG=J uygw,f? ocifEk Edik rf ,f ajymrdv@kd tvkyðf zwfc&H wmrsKd ;/ aqG+idr;f udk axmufcyH gw,f vufrw S x f ;kd ay;rS tvkycf ef@r,fqw kd m rsdK;awG ay:cJhovdk/ OD;AaqG aemufrSm wyfrawmf&Sdw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf; aemufrSm ppf&Jwyf&if; (2)&if; &Sdw,f/ toufab;udk owdxm;pOf;pm;+yD;rSvkyfvdk@ qdk&S,fvpf tvkyform;u +cdrf;ajcmufwmrsdK;/ OD;Ek axmufcw H hJ OD;pD;rSe&f if tvkyu f xkwyf pfr,fv@kd wD,pl b D D Xme}uD;rª;/ 'Dy, J if;trwf ocifoef; &JŒ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsdK;awGvnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? arv (25) &ufae@rSm oef@&Sif;bufu Adkvfrif;acgifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmf a':cif=unfwdk@ rE Wav;udk c&D;xGufygw,f? rE Wav;rSm Adkvfrif;acgifu uGefjrLepfygwD zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;xJu txkwcf &H wm/ awmxJarmif;yd@k v@kd awmcd&k wm OD;ausm+f idr;f npfywf uvdeu f sv@kd v@kd azmfxw k 0f efcH zGifhcsoGm;ygw,f? wav#mufvHk; zHk;zdxm;cJhor# tm%m& zqyv tpdk;&tzJGŒ}uD;twGif;uae yxrqHk;tjzpf xkwfazmf0efcHajymqdkvmr_vdk@ rSwfwrf;wif&ygvdrfhr,f? 0ef}uD;0efuav;&mxl;ay;r,f/ vl0ifr}_ uD;=uyfa&;eJ@ taumufceG pf pfaq;r_awG z,f&mS ;ay; r,f/ aiGa=u;ay;r,f? apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%mpGe@f a&; oufwrf;&Snaf tmif qGaJ y;r,f/ wdik ;f &if;om;vl rsKd;tvdkuf oD;jcm;wyf&if;rsm; zGJŒpnf;a&; aqmif&Gufay;r,f/ pwJh pwJh rJqG,f=uoH ajym=uqdk=u uwday;=uoHawG tòydiftqdkif xGufay:vmcJhw,f? ae&mwdik ;f rSm tEdik &f a&;twGuf oJ}u;D rJ}u;D òyid q f ikd af e=uwJt h wGuf {+yv D ukeaf vmufuae arv wvvH;k [m tpd;k &r&So d vdk jzpfaecJyh gw,f? &Sw d t hJ pd;k &[mvnf; bmtpd;k &vJv@kd trsKd ;trnf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
207
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
wyfajymvdk@ r&Edkifatmif jzpfaecJhygw,f? ygvDrefwif+yD;/ t±H_;tEdkif tqHk;tjzwfðy=urSmjzpfwJhtwGuf v$wfawmfwufzdk@vm=uwJh trwfawGudk oef@&Sif;a&m wnf+rJyg ESpfzufpvHk;u tòydiftqdkif óudqdk=uygw,f? b,fwkef;ueJ@rS rwlatmif óudq=kd u {nfch =H u tòydit f qdik f tóuduaf qmif=uwJt h wGuf trwfawGrsuEf mS yGiv hf ef;cJh =uygw,f? 1958 ckESpf/ ZGefv (5) &ufae@rSm tuGJt+yJudk pm&if;&Sif;=uzdk@ v$wfawmftxl;tpnf;t a0;}uD; pwifygw,f? aqG+idr;f bufu t,Ht k =unfr&Sd tqdw k ifoiG ;f rSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf v$waf wmfrpwifrD w&uf jzpfwJh ZGefv (4) &ufae@rSm aqG+idrf; tkyfpk0if0ef}uD; (15) OD;eJ@ ygvDreftwGif;0efrsm;/ tpdk;& tzGJŒ0iftjzpfuae vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@tnD E_wfxGuf=uygw,f? E_wfxGufwJh 0ef}uD;awGxJrSm u&ifjynfe,f 0ef}uD; a'gufwmapmvSxGef;eJ@ ucsifjynfe,f 0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm;qifwdk@ yg0ifwJhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku u&ifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;tjzpf OD;apmvlvl/ ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;tjzpf 'l;0g;aZmf&pf wdk@udk cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' rSm owfrSwfxm;wJh oufqdkif&mjynfe,faumifpDeJ@ nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyif&efqdkwmudk raqmif&GufbJ cef@ xm;cJhw,fqdkygw,f? ZGefv (5) &ufae@ tpnf;ta0;rSm ygvDref OuUÏu ygvDrefvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@tnD/ OD;AaqG &JŒ “Ek-wif tpdk;&tay: t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqdk” udk cGifhðy+yD;/ tqdkudk wifoGif;zdk@eJ@ rJcGJqHk; jzwfzdk@ ZGefv (9) &ufae@udk owfrSwfay;vdkufygw,f? ZGefv (9) &ufae@[m wjynfvHk; v$wfawmfwuf=uwJhae@ jzpfoGm;ygw,f? a&'D,dkuae v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;}uD; usi;f yyH/k tqdw k ifoiG ;f yH/k rJay;=uyH/k rJcyJG akH wGukd wdu k ±f u kd f toHvi$ ahf y; rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf wjynfvHk;uvlawG a&'D,dkab; 0dkif;tHkem;axmif&if; v$wfawmfwuf=uygw,f? ausmif;cef;pmoifcef;awGxJvnf; ausmif;wufr,fhvlr&SdjzpfoGm;&vdk@ ausmif;ydwfay;vdkuf&ovdk aps;xJvnf; apmapmaps;ydwfoGm;=uygw,f? jrif;vSnf;*dwf/ um;*dwfqdkufum;*dwfawGrSmvnf; oef@&Sif;Edkifr,f wnf+rJEdkifr,f jiif;=u ckef=u&if; abmvHk;yGJavmif;ovdk tavmif;tpm; vkyf=uwmawGyg ay:vmygw,f? aqG+idr;f acgi;f aqmif OD;AaqG &JŒ tpd;k &udk t,Ht k =unfr&St d qdk v$waf wmfrmS pwifwifoiG ;f ygw,f? “OD;Ek [m tzGJŒtpnf; 'Drdkua&pDxHk;wrf;pOfvm/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDxHk;wrf;pOfvmeJ@ udk,fh odumQ ud, k af v;pm;cJ&h if 'Dt,Ht k =unfr&St d qd[ k m 'Dvw $ af wmfrmS ay:vmp&m ta=umif;r&Syd gb;l ” qdkwmu tp/ “yrnw [mvnf; OD;Ek &JŒ vnfòrd n‡pf+yD; olwdk@&JŒ vdkvm;csufawGudk wck+yD;wckawmif; wmudkvnf; OD;Ek taeeJ@ vdkufavsmae&rSmygbJ? 'gawGudk axmuf±_jcif;tm;jzifh OD;Ek tpdk;&[m yrnw óud;qGJ&m u&r,hf ±kyfao;tpdk;&omjzpfr,fqdkwm tifrwefrSaocsmygw,f” vdk@vnf; pGypf aJG jymqd+k yD;/ c&D;onfu tarmif;cdik ;f wJah e&m armif;&qG&J r,fh vefcsm;tpd;k &rsKd ; jzpfr,fv@kd vnf; uifyGef;wyfay;ygw,f? 208
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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209
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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211
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
xGufay:vmcJhwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ jyef=um;csufxJrSm (1) Zlvdkif (30) &ufae@rSpI ESpfzuf twdkuftcdkuf &yfpJ&ef/ (2) vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pGef@a=umif; ESpfzufa=unm&ef/ (3) trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ajyvnfr_& atmifnd‡&ef/ (4) EdkifiHa&;t& ajyvnfr_&Sdv#if wyfrsm; vufeufrsm;udk tpdk;&odk@v$Jay;&ef/ (5) Oya'twGi;f 0ifvmv#if 'Dru kd a&pDenf;t& Oya'wGi;f Y aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef/ xd@k twGuf tpdk;& odk@r[kwf oef@&Sif;zqyv odk@r[kwf q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;wdk@ESifh awGŒ cGifhðy&ef/ vdk@ azmfjyyg&Sd awmif;qdkxm;wm awGŒ&ygw,f? oabmuawmh ‘vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pGef@a=umif;’ a=unmzdk@qdk&if ESpfzufpvHk;u a=unmzdk@/ wzufxJudk a=unmcdkif;aewm[m vuf eufcsa&; t"dym` ,fyJ xGuaf ew,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f mjzpf+yD;/ awGŒqHak qG;aEG;aphpyfa&;rluykd J qufvuf udkifpGJxm;wmjzpfygw,f? tajctae[m vdycf w J nf;vnf; jzpf+rjJ zpfae&+y;D / oef@&iS ;f wnf+rJ tuG&J ŒJ *,uf[mvnf; }uD;+rJ }uD;aeqJjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek [m +idrf;csrf;a&;bufqD ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh rsufESmrlcsifo vdkvdk wqifhwdk; azmfjycJhayr,fh ‘aphpyfa&; aqG;aEG;a&;rl’ udkawmh rajym0Hh rqdk0HhbJ jzpfaecJhygw,f? ±kyjf yorRw}u;D omjzpfae&wJh orw}u;D ref;0if;armifuvnf; orw tdraf wmfrmS owif;pm uGefz&ifhvkyf+yD; ZGefv (30) &ufae@rSm olŒ&JŒ cHpm;&csufawGudk xkwfazmfygw,f? “igorw bmr# rod” qdw k mudk zGi[ hf ovdk bmtm%mrS r&Sw d mudv k nf; ajymqd&k iS ;f vif;ygw,f? ol orw jzpf+yD;rS wwfajrmufvmwmqdkvdk@ ykqdk;awmif&Snfudk ESpfrdepftwGif; +yD;atmif0wfqifwwfwm&,f/ jrif; pD;wwfwm&,f/ a*guf±dkufwwfwm&,fom&Sda=umif; &ifzGifhjyygw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D Zlvikd f (30) &ufup+yD; twdu k t f cdu k &f yfp=J uzd@k awmif;qdak yr,fh twdu k f tcdkufawGuawmh r&yf/ orw}uD;&JŒ vGwf+idrf;csrf;om oifykef;acstrdef@qdkwmom xGufay:vmyg w,f? oifyek ;f acs vGw+f idr;f csr;f om trde@f rxGuaf y:cif=um;xJrmS yrnw Adv k jf raoG;u yrnwu ,ck usifhoHk;aewm aphpyfa&;rlyJ? vufeufcsa&;rl r[kwfvdk@ yrnw owif;pmuGefz&ifhrSm (Zlvdkif 17 rSm) ajym=um;ovd/k aemufw&ufrmS wnf+rJ OD;xGe;f 0if;u “OD;Ek [m +idr;f csr;f a&;rSm rdrw d @kd tpd;k & tzGJŒ&SdpOfu vrf;pOftwdkif;vkyfaea=umif; aphpyfaqG;aEG;aomenf;udk roHk;0Hha=umif;/ oHk;v#if jywf rnfudk OD;Ek oda=umif; rdrdwdk@ aqG+idrf;tzGJŒu cHrnfr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfaoG;acsmif;pD;apEdkifa=umif;” ajym=um;ygw,f? aphpyfa&;aqG;aEG;a&;udk wnf+rJu vufrcHa=umif; +cdrf;ajcmufajymqdkwmvkyfyg w,f? wnf+rrJ u l ‘vufeufcsa&;’/ ‘tðywfwu kd af &;’ omjzpfovdk ppfwyfuvnf; vufeufcsa&; tðywfwu kd af &;omjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek u 'D=um;xJu ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’ udk aºuG;a=umfae&+yD; ‘vufeufcs a&;’ tESpfom&a&mufatmif pum;vHk;a0g[m& trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;+yD; v_yf&Sm;aewJhoabmrsdK;jzpfae ygw,f? ppfwyfwGif;u xdyfoD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uqdk&if/ OD;Ek &JŒ “oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
213
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
trdef@” jyÏmef;wmudkawmif olykefawGudk tav#mhay;vGef;w,fqdk+yD; r±_pdrfhEdkif/ róudufEdkifjzpfcJh=u ygw,f? OD;Ek&J@ ZGef (24) rdef@cGef;udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; “rGefjynfol@wyfOD;”u (10) ESpf (10) rdk; vufeuf ukid w f u kd yf q JG ifae&muae vufeufuikd f wdu k yf v JG rf;pOfukd pGe@f vw $ af =umif; a=unm+yD; Oya'abmif twGif; 0ifa&mufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefygw,f? Zlvdkif (23) &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefvdkufwJh a=unmcsurf mS “Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf u JG kd wdik ;f &if;om;jynfow l &yfv;kH ESihf vufwu JG m &J&0J 0hH hH qufvuf wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf” vdk@ azmf!¸ef;+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJ&rnf? jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJ&rnf? rGefjynfe,f ay:xGuf&rnfvdk@vnf; aºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? oxHk OD;vSaz&JŒ ytdk0fh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJŒvnf; Oya'wGif; 0ifvmcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD uawmh =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ ‘yrnw’ &JŒ “vufeuf udkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;odk@ yef=um;csuf” tay: jyefpmay;ydk@cJh&if; uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ oabm xm;trSefudk xkwfazmfcJhygw,f? yrnw &JŒ zdwfac:csuftrSefudkav;pm;a=umif;/ OD;Ek&JŒ ZGef (24) rde@f ceG ;f rSm óuq d Ekd idk w f t hJ csurf sm;yga=umif;/ 'gayr,fh vufeufcstnHch aH &;udk awmif;qdx k m;wJt h wGuf vufrcHEdkifa=umif;/ oifykef;acseJ@ w&m;0ifcGifhay;jcif;wdk@[m +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vrf;yGifha=umif;/ vufeufcs tnHch aH &;tay:tajcrcH&if a,bk,soabmwlEikd af =umif;/ q&m}uD;wd@k +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ eJ@awGŒvdka=umif;eJ@ ESpfzufajyvnfr_&&SdEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;&Sd&if wifjyygu pOf;pm;rnfjzpf yga=umif; pojzifhazmfjyyg&SdcJh+yD; uGJvGJae&r_&JŒtajccHudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfxkwfxm;ygw,f? vufeufcsa&;tay: tajcrcH&if jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;[m ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf odumQ &S&d dS aqmif&u G Ef ikd af wmh r,fhtaetxm;rsKd; jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd taetxm;rsKd ;udk wnf+rJawGu rvdv k m;ovdk ppfwyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pftEG,f xdyo f ;D }uD;rsm;uvnf; b0ifrusEikd jf zpf=uygw,f? olyek af wGukd tav#mah y;vGe;f wJah y:vpD/ aomif;use;f ol awGudk vdkufavsmvGef;wJh vkyfaqmifcsufvdk@ rausreyfajym=uqdk=uygw,f? =o*kwfv vvnfrSm ac:qdkusif;yay;&+rJjzpfwJh bwf*suftpnf;ta0;udkvnf; zsufodrf; vdu k +f yD; orw trde@f e@J twnfðy&efq;kH jzwfa=umif;/ OD;Eku OD;AaqG OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k ukd ac:,lawGŒqHk ajym=um;cJw h t hJ wGu/f rausreyfjzpfaecJw h hJ wnf+rJrsm;[m oef@&iS ;f tpd;k &udk tjrefq;kH ðzwfcsypfcsif aecJh=uygw,f? (8) rJeJ@ uyf+yD;±H_;vdkuf&wJhtwGuf rcHcsdrcHom jzpfcJh=uwJh wnf+rJrsm;[m bwf*suf tpnf;ta0;rSm jyef+yD;tjywfw, G zf @kd pOf;pm; jyifqifxm;wke;f rSm/ OD;Eku bwf*suf tpnf;ta0;udk zsufodrf;+yD; orw trdef@eJ@ bwf*sufudk twnfðyzdk@ vkyfvdkufjyefwmudkvnf; aqG@aqG@ckef jzpfcJh=u ygw,f? OD;Ek uvnf; bwf*suftpnf;ta0;ac:&if olŒtwGuf tajctaervSEdkifwmudk od+yD; jzpfwt hJ wGuf wrifa&SmifuiG ;f +yD; zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'yk'rf (110) udk toH;k ðy&if; b,fwek ;f urS tm%mr,fr,f&& r&Scd w hJ hJ orw &JŒ ta&;ay: wcsuv f w $ f Oya'trde@f qw kd mudk xkwjf yefap+y;D usifusifvnfvnf toHk;csoGm;zdk@jyifygw,f? OD;Eku ygvDrefudkzsufodrf;/ bwf*sufudk orwtrdef@eJ@ a=unmtwnfðy+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJ opfvkyfoGm;a&;udk OD;wnfygw,f? yrnw u a&G;aumufyGJopfvkyfa&;twGufqdk&if ysLapmxD; rsm; zsufodrf;ay;a&;udk awmif;qdkygw,f? =o*kwf (8) &ufae@rSm/ Armjynft&yf&yf&Sd wyfr[mrª; 214
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rsm;/ c±kid &f 0J efrsm;tpnf;ta0;udk wyfrawmf uyG±J rHk mS usi;f yygw,f? tJ't D pnf;ta0;udk umuG,f a&;0ef}uD; Adkvfrª;atmif/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfrif;acgif/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ twGif;0efcsKyf OD;cifarmifjzL eJ@ &JcsKyfwdk@ wufa&muf=uygw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm ysLapmxD;wyf rSefor# ‘Ekwif’ vla&m/ aqG+idrf; vlyg xkwfypfa&;tpDtpOfawG aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? tpnf;ta0; rSm ppfbuft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;eJ@ &Jt&m&Sdtrsm;pku ‘ysLapmxD;’ awG[m wdkif;jynf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; aqmif&Guf&mrSm tultnD&wJhtwGuf rzsufodrf;oifhao;a=umif; aqG;aEG;wmawG&SdcJhygw,f? =o*kwv f (15) &ufae@rmS jynfoŒl &Jabmfygwu D vufeufpeG @f a=umif; a=unm+yD; w&m;0if ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfvdkufygw,f? =o*kwv f (19) &ufae@rmS owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J si;f y+y;D ‘bwf*sut f pnf;ta0;’ zsuo f rd ;f a=umif; OD;Eku a=unmygw,f? =o*kwf (28) &ufrSm usif;yr,fvdk@ ac:,lxm;cJhwJh tpnf;ta0;udk owfrSwf&uf rwdkifcif (9) &uftvdkrSm zsufodrf;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;jycsufuawmh ‘tvif;0ifvmolawG rsm;jym;wmeJ@tr# olwdk@udk a&G;aumufyGJrSm yg0if,SOfòydifvmEdkifapzdk@twGuf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$Œqdkif;Edkifzdk@ 'Dvdkaqmif&Gufvdkuf&ygw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? aqG+ird ;f tkyu f uef@uu G rf a_ wGvyk yf gw,f? bwf*sut f pnf;ta0;udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k w f m[m OD;Ek &JŒ ol&Jabma=umifr_eJ@ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyrlr_vdk@vnf; pGyfpGJajymqdkygw,f? =o*kwf (27) rSm aqG+idrf; wnf+rJzqyv trwfrsm;u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;EkqD ygvDrefbwf*suf tpnf;ta0; jyefvnfac:,lusif;yay;zdk@ trSmpm wapmifay;ydk@+yD; awmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f? zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' yk'rf 125 (1) udk &nf!e¸ ;f +y;D bwf*suu f kd ygvrD efvw $ af wmfo@kd wifjya&;rSm rvGJraoG aqmif&Guf&r,fhudpPjzpfa=umif;/ bwf*sufudk orw trdef@eJ@ twnfðy jyÏmef;Edkifa&;twGuf bwf*suftpnf;ta0;udk y,fzsufjcif;[m zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmuf&ma&muf+yD; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudk zsufqD;ypf&ma&mufa=umif;vdk@ a0zefygw,f? =o*kwfv (31) &ufrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ aetdrf0if;twGif;rSm oef@&Sif;zqyv &JŒ EdkifiHvHk; qdkif&mnDvmcH vkyfygw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfu oef@&Sif;nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&muf vm=uygw,f? oef@&Sif; wnf+rJ tuGJaemufydkif; oef@&Sif; wnf+rJ yÉdyuQ tjrifhqHk;tqifha&mufaecsdefrSm usi;f ywJn h v D mcHjzpfygw,f? oef@&iS ;f wnf+rJ uG+J yD; oef@&iS ;f tm%m&csed u f p+yD; yÉdyuQ[m tquf rjywfjzpfvmcJh=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwD zqyv }uD;uGJoGm;ovdk zqyv vufatmufcH tvkyf orm;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;[mvnf; twdtvif; uGJoGm;cJh=uygw,f? aqG+idrf;wdk@ tkyfpku wD,lpDbD (TUBC) udk udi kx f m;wJt h wGuf Ekwif wd@k u jynfaxmifpt k vkyo f rm;tzGŒJ (Union Labour Organization) (,lt,fvftdk) udk xlaxmifvdkufygw,f? tvkyform;tcsif;csif; ±dkuf=uESuf=uwJhtxd uG=J uygw,f? qdyu f rf;tvkyo f rm;awG=um;rSmqd&k if aqG+idr;f vdv k m;tkyef @J Adv k rf if;acgif vdv k m;tkyf t=um; &efapmifae=uwJhtwGuf ppfwyfcsxm;&wJh txdjzpfcJhygw,f? pufwifbm (1) &ufae@rmS awmh wjynfv;kH &Syd sLapmxD;awGukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; &JtzGŒJ atmufrmS t&H&t J jzpf ajymif;vJz@kd umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf if;acgif eJ@ wyfrawmf t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; c±dkif&J0efrsm;u oabmwlqHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
215
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
OD;Ek tdr0f if;twGi;f rSmusi;f ywJh oef@&iS ;f zqyv nDvmcH 'kw, d ajrmufae@rmS awmh zqyv nDvmcH 'kwdajrmufae@rSmawmh zqyv oef@&Sif;e,f udk,fpm;vS,fawGu òrdŒjytkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef &SdoltcsdKŒeJ@ wyfrawmft&m&Sd}uD;wcsdKŒ[m aqG+idrf; tkyfpkbufuae bufvdkuf aqmif&Gufae=u a=umif;/ tJ'v D akd qmif&u G af e=uolawGukd wjcm;ae&mrsm;od@k ajymif;a&$Œay;zd@k wyfrawmf t&m&S}d uD; awG&JŒ trnfemrawGyg xkwfazmf+yD; jypfwif±_wfcs awmif;qdkr_awG ðyvkyfcJh=uygw,f? [Hom0wD c±dkifbufu oef@&Sif;udk,fpm;vS,fuqdk&if wyfrawmf[m jynfolawG&JŒ trSwfwpf&efoljzpfw,f vd@k awmif a=unmajymqdw k mawG ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? wyfrawmfbufu qwfqwfxrd cHjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'DvdkajymqdkcsufawGtwGuf pGyfpGJajymqdkolawGudk ta&;,lay;zdk@ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifwcsdKŒu pufwifbm (3) &ufrSm OD;EkqD oGm;a&mufwdkifwef; ajymqdkcJh=uygw,f? OD;Eku tJ'v D kd pGypf aJG jymqdrk a_ wGukd olrod&a=umif; jiif;qdck o hJ vd/k pufwifbm (4) &ufae@rmS wyfrawmfudk avajyxdk;&if; toHv$ifh ajz&Sif;cJhygw,f? “ajymwJhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m tajctaetjzpfrSefudk rodI jzpfoGm;&yga=umif;/ wyfr awmf[m wdik ;f jynftay: xm0pOfopPm&Scd yhJ ga=umif;/ olyek af b;&efa=umifh wdik ;f jynf acsmufxu J s&ef vufESpfvHk;cef@ tvdk&SdcJh&mrS wyfrawmfu óud;yrf;Iom ab;&eftaygif;udk atmifjrifcJhonfrSm txift&Sm;jzpfyga=umif;” vdk@acsmhcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh tpuwnf;u Ekwif xuf aqG+idrf; udk vdkvm;cJh=uolrsm;/ wnf+rJ oHa,mZOf ydk}uD;cJh=uolrsm;/ aqG+idrf; eJ@om EdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuf xyfwljzpfcJh=uolrsm;[m wyfwGif;xdyfydkif;rSm tHek @J usi;f eJ@&adS ecJ=h u+y;D jzpfwt hJ wGuf OD;Ek &JŒ avajyxd;k acsmjh rLr_[m t&ma&mufEikd pf rG ;f r&S&d o kH mru/ olwdk@&JŒ ppfaoG;ppfrmef ppfrD;v#Hudk ydkrdkjyif;xefvmatmif ,yfcwfay;vdkufovdk om&SdcJhygw,f? avajyxdk;oH[m Adef;armif;oHudk ausmfv$m; zHk;v$rf;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? acgif;rm*dk%f;om; ppfrmef}uD;olwdk@&JŒ tjrifrSm oef@&Sif; zqyv tpdk;&[m olykefawGudk tav#mhay;vGef;w,f/ olykefawGudk oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;cGifhawGay;+yD;/ Oya'abmiftwGif; qGJoGif; vufcóH udqakd ewm[mvnf; ppfwyftwGuf tE &W m,f&v dS mEdik w f ,fv@kd jrifygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh tðywfwu kd af &; avoHtpm; +idr;f csr;f a&;avoHay;vmwmudk rESpo f ufEikd jf cif;/ olyek af wGukd Oya' abmiftwGi;f a&mufvmap+yD; w&m;0if &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vmrSmudk eJeaJ v;rS r±_prd Ehf ikd jf cif;/ ppfwyf&ŒJ tcef;u¾ wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefavsmhyg;oGm;&rSmudkvnf; vufrcHEdkifjcif;wdk@a=umifhjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rauseyfEdkifr_ r±_pdrfhEdkifr_ tjzpfrcHEdkifr_}uD;awGudk twGif;}udwf&ifxJxm;+yD;/ OD;Ek tpdk;&&JŒ jynfe,f0ef}uD; cef@xm;enf;udpP/ bwf*suftpnf;ta0;udk zsufodrf;jcif;udpPawG[m zGJŒpnf;tkyf csKyfyHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmufaewmtjzpf vuf!dk;xdk;jy+yD; OD;Ek udk z,f&Sm;ypfcsifaecJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? ±H_;edrfhcJhwJhtwGuf rausEdkif rcsrf;EdkifjzpfaecJh&wJh wnf+rJuvnf; OD;Ek &JŒ vkyfaqmifcsuf awG[m zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'eJ@ qef@usifaew,fqdkwmudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; tm%modrf;zdk@ ppfwyfudk wdkufwGef;tm;ay;ygw,f? ppfwyf[m vHkavmufwJh tiftm;pkwckjzpfae+yD/ tcdkiftrm wdk;csJŒwnfaqmufxm;wJh tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;w&yf jzpfae+yDqw kd mudv k nf; rSwx f ifqyk u f ikd cf , H x l m;+yD;+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf ppfwyfu 216
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tm%modrf;,la&;pdwful;[m ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&JŒ&ifxJrSm eufeuf±d_if;±d_if;jzpf wnfvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@[m ppfwyfu tm%modrf; ,la&; Zmwfvrf;twGuf t"du ta&;}uD;Zmwfaqmif}uD;awG jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f? oef@&iS ;f zqyv bufuvnf; wyfrawmfwiG ;f u ppfwyfxyd o f ;D }uD;awG[m aqG+idr;f buf awmfom;awG/ aqG+idrf; oHa,mZOf&SdolawGvkd@ em;vnfodjrif,lqxm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ zqyv oef@&Sif;tpdk;&[m ygvDrefudk pufwifbm (29) &ufae@rSm zsufodrf;+yD;/ bwf*suu f kd orw trde@f e@J pufwifbm (30) &ufae@rmS jyÏmef;um taxGaxGa&G;aumufyo JG pfukd Edk0ifbmvtwGif; usif;yay;r,fvdk@ pufwifbm (22) &ufae@rSm qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Dvdk oef@&Sif;zqyv u rqHk;jzwfcifuav;rSmbJ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,la&;twGuf qdk&S,fvpfygwD xdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpfcJh=uwJh vuf&SdwyfwGif; xdyfoD;wcsdKŒu olwdk@&JŒ ppfwyftm%m odrf;,la&;tpDtpOfudk tcdkiftrm pDpOfa&;qJG qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ajrmufydkif;wdkif; wdkif;rª; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmifa&$/ ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfOD;pD;rª; Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif/ ajrmufydkif;wdkif; wyfr[mrª; Adkvfrª;}uD; =unf0if; wdk@ yl;aygif;a&;qGJxm;wJh tpDtpOfu uGwfcdkifrSm wyfp+JG yD; ppfqifa&;0ifaewJh trSwf (4) aoewfuikd w f yf&if;eJ@ weoFm&Du cr& (106) udk toH;k ðyzd@k qH;k jzwfxm;w,fqykd gw,f? wyf&if;rª;trde@f e@J wyf&if; (4) udk uGwcf ikd u f ae csyo f if; tjrefajymif;+yD; jrpf}uD;em;&xm;eJ@ rE aW v;udk csaD pzd@k / rE aW v;rSm w&ufxm;/ wyfom;udik v f ufeufawGukd òrdŒwGi;f wdu k yf o JG ;kH vufeufawGe@J vJv, S +f yD; wyfqifapzd@k / aemufae@ wdik ;f rª;uac: +yD; &efuek af jryHx k w k af y; um pufwifbm (27) ta&muf &efukefudk csDapzdk@/ ajryHkay:rSm rSifeD0dkif;jyxm;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyftdrfeJ@ wjcm;0ef}uD;awG tdrfudk0dkif;+yD; zrf;qD;zdk@vdk@qdkygw,f? wduswJh ppfqifa&;tpDtpOfudk tao;pdwf a&;qGJ !¸ef=um;xm;w,fqdkygw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOfudk ppf±Hk;udkvnf; wifxm;w,fqdkygw,f? tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif u Adkvfrª;}uD;atmif}uD;/ Adkvfrª;}uD; cif!kd wd@k ukd pufwifbm (20) &ufrmS tif;,m;vrf;&Sd olŒtdrrf mS ac:,l&iS ;f jyw,fqykd gw,f? (21) &ufrmS qufaqG;aEG;+yD; oabmwl=uygw,f? awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rª; Adv k rf ;ª }uD; bvdwf wOD;wnf; uyJ uef@uGufcJhw,fqdkygw,f? wyf&if; (106) u tif;pdefe,fajrudk odrf;zdk@ (107) (108) u &efukefudk wyfjzef@+yD;odrf;zdk@ pDpOfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOftao;pdwfudk tao;pdwf tpD&ifrcHapumrl oludkifxm;wJh ppf axmufvSrf;a&;uwqifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; odaecJhygw,f? tm;vHk;udk v$wfay;xm;+yD; vufydkuf =unfhaecJhygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk csdK;azmufw,fqdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ tm%modrf;zdk@ ppfwyfudk wnf+rJu wdkufwGef;wma=umifha&m/ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;Edkifw,fqdkwJh owif;awG xGufay:vmwma=umifhyg oef@&Sif;tpdk;&bufu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfrif;acgif uvnf; jyifqifr_ awGðyvkyfygw,f? Adkvfrif;acgif &JŒ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufrSm ppf&Jwyf&if; (20) ausmf &SdwJhteuf wyf&if; (6) ck (7) ck[m Adkvfrif;acgif=oZm&SdwJh ppf&Jwyf&if;awGjzpfw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfrif;acgifu =oZm&SdwJh ppf&Jwyf&if; wcsKdŒudk &efukefòrdŒem;ac:,lzdk@ óud;pm;ygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
217
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
tm%modrf;wyfu rE Wav;&Sd ppf&Jwyfudk uGyfuJwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;udk zrf;qD;vdkufwJhtcg ppf&w J yf OD;pD;jzpfwhJ Adv k rf if;acgif owif;=um;od+y;D / csucf si;f yJ jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D ocifyef;òrid f eJ@twl Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;qD oGm;awGŒygw,f? tm%modr;f tpDtpOfukd wm;ay;zd@k wdik =f um;ajymqdyk gw,f? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u “olwdk@'DavmufvkyfEdkifr,f rxifygbl; apmifh=unfhygOD;” vkd@ajymw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfae0if; ajAmifvdrfaerSef;odwJhtwGuf Adkvfrif;acgifu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;taeeJ@ e,f&Sd ppf&Jwyf wcsdKŒudk &efukefvmzdk@ trdef@xkwfac:,lygw,f? ppf&Jvufeufwdkufu vufeufawGudkvnf; xkwf ,lygw,f? xkw, f &l &Sw d hJ vufeufawGu ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ E_id ;f ,SO=f unfrh ,fq&kd if rjzpfpavmufyJ &Sdygw,f? 2 vufrpdefajymif; (6) vuf/ b&if;*ef; (8) vuf/ pwif;*ef; (29) vuf/ ±dkifz,f (145) vuf/ ajcmufv;kH jyL; (6) vuf/ avmifcsmtrfEikd ;f at0rf (6) vuf/ vufypfA;kH (289) vH;k eJ@ usnq f H (23600) yJ &Sdygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfudk,fwdkifu vHkòcHa&;ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ vlrsdK;pkawGyg0ifwJh ppf&Jwyf&if; wcsdKŒudk &efukefòrdŒudk v$Jajymif;ay;zdk@ t}uHðywmudkvnf; ppfwyfu enf;AsL[meJ@ ppfqifa&;qdkif&m ta=umif;jy+y;D uef@uu G yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh oef@&iS ;f zqyv acgi;f aqmifawGu vufa&G;pif ysLapmxD; wyfzGJŒwcsdKŒudk &efukefòrdŒudk ac:,l+yD; ta&;ay:tajctaejzpfvm&if toHk;ðyzdk@ pDpOfxm;ygw,f? v,f,m opfawm0ef}uD; ocifausmfxGef; &JŒ opfawmumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒawGudk wyfvSef@xm;yg w,f? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wyfeJ@ jynfolŒ&JabmfygwD0ifawGudkvnf; ta&;ay:tajctaetwGuf toifhjyifqifxm;apcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfe@J oef@&iS ;f zqyv tpd;k &&JŒtpDtpOfawG[m xdyw f u kd o f abmaqmifvmygw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modr;f zd@k }uHpnfjyifqifae+yDqw kd t hJ oHawG vlx=k um;txd ysŒH ES@H vmovd/k zqyv oef@&Sif;tpdk;&bufu jzpfEdkifor# vlolvufeuf pkaqmif;jyifqif aqmif&GufvmwmawGvnf; xifxif&mS ;&Sm;jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u taetxm;udk taxmufawmftek ;f jrifv h kd yk*Kd~ vfu “cufzG,f&,fóuHygw,f? vufeufu,fpHktnDeJ@” vdk@ a&;om;ygw,f? wyfrawmfwGif;u ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD;wcsdKŒu ppfwyftm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ pDpOf aqmif&u G =f uwmvnf; trSew f u,fjzpfay:cJo h vd/k oef@&iS ;f zqyv acgi;f aqmifrsm;u ppfwyf &JŒ ajcvSr;f rsm;udk tcsed rf w D m;qD;umuG,f wke@jf yefEikd zf @kd vw kd ,fv@kd odjrif+yD; vdt k yfwhJ jyifqifaqmif &Gufr_awGudk vkyfudkifzdk@ pDpOf=uwmvnf; trSefyJjzpfcJhygw,f? (8) rJxeJ @J uyf±;_H cJ&h wJh wnf+rzJ qyv uvnf; rpm;&wJt h rJ oJe@J yufovdk zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk csKd ;azmufaew,fqw kd mta=umif;jy+y;D tm%mudo k rd ;f ,lvu kd zf @kd ppfwyfukd wdu k w f eG ;f tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufvkyfaecJhygw,f? pufwifbm (22) &ufae@rmS wyfrawmfu vufeufuikd w f yfzŒJG rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd wm;qD; umuG,fzdk@qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ pwifv_yf&Sm;vmygw,f? &efukefòrdŒt0if axmuf}uH›*dwfuae ydwfqdk@&SmazG+yD; &efukefòrdŒudk 0ifa&mufvm=uwJh ppf&Jwyfom;awGudk vufeufodrf;qnf;wm/ rlv ae&mjyefoGm;cdkif;wmawG vkyfygw,f? jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Adv k rf if;acgi&f ŒJ wefjyefppfjyifqifaewmawG tay: Adv k rf ;ª }uD; atmif}uD;eJ@ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;armifarmifu rausreyfEikd jf zpf+yD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf rE aW v;c&D;xGuaf ewJt h wGu/f 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ 218
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
twdik yf ifcH OD;tke;f udk ppfc±kH ;kH qifah c: +yD;/ “oef@&iS ;f tpd;k &u ppf&aJ wGo;kH +yD; ppfwyfukd òzdczJG @kd tm%m odrf;zdk@ pDpOfaewm &yfqdkif;zdk@” }udrf;armif;w,fqdkygw,f? “oef@&Sif;u wyfudk&efðyvdk@ wyfu onf;rcHEdkifvdk@ v_yf&Sm;aewm” vdk@vnf; ajymw,fqdkygw,f? pufwifbm (23) &ufreufrSm Adkvfrif;acgif[m Adkvfrª;atmif eJ@twl AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk 'kwd,t}udrftjzpfoGm;+yD; awGŒ=ujyefygw,f? tusdK;ta=umif; ajymqdk=ujyefygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; u 'DudpPolrodyg? Adkvfatmif}uD; eJ@ Adkvfarmifarmif wdk@ odygvdrfhr,f? olwkd@ (2) OD;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@awGŒzdk@ wifjyzdk@ apv$wfay;ygr,fhvdk@ ajzw,fqdkygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif eJ@ Adkvfrª; }uD; atmif}uD; wkd@ jynfyc&D;oGm;aew,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D (23) &ufae@rSmyJ ppfwyfu tif;pdefòrdŒe,frSm&SdwJh oef@&Sif;zqyv ±Hk;wcsdKŒudk vufeufeJ@0dkif;+yD; odrf;ydkufxm;=u+yD;+yDjzpfyg w,f? c&rf;òrdŒudkvnf; ppfwyfuodrf;ydkufxm;+yD;+yDvdk@ xGef;ae@pOfowif;pmu pufwifbm (24) &ufae@xw k rf mS azmfjyvdu k yf gw,f? Adv k w f axmifowif;pmrSmvnf; c&rf;òrdŒudk ppfwyfu odr;f ydu k f vdkuf+yDvdk@ azmfjyyg&SdcJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek rE aW v;u jyefa&mufa&mufcsi;f jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Adv k rf if;acgiu f ppfwyfu tm%modr;f zd@k pDpOfaewJo h wif;udk ay;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifcsif wdr;f a&SmifEikd f zdk@ av,mOfysHwpif; tqifoifhvkyfxm;wmudkvnf; wifjyygw,f? OD;Eku Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; udk olŒqDac:cJhzdk@ Adkvfrif;acgifudk trdef@ay;ygw,f? ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;aygif; (17) zGJŒeJ@ xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvf (9) OD;wkd@ yg0ifa&;qJGxkwfa0vdkufwJh “wyfrawmfonf jynfolŒtwGufjzpfygap” qdkwJh a=unmcsufvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? pufwifbm (24) &ufrSmyJ jynfyc&D;u jyefa&mufvmw,fqdkwJh Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmifeJ@ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; wk@d EpS af ,muf OD;Ek eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqHyk gw,f? olw@dk u “bwf*suOf ya'=urf; wifoiG ;f a&;twGuf v$waf wmfac:,lusi;f yjcif;[m Edik if aH &;wif;rmr_ukd avsmyh g;apr,fh vkyaf qmif csufw&yfjzpfEdkifw,f” vdk@ajymw,fqdkygw,f? “oef@&Sif;u &JabmfjzLeJ@aygif;+yD; wyfudkzsuf&ef p}uHw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udkawmif vkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfvdk@ wyfurcHEdkifwJhtwGuf tHkºuGum v_yf&Sm;aejcif;jzpfygw,f? rdrdwdk@u +idrfoufatmif aygufuGJr_r&Sdatmif xdef;ae&ygw,f? wyfudk vSef@xm;&ygw,f? b,favmuf=um=um xdef;xm;Edkifr,frodyg”vdk@vJ pGyfpGJwkdifwef;ajymqdkw,f qdkygw,f? pufwifbm (25) &ufae@rmS awmh ppfwyfu &efuek w f 0du k u f kd odr;f +y;D uif;yH;k cswm/ avqdyu f kd odrf;+yD; tajrmufawGqifwmvkyfygw,f? rE Wav;/ jrpf}uD;em;/ vm;±d_;/ awmifwGif;/ usdKufvwf/ bdu k av; pwJòh rŒd awGuv kd nf; odr;f xm;vdu k =f uygw,f? jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D &JŒ qifah c:csut f & qif;vm wJh ppf&JwyfawGudkvnf; vrf;c&D;uae qD;zrf;wmvkyfygw,f? tif;pdefc±dkif0ef/ &J0efwdk@udkvnf; xdef;odrf;xm;vdkuf+yD; pHkaxmuf±Hk;eJ@ óud;rJha=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;±Hk;udkvnf; odrf;ydkufxdef;csKyfxm; vdkufygw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vdkuf+yDvdk@ ra=unmbJeJ@ ,m,DvufOD;r_&Sd&Sd odrf;xm;vdkuf jcif;jzpfygw,f? yg&rD&dyfomrSmawmh trSwf (4) wyf&if;&JŒ wyfcGJwcGJudk tif;,m;vdyfa[mfw,faqmufae wJh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wyfu wyfom; (500) avmufu vufeuftenf;i,feJ@ckcH+yD; 0dkif;xm; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
219
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vdu k Ef ikd yf gw,f? useaf e&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ppfwyfu tay:pD;,l xde;f csKyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? pufwifbm (25) &ufae@rmS yJ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek [m oef@&iS ;f acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k pHek @J ac:,laqG; aEG;Edkifjcif;r&SdawmhbJ/ acgif;aqmifwcsdKŒeJ@om wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; vrf;a&G;zdk@jyif&ygawmhw,f? OD;Ek a&G;vdu k &f wJv h rf;u ppfwyfukd jyefvnfcck w H u kd cf u kd jf cif;rvkyb f J w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;zd@k uwdðycdik ;f / oabmwlncD suef @J tajctaeawG jyefvnfaumif;rGev f mwJt h cgusrS Edik if aH &;tm%m udk a&G;aumufyGJenf;eJ@ jyefvnf&,lEdkifa&;vrf;jzpfygw,f? 'Dvrf;[m udk,fhtwGuf tcGifhtvrf; omapEdkifw,fvdk@vnf;,lq+yD; OD;Ek [m zqyv oef@&Sif;acgif;aqmif (5) OD;eJ@yJ wkdifyifnd‡E_dif;+yD; tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&;qHk;jzwfcsufudk qHk;jzwfvdkuf&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? pufwifbm (26) &uf reuf (9) em&D ausmfausmfavmufrSm Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª; csKyfatmif}uD;/ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifaz wkd@ (3) OD; 0ef}uD;csKyftdrfudk a&mufvm+yD; OD;Ek eJ@awGŒygw,f? OD;Ek eJ@twl 'k0ef}uD;csKyf ocifwif/ Adkvfrif;acgif/ OD;wifarmif wkd@ &Sdaew,fvdk@qdkygw,f? OD;Eku “cifAsm;wkd@òrdŒwGif;rSm wifhum;awG oHcsyfumum;awG/ tajrmuf}uD;awGeJ@ bmvkyf =uwmvJ” vdk@ par;ygw,f? “wyfrawmfu tm%modr;f vdu k yf g+yD/ tcsut f csmusae&mawGrmS wyfpx JG m;ygw,f? tJ'g a=umifh 0ef}uD;awG ±Hk;rwuf=uygeJ@” vdk@ ppfAdkvfrsm;u ajzw,fqdkygw,f? OD;Eku “tm%mrodrf;=ueJ@/ wyfa&m wdkif;jynfyg eHr,fysufr,f/ vuf&Sdtpdk;&udk vufrcH Edkif&if w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;ygr,fvdk@ ppfwyfuuwday;&if ppfwyfudk tm%mv$J ay;r,f/ 'Dvdk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@twGuf v$wfawmfudkac:vdkufr,f/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;uxGuf+yD; v$wf awmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufatmif tqdkwifay;ygr,f” vdk@ajymw,f? qdkygw,f? OD;Ek u tJ'DtcsufawGudk pmeJ@a&;+yD;ay;vdkufwJhtcg Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD;/ Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz wkd@[m “AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk ar;yg&apOD;” qdk+yD; pmudkvufcH&,l+yD; jyefoGm;=uw,fqdkygw,f? tm%mawmif;yGJ ratmifjrifb;l qd&k if t=urf;zuf tm%modr;f zd@k / 0ef}uD;csKyftrd u f v kd nf; tajrmuf}uD;awGeJ@ csdefxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u OD;Ek &JŒ tpDtpOfudk vufcHoabmwlvdkufygw,f? tpuwnf;u Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@&JŒ tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfawGudk tao;pdwf od&Sd ae+yD;jzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyfae0if; [m OD;Ek ud, k w f idk f ðypka&;om;ay;w,fqw kd hJ tjyeftvSeaf y;pm (2)apmif tay: acgif;ndwfoabmwlay;vdkuf±HkeJ@ tm%mudk &&Sd+yD;om;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? pufwifbm (26) &ufae@nrSmyJ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek &JŒ ta&;}uD;rdef@cGef; jrefrmtoH a&'D,dkuae xGufay:vmygw,f? “59 ckESpf/ {+yDvrSm vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wwJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usi;f yay;&ef Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udk zdw=f um;a=umif;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u vufcw H t hJ wGuf 0rf;om a=umif;eJ@ jynfolvlxk}uD;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk vufcH=uapvdka=umif;” vdk@ OD;Ek u yvDyvm ajym&ygawmhw,f? tm%modrf;cH&wmudkyJ olukd,fwdkifu vdkvdkvm;vm;zdwf=um;+yD; wkdif;jynf&JŒ +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufay;zd@k arwWm&yfcH tyfEv HS u kd &f wJyh rkH sKd ; azmfusL;oGm;cJyh gw,f? 220
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
OD;Ek eJ@ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; wd@k tjyeftvSeaf &;=uw,fqw kd hJ pm (2) apmifqw kd mudv k nf; ol[mol ðypk+yD; zwf=um;azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ tm%modrf;yGJudk zdwfrE WuyGJjzpfatmif tpGrf;ukef o±kyfaqmifay;cJhayr,fh EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒtoH[m armoHygaecJhw,f vdk@qdk=uygw,f? tm%modr;f t"du wyfwwyftjzpf owfrw S x f m;wJh trSwf (4) aoewfuikd w f yf&if;[m &efuek u f kd odr;f +yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfe@J 0ef}uD;0efuav;awGukd zrf;qD;zd@k rE aW v;uae t&Sed jf yif;jyif;eJ@ csw D ufvmwm 0ufxD;uefa&mufrS/ cr& (101) eJ@ awGŒrS tusdK;ta=umif;od&+yD; jyefwyfacgufoGm;&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfxyd o f ;D a[mif; ppfAv kd }f uD;wodu k &f J ppfwyf&ŒJ tm%modr;f a&; t}uHtpnf[m wpdww f ydik ;f tm;jzifh atmifjrifxajrmufomG ;w,fv@kd qd&k rSmjzpfygw,f? OD;Eku tm%mudv k aJ$ jymif; ay;zd@k oabmwlvu kd w f t hJ wGujf zpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zd@k oabmwlvu kd &f wJh twGuf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpfeJ@yJ zGJŒpnf;&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh xifovdk vGwf vGwfu|wfu|wf tm%mudk a&&Snfqkyf,lEkdifcGifhr&bl; jzpfoGm;&ygw,f? 1958 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (26) &ufae@ tjzpftysuf[m Armjynfordkif;rSm yxrqHk;t}udrf “ppfwyftm%modrf;r_” ppfppf/ “ppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD;” tppfjzpfygw,f? wu,fvnf; jyifqifcJhovdk wu,fvnf; odrf;ydkufzdk@jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&JŒ EdkifiHa&; ukvm;zefxdk;aumif;r_a=umifh wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;upm;uGuf ^m%feD^m%feufrsdK;pHka=umifh “ppfwyftm%modrf;r_” [m “ppfwyftm%mv$Jajymif;r_” tjzpfyHkay:vmygw,f? ppfwyfbufu =unfhr,fqdk&if a&&Snftm%m qkyfudkifcGifhr&vdkufayr,fh “tm%mvnf; &ao;/ aus;Zl;&Sifvnf; jzpfvdkuf&ao;” todrf;cH&oludk,fwdkifu csD;usL;axmyemay;wmawmif tqpf&vdkufao;” vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;uawmh tvdktavsmuf pifay:a&muf+yD; ESpfjyeftjrwfxGufoGm;cJhygw,f? OD;Ekbufu =unhrf ,fq&kd if tm%modr;f cHvu kd &f vd@k tm%mudrk ay;csib f eJ @J ay;vdu k &f wm t±H;_ jzpfayr,f/h ygvrD efurkd zsuo f rd ;f &bJ/ a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;uwdukd tydik u f ikd +f y;D tajctaeawG aumif;rGev f mwJt h cgrmS Edik if aH &;tm%mjyef,El ikd rf ,f? tm%modr;f cH&w,fqw kd mxuf tm%mudk v$aJ jymif;ay;vdu k &f w,fqw kd mu ydo k ifah vsmw f ,fv@kd ,q l cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%mudk v$aJ jymif; ay;tyfwyhJ akH y:atmif o±kyaf zmfcyhJ gw,f? ygvrD efe@J zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'rysuyf J tm%mudk ,m,DvaJ$ jymif;ay;vdu k &f jcif;[m vH;k 0O\Hk tm%modr;f cH&wmeJ@pmv#if awmfao;w,fv@kd wGuf qcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh olukd,fwkdiftqdkðy+yD; oludk,fwkdif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJŒay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHwJhyHkpH csK;d cJyh gw,f? ‘ppfwyftm%modr;f r_’ }uD;udk zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyakH bmiftwGi;f r0if0ifatmif ukvm;zef xd;k ay;+yD; ta&mifwif odumQ qnfay;cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfukd odumQ qnfay;jcif;[m olŒud, k o f v l nf; oduQmqnf+yD; jzpfoGm;w,fvdk@ ,lqcJhyHk&ygw,f? OD;Ek csdK;ay;wJhvrf;a=umif;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u oabmusovdk/ tm%modrf;csifol/ um,uHajrmuf tm%mvmawmif;ol Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@ uvnf; aemufydkif;rSm cHwGif;awGŒcJhygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif/ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wkd@u aemufydkif;rSm “ppfwyfu tm%modrf;wmr[kwf/ tm%mudk v$Jajymif;&,lwmomjzpfw,fvdk@” cyfwnfwnf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
221
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
ajAmifvdrfajAmifpm; 0g'jzef@csd ajymqdkwmawG tqufrjywf vkyfcJhygw,f? 'Dtm%modrf;r_}uD;udk “0if'grD,mtm%modrf;r_}uD;” “}udwf0dkif;tm%modrf;r_}uD;” vdk@ pme,fZif;wcsdKŒ wdk;wufwJh pma&;q&mwcsKdŒu twdtvif; uifyGef;wyfcJh=uovdk/ qef@usifuef@ uGuf±_wfcscJh=uwJh vlyk*~dKvf EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? “tckjzpfwmuawmh ppfwyfutm%modrf;jcif;yJ” vdk@ a'gufwmAarmf u jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrSm ajymqdkcJhovdk/ ‘jynfolŒ&Jabmf’ rsm;uvnf; ‘ppfwyftm%modrf;r_’ }uD;vdk@ azmfxkwfuef@uGufcJhygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ oef@&Sif;zqyvudk axmufcHyHkatmcJhwJh ‘yrnw’ uvnf; “vufeufeJ@tm%m odr;f jcif;udk uef@uu G =f u ” qdw k hJ pmwef;udk em&Drqdik ;f xkwjf yefc+hJ yD;/ yrnw u OD;Ek eJ@ awGŒwJt h cg jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefygw,f? OD;Eku wdik yf ifjcif;rðyEdik w f m rdrt d rSm;jzpfa=umif;/ od@k aomf oef@&iS ;f acgi;f aqmifawGe@J awmif rwdkifyifEdkifawmhbJ/ acgif;aqmif (5) OD;om wkdifyifqHk;jzwfcJh&jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ qHk;jzwfcsufudk rjyif Edkifawmha=umif;eJ@ v$wfawmfrSm rJcGJpOfu ‘Ekwif’ wkd@ tEdkif&&if (5) rdkifom ydkifap&r,fvdk@ aqG+idrf; wd@k &ŒJ }udr;f 0g;csut f wdik ;f vufeufuikd rf sm;&JŒ ESyd pf ufru _ kd Adv k af e0if;udk tm%may;rSom wm;qD;Edik f rSmjzpfvdk@ qHk;jzwf&jcif;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tpOftvm}uD;rm;wJh ausmif;om;xku “ppfwyftm%modrf;,ljcif;”udk tv_yf&Sm;qHk; uef@uGufqENjy=uygw,f? ‘wuo’ taqmuftOD;rSm Auorsm;tzGJŒcsKyf/ &uo/ wuo wdk@u }uD;rª;+yD; tr_aqmifawG awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uum “ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;jcif;ESifhywf oufI oabmxm;” a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modrf;onfh twGuf +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tvSrf;a0;ap+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;rvdkvm;aom aqG+idrf;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@. tvdkusjzpfapa=umif;/ ,if;odk@ tm%modrf;jcif;rsdK;udk cGifhðyv#if tm%mudk jynfolŒxHrSr[kwfbJ t"rRtm%modr;f onfh tpOftvm ay:vmrnfjzpfa=umif;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk twm; tqD;jzpfvmrnfjzpfa=umif;” azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? pufwifbm (28) &ufae@rmS a=unmcsuu f x kd w k f jyefcJhygw,f? pufwifbm (26) &ufnrSm OD;Ek tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&; a=unm+yD;wJhaemuf ppfwyfu armfvòrdief @J jynfòrdŒawGrmS Edik if aH &;orm;wcsKd Œudk zrf;qD;wm/ a&vrf; uke;f vrf; wav#muf toGm; tvmawGukd ppfaq;ar;jref; &SmazGwmawG vkyyf gw,f? 'ga=umifh pufwifbm (29) &ufrmS Auo/ wuo/ &uo wdk@uae “wHkv_yfajcmufjcm;atmifrvkyfygESifh” qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefuef@uGufygw,f? pufwifbm (30) rSmvJ or*~}u;D (3) cku OD;pD;+y;D ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;w&yf wuo taqmuftOD;rSm xyfrHac:,lusif;yygw,f? tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm bwf(pf)um; (26) pD;eJ@ òrdŒwGif;udk vSnfhvnfqENjy+yD; ‘wyfrawmf0ifrpGufeJ@’/ ‘wyfrawmfudkckwHk;rvkyfeJŒ’/‘+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; tm%mrodrf;eJ@’/ ‘vufeufeJ@tm%modrf;wm uef@uGuf=u’/ ‘e,fcsŒJt}uHtpnfwm;qD;=u’/ ‘'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; umuG,f=u’/‘jynfolŒtm%m jynfoljyeftyf’/ ‘jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; t&,l=u’/‘zrf;xm;olawG tjrefjyefv$wf’/‘ausmif;om;jynfol vufwGJ=u’ qdkwJh aºuG;a=umf oHawG aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfcJh=uygw,f? 222
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aqG+idrf; tdrf0dkif;+yD; qENjyjcif;/ tar&duef oH±Hk;udk 0dkif;+yD;qENjyjcif;awGvnf; ðyvkyfcJh=uyg w,f? ‘wnf+rJzqyv’u OD;Ek udk zufqpfjzpfw,fajym+yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;udk axmufcaH =umif; a=unmvdkufygw,f? OD;Eku b,favmufyJ toa&qnfqnf/ ppfwyfu b,favmufyJ rHkvmOvkyfvkyf/ 1958 pufwifbm (26) tjzpftysufudk ppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD;tjzpf wdk;wufwJh EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf; rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;a&csdefjrifhrm;wJh jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;u odjrifem;vnf oabmxm;cJh=uygw,f? trSew f u,fvnf; ‘ppfwyftm%modr;f r_}uD;’ jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tm%mawmif;wmr&&if pufwifbm (27) &ufreuf t±kH%fwufrSm vufeufudkift=urf;zuf+yD; 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf; z,f&Sm;zdk@ tcdkiftrm pDpOfpdkif;jyif; jyifqifxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 1958 atmufwdkbm (20) &ufae@rSm rdwˆDvmòrdŒ wyfrawmfausmif;rSm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH xyfvyk yf gw,f? ZGev f wke;f u usi;f y+yD;jzpfygvsuef @J wESpt f wGi;f 'kw, d t}udrt f jzpf ac:,lusi;f y wmjzpfygw,f? atmufwdkbm (28) &ufae@ usif;yr,fh ygvDrefv$wfawmfuae oef@&Sif;zqyv tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tm%mv$Jajymif; ay;tyfrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf wyfrSL;awGudk ac:,l nd‡Ed_if; jyifqifjcif;jzpfygw,f? yrnw tygt0if tzGJŒaygif;pHk (15 zGJŒ) eJ@ wuo/ Auo/ &uo/ ‘vli,fhwyfOD;’ wdk@u “ppfwyfu tm%modrf;r_udk uef@uGuf=u ” qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHxkwf+yD; uef@uGufqef@usif=uwJh tcg OD;Ek/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@u ppfwyfu tm%modrf;wmr[kwf/ “tm%mv$Jajymif;r_” omjzpfw,fvdk@ &Sif;vif;ajymqdk=uygw,f? yrnw acgi;f aqmifawGe@J Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; awGŒqHw k t hJ cgrmS vnf; “wyfutm%modr;f w,fqdkwJhpum;[m wyfudk *k%foduQm txl;xdcdkufapa=umif;/ wyfu tm%modrf;w,fqdkwJh pum;udk txl;a&Smif=uOf&efajymvdak =umif;” vd@k Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u arwWm&yfco H vdv k kd owday; ovdkvdkajymqdk+yD; tjzpfrSefawGudk zHk;uG,fcJh=uygw,f? OD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wfvkyfEdkif&efqdk+yD; apmapmydkif;u w&m;0if xkwfjyefa=unmxm;cJhwJh “orw}uD;. oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@” udk atmufwdkbm (31) &ufae@up+yD; jyefvnf±kwfodrf;ay;vdkufygw,f? ±kwfodrf;ay;vkduf&wmeJ@ t"duta=umif; &if;uawmh ppfwyf&JŒ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;pdwf"mwfeJ@ aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&; oabm xm;tay: rvGefqefEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf ppfwyftóuduf óudufovdk ppfqif ppfðyEkdifzdk@/ óudufovdk pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifzdk@ t[ef@twm;ozG,fjzpfaewJh vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@udk OD;Ek ukd,fwdkif jyefvnf z,f&Sm;ay;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfygw,f? atmufwdkbm (20) &ufae@ rdwWDvm wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHrSm ajymqkd=uwJh ppfwyf acgif;rm xdyo f ;D }uD;wcsKd Œ&JŒ ajymqdak qG;aEG;csuaf wGukd axmuf±r_ ,fq&kd if OD;Ek bma=umifh ±kwo f rd ;f ay;vdu k &f w,fqdkwm ydkrdk&Sif;vif; ay:vGifEdkifygvdrfhr,f? rdwv DW mnDvmcHrmS Akv d rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;u “cifAsm;wd@k usaemfw@kd uGejf rLepfukd &ifqikd w f hJ ae&mrSm EdkifiHa&;bufuvlawGudk tm;udk;vdk@r&awmhbl;? cifAsm;wdk@ usKyfwdk@yJ &ifqdkif&r,f? 'g teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
223
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
tifrwef&Sif;aewJhjy\em” vdk@ aqG;aEG;cJhovdk/ Akdvfrª;}uD; cspfòrdifu “'DvlawG (uGefjrLepf) udk vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGi/hf oifyek ;f acs vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiq hf w kd mawGukd tpd;k &u ay;xm;w,f? tJ'aD wmh 'D[mawG[m b,fenf;eJ@rS rjzpfoifh rjzpfxdkufwJhudpPawGvdk@ usaemfwdk@,lqygw,f” vdk@ ajymqdk aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? ppfwyf tm%modrf;r_udk ppfwyftm%mvGJajymif;r_tjzpf OD;Ek/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ tm %mvmawmif;ol Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; wdk@wodkufuyg toHaumif;[pf yHkazmfcJh=uayr,fh tJ'Dvdk “tm%mvJa$ jymif;r_” qdw k m}uD;udk yrnw tygt0if/ ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tygt0if wd;k wufwhJ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u qufvuf qef@usif uef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? ppfwyftm%modrf;r_udk raumif;wJhtpOftvmtjzpf jzpfwnfvmrSm pdk;&drfcJh=uovdk/ ppfwyf&JŒ tðywfwdkufa&; oabm xm;a=umifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;tvm ysufokef;oGm;rSmudkvnf; ylyefcJh=uygw,f? atmufwdkbmv aemufqHk;ywfxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu Adkvf&JxGÉf[m jynfwGif; +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqHyk gw,f? Adv k &f x J ÉG f u q&m}uD;udk “oifykef;acs vGwf+idrf;cGifheJ@ ygwDwnf&SdcGifhudk vufcHa=umif;” wifjy+yD; (1) uGefjrLepfygwDESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm;udk v$wf&ef/ (2) uGefjrLepfygwDudk a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcGifhay;&ef/ TESpfcsufudkuwdðyv#if uGefjrLepfygwDu (1) vufeufrsm;udk tpdk;&odk@v$Jtyfrnf? (2) vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrS Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJodk@ ul;ajymif;+yD; Oya'wGif;0ifrnf? (3) uef@owfxm;aomtcsed t f wGi;f Oya'twGi;f 0ifrvmaom ygw0D ifrsm;udk tquf jzwfrnf? vdk@ wifjyygw,f? q&m}uD;u tJ'Dwifjycsufudk =um;odwJhtcg ‘+idrf;csrf;a&; &Edkif+yD’ vdk@ 0rf;omtm;&jzpf+yD;/ tJ't D a=umif;pma&;+yD; OD;Eke@J Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;qD/ atmufwb kd m (27) &ufae@ rSm ud, k w f ikd o f mG ;ay;ygw,f? OD;Ek udo k m awGŒcJ&h +yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ rawGŒcJ&h bl;vd@k qdyk gw,f? tJ'D (27) &ufae@nae@rmS yJ q&m}u;D wd@k u tzGŒJ aygi;f pHu k kd zdwaf c:&Si;f vif;jywmvnf; vkycf yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh tajctaeawGu ajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? OD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk tm%mvJ$ ajymif;ay;zdk@ vdktyfwJhtpDtpOfawGtm;vHk; jyifqifZmwfwdkuf+yD;om; jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f? atmufwb kd mv (28) &ufae@rmS tm%mvJa$ jymif;ay; v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;}uD; pwifyg w,f? óudwifppD Ofxm;wJt h wdik ;f 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udk w&m;0if tm%mv$aJ jymif; ay;zdk@ tqdkðyygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJŒzdk@ tm%mtyfESif;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ‘tdraf pmift h pd;k &’u oe@&f iS ;f zqyv tpd;k &qDu Edik if aH wmf tm%mudk vJa$ jymif;&,lvu kd yf gw,f? 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (29) &ufae@rSm EdkifiHawmforw a&SŒarSmufrSm usrf;opPm usdefqdk+yD; ‘tdrfapmifhtpdk;&’ tzGJŒ}uD; ay:aygufvmygw,f? xGufay:vmwJh ‘tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJŒ’ uawmh (1) owdk;oD&dok"rR/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; - EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;Xme/ trsdK;om;pDrHudef;Xme/ 224
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(2) t*~r[moa&pnfol/ OD;odef;armif
- 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfESifh EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme/ omoema&;Xme/ usef;rma&;Xme/ jynfol@ 0efxrf;Xme (3) r[moa&pnfol OD;cifarmifjzL - jynfxJa&;Xme/ jyef=um;a&;Xme/ a'oE W& tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme/ vl0ifr_ESifh trsdK;om;rSwf yHkwifa&;Xme0ef}uD;/ (4) owkd;r[mpnfol OD;csefxGef;atmif - w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD;/ (5) OD;ausmf+idrf; - b¾ma&;ESihf tcGefawmfXme 0ef}uD;/ (6) pnfol OD;b=um; - ukefoG,fr_Xme/ or0g,rESifh ukefpnfjzef@ jzL;a&;Xme/ ypPnf;axmufyHha&;Xme0ef}uD;/ (7) oa&pnfol OD;pH!Gef@ - o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;/ vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;/ tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;Xme0ef}uD;/ (8) OD;um - ynma&;Xme/ v,f,mESifh opfawmXme/ v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifðya&;Xme 0ef}uD;/ (9) oD&dysHcsD OD;cspfaomif; - pufr_vufr_Xme/ owWKwGif;Xme tvkyfo rm;Xme0ef}uD;/ (10) owdk;r[moa&pnfol p0f[kefz - &Srf;jynfe,fXme0ef}uD;/ (11) OD;xefvsef; - csif;a&;&m0ef}uD;/ (12) a'gufwm apmvSxGef; - u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;/ (13) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; - ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;/ (14) p0f0À - u,m;jynfe,f0ef}uD; - wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? atmufwdkbmv (31) &ufae@rSm jynfolŒv$wfawmfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u wufa&mufrdef@ac|ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m yxrt}udrf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJŒ&JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhovdk/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wwd,ajrmuf 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmolvdk@ rSwfwrf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f? yxrqH;k 0ef}u;D csKyf[m OD;Ek jzpfc+hJ y;D / 'kw, d ajrmufu OD;Ek z,fay;cJv h @kd acwW0ef}u;D csKyfjzpfco hJ l OD;AaqG jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;u atmufwdkbm (31) &ufae@rSm rdef@cGef;ac|wJhtcg zqyv tzGŒJ }uD;tuGaJ =umifh 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efukd r,lcsib f eJ @J ,lc&hJ oa,mif cyfwnfwnf ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh g w,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udkvnf; umuG,fapmifha&SmufoGm;r,fhta=umif; tckvdk ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? “OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm;/ u|efawmf 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ wm0ef0wW&m;udk tckvdkvufcH&jcif;[m u|eaf wmfEiS w hf uG trwfrif;rsm;tm;vH;k tjrwfwEd;k OD;xdy&f u G yf efxm;wJh Edik if aH wmf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyf yHktajccHOya'eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmudk tE W&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;u +cdrf;ajcmufvmaewm awGŒ&wJh twGuf 'DtE W&m,fudk umuG,fzdk@ wm0ef,lvufcHvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? u|efawmf'Dvdk wm0ef,l jcif;[m jynfaxmifpkom; yk*~dKvfwa,muftaeESifhvnf;aumif;/ ppfom;wa,muftaeESifhvnf; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
225
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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aumif;/ wm0ef&SdwJhtwdkif; wm0ef,lvdkufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ygvDrefuay;tyfwJh 'Dwm0ef }uD;udk u|efawmf &J&J0Hh0Hh vufcHvdkufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f” [lowJh? ppfwyfutm%modr;f wmudk OD;Ek u rvGo J m ra&Smifom vufcv H u kd &f +yD;/ vl=um;aumif; atmif zH;k zdvn S yhf wf+yD; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfovdv k kd tuGuzf efvu kd &f wmudk Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u cyfwnfwnfvufcH&,lvdkuf&if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfwufvkyfcJhwmudkawmif tay:pD;uae r*Fvm,l vdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmawGudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@ 'Dwm0ef }uD;udk ,lvdkuf&jcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ avoHaumif;[pf aºuG;a=umfoGm;cJhygw,f? rsufESmajymifwdkufwJh ae&mrSm pHxm;avmufygayw,fvdk@yJ rSwfcsufðy&ygvdrfhr,f? 'Dru kd a&pDvv kd m;olrsm;u/ OD;Ek eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wd@k &ŒJ 'DZmwfuu G u f kd r,H=k unfc=hJ ubJ/ ppfwyf tm%modr;f r_tjzpf em;vnfojd rifc=hJ uovd/k +idr;f csr;f a&;udk ar#mv f ifv h v dk m;olrsm;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;a&mifjcnf wdrfov†mtzHk;cHvdkuf&+yDqdkwm oabmaygufvdkuf=uygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dvkd tm%m&,lvu dk Ef ikd w f mudk tm%modr;f vdo k l ppfwyfu auseyf yDwjd zpfchJ =uovdk tdraf pmift h pd;k &qdw k hJ emrnfe@J ppftpd;k &wufvmwmudk wnf+rJzqyv}uD;uvnf; tm;& ESpfoufoabmacGŒcJhygw,f?
zqyv q,f E S p f q,f r d k ; acwf ed * k H ; csKyf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; a=unmEdkifcJhwJh 1948 ckESpfuae ppfwyfudk tm%mv$Jajymif;ay; vdkuf&wJh 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmtxd (10) ESpfausmftwGif;rSm Armjynfudk awmufavsmuf tkyfpdk;cJhwJh tpdk;&[m ‘zqyv’ tpdk;&jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh (1948-1958) q,fESpfwmacwfudk zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk; “acwf” vdk@ 0dò*dvfðy=uygw,f? 'Dq,fEpS w f mtwGi;f rSm tm%m& zqyv tzGŒJ }uD;[m wpnf;wvH;k wnf;aom tzGŒJ }uD; tjzpfuae tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m òyduGJr_awGjzpfay:cJhygw,f? &JabmfjzL &Jabmf0g uGJoGm;+yD; &JabmfjzL awG vufeufudkifawmcdkoGm;cJh=uwm ay:aygufcJhygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfjzL-qdk&S,feDawG uGJoGm;+yD; qdk&S,feD[m tm%mt0ef;t0dkif;&JŒtjyifzufudk a&muf&SdoGm;&if;/ tm%m& zqyvtzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ t"du ajray:twdkuftcHtjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygw,f? 1957 ckESpf xJrSmawmh ‘oef@&Sif;-wnf+rJ’ tjzpf uGx J u G o f mG ;cJ+h yD; tm%m& zqyv}uD;[m ESpjf crf;ESprf m$ xufyikd ;f jzwfjzpfomG ;&ygawmhw,f? apmapmydkif; tuGJawGwkef;u wpHkwckaomtwdkif;twmtxd tda¹ENrysuf xdef;xm;Edkifao;w,f vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfayr,fh/ aemufqHk;tuGJ ‘oef@&Sif;-wnf+rJ’ uGJwJhtcgrSmawmh ywfwkyfvdk@r&awmh atmifudk jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f? 'Dq,fEpS w f mtwGi;f rSm a&G;aumufy}JG uD; (2) }udref @J ygvrD efwif+yD; tòydit f qdik f Adv k v f ck =hJ u wJh tm%mòydif tm%mvkyGJ}uD;w}udrf ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 226
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; (2) ckuawmh “1951§52 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;” eJ@ “1956 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;” jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufy}JG uD; (2) ckpvH;k rSm ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }uD;uyJ wzufowf tjywftowf tEdik &f &Scd yhJ gw,f? a&G;aumufy}JG uD; (2) ckpvH;k twGi;f rSm cg;ydu k af qmifwyf vufeufuikd w f yfawG&ŒJ tult nDeJ@ ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm +cdrf;ajcmufwm rJqG,fwm rJxnfhckdif;wmrsdK;awGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; vlowfr_awGtxd ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ‘igef;ZGef ajcmufavmif;òydif vlowfr_’ ‘rif;vSav;avmif;òydifvlowfr_’ awG[m xif&Sm;wJh OyrmwcsKdŒjzpfygw,f? 1956 ck a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSmawmh twdkuftcH ‘yrnw’ tzGJ@}uD;[m ygvDreftwGif;rSm ta&;ygwJh tiftm;pkwcktjzpf ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? vGwv f yfa&; a=unmEdik +f yD;uwnf;u tm%mudk csKyfuikd v f mcJw h m ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }uD;vd@k a,bk,stm;jzifh ac:qd&k ayr,f/h t"dutm;jzifh zqyv}uD;udk v$r;f rd;k xm;cJw h m ‘qd&k , S v f pfygw’D jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG[m trsm;pkjzpfovdk twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGtay: trsdK;rsdK; npfywfcJhwm ESdyfuGyfcJhwm tm%mjycJh=uwmawG[mvnf; qdk&S,fvpfawGyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh qd&k , S v f pfawGukd vlrek ;f rsm;cJyh gw,f? qd&k , S v f pfawG[m ‘zqyv’ }uD;xJu t"du tiftm;pk}uD; jzpfwJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpfygwD pnf;±Hk;a&;=oZmvnf; vlxk=um; wae@wjcm;usqif;cJhygw,f? 56 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fu tajzay;cJhygw,f? trwfae&mt& ‘zqyv’u tjywftowftEdkif&&SdcJhayr,fh wjynfvHk;rJta&twGufu ‘zqyv’ eJ@ ‘yrnw’ odyfruGmvS wmawG jrif&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh usqHk;ae&wJh zqyv pnf;±Hk;a&;udk jyefvnfwGef;wifzdk@ zqyv OD;Ek u zqyvoef@&Sif;a&;vkyfzdk@ óud;pm;&if;/ tajccHoabmxm;csif;rwlnD=u&muae pwifuGJ tufvmcJhygw,f? OD;Ekwdk@u zqyv pnf;±Hk;a&;usqif;vm+yD; a&G;aumufyGJrSm vlxkaxmufcHr_ avsmhenf;vm&wm[m zqyv tzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;&JŒ tusifhysufr_ udk,fusKd;&Smjcpm;r_ tm%m rmef jyor_awGa=umifv h , kd q l ygw,f? 'ga=umifh zqyv oef@&iS ;f a&;vky&f r,fv@kd jrifygw,f? OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@u “'Dvkdjzpf&wm[m uGefjrLepfawG aomif;usef;olawGa=umifhvdk@yJ oabmxm;yg w,f? 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tjywfvkyf&r,f? aomif;usef;ol tðywfwkdufa&; tjyif;t xefvyk &f r,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? 'Drwlnw D hJ oabmxm;tjrifEpS &f yftay:uae OD;Eku zqyvoef@&iS ;f a&;vkyzf @kd pwif ajcvSr;f vSr;f &muae uGt J ufra_ wGpwifc+hJ yD;/ OD;Ek OD;ausm+f idr;f yk*Kd~ vfa&; yÉdyuQtyg t0if *d% k ;f *% yk*Kd~ vfa&;wdu k yf aJG wGe@J yg xyfjznfq h ufpyfaygi;f pyfvu kd w f t hJ cg Ekwif-aqG+idr;f tuGJ }uD; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? wqifhwufvdkufwJhtcg oef@&Sif;-wnf+rJ tuGJ}uD;tjzpf yHkay:vmcJh+yD; zqyv}uD; ESpfjcrf;xufydkif; jzpfoGm;cJh&ygawmhw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ wyfrawmf[mvnf; Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; vky}f uHc&H +yD; wJhaemufydkif; wpwp toGifajymif;cJh&muae ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@twl tm%m& ‘zqyv’ tpdk;&&JŒ vufeufudkifwyftjzpf jzpfwnfvmcJhygw,f? ppfwyftwGif;u tpOftvm&SdwJh ppfa&; acgi;f aqmif wyfr;ª / wyf&if;rª;}uD;rsm; awmcdb k 0a&muf=u&+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f / wenf;tm;jzifh awmcdk wyf&if;awG ay:aygufvm&+yD;wJhaemufydkif; wyfrawmfudk csKyfudkifxm;EdkifcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if; [m qd&k , S v f pf wyfr;ª }uD;i,fw@kd &ŒJ q&marG;xm;jcif;cH&wJh ‘qk&d , S v f pf’}uD; jzpfco hJ vd/k Akv d af rmifarmif/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
227
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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229
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
231
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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233
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Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m jynfwiG ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGu/f qlyal omif;use;f aewJh tiftm;pkawGudk wdkufzsufESdrfeif;&efqdkwJh tpDtpOf (3) &yfudkvnf; csrSwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'DhtpDtpOf (3) &yfuawmh (1) jynfwGif;Y ysHESHvsuf&Sdaom vufeufyHk;rsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufEkdifzdk@ csufcsif;aqmif &Guf&ef/ (2) aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; vlxk.tultnDjzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;ppfqif&efESifh (3) Oya'twdkif; wdwdusus vdkufemusifhoHk;ap&efESifh rnfol@udkrS axmufxm;iJhn‡mjcif; r&SdbJ jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef - qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? twdkcsKyfajym&&if vufeufyHk;rsm;azmfxkwfa&;/ aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&; Oya' twdkif; jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,la&;qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHw0Sef;vHk; vufeufyHk;azmfxkwfzrf;qD;yGJ}uD;awG vkyfjyygw,f? &efukefòrdŒeJ@ tif;pdefw 0dkufu jyefay;*dk%f;/ "m;jy*dk%f;qdkwm}uD;awGudk azmfxkwfzrf;qD;ygw,f? vufeufy;kH azmfxw k af &; zrf;qD;ta&;,lra_ wGe@J twl a&SŒqifah emufqifh ðyvkyw f muawmh zqyv vufxuf emrnftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ wnf&SdvmcJhwJh cg;ydkufaqmifwyfzGJŒawGudk zsufodrf;jcif;yJjzpf ygw,f? +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGufvdk@ aºuG;a=umfcJhayr,fh ppfwyfeJ@pifòydifjzpfvmEkdifwmudk óudwif wm;qD; zsuo f rd ;f ypfcsiw f m t"dujzpfw,f? ppfwyfuvGv J @kd vufeufuikd w f yfqw kd m/ ppfwyfoabm aqmifwt hJ zGŒJ qdw k m ppfwyf&ŒJ atmufrmS om 'grrS [kwf ppfwyfuzGŒJ pnf;ay;vd@k wnf&adS ewJh tjzpf rsdK;om &SdaeapcsifwJhoabmjzpfygw,f// ‘&JwyfzGJŒ’awGudkawmif EkdifiHwumrSmvnf; zGJŒpnf;xm;& vdk@/ zsufodrf;ypfvdk@rjzpfvdk@ xm;&wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? zsufodrf;ypfvdkufw,fqdkwJh vufeufudkif wyfzGJŒawGudk wcsdKŒudk ppfwyftwGif;/ wcsdKŒudk ppf&JtwGif; oGwfoGif;zGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? ‘ppf&Jwyf’udkvnf; jyefvnfjyifqif zGJŒpnf;wmvkyfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;rif;odrf;/ Adkvfrª;}uD; wef,q k ikd ef @J ppfwyfu wyfr;ª wcsKd Œu wm0efc+H yD; jyifqifzŒJG pnf; udik w f , G yf gw,f? toifjh zpfwt hJ cg wyfrawmfwGif oGwfoGif;zGJŒpnf;ay;r,fvdk@ a=unmygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;rif;odef;u ppf&Jrif;}uD;vkyf +yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awGvkyfygw,f? opfxkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ v#yfppfvkyfief; umuG,fa&;wyfcGJ (3)ck udv k nf; ppf&w J yfxo J w G o f iG ;f vdu k yf gw,f? aomif;use;f olErdS Ef iS ;f a&;tjzpf vufeufuikd t f iftm;pk awGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;ppfqifzdk@ ppfqifa&;}uD;awG t}uD;tus,fðyvkyfygw,f? Oya'pdk;rdk;apa&;acgif;pOfatmufrSm zrf;wm qD;wm tjypfay;ta&;,lwmawGudkvnf; t&Sed jf ri‡ ahf qmif&u G yf gw,f? yk'rf (5) eJ@ zrf;qD;wmawGvnf; tpkvu kd t f òyv H u kd f rsm;jym;vmygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& wufrvmcifu ArmjynfrSm A[dktusOf;axmif (9) axmif/ c±dkiftusOf;axmif (19) axmif/ axmifi,f (6) axmife@J abmfpw,fausmif; (1) ck&ydS gw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &wufvm wJt h cg 'DaxmifawGavmufe@J wiftm;r&awmhwt hJ wGuf aemufxyfaxmifopfwck zGiv hf u kd yf gw,f? tJ'guaawmh &efuek òf rdŒeJ@ (262)rdik af 0;+yD; yifv,ftwGi;f rSmwnf&w dS hJ udu k ;kd u|e;f axmifjzpfygw,f? udkudk;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;udk pxlaxmifcJhwmuawmh zqyv tpdk;&jzpfygw,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; ocifomcif vufxufrSm pDrHcJhwmjzpf+yD; tJ'DwHk;u OD;ausmf+idrf; u EkdifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf &nf&, G cf w hJ mr[kwyf gb;l vd@k jiif;qdck b hJ ;l ygw,f? 58 ckEpS /f ESpq f ef;rSm udu k ;kd u|e;f owif; xyf+yD;xGuf 234
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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235
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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yifv,fu;l oabmFvyk if ef;awGtxd wd;k csŒJ ydik q f ikd f vkyu f ikd Ef idk cf w hJ t hJ xdjzpfygw,f? “tif;0b%f”[m Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; OD;pD;wJh ppfwyfyikd jf zpfovd/k =u,fig;yGio hf abmFvyk if ef;[mvnf; ppfwyfyikd jf zpfchJ ygw,f? oHk;bD;um;awGwifoGif;+yD; ppfAdkvfeJ@ AdkvfxGufawGudk av#mhaps;eJ@jyefa&mif;wm/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;awGcsay;+yD; a0pkcGJay;wmawGvnf; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; OD;pD;+yD;vkyfudkifay;cJhw,f? ppfwyfu ppfAdkvf}uD;/ ppfAdkvfav;awG tm%mt&om aumif;aumif;odvm=uw,f? tm%m&JŒatmufrmS bmpD;yGm;a&;vkyv f yk f atmifjrifw,f/ atmifjrifrv _ nf; jrefw,fv@kd rSwx f if em;vnfvm=uw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; [m olŒudk,fol pD;yGm;a&; tifrwef u|rf;usifvkyfudkif wwfolvdk@awmif xifvmyHk&w,f? ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;awGrSefor#[m pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ vlr_a&; vkyfief;awG tm;vH;k rSm yg0ifywfouf pGuzf uf±rkH u OD;pD;OD;udik ðf y+yD; cs,v f , S cf =hJ uygw,f? t&yfzufvyk if ef;awG wdkif;/ tpdk;&XmeawGwdkif;rSm 0ifa&mufae&m,lcJh=u+yD; wm0efcH}uD;awG txl;t&m&SdawG OD;pD; OD;aqmif}uD;awG vkyfcJh=uygw,f? aomhcsufae&mrSefor# ppfwyfuudkifwG,fcJhygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;ausmpf ;kd u jynfwiG ;f a&a=umif;o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;cif!kd u rD;&xm; vkyfief;udk udkifygw,f? rD;&xm;tjyif ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;awGxJvnf; 0ifa&muf}uD;=uyfvdkufyg ao;w,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfwu D vpf u ava=umif;o,f,al &;/ Akv d rf ;ª }uD;beD u a=u;eef; qufo, G af &; udk udik yf gw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh u e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyfa&;Xmeopf zGi±hf o kH mru e,ferd w d w f ikd ;f xGma&;qdkif&mudkyg OD;pD;OD;&Gufðyygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfòrdifu trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifXmeudkudkif+yD;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;vSatmif u ajrwdkif;Xmeudk 0ifa&mufOD;aqmifwm vkyfygw,f? oef@&Sif;tpdk;&tay: rausreyfjzpfcJh+yD; vufeufeJ@ðzwfcs&r,fvdk@ aºuG;a=umfcJhwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;=unf0if; u ajr,meJ@aus; vuf}uD;yGm;a&;aumfyakd &;&Si;f udk udik w f , G ±f rkH u tjrwfawmfa=u;Xmeukyd g OD;pD;}uD;=uyfw,fqw kd m vkyfygw,f? bDtdkpDukr`%DrSmvnf; 'g±dkufwmtjzpf vkyfvdkufygao;w,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;=unfarmif u opfxw k v f yk af &;eJ@ opfvyk if ef;/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;jr0if; u ypPn;f 0,f,l a&;tzGJŒwm0efcH/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;jraomif; u urBmt&yf&yfoGm;+yD; pyg;a&mif;a&;wm0ef,lygw,f? 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;apmjrodef; u &efukefqdyfurf;vkyfief;eJ@ ukefwifukefcsvkyfief;awGudk udkifxm; +yD; Adkvfrª;b±dkeDu yifv,fa&a=umif;tzGJŒukd csKyfudkiftkyfcsKyfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef eJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD;bmbm wdk@u aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;udk udkifwG,ftkyf csKyf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif u tvkyform;!¸ef=um;a&;0efvkyfygw,f? pufr_wdk;wufa&; aumfydka&; &Sif;&JŒ !¸ef=um;a&;csKyfwm0efudk umuG,fa&;XmetwGif;0ef OD;armifarmif u wm0ef,lpDrHcef@cGJ+yD; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD; y,f&Dat;csdK u !¸ef=um;a&;0efvkyfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;xGef;pdef udk AdkvfcsKyfae0if; udk,fwdkifu &efukefòrdŒawmf0efcef@+yD; jrLeDpy,frif;}uD; wm0efukdvnf; tyfESif;ygw,f? &efukefòrdŒwGif;&Sd qif;&Jom;aygif;pHk/ ysHus vufvkyfvufpm;aygif;pHk aexdkif=uwJh uGufopfawGudk &Sif;vif;jypfzdk@/ òrdŒawmf}uD;udk oef@&Sif;vmatmifvkyfzdk@ txl;wm0ef ay;+yD; apcdkif;ygw,f? &uf&ufpufpuf jywfjywfom;om;vkyfwwfwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;xGef;pdef [m tdrf apmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm emrnfqdk;eJ@ausmfaZmvmygw,f? vlxkcsOfzwfjzpfvmygw,f? ppfwyf 236
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
trde@f / vufeuftm%meJ@ twif;òzd/ twif;zsu/f twif;ae&ma&$Œajymif;cdik ;f wmawG vufoaH jymif ajymif vkyfcJhygw,f? uGufopfaevlxkudk òrdŒopfwnfay;+yD; pepfwusaewwfatmif pdukyf+yD; ewfjynfwifay; wmraumif;bl;vm;vdk@ cyfwnfwnf 0g'jzef@ygw,f? OuUvmeJ@ omauwòrdŒopfawG ay:xGef;vm ygw,f? uGuo f pfom;awG òrdŒopfom;awGjzpfvm=uw,fqakd yrJh a&$Œajymif;&ol qif;&Jom;vlxrk mS uGi;f acgiaf cgiaf eyly/l av'va[m=um;rSm 'kuaQ ygi;f pHak &muf=u/ vkyif ef; udik if ef;av;awGaysmuf=u &/ pm;td;k pm;cGuf aysmuf=u&ygw,f? wu,fukd rsu&f nfus&olawG/ a&m*ga0'em cHpm;ae&olawG ay: cJyh gw,f? wJuav;xJrmS xrif;pm;aewH;k wef;vef;rSm bl'Zkd meJ@ 0ifx;kd wmcH&vd@k xrif;yef;uef av;awGyg arSmufcJh&/ xrif;vHk;awmif ukef;aumufvdk@r&atmif jzpfcJh&wmawG&Sdygw,f? csif;acsmif; +cHuGufopfudk zsufypf+yD; ay:vmwmuawmh Adkvfrª;csKyfpef;,k wdk@tygt0if xdyfoD;ppfAdkvf}uD;awGwodkuf aexdkif&m AdkvfpkrvdkifcJ&yfuGuf jzpfvmygw,f? usL;ausmfwJawGzsufw,fqdk+yD; tdrfajcaygif; (167000) ausmfudk twif;òzdzsuf+yD; a&$Œ ajymif;um òrdŒopfawGqaD rmif;yd@k vu kd +f yD; ay:vmwJòh rdŒvnfacgiv f [mjyif ajruGuv f yf}uD;udk Adv k rf ;ª }uD; xGef;pdef u ppfAdkvf}uD;/ i,f&G,f/ vwfawGudk a0pkay;wJhoabm pepfwus ae&mcsxm;ay;yg w,f? ppfAdkvfawGyJ udkifxm;wJh oufqdkif&m òrdŒjytdrf,m ajrae&mXmeuvnf; ajruGuf*&efawG oGufoGufvufvuf xkwfay;ygw,f? ajruGuf*&ef&wmeJ@ ajruGuf*&efpmcsKyfudk taygiftjzpfjy +yD; Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;&JŒ tif;0b%frSm aiGacs;Ekdifygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;&JŒ tif;0b%fu aiGtvHt k avmufxw k af y;wJt h wGuf aiG&if;wjym;tcsyrf S rpdu k &f bJe@J ud, k yf ikd t f rd af wG aqmufEidk f =uygw,f? ppfAv kd }f uD;awG&ŒJ tdr}f uD; tdraf umif;awG rda_ yguo f vdk ay:vm=uygw,f? wcsKd Œ ppfAv kd f }uD;awGqdk&if udk,fwOD;wnf; emrnfeJ@wifrubJ ZeD;/ om;/ r,m;/ aqGrsdK;awG&JŒ emrnfawGeJ@yg cGw J rf;0if,+l yD; tdraf wGaqmuf=uwJt h wGuf tdraf v;ig;vH;k ydik f ppfAv kd }f uD;awGawmif ae@csi;f ncsi;f ay:vmcJhw,f? ae&maumif;&ol ppfAdkvf}uD;awG[m EkdifiHjcm;om;udk tdrfiSm;pm;EkdifwJhtxd 0ifaiG ajzmifhcJh=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒZeD; a':cifaroef;udk,fwdkifvnf; 'DyGJawmf}uD;twGif;rSm a0pk0if,l±kH ru om;orD;awGtwGufyg ae&m&atmif ajcoGufvufoGuf yg0if}uHaqmifcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tdrfav; +cHav; ajruGufav;awG pGef@v$wf+yD; òrdŒopfa&muf&olawG 'l;eJ@rsuf&nfokwfae& csed rf mS ppfAv kd }f uD;awG &iftaumhEidk q f ;kH jzpfvmcJw h ,f? t±k;d yHak y:rSm acgi;f aygi;f p axmifoal xmifc=hJ u ovdk rsu&f nfyifv,fay:rSm tdr}f uD;&Sif ppfAv kd }f uD;awG vufraxmifEidk cf yhJ gw,f? tdru f akd pmif&h wJh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&r[kwfbJ/ tdrfwckvHk;wufodrf;wJh tdrfodrf;tpdk;&o¿mef ay:vGifcJhygw,f? “òrdŒawmfudk ac|;jzifhaq;rnf” qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfeJ@ “ac|;ppfqifa&;” qdkwmudkazmfxkwf+yD; &efukefòrdŒawmfwGif;&Sd t&yfom; òrdŒolòrdŒom;awGudk twif;t=uyf oef@&Sif;a&;tvkyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? tr_dufodrf;/ ajrmif;ykyfazmf/ vrf;jyif pwJh jrLeDpy,ftvkyfawGudk òrdŒolòrdŒom;awGudk rvkyfrae& twif;t=uyf trdef@ay;tvkyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? we*FaEGae@wdkif; tywfpOfay:wmqGJ+yD; tvkyfvkyfcdkif; wJhtwGuf vkyfcJh=u&ol t&yfom;aygif; (100000) cef@jzpfw,fvdk@ tpdk;&&JŒ w&m;0ifpm&if;t& =unfh&ifudk txift&Sm;awGŒ&ygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
237
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
w&m;pD&ifa&;rSmvnf; aESmifhaES;=uef@=umjcif;r&Sd wdusrSefjref vkyf&r,fqdk+yD; vrf;!¸efOD; aqmifvu kd w f t hJ wGuf axmifusO;D a&/ tcsKyfusO;D a&awGw;kd vm+yD; axmifwikd ;f jynfjh zpfvm&ygw,f? wdkif;jynfrSm axmifom;/ tcsKyfom;awG rsm;jym;wdk;yGm;vm&wmudkawmif }uHzef+yD; r*Fvm,l 0g'jzef@csv d u kd yf u kH / Adv k cf sKyf}uD;tpd;k &&JŒ =uyfrwfaqmif&u G f ta&;,lra_ wGa=umifh w&m;±H;k awmfawG uvnf; tr_tcif;awGudk +yD;jywfatmif óud;pm;ppfaq;r_awGa=umifh tckvdk wdk;yGm;vm&wmjzpf a=umif;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tpdk;&&JŒ xl;jcm;pGmaqmif&GufcJhwJh óud;yrf;csufw&yfqdk+yD; tr$ef;wifazmfjyyg w,f? rpnfum;tyfwt hJ &yf vlawGpnfum;aecJ&h wmudak wmif tdraf pmiht f pd;k &&JŒ atmifjrifr}_ uD; jzpfatmif 0g'jzef@cJh=uygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcJhwJh ta&;}uD;óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcsufqdkwmawGxJrSm wcktygt0ifjzpfcw hJ muawmh “}uHc› ikd af &;toif;” qdw k m ay:vmcJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? wjynfv;kH ae&m tESrH mS te,fe,ft&yf&yfrmS “}uHch ikd af &;toif;” awG zGŒJ pnf;apcJyh gw,f? “A[dv k òkH cHa&;OD;pD;tzGŒJ ” [m vkyif ef;awG pwifaqmif&u G pf Ofw;kH u wdik ;f / c±kid /f òrdŒe,f/ vHòk cHa&;aumifpaD wG&ŒJ tultnDe@J om vkyfudkifcJh&+yD; wcsdKŒaom vlr_0efxrf;vkyfief;awG aqmif&GufwJhtcg vlxktultnD&&Sdzdk@ vdktyfwJh twGuf Ekid if aH &;taoG;ta&mifrygbJ vlra_ &;oufoufuo kd m aZmufcsaqmif&u G rf ,fh toif;tzGŒJ rsdK; vdktyfwJhtavsuf tJ'Dvkyfief;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk@ }uH›cdkifa&;toif;awG zGJŒpnf;&wm ygvdk@ avoHypfygw,f? wu,fuawmh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&rSm ppftkyfpkrSm vlxkaemufcHr&SdwJhtwGuf ‘}uHch ikd af &;’udk vlxv k w l ef;pm;tzGŒJ tjzpf trmcHxm;+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfEidk zf @kd }uHpnfwmjzpfyg w,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&JŒ a'gufwdkifwcktjzpf toHkðyzdk@ vlxkvlwef;pm; tzGJŒtpnf;wckozG,f vdt k yfovdyk akH zmfz@kd tpDtpOf&&dS dS zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? wu,fvnf; ‘}uHch ikd af &;toif;’ awG[m ppfwyf&JŒ xm;&mae/ ap&moGm;/ cdkif;&mvkyf/ 'v#dK'vHtvkyfawGyg vkyfay;&wJh toif;tzGJŒawG jzpfygw,f? tm%meJ@ trdef@xkwf+yD; tcGifhta&;rufvHk;jy+yD; zGJŒxm;wJh ‘toif;’ jzpfwJhtwGuf ta&twGuftm;jzifh tzGJŒ0ifOD;a&tm;jzifhawmh rsm;jym;ygw,f? tpdk;&u od'd<wif ajr‡mufyifhay; xm;wJt h wGuf emrnfxu G yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh [efom&S+d yD; tqHr&Sw d hJ o}uFet f ajr‡uw f yfzŒJG wckt jzpfom vlxk=um;rSm ay:vGifcJhygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &vd@k eHrnfcx H m;&ayr,fh tm%mudk a&&Sncf sKyfuikd x f m;+yD; tkycf sKyfrif;rlcsif wJh oabmxm;awGudk rzHk;Ekdif/ ruG,fEkdif azmfjyvmwmvnf;&Sdygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfolŒtkyf csKyfa&;Xmeqdw k muae jrefrmEkid if eH @J oifah v#mw f hJ tqifjh rifw h hJ tkycf sKyfa&;udk a&;qGzJ @kd txl;tm%m awGay;xm;wJh tkycf sKyfrj_ yefvnfzŒJG pnf;r_aumfrwDw&yfukd zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gw,f? zGŒJ pnf;yHk enf;ed\&nf; XmecGJ jynfolŒ0efxrf;XmecGJESifh jynfaxmifpk jynfolŒtkyfcsKyfa&; ynmhAdrmefvdk@ cGJxm;ygw,f? jynf olŒtkyfcsKyfa&; ynmhAdrmefrSm pma&;pmcsDawGtwGuf t&nftcsif;ppfpmar;yGJawGudk usif;yay;yg w,f? tr_xrf;/ t&mxrf;cef@xm;a&;/ ae&ma&$Œajymif;a&;/ &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifha&;udpPawGudkvnf; udkif wG,faqmif&GufcJhygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒwav#mufvHk; udkifpGJxm;cJhwJh aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&;ay:vpDeJ@ uGefjrLepf olykef tjywfòzdcGif;a&; &nfrSef;csufudk tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm wqifhwdk;azmfjy+yD; rD;ukef ,rf;ukef qifE$JcJhygw,f? t&ifuvdk rdk;&moDrSm&yfem;+yD; ajcmufaoGŒ&moDrS ppfqifwJhpepfudk 238
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
toHk;rðyawmhbJ aEG/ rdk;/ aqmif; &moDtm;vHk; r&yfrem; qufwdkuf xdk;ppfqifwJhpepfudk ajymif;vJ usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? ppfqifa&;}uD;awG woDwwef;eJ@ a'oE pW pfqifa&;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmudk tquf rjywf azmfxkwfqifE$JcJhygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxufrmS jynfov l x l k oufomacsmifcsad &;twGu/f ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif; a&;twGuq f +kd yD; odak vSmifxm;wJh ukeyf pPn;f awGukd aps;E_e;f uef@owfjcif;awGuv kd nf; vkyaf qmifcyhJ g w,f? oufqikd &f m0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ 0ef}uD;qdw k mawG w&m;0ifwnf&adS eayr,fh ppfAv kd }f uD;awGuom ae&maygif;pHk/ Xmeaygif;pHk/ vkyfief;aygif;pHkudk OD;pD;udkifwG,f cef@cGJcJh=uygw,f? olwdk@OD;pD; ukdifwG,f}uD; =uyfvdkufwJhtwGuf tifrwef}uD;us,fwJh atmifjrifr_}uD;awG &cJhw,fvdk@ exifaoG;a&mufcJh=uyg w,f? tJ'v D kd vkyif ef;ae&m Xmeaygi;f pHrk mS pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ vHòk cHa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&; pwJh toufaoG; a=um aomhcsuaf e&mawGrmS 0ifa&mufwm0ef,u l ikd w f , G cf =hJ uol ppfAv kd }f uD; aygi;f (100) &Sw d ,fv@kd qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tygt0if tJ'D ppfAdkvfwodkufxJuae ppftkyfpkarG;zGm;vmygw,f? ae&maygif;pHkudk ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ tkyfpD;+yD; tppt&m&mudk csKyfudkif}uD;=uyf v$rf;rdk;xm; EkdifwJh tdrfapmifhtpdk;& ac: AdkvfcsKyf}uD; tpdk;&vufxufrSm aygufuGJay:xGufvmwmuawmh &Srf; trsdK;om;vufeufudkifv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? EGHppf[ef (Noom Suk Hann) tzGJŒ&JŒ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? 1959 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae@rSm ‘yHkygusif;’ udk pwif0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf+yD; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk az:usL;vdkufygw,f? ya'o&mZftqufqufwdk@&JŒ azmufjyefr_ e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfwdk@&JŒ aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfr_awGa=umifh/ nDaemifom;csif;jzpfygvsuf aEG;axG;oifhoavmuf raEG;axG;EkdifcJhbJ &SdcJh&wJh &Srf;-Arm qufqHa&; [m/*syefacwftwGif; bDtdkifat ppfAdkvfqdkolwpk&JŒ &rf;um;r_/ jynfwGif;ppf}uD; t&Sdefw+iD;+iD; awmufavmifaewHk; &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; a&muf&Sdppfqifvm=uwJh ArmppfwyftoD;oD;&JŒ rw&m; ðyusihf Adv k u f srif;rlcrhJ a_ wGa=umifh &Sr;f vlxt k =um; Armrke;f wD;a&;pdw"f mwf pwifjrpfzsm;cHc&hJ muae ArmvlrsKd ;}uD;0g' qef@usiaf &;qD a&muf&v dS mcJ+h yD; &Sr;f trsKd ;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ayguzf mG ; vm&wmjzpfygw,f? (10) ESpjf ynf&h if cGx J u G v f u kd cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG &hf w dS ,fqw kd hJ ‘yifvpkH mcsKyf’ t&vnf; oufwrf;aph+yD;csdef wav#mufvHk; tm%m&,l tkyfpdk;vmcJhwJh zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;udk,fYuvnf; wpufuav;rS ,H=k unfu;kd pm;zG,&f mraumif;wJt h jyif tcsi;f csi;f tm%mcGuaf pmif;ckwaf ecsed rf mS &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;&JŒ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; ay:aygufzdk@ tcsuftvufawG jynfhpHkvmygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&qdkwJh ppftpdk;&&JŒ EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; pDrHudef;awG&JŒtquf &Srf;jynfe,f +idrf0yfydjym;a&; taumiftxnfazmfr_awGeJ@yg óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifvm&wJhtcsdefrSm &Srf;vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; aygufuGJay:xGufvmygw,f? &Srf;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;[m &Srf;jynfta&SŒydkif;uae pwif aygufuGJay:xGufvmyg w,f? &efuek w f uUov kd rf mS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm ynmoif=um;vmcJzh ;l wJh p0fausmx f eG ;f eJ@ UMP ppf&w J yf Adkvfa[mif; Adkvfarmif wdk@ acgif;aqmifwJh &Srf;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkwpk[m wef@,ef;òrdŒudk odrf; ydkufvdkufygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&[m avwyftultnDyg tjynfht0oHk;+yD; wyftiftm;tvHk; t&if;eJ@ (10) &ufavmuf jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnfodrf;ydkufcJh&ygw,f? wef@,ef;òrdŒudk tpdk;&u teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
239
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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jyefvnfodrf;ydkufEkdifcJhayr,fh &Srf;trsdK;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;}uD;uawmh &Srf;jynfe,fwck vHk;rSm ysHŒESHul;pufoGm;ygawmhw,f? trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wdkif;rSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh orwEkdifiH xlaxmifa&;udk tjrifq h ;kH &nfreS ;f csuw f cktjzpfxm;+yD; ay:xGuw f wfwm obm0usovd/k &Sr;f trsKd ; om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSmvnf; vGwfvyfwJh &Srf;orwEkdifiH xlaxmifa&;aºuG;a=umfoH twluyfygvmcJyh gw,f? &Sr;f trsKd ;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS Armrke;f wD;a&;/ ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g' qef@usifa&;/ &Srf;jynfe,f&JŒ epfemcJh&csufawGudk jyefvnf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; pwmawG xke@J xnfe@J a&m,Suyf g0ifaecJo h vdk vGwv f yfwhJ &Sr;f orwEkid if H xlaxmifa&;pdwu f ;l [m vnf; wvlvlvGifhysHaecJhygw,f? 1959 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSmyJ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; [m jynfolŒv$wfawmftpnf;ta0; qifhac:usif;ycJhygw,f? usif;y&wJhta=umif;&if;u (6) v=um&if a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zd@k oabmwlxm;cJ&h wm {+yDvrSm (6) vjynfrh mS jzpfwt hJ wGuf a&G;aumufyGJvnf; usif;yay;EkdifrSmr[kwfwJhtwGuf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&taeeJ@ tpdk;&wm0efawG qufvufxrf;aqmifEkdifa&; &ufwdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdkzdk@ ac:,lusif;ywmjzpfygw,f? v$wfawmfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rS E_wfxGufa=umif; ‘txGufjy’ +yD; oleJ@ wdkuf±kduf+idaewJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya'jyÏmef;csuyf g yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifay;zd@k ac:,lusi;f ywJh v$waf wmftpnf;ta0; jzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'yk'fr (116) u ygvDreftrwf r[kwfolwa,muf udk (6) vxufausmfvGef+yD; 0ef}uD; (odk@r[kwf) 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfcGifhray;bJ wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkifuvnf; tm%mud&k ,lpOfu zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'}uD;udk b,favmuftav;xm;+yD; OD;xdy&f u G yf ef opPmapmifo h ±d adk oyga=umif; cyfwnfwnf ¹rGu[ f xm;zl;ovdk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; atmufu ppftyk f pkxdyfoD;wodkufuvnf; tajccHOya'udk apmifhod±dkaoyga=umif; aºuG;a=umfcJh=u±kHru olrsm;udkyg opPmtðycdik ;f +yD; pmtkyaf &SŒpmrsuEf mS awGrmS xnfo h iG ;f yHEk ydS cf ikd ;f cJw h mjzpfwt hJ wGuf tm%mudk quf ,lxm;csifayr,fh udk,fhpum;eJ@udk,fvnf; ydwfrdaewma=umifh tajccHOya'yk'fr (116) udk jyifqif ay;zdk@ v$wfawmfac: awmif;qdkwifjyvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxlu tdrfapmifhtpdk;&qdkwJh ppftpdk;&vufatmufu jrefjrefvGwfajrmufEkdifzdk@ {+yDvrSm usif;yay;vdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqxm;wJh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk ar#mfvifhaecsdef/ oef@&Sif; zqyv uvnf; olŒtrwfrif;wcsdKŒyg +idrf0yfydjym;a&;pDrHcsufeJ@ axmifoGif;tusOf;cswmawG óuH awG@ae&+yD; jrefjrefa&G;aumufy}JG uD;jzpfapvdak ecsed rf mS yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifay;zd@k awmif;qdv k mwm jzpfygw,f? OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k &ŒJ wnf+rJzqyv}uD;u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ yk'rf (116) jyifqifay; a&; awmif;qdck suu f kd ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd axmufcaH y;cJyh gw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ olyek af wGtay: jywfjywf om;om; ppfqifwdkufcdkufr_awGtay: jyif;xefwif;rmvSwJh uGefjrLepfESdrfESif;a&;awGtay: oabm usEpS o f ufwma=umifah &m/ oef@&iS ;f qzyv taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; ocifausm'f eG ;f vdv k u l kd qyfjym pufoal X; tD;pD;r'g; jyefay;r_rmS qufpyfywfoufr&_ w dS ,fq+kd yD; 59 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D rSmyJ axmifoiG ;f tusOf;csjyvdkufwJh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk =obmay;csifwma=umifhyg wufwufºuGºuG 240
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ypf+yD;axmufcHr_ay;cJhygw,f? udk,fwdkif wnf+rJtpdk;&rvkyfEkdifwJhtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tpdk;& vkyfudkifaewJh +idrf0yfydjym;a&;aqmif&GufcsufawG[m wnf+rJ vkyfcsifaewmawG/ wnf+rJ&JŒ oabm xm;awGeJ@ tH0ifcGifusjzpfaewmtwGufvnf; ygygw,f? ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufuawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; eJ@ ppfwyftiftm;pkudk wnf+rJ&JŒ a&&SnftusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;+yD; axmufcH acsmhjrLvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? oef@&iS ;f zqyv}uD;uvnf; “tm%mvJvcJ$ &hJ ao;/ 'D=um;xJu ocifausm'f eG ;f vdk vltyg t0if oef@&Sif;trwfawGawmif +idrf0yfydjym;a&;acgif;pOfeJ@qGJ tcsKyfcH/ tzrf;cHae&vdk@ rcHcsdrcHom cHpm;ae&ayr,fh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; rsuEf mS !drk mS pd;k &GŒH wma=umifah &m a&&Sno f ef@&iS ;f tusKd ;twGuf ygar#mfudk;+yD; acsmhjrLa&;ay:vpD usifhoHk;&if; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ wifjyawmif;qdkr_udk acgif;ndwf oabmwlvdkufygw,f? yk'fr (116) jyifqifa&;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@uGufcJhwmuawmh ‘yrnw’ tzGJŒ}uD;jzpfygw,f? yrnwtrwf ocifcspfarmif u “EkdifiHawmfol EkdifiHom;rsm;u ygvDrefv$wf awmf}uD;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufygw,f? ygvDrefv$wfawmfu ygvDreftpdk;&udk a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufygw,f? tJ'g[m(rl) jzpfygw,f? v$aJ jymif;jyifqifjcif;rðyEkid af om tajccHw&m;}uD;awGjzpfyg w,f? tu,fIyk'fr (116) udk xyfjyif&&ifrlysufw,fvdk@jrifygw,f? tJ'Drlysufw,fqdk&if ygvDref tpd;k &uG,v f eG +f yv D @kd ygvrD efvw $ af wmfukd a=unm&rSmjzpfygw,f?” vd@k xkwaf zmfajymqd+k y;D uef@uu G f cJhygw,f? ocifcspfarmif &JŒ a0zefcsufudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u “u|efawmfESifhwuG wyfrawmf[m rlt&vkyaf eygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ral wGu bmvJq&kd if tajccHtyk cf sKyfyOkH ya'udk av;pm;r,f? ±kad o r,f? wnfwchH ikd +f rJatmifuikd x f m;ygr,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDukd u|eaf wmfw@kd axmufcyH gw,f? wnfwHh atmifvkyf&ygr,f?” qdk+yD; wkef@jyef jyef=um;ajymqdkcJhygw,f? yrnw trwfocifcspfarmifu &mZ0ifwGifr,fh v$wfawmfrdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;udkvnf; ajym =um;cJhygw,f? Zmwf}uD; (10) bGJŒvm ‘0d"l&’ Zmwfawmf}uD;udk yrmðyI “aum&As rif;}uD;eJ@wlwJh OD;Ek eJ@ ykÀueJ@wlwJh Adkvfae0if;wdk@ aºuGtHupm;=u+yD; bk&ifu±_H;awmh ynm&Sd0d"l&trwf}uD;udk bDvl;ykÀuvuftyf ykÀu u 0d"l& udk jrif;eJ@csD awmifpOfckESpfxyf 'kef;pdkif;ESif awmifpG,f awmif xGwf tvDvED iS w hf u kd +f yD; ESyd pf ufco hJ vdk yrnw rsm;eJ@ vlx[ k m 0d"&l ESiw f +l yD;/ aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f xyf cHpm;ae&ovdk txyfxyf emusicf pH m;ae&a=umif;” zGŒJ EGŒJ wifpm;ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f? ocifcspaf rmif &JŒ tJ'rD ed @f ceG ;f [m vlx&k ŒJ vufcyk o f u H kd &&Scd +hJ yD; 0d"&l qdw k b hJ ŒJG udv k nf; ocifcspaf rmif &&So d mG ;ygw,f? 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifvu kd jf cif;[m tajccHOya'&JŒtoJEv S ;kH udk xkw, f v l u kd jf cif;jzpfygw,f vd@k ‘yrnw’ u uef@uu G cf ahJ yr,fh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; tay: acsmjh rLa&;ay:vpD usio hf ;kH +y;D axmufcH oabmwlnrD a_ y;vdu k w f hJ wnf+rJzqyv oef@&iS ;f zqyv ESpzf ŒJG pvH;k &JŒvkyaf qmifcsuaf =umifh rJcq JG ;kH jzwfwt hJ cg Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; tvdu k sjzpfomG ;ygw,f? yrnw tqdk ±_;H edro hf mG ;&ygw,f? ygvrD efu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tpdk;& oufwrf;twGif; “yk'fr (116) udk qdkif;ihHonfh tajccHOya'jyifqifcsuf” ukd jyÏmef;twnfðyay;vdkufygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
241
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tarGcHawGtjzpf ae&m&xm;=uwmjzpfygw,f? &Srf;apmfbGm;awG[m tkyfcsKyfcGifhtm%m/ tcGefaumufcGifhtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifcGifhtm%m tjyif/ vlxak &G;aumufwmr[kwb f J trwftjzpf Oya'ðytm%myg &ae=uwJt h wGuf tJ'ED pS x f yf uGr;f tm%mudk pGe@f vw $ zf @kd &Sr;f jynfw;kd wufwt hJ iftm;pke@J vlxu k t&ifuwnf;u v_y&f mS ;awmif; qdkae=uwm&Sdygw,f? ya'o&mZftºuGif;tusefz,f&Sm;a&;/ tajccHOya'udk jyifqifz,f&Sm;a&;udk ‘yrnw’ rsm;uvnf; tqdkðywifjycJh=uzl;ygw,f? p0fcGefcsdK wdk@vdk &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;uvnf; ya' o&mZf tm%mpGe@f vw $ af &;udk (1954) avmufw;kH uwnf;u oabmwlziG [ hf ajymqdck =hJ uzl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vufawGŒaqmif&GufEkdifjcif;r&SdbJ =uef@=umaecJh&wJhudpPjzpfygw,f? 'DudpPudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; u aumufuikd v f u kd w f momjzpfygw,f? av#maf =u;aumif;aumif;ay;+y;D / apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%m pGef@v$wfa&;udpP +yD;pD;oGm;cJhygw,f? 59 ckEpS /f {+yDv (24) &ufae@rmS apmfbmG ; apmfzsm; (33) OD;u vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; oabmwl tm%mpGe@f vw $ cf =hJ uygw,f? aumfzw D pfcu G f ig;jym;acwfrmS usKid ;f wHak pmfbmG ;wOD;u av#maf =u;aiG usyf ig;oef;avmuf&wJt h wGuf &efuek af jraps;awG ESpq f avmuf ajrmufwufomG ;cJ&h w,fv@kd vnf; qdk=uoHawG xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? {+yDv (29) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfe,f jynfolŒtkyfcsKyfa&;yEMufcsyGJ ðyvkyf+yD; orw}uD; ref;0if;armif eJ@twl 0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wwfa&mufum ‘tm%mudk &ufa&mpGm pGe@f vw $ f =uwJh apmfbGm;rsm;udkcsD;usL;a=umif;’ rdef@cGef;a¹cGygw,f? yifvHkpdwf"mwfudk xdef;odrf;=u&ef/ usOf; ajrmif;aom vlrsKd ;a&;pdw"f mwfukd pGe@f vw $ +f yD; jynfaxmifpw k 0Se;f vH;k &JŒ wd;k wufa&;eJ@ pnfyif0ajym om,ma&;udk a&SŒ±l=u&efv@kd ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ar#mv f ifo h vdk jzpfrvm cJhyJ tdrfapmiftpdk;&vufxufrSm wu,fwdk;wufjzpfay:vmcJhwmuawmh &Srf;trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ }u;D }u;D xGm;vmjcif;eJ@ &Sr;f vufeufuikd o f yl ek rf sm; w[kew f ;kd wd;k wuf}u;D rm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f? 1959 ckESpf/ {+yDvxJrSmyJ ppftkyfpktwGif; ajctoGufqHk;vlwOD;vnf;jzpf/ tm%mawmif; acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfwhJ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD; udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD; csKyftjzpf cef@tyfajr‡upf m;vdu k yf gw,f? 1949 ckEpS f Adv k cf sKyfae0if; ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf xrf;aqmifwm 0ef,lcsdefup+yD; wav#mufvHk; b,folŒudkrS rcef@tyfbJxm;cJhwJh vpfvyfaewJh 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyf ae&mudk Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}u;D tm; ay;vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? t&ifu cef@tyf&r,fq&kd if wyfwiG ;f xH;k pH 0gpOft& Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm udyk J cef@tyf&rSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ua&m tm%m& zqyv tpd;k &tqufqufuyg wrifnpfywf+y;D uGuv f yftjzpfxm;cJw h ahJ e&mudk Adv k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf Zm vnf; wyfwGif;rSmr&SdawmhwJhtcsdef tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf ppftkyfpk}uD; wefcdk;=oZmxufjrufvmcsdefrSm Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; udkcef@tyfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpk}uD;&JŒ wefcdk;=oZm }uD;rm;vmavav tm%mvuf0g;apmif; xufvmavav/ +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG aysmufu, G v f m&avav jzpfc&hJ +yD;/ q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f OD;pD;v_y&f mS ; cJhwJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;Ekdifr_awGuvnf; qufvufv_yf &Sm;vdk@ r&EkdifawmhavmufatmifjzpfcJh+yD; 59 ckESpfxJrSm &yfqdkif;xm;vdkuf&ygw,f? 'Dvdk zdESdyfr_awGjyif;xefvSwJh acwfusyf}uD;xJrSm wl&mwl&mawGpk+yD; ay:aygufvmcJhwJh EdkifiH teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
243
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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a&;ygww D ck&ydS gw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘jynfoŒl wd;k wufa&;ygw’D jzpfygw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f {+yDvxJrmS yJ ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? OD;atmifoef; (AdkvfcsKyftudk)wdk@&JŒ jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pDygwDu tpk&,f/ ocifoifwdk@&JŒ trsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDu tpk&,f/ AdkvfcifarmifOD; wdk@&JŒ &Jabmfaygif;pHkxdrf;odrf; a&;u tpk&,f/ tpk (3) pku yk*~dKvfawGudktajccH+yD; ‘jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD’ udk zGJŒpnf;vdkuf=u wmjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwDrSm wdk;wufwJh pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mwcsdKŒvnf; yg0ifvm=uygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m ajray:&Sd w&m;0ifEidk if aH &;ygwaD wGukd wnf&cdS iG ahf y;xm;ayr,fh ppftyk pf k qef@usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG vkyv f @kd r&atmif +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;pDrcH suaf wG w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; qdkwJh ESdyfuGyfwif;=uyfr_awGeJ@ v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifxm;ygw,f? ajray: EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awGudk rv_yfEkdifatmif csKyfudkifxm;wmeJ@wòydifeuftwGif;rSm/ awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGtm;vH;k tay:rSmvnf; bufaygi;f pHx k ;kd ppf}uD;awG ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh uGefjrLepfygwDudk OD;wnfacsr_ef;zdk@ óud;pm;wJh ppfqifa&;}uD;awGu t"dujzpfcJh+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef &uf&ufpufpuf qifE$JcJhygw,f? wzufu Oya'udk av;pm;vdkuf ema&; wzGzGatmf[pf&if; wzufu aumufaumufuspfuspf atmufvrf;enf;rsdK;pHkukdvnf; ,kwf ,kwfrmrm usifhoHk;cJhygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD jrpfzsm;a'owdik ;f wdik ;f aumfrwD0if Adv k o f ed ;f udk ppfwyfu zrf;qD;&&Sd cJh+yD; taoowfjypfcJhygw,f? xGufajy;vdk@ ypfowfvdkuf&wmygvdk@ ta=umif;jyygw,f? Adkvfodef; [m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;uwnf;u tpOftvm&SdcJhwJh ta&;}uD;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhwJh AdkvfwOD;jzpfygw,f? 48 ckESpfrSm wyfrawmfwyf&if; (3) eJ@twl awmcdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfodef; aemufydkif;rSm Adkvfodef; vdkyJ xGufajy;vdk@ ypfzrf;vdk@/ ypfzrf;&if;aoqHk;oGm;&w,fqdkwJh owif;awG qufwdkufxGufvmygw,f? AdkvftmVm0u/ ocifwifaz/ ocifarmif}uD; eJ@ q&muGef; wdk@wawG usq;kH towfco H mG ;&ygw,f? Adv k t f Vm0u [m uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ wdik ;f (3) ppfa&;wm0efcjH zpfygw,f? tpOftvm}uD;wJh zufppfawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygw,f? *syefzufqpfawmfvSef a&;rSm txufArmjynfwdkif;rª; Adkvfrª;Axl; usqkH;oGm;+yD;aemuf Adkvfrª;Axl; ae&mudk qufcHwm0ef ,lcJholvnf;jzpfygw,f? 45 ck aeol&defacwfrwdkifrD jynfolw&yfvHk; zqyv tvHawmfatmuf &yfwnfpk±Hk;=u+yD; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udk aqmif&GufoGm;=uzdk@ =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rmS rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmf ppfacgi;f aqmif (10) OD;&JŒ xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf mS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ Adkvfvusfm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfausmfaZm wdk@eJ@twl yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhwJh ordkif;0if ppfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufatmufrSm tòid;w}uD; uGefjrLepfokwfoifajc r_ef;a&;atmufrSm usqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1959 ckESpf/ ara';ae@rSm oef@&Sif;zqyv OD;Ek &JŒ emrnfausmf ara';rdef@cGef;}uD; xGufay: vmygw,f? ara';ae@rwdik rf D {+yv D xJrmS yJ OD;Ek [m tar&duefuo kd mG ;cJah o;+y;D 0g&iS w f ef ArmoH±;kH rSm ðyvkyfwJh owif;pmuGefz&ifhwckrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk acsmhjrLumuG,f&if;tckvdk &Sif;jyajymqdk wmwck vkyfcJhygw,f? “ArmjynfwGif usa&mufvsuf&Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDtE W&m,fonf rnfonfht&yfuvmI 244
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rnfolŒwm0efjzpfonfqdkonfudk xkwfazmfajymqdk&eftwGuf tcsdefwcsdefudk rdrda&G;cJha=umif;/ ,if; tE &W m,fonf Adv k cf sKyfae0if; r[kwaf =umif;/ Adv k cf sKyfae0if;onf vlaumif;wOD;jzpfa=umif;/ od@k aomf ol.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf aumif;rGefvifhupm; ae&mwumwGif ‚if;udk,fwdkif raqmif&Guf Edkifa=umif;/ odk@jzpfI ol.csrSwfcsuftcsdKŒrSm zsufvdkzsufqD;ðyjcif;cH&a=umif;/ ,if;odk@zsufqD;cH& onfrSm AdkvfcsKyf. vufatmufi,fom;rsm; vufcsufa=umifhjzpfa=umif;æ” vdk@ajymqdkcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk óudwifajymqdkr_awGvkyf+yD; aemufydkif;rS OD;Ek [m olŒ&JŒ emrnfausmf ara';ae@rdef@cGef;}uD;udk ajymqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tmZmenfukef;rSm 'Drdkua&pDqENjyyGJ}uD;rSm ajymqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tmZm enfuek ;f rSm 'Dru kd a&pDqENjyyG}J uD;usi;f y+yD; ode;f eJ@ aomif;eJ@ csw D ufvmwJh vlx}k uD;udk rde@f ceG ;f ac|wm jzpfygw,f? yrnw eJ@ w&m;r#wr_ygwDwdk@uvnf; wufa&mufvm=uygw,f? OD;Ek u 'Drdkua&pD tarSmifusae&wJh tajctaeawGukd zGi[ hf oGm;ovdk wav#mufv;kH ppfwyfudk ypm;ay; vkyu f ikd v f m cJ&h wJh ol@&ŒJ wu,ft h jzpftysut f rSeaf wGuv kd nf; zGi[ hf 0efco H mG ;cJyh gw,f? OD;Ek u olŒ&JŒ ara';ae@ rdef@cGef;xJrSm “+idrfcsrf;a&;&zdk@twGuf olykefawGudk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhawG/ vdkufavsmr_awG/ wwf Ekdifoavmuf vkyfay;cJhw,f? tJ'gudk u|efawmfrjiif;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh b,fvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay; ay;/ b,fvu kd af vsmcsuu f ykd J vkyv f yk /f u|eaf wmf[m wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik yf if+yD; olw@kd &ŒJ oabmwlnDcsufudk &rSvkyfw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ oabmwlncD surf &bJ u|eaf wmf bmwckrrS vkycf @J b;l ? ay;cJo h r# vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiahf wG/ vkycf o hJ r# vdu k af v#mcGiahf wGtm;vH;k [m wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik yf if+yD; olw@kd &ŒJ oabmwlncD suu f &kd rS usaemfvyk cf w hJ ,f? ukeu f ek af jymr,f? olyek af wGe@J ywfoufwhJ a=unmcsuaf wG usaemf&h ŒJ rde@f ceG ;f awG tm;vH;k [m wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGujkd y+yD;rS xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGu jyif p&m&Sdwmjyif+yD;rS usaemfajymcJhwmjzpfw,f?” vdk@ &ifzGifhoGm;cJhygw,f? OD;Ek udk,fwdkif ppfwyfudk b,favmufacsmhjrLcJh&w,f ppfwyf[m b,favmuf tay:pD;uaecJh&w,fqdkwm&JŒ om"u wckjzpfcJhw,f? 58 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwH;k u oef@&iS ;f zqyv nDvmcHrmS ocifwif u rde@f ceG ;f ay;&mrSmvnf; “jynfolwdk@rSm zufqpf0g'udk ,ckrsufarSmufðy &ifqdkifae&a=umif;/ vlxktm; 'Drdkua&pDray;bJ aoewfeJ@ypf csdrf;ajcmuf/ tm%meJ@ n‡if;qJ+yD; EkdifiHa&;tm%mvkonfh vrf;pOfay:aea=umif;/ xdv k rf;pOfukd tjyif;txefacsre_ ;f +yD; 'Dru kd a&pDausmufwikd x f &l efvakd =umif;” vd@k zGi[ hf +yD; ppfwyfukd a0zefcJhygw,f? OD;EkurE Wav;òrdŒ a[majymyGJwckrSmvnf; “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHonf ,cktcg vrf;qHk vrf;cGa&mufaea=umif;/ 'Drdkua&pDvrf;/ uGefjrLepfvrf; eJ@ zufqpfvrf;jzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHudk uGefjrL epfeJ@ zufqpfrjzpf&ef a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&efvdka=umif;/” a[majym toHay;cJhygw,f? rv$Jomra&Smifom tm%mxdk;ay;+yD; ab;xGufxdkifaevdkuf&wJh oef@&Sif;zqyv [m tm%mudk &,luikd w f , G +f yD; wdik ;f jynfukd ppftyk cf sKyfenf;eJ@ tkycf sKyfaewJh ppftyk pf &k ŒJ OD;wnfa&S;±lae &mvrf;a=umif;udk roufrom jrifawGŒcHpm;ae&ayr,fh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tay:awmh acsmhjrLa&; ay:vpDudkom txyfxyfusifhoHk;aecJh=u&ygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
245
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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59 ckESpf tmZmenfae@ pnf;a0;yGJwckrSmyJ OD;Ek u ‘uGufopfvlxkrsuf&nfusae&ygw,f? jynfolwdk@rSm bmrSjyefrajym0HhbJ 'l;eJ@rsuf&nfokwfae&yg+yD’ vdk@ &mZ0ifwGif rdef@cGef;wckajymjyefyg w,f? OD;Ek tmZmenfae@ rde@f ceG ;f rajymcif ZGev f xJrmS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; tpPa&;Ekid if u H kd csp=f unf a&;c&D;oGm;ygw,f? uvwWm;avqdyfrSm tdEdN, owif;axmufawGu “ArmjynfrSm a&G;aumufyGJ b,fawmhusi;f yrvJ” qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f udk zd+yD;ar;=uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u rv$o J mra&Smifom “{+yDvxJavmufrSm usif;yay;ygr,f” vdk@ajzcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdkajzqdk+yD;wJhaemufrSm OD;Ek &JŒ tmZm enfae@rdef@cGef; xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; atmufu ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;0if wcsdKŒuawmh tm%mudk qufvufqkyf udik x f m;vd+k yD; +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ta=umif;jycsuef @J xyfrt H csed q f v JG =kd uygw,f? aemufwa=umh &ufum vxyfwdk;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkvdk=uygw,f? OD;Ek u ray;vdkawmhyg? ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyrf ay;bJ qufvuftcsed q f v JG m&if tm%mudzk q D efz@kd jyifygw,f? tEka&m/ t=urf;yg wdu k yf q JG if Ekid zf @kd q;kH jzwfygw,f? yxrqH;k enf;u +idr;f csr;f aomenf;eJ@ tm%mzDqefenf;udk usio hf ;kH +yD; wdu k &f ef jzpfygw,f? tJ'eD nf;udu k sio hf ;kH wdu k yf 0JG ifwt hJ cg (1) t=urf;rzufjzpfap&ef/ (2) pnf;urf;ao0yfap &ef/ (3) wAdv k u f s wAdv k w f ufjzpfap&efq+kd yD; acgi;f aqmifoifwef;awGziG yhf gw,f? t=urf;enf;tjzpf vufeufudkifwdkufzdk@vdk&if wdkufcsifwJhvlawGtwGufvnf; tiftm;pkaqmif;wm/ jyifqifwmawG vkyfygw,f? v#dKŒ0Suf+yD; avhusifhjyifqifwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk jyifqifpdkif;jyif;xm;=uwmawG udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u olŒ&JŒ axmufvrS ;f a&;awG/ taxmufawmfawGqu D wqifh aumif;aumif; od&Sdae+yD;jzpfygw,f? vlxku ppfwyfudk b,favmufrkef;wD;ae+yDqdkwmudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; aumif; aumif;od&Sd+yD;jzpfovdk/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm t+yD;tydkif qufvuf tm%mudk qkyfudkif&,lvdkufr,fqdk&if tHkºuGr_awGjzpfay: +yD; ±_H;edrfhoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwmudkvnf; wGufcsufrd+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? Oya'twGif;&Sd yrnwudk r¾dKifðyxm;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pktm;vH;k uvnf; ppfwyfe@J ppftyk pf u k kd wpnf;wvH;k xJ qef@usifae=uovdk/ ppftkyfpkudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; t+yD;owftm%modrf;yGJ qifE$Jzdk@txd tpp toifrh jzpfao;wmudv k nf; Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;u tuif;yg;pGm wGucf surf +d y;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; u aemufudkwvSrf;qkwfay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? =o*kwv f v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;wckrmS yrnw trwfwOD; u ‘b,fawmha&G;aumufyJG usi;f yrvJ’ qdw k ahJ r;cGe;f udk tcdik t f rm xyfr+H yD;ar;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ rD;pdr;f jyxm;r_t& tpdk;&tzGJŒ0ifudk,fpm;vS,f w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; OD;csrfxGef;atmif u “1960 jynfhESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv odk@r[kwf azazmf0g&DvrSm vkyfay;ygr,fvdk@ajzcJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwD0if tzGJŒtpnf;awG 0rf;om oGm;=uygw,f? v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;vnf; jyefvnfjzpfay:pðyvmygw,f? a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;zd@k qH;k jzwfvu kd af yr,fh tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ bufaygi;f pHk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf usifhoHk;csKyfukdifaewJh ay:vpDawGudkawmh eJeJav;rS tav#mhray;cJhyg? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGtay: qufvuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;+yD; ppfwyftusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tjrwfxkwf+rJ xkwfcJhygw,f? 246
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tif;0b%fvyk if ef;/ =u,fig;yGio hf abmFvyk if ef;/ ukeyf pPn;f ppfaq;a&;vkyif ef;/ aejynfawmf ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wdk@udk omru/ ±kd;ukr`%Dvkyfief;/ jrefrmjynf[dkw,frsm;vdrdwuf/ v#yfppfESifh pufrv _ ufru _ rk % ` w D @kd tjyif/ aemufq;kH rSm ausmufr;D aoGEiS hf taxGaxGu;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;or*~ ukr`%Dvdrdwuftxd zGJŒpnf;csKyfudkif vkyfudkifcJhygw,f// ppfa&;rSmvnf; aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&;acgif;pOfeJ@ p}uFmarmif/ a[ref/ jrL/ odef;&J/ atmifvHawmf/ yHkawmif&Sif/ atmifoD[/ atmifarmfat; pwJh ppfqifa&;}uD;awG t}uD;tus,f qifE$J±Hkru/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;vkyfief;awGyg t&Sdeft[kef wdk;csJŒvkyfudkifcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh uGejf rLepftðywfwu kd af &;OD;wnf+yD;/ ‘"rR E &W m,f’ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; vkyif ef;}uD;udyk g tus,jf yef@ qH;k vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfawG[m "rRtE &W m,f awGjzpfw,f? omoemawmfukd zsuq f ;D ae=u w,fqdk+yD; aoaocsmcsm tuGufcs jyifqifwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? vnfyif;awmfjywf/ OD;acgif;awmf/ rudkÉfawmfyg tvJvJ tòydòydjzpfae&wJh qif;wkawmfawGyHk/ ysufpD;a=urGae&wJh bk&m; apwD ykxdk;/ ausmif;uefawGyykH g "mwfy±kH u kd f yH}k uD;csŒJ +yD;/ "rR E &W m,fpmapmifawG oef;cs±D u dk Ef ydS f jzef@csad y;cJyh gw,f? oHCmawmfawG csO;f uyf/ jynfoal wGupkd nf;±H;k v_ŒH aqmfay;+yD; ‘"rR E &W m,f’ pmapmifawGukd awmóud òc=H um;rusef yd@k a0&if;/ "rR E &W m,f ppfqifa&;}u;D udk Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&; &nfreS ;f csuaf wGtwGuf tukef uscHaqmif&GufcJhygw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvrSm oef@&iS ;f zqyv nDvmcHrmS OD;Ek u “Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmf bmomjzpfap&rnf” vd@k t"dÏmefðya=unmwmeJ@ ppfwyf&ŒJ "rR E &W m,f ppfqifa&;[m qHpk nf;rdomG ; ygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJudk Zefe0g&Dv odk@r[kwf azazmf0g&DvrSm vkyfay;r,fvdk@ a=unmajymqd+k y;D aemufyikd ;f usi;f ywJh oef@&iS ;f nDvmcH[m vlx=k um; OD;Ek&ŒJ óuw d ifpnf;±H;k yGw J ckvnf; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f pufwifbm (14) &ufae@rmS wyfr;ª rsm;nDvmcHvyk yf gw,f? 17 &ufae@ nDvmcH tpnf;ta0;rSm tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpf t&yfbufXme toD;oD;rSm 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifae=uwJh wyfrawmf xdyfoD;t&m&Sd}uD;awGu olwdk@ yg0ifvkyfukdifaqmif&Gufae=uwJh zufpyfvkyfief;/ rD;& xm;vkyfief;/ ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;/ ppfbufukefpnf jzef@csda&;vkyfief;/ yifv,fa&a=umif;vkyfief;/ b%feJ@ taqmuftOD; aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;/ xif;qDig;ydvkyfief;/ opfxkwfvkyfief;/ aumufyJ oD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;/ aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;/ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;/ tvkyform;a&;&meJ@ jynfol@vkyfief;/ v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;a&;vkyfief;/ taumufcGefeJ@ qdyfurf;tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;/ oabmFusi;f vkyif ef;/ ava=umif;yd@k aqmifa&;vkyif ef;/ ajrwdik ;f vkyif ef;eJ@ òrdŒ&Gmom,ma&;vkyif ef;awG ta=umif; toD;oD; toHaumif;[pf &Sif;vif;wifjy=uygw,f? wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHtwGif;rSmyJ wyfrª;tcsif;csif;=um; &Sif;vif;wifjy=uwmjzpfygw,f// axmufvrS ;f a&;udpaP qG;aEG;yG/J wyfrawmfe@J ywfouf+y;D jynfov l x l &k ŒJ xifjrif,q l csurf sm; qef;ppfa0zef aqG;aEG;yG/J wyfrawmf oabmw&m;a&; aqG;aEG;yG/J ppfAsL[maqG;aEG;yG/J }uHc› ikd af &;aqG; aEG;yGJawGvnf; wyfwGif;rSmyJ vkyfukdifcJh=uygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
247
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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atmufwdkbm 29 / 30/ 31/ rSm r*Fvm'Hk trSwf (1) avhusifha&;cef;raqmifrSmyJ yxr t}udraf jrmuf jynfv;kH u|w}f uHc› ikd af &;toif; tajccHOya'udk jyÏmef;csrw S v f u kd w f t hJ jyif A[d}k uHc› ikd f a&;aumifpDudkvnf; a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uygw,f? atmufwdkbmvxJrSmyJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u a&G;aumufyGJrSm bufrvdkufzdk@ wyfwGif;!¸ef =um;csuw f ckxw k jf yefay;ygw,f? Ek0d ifbm (9) &ufae@rmS rdwv ˆD moGm;+yD;/ wyfr;ª tcsKd Œudk a&G;aumuf yGJeJ@ywfoufwJh trSmpum; ajym=um;ygw,f? tJ'DajymqdkcsufawGudk wdwfacGeJ@ zrf;,lul;ap+yD; wyfawGudk jzef@ay;ygw,f? zGifhjyapw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? rajymrjzpfvdk@ 0wfa=uwef;a=uavmuf 0denf;vGwfajymqdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;&awmhrSm aocsmaevdk@ wcsdKŒe,fajrawG rSm ppfwyf&JŒ 0ifa&mufpGufzufajc±_yfr_awG ajymifajymifwif;wif; ay:vmaevdk@ ajym&wmjzpfyg w,f? wnf+rJudkyJ rJay;&r,fvdk@ajymqdkwm wcsdKŒaom trwfavmif;/ jrLeDpy,f vl}uD;avmif;awG udk a&G;aumufyrJG 0ifz@kd +cdr;f ajcmufwm;jrpfwm/ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;pm&if;uae txGucf ikd ;f / tz,f cdik ;f wmawG vkyv f maewJt h wGuf rv$rJ a&Smifom vl=um;aumif;atmif ajymqdv k m&wm jzpfygw,f? wu,fv h ufawGŒuawmh bmwckrt S a&;r,lbJ v$waf y;xm;+y;D pifay:uae tomav; xdik =f unfah e cJhygw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (19) &ufae@rmS ygvrD efuzkd suo f rd ;f ap+y;D jynfoŒl v$waf wmfa&G;aumuf yGJrsm;udk 1960 jynfhESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (6) &uf/ vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk azazmf0g&D (29) &ufae@vdk@ owfrSwfa=umif; w&m;0if a=unmvdkufygw,f? 59 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (21/ 22/ 23/ 24) &ufae@awGrmS &efuek òf rŒd wyfrawmfuyG±J }kH u;D rSm ‘vHòk cH a&;aumifp’D &JŒ wwd,t}urd af jrmuf nDvmcH}u;D usi;f yygw,f? {+yv D (21) &ufae@wek ;f u usi;f y cJhwJh 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf vHkòcHa&;aumifpDnDvmcHwkef;uvdk +idrf0yfydjym;a&;toHawG us,fus,f avmifavmif rxGufvmawmhbJ a&G;aumufyGJudk b,fyHkb,fenf; usif;yay;r,fqdkwJhtoHawGu yd+k yD; a&SŒwef;a&mufvmcJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh tdraf pmift h pd;k & tm%mudk vufrv$w&f ao;cif=um; ppfwyfu pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfief;awGudk ydk+yD; ajcvSrf;oGufoGuf qufvufcsKyfudkif vkyf udik cf o hJ vd/k w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fukd ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk f csKyfuikd x f m;Ekid w f ek ;f / olw@kd pw d óf uduf w&m;pD&ifra_ wGukd +yD;jywfatmif vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? &mZ0wfjypfr_awGudk jypf'%fay;&mrSm aemif=uOf&efESifh tjypf '%fukd xda&mufpmG ay;&efqw kd hJ aqmify'k u f kd vufuikd ðf y+yD; zrf;qD;rdxm;wJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD0if Adkvfrª;cspfaumif;tr_udk ao'%ftay;cdkif;cJhygw,f? 'DZifbm (14) &ufae@rSm Adkvfrª;cspfaumif; udk w&m;±Hk;u ao'%fpD&ifcsuf cscJhygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m ppftpd;k &jzpfwt hJ wdik ;f ppfwyf&ŒJ cdik rf mawmifw h if;r_ukd tav;xm;+yD; bufaygif;pHkuae ppfwyfcdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;udk tpGrf;ukef azmfaqmifcJhygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& umvtwGif;rSm ppfwyf&JŒ vufeufudkiftiftm; wdk;csJŒa&;omru ppfvufeufypPnf; acwfrSDwdk; wufa&;awGuykd g tav;xm;vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? taemuf*smreDEidk if H z&pf0gemukr% ` eD @J pmcsKyfcsKyf qdk0,f,lcJh+yD; wnfaqmufxm;wJh vufeufpuf±Hkuae vufeufeJ@ usnfqHrsm;udkvnf; wdk;wuf xkwfvkyfcJhygw,f? 58§59 b¾ma&;ESpftwGif; usnfqH (7) odef;cGJ xkwfvkyfEkdif&muae 59§60 rSm (2) oef;ausmftxd xkwfvkyfEkdifzdk@ tqifoifh jzpfcJhygw,f? ppfvufeufqdkif&m ynmawmfoif 248
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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249
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
rajyrvnfawmhbJ OD;Ek udk w&m;apmifhol/ OD;ausmf+idrf; wdk@udk w&m;uif;oltjzpf ydkrdkjrifvm =uygw,f? OD;AaqG u a&G;aumufyGJrSm aqG+idrf; wdk@‘Ekdifv#ifvnf;Edkifrnf/ ±H_;v#ifvnf;Edkifrnf’ vdk@ ajymvmwJhtwGuf OD;Ek u csufcsif;zGifhcs+yD; tuGufusus xdk;ESufwkef@jyefEkdifcJhygw,f? Adkvfcifarmif uav; tyg wnf+rJ acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒu ppfwyfudk ‘'dk@vlawG’ qdkwJhoabmeJ@ *dkufcHajyma[m=u av/ ppfwyfudkrkef;wD;ae=uwJh jynfolvlxkt=um; wnf+rJ[m txdemavjzpfvmygw,f? Adkvfcif armifuav; udk aAGr,l=uygeJ@/ Adkvfcifarmifuav; pum;wcGef;ajymav/ oef@&Sif;twGuf rJawGt rsm;}uD;&avvd@k awmif OD;Ek u rSwcf suðf y ajymqdv k mwJt h xd wnf+rJ acgi;f aqmifawG rJq, G pf nf;±H;k a&;pGrf;&nf 'va[musqif;vmygw,f? ppfwyfukd vlxkurkef;av/ wnf+rJ udkvnf; vlxku tjrifuyfvmav jzpfvmygw,f? wnf+rJvdkvm;ol wyfrawmftwGif; t&m&Sd}uD;i,fawGu oef@&Sif;&JŒ pnf;±Hk;a&;wufvm av a'golykefx=uavjzpfvmygw,f? ajymifajymifwif;wif;bufvdkufwmawG ay:vmygw,f// vufeufudkifrsm;yDyD t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmuf pGufzufwmawGvkyfvmygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJem;eD;vmav bufvdkufwJhowif;/ ppfwyf&JŒ t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufwJh owif;awG rsm;vmavjzpfcJhygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm EdkifiHawmforw}uD;udk,fwdkifu “orw}uD;&JŒ rJqENe,f udk,fwdkifrSmyif bufvdkufr_ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ay:aeI tjcm;e,frsm;rSm awG;0Hhp&myifr&Sd awmh/ w&m;r#wr_jzpfatmif aqmif&u G af y;yg?” qd+k yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;xH pma&;+yD; ta=umif;=um; &wJt h xdjzpfvmygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh bufrvdu k af &;rde@f ceG ;f udk ppfwyftwGi;f &Daumf 'g}u;D eJ@ zGit hf jycdik ;f wmuvGv J @kd bmrS xdxad &mufa&muf raqmif&u G b f J pifay:uae =unfah ecJyh gw,f? 'DZifbm (29) &ufae@rSm/ udkudk;u|ef;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jynfr jyefa&mufvmcJhyg w,f? tif;pdeaf xmif/ &efuek af xmifw@kd rmS cGx J m;ygw,f? a&G;aumufy0JG ifa&muf,OS òf ydiv f o kd al wGukd axmifxJuae trwfavmif;pm&if; wifcGifhay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifxJuae trwfavmif;pm &if;wifco hJ al wGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? woD;yk*v ~ trwfavmif;tjzpf pm&if;wifoal wG xGuaf y:vmcJyh g w,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm u =unfjh rifwikd rf q J ENe,fuae woD;yk*v ~ trwftjzpf pm&if;wifygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJa=unmcsufawG yvlysHovdk xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? wnf+ru J oef@&iS ;f udk tykycf swu kd cf u kd af yr,f/h rJq, G pf nf;±H;k a&;vkyif ef;rSm oef@&iS ;f aemufu aemufa,mifcHvdkufae&ovdkjzpfcJh&ygw,f? Ak'<bmom EkdifiHawmfbmomjzpfa&;udpPrSm wnf+rJu qef@usifcJhw,fqdkayr,fh aemufqHk;rSmawmh “jynfolvlxkuvdkvm;&ifawmh aqmif&Gufay;r,fvdk@ oabmxm;a=umif;” qdk+yD; avajyxdk;cJhygw,f? wnf+rJ&JŒ a&G;aumufyGJ a=unmpmwrf;rSm uwdawG a0a0qmqmay;+yD; rJqG,fcJhygw,f? trawmfa=u;ESpfqwdk;ay;r,f? tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk av#mhcsr,f? tv,fwef;ausmif;vc vGwrf nf? txufwef;eJ@ wuUov kd v f nf; wpwp vcuif;vGwaf p&r,f? 0efxrf;rsm;b0 vHòk cHa&; udk apmifah &Smufay;rnf? 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;a&; tpGr;f ukeóf ud;yrf;rnfv@kd azmfjy rufv;kH ay;cJyh gw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ oef@&iS ;f uawmh “'Dru kd a&pDuakd &G;rSmvm;/ zufppfpepfuakd &G;rSmvm;” qdw k mudyk J ta&G;cdik ;f cJh 250
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
+yD; cJwvHk;xJeJ@ iSufESpfaumifypfEdkifcJhygw,f? zufppfqdkwm wnf+rJaqG+idrf;tkyfudk &nf!¸ef;ovdk vdkeJ@ ppfwyfukd OD;wnf+yD;om;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? vlxkóudufjzpfoGm;ygw,f? yrnw tzGŒJ }u;D u (yrnw/ oef@&iS ;f / wnf+r)J !¸eaf ygi;f tpd;k &zGŒJ a&;wifygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek &JŒ b,fvrf;udka&G;rSmvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdk;razmufEdkifawmhyg? vlxk&JŒ ppfwyftay: cg;oD;r_udk &dyfpm;rdvmwJh wnf+rJu aemufqHk;óud;yrf;csuftaeeJ@ “ppfwyfvkyfwm wdk@ESifhrqdkif/ ppfwyfudk ppfwef;vsm;rsm;odk@ jyefydk@rnf?” vdk@ vlxkóuduf ajymif;vJ aºuG;a=umf =unfhcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh r&awmh? vlxku ppfwyfeJ@ wnf+rJ/ wnf+rJeJ@ ppfwyf/ '*F g;wck &JŒ acgif; eJ@ yef;tjzpfyJ em;vnfcH,lxm;vdkuf=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? wnf+rJtzdk@ tajctaeodyf raumif;Edkifawmhwmudk jrLeDpy,fa&G;aumufyGJawGu edrdwfjyvmygw,f? ygvDrefa&G;aumuf yGJawGrSm wnf+rJvl}uD;awG cGufcGufvefatmif ±H_;edrfhcJhygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh ordik ;f 0ifaqmif&u G cf su}f uD;wckukd atmifjrifpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf hJ w,fv@kd emrnfaumif;,l *k%, f 0l ifºh uGm;Edik zf @kd “w±kw-f Arme,ferd w d f oabmwlpmcsKyf” tjrefq;kH csKyfqdk+yD;ajrmufEdkifa&;udk wufokwf±dkuf aqmif&Gufygw,f? w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif; u 1959 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (22) &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;ay;pm tay: jyefvnfjyef=um;pmay;ydk@ygw,f? pmxJrSm 1960 jynfh/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif; yDuif;udkta&mufvmzdk@ zdwf=um;vdkufygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;/ Edik if aH wmfa&SŒaecsKyf/ 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf wd@k yg0ifwhJ aumfrpf&SifzGJŒ+yD; Zefe0g&Dv (23) &ufae@rSm yDuif;udkoGm;ygw,f? Zefe0g&Dv (28) &ufae@rSm “w±kwf-jrefrm ESpfEkdifiH e,ferdwfoabmwlpmcsKyf” ukd w&m;0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk; csKyfqdkvdkuf=uyg w,f? wu,fu 1954 ckESpfuxJu OD;Ek pwifcJh+yD; 56/ 57 ESpfckESpftwGif; OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG wdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif;eJ@ qufvuf aqG;aEG; oabmwlnDcJh=uwJh tajccHtcsuftvufawGtay: AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u emrnfaumif;,l csKyfqdkvdkufwJh oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef&GmoHk;&GmudpPa=umifh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqGwdk@vufxufawGtwGif; t+yD; tjywf pmcsKyfrcsKyfqdkEdkifao;bJ tr#ifwef; usefae&cJhwJhudpPudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u vufpowf ay;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? &GmoHk;&Gmukday;&&if olukd,fwdkif vufeufukdifwdkufr,fvdk@ aºuG;a=umfuef@ uGucf w hJ hJ OD;Zefxm;qif udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u ac:,lnE‡d id_ ;f wdik yf ifjcif;awmifrðybJ/ vkyaf qmifomG ; cJhygw,f// OD;Zefxm;qif +idrfoufoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1957 ckESpfu w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvdkif;u tqdkðycJh+yD;/ OD;Ek u ESpfEkdifiHe,fedrdwf oabmwlnDr_ pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;rS vufrSwfa&;xdk;csifw,fvdk@ ajym=um;cJhzl;wJh w±kwf-jrefrm cspf=unfa&;eJ@ wOD;ay:wOD; rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyfukdvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0 twGif;rSm emrnfaumif;&zdk@ wufokwf±dkuf+yD; csKyfqdkcJhygw,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
251
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
19 60 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJ/ yxp/ OD;= Adkvf= ocif= q&m eJ‹ ygvDrefacwfae0ifcsdef 1960 jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf &J Œ tajctae 1960 jynfhESpf/ azazmf0g&D (6) &ufae@rSm jynfolŒv$wfawmftwGuf ygvDreftaxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay:aygufvmygw,f? oef@&Sif;/ wnf+rJ/ yrnw wdk@&JŒ t}udwfte,f ,SOfòydifyGJ}uD;ozG,f jzpfcJhayr,fh/ t"du tm;jzifhawmh oef@&Sif;eJ@ wnf+rJwdk@&JŒ tòydiftqdkif AdkvfvkyGJ}uD;o¿mef ydk+yD;ay:vGifcJhygw,f? 'Da&G; aumufyGJ}uD;rSm Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm wdk@vdk woD;yk*~vrsm;vnf; yg0if,SOfòydif ta&G;cHcJhyg w,f? yrnw u wcsdKŒrJqENe,fawGrSm yrnw ydkifwJh rJawGudkawmif oef@&Sif;trwfavmif;udk ay;zd@k v_ŒH aqmfwu kd w f eG ;f ay;cJyh gw,f? rJqENe,f (135) e,favmufrmS yJ 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydif ta&G;cs,f cHcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif rJqG,fyGJawGrSm OD;Ek u 'Drdkua&pDudkom zd+yD;aºuG;a=umfcJhygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDuakd &G;rSmvm;/ zufqpfpepfuakd &G;rSmvm;/ 'Dru kd a&pDujkd rwfE;dk &if “toJ=um;urJwjym;udk oef@&Sif;udkay;=uyg” vdk@ rJawmif;cJhygw,f? t&ifa&G;aumufyGJawGwkef;uvdk zqyv taeeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yHkudk toHk;ðycGifhr& awmhwJhtwGuf oef@&Sif;u OD;Ek"mwfyHkudk rJyHk;trSwftom;tjzpf toHk;ðyygw,f? oef@&Sif;ua&G; cs,v f u kd w f t hJ a&mifuvnf; &[ef;oHCmóuduo f moema&mif ‘t0ga&mif’ jzpfygw,f? t0ga&mif aemufcHay:rSm OD;Ek u !dk@"mwfygwJhtòyH;eJ@ tm;vHk;udkòyH;jyaecJhygw,f? wnf+rJu a&G;aumufyGJa=unmcsufxkwf+yD; rpm;&0cref; rufvHk;awGay;ayr,fh oef@&Sif; aemufuyJ uyfvdkufaecJh&+yD; vlxk}uD;&JŒ tjrifr=unfvifr_udkom &aecJhygw,f? OD;AaqG&JŒ “rJay; rSm;v#if rar#mfvifhwJh tajctaeqdk;awG awGŒ&r,f? ±H_;v#ifvnf;Edkif/ Edkifv#ifvnf;Edkif&rnf” qdkwJh a[mvH;k awGa=umifh oef@&iS ;f Edik v f #if wyf0ifvmOD;r,fh oabmajymqdrk a_ wGa=umifh ppfwyfudk rke;f ae wJhvlxku wnf+rJudkvnf; rkef;ae=uygw,f? wnf+rJu teDa&mifudk a&G;cs,fcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u bufrvdkufzdk@ wm;qD;xm;wJh wdyfacGawGudk ppfwyftwGif; zGifhjycJhay r,fh ppfwyfe@J wyfr;ª }uD;i,frsm;pGm[m rJqENe,fy,frsm;pGmrSm ay:ay:xifxif bufvu kd cf yhJ gw,f? wjynfv;kH rJqEN&iS af ygi;f (9958675) OD;twGuf rJ±akH ygi;f (7000) ausm/f tpd;k &0efxrf;aygi;f (42000)udk wm0efcsxm;ay;cJah yr,fh ae&mtrsm;pkrmS ppfwyfe@J &Jwyfukd wm0efcsxm;ay;cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfubufvu kd w f hJ ae&ma'oawGrmS rJy;kH azmufwmawG/ wnf+rJukd rJxnfch ikd ;f wmawG/ oef@&Sif;eJ@ yrnwudk rJray;0HatmifvkyfwmawG enf;aygif;pHknpfenf; ya'omusifhoHk;cJhygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh a0gòrdŒe,f aemifrwW&maus;&GmrSm rJq, G w f &m;a[maewH;k ppfwyfu [,fvaD umfy wmeJ@ qif;vm+yD; em;axmifaeolawGudk 0if±dkufcJhygw,f? rJeD&ifeD/ reD&if w&GmvHk;eDoGm;r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufwmawGvkyfcJhygw,f? ausmufq,fbufu &Gmw&GmrSm v#dKŒ0Sufum&Hxm;wJh tumt&HawGudk zGifhypf+yD; rJyHk;udk ajymifxkwf+yD; ppfwyfa&SŒrSm tay;cdkif;cJhygw,f? 252
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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253
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm OD;Ek[m ‘oef@&Sif;zqyvudk’ vnf; jynfaxmifpkygwD (yxp) qdk+yD; jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? “'Drdkua&pDxlaxmifa&;[m u|efawmfwdk@twGuf t"duta&;qdkwm xif&Sm;apcsifwJhtwGuf zqyv tzGJŒa[mif;udkzsuf+yD; ‘jynfaxmifpk’ tzGJŒopfudk zGJŒpnf;vdkuf a=umif;” vdk@ OD;Eku &Sif;vif;ajymqdkygw,f? ‘zqyv’ qdkwJh trnfa[mif;udk wnf+rJudk tarGay; vdkuf+yD; jynfaxmifpkygwDudk zGJŒpnf;vdkuf+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf OD;Ek OD;aqmif zGJŒpnf;ay:aygufvmcJhwJh tpdk;&udkvnf; ‘jynfaxmifpktpdk;&’ odk@r[kwf ‘yxptpdk;&’ vdk@trnfwGifapcJhygw,f? {+yDv (4) &ufae@rmS yxptpd;k &tjzpf tm%mudv k aJ$ jymif;&,lt+yD;/ {+yDv (5) &ufae@rmS OD;Ekutpdk;&&JŒ rl0g'udkv$wfawmfrSm &Sif;vif; ¹rGwf=um;wm vkyfygw,f? “OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm; jynfaxmifpyk gw[ D m v$waf wmfxrJ mS trwftiftm;trsm;qH;k &&Sad ewJh ygwjD zpfaeayr,fh vGecf w hJ (hJ 10)ESpw f ;kH u tckvykd J tckvykd J trwftiftm; trsm;qH;k &&Scd w hJ hJ ygw}D uD; &JŒtrSm;rsKd ;awG jyefrvkyrf ad tmif tm;xkwrf ,fv@kd oHEÏMd mefcsxm;ygw,f” vd@k a=unmoGm;ygw,f? v$wfawmfwGif;rSm twdkuftcHygwDae&m a&mufoGm;&wmu wnf+rJzqyv jzpfygw,f? wnf+rJtrwf ocifomcifukd twdu k t f cHacgi;f aqmiftjzpf owfrw S +f yD; 0ef}uD;wOD;&JŒ &ydik cf iG t hf wdik ;f ay;tyfygw,f? v$waf wmfrmS yJ Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku Oya' y"mew&m;}uD;udk qufvuf¹rGuf =um;cJhygw,f? yrnw u owif;pmuGefz&ifhvkyf+yD; OD;Ek&JŒ ygvDrefrdef@cGef;yg 'Drdkua&pDuwdrsm;udk óudqdk a=umif;? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tpd;k &u ygww D &m;0ifciG efh @J oify;kH acs vGw+f idr;f csr;f om cGiahf y;&ef/ olyek rf sm;u vufeufpeG @f +yD; Oya'abmifxu J vky&f efvakd =umif; ponfjzifah jymqdyk gw,f? OD;Eku v$wfawmfrSm olŒ&JŒrdef@cGef;tay: a0zefcsufawGudk ajz=um;&mrSm “aomif;usef;ol awGeJ@ b,fawmhrS raphpyf/ olwdk@u vufeufcs0ifvm&if 'Drdkua&pDay;&r,f? olwdk@[m &efolawG r[kwfbl;? v$wf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;zdk@udpPudkawmh twdkuftcHawGeJ@wdkifyif+yD; vkyfyghr,f” vdk@ ajz =um;ygw,f? t&ifueJ@pm&if aemufawmifjyefqkwfoGm;ovdkjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek[m {+yDv (5) &uf ae@rSm tpdk;&rl0g'udk wifjya=unm+yD;wmeJ@wqufxJrSm 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwnfaxmifzdk@ aumfrDwD awGzGJŒygw,f? t+idrf;pm;orw a'gufwmbOD; acgif;aqmifwJh (5) OD; t}uHay;tzGJŒudk zGJŒpnf;cJhyg w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfu Edik if o H @kd ay;tyfxm;wJh uwdawGukd b,fvt kd aumiftxnfazmf&rvJqw kd m t}uH^m%fay;zdk@jzpfygw,f? t}uHay;tzGJŒ0if yk*~dKvf}uD;awG[m Oya'ynm&Sif}uD;awGu trsm;pk jzpfygw,f? OD;Eku wday;xm;cJzh ;l wJh Ekid if aH wmfbmomjyÏmef;a&;twGuv f nf; vlaumfr&D iS /f oHCmaumf rD&iS u f kd zGŒJ pnf;ygw,f? aumfr&D iS [ f m Ekid if aH wmfbmom jyÏmef;&efoifrh oifh pHpk rf;wifjy&efr[kwb f J jyÏmef;oifah =umif; rltjzpf qH;k jzwfxm;+yD;om;jzpfaewmudk b,fvjkd yÏmef;&rvJ tjzpfom avhvm wifjyzdk@ jzpfaeygw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;udk b,fvdkðyjyifoifhw,f? 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf b,fvdkpnf;urf;awG xm;oifhw,f? bmtmrcHcsufawG ay;oifhw,fqdkwmtwGufvnf; avhvmzdk@ aumfrD&SifzGJŒay;yg w,f? aumfrD&Sifu urBmhEdkifiHawGudk vSnfhvnfavhvm+yD; tpD&ifcHpm wif&rSmjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
255
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
q&m}uD;rd_if;&JŒ {+yD (25) yef=um;csufudk ‘Armjynftvkyform; v,form;ygwD’ uvnf; axmufcv H mcJyh gw,f? q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f !¸ejf ywJt h wdik ;f “urBmat;nDvmcHpum;}uD; oHk;cGef;eJ@ avsmfnDpGm ESpfOD;ESpfbuf vufcHEkdifrnfhyHkpHESifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tjrefqHk; taumift xnfazmf aqmif&Guf&ef” EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh awmwGif;vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; udkyg tav;teufwdkufwGef;a=umif;” qdkwm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;u *smref'Drdku&ufwpforwEdkifiHudk aq;0g;ukozdk@ oGm; a&mufumeD;qJqJ arv (20) &ufae@rSmyJ ‘q&mraorD wdkif;jynf+idrf;csrf;a&;tppftrSefudk awGŒ oGm;csiyf gw,f? toufraorD +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf wwfEikd o f r#vy_ &f mS ;oGm;OD;r,f?’ qdw k hJ pum;udk av;av;eufeuf ajymqdkxkwfazmfcJhygw,f? OD;Ek [m 'Drdkua&pDtkwfjrpfcsr_awG tpGrf;ukefðyvkyfay;aeygw,fqdkayr,fh/ OD;Ek &JŒ zGJŒpnf; ump jynfaxmifpkygwD}uD;wGif;rSmudk rnD!GwfEdkifr_awG wpwp xGufay:vmygw,f? oef@&Sif; udkzsufodrf;+yD; ‘yxp’ ygwDudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;wJhtcg zqyvòyduGJpOfu oef@&Sif;rSmygvmcJh=uwJh Edik if aH &;0g&ifh ocif}uD;awG tkypf w k pktjzpf ygvmcJo h vdk aemufr0S ifvmcJ=h uwJh awmfveS af &;rSmwke;f u ppfAdkvf}uD;awGuvnf; wtkyfpk/ t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;wJhaemuf ygvm=uwJh t&m&Sd}uD;a[mif;rsm;/ a&SŒaersm;/ ynmwwf}u;D rsm;uvnf; tkypf w k pk/ aygi;f tkypf k (3)pk yg0ifaecJyh gw,f? zGŒJ pnf;puxJu EdkifiHa&;ar#mfrSef;csuftrsdK;rsdK;/ vlwef;pm;aemufcHtzkHzkHeJ@ pkòyHyg0ifvm=uwmjzpfwJhtwGuf yxp ygw[ D m tkypf }k uD; (3) ck&ŒJ ygwv D jkd zpfaecJyh gw,f? a&SŒu ‘OD;’ wyfac:&wJh t&m&S/d t&mcHynm&S}d uD; rsm;u ‘OD;’ tkypf /k awmfveS af &;rSmyg0ifcb hJ ;l wJh ppfAv dk af [mif;}uD;rsm;u ‘Adv k ’f tkypf /k a&S;uwnf;u EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifvm=uwJh ocifa[mif;}uD;rsm;u ‘ociftkyfpk’ qdk+yD; jzpfay:vmcJh+yD; ‘OD;Adkvfocif yxp’ qdk+yD; vlxku uifyGef;wyfay;wmcH&ygw,f? ociftkyfpkrSm ocifwif/ ocifausmfxGef;/ ocifyef;òrdif/ ocifwifarmif/ ocifodrf;armif/ Adv k w f ifarmif}u;D / ocifcsex f eG ;f / OD;apmvlv/l OD;tke;f jrif/h ocifxeG ;f tH/ ocifxeG ;f pde/f OD;wifO;D / OD;bZH/ OD;vGrf;yHk pwJhyk*~dKvfawG yg0if=uygw,f? Adv k t f yk pf rk mS u &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGjzpfwhJ Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ Adv k rf if;acgi/f Adv k Af v/ Adv k w f m&m/ AdkvfjrifhaqG/ AdkvfZifa,mf wdk@tyg AdkvfAwif/ Adkvfrª;aomif;xdkuf/ Adkvfrª;xifay: pwJh Adkvfa[mif;}uD; awGyg0ifygw,f? OD;tkyrf mS uawmh OD;0if;/ OD;csr;f om (tdik pf t D uf)/ OD;cspaf z/ rd;k óu;d OD;tke;f cif/ OD;ysKd +ird ;f / OD;vSausmf tp&SdwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;awG yg0if=uygw,f? tckvdk tkyfpk}uD; (3) pk uGJ+yD; rnDr!Gwfjzpfvm&wJh ta=umif;&if;uawmh tpuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;tjrifrwl=u / &yfwnfr_tajccHrwl=uwmtay: wOD;ay:wOD; txiftjrifao;ae=uwm uwa=umif;/ &mxl;tm%m,lcsif=uwmuwa=umif;/ ta=umif; (2) a=umif;a=umifhjzpfygw,f? ociftkyfpku rdrdwdk@[m e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;acwfuxJu wdkif;jynftwGuf yg0ifvmcJhol awGjzpfygw,f? ESpf&Snfvrsm; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSmyJ usifvnfvmcJh&/ tepfemcHvmcJh&wJhtwGuf EkdifiHa&;tawGŒtóuHeJ@ tar#mftjrifrSmvnf; rdrdwdk@uyJ omvGefovdk EdkifiHudk OD;aqmifxdkufol[m vnf; rdrdwdk@omjzpfw,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f? OD;tkyfpk[m b,fwkef;urSvnf; tepfemcHcJhbl;olvnf; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
257
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
r[kwfyJ e,fcsJŒtvdkawmf&d t&m&Sd t&mcH vkyfvmwJholawG tckrS EdkifiHa&;xJa&mufvmolawG vdkŒjrifygw,f? Adv k t f yk pf u k vJ rdrw d @kd [mwdik ;f jynftwGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH vkyv f mwJo h al wG/ touftE &W m,feŒJ teD;qHk;tvkyfawG vkyfvm&olawGvdkŒ jrifygw,f? OD;tkyfpkuvJ rdrdwkdŒ[m ociftkyfpkxuf ynmt&nftcsif; t&a&m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m tawGŒtóuHt&yg tjywftowfomw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒrSm acgif;aqmifjzpfoifhw,fvdkŒ,lq+yD; ociftkyfpk[m bmynmrS [kwWdywWd wwfajrmufcJholawG r[kwfvdkŒ txifao;ygw,f? 'Dvekd ŒJ wygwt D wGi;f twlwuG jzpfwnfa&muf&dS vm=u+yD;wJah emuf yxrqH;k pwif azmfjy vdkufwJh aoG;uGJr_tjzpftysufuawmh ‘taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;’ae&mtwGuf ta0rwnfhr_ jzpfygw,f? tdrfapmifhtpdk;& vufxufrSm zqyv taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_; ocif ausmfxGef; wa,muf rlqm r'g; jyefay;qGJr_eJŒ tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? ocif ausmfxGef; ae&mudk tJ'Dwkef;u tpm;xdk;cef@tyfzdkŒ OD;Eku OD;0if;udk vsmxm; pDpOfygw,f? ocifawGu qef@usifuef@uGufcJhygw,f? tpdk;& &JŒ pGyfpGJcsufudk rdrdwdkŒu vufcHvdkufwJhoabm oufa&mufoGm;r,f/ ocifausmfxGef;rSm tjypfr&SdqdkjyD; ta=umif;jy&if; uef@uGufcJh=uw,f qdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufqHk;rSm ,m,D taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_; tjzpf Adv k rf if;acgiu f ykd J cef@xm; ay;cJ&h ygw,f? 1960 jynfh rwfv (8)&ufaeŒ ocifausmfxGef; vGwfvmwJhtcg taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ae&mjyef,lygw,f? ocifausmfxGef;u “r&SdpOfu &mxl;vk,l=u+yD; vGwfvmwJhtcg jyefray;vdk=uvdk@ tzGJŒ}uD;twGif;rSm tkyfpkuGJaeyg w,f” vdk@ tpnf;ta0;wckrSm ajym=um;wJhtxd yxrqHk;tufoH pwifxGufay:vmygw,f? 'kw, d tjzpftysuu f awmh OD;Eku yxptpd;k &tzGŒJ }u;D zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f t hJ cg 0ef}u;D enf;enf; eJ@yJ zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f t hJ wGuf ol&xdu k w f ,f/ ig&xdu k w f ,fe@J 0ef}uD;ae&m&csi=f u&if; aoG;uGcJ w hJ mjzpf ygw,f? 0ef}uD;enf;enf;eJ@ tpdk;&tzGJŒ zGJŒvdkufwmudk OD;/ Adkvf/ ociftkyfpk (3) pkvHk;u rausreyfjzpf cJh=uw,fqdkygw,f? 0ef}uD;ae&m wae&mrS r&vdkufwJh OD;tkyfpku ydk+yD; rausreyfjzpfcJh=uw,f qdkygw,f? 'Dvekd @J &mxl;ae&m&vdrk /_ ta&;ygwhJ ae&m,lvrkd a_ wG t&if;wnf+yD; tkypf yk ÉdyuQ ydrk }kd uD;rm; ay:vGifvmcJhygw,f? “tpdk;&tzGJŒ zGJŒIrS &mZmyv†if zifraEG;ao;cif tuGJ*,ufrsm; xGufvm& onfrSm 0rf;enf;p&maumif;vSonf? ,ckowif;rsm; =um;&onfhtwdkif;qdkygu jynfaxmifpktzGJŒ }uD;wGif tkypf ak &m*g/ &mxl;a&m*g xaepðyvmonf?” qdw k hJ owif;pmawGu xkwaf zmfajymqdv k m wJhtoHawG wdwdvif;vif; xGufay:vmygw,f? (17) vausmaf usmaf vmufyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk &f +yD;/ rv$rJ a&Smifom tm%mjyefvaJ$ y;vdu k &f wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh ppfwyfudk ppfwef;vsm;jyefydk@+yD; t}uH^m%fxkwfaeygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ tEdkif& yxp tzGJŒ}uD;u a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; ppfwyf&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh bufvdkufusL;vGefr_ awGe@J ywfouf+yD; ta&;,laqmif&u G rf a_ wGrvkycf if yg0ifywfoufc=hJ uwJh wyfrawmftwGi;f xdyo f ;D ppfAdkvf}uD;wodkufudk wyfrawmfuae t+yD;tydkif xkwfy,fjypfvdkufygw,f? OD;Ek u ta&;r,lcif olu t&ifOD;atmif ta&;,ljyvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? 258
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; rJqG,f bufvdkufr_eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; xkwfypfvdkufwJh ppfAdkvfxdyf oD;}uD;awGuawmh Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmifa&G/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD; at;armif/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;wifarmif/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vSarmf/ Adkvfrª;}uD;=unf0if;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;odef;wkwf/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcdkif tygt0if wyfwGif; xdyfoD;}uD;awGjzpf ygw,f? xkwyf ,fypfvu kd w f hJ xdyo f ;D ppfAv kd }f uD; (13) OD;xJrmS Adv k rf ;ª csKyfarmifarmif vnf; yg0ifomG ; ygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm Adv k rf ;ª csKyfarmifarmifukd tpPa&;oHtrwf/ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmifa&$ udk =opaw;vs oH t rwf t jzpf cef @ tyf a y;&ef arwW m &yf c H c J h w J h t wG u f tpd k ; &u oH t rwf } uD ; rsm;tjzpf cef@tyfay;cJhygw,f? wu,fu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m wcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf aqmif&Gufvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;Ek u ta&;r,lcif óudwifOD;atmif ta&;,ljyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh OD;Ek u olŒtay: tjypfrjrifapyJ taumif;jrifvmatmif zefwD;vdkufjcif;jzpfoGm;apygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh OD;Ek udk t,HkoGif;wm jzpfygw,f? aemufwcsuu f wyfrawmfwiG ;f &Sd ajcpvufp&So d /l wcsed rf mS olŒudk cGm&mwdik ;f vmEdik o f l awGukd tjywfacsre_ ;f vdu k Ef ikd +f yD;jzpfomG ;ygw,f? uGejf rLepf-qd&k , S v f pf tuGrJ mS qd&k , S v f pfawGbuf u &yfwnfvmcJhwJh Adkvfae0if; [m tm%m& zqyv}uD;tuGJrSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpftkyfpkbufu wav#mufvHk; &yfwnfvmcJh&mu (60) jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJ&JŒ aemufqHk;azmfjycsufrSm zqqdk&S,f vpfawG&JŒtcef; evHrxlEdkifawmhbl;qdkwm tydkifwGufqvdkuf+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf tckvdk jywfjywf om;om; vrf;cGJvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;+yD;wJhaemuf wpwp wyfwGif;rSm ae&m,ledkifcJhwJh Adkvfae0if; [m jynfwGif;ppfumv}uD;twGif; ppfwyfudk olŒ&JŒ vufeufudkifwyf jzpfatmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwf arG;jrLvmEdik cf &hJ muae olŒukad rG;jrLcJw h hJ qd&k , S v f pfygw}D uD;udyk g tav; xm;p&mrvdkavmufatmif }uD;rm;us,fjyef@wJh ppfwyftiftm;pkw&yfudk wnfaqmufxm;Ekdif+yD jzpfwJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ ppfwyft=um; uwWDygvrf;cGJudk a&G;cs,fvdkufwJhoabmvnf; aqmifygw,f? ppfwyf[m udk,fhbmomukd vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf EkdifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay: wufuEdkifzdk@ tcsdeftcgudk apmifhvifh&if; udk,fhudk,fudktem;ay;&if; urBmhtcif;tusif;udkvnf; Adkvfae0if; tuJcwf=unfah ecJyh gw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxuf tD*spu f o kd mG ;+yD; emqmudv k nf; avhvm+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; emqm [m ppfwyfeJ@ tm%modrf;+yD;wufvmwJh tD*spforw}uD;jzpfyg w,f? ygupPwefeJ@ tdENd,wdk@ukdvnf; oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwyfukd ppfwef;vsm;ydk@xm;&wkef;rSm tar&duef/ +Adwdef pwJh taemufEdkifiHawGqD Adkvf csKyf}uD;ae0if; c&D;xGuyf gw,f? OD;Ek u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; jynfyc&D;xGuw f ikd ;f / jyefvmwdik ;f / oef;acgif c&D;xGuf&if oef;acgif/ oef;acgifjyefvm&if oef;acgiftxd ysLysLiSmiSm vdkufvHóudydk@vkyfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u 0g&SifwefeJ@ e,l;a,mufwdk@rSm aq;uko tem;,l&if; avhvmw,f vdk@qdkygw,f? vef'efrSmtem;,laewHk; owif;pmq&mtcsdKŒu “AdkvfcsKyf tm%mjyef,l&ef tcsdef udak pmif+h yD; toifjh yifaeygovm;” vd@k ar;=u jref;=uw,fqykd gw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u “r[kwf ygb;l ? toifrh jyifygb;l 'Dtwdik ;f ae&wm pdwcf sr;f omygw,f” vd@k jyefvnfajz=um; ajymqdyk gw,f? 1960 jynfhESpfxJrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek [m 'Drdkua&pDtacstjrpfwG,fEdkifa&;qdk+yD; twdkuftcH awGyg yg0ifwJh aumfrwDtrsdK;rsdK;/ aumfr&SiftzHkzHk zGJŒay;ygw,f? t*Fvef'Drdkua&pDudk twk,l+yD; vef'ef [du k yf wf yef;+cHxrJ mS vdk AE<Kvyef;+cHxrJ mS vnf; ‘jynfoŒl [pfwikd ’f zGiahf y;+yD; ajymcsi&f majym cGifh/ a[mcsif&ma[mcGifh ðyay;ygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
259
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek [m olu, kd w f ikd f Ak'b < momudk udik ;f ±di_ ;f ±Hrk u Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmom vkyfcsifvGef;vSwJh pdwfaZmt[kef&Sdwmuvnf;wa=umif;/ a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD oef@&Sif;nDvmcHrSm olomtm%mjyef&&if Ak'<bmomukd EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;ay;zdk@ óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufr,f qdw k hJ uwdpum;&Sad ewmuvnf; wa=umif;a=umifyh g? vlaumfr&Sif oHCmaumfr&D iS zf ŒJG +yD; pwifóud; yrf;wJhtcg om"kac: =uolawGtajrmuftjrm; ay:aygufvmovdk uef@uGuf=uolawG/ qef@usif=u olawG/ pdk;&drfaomua&muf&olawGvnf; ae&mtESH ay:aygufvm&ygw,f? wzufu 'Dru kd a&pDt&dyt f a&mifawG ydrk ykd iG v hf rf;vmovd/k tjcm;wzufu OD;Ek tay: uef@ uGuf=uwJh a0zef=uoHawGuvnf; ydkrdk us,fus,f =um;vm&ygw,f? Ak'<uom EdkifiHawmfbmom jyÏmef;a&; óud;yrf;csufeJ@ywfouf+yD; yxptpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif;rSmawmif uef@uGufolawG ay:ayguf vmygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfwJh 0ef}uD;OD;&m&Spf vdkyk*~dKvfu OD;Ek &JŒ tm;xkwfcsufukd oabmr usEdkif/ vufrcHEdkifjzpfcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfuvnf; wyfwiG ;f pnf;±H;k nD!w G af &;udk xdcu kd Ef ikd w f ,fq+kd yD; b0ifrusjzpfco hJ vdk yrnw tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; Ak'<bmomEdkifiHawmfbmom jyÏmef;a&;udk a0zefqef@usifcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Ek uawmh olŒud, k o f l qXoH*g,emwif yk*Kd~ vf}u;D tjzpfavmufe@J wif tm;r&/ Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomjzpfatmif atmifatmifjrifjrif jyÏmef;ay;oGm;Edkifaom/ omoemh 'g,um}uD;tjzpfyg armfuGef;xlEdkifzdk@ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ@ wGef;wifoGm;ygw,f? “Ak'<bmom0if r[kwf=uwJh rlpvif/ c&pf,mef pwJh trwfawGtaeeJ@u uef@uGufvdku uef@uu G cf iG ahf y;xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh yxptzGŒJ 0if Ak'b < momtrwfawG=uawmh tm;vH;k axmufcH =u&r,f? ruef@uGuf =u&bl;? uef@uGuf=uw,fqdk&ifawmh tzGJŒtpnf;u armif;xkwfjypfrSmyJ” vdk@ ajymwJhqdkwJhtxd OD;Ek u +cdrf;ajcmufwm;jrpfcJhw,fqdkygw,f? OD;EkzGJŒpnf;ay;vdkufwJh t}uHay;tzGJŒ[m EdkifiHw0Sef; vSnfhvnfoGm;vm+yD; Ak'<bmomukd Edik if aH wmfjyÏmef;a&;twGuf b,fvpkd rD H jyÏmef;oifah =umif; t}uH^m%fay;zd@k avhvmpl;prf;pHpk rf;wm awGvkyfygw,f? Ak'b < momr[kww f hJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkawGu uef@uu G af =umif;ajymqdyk gw,f? OD;odr;f armif acgif;aqmifwJh pHkprf;a&;tzJ GŒ}uD;u ucsifjynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;udk oGm;a&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh vlxku jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifqENjyv$wfygw,f? c&pf,mefudk;uG,folrsm;eJ@ ewfudk;uG,fol ucsifvlxk (5000) avmufu ydkpwmawGudk udkifaqmif+yD; qef@usifwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawG oHòydifatmf&if; jyif;jyif; xefxef uef@uGufqENjy=u±Hkwifru cJrsm;eJ@yg xkv$wfvdkufwJhtwGuf pHkprf;a&;tzGJŒ0if vl}uD;awG udk ppfwyfu tapmifhta&SmufeJ@ jyefydk@vdkuf&ygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm t}uHay;tzGJŒu OD;Ek tpdk;&udk tpD&ifcHpmwifygw,f? t}uHay;tzGJŒu t"duxm; wifjycJhwmuawmh Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;r,fqdk&if zGJŒpnf;tkyf csKyfyHktajccHOya' yk'fr 21 (1) udk jyifqifoifhw,fqdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? tckvkd Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;Edik af &;twGuf Ak'b < mom0if olawmfpif bk&m;wum}uD;OD;Ek wufwufºuGºuG taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G af ewH;k rSm Edik if aH wmforw}uD; ref;0if;armifu/ ole@J zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGi;f avxD;qif; &Jabmf&b J uf t&if;acguaf cgujf zpfchJ 260
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ol tdrfapmifhtpdk;& AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vufxuf ao'%ftrdef@ csrSwfjypf'%fðyxm;jcif;cH&ol ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwAD [dak umfrwD0if Adv k rf ;ª cspaf umif;udk =o*kwv f (6) &ufae@rmS ao'%fuae vH;k 0 vGw+f idr;f cGiahf y;vdu k w f ,f? Adv k rf ;ª cspaf umif; &JŒ w&m;±H;k csKyfo@kd t,lcrH 0ifawmhyJ orRw}uD;xH “oifykef;acsvGwf+idrf;cGifh” ay;&ef wdkuf±dkufyef=um;csufudk orRw}uD;u olŒ&JŒ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; vkyfydkif cGit hf m%mudk tjynft h 0udik pf +JG yD; v$wyf pfvu kd w f mjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd v$wyf pfvu kd rf t _ ay:rSmawmh bk&m;w&m;udkif;&_dif;vSol 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek [m orRw}uD;tay: awmfawmfrausreyfjzpfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f// tm%m& yxp}uD;twGi;f OD;-Adv k -f ocif tkypf u k +JG yD; rnD!w G Ef ikd f jzpfae=ucsed /f Ak'b < mom EdkifiHawmfbmomjyÏmef;a&; ajcvSrf;awGa=umifh a0zefoH/ uef@uGufoH/ qef@usifqENjyoHawG us,f us,af vmifavmif xGuaf y:vmqJtcsed /f 'Dtcsed rf mS yJ a&SŒqifah emufqifh wòydief ufxv J v kd kd xGuaf y: nHpDvmwJhtoHuawmh &cdkif/ rGef/ csif; trsdK;om;wdk@&JŒ jynfe,fay;a&;awmif;qdkoH/jynfe,f&a&; v_yf&Sm;oHyJjzpfygw,f? 'DtoHuvnf; EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek &JŒ {+yDv (5) &ufae@ v$wfawmft wGi;f rSm rde@f =um;wifjycJw h hJ jynfe,fopfrsm;xlaxmifay;a&;udpeP @J wqufxaJ y:aygucf w hJ hJ toHjzpf ygw,f? OD;Ek [m oef@&iS ;f wnf+rJtuGw J ek ;f uvnf; &cdik ef @J rGeu f kd jynfe,fay;a&;pum; [cJzh ;l ovd/k Ekwiftkyfpk&JŒ ay:vpD (4) &yf xkwfjyefcsufwckrSm wcktygt0ifjzpfcJhwJh “jynfe,frsm;. w&m; ojzifh &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &ap&eftmrcHrnf” qdkwJh pum;vnf; &SdcJh+yD;om;jzpfwJh twGuf 'Duwdpum;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufzdk@ w&m;0if tpysdK;&muae ydkrdk toH jrnfvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? jrnfoifhjrnfxdkufwJh toHawGvnf;jzpfygw,f? &cdik f eJ@ rGejf ynfe,f taumiftxnfazmfa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tpd;k &udk t}uHay;zd@k a'guw f m bOD; acgif;aqmifwJh twdkifyifcH t}uH ay; (5) OD; tzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;ay;cJh+yD; 1960 jynfhESpf/ {+yD (29)&uf ae@rSm v$JtyfcJhygw,f? t}uHay;tzGJŒ[m &cdkifeJ@ywfouf+yD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifawG/ oufqdkif&m EdkifiHa&; orm;eJ@ toif;tzGJŒ udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk awGŒqHkar;jref; pHkprf;avhvm t}uH^m%f,lcJhovdk &cdkif wdik ;f udo k mG ;a&muf+yD; &cdik t f rsKd ;om;awGe@J awGŒqHu k m &cdik jf ynfe,fay;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ &cdik t f rsKd ; om;awG&ŒJ oabmxm;awGukd ygppkH rf;avhvmygw,f? rGef eJ@ ywfouf+yD;vnf; tvm;wlyJ avhvm pHkprf; awGŒqHkoGm;a&mufwmawG vkyfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk pHkprf;avhvmwJhtcgrSm &cdkifrSma&m/ rGefrSma&m jynfe,f&&Sda&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; axmufcHvdkvm;olawG&Sdovdk/ rvdkvm;ol/ qef@usifuef@uGufolawGvnf; &Sdw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? &cdkifjynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; e,fedrdwfjy\em xl;xl;jcm;jcm;r&SdyJ/ rGefjynfe,fzGJŒ pnf;a&;rSmawmh e,fedrdwfjy\em[m ododomom yg0ifaew,fqdkygw,f? rGefacgif;aqmifawG tcsi;f csi;f twGi;f rSmudk e,ferd w d jf y\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmxm;awG rwlujJG ym; jcm;em;aewm &Sdw,fqdkygw,f? tJ'Dvdk &cdkif eJ@ rGef wdk@&JŒ jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&; v_yf&Sm;oHawG pnfpnfnHvmcsdefrSm csif;trsdK; om;wdk@uvnf; jynfe,f&&Sda&;ukd v_yf&Sm;awmif;qdkvmygw,f? csif;0daoowdkif;uae csif;jynf e,f&&Sda&;udk vdkvm;=uwm obm0uswJhudpPjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
261
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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1960 jynfhESpfxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tjzpftysufwckuawmh Armjynfu ppfacgif;aqmif Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udk zdvpfyikd u f ‘&mrGerf ufaq;aq;’ qk cs;D jr‡ichf yhJ gw,f? tJ'q D [ k m uGejf rLepfqef@ usifa&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH óud;yrf;tm;xkwf umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGtwGuf ay;tyfwJh EdkifiHwumqdkif&m qkwrsdK;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dqkudk&,lvufcHzdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u jiif; y,fvdkufygw,f? bma=umifh jiif;y,fcJhovJqdkwm tH=oolawG tHh=ooGm;=uygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m olŒudk uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;vkd@ owfrSwf,lqwmudk vufrcHEdkifwJhtwGuf 'Dqkudk vufrcHEdkifwmvm;vdk@ awG;qolrsm; awG;qcJh=uygw,f? *smref'Drdku&ufwpforwEdkifiH&JŒ zdwf=um;csuft& oGm;a&mufaq;ukocHvmcJhwJh pwm vif+idr;f csr;f a&;qk& q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f u Armjynfjyefa&mufvm+yD;aemuf =o*kwv f xJrmS jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf “tmCmwuif;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tppfudk &atmifaqmif&Guf=uprf;yg” vdk@ OD;Ektpdk;&udka&m/ vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;udkyg wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfr_vkyfygw,f? 58 ckESpf urBmat;nDvmcHrmS OD;Ekajym=um;cJb h ;l wJh pum;}uD;oH;k cGe;f twdik ;f jyefvnftaumiftxnfazmf+yD; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vufcHEdkifr,fhyHkpHeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tjrefjyef+yD; t&,l=uygvdk@vnf; E_d;aqmfygw,f? “q&m[m b,fbufurS bufrvdkufygbl;” qdkwm tav;wif;ajymqdk+yD; “armifEk/ armifAaqG/ ocifwif/ armifausm+f idr;f / Adv k af e0if; polrsm;a&m/ ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k af Z,s polrsm;a&m q&mhwynfhrsm;eJ@ e,fcsJŒzufqpfudk q&meJ@twl yl;wGJqef@usifcJholrsm;jzpfwJhtwGuf b,fbufurS rvdu k yf /J q&mbufvu kd w f m trSew f &m;eJ@ &[ef;&Siv f l jynfow l &yfv;kH bufomjzpf +yD;/ ESpfzuf ausauseyfeyfeJ@ wu,fwef; jynfolw&yfvHk;tusKd;&Sdapr,fh +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;om jzpfap csiaf =umif;/ tay:,HjzL; aq;vdr;f aq;av;okwv f rd ;f ay;vd@k c%wm aysmufovd&k +dS yD; ykyyf x G vmwJh temyqkyaf &m*g}uD;vdak wmh rjzpfapcsiaf =umif;/ &[ef;&Siv f jl ynfow l &yfv;kH &JŒ aumif;usK;d csr;f om udk=unfh+yD; tmCmwuif;pGmeJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk tjrefqHk;jyefvnf&&Sdatmif óud;yrf;aqmif &Guf=uygvdk@ tav;teuf wdkufwGef;&Smygw,f? 1960 jynfh =o*kwfvukefrSmawmh OD;Eku “ykefuefolawG wa,mufrusef tvif;0ifrnf [k tcdkiftrm tmrcHcsuf,lvmv#if oHk;vq,fhckESpf&uf oef@&Sif;tpdk;&vufxufu uJhodk@yif EdkifiHawmforw}uD;. trdef@jzifh vHk;0vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@ xkwfjyefay;ygOD;rnf” vdk@ ajymqdk vmygw,f? orRw}uD;&JŒ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@qdkwm oef@&Sif;tpdk;&vufxufu xkwfjyefcJh zl;+yD;/ Adv k cf sKyfae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfukd tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfvu kd &f wJt h cg Akv d cf sKyfae0if; pdwfóuduf vkyfEdkifa&;twGuf jyefvnf±kyfodrf;ay;vdkuf&wJh trdef@jzpfygw,f? oufwrf; bmrSr=um vdkuf&wJh trdef@jzpfygw,f? tck tJ'Dtrdef@rsKd;udk jyefvnfxkwfay;r,fvkd@ ajymqdkvmwmjzpf+yD; óudwifpnf;urf;csuftjzpf “wa,mufrusef tvif;0ifvmrnf[k tcdkiftrm tmrcHcsuf ,lvm v#i”f qdw k hJ pum;&yfawmif xyf+yD; tydak qmif;xm;vdu k yf gao;w,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ ‘w&m;0if ygwDwnf&SdcGifh’ qdkwmudkvnf; vHk;0xnfhoGif; ajym=um;jcif;r&SdawmhyJ a&iHkE_wfydwfvkyfxm;wm awGŒ&wJt h wGuf vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;u b,fvrkd S vufcEH ikd jf cif;r&S=d uyg? a&G;aumufyu JG mv twGif;u wnf+rJzqyv tEdkif&v#if jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;oabmxm; ykdrkdwif;rmvmEdkifacs 262
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&Sw d t hJ wGuf awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;[m OD;Ek &JŒ oef@&iS ;f zqyv tEdik &f a&;bufuyJ &yfwnfc=hJ uum olw@kd qikd &f m e,fajra'o pnf;±H;k a&;*Giaf wGtwGi;f uae oef@&iS ;f udk axmufc0H ef;&H ay;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek tm%m wu,fjyefvnf&&Sv d mwJt h cg OD;Ek &JŒ w&m;0if xkwaf zmfajym qdk jyocsuaf wGu +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf tm;wufp&m bmwckrS rawGŒ&ao;wJt h jyif aemufawmif jyefqw k af ewJt h wGuf vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;[m pdwrf oufromjzpf=u&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpJa&;[m tvm;tvm arS;rSdefaysmufuG,f+rJ aysmufuG,fae&qJjzpfygw,f? 1960 jynfh atmufwdkbm (20) &ufrSm AuotzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ qXrt}udrf ausmif;om;nDvm cH}uD; usif;yygw,f? (4) ESpfvHk;vHk; rusif;yEdkifyJ xm;cJh&wJh ausmif;om;nDvmcH}uD;udk tckrS jyefvnfac:,l usif;yEdkifcGifh&cJhwmjzpfygw,f? AuotzGJŒcsKyf[m urBmausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@csKyf (IUS) eJ@ urBm'Drdkua&pDvli,frsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (WFDY) wdk@&JŒ tzGJŒ0ifvnf;jzpfygw,f? Auorsm; tzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ qXrt}udrfajrmuf nDvmcH}uD;rSmvnf; ‘wrsKd;om;vHk;ta&;/ wEdkifiHvHk;ta&;jzpfwJh trsKd;om;a&;wm0efrsm;udk vkyfaqmif=u&ef’ eJ@ ‘jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;+idrf; csrf;a&;wdk@t wGuf qufvufyg0if tm;jznfhvHk;yrf;oGm;=u&ef’ qdkwmawGudk wufwufºuGºuG aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf oGm;cJh=uygw,f? 1960 jynfh Edk0ifbmrSmawmh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_awG ArmjynftwGif; tvHk;t&if;vdkuf acgi;f axmifxvmjyefygw,f? usKid ;f wHek ,fxu J kd 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd w f m/ rdik ;f vif;òrdŒw0du k f w±kwjf zL pcef;rsm; tcdkiftrm wyfpGJxm;wm/ rdkif;ygv#Kd usKdif;vwfa'owcGifudk odrf;ydkufwyfpGJxm;wmawG tcdkiftrmvkyfukdifvm=uygw,f? 1954/ 55/ 56 ckESpftwGif; w±kwfjzLarmif;xkwfa&; wdkufyGJawG a=umihf txl;ojzihf Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm OD;pD;wdu k cf u kd f acsre_ ;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd rf a_ wGa=umifh xdik ;f / vmtdk e,fpyfawGxJ ajy;0ifcdkv_HoGm;=u&&mu wpwp ArmjynfwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJh=ujcif;jzpf ygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm ppfwyfu tz,f&mS ;cH&+yD;aemuf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;pD;wJh wyfrawmf [m w±kwfjzL jynfyusL;ausmfolawGudk tav;xm;wdkufcdkuf xdk;ppfqifwmxuf wdkif;&if;om; tcsi;f csi;f jzpfwhJ jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtay: t"duxm; wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f xd;k ppfqif cJhwma=umifh w±kwfjzLawG vG,fvG,fulul jyefvnf0ifa&muf ajcukwf,lEdkifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? Armh wyfrawmfe@J ppf&[ J m wyf&if;aygi;f (90)&Sw d t hJ euf w±kwjf zLudw k u kd &f mrSm (7) &if;yJo;kH +yD; jynfwiG ;f ppfudkawmh (83) &if;eJ@ wdkufcdkufcJhovdk (11) ESpftwGif; jynfwGif;ppfrSm wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtay: wdu k yf }JG uD;aygi;f (2111) yGJ wdu k cf u kd cf +hJ yD; w±kwjf zLusL;ausmo f rl sm; tay:awmh (51) yGJyJ wdkufcdkufcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm OD;pD;wdkufcdkufjyvdkufvdk@ rJacgifjrpfwzufurf;txd w±kwfjzLrsm; tvHk;t&if;eJ@ qkwfcGmoGm;&+yD;aemufydkif; usefae&pfcJhwJh w±kwfjzLrsm;eJ@ wpwp jyef0ifv_yf&Sm;vm=uwJh w±kwfjzLawGudk +yD;cJhwJh (5) ESpfwm umvw av#mufv;kH twGi;f bde;f ukeu f ;l olawGe@J omref "m;jyvlq;kd rsm;tjzpfom yHak zmfaºuG;a=umf wdu k cf u kd f cJh=uygw,f? cyfayghayghyJ oabmxm;jy+yD; w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfa&;wyfrsm;&JŒ aemufuG,fu e,fcsJŒ orm;udka&m/ qD;xdk; ppftkyfpk&JŒ ppfa&;qdkif&m yg0ifywfouf ,SufEG,fr_awGudkyg zHk;zdxm;cJh=uyg w,f? trsm;jynfol rodatmif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd uG,f0Sufxm;cJh=uygw,f? wcgrS xkwfazmfajymqdk qef@usifwm (5) ESpftwGif;rvkyfcJh=uyg? jynfwGif;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawGtay:om trsKd;rsKd; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
263
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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w±kwjf zLawG&ŒJ tcdik t f rm ajcukw, f x l m;wJph cef;awGukd jyefvnford ;f ydu k Ef ikd zf @kd w±kwjf zL usL;ausmo f al wGukd armif;xkwyf pfEidk zf @kd rJacgipf pfqifa&;}uD;rSm wyfrawmf (av) u wdu k af v,mOf rsm;udkyg yl;wGJtoHk;ðycJh&ygw,f? Adkvfodef;/ AdkvfyDwm/ Adkvfcspfcdkif wdk@ armif;ESifwJh qD;jzL&D wdkufav ,mOf (3) pD;[m usKdif;wHkuae 0rfygqef&Gmay: ppfqifa&;qdkif&m uif;vSnfhysHoef;armif;ESifaewkef; Armhydkifeufe,fajrtwGif; &efolŒav,mOfwpif;eJ@ a0[ifrSmawGŒqHk&ygw,f? &efolŒav,mOfu p+yD;ypfcwfwu kd cf u kd =f u&if; &efoŒl av,mOfxrd eS f rD;avmifysuu f somG ;&ovd/k Armhwyfrawmf (av) u AkdvfyDwm vnf; a0[ifwdkufyGJrSm xdrSefusqHk;cJh&ygw,f? 1961 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&D (15) &ufae@rSm jzpfygw,f? bdef;wyf/ "m;jywyftjzpfyJ yHkazmf0g'jzef@csdum cyfazghazghvkyfxm;cJhwJh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmf a&;wyfrsm;&JŒ tE W&m,f[m zHk;rEdkif zdr& bGm;ceJay:vm&+yD; jynfolvlxk=um;rSmvnf; w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_qef@usifa&;eJ@ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;toHawG pnfpnfnHatmif xGufvmygw,f? yxp tpd;k &[m +idraf evd@k r&awmhyJ 'Dupd t P ay: &Si;f vif;wifjywm/ ajz&Si;f ajymqdw k mawG vkyfvm&ygw,f? ypfcsEdkifcJhwJh av,mOfysHysufudk owif;pmq&mawGac: jy+yD; owif;xkwfjyefajym qdkwm vkyf&ygawmhw,f? ulrifwefw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfolawGudk tultnDay;aewJh 'Dav,mOf [m tar&duefav,mOfjzpfaeygw,f? trSeftwdkif; &Sif;vif;ajymqdk&r,fqdk&if/ vufyl;vuf=uyf &rdxm;wmudk trSeftwdkif; azmfxkwf&r,fqdk&if tar&duefudk zGifhcsvdkufovdkjzpfrSmpdk;wJhtwGuf k w hJ q H yd af wGukd owif;pmq&mawG rjrif&atmif zH;k zd aq;okw+f y;D av,mOfay:u ,ltufpf (US) qdw awmhrS jyowmvkyfw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? tar&duefrsufESm!dkoGm;rSm pdk;&drfwJhtwGuf tar&duef qef@usifa&;qD wdkuf±dkufOD;wnfroGm;&atmif w0ufzHk; w0ufazmfenf;eJ@ OD;Ek u ajz&Sif;ajymqdk wmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? azazmf0g&D (25) &ufae@ owif;pmuGef@z&ifhrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek u “w±kwfjzLrsm;[m tar&duefwynfjh zpfw,f? olŒq&muxGuo f mG ;qd&k if wcgwnf;+yD;Edik w f u hJ pd yP g” vd@k ajymqdyk gw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; uvnf; “Armjynf&Sd w±kwfjzLawGudk vufeuf&duQmrsm; jznfhwif;ay;aewJh av,mOfysHrsm;[m azmfrdkqmu wdkuf±dkufrvmEdkifyg? "mwfqDxnfh&eftwGuf qD;wdk;tzGJŒvuf atmufcH wae&mujzpfEdkifa=umif; rdrdwdk@odxm;aomfvnf;/ rdwfysufrnfpdk;I rajymyg&apeJ@” vdk@ajymqdkcJhygw,f? w±kwfjzLawG[m ArmjynfxJ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvm±Hkru bdef;csuf/ bdef;csjcif;/ aiGpuUL twkvkyfjcif;/ "m;jywdkuf vk,ufzdESdyfjcif;/ yl;aygif;pnf;±Hk;&Edkifr,fxifwJh vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf; rsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;um aoG;xdk; &efwdkuf ajc±_yfjcif; pwJh 'kp±dkufaygif;pHkudk ajcvSrf;usJusJ vkyfudkifcJh=uyg w,f? 'Dvkd tifrwefqdk;0g;vSwJh 'kp±dkufvkyfief;aygif;pHkudk vkyfukdifaewJhtwGuf/ omref'kp±dkuf usL;ausmaf &;wyfrsm;&JŒ vuQ%meJ@ tESpo f m&avmufy&J w dS hJ usL;ausmaf &;wyfoufoufawGyv J m; qkad wmh r[kwyf g? tar&duefO;D aqmifzŒJG pnf;xm;wJh qD;wd;k ppftyk pf &k ŒJ Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&; &nfreS ;f csuaf wG twdkif; taumiftxnfazmf v_yf&Sm;aewJh usL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJŒ}uD;awGvnf; jzpfae=uygw,f? azmfrdkqmtpdk;&udk,fwdkif qD;wdk;tkyfpk0ifjzpfovdk/ azmfrdkqmu wkduf±dkufcsKyfudkifxm;wJh w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfa&;wyfrsm;[mvnf; qD;wdk;tkyfpk0ifwyfrsm;&JŒ tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfygw,f? vmtdk/ 266
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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267
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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269
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271
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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udk,fhwdkif;jynfu vufcHxm;wJh {nfhonfEdkifiHawGudk OD;wnf+yD; t=urf;zufwm rrSefbl; rSm;w,f? {nfo h nfEikd if aH wG[m ta&SŒtkypf yk jJ zpfjzpf/ taemuftyk pf u k yJjzpfjzpf/ =um;aeEdik if aH wGuyJ jzpfjzpf 'DEkdifiHawGtay:rSm pnf;vGwfurf;vGwf Oya'vGwfðyrlwmudkawmh u|efawmfwdk@tpdk;&[m b,fenf;eJ@rS vufydkuf=unfh raeEdkifygbl;? wm;jrpf&rSmyJ” vdk@ OD;Eku ajymqdkcJhygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_tay: ajz&Sif;yHk ajz&Sif;enf;eJ@ oabmxm;udk wdk;wufwJh EdkifiH a&;tiftm;pkrsm;u b0ifrusjzpfcJh=uygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒ rdef@cGef;udkvnf; jyefvSefa0zef uef@uGufcJh=u wmawG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? jynfolŒv$wfawmf trwfa[mif; AkdvfjraoG;u “u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiH[m tar&duefacgif;aqmifwJh tm&SppftkyfpkjzpfwJh qD;wdk;xJrSm rygyg bl;? ,d;k ',m;/ ygupPwef/ w±kwjf zL ponfrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD; AefaumufrmS XmecsKyfxm;+yD; 'Dppftyk pf k udk t+rJv_yf&Sm; tm;arG;aeygw,f? tJ'Dawmh qD;wdk;xJrSmrygwJh jrefrmEdkifiHajray:rSm w±kwfjzLwyf awGcsxm;jcif;jzifh um,uHajrmuf qD;wdk;ppfpcef;csxm;r_udk vufcH&wmygyJ” vdk@ axmufjy a0zef wJhtjyif “0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_udpPudk olŒq&m tar&duefudk awmif;yefwdk;±_d; vdkuf&if udpP+yD;Edkifw,fvdk@ jrifaew,f? 'gwGifruao;bl;? w&m;cHudk w&m;ol}uD; cef@+yD;awmif tr_pD&ifcdkif;csifao;w,f?” vdk@ y,fy,fe,fe,f a0zefcJhygw,f? w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_eJ@ e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;aumfrDwDuvnf; a0zef±Hkru w±kwfjzLusL; ausmfr_udk wdkufxkwf=u/ tar&duefe,fcsJŒ pGufzufr_udk uef@uGuf=u/ trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wnf aqmuf =uqdw k ahJ ºuG;a=umfou H kd csrw S +f yD; rwfv (24) &ufae@rmS ‘tEkynm&Sirf sm;od@k yef=um;csu’f udk xkwjf yefvu kd jf yefygw,f? w±kwjf zLwdu k x f w k af &;/ tar&duefe,fcsŒJ pGuzf ufr_ qef@usiaf &;wdu k f yGJrSm tEkynm&Sifrsm;yg yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ulnD=uzdk@ tqdkðyxm;wJh yef=um;csufjzpfygw,f? yef=um;csuef @J tnD e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_xJ yg0ifvm=uwJh pma&;q&mawG xGuaf y: vmovdk/ *Dwe,fu aw;a&;ol aw;qdkolawGvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? aw;oD;csif;awGvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? OD;Ekuawmh wnfrh wfwhJ =um;aea&;0g'udk usio hf ;kH vdu k ef maew,fv@kd aºuG;a=umf&if; ta&SŒ tkyfpkeJ@ taemuftkyfpk=um; b,ftkyfpk&JŒ rsufESmt!dkrS rcH&atmif &mZy&d,m,fudk tm;udk;+yD; ajymqdkv_yf&Sm;&yfwnfcJhygw,f? w±kwfjzLjy\emudkvnf; ‘tar&duefudk wdkuf±dkufwdk@xd a0zefr_ rðyyJ arwWm&yfcHyef=um;wJh enf;rsKd;toHk;ðy+yD;’ ajz&Sif;zdk@ aZmif;ay;vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? 1960 jynfh {+yDvrS 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDvtxd yxptpdk;& wESpfwmtwGif; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek OD;aqmifajz&Si;f &wJh jy\em}u;D 5 ck &Sw d ,fv@kd t=urf;zsi;f owfrw S Ef ikd yf gw,f? jy\em}u;D 5 ck ay:aygufcJhw,fvdk@vnf; a,bk,sajymqdkEdkifygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh tm%m& yxp tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ OD;-Adkvf-ocif tuGJjy\em/ &cdkif-rGef-csif;jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;ay;a&;jy\em/ Ak'<bmom EdkifiHawmf bmom jyÏmef;a&;jy\em/ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;jy\emeJ@ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfcH&r_jy\em qdkwJh jy\em}uD; 5 ck yJjzpfygw,f? OD;Adkvfocif tuJGjy\emu yxp wGif; ygwDwGif;jy\emjzpf+yD; ae&m&vdkr_ &mxl; tm%m tvkrd jynfrh a_ wGuae *d% k ;f *%mtkypf yk JG òydiq f ikd =f u&if; ygww D iG ;f pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ òydu&JG wJh jy\emomjzpfygw,f? ygwDwGif;jy\emjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
273
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Ak'<bmomEdkifiHawmfbmom jyÏmef;a&;jy\emuawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek&JŒ Ak'<bmomudk ,Hk=unfudkif;±_dif;&mu omoemh'g,um}uD; vkyfcsifvGef;vSwJh pdwfqENa=umihfa&m/ oG,f0dkuf+yD; rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;&mrSm ay;cJh&bl;wJh uwda=umifhyg aygif;qHk+yD; jzpfay:vmcJh&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? yk*~Kdvfa&;qdkif&m jy\emjzpfygw,f? &cdkif-rGef-csif; jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;ay;a&; jy\emeJ@ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jy\emuawmh jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m jy\emawGjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;yHkqdkif&m jy\emvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'gvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkif pwifvrf; zGihfay;vdkuf+yD;rS ydkrdktoHjrnfv_yf&Sm;vmcJhwJh jy\emjzpfyg w,f? t&ifuwnf;u &cdkif eJ@ rGef[m jynfe,f&&Sda&; &nfrSef;csuftwGuf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;r_awG &Scd ahJ yr,f/h csi;f uawmhO;D Ek &JŒ &cdik ef @J rGejf ynfe,fay;a&; pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&D iS f awG zGŒJ pnf;ay;cJ/h vrf;zGiahf y;cJ+h yD;wJah emufrS ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ jynfe,f&,lvrkd _ jy\emjzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf &cdik -f rGef eJ@ csi;f wd@k &ŒJ jynfe,fzŒJG pnf;ay;a&; jy\em wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,f&,lvrkd _ jy\em[m OD;Ekudk,fwdkif vrf;zGifhay;r_a=umifh ydkrdktoHjrnfvm&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? Oya' abmiftwGif; uae w&m;0ifay:aygufvmcJh&wJh jy\emom jzpfygw,f? oef@&Sif; wnfjrJ tuGJ tEdik &f a&;eJ@ 60 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyt JG Ekid &f &Sad &;awGtwGuf OD;Eka=unmajymqdck b hJ ;l wJh uwdu0wf/ rJqG,fpnf;±Hk; pum;awGeJ@vnf; ywfoufaecJh+yD;/ tJ'Duwdu0wfawGudk jznfhqnf;ay;zdk@ vkyfudkif aqmif&Guf&muae ay:aygufvmcJhwJh jy\emawGomjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawGbufu v_yf&Sm;r_ awG[mvnf; w&m;ojzifh v_yf&Sm;r_awGom jzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jy\em[mvnf; jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;xm;r_ jy\emtay:uae t&if;cHaygufzGm;vm+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkif jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf jyifqifoifh wmawG jyifqifEdkifzdk@ pwifvrf;zGifhay;&muae w&m;0ifay:aygufvmwJh jy\emomjzpfygw,f? w&m;0iftqdkðy wifjya0zefv_yf&Sm;vm=uawmhomjzpfygw,f? w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfcH&r_jy\emuawmh tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk txdyg;cH&wJh jy\em jynfyusL;ausmfolawG&JŒ usL;ausmfr_udkcH&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? 1949 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifusL; ausmfcHcJh&wmjzpf+yD;/ 1960-61 xJrSm jyefvnfxyfrH}uD;xGm;vm&wJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? yxpwGif; ygwDwGif; tuJGjy\emudk OD;Eku olŒpdwfwdkif;us tdrfapmifhaumfrDwDzGJŒpnf;cGifh &&Sjd cif;tm;jzifh ,m,D+idro f ufatmif xde;f odr;f vdu k Ef ikd +f yD; ,m,Dajz&Si;f xm;vdu k Ef idk yf gw,f? Ak'b < m omEdik if aH wmfbmom jyÏmef;a&; jy\emuawmh aomifrwif a&rusbJ jzpfaeao;wJh a&SŒwd;k vJ& aemufqkwfvJ&? OD;Ektay: yJ t"duwnfaewJh jy\emjzpfygw,f? jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;a&;jy\emeJ@ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jy\emuawmh ‘jynfaxmifpk’ pepfjy\emeJ@ wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mjy\emjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fzGJŒpnf;a&;jy\emrSm &cdkif/ rGefwdk@ twGuf jynfe,fzŒJG pnf;ay;a&;udk tpd;k &u tajccHtm;jzifh rltm;jzifh oabmwlxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? tqifh (3) qifhtm;jzifh zGJŒpnf;ay;r,fvdk@ w&m;0ifa=unmajymqdk+yD; ajz&Sif;xm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? csif;twGufvnf; pOf;pm;xm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;jy\emtwGuf &Sr;f jynfu wifoiG ;f vmwJh ‘&Sr;f rl’ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkppfrludkvnf; pwifpOf;pm; oHk;oyfae=u+yD; ajz&Sif;a&;ajcvSrf;awGudk pwifvkyfudkif aqmif&Gufae=u+yDvdk@ owfrSwfajymqdkEdkifygw,f? 274
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
w±kwjf zLusL;ausmcf &H r_jy\emudak wmh OD;Ektpd;k &[m tar&duefukd arwWm&yfc&H if; oHcif; wrefcif;enf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ óud;pm;ae&qJomjzpfygw,f? wzufu ppfa&;enf;eJ@ jyefvnfwdkuf xkwaf &;udv k nf; rv$rJ a&Smifom aqmif&u G af e&if;/ t+yD;tydik af jz&Si;f Edik af &;qD ar#mv f if&h nfa&mfaecJh ygw,f? bufwzufu=unfh&if jzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh jy\emawGukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &ifqdkifajz&Sif; aeygw,f? tjcm;bufwzufu =unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh bmjy\emudkrS +yD;jywfatmif atmifatmif jrifjrif aqmif&Guf&jcif; aqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;yg? vGwfvyfa&;eJ@twl ay:aygufvmcJh&wJh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;uvnf; qufvufawmufavmif aeqJjzpf+yD;/ w&m;r#wwJh jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;[m tvSr;f a0;+rJ a0;ae&qJjzpf ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk w&m;ojzifh tqHk;rowfcsifolawG wyfwGif; wyfjyif tpdk;&tzJGŒwGif; tzGJŒjyif &Sd+rJ&dSaeqJjzpfygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ ‘&yvz’ tzGJŒ0ifawGu tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; pmwrf;awGwif=u ‘rl’ awG azmfxkwf=ueJ@ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=uwkef;rSm tpdk;&u a'gufwmbOD;/ a'gufwmodef;armif/ OD;tHk;az/ OD;cspfaomif; wdk@yg0ifwJh EdkifiHawmft}uHay;tzGJŒudk jynfaxmifpkrl (&Srf;rl) udkavhvm+yD; tpdk;&tzGJŒudk t}uH^m%fay;zdk@ {+yDv (27) &ufae@rSm wm0ef ay;tyfygw,f? t}uHay;tzGJŒu &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyfcGefcsKd/ tjcm;jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;/ tpdk;&udk,f pm;vS,frsm;/ jynfe,f jynfru EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfac:awGŒ qHkaqG;aEG; t=uH^m%f,lwmawG vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufygw,f? 1961 ckESpf/ arvwGif;rSmðyvkyfwJh jynfaxmifpktpkd;&0ef}uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;uvnf; ‘csif;0daoowdkif;’ udk jynfe,fwe,ftqifh jr‡ifhwifzdk@eJ@ 1961-62 b¿ma&;ESpfup+yD; b¿ma&; tm%m ydkay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf t}uHay;aumfrDwDw&yfudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f? aumfrDwDu oufqdkif&m csif;acgif;aqmifawGudk zdwfac:awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;wmawG pwifvkyfaqmif ygw,f? 1961 ZGef (8) &ufuae (16) &ufae@txd awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD; usif;yygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&u OD;aqmif+yD; usif;ywmjzpfygw,f? jynfe,ftoD;oD;u acgif; aqmifawGudk zdwf=um;ygw,f? r=umrD jynfe,f&awmhr,fh &cdkifeJ@ rGef acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; zdwf=um;ygw,f? &yvzeJ@ Armudk,fpm;vS,fawGudkawmh rzdwf=um;bl;vdk@qdkygw,f? &yvz u OD;xGe;f jr/ OD;cef;eJ@ OD;atmifoef;wd@k uykd J yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& zdw=f um;cJw h t hJ wGuf &yvz uvnf; rwuf a&mufyJaecJhw,f qdkygw,f? csif;acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; zdwf=um;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dawmif}uD;nDvmcH}uD;rSm &Srf;jynfe,fu wifoGif;cJhwJh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf; tay: xyfraH qG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f wmawGvyk =f uygw,f? tJ'n D v D mcH}uD;twGi;f rSm ‘jynfe,f &oif&h xdu k f onfh t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkonfh rGef/ &cdkif/ csif; vlrsKd;rsm; qENjyif;jypGmjzifh vdkvm;awmif;qdkvsuf &Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk tjrefqHk; taumiftxnfazmfay;&ef jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm; TnDvmcH}uD;u wdkufwGef;a=umif;’ qdkwJhtqdkudk ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;jzpfwJh OD;Zef xm;qif u wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? OD;Zefxm;qif &JŒtqdu k kd nDvmcH}uD;u uef@uu G o f rl &Sd wnDw!Gwf wnf; twnfðycJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
275
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nDvmcH}uD;twGi;f rSm ‘jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ ’ &JŒ ‘,m,Dtr_aqmiftzGŒJ ’ udv k nf; zGJŒpnf;cJh=uygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf pyfcGefcsKd/ 'kOuUÏrsm;tjzpf pyf0À (u,m;)/ 'l0gcGefzHk; (ucsif)wdk@ yg0ifwJh tr_aqmiftzGJŒjzpfygw,f? nDvmcHaemufqHk;ae@jzpfwJh (16) &ufae@rSm tqkd (5) ckudk wifoGif; twnfðycJh=uygw,f? t"dutusqHk; tqdkuawmh ‘&Srf;jynfe,frludk tajcðyI jynf axmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qGJyg&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm; awmif;qdka=umif;’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'udk vdktyfovdk jyifqif=uzdk@ tqdkrsm;wifoGif;=uygvdk@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u zdwfac: vrf;zGifhay;vdkufwJhtay: xGufay:vmcJhwJh tqdkjzpfygw,f? tcsKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fqdk&if awmif}uD;nDvmcH}uD;uae xGufay:vmcJhwJh tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;rl[m ‘z,f'&,frl’ qdkwm jzpfygw,f? &Srf;jynfuae pwifcJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf ‘&Srf;rl’ vdk@vnf;ac:cJh=uygw,f? yxrqHk; &Srf;jynfe,fu wifoGif;cJhwJh &Srf;rl[m awmif}uD;jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;udk jzwfoef;+yD;wJt h cg jynfe,faygi;f pHu k vnf; tajccHtm;jzifh vufco H abmwlvu kd w f hJ ‘rl’ tqifu h kd wqifhwufoGm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; jynfe,frsm;&JŒ w&m;ojzifv h y_ &f mS ;r_awG awmif;qdw k ifjyr_awG jzpfay:vmaecsed rf mS (13) ESpaf usmf =umjrifah e+yDjzpfwhJ jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk w&m;ojzifh &yfpyJ pfEikd af &; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;/ Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm wdk@ acgif; aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;uvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ awGudk tm;óud;rmefwuf qufvufvkyfaqmifvm=uygw,f? &efukefc±dkif +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒudk zGJŒ pnf;+yD;wJah emuf òrdŒe,f/ wdu k ef ,f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; zGŒJ pnf;Edik zf @kd wjynfv;kH &Sd a'otoD; oD;rSm c±dkifòrdŒe,f +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒcGJrsm; ay:aygufzdk@ vHk;yrf;tm;xkwf jyifqifvm=uygw,f? e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrw D }D uD;u e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG &Guaf qmifae ovdk jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk OD;wnfaqmif&Guf&if; 'Drdkua&pDa&; trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;udpaP wGukd oabmxm;azmfxw k f rD;armif;xd;k jywmawG vkyaf qmifae cJhygw,f? vlrsKd;pkjy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;a&;udkyg rarhravsmh wifjycJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm ygvDrefrdef@cGef;wck ay;cJhygw,f? ygvDref'Drkdu a&pDwnfaqmufa&;/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHac:qdk usif;ya&;eJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&m udpP&yfawG xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdo k mG ;ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;u 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek &JŒ rde@f ceG ;f udk a0zefcyhJ g w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmxm;[m tðywfwdkufa&; vufeufcsa&;enf;tay:rSmyJ &yfwnfaeao;wJt h a=umif; axmufjyvdu k +f yD; Edik if w H umjy\emawGuakd wmif aqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f wJh enf;eJ@ ajyvnfEdkifw,fvdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒpum;t& ,Hk=unfw,fqdk&if jynfwGif;jy\emawGudk vnf; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;=u&if rajyvnfEkdifp&mta=umif;r&SdwJhta=umif;/ 'ga=umifh aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ wdu k w f eG ;f Ed;k aqmfa=umif; azmfjycJyh gw,f? “jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ [m yGpJ m;r[kw/f ESpzf uf=um;u aqmif&u G w f t hJ zGŒJ vJr[kw/f jynfov l x l t k usK;d eJ@ udu k n f w D hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;udk &&Sad pzd@k jynfov l x l u k kd tajccH+yD; aqmif&u G o f mG ;r,fh tzGŒJ jzpfw,f” vd@k vJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;&JŒ &yfwnfcsuu f kd w&m;0if xkwfazmfcJhygw,f? 276
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1961 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f xJrmS ‘Ak'b < momEdik if aH wmfbmomjyÏmef;a&;’ udpt P ay:rSm rauseyf Edkifoabm rwlEdkifwJh bmoma&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awGvnf; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiH awmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;oifh ovm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;tay: jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;=ur_awG axmufcH=ur_/ uef@uGuf=ur_awGvnf; ay:aygufjrifhwufvmcJhygw,f? =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm jynfreJ@ jynf e,frsm;u c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG tpPvmrfbmom0ifawG/ ewfu;kd uG,o f al wG (Ak'b < momr[kwf wJh Arm/ csi;f / ucsi/f u&ifawG) pka0;wdik yf if=u+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;bmoma&; vlenf;pkaygi;f pHk r[mrdwf tzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmif=uum qENjyuef@uGufyGJawG usif;yðyvkyfvm=uygw,f? Ak'<bmomudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf rjyÏmef;apcsiw f hJ qENukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; azmfjyuef@uu G cf =hJ uwm jzpfygw,f? OD;Ekuawmh olŒ&JŒ pdwq f ENtwdik ;f Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;Edik zf @kd tpp jyifpif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ygvrD efrmS Edik if aH wmfbmom jyÏmef;a&;udk &ckid ef @J rGew f @kd u uef@uu G rf ,fq&kd if &cdik ef @J rGejf ynfe,fay;r,fqw kd hJ rdru d wdukd jyefvnf±w k o f rd ;f &r,fv@kd OD;Eku ajymovdv k kd toHxu G f vmcJo h vdk &Sr;f eJ@ u,m;awGu Edik if aH wmfbmomudpu P kd t=uyfuikd v f m&ifawmh olw@kd &ŒJ zuf'&,frl udpu P v kd nf; rdrq d uf+yD; aqG;aEG;rSmr[kwv f @kd OD;Eku +cdr;f ajcmufovdv k v kd nf; ajymoH qdo k H aumv [vawG xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? zuf'&,frludpPudk axmufcHxm;&wJh csif;/ ucsif/ u&ifwdk@uvnf; &Srf;eJ@ u,m;[m ygvDrefrSm EdkifiHawmfbmom Oya'=urf;udk uef@uGuf&mrSm olwdk@eJ@twl yl;aygif; vm=uvdrrhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah e=uw,fqw kd hJ owif;ywif;rsK;d awGvnf; xGuaf y:cJyh gw,f? zuf'&,f rle@J Edik if aH wmfbmomudpu P kd qufpyfajymqdk xifa=uay;=uwmawGvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh wdwd usus vufqkyfvufudkifjyEdkifr_awmh wckrSr&SdcJhyg? 1961 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@rSm vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfa&m jynfolŒv$wfawmfyg v$wf awmfEpS &f yfpkH yg0ifwhJ ygvrD eftpnf;ta0; usi;f ycsed rf mS zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' yk'rf 21 (1) jyÏmef;csufudk jyifqif+yD; Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;vdkufygw,f? Ak'<bmom0if &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ Ak'<bmom0if ouf}uD;&G,ftdk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u awmh OD;Ek&JŒ 'DvkyfaqmifjyÏmef;csufudk om"kac: =uygw,f? auseyftm;&jzpf=uygw,f? EkdifiHa&; tajrmftjrif&SdwJh Ak'<bmom 0ifwcsKdŒeJ@ Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfolrsm;uawmh 'DjyÏmef;csuftay: awmfawmfuoduatmuf jzpf=uygw,f? rausrvnfjzpf=uygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfwJh wdkif; &if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG=um;rSm qef@usifuef@uGuf=uoHawG [kdu onfu e,fy,faygif;pHkuae xGuf ay:vm&ygawmhw,f? tusKd;qufwckuawmh ucsifjynfe,frSm autdkifat (KIA) ucsiv f w G f ajrmufa&;wyfrawmf v_y&f mS ;r_}uD; [ke;f ceJ ydrk }kd uD;rm;us,jf yef@ wd;k wufvm&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f? Ak'< bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyÏmef;r_eJ@wqufwnf; EkdifiHawmfbmom omoem csD;jr‡ifh axmufyHha&; tufOya'eJ@ ausmif;rsm;/ wuUodkvfrsm;/ q&mtwwfoifaumvdyfrsm;rSm Ak'<w&m; pmayrsm;udk oif=um;apjcif;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfawGudk Oykofae@awGrSm toHv$ifhapjcif;awGudk jyÏmef;vkyfaqmifapcJhygw,f? Oykofae@awGrSm tpdk;&eJ@ a'oE W&tm%mydkif±Hk;awG ydwf=uzdk@ t&uf qdik af wG Oykoaf e@rmS ydwx f m;=uzd@k / om;owf±aHk wG tcg}uD;ae@}uD;awGrmS ydwx f m;=uzd@k qkw d mawG udkvnf; jyÏmef;vkyfaqmifapcJhygw,f? Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfolawG&JŒ rauseyfr_/ pdk;&drfxdwfvef@r_awG }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? tJ'g teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
277
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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a=umifh Ak'<bmom0if r[kwfwJh jynfolawG&JŒ pdk;&drfxdwfvef@ rauseyfr_awG yaysmufoGm;&atmif qdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tpdk;&u ‘pwkwˆjyifqifcsufOya'’ qdkwmudk qufvufxkwfay;&ygw,f? “ausmif;rsm;wGif rdbrsm;. óudwifoabmwlnDcsufr&bJ ausmif;om;oli,frsm;tm; ,if;wdk@. rdbudk;uG,faom/ bmomr[kwfaom bmomudk roif=um;&[k ydwfyifonf? bmom omoem t&yf&yfudkvnf; tpdk;&u umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf[k jyÏmef;onf?” qdkwmjzpfyg w,f? tJ'Dvdk pwkwˆjyifqifcsuf Oya' xyfrHxkwfjyefvmwmudk Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;awGu ra=ureyfjzpf=uygw,f? OD;Ek ±_HcsD ESyfcsD vkyfw,fqdk+yD; pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek tdrfudk0dkif;+yD; qENjy=uygw,f? pufwifbm (25) &ufrSmawmh &[ef;oHCmawG trsm;tjym;[m v$waf wmfe@J twGi;f 0ef±;kH }uD;udk 0dik ;f +yD; tjyif;txefuef@uu G f qENjy=uygw,f? vufeufuikd &f o J m; ESpfaxmifavmufcs+yD; umuG,fxdef;odrf;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'DvdktjzpftysufawG wdkif;jynfrSm ay:aygufaecsdefrSm/ ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD;wcsKdŒu ppfwyf u tm%mjyeftyfcJh&wmtay: rcsifhr&J jzpfaecJh=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh tm%mar#mfrSef;csuf }uD;vGe;f vSwhJ ud, k w f ikd v f nf; 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk cf &hJ zl;+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfwa,muf&ŒJ t&om/ eHygww f pfEikd if hH acgi;f aqmifwa,muf&ŒJ t&omudk jrnf;prf;pm;oH;k cGihf óuHczhJ ;l +yD;jzpfw/hJ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf }uD;ae0if;tzdk@ ydk+yD; tdyfrufrufp&m/ ydk+yD; vGrf;armp&mawG jzpfaecJhygw,f? olom EdkifiH eHygwfwpf acgif;aqmifjzpfw,fqkdwm jycsifvGef;aeovm; 'grSr[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwJh t&Sdeftdyfruf rukefbJ jzpfaevdk@vm; rajymwwfyg? 1960 jynfhESpf atmufwdkbmv (1) &ufae@ w±kwf jrefrme,f edrdwfpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@twl w±kwfjynfudk oGm;a&mufcJh=u&&mrSm tdr&f iS Ef ikd if u H Armacgi;f aqmifawGtwGuf pD;zd@k armfawmfum;awG toifph pD Of jyifqifay;xm;&mrSm/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EktwGuf vsmxm;jyifqifxm;wJh a&SŒqHk;u armfawmfum;udk AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u t&ifwufp;D ypfvu kd w f ,fqydk gw,f? tdr&f iS Ef ikd if u H acgi;f aqmifrsm;uawmif tHt h m;oifo h mG ;cJ=h u& w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? OD;Ektygt0if twlvdkufygoGm;=uolawGvnf; rSifoufrdoGm;&+yD; tda¹ENrysuf quf+yD; pD;eif;vdkufygoGm;cJh=u&w,fvdk@ tqdk&Sdygw,f? 1961 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvxJrmS umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u wyfrawmf&ŒJ ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfrsm;udk jyifqifzGJŒpnf;wmvkyfygw,f? (u) taemufajrmufwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfudk t&ifajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf/ trSwf (1) wyfrXmecsKyf/ trSwf (1) eJ@ trSwf (10) ajcvsifwyfr[mXmecsKyfawG zsufodrf;+yD; tJ'Dtiftm;awG tajccHum rE Wav;rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (c) ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftjzpf trSwf (4) (6) (9) ajcvsifwyfr[mawG zsufodrf;+yD; tJ'Dtiftm;awGeJ@ awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (*) ta&SŒawmifwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyftjzpf trSwf (3)(5)(13) wyfr[mawG zsuo f rd ;f +yD; tJ'D tiftm;awGeJ@ armfvòrdifòrdŒrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (C) taemufawmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyftjzpf trSwf (8)(12) ajcvsifwyfr[mXmecsKyfawG zsufodrf;+yD; tJ'Dtiftm;awGeJ@ ykodrfòrdŒrSm zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? 278
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(i) tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyftjzpf t&if awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfe@J wyfr[m (2)udk zsufodrf;+yD; tJ'Dtiftm;awGeJ@ r*Fvm'HkrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (p) trSwf (7) ajcvsifwyfr[mudk jrpf}uD;em;rSm qufxm;+yD; trSwf (11) ajcvsifwyf r[mudk zm;tHrSm qufvufxm;&SdcJhygw,f? ppfwyf[m tiftm;t& cdkifrmawmifhwif;wJhtaetxm;udk a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfovdk pD;yGm; a&;t&vnf; awmifhwif;tm;&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? wyfwGif;rSm&SdcJhwJh vuf0Jtiftm;pkawGudk z,f&Sm; +yD;cJh+yD;jzpfovdk aemufqHk;usef&SdaewJh qdk&S,fvpfvufusefwyfrª;}uD;wcsKdŒudkvnf; (60) ckESpf/ a&G; aumufyGJbufvdkufr_udk ta=umif;jy+yD; z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcJh+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz wdk@avmufom usefygawmhw,f? wckvHk;taetxm;t&ajym&&if AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; pdwóf uduf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wvufuikd af rG;jrLxm;cJw h hJ ppfwyfoabm tjynft h 0 yHak y:ae+yD jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD;jzpfwhJ ‘yxp’ uvnf; OD;-Adv k -f ocif tkypf u k aJG eovdk zqyv/ yrnw pwJh ajray:EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk tzGJŒtpnf;awGuvnf; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf r&Sd=uwJhtjyif ppfwyf&JŒtE W&,fudk b,ftzGJŒtpnf;urS tav;teufrxm;cJh=uyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; udv k nf; yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw awGtm;vH;k u tifrwef,=kH unfvyS ga=umif; toGit f rsK;d rsKd;eJ@ azmfjy *k%fwifxm;cJh=uygw,f? OD;Ekudk,fwdkifuvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk ,Hk=unfaecJhyg w,f? ppfbwf*sufuawmh wESpfxufwESpf xdk;wufvmaecJhwJhtwGuf bwf*sufvdkaiGudk umrd atmif tpdk;&u tcGefaumufawG wdk;aumufvm&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppftprSm jynfolawGtay: wdkuf±dkufaumufcHcJhwJh tcGeftaumuf[m ( 53 ukaÉ ) ausmfyJ&Sd&mu/ 61- 62 b¾ma&;ESpf twGuf (112 ukaÉ) txd wdk;+yD;aumufcHzdk@ vsmxm;vkyfaqmifvm&ygw,f? ESpfqausmfwdk;+yD; aumufcv H m&wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? jynfwiG ;f tcGet f aumufawGw;kd +yD; aumufcv H m&wJt h wGuf ukefaps;E_ef;awG ydk+yD;}uD;vm&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkjzpfwhJ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ taetxm;uawmh tzGJŒtpnf;wdkif;vdkvdk qHk;±_H;r_awG }uD;rm;cJh&+yD; t=uyftwnf;awGtoD;oD; óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifaecsdef jzpfygw,f? tpkd;& tqufquf&JŒ tðywfwdkufa&; ppfqifacsr_ef;r_awG&JŒatmufrSm tqHk;t±_H;awG }uD;cJ=h u&ovdk (58) ckEpS f vufeufe@J 'rD u kd a&pDvv J , S af &; r_id ;f wdu k rf a_ wGatmuf/ vufeufuikd v f rf; pOfpeG @f +yD;/ Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&; trsK;d rsK;d aom vdrn f mr_id ;f wdu k rf a_ wGatmufrmS vnf; òyduq JG ;kH ±_;H &r_}uD;awG ay:cJhygw,f? udk,fhtiftm;awGudk udk,fqufvufxdef;odrf;wnfaqmuf&if; t=uyf twnf;aygi;f pH=k um;rSm ±ke;f uefwu kd yf 0JG ifae=u&wJh taetxm;om jzpfygw,f? b,fawmfveS af &; vufeufudkiftiftm;pkurS EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;ydkuf&,lEdkifr,fh taetxm; r&Sdyg? wjynfvHk;rSm t}uD;qHk;aom vufeufudkiftiftm;pk}uD;uawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;pD;arG;jrLudkifwG,fxm;wJh tpdk;&wyf}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tzGJŒtpnf; tm;vH;k aygi;f &JŒ pkpak ygi;f ta&twGut f iftm;xuf tqaygi;f rsm;pGm}uD;aewJh ppfwyftiftm;pk}uD; jzpfaeygw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ bwf*sut f oH;k p&dwf pkpak ygi;f &JŒ &mcdik Ef e_ ;f trsm;qH;k udk ppfwyfu oH;k pGpJ m; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
279
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aomufypfaewJh tajctaejzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;&JŒ b¿maiGtrsm;qHk;udk &,loHk;pGJae±Hkru tm; vHk;&JŒ rsufESmomay;r_udkyg &&Sdae+yD; wae@wjcm; =oZmt&Sdeft0g }uD;rm;vmaeygw,f? tJ'Dvdk jzpfaewJh ppfwyf}uD;&JŒtaetxm;udk rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;vkyfwJholu ppfr_rxrf;rae& Oya' (National Service Act) w&yf ygvDrefrSm wifoGif;jyÏmef;Edkifzdk@ tpðyvkyf aqmifw,fqdkygw,f? ppfwyfwGif;&Sd Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz u rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf+yD; olŒwyfu t&m&SdawGudk ac: +yD; “'d@k wyfrawmfukd zsuzf @kd vyk af e+yD/ 'd@k wyfrawmfawmh tzsurf cHEikd b f ;l / igw@kd awmh wckcak wmh vky&f r,f” vd@k ajymwm qdw k mawG vkyw f ,fqykd gw,f? ‘umuG,af &;0ef}u;D u wyfrawmfuzkd su+f y”D vdk@ ykodrfoGm;+yD; &ifbwfpnfwD; ajymqdkovdk vm±_d;/ awmif}uD; wdk@rSmvnf; vdkufvHajymqdkcJhw,f qdyk gw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD;u wyfrawmfukd zsuzf @kd vyk w f mr[kww f t hJ a=umif; vdu k v f H wke@f jyef ajz&Sif;cJh&w,fqdkygw,f? tJ'Dvdk tcsdefrSm EdkifiHwumtaetxm;uvnf; t&if;&Sif*dk%f;}uD;eJ@ qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD; [m e,fy,faygif;pHk ae&maygif;pHkrSm olEdkifudk,fEkdif tòydif}uJ+yD; tjyif;txef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf ae=ucsdefjzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sif*kd%f;}uD;u uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tvHudkaxmif+yD; EkdifiHwdkif;u jywf om;wJh uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;vkyEf ikd o f al wGukd tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if; eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ ppfwyftay:vnf; ausmaxmufaemufcðH yay;wmawG trsm;tjym; vkyfcJhygw,f? tjyeftvSet f m;jzifh qd&k , S v f pf*% kd ;f }uD;bufuvnf; “awmfveS af &;udk wify@kd z@kd óud;pm;ae =uovdk a'otoD;oD;u uGefjrLepfygwDawGtay: axmufyHhtm;ay;zdk@ óud;pm;cJh=uygw,f? 'gay r,fh qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;twGif;rSmudk qdkAD,ufeJ@ w±kwf vdkif;ESpfvdkif;tjzpf òyduGJoGm;+yD;/ EdkifiHtoD; oD;u uGefjrLepfygwDawGtay: qdk;0g;wJh tusKd;qufawG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? t&if;&Sif*dk%f;}uD;eJ@ ,SOfòydifwkdufcdkuf tm;prf;=u&mrSm qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;[m rnDr!Gwf tòydòydtuGJuGJ jzpfcJhygw,f? 'DvkdtcsdefrSm tm&SrSm uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm; xdyfoD;ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;awG ay:xGufvmygw,f? uGejf rLepfqef@usiahf &;udk vufawGŒ jywfjywfom;om;vky=f uwJh ppftm%m&Si}f u;D awGukd tar&duef OD;aqmifwJh t&if;&Sif*dk%f;}uD;u vufckyf=obmwD;ay;cJh=uygw,f? 1960 ckESpfausmf umv[m urBmrSm ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;awG&JŒ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lwm acwfpm;pðyvmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh tm&SrSm ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG tm%modrf;yGJqifE$J=uwm/ tm%modrf;zdk@ wmpl óud;yrf;=uwmawG acwfpm;ovdk jzpfvmaecJhygw,f? zdvpfydkifrSm rm;udk@(pf) awmifudk;&D;,m;rSm ywfcsKH[D;wdk@ emrnfxGufvmygw,f? Armjynfu Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; [mvnf; tm%mudv k aJ$ jymif;ay;&+yD;uwnf;u tm%mudk jyefvnf&,lEikd af &;twGuf jynfwiG ;f tajctae Edik if w H umtajctaeawGukd rsujf cnfrjywf =unfh aecJhygw,f? 1961 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvxJavmufup+yD; ppfwyf[m jyefvnftm%modrf;ydkufEdkifzdk@ awmif v#KdŒ0SufjyifqifcJhw,fvdk@vnf; qdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdkjyifqifaewmudk AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; uvGJvdk@ b,folrS wdwdususrodcJh=uyg? Edk0ifbm (14) &ufae@rSm ajrmufOuUvm AvDausmif; t"du±k%f;}uD; jzpfay:vmygw,f? AvDwnfaqmufz@kd tpd;k &uajrae&may;wmtay: oHCmawmfrsm;u ra=ureyfjzpf&muae pwif 280
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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jzpfay:vmwm jzpfygw,f? ajrae&mawGay;wJt h cgrmS bke;f }uD;ausmif;awGaqmufz@kd usawmh òrdŒjyif uae&mawGay;w,f? AvDaqmufzdk@twGufusawmh òrdŒxJu tuGuftuGif;aumif;wJh ae&may; w,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk uef@uGufw,fqdk+yD; oHCmawmfawGu qENjyqef@usifuef@uGuf&muae }u;D xGm;vmwmjzpfygw,f? oHCmawmfawGu AvDajruGuu f o kd rd ;f +y;D qENjyygw,f? &J eJ@ oHCmawmf awG xdyfwdkufawGŒ&+yD; &J eJ@ oHCm/ vlxkyg yg0ifvmwJh t"du±k%f;}uD;jzpfyGm;ygw,f? owif;pm wcsKdŒuvnf; yg0ifa&;om;vm=uygw,f? yk'fr (144) xkwf&±Hkru &J u aoewfeJ@ypf+yD; vlpkcGJwJh twGuf aoa=u'%f&m&r_awG jzpfay:cJhygw,f? oHCmawmfawGtygt0if vlaygif; (200) ausmf zrf;qD;wmcH&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh oHCma&m vlxyk g rausreyf xyfrjH zpfymG ;cJ=h u+yD;/ tiftm; (1500) avmufe@J qENjy&if; OD;Ekukd “a=umifoal wmfA'k b < mom}uD;” vd@k jyif;jyif;xefxef atmf[pf±w _ cf swm vkyfcJh=uygw,f? rauseyfEikd w f hJ oHCmawmfawG[m uefawmfrifyef;+cHrmS oHCmxkqENjyyGJ usi;f y+yD; OD;Ekqef@ usifa&ydkpwmawGuyfum w&m;a[majymcJh=uygw,f? OD;Eku oHCmawmfawG&ŒJ trsuaf 'goudk ac|;odyw f t hJ aeeJ@ ‘oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGr;f qef pdrf;avmif;vªyGJ’ udk vrf;rawmfrSmusif;ywJhtcg oHCmawmfawGu qGrf;qefpdrf;awmif;awG arSmuf+yD; jiif;y,fqENjycJh=uygw,f? 1961 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm Ekid if w H uma&;&meJ@ ywfouf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek OD;aqmifwhJ jrefrmEdik if H awmftpd;k & yg0ifaqmif&u G cf w hJ hJ *k%w f ufp&mudpt P jzpf rSww f rf;wifxu kd w f muawmh ‘bJv*f &dwf nDvmcH}uD;’ rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvnf; ta&;ygwJhtcef;u yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? ,l*dkpvm; AD;,m;Edik if H ‘bJv*f &dw’f òrdŒrSm ta&SŒtkypf ek @J taemuftyk pf q k w kd hJ tkypf }k uD;ESpcf t k =um; b,ftyk pf rk S ryg0ifwJh EdkifiHrsm;&JŒnDvmcH}uD;udk usif;ycJhygw,f? qdAk , D uf,el , D eH @J tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ ta&SŒtkypf ek @J taemuftyk pf k =um; wif;rmr_awG jyif;xefaecsed rf mS usi;f ywJh =um;aeEkid if rH sm;&JŒ nDvmcH}uD;jzpfovd/k bufrvdu k f v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;twGuf ordik ;f 0ifrw S w f ikd w f ckjzpfcyhJ gw,f? bJv*f &dwn f v D mcH}uD;uae qdAk , D uf,el , D H eJ@ tar&duefw@kd ukd wif;rmr_awGavsmyh g;atmif óud;yrf;=uzd@k arwWm&yfcH yef=um;awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHt+yD;rSm OD;Ek [m tD*spf eJ@ armf±dkudk EdkifiHwdk@&JŒ cspf=unfa&;tvnftywfc&D; zdwf=um; jcif;cH&ygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (19) &ufae@rSm EdkifiHawmft}uHay;tzGJŒ&JŒ zuf'&,frleJ@ ywfouf wJh t}uðH ycsut f pD&ifcpH m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &qD w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f ygw,f? aemufwae@ Zefe0g&D (20) &ufae@rmS ‘jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ ’ u ud, k pf m;vS,af wGjzpf=uwJh pyfceG cf sK/d a'guw f mapmvS xGef;/ omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm; pyfxGef;at; OD;omxGef; (&cdkif)/ Edkifbapm (rGef)/ uy`wdefref;wHk;E_H; (csif;)/ OD;cspfarmif (u,m;)/ OD;vS+idrf; (u,m;) wdk@[m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek eJ@awGŒqHk+yD; ‘zuf'&,frl’ wckudk w&m;0if wifoGif;vdkuf=uygw,f? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒu a&;qGJwifoGif;w,fqdkwJh 'Dzuf '&,frl[m ‘&Srf;rl’ udk jyifqifjznfhpGuf+yD; tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfa&;qGJxm;wJh ‘rl’ vdk@qdkygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u 'Dzuf'&,fru l pd u P kd trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS aqG;aEG;rSmjzpfa=umif; jyefvnf tajzay;cJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
281
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0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u w&m;0ifvrf;zGiahf y;+yD;wJah emuf tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; jyifqifvo kd l jynfe,frsm;bufu pmwrf; (4) apmif ay:xGuv f mcJw h ,fv@kd t=urf;zsi;f owfrw S Ef ikd f ygw,f? OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) &JŒ ‘u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpkpepf’ odk@r[kwf ‘jynf axmifpw k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom&Sr;f jynf’ qdw k phJ mwrf;/ a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f &JŒ ‘tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; eJ@ywfoufwJhrl=urf;’ pmwrf;/ &Srf;jynfe,fqdkif&m óud;udkifaumfrDwDu wifoGif;cJhwJh ‘jynfaxmifpk ppfppfr’l od@k r[kwf ‘&Sr;f rl’ qdw k phJ mwrf;eJ@ tckaemufq;kH wifoiG ;f vdu k =f uwJh &Sr;f jynfe,ftygt0if jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ ‘zuf'&,frl’ pmwrf;/ pkpkaygif;pmwrf; (4) apmif ay:xGufcJhyg w,f? ‘zuf'&,frl’ pmwrf;[m jynfe,frsm;&JŒudk,fpm; aemufqHk;wifoGif;cJhwJh pmwrf;jzpfwJh twGuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;eJ@ tcsKyfpmwrf;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? yxrpmwrf; (3) apmifvHk;[m tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk vkdvm; a=umif; toGiftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ zGifhqdk &Sif;vif; &nf!¸ef;cJh=uovdk/ aemufqHk; w&m;0ifwifoGif;cJhwJh jynf e,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ ‘zuf'&,frl’ pmwrf;rSmuawmh ‘zuf'&,frl’ qdkwmudk twd tvif;udk acgif;pOfwyf+yD; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyawmif;qdkxm;ygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (27) &ufae@rSm urBmat;ukef;ajrrSm tm%m& ‘yxp’tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ jynfv;kH u|wn f v D mcH}uD; pwifusi;f yygw,f? 'Dnv D mcH}uD;[m tm%m& yxp tzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f u OD;-Adv k -f ocif tkypf t k uGu J kd qG+J yD;&if=um;aphz@kd óud;pm;wJyh }JG uD;jzpfovdk OD;-Adv k -f ocif wd@k &ŒJ aemuf qHk;AkdvfvkyGJ}uD;vnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? yxp tdrfapmifhaumfrDwD OuUÏ}uD;OD;Ek u wufa&mufzGifhvSpf rdef@cGef;ac|cJhygw,f? “b,fEh , S v f J udak &$O;D Akv d f eJ@ udak &$ocifw@kd wa,mufe@J wa,muf tjyeftvSef tkyaf e=u wm rarmao;bl;vm;?æ OD;Akv d f eJ@ ocifawG&ŒJ yG[ J m tifrwef=unhaf umif;wJyh yJG ?J vufa0S@pum;eJ@ ajym&r,fq&kd ifawmh OD;Adv k af &m ocifa&m ESpzf ufpvH;k [m ajczsm;a&m zaemifah &m/ 'l;a&m/ wHawmif a&m/ vufo;D a&m/ acgi;f a&m/ ar;apha&m/ vufoaJ &m &S&d o dS r# tukex f w k +f yD; cs=uwmbJ/ cs=uwmrS t}udwt f e,fcs=uwmbJ? tJ'aD wmh udak &$O;D Adv k w f @kd udak &$ocifw@kd tawmarmoGm;=u+yDxifw,f? rarm=uao;bl;vm;” vdk@ tpcsD ar;cGef;xkwfvdkuf+yD; yxptzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ ygwDwGif;tajctaeudk xif[yfjy&if; OD;AdkvftkyfpkeJ@ ociftkyfpkwdk@&JŒ t±_H;tEdkifudk nDvmcH}uD;u tqHk;tjzwfðyoGm;rSm jzpfa=umif;/ ±_;H wJt h yk pf ak &m Ekid w f t hJ yk pf yk g ESv;kH oGi;f wwfz@kd vw kd t hJ a=umif; owday;qH;k rpum; ajym =um;oGm;cJhygw,f? “tJ'Dawmh EdkifiHa&;qufrvkyfcsifwJholawG[m EdkifiHa&;avmuxJu tomw=unfxGuf =uyg? EdkifiHa&;avmuxJrSmae+yD; EkdifiHa&;óud;qGJcsaowJh romawGawmh tjzpfrcH=uygeJ@? ±_H;wJhol awG[m rpm;&wJhtrJ oJeJ@yufwJhoabmrsKd;vdk EdkifwJholawGudk tvkyfrvkyfjzpfatmif wenf;eJ@ r[kwf wenf;eJ@ qlqlylyl&ifvnf; vkyfae=urSmyJ/ 'grSr[kwf vufeufudkif+yD; aomif;usef;=urSm bJ?æ 'Dvo kd m ±_;H wdik ;f uysu, f ysuv f yk af e=ur,fq&kd if u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpek @J tifrwefEek ,f ao;wJh ygvDref'Drdkua&pD[m b,fenf;eJ@rS tudkif;tcuft&Guf tzl;tyGifh a0a0qmqmjzpfwJh txd }uD;xGm;rvmEdkifyJ t!¸ef@rxGufcif zkwf=unf;oò*õvfvdkuf&rSmyJ/ 'Dzkwf=unf; o+*õKvfvdkuf& wJhae@[m cifAsm;wdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ yxptzGJŒ0ifawG vl&ifhrm}uD;jzpf+yD; ezm;óud;txkd;cH&wJhae@ 282
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
jzpfrSmbJ” vdk@vnf; zGifhqdk&Sif;jyoGm;cJhygw,f? nDvmcHtqHk;tjzwfudk ±_H;±_H;EdkifEkdif tomw=unf vufcHoGm;=uzdk@ w&m;jy em;csoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;Akv d t f yk ef @J ociftyk [ f m tòydit f qdik f nDvmcHrmS ,SOòf ydicf =hJ uygw,f? rJay;Edik o f u l , kd pf m; vS,fpkpkaygif; (722) OD;wufa&mufcJhwJh nDvmcH}uD;&JŒ aemufqHk; tqHk;owftajzuawmh ocifu tompD;&oGm;cJhw,fvdk@yJ owfrSwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'D yxpnDvmcH}uD;uae ‘ocifwif’ udk yxp acgi;f aqmifopftjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufchJ =uygw,f? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;u ociftkyfpkacgif;aqmif ocifausmfxGef; jzpfvmygw,f? ESpfzuftkyfpk nDr#wJh XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmif (16) OD;/ t&H (15) OD;udk a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufEikd cf =hJ u+yD; tzGŒJ }uD;rSm tpdwpf w d t f r$mr$mruGaJ wmhbJ nD!w G af &;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifx h ed ;f odr;f Edkifvdkuf=uygw,f? Ek-wif aqG+idrf; tuGJwkef;uvdkawmh ESpfjcrf; ESpfr$muGJ roGm;awmhwJhtwGuf/ yxp}uD; wvHk;wpnf;wnf; qufvuf&yfwnfEdkifcJhygw,f? ‘yxp’ }uD;[m tm%m&tjzpfu ‘zqyv’ }uD;wkef;uvdk q,fESpfq,frdk;r=umao;yJ wESpfausmf ESpfESpfom;avmuf &Sdao;wJht wGuf tuGJr}uD;ao;wm/ 'ga=umifh ,m,Djyef+yD; &if=um;aphaeEdkifwmvdk@ ,lqr,fqdk&ifvnf; ,lqEkdifygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf ‘yxp’ }uD; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$muGJxGufroGm;wmudk rcsifhr&J jzpfoGm;&wm uawmh t"dutwdu k t f cH zqyv wnf+rJtyk pf ek @J tm%modr;f Edik zf @kd tuGuaf csmif;aewJh wyfwiG ;f u ppftkyfpkyJjzpfw,fvdk@ owfrSwf&r,fjzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (13) &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usi;f yygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;uae trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:,lz@kd qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd qH;k jzwfvu kd yf gw,f? jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ u wifoiG ;f wJh ‘zuf'&,fr’l eJ@ jynfe,fOuUÏrsm; cef@xm;a&; (zGŒJ pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'jyifqifcsuf) Oya'=urf;udk azazmf0g&D (15) &ufae@rSm usif;yr,fh jynfolŒ v$waf wmfnv D mcHrmS rwifoiG ;f ao;yJ/ tJ'u D pd t P wGuf trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:,lz@kd qH;k jzwfvu kd w f m jzpfygw,f? ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk trsKd;om;nDvmcHrSmwif+yD; aqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfygw,f? “'DudpP[m trsKd; om;nDvmcHac: zdk@rvdkyJ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒqHk;jzwfydkifcGihf&SdwJhudpPjzpfvdk h0ef}uD;tzGJŒtwGuf raumif;wJh tpOftvm}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmpdk;a=umif;” vdk@ 0ef}uD;pyfcGefcsKdeJ@ 0ef}uD;qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif wdk@u uef@uGufajymqdkcJh=uao;w,fqdkygw,f? aemufq;kH rSm jynfoŒl v$waf wmfnv D mcHukd 1962 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (15) &ufae@rmS vnf; aumif;/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufae@rSmvnf;aumif;/ usif;yzdk@ ac:,lvdkufyg awmhw,f? jynfov l w $ af wmftpnf;ta0;}u;D usi;f yaepOfumvrSmyJ/ azazmf0g&v D (24) &ufae@ nae (6) em&Dupwif+yD;/ &efukefòrdŒ jynfvrf;toHv$ifh±Hkcrf;raqmifrSm ‘zuf'&,frl’ aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD; òrdifòrdifqdkifqdkif usif;yygw,f? ‘z,f'&,frl’udk w&m;0ifraqG;aEG;=ucifrSmyJ zuf'&,frltay: rwljcm;em;wJhtjrifawG EdkifiHa&;avmurSm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
283
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yrnw 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmifu “1961 ckEpS /f *|ev f wGif awmif}uD;òrdŒY vlrsK;d pHn k D uGezf &if}h uD; udk wcJeufusi;f yum z,f'a&;&Si;f rlqo kd nfuw kd ifjyI tjyif;tjyawmif;qdv k m=uonf? ,if;wd@k . pmwrf;udk avhvmaomtcg trSefrSm z,f'a&;&Sif;rl r[kwf uGefzD'a&;&Sif;rl jzpfaeonfudk awGŒ vm&ayonf? t"dy`g,frSm vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif jynfe,frsm;/ jrefrmjynfre,f tygt0if jynfe,faygif;csKyfzGJŒ&ef jzpfaeavonf” vdk@ tjrif&SdcJhygw,f? wnf+rJzqyv acgif;aqmif OD;ausmf+idrf; uawmh zuf'&,frltay: tjyif;txef qef@usif uef@uGuf ajymqdkygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (18) &ufae@ &efukefc±dkif zqyv vli,ftzGJŒ OD;pD;nDvmcHrSm “&Srf; zuf'&,frlqdkwm awmifwef;om;awGu Armudkjyefcs&atmifqdkwJh t"dy`g,f bJ&Sdw,f? 'Dta&;awGudk xdef;Edkif&if xdef;Edkif/ rxdef;Edkif&ifawmh wdkif;jynfòyduGJzdk@yJ &Sdawmhw,f” vd k @ ajymqd k + yD ; tE W & ,f t jzpf j rif y gw,f ? óud w if e d r d w f z wf o vd k v nf ; “wd k i f ; jynf ò yd u G J z d k @ yJ &dSawmhw,f” vdk@ajymqdkygw,f? a'guw f mbOD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ Edik if aH wmft}uHay; aumfrw D u D vnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh qef@ usifuef@uGuf+yD; rvdkvm;wJhoabm tpD&ifcHwifjycJhygw,f? ArmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;tpOftvm}uD;rm;wJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuawmh vlrsKd;pkawG&JŒ wef;wla&;eJ@ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf kd todtrSwðf yvufcw H ahJ y:vpDuo kd m qkyu f ikd x f m;cJyh gw,f? 1944 ckEpS w f ek ;f uwnf;u uGejf rLepfygw[ D m vlrsK;d pkawGe@J ywfouf+yD; wef;wlpnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;/ cGx J u G f vdku cGJxGufEdkifa&;awGudk rltm;jzifhudk qkyfudkifazmfxkwfcJhayr,fh/ (55) ckESpfup+yD; cGJxGufvdku cGx J u G cf iG u hf kd razmfxw k af wmhyJ aecJyh gw,f? vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ cGx J u G cf iG u hf kd ry,f&mS ;ayr,fh e,fcsŒJ orm; awGu cGx J u G cf iG u hf kd toH;k rcsEidk zf @kd q+kd yD; razmfxw k af wmhyaJ ecJw h m zuf'&,frl v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:ayguf aecsdeftxdjzpfcJhygw,f? wu,fwef;wla&;eJ@ udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhawGtay:rSmawmh wav#mufvHk; &yfwnfxm;cJhygw,f? vlrsKd;pk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG tm;vHk;avmufuawmh zuf'&,frludk vufcHoabmus=uw,fvdk@ a,bk,s owfrSwfEdkifygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkifuawhm jynfe,fawGu tvdk&SdwJh jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒu w&m;0if wifoGif;vmwJh ‘zuf'&,frl’ qdkwm bmrSa=umufp&mr&Sdvdk@ wdwdvif;vif; cH,lxm;yg w,f? oludk,fwdkifu pwifvrf;zGifhay;cJhvdk@ ay:aygufvmcJhwJhudpPjzpfwJhtjyif b,fjynfe,furS w&m;0ifcGJxGufzdk@vnf; óud;pm;=urSmr[kwfvdk@/ 'Drludk OD;aqmifwifoGif;olawGudk,fwdkifeJ@ tjyeft vSefem;vnfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf at;at;aq;aq;bJ oabmxm;ygw,f? wu,fvnf; zuf' &,frludk wifoGif;=uwJhyk*~KdvfawG udk,fwdkifvnf; cGJxGufa&;oabmxm;r&SdcJh=uyg? wu,fwef; wef;wlrr_ &Scd w hJ mawG wef;wlr&_ v dS ma&;eJ@ epfemcsuaf wGukd repfem&atmif zefw;D zd@k e@J / jynfaxmifpk tppf tESpfom&aysmufae&wJh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk ‘jynfaxmifpkppfppf’ tjzpf jyefvnfzGJŒpnf; wnfaqmufEdkifzdk@ ‘zuf'&,frl’ udk taumif;qHk;rltjzpf ,Hk=unf,lrSwf wifoGif; azmfxkwfvmcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;jzpf&ifjzpf/ rjzpf&if b,fvdkrS vufrcHEdkifqdkwJh wif;wif; rmrm qkyfudkifOD;wnfvmwmrsKd; r&SdcJh=uyg? óudwifcsrSwfudkifpGJxm;r_rsKd; r&SdcJh=uyg? 284
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf tqdak wGwifoiG ;f =uygv@kd tpd;k &u w&m;0ifwm0eftyfEiS ;f cJ+h yD;/ tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ pnf;urf;csuf wenf;tm;jzifh ‘vdu k ef m&r,frh ’l qdw k mudk csrw S af y;pOfuwnf;u tJ'D ‘rl’ awGu bmawGvq J w kd m &Si;f &Siv f if;vif;od&atmif 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Ekukd ar;jref;cJh=uygw,f? 1947 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'&JŒ ‘rl’ tESpo f m&udk rysuaf pbJ jyif&rSmjzpfw,f qdw k t hJ wGuf tJ'zD ŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'&JŒ ‘rl’ qdw k mu ‘bmvJ’ qdw k mtay: &Si;f vif;atmif cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJh=uygw,f? ynm&SifwcsKdŒu “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'’ &JŒ rl[m ‘qdk&S,fvpf EkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;yJ’ vdk@ tajzay;ovdk/ wcsKdŒu ‘1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'’ &JŒ ‘ed'ge;f ’ [m rlyv J @kd ajymqd=k uwmvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifh wd@k vkd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;uawmh ‘1947 ckEpS /f ZGef (16) &ufae@ wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfrmS Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; wifoiG ;f cJw h hJ ‘vrf;!¸ef jyÏmef;csut f qdk tcsuf (7) csuo f nfom tajccHOya'&JŒ rl’ vd@k oabmxm;cJw h mvnf; &Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGa=umifh taocsmqHk;jzpfatmifqdk+yD; omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm; pyfxGef;at;u acgif;aqmif+yD; OD;Ekukd oGm;ar;=uwJt h cg OD;Eku tJ'w D ek ;f u tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrw D t D wGuf OuUÏcef@xm; wJh OD;at;armifqD oGm;ar;=uzdk@ ajymcJhw,fqdkygw,f? OD;at;armifqD qufoGm;+yD; ar;=uwJhtcg OD;at;armif u “usKyfw@kd csxm; wJh rlqw kd m[m 'Dwikd ;f jynfukd uGejf rLepfEikd if rH jzpf/ zufqpfEidk if rH jzpf/ tm%m&SiEf ikd if rH jzpf&ifawmf+yD/ óuduo f vdo k mjyifayawmh/ ed'ge;f uae ed*;kH txd’ vd@k ajymv$wv f u kd f w,fqykd gw,f? tJ'v D kd tpd;k &&JŒ tvHprd ;f jyr_ taotcsm&+y;D rS zuf'&,fru l akd &;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajctaerSefawG odaecJh+yD;jzpfwJh OD;Ek [m ‘zuf'&,frl’ eJ@ ywfouf+yD; eJeJrS pdk;&drfr_r&SdcJhwJhtjyif/ b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJqdkwmtwGufvnf; óudwifpOf;pm;xm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? tajz&Sd+yD;ykp>mjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek em;vnfxm;wmu 'D ‘zuf'&,frl’ [m a=umufp&maumif;wJh rlr[kwf? 'Drl[m tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JŒ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk rSD+yD;a&;qGJxm;wmjzpfw,f? 'DrlrSm t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh tcsuf}uD; (3) csuf&Sdw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1) Armjynfrudk wjcm;jynfe,f awGvdk jynfe,fwcktjzpfowfrSwf&ef/ (2) vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfeJ@ jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk tm%mcsif; wlw,fv@kd owfrw S af y;&ef/ (3) vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfrmS jynfe,fwidk ;f &JŒ trwfO;D a& nDwn l rD #jzpfap&ef qdkwmyJjzpfw,fvdk@ oabmydkufxm;ygw,f? 'D ‘zuf'&,frl’pmwrf;udk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh tajccHrl (4) csuf&Sdygw,f? 1? Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;/ 2? v$wfawmfESpf&yf (jynfolv$wfawmfeJ@ vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf) tm%mwl ay;a&;/ 3? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfodk@ wlnDwJh udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& apv$wfa&;eJ@/ 4? A[dktpdk;&udk v$Jtyfxm;wJh tm%mrsm;rSty useftm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u &,la&;qdkwmudk awGŒ&ygw,f? A[dktpdk;&udk v$Jtyfxm;r,fh tm%mrsm;uawmh1? EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/ 2? jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
285
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3? jynfaxmifpkb¿ma&;/ 4? aiG'*F g;eJ@ aiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;/ 5? pmwdkufeJ@ a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/ 6? rD;&xm;/ a&a=umif;/ ava=umif; qufoG,fa&;/ 7? jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@ 8? yifv,fqdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&; wdk@yJjzpfygw,f? ta&;t}uD;qH;k uawmh jynfe,frsm;&J@ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiehf @J ‘cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG ’hf udk todtrSwðf y a&;jzpfygw,f? jynfe,fwikd ;f &JŒ ‘tkycf sKyfciG t hf m%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m/ Oya'ðya&;tm%mqdw k hJ tm%m (3) &yfvHk;’ udkvnf; tjynfht0 todtrSwfðya&;jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek u óudwifjyifqifpOf;pm;xm;wmuawmh vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f y/ zuf'&,frleJ@ywfoufwJhtqdkudk &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyfcGefcsKd u wifoGif;/ ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm; vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;/ csif;udk,fpm;vS,f uy`wdefref;wHk;E_H;/ &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,f awmif}uD;OD;xGef;jrifh/ u,m;ud, k pf m;vS,f OD;pdef wd@k u axmufcaH qG;aEG;+yD;/ tJ't D qdðk ycsuef @J axmufcaH qG;aEG;csuaf wG udk yrnw/ zqyv/ yxp/ &yvz eJ@ udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;pDeJ@ tpdk;&twdkifyifcH tzGJŒudk,fpm;vS,f wOD;wdk@u zuf'&,frleJ@ywfoufwJh oabmxm;awGudk jyefvnfwifjyaqG;aEG;=u&ef jzpfygw,f? tJ'Daemuf jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒu udk,fpm;vS,f (6) OD; yrnw/ zqyv/ &yvz/ yxp tzGŒJ csKyfw@kd u ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;pDe@J twdik yf ifcH tzGŒJ vl}uD;awGyg yg0ifwhJ aumfrw D w D &yf zGŒJ pnf;/ tJ'DaumfrDwDrSm OD;Ekudk,fwdkif em,utjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; zuf'&,frleJ@ywfouf+yD; aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif; aepOftwGi;f rSm oifah vsmw f t hJ csed w f ckrmS OD;Eku zuf'&,fe@J ywfoufwhJ 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ oabmxm; udkajym=um;r,fvdk@vnf; jyifqifxm;ygw,f? OD;Ekajym=um;r,fqdkwJh t"duoabmxm;uawmh jynfe,fawGukd ‘cifAsm;wd@k vckd siw f t hJ m%mawGu bmawGv/J bmawGeJ aew,fxifovJ/ awmif;yg/ b,fXmeudkay;ygOD;/ b,fXmaeudk ay;ygOD;ajymyg? tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;=u+yD; ay;r,f? cGJxGufydkifcGifh qdkwm}uD;udk ðzwfypfvdkufygawmh? cifAsm;wdk@vdkcsifaew,fqdkwJh Schedule qdkwJhtxJrSm List awG xJrSm aemufxyf+yD;awmh tm%mwdk;ay;r,f” vdk@ajym+yD; n‡dE_dif;oabmwlnDr_ &,lzdk@jzpfygw,f? tJ'Doabmxm;udk ajym=um;r,fqdk&if jynfe,fawGuvnf; vufcHEdkif=uzG,f&Sdw,fvdk@ OD;Eku em;vnfxm;ygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏeJ@ jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ OuUÏ pyfcGefcsKd udk,fwkdifu vnf; vlrsKd;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm tqdkwifoGif;awmif;qdkr_awG[m pdk;&drfzG,f&mr&Sda=umif;/ 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+yD; OD;Ek eJ@ n‡Ed id_ ;f pDpOfxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ zuf'&,fral wmif;qdjk cif;rSm rdrw d @kd tm%m ydrk &kd &Sv d matmif aqmif&u G jf cif;omjzpfa=umif;vd@k ajym=um;cJ+h yD;jzpfw,fqykd gw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;Eku zuf'&,fudpPrSm a=umufp&mr[kwfvdk@ ,lq+yD;jzpfovdk/ eJeJav;rSvnf; pdk;&drfcJhr_r&SdcJhyg? tajz&Sd+yD; udpPtjzpf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;oabmxm;cJhygw,f? jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fawG tm;vHk;tay:vnf; vHk;0,Hk=unfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? ,H=k unf&wJt h a=umif;&if; tcsut f vufawGuvnf; OD;EkrmS &Sad eygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (OD;Ekudk,fwdkif tqdkt&) (1) tajccHOya'udk jyifqifzdk@/ vdktyfovdk tqdkawGwifoGif;=uzdk@ OD;Ek udk,fwdkifup+yD; 286
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
zdwfac:wm? jynfe,facgif;aqmifawG[m wa,mufcsif;taeeJ@a&m pkaygif;+yD;a&m tajccHOya'jyifqifcsifw,fvdk@ wcgrS awmif;qdkcJhzl;jcif;r&Sd? jyif&&if aumif;r,fvdk@ awmif t}uHðyzl;wmawmifr&Sd? (2) OD;Ek [m 'Djynfe,facgi;f aqmifawGe@J &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aygi;f vmcJ?h wOD;rS olŒtay: t=uyf udkifcJh=uwmr&Sd/ t=uyfudkifcJholawG[m ArmawGcsnf;yJjzpf? (3) OD;Ek udt k =uyfuikd cf si&f if vGwv f yfa&;&p/ a&mifpo kH yl ek af wGxaeptcsed [ f m taumif; qHk;jzpf/ wyfrwmf[mvnf; bmrStm;r&Sd? tJ'Dwkef;uawmif t=uyfrudkifcJhbl;cJh? OD;Ek eJ@twl jynfaxmifpkudk zufxm;cJh=uolawGjzpf? (4) Armacgif;aqmifawGxJrSm olykefeJ@ tpdk;& rsufESm}uD;csdef i,fcsdefvdkuf+yD; olykefeJ@ wdwfwdwfykef; vufurf;vdkuf/ tpdk;&qD jyef0ifvkdufvkyfwJh om&mpD;acgif;aqmifawG &SdcJh? jynfe,facgif;aqmifawGxJrSm 'DvdkvlrsKd; wa,mufrSryg/ r&Sd? (5) zuf'&,frl a&;qG=J uwJh jynfe,facgi;f aqmifawG[m Edik if aH &;avmurSm rodorl &Sw d hJ vlrsKd;awGjzpf/ olykefxavmufatmif aoG;qmwJhvl wa,mufrSr&Sd? qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf OD;Ek tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unf,lqwm wckuawmh jynfe,f acgi;f aqmifawG[m wa,mufrS jynfaxmifpx k u J cGx J u G v f o kd rl &Sq d w kd meJ@ olyek x f zd@k tqifo h ifjh yif qifxm;wmr&Sd qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? wu,fvdk@ cGJxGufcsifw,fqdk&if tcsdefukef vlyef;cH+yD; bmvdk@ ‘zuf'&,fr’l udw k ifae awmif;aervJ? &Sr;f eJ@ u,m;[m tajccHOya'tcef; (10) t& cGx J u G cf si&f if cGJxGufEkdifcGifht& ‘cGJxGufcGifh’ udk wdkuf±dkufawmif;+yD; cGJxGufa&;udkvkyf=urSmjzpfw,f? tck tJ'Dvdk vkyf=uwmr&SdwJhtwGuf tajz[m&Sif;ae+yD;jzpfw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfxm;ygw,f? OD;Ek&ŒJ tJ'v D kd tcdik t f rm pOf;pm;jyifqifcsuaf wGt& jynfe,facgi;f aqmifawGtay: wGuq f ,Hk=unfxm;r_awG[m vHk;0rSefuefcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;Ek ,Hk=unfxm;ovdk rrSefuefcJhwm/ xif rSwfwGufqxm;ovdk rrSefuefcJhwmuawmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyfjzpfcJhygw,f? ppfwyf[m azazmf0g&D (24) &uf aemufydkif;u p+yD; tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOfawGudk wufokwf±dkuf+yD; jyifqifae+yDjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; twGuf/ tm%modrf;a&;tpDtpOftwGuf ta=umif;jyp&m taumif; qHk;aom tcsuf}uD;wckudk vnf; &&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘zuf'&,frl’ qdkwJhudpPjzpfygw,f? ‘zuf'&,fr’l qdw k u hJ pd t P ay: ta=umif;ðy+yD; aumVm[VawG xGuaf y:vmcJw h ,f? ae;&Si;f / taxmufawmf/ Armhacwf owif;pmawGay:rSmvnf; zuf'&,frleJ@ywfoufwJh azmfjy=uwmawG xGufay:vmygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf; acgif;aqmifwJh zqyv xJu xGufay:vmwJhtoHawGvnf; us,favmifvmygw,f? ‘&Srf;jynf}uD;cGJxGufawmhr,f’ ‘jynfaxmifpk}uD;òyduGJawmhr,f’ qdkwJh aumVm[VawG/ tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd v$ifhxkwfwJhae&muae tcsdefudkuf wpxufwp us,favmifvmyg w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek ud, k w f ikd ef @J um,uH&iS f jynfe,facgi;f aqmifawGu, kd w f ikd af wmif 'DaumVm[V awG b,foq l u D ae tpDtpOf&&dS x dS u G af y:vmwm/ bm&nf&, G cf suef @J xkwv f i$ ahf ew,fqw kd m rod Edik af tmif em;rvnfEikd af tmifjzpfaecJ=h uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek &JŒ tpDtpOft& vlrsK;d aygi;f pHEk ;DS aESm zvS,fyGJ}uD; quf+yD;usif;ygyw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
287
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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289
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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290
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ygvD r ef ' D r d k u a&pD a cwf e d * k H ; csKyf c suf t=urf;zuf vufeufudkiftm;udk;enf;eJ@ ppfwyf&JŒtwif;t=uyf uef@vef@umcsay;vdkufr_ a=umifh ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD; tqHk;owfoGm;cJh&yg+yD? uef@vef@ umcsz@kd jynfz;kH um;óud;udk OD;aqmifqaJG y;vdu k w f hJ óud;qGq J &m}uD;uawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ud, k w f ikd f jzpfygw,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwf}uD; tqH;k owfomG ;wJah e@uawmh 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@ jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a=unmEdkifcJhwJh 1948 Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@reufuae/ 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@reuftxd (14) ESpfausmfausmfumvwdkif/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD; ouf0if v_yf&Sm;cJhw,fvdk@ t=urf;zsif; owfrSwfEdkifygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSm (1958) atmufwdkbmv (28) &ufae@uae 1960 jynfh/ {+yDvtxd wESpfcGJausmfumv[m ppfwyftdrfapmifhtpdk;&jzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dumvudkz,f&Sm;+yD; a&wGuf=unfhcsifvnf; =unfhEdkifygw,f? ppfwyftkyfpD;wJh tdrfapmifh tpdk;& acwfjzpfayr,fh ygvDrefudk zsufodrf;Ekdifjcif;r&dSbJ/ rzsufodrf;bJ tkyfpdk;cJhwmjzpfvdk@/ a,bk&tm;jzifh umvwmwavsmufv;kH udk ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwftjzpfe@J bJ owfrw S rf ,fq&kd ifvnf; owfrw S v f @kd &ygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf rwfv (2) &ufae@rSmuawmh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD; jynfzHk;um;tcscH vdkuf&+yD; tqHk;owfoGm;cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? 'D (14) ESpfausmfumtwGif;rSm wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk umv &ufwmtrsm;qH;k tm%m&,ltyk pf ;kd oGm;cJw h muawmh ‘zqyv’ tzGŒJ }uD;eJ@ ‘zqyv’ tpd;k &yJjzpf ygw,f? Armjynf&JŒ eHygwfwpfacgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wav#mufvdkvdk vkyfoGm;cJholuawmh ‘OD;Ek’ jzpfygw,f? zqyvtzGŒJ }uD;[m +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;qDuae aphpyfwehJ nf;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;udk &,l+yD;csed u f p+yD; wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ tm%mudk &,ltyk pf ;kd cJyh gw,f? tm%m&tzGŒJ }uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Ekid if aH &; ygwDtzGJ@pnf;aygif;pHkyg0ifwJh tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;o¾mefjzpfcJhayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;&csdefavmufup+yD; tzGJ@ csKyf}uD;udv k r$ ;f rd;k xm;wm[m qd&k , S v f pfygweD @J qd&k , S v f pfawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? ‘zq-qd&k , S ’f tzGŒJ }uD; jzpfcJhygw,f? ‘zqyv tzGJŒ}uD;twGif;rSm wefcdk;txGm;cJhqHk;yk*~dKvfawGuawmh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / ocifwif/ ocifomcif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f / Adv k cf ifarmifav;/ OD;0if; wd@k wawGjzpfygw,f? tJ'DxJurS xyfcsKyfvdkuf&ifawmh OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ ocifwif wdk@wawGjzpfygw,f? OD;Ek tygt0if olwdk@tm;vHk;[m rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ vuf0J0g'/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk óudufESpfouf=u a=umif; toGiftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ukef;atmfcJh=uzl;olawGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&umvwav#muf vHk;rSm qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ vuf0J0g'udk eJeJav;rSróudufESpfoufa=umif; ajymcJhzl;ol wa,mufrS r&dSo avmufjzpfygw,f? wkdif;jynfudk qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;twdkif; wnfaqmufzdk@ajymcJhovdk wdkif;jynf&JŒ zGJŒpnf; tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'}uD; ud, k Yf xJrmS udk vuf0rJ sKd ;aphawGygaeygw,fv@kd tm;yg;w&qdck =hJ uygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;r&cifu jzpfwnfvmcJhwJh uGef¹rlepf-qdk&S,fvpf yÉdyuQ[mvnf;/ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;/ zq-qd&k , S rf sm; tm%mudq k yk u f ikd cf iG &hf csed u f p+y;D ydrk o kd nf;oefvmcJ&h &if;/ aemufq;kH rSm uGejf rLepfawG awmcdu k ek b f 0 a&mufomG ;ygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfrsm;&JŒtrsK;d rsK;d aomnpfywfr/_ tm%mudrk vGww f rf; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
291
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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293
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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295
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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297
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299
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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&[ef;oHCmawmfawGutp qdkuUm;orm;/ acgif;&GufAsufxdk; aps;onftqHk; 0ef}uD;csKyf tdro f mG ;0dik ;f +yD;/ qENjywm/ uef@uu G w f m/ ±_wcf swmawG vkyEf ikd cf iG hf tawmftoif&h cJyh gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;/ ausmif;om;or*~}uD;&JŒ uef@uGufqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm; pDwef;vSnfhvnf aºuG;a=umf azmfxkwfyGJrsm; twdkif;twmwcktxd vkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&cJhygw,f? vGwfvyfpGmpDwef;vSnfhvnf qEN jycGifhudk twdkif;twmtqifhwcktxd cGifhðyay;tyfxm;w,fvdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? toif;tyif; zGJŒpnf;cGifhawGudkvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh cGifhðyxm;wJhtwGuf ukefonf}uD; rsm;toif;/ pufydkifrsm;toif;/ ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;toif;/ yGJpm;}uD;rsm;toif;wdk@uae pma&;q&mrsm; toif;/ uAsmq&mrsm;toif;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;/ pwJph wJh toif;aygi;f pHv k nf; vGwv f w G f uif;uif; wnf&SdcGifh&cJhygw,f? ukefwifukefcs tvkyform;rsm;toif;/ qdkuUm;orm;rsm;toif;/ armfawmf,mOfrsm; toif;rsK;d awGtxd toif;tyif;aygi;f pHk &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cGi&hf cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'v D kd a[majymv_yf&Sm;cGifh/ oabmxm;xkwfazmfcGifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyydkifcGifh/ toif;tyif; zGJŒpnf; pka0;cGifh/ pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk zqqdk&S,f vpftm%m&}uD;rsm;u uef@owfzdk@/ csKyfcs,fzdk@/ [ef@wm;ydwfyifzdk@/ tedrfhqHk; av#mhcswm;jrpfEdkifzdk@txd t}udrf}udrftm;xkwf vHk;yef;pdkif;jyif; pDpOfcJh =uayr,fh a,bk,stm;jzifh twdik ;f twmwcktxd 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;[m wnf&&dS iS o f efEikd cf hJ =uygw,f? ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf}uD;twGif;rSm ‘'Drdkua&pD’ qdkwJhpum;&yfeJ@ avsmfnDpGm/ a,bk,s "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;[m vHk;0aysmufuG,f qHk;yg;z,f&Sm;cH&wJhtxdawmh ra&mufcJh&bJ/ twdkif;twmwcktxdaom/ [efjyyJjzpfjzpf vufawGŒ ±_jrifqkyfudkifazmfjyEdkifaom/ ‘'Drdkua&pD’ eJ ‘h tcGit hf a&;’ t&dyt f a,miftaiGtoufrsm; wnf&v dS y_ &f mS ; &Sio f efEikd cf yhJ gao;w,f? tcsKyftm; jzifah jym&r,fq&kd if (14) ESpw f mausmf ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDacwf}uD;twGi;f rSm vGwv f yfa&; a=unmpm wrf;yg OD;wnfcsuaf wG/ &nfreS ;f csuaf wG/ aºuG;a=umfazmf!e¸ ;f cJw h mawG/ wpwp r_e0f gu, G af ysmufchJ &+yD;/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_}uD; tawmrowfEdkifatmif qufvufòyduGJcJh&+yD;/ wdkif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &; bufaygi;f pHk t=uyftwnf;}uD;awGom ay:aygucf &hJ &if; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; om tzwfwifcJh&ygw,f? wjcm;bufwbufu ajymr,fq&kd ifawmh ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD&ŒJ qdik ;f bkwaf tmufrmS a,bk,s "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awG/ twdkif;twmwcktxd qufvufwnf&Sd &SifoefEdkifcJhygw,f? tjynfht0 ayrSDa'gufrD r[kwfonfhwdkif/ wcsdKŒw0uf wpdwfwydkif; taiG@touf t&dyfta,mifyJ jzpfap/ rwljcm;em;wJh 'D*&Dtedrfhtjrifh/ tenf;trsm;/ yrm%trsKd;rsdK;eJ@ vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm; xkwaf zmfa[majymcGihf pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;cGi/hf toif;tyif; zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifciG /hf pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG /hf wef;pDqENjycGifhawG qufvuf&SifoefazmfjyEkdifcJhygw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf rdrw d @kd ,=kH unfuikd pf &JG m Edik if aH &;0g'vrf;pOf ay:vpDawG twdkif;/ Oya'wGif; Oya'y EdkifiHa&;ygwDzGJŒpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; qufvuftm;xkwf óud;yrf; vkyf aqmifae=ucsed /f ppfreS w f jhJ ynfaxmifp}k uD; jzpfwnfay:xGe;f vmEdik af &;twGuf vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfe,f aygi;f pHw k @kd uvnf; zuf'&,fru l kd aºuG;a=umfwifjy&if; óud;yrf;tm;xkwv f y_ &f mS ;ae=ucsed rf mS / Adv k cf sKyf 300
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyf}uD;uae ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD;&JŒ tqHk;owf uef@vefumudk vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ qGJcszHk;tkyf ed*Hk;csKyfay;vdkufygawmhw,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGtm;vH;k / jynfoŒl 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGtm;vH;k eJ@ rdrw d @kd &ŒJ w&m;ojzifh tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;±kef;uef óud;yrf;azmfaqmifae=uwJh vlrsKd;pk tiftm;pk awGtm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;zsufausmfvdkuf+yD;/ ppfwyftiftm;pk}uD;u EdkifiHawmftm%mudk 0ifa&muf odrf;ydkuf&,lvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udk toufeJ@&if;+yD; umuG,f apmifhxdef;vdkufemyghr,fvdk@ vlod&Sif=um;uwdðyxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwJh wyfrawmf }uD;uae tajccHOya'}uD;udkvnf; t+yD;tydkif ab;z,fypfvdkufawmhwmjzpfygw,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
301
tm%modrf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftkyfpk (1962 rS 1974 )
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUX
AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;az 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (a&) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;csKyfwDuvpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz AdkvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av) taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw opfvkyfief;OuUX f ikd ;f rSL; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;aomif;=unf AdkvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmif AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdef0if; ta&S @ a wmif w i k d ; f ppf X mecs K y w f i k d ; f rS L ; taemuf awmifwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f rSL; tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyw f ikd ;f rSL; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if 302
AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;pdef AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifa&$ ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;}uD; ta&S@ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfpdk; ppf&mxl;cef@twGif;0ef awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;apmjrifh e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyfa&;t&m&Sd awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;cif!dk avhusifha&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;cspf+rdKif wGJzufppfaxmufcsKyf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[ef uuaq;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if
AdkvfrSL;}uD;wef,kqdkif 'kwyfrSL;csKyf/ jynfaxmifpk&Jwyf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if 303
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
tydik ;f (3) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf 1962=1974 1962 ck E S p f ppf w yf t m%mod r f ; r+ E S i f h Armjynf p pf t m%m&S i f p epf ed ' gef ; 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &uf reuf (8) em&D (25) rdepfrSm/ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u jrefrmhtoHuae Edik if aH wmftm%mudk Armhwyfrawmfu wm0ef,al pmifah &Smuf vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&JŒ a=unmcsufxJrSm ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. txl;,dk,Gif;vmaomtajctaeqdk;udk xdef;odrf;pdrfhaomiSm/ ArmhwyfrawmfrS wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif;’ vdk@ azmfjyvdkufygw,f? ArmjynfwjynfvHk;uomru wurBmvHk;uyg ppfwyfutm%modrf;vdkuf+yDqdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odoGm;=uygw,f? reufydkif; rSmyJ ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzGJŒpnf;vdkuf+yD’ jzpfa=umif;owif; jrefrmhtoHu qufvufxkwfjyef a=unmay;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrSm yk*~dKvf (17) OD; yg0ifcJhygw,f? 1? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; - awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ 2? Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD; - tzGJŒ0if 3? Adkvfrª;csKyf oef;az - tzGJŒ0if 4? Adkvfrª;csKyf wDuvpf - tzGJŒ0if 5? Adkvfrª;csKyf wifaz - tzGJŒ0if 6? Adkvfrª;csKyf pef;,k - tzGJŒ0if 7? Adkvfrª;csKyf pdef0if; - tzGJŒ0if 8? Adkvfrª;}uD; aomif;=unf - tzGJŒ0if 9? Adkvfrª;}uD; =unfarmif - tzGJŒ0if 10? Adkvfrª;}uD; armifa&$ - tzGJŒ0if 11? Adkvfrª;}uD; oef;pdef - tzGJŒ0if 304
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
12? Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmfpdk; - tzGJŒ0if 13? Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifh - tzGJŒ0if 14? Adkvfrª;}uD; cspfòrdif - tzGJŒ0if 15? Adkvfrª;}uD; cif!dk - tzGJŒ0if 16? Adkvfrª;}uD; vS[ef - tzGJŒ0if 17? Adkvfrª;}uD; wef,kqdkif - tzGJŒ0if wdk@ jzpfygw,f? ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ &JŒaemufrSm wqufwnf;ay:xGufvmwmu ‘tpdk;&tzGJŒ’ jzpfyg w,f? 'gha=umifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vdk@ ac:ygw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒudk 'DvdkzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? 1? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; - (awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ b¾ma&;ESihf tcGeaf wmf 0ef}uD;Xme/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD; Xme/ 2? Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD; - (ukefoG,fr_ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ pufr_vufr_ 0ef}uD;Xme) 3? Adkvfrª;csKyf wifaz - (v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh opfawm0ef}uD;Xme/ or0g ,rESifh ukefpnfjzef@jzL;a&;0ef}uD;Xme) 4? Adkvfrª;csKyf oef;az - (ynma&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xme) 5? OD;oD[ef - (Edik if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ tvkyo f rm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ tdr, f maqmufvyk af &; 0ef}uD;Xme/ owˆKwGi;f 0ef}uD; Xme) 6? Adv k rf ª;}uD; ausmpf ;kd - (jynfxaJ &; 0ef}u;D Xme/ vl0ifr}_ u;D =uyfa&;0ef}u;D Xme) 7? Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifh - (jyef=um;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD;Xme) 8? 'kAdkvfrª;}uD; beD - (vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme) wdk@jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk wm0ef,ludkifwG,fxm;=uayr,fh 0ef}uD;vdk@roHk;E_ef;bJ ‘wm0efcH’ qdkwJh a0g[m&udk pwiftoHk;ðy ac:a0:xm;ygw,f? yxrOD;qHk; pwifzGJŒpnf;a=unmwm[m txufyg twdkif; (8) OD;yJjzpf+yD;/ rwfv (5) &ufae@rS xyf+yD; 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk qufvufcGJa0 cGJwrf;csjyefyg w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf±;kH ESihf trsK;d om;pDru H ed ;f 0ef}uD;Xmeudk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;/ ypPn;f axmufyahH &;0ef}uD; Xmeudk Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;/ v,f,majr EdkifiHydkifðyvkyfa&;Xmeudk Adkvfrª;csKyfwifaz/ jynfolŒvkyf ief;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;XmeawGudk tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;XmeeJ@ yl;aygif;oGm;zdk@u OD;oD[ef/ 'Drdkua&pDa'oE W&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh a'oE W&tzGJŒrsm;0ef}uD;Xme/ omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme/ trsKd;om; rSwfyHkwifXmeawGudk yl;aygif;tkyfcsKyfoGm;zdk@u Adkvfrª;}uD;ausmfpdk;/ u,fq,fa&;/ jyefvnfae&mcs xm;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ vlr_0efxrf;XmeawGudk yl;aygif;tkyfcsKyfoGm; zdk@u Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;XmeawGudk vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ yl;aygif; +yD; tkyfcsKyfoGm;zdk@u 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;beD qdk+yD; xyfaqmif; cGJa0 cGJwrf;cs a=unmcJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
305
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
tJ'Dvdk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh wyfrawmfuae tm%modrf;,lvdkuf+yD; awmfvSef a&;aumifpDqdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;/ tpdk;&tzGJŒqdkwmudk wdwdvif;vif; a=unmvdkufwmeJ@wòydifeuf/ tJ't D m%modr;f r_}uD;udk aAGaqmfO;D jywfjywfom;om; qef@usi±f w _ cf svu kd =f uwmuawmh ausmif; om;xk&JŒ ‘Auo’ eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqdkwJh ‘Auy’ wdk@jzpfygw,f? vli,hw f yfO;D eJ@ r[mrdwt f zG@J (10) zG@J / &cdik o f C H wyfO;D / &cdik f aomwkZetzGŒJ csKyfw@kd uvnf; qef@usiu f ef@uu G af =umif; w&m;0ifpmxkwcf =hJ uygw,f? &efuek cf ±kid af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo) eJ@ wuUodkvfwyfOD;opf wdk@uvnf;/ vufrcHa=umif; qef@usifuef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? tm%modrf;cHvdkuf&wJh um,uH&Sif tm%m&tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; yxpeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwdk@&JŒ wnf+rJzqyv}uD;wdk@uawmh toHawmifrxGufcJhyg? wdk;wufygw,fqdkwJh ‘yrnw’ }uD;uvnf; òrH+yD;aecJhygw,f? rwfv (3) &ufae@vnfrmS awmfveS af &;aumifpu D yxptpd;k &vufxufu&Scd w hJ hJ &Sr;f jynf e,faumifpD/ ucsifjynfe,faumifpD/ u&ifjynfe,faumifpD/ u,m;jynfe,faumifpD/ csif;a&;&m aumifpDawGudk zsufodrf;vdkufa=umif; a=unmygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm ‘jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒ’ qdkwJh emrnftopfe@J topfjyefvnfzŒJG pnf;ay;vdu k yf gw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ qdw k mudk OuUÏ OD;xGe;f at; (erfch rf;) tzGŒJ 0if OD;ausmaf Zm/ OD;tH;k az/ OD;wifuu kd /kd Adv k rf ;ª }uD; armifa&$bkd eJ@ zGŒJ pnf;ay;ygw,f? (tJ'Dwkef;u Adkvfrª;}uD;armifa&$ [m ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rª;jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&; aumifpD0if pm&if;rSmygaeolvnf; jzpfygw,f?) ucsifjynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒudkawmh OuUÏtjzpf OD;'def&wef/ tzGJŒ0if OD;xGef;&ifeJ@ Adkvfrª;}uD; vGe;f wif wd@k e@J zGŒJ pnf;ay;ygw,f? u&ifjynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ udak wmh OuUÏtjzpf a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f / tzGJŒ0if apmzdk;atmif/ OD;atpdk;jrifh/ apmcspfoef;/ Adkvfrª}uD;aomif;=unf wdk@eJ@ zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f? (Adkvfrª;}uD;aomif;=unf [m tJ'Dwkef;u ta&SŒawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkifrª;jzpfygw,f? awmfvSef a&;aumifpD0ifpm&if;rSm ygaeolvnf;jzpfygw,f?) tJ'D rwfv (3) &ufae@rSmyJ/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& w&m;0ifa&G;aumufzGJŒpnf; xm;cJw h hJ “jynfoŒl v$waf wmf” eJ@ “vlrsK;d pkvw G af wmf” udk zsuo f rd ;f a=umif; awmfveS af &;aumifpu D a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? ygvrD ef[m vH;k 0 t+y;D tydik f &yfpo J mG ;&ygawmhw,f? 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@ ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ukd pepfwusppD Of+yD; OD;aqmifco hJ [ l m/ wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;+yD; EdkifiHawmfudkOD;aqmifzdk@qdk+yD; yxrqHk;xGufay:vm wmu “awmfvSefa&;aumifpD” jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m tjrifhqHk;tm%mydkiftzGJŒ tpnf;jzpfygw,f? tm;vHk; ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD;awGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk tjrifhqHk;tm %mydik t f zGŒJ pnf;jzpfwhJ “awmfveS af &;aumifp”D qdw k mzGŒJ pnf;a=unmvdu k w f t hJ xd bmrS a&a&&m&m rodvdkuf&wJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifqdkolvnf; &dScJhw,fqdkygw,f? a&'D,dku w&m;0ifa=unmrS/ ud, k w f ikd v f nf; awmfveS af &;aumifp0D ifjzpfaewm odvu kd &f w,fqykd gw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh Adv k rf ;ª }uD; =unfarmif? Adkvfrª;}uD;=unfarmif [m tJ'Dwkef;u taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rª;tjzpf ykodrfrSmyJ&SdaecJhygw,f? ykodrf&Sd wjcm;aomyk*~dKvfawGu ar;=ujref;=u ajym=uqdk=uawmhrS “cif;Asm;wd@k =um;ovdk usaemfvnf; tckrb S =J um;&wmjzpfw,f/ ckrb S J ud, k [ hf mud, k f awmfveS af &; 306
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aumifp0D ifjzpfaewmod&w,f” vdk ah jym=um;cJw h ,fqykd gw,f? &efuek rf mS tm%modr;f +yD;rS wdik ;f rª; awGtm;vHk;yg awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifpm&if;xJ xnfhay;+yD; a=unmvdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDqdkwm t"dutm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ yg;pyfpm&if;eJ@ xGufay:vmcJh&wJh taetxm;jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpdk;&tzGJŒqdkwmvnf;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ tpDpOft&/ xGufay: vm&wJh wm0efcH pm&if;wckoabmyJjzpfygw,f? tm%modr;f +yD;prSm ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D qdw k m rSma&m/ tpd;k &tzGŒJ qdw k mrSmyg 'kw, d tm%mt&dq S ;kH jzpfvmwmu 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfjzpf wJh Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? ajymp&mqdpk &mawGukd a&SŒuxGu+f yD; wufwufºuGºuGvy_ &f mS ; vm&ol[m Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD; jzpfvmygw,f? rwfv (4) &ufae@ reuf (10) em&DrmS tm%modr;f acgi;f aqmif awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u rzrf;qD;yJxm;cJw h hJ yxp/ zqyv eJ@ yrnw acgi;f aqmifawGukd '*H&k yd o f mrSm ac:,lawGŒqHkygw,f? yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw tzGJŒ (3) zGJŒu udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;pDeJ@ awGŒqkHrSm jzpfvdk@ óudwifta=umif;=um;xm;csuft&/ tzGJŒ}uD; (3) zGJŒudk udk,fpm;ðywJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m tpDpOftwdkif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqHk=uygw,f? yxp u yxpacgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh ocifausmfxGef;/ Adkvfwifarmif}uD;/ OD;apmvl;vl/ Adkvfat; wdk@vnf; vma&muf=uygw,f? zqyv (wnf+rJ) bufu zqyv tzGJŒcsKyfacgif;aqmif awGjzpf=uwJh OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Adv k cf ifarmifav;/ OD;cifarmifvwf/ OD;xGe;f wif wd@k vma&muf=u ygw,f? yrnw bufu wufa&mufvm=uolawGuawmh 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ Adkvfjr aoG;/ AdkvfatmifEdkif eJ@ OD;atmifjrifh wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'Dacgif;aqmifawGudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; u awGŒqHak qG;aEG;&Si;f vif;jyvdu k w f muawmh- wdik ;f jynfrmS ukeaf ps;Ele;f awGwuf aewJhudpP/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ysufjym;aewJhudpPawGeJ@ zuf'&,fudpP tvGefwif;rmvmwma=umifh rvGJra&Smifomvdk@ wdkif;jynfwm0efudk xdef;odrf;&jcif;jzpfygw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m qdk&S,fvpfyef;wdkifudk csDwufoGm;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ tJ'DvdkcsDwuf oGm;&mrSm Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGe@J wdik yf if+yD; nD!w G pf mG csw D ufomG ;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ vuf&t Sd ajccHOya'[m vdktyfovdk qGJ,lEdkifwJh Oya'jzpfwJhtwGuf topfjyefvnfa&;qGJzdk@vdkwJhta=umif;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;tkyf csKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mrSm yxptzGJŒcsKyf/ zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf/ yrnw wdk@eJ@ n‡dE_dif;a&;qGJrSmjzpf a=umif;qd+k yD; aqG;aEG;ajymqdk &Si;f vif;jyvdu k w f ,fqykd gw,f? qd&k , S v f pfyef;wdik f csw D ufomG ;r,fqw kd hJ teH@udkay;vdkuf&if; aoG;wdk;prf;=unfhvdkufjcif;jzpfovdk/ tzGJŒ (3) zGJŒpvHk;udk rufvHk;ay;+yD; +idrfaq; au|;vdkufjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? +yD;awmhrS “twlwGJ+yD;rvkyfEdkif&ifvnf; taESmuft,Sufrðy=u ygeJ@” qdkwJh pum;vHk;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;ajym=um;vdkuf&if; arwWm&yfcHovdkvdkeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf vdkufygw,f? ae@vnfpmau|;+yD; a&SŒa[mif;aemufjzpfawGajym=um;&if; wcsdefu twlwlvGwfvyf a&;twGuf toufay;+yD; nDnD!Gwf!Gwfaqmuf&GufcJh=uykH/ tm;vHk;wnfaqmufcJhwJh trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;}uD; òyduGJysufpD;oGm;cJh&jcif;twGuf oHa0*,loifhyHkawGvnf;/ a&mufwuf&m&m qufvufajymqdk+yD; wcsdefu ar#mfrSef;cJh=uwJh qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;wm0ef}uD;udk nDnD !Gwf!Gwfaqmif&GufoGm;=uygvdk@ qG,fw&m;a[mvdkufygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
307
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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309
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owif;pmq&mawG&JŒtar;udk ajz=um;&mrSm Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;u “wdkif;jynfòyduGJr,fh tajctaea&mufvmawmh xde;f odr;f &wmyJ/ toHvi$ ±hf rHk mS usi;f ycJw h hJ trsK;d om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf o JG m +yD;&if jzpfcsifwmjzpfukef=urSmyJ/ &Srf;udpPu ya'o&mZfawG&JŒ aemufqHk;azmufjyefr_yJ? zuf'&,fqdk wmu trsKd;oma&;0g' jynfe,fpdwf0g'awGudk ta&òcHxm;wmbJ? twGif;oabmu ya'o&mZf awG&JŒ aemufqHk;azmufjyefr_yJvdk@,lqw,f” qdk+yD; ppfwyftm%modrf;&wm rSefw,fqdkwmjzpf atmif }uHzefyHk}uD;csJŒajymqdkygw,f? wdkif;jynf}uD; uae@ reufzef òyduGJoGm;awmhravmuf ,kwWd ,kwmW r&Sad jymqd&k if “zuf'&,fr”l udyk J {&mrtE &W ,f}u;D tjzpf qufvufvuf!;kd xk;d +y;D ppftm%m odrf;r_bufuae 0g'jzef@csdoGm;cJhygw,f? wu,fuawmh tm%m&rRuf ief;ief;wufaewJh ppfwyf xdyo f ;D Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m olu, kd w f ikd af cgi;f aqmif+yD; tm%mvdck siv f @kd tm%modr;f cJw h mjzpfyg w,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ OD;aqmifra_ tmufu ppftyk pf t k EG,0f ifawG ppfwyfxyd o f ;D rsm;[mvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tvdkus aAmif;awmfndwf pdwfawmfodcJh=u+yD; }uH&mygawGtjzpf yg0ifcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? vufcsKd;a&wGufvdk@&avmufatmif tenf;wumhtenf;pk}uD;jzpfwJh yk*~dKvfrsm;om aorxl;aerxl; Zmwfcif;=u&if; “acG;jzpfrSawmh csD;pm;&rSmbJqdk+yD; ygvmcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? tm%mvdck siv f @kd tm%modr;f cJw h mudk wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ ,d, k iG ;f vmwJt h ajctaea=umifh zuf'&,fa=umifh tm%modrf;&wmygvdk@ }uHzefajymqdk ta=umif;jycJhwmjzpfygw,f? urBmrSm b,ftm%modrf;ppf acgi;f aqmifurSvnf; “usKyfawmhtm%modr;f csiv f @kd tm%modr;f wmyJ/ wdik ;f jynfrmS usKyfeyH gwf (1) vkycf siv f @kd tm%modr;f wmyJv@kd ” xkwaf zmfajymqdk 0efccH o hJ rl sm;r&So d vd/k Adv k af e0if;wd@k wawGvnf; ppftm%m&Sifwdk@&JŒ xHk;enf;twdkif; rcdkifvHkwJhta=umif;jycsufawGudkom wdk;wdk;ajym&if; udk,hfudk udk,f umuG,fzdk@ óud;pm;ae=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh qifaoudk qdwfa&eJ@zHk;zdk@ óud;pm;cJhayr,fh rvHEk ikd cf yhJ g? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfux kd al xmif+yD; ppftyk pf }k uD;udak cgi;f aqmifum/ ppftm%m&Sif}uD;tjzpf wpxufwp yHkay:vm&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (9) &ufae@rmS bJ awmfveS af &;aumifpaD =unmcsut f rSwf (10) xGuaf y: vmygw,f? tJ'aD =unmcsut f rSwf (10) uawmh “awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUÏtm; Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%m[lonfh tm%moHk;&yfudk tyfESif;onf” qdkwJha=unmcsufyJjzpfygw,f?
rqv/ acwf a jymif ; awmf v S e f a &;eJ ‹ Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;tajctae awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf[m ppfwyfutm%modrf;,l+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk a=unmum wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tm%mt&yf&yfukd csKyfuikd f csK,fv, S f tkypf ;kd csed u f p+yD; ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh g w,f? 'ga=umifh 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@up+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfqdkwm pwifjzpf ay:vmygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD zGJŒpnf;+yD;aemuf wpf&uf rwfv (3) &ufae@rSm ygvDrefudk t+yD;tydkif zsufodrf;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒatmufrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ OD;aqmif !¸ef=um;r_twdkif; taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ jynfe,fOD;pnf;tzGJŒawGudk zGJŒygw,f? jynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJŒ 310
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
awGukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D wdu k ±f u kd cf sKyfuikd x f m;±Hrk u jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ awGxrJ mS a'oqdik &f m ppfwyft}uD;tuJawGudk tzGJŒ0iftjzpf ay:ay:xifxif xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;ay;ygw,f? zuf'&,frl a=umifh wdik ;f jynf}uD; òyduEJG ikd w f t hJ E &W ,fa=umifh ppfwyfu rv$rJ a&SmifomyJ tm%modr;f &jcif;jzpfyg w,fvdk@ r,Hkcsifae ,Hkcsif,Hk ta=umif;jy aºuG;a=umf 0g'jzef@csdygw,f? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJawG ac:,lusi;f y &Si;f vif;&mrSmvnf; zuf'&,fral =umifq h w kd mudk t"duxm;+yD; ta=umif;jyqifajcay; cJhygw,f? tm%mtm;vHk;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDucsKyfudkifvdkuf+yD; tJ'Dtm%mtm;vHk;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUÏudk ESif;tyfvdkufw,fqdkwJh a=unmcsuf trSwf (10) udk xkwfjyefvdkuf wJt h wGuf Oya'ðytm%m/ tkycf sKyfrt _ m%mESihf w&m;pD&ifrt _ m%m tm%moH;k &yfpvH;k udk csKyfuikd f usio hf ;kH oH;k pGcJ iG &hf o dS [ l m awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏjzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;wa,mufxyJ J jzpfomG ; ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m tm%moHk;&yfpvHk;udkydkifqdkifwJh/ óudufovdkpGJudkifusifhoHk;EdkifwJh tm %m&Sif}uD;tjzpf twdtvif;yHkay:vmcJhygw,f? oludk,fwdkif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðy+yD; tm%modrf;cJh wmjzpfwJhtwGuf atmifjrifpGmtm%modrf;Edkif+yD;wJhtcg tm%m&Sdaomyk*~dKvfjzpfvm&wm bmrS rqef;bl;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfayr,fh/ tckvdk tm%moHk;&yfpvHk;udk tyfESif;vdkufw,fqdkwJh a=unmcsuf uawmh awmfawmfudk ajymifajymifwif;wif;EdkifvSygw,f? 1960 jynfEh pS rf mS zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if u H ay;cJw h hJ “&mrGerf ufaq;aq;” qk}uD;udk Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; jiif;y,fcJhygw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh emrnf}uD;uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD;awGom &&Sdonfhqk}uD; rdk@rsm; jiif;y,fcJhwmvm;/ 'Drdkua&pDudk xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGudk todtrSwfðyay; tyfw,fqdkwJh 'Dqk}uD;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; bmvdk@ jiif;y,fcJhwmvJ/ pojzifhpojzifh trsKd;rsKd;wGuf qrdc=hJ u xifa=u;ay; cef@reS ;f awG;awmcJ=h uolawGtwGuf tajz[m bGm;ceJay:vmcJ+h yD jzpfygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'}uD;udk toufe@J v+J yD; xde;f odr;f umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ygr,fvdk@ vlod&Sif=um; uwday;ajymqdkcJh&mu uwdawGudk csKd;azmuf+yD; udk,fwdkiftm%modrf;+yD; tm%m,lz@kd tcdik t f rm jyifqifwu G cf suf tuGuaf umif;apmifah eoljzpfwt hJ wGu/f 'Dq}k uD;udk jiif; qefcJhjcif;jzpfw,fqdkwm bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwyftm;udk; t=urf;zufenf;eJ@ twif;t"rR tm%mwuford ;f +yD; tm%m,lz@kd }udw+f yD;jyifqifae&olu/ 'Dru dk a&pDukd pGr;f pGr;f wrH xdef;odrf;umuG,f apmifha&Smufoltjzpf yHkazmfay;tyfr,fh 'Dqk}uD;udk b,fvdkvkyf+yD; ,lxm;vdk@ jzpfyghrvJ? 'ga=umifh óudwifjiif;qefcJhwmjzpfovdk/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD;tjzpf towf trSwfrcHEdkifvdk@ r,lcJhwmaerSmjzpfr,fvdk@ txifcH&&ifvnf; eJovm;vdk@ óudwifwGufqcJhyHk&yg w,f? *dk%f;}uD;ESpf*dk%f;&JŒwdkufyGJu jyif;xefaeqJjzpfovdk udkvdkeDxrf;ydk;atmufu vGwfajrmuf ump tm&S/ tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du/ Edik if t H rsm;pk&ŒJ ar#mv f if&h nfp;l OD;wnfae=uwJv h rf;a=umif; uvnf; qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;jzpfae+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepf[m a&yef;pm;qJumvjzpfygw,f? txl; ojzifh tm&SrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfa&yef;pm;qJjzpfovdk/ ArmjynfrSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpfa&;toH qdk&S,f vpfvrf;a=umif;tdrfruf }uD;us,fqJqdkwm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; aumif;aumif;wGufcsufrd+yD;jzpfyg w,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDpepfukd t+yD;z,fcsz@kd q&kd if bmudak tmf+yD; bmudyk akH zmf&r,fqw kd m tm%m Edik if aH &;yg;0+y;D jzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; [m óuw d ifwu G cf suf pOf;pm;xm;+y;D jzpfygw,f? wwdik ;f jynf vH;k rSm t&Sed =f oZm}uD;vGe;f vSwhJ trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;ae&m &,lomG ;Edik cf w hJ hJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
311
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vrf;pOfoabmw&m;pmwrf;}uD;&JŒ emrnfuawmh tJ'DnDvmcHrSm Adkvfrª;}uD;oef;!¸ef@&JŒ t}uHðy csufudk rlwnf+yD; ajymif;vJvdkufwJhtwGuf “jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf” qdkwmudk twnfðyrSnfhac: vdkufw,fqdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1962 ckESpf/ {+yDv (30) &ufae@rSm tydk'f (21) ydk'fyg0ifwJh “jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf” qdkwm xGufay:vmygw,f? pwifa&;om;ol[m OD;cspfv_dif (armifcspfv_dif) jzpfayr,fh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf pwifay:ayguf&m[m &wemyHka&wyfpcef; wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH uvdk@qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Djrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk wyfrª;tm;vHk;u vufcHoabmwl+yD;wJhtcg/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; tyg nDvmcHuw kd ufa&mufvm=uol ppfAv kd x f yd o f ;D tm;vH;k / wyfr;ª }uD;tm;vH;k u vufrw S f a&;xd;k =u+yD; armfueG ;f wiftwnfðyvku d =f uygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfqw kd m/ acgi;f udik t f jzpf ppftm%m&Si}f uD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u OD;pD;um/ Zmwdtjzpf ppfwyftwGi;f rSm tajcwnf arG;zGm;vmcJh&wJh ppfADZaoG;ygcJh+yD;om;/ vrf;pOfoabmw&m; w&yfjzpfw,fvdk@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f? 'Dvrf;pOfoabmw&m;}uD;udk ,H=k unfygw,fv@kd pwifvufrw S af &;xd;k armfueG ;f wifc=hJ uwJh ppfwyf xdyfoD; wyfrª;}uD;awGuawmh yxrqHk;aom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf}uD;&JŒ Oyoum}uD;rsm;jzpf w,fvdk@ owfrSwf&ygvdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkenf;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tvdkus AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u OD;pD;um ppfwyftwGif;uae pwifxGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfxdyfoD; wyfrª;}uD;rsm;u yxrqHk; vufco H abmwl ouf0if,=kH unfvu kd =f uwJh jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOf oabmw&m;qdw k m}uD;[m Armjynfordkif;rSm ay:xGef;jzpfwnfvmygawmhw,f? arv (7) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; (3) cku Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif}uD;awGe@J xyfraH wGŒqHu k m awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ 0g'oabmxm;jzpf w,fqdkwJh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfqdkwmudk tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;ajymjywmvkyfygw,f? tJ'D0g' oabmxm;tay:rSm t}uHðy a0zefcsufay;=uzdk@vnf; ajymqdkw,fqdkygw,f? arv (17) &ufae@ wwd,t}udrfajrmuf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;ygwD awGu rwluGJjym;wJh oabmxm;tjrifawGudk xkwfazmfwifjycJh=uw,fqdkygw,f? yrnw }uD;u EdkifiHa&;ygwD wygwDjzpfa&;udk t&ifrvkyfbJ wyfaygif;pkomt&ifzGJŒoifha=umif;/ yrnw wGif;&Sd ygwaD wGtcsi;f csi;f awmif tuGu J t JG jym;jym;jzpfae&m wygww D nf;jzpfa&;qdw k m rvG,v f aS =umif;/ 'ga=umifh wyfaygif;pkudkt&ifzGJŒ+yD;/ wyfaygif;pktwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_/ &if;ESD;cspfcifr_&+yD;rSom wygww D nf;zGŒJ pnf;oGm;oifw h ,fv@kd wifjyw,fqykd gw,f? zqyv acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh jrefrmh qd&k , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwu D kd axmufcaH yr,fh wygww D nf;jzpfa&;udak wmh oabmrwlEikd af =umif;/ awmf vSefa&;aumifpDu wdkif;jynfaumif;rGefvmwJhtxd qufvufxdrf;odrf;+yD; wcsdefcsdefrSm ygvDref'Drdk ua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay;zdk@udkom wifjycJhw,fqdkygw,f? yxp acgif;aqmifawGuawmh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm yxp u yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSmjzpfa=umif;vdk@ &Sif;vif;wifjycJhw,fqdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m ac:,laqG;aEG;+yD; wifjycsufawGudk em;axmif=unfhjcif;omjzpfyg w,f? tm%mudkqkyfudkif+yD; &&Sdxm;+yD; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfoabmxm;qdkwmudk touf oGi;f um/ jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfygwD qdw k hJ wckwnf;aomygweD @J wdik ;f jynfukd a&&Snx f ed ;f csKyftyk pf ;kd oGm;zd@k teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
313
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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315
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7 &uf Z l v d k i f t a&;tcif ; (od k ‹ ) ppf t pd k ; &&J Œ vl o wf y G J 1962 Zlvikd v f xJrmS urBmat;uke;f ajrrSm urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;nDvmcH}uD;usi;f yjzpfcyhJ gw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&vdkvm;olrsm;&JŒ tEkjrLvufeufzsufodrf;a&;/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;xdrf;odrf;umuG,fa&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;pwJh +idr;f csr;f a&;toHawG xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'n D v D mcH}uD;t+yD; Zlvikd v f (3) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) taqmuftOD;}uD;twGif; ausmif;om;xk&J@ qENjyyGJw&yf ay:aygufcJhygw,f? &efukefc±dkif wef;jr‡ifhausmif;xGuf pmar;yGJzsuf odrf;r_udk uef@uGufwJh ausmif;om;xk&JŒ qENjyyGJjzpfygw,f? ordkif;tpOfvm}uD;rm;vSwJh cGyfa'gif; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
avmufrSmyJ/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;vSjrifh eJ@ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;pdefvGif wdk@acgif;csif;qdkifvdkuf=u+yD;aemuf/ toifh ae&m,lxm;+yD;wyfukd usnx f ;kd armif;wifcikd ;f vdu k yf gawmhw,f? wyf&if;rª;u vufu0kd ikd ;f +yD; oH;k }udrf a0S@&rf;jyvdkufwJhtcsdefrSm toifhae&m,ljyifqifxm;+yD; ppfom;rsm;&JŒ vufxJu aoewfrsm;[m wòydifwnf; rDyGifhoGm;cJhygw,f? atmfwdkrufwpf *sDo&D;armif;jyefaoewfoHawGeJ@twl tvJvJ tòydòydjzpfoGm;&wJh aoewfxdrSefcH&ol ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ atmf[pfoHawGvnf; yJhwifnHoGm;&yg awmhw,f? aoolao/ '%f&m&ol& ajy;=uv$m;=u w±kef;±kef;eJ@ urBmysufovkdjzpfoGm;&ygawmh w,f? udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&vufatmufwkef;uawmif aoewfoHr=um;&zl;cJhwJh wuUodkvfajr/ ,rf;eH@,rf;cdk; ra0cJh&zl;wJh uHhaumfwef;/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDqdkwJh ppftpdk;&vufatmufa&muf& avrS aoG;pdrf;&Sif&Sif v$rf;oGm;cJh&ygawmhw,f? t"dywdvrf;rwavsmuf aoG;uGufaoG;pufawG pGef;ayuspifcJh±Hkru/ wuUodkvfjrufcif;jyiftESH@ aoG;puf aoG;uGufawG tdkifxGef;ayusHcJh±Hkru/ taqmifawGay: taqmifawGxJtxd aoG;pufaoG;uGufawG xyfcJh&ygawmhw,f? ppftpdk;&&JŒ ypfrdef@ay;jcif;cH&wJh ppfom;awG&JŒ twif; '&ref;=urf; rJrJjrif&mypfcwfoHawG[m taqmifawGay: taqmifawGxJtxd t!kd;}uD;pGm =ua&muf aygufuGJxdrSefcJhygw,f? vJòydusqHk;oGm;&wJh ausmif; om;awG/ '&D;'±dkifjzpf+yD; '%f&m&cJh&wJh ausmif;om;aw/G usnfqHvGwf&m a&Smif&if;wdrf;&if; eD;&m taqmifxJ 0ifajy;cJh&olawG/ twdtus a&wGufvdk@r&EdkifatmifjzpfcJh&ygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;xktwGuf urBmra=up&m aoG;pGef;wJhae@jzpfcJh&ovdk Armjynf ausmif;om;xktaygif; twGuv f nf; O'ge;f ra=up&m aoG;aºuG;pm&if;zGichf &hJ wJah e jh zpfygw,f? (7) &ufZv l ikd /f Zlvikd f (7)&uf qdkwJh ae@pGJ[m Armjynfausmif;om;xktaygif;twGufom emusnf;p&mtaumif;qkH; aoG;ordkif; wifcJh&wJh aewae@r[kwf/ rdbjynfolwdkif;twGufvnf; &ifqdk@p&mjzpfcJh&wJh ae@wae@jzpfygw,f? taqmifeH&Hay:rSm &cJhwJh aoewfxdrSef'%f&mxJu xGufuspD;,dkvmwJhaoG;eJ@ “7 &ufZl vdkif rarh=ueJ@” qdkwJhpmwrf;udk ajrmif;jruausmif;om; udkausmf0if;u a&;xdk; armfuGef;wifoGm; cJhygw,f? (7) &uf Zlvdkifta&;tcif; wenf;tm;jzifh Zlvkdif (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkvdk@ rSwfwrf;wif xm;&r,fh tjzpftysuf}uD;[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&qdkwJh ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&&JŒ ,kwfrm &ufpufr_udk tOD;qHk; aAGaqmfOD; rDarmif;xdk;jyvdkufwJh emusnf;a=uuGJp&m tjzpftysuf}uD;jzpfyg w,f? tm%modr;f +yD;wuftvm (4) veJ@ (5) &uft=um/ rqvvrf;pOf}uD;xGuaf y:+yD;vd@k oH;k &uf yJ=umao;csdefrSm xGufay:vmcJh&wJhausmif;om;wdk@&JŒ aoG;ajruscJh&r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&&JŒ ausmif;om;xktay: t!kd;}uD;}uD;eJ@ usL;vGefapmfum;vdkufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf vlowfyGJ}uD; vnf;jzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemuf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf usL;vGefvdkufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf vl owfyGJ}uD;jzpfovdk ppftpdk;&&JŒ rw&m;tm%modrf;wufvmr_udk qef@usif=uwJh ausmif;om;xk tay: t!_d;}uD;}uD; vufpm;acsESdyfuGyfvdkufwJh &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfr_}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;wufvmvmcsif; Armjynf&JŒ yxrOD;qHk;aom orw}uD;p0fa&$odkuf&JŒom;i,f p0frDrD odkuf toufaoqHk; aoG;ajruscJh&r_eJ@ pwifed'gef;zGifhcJhwJh ppftpdk;&[m (4) vausmft=umrSm teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
321
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ausmif;om;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm toufaoqHk;cJh&wJh aoG;acsmif;pDowfjzwfyGJ}uD;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sif pepfvrf;a=umif;udk pwiftkwfjrpfcs wnfaqmufvdkufygw,f? *sDo&D; armif;jyefaoewftopfawGeJ@ &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwf+yD;+yD;csif;/ wyf&if; (4) &JŒ ae&mudk wyf&if; (105) eJ@ tpm;xd;k vdu k +f yD; &efuek w f uUov kd ef ,fajrwckv;kH udk ppfwyfu odr;f ydu k f ae&m,lxm;vdkufygw,f? wyf&if; (4) u ypfcwfowfjzwfr_}uD;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif &Gucf w hJ mjzpfayr,f/h wyf&if; (4) [m Adv k af e0if;&JŒ ud, k &f aH wmfwyf txl;wyfjzpfwt hJ wGuf vdt k yf cJh&if/ wcsdefcsdefrSm Adkvfae0if;udk,fwdkif trdef@ay;apcdkif;cJhjcif;oabm wdkuf±dkufroufa&mufapa&; twGuf csufcsif; wyfcsif;vJypfvdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? arSmifpòy;d csed rf mS wuUov kd ef ,fajrwckv;kH udk tarSmifcsxm;vdu k yf gw,f? (6) em&D ausmaf usmf rSm pwifypfcwfowfjzwfcw hJ mjzpfwt hJ wGuf owfjzwfy}JG u;D t+y;D rSm tarSmif&yd af wGvnf; wuUov kd f e,fajray: apmapmpD;pD; usa&mufaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? taqmifawGtm;vHk;udkvnf; rD;awGjzwf tarSmifcs/ wuUodkvfe,fajr}uD;wckvHk;udkvnf; rD;awGjzwf tarSmifawGcsxm;vdkuf+yD;/ tarSmif awG=um;xJrSm tvJvJtòydòyd aoqHk;ae=u&wJh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ tavmif;awGudk ppfwyfu vdkufvHaumuf,l vufpazsmufa&;vkyfief;udk aqmif&Gufygw,f? ,rf;eH,rf;cdk;awGa0aewJh uHah umfawm tkyaf wGt=um; aoG;uGuaf oG;tdik af wGxeG ;f ae&wJh wuUov kd ef ,fajrwav#mufay:rSm ppfbDvl; tm%myg;uGufom;rsm;&JŒ ppfzdeyfoHawGom tqufrjywf zHk;v$rf;aecJhygw,f? tarSmif csxm;jcif;cHc&hJ wJt h aqmifawGxu J “ppftpd;k &tvkrd &S”d qdw k hJ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ atmf[pfoaH wGu awmh t+y;D wdik f uG,af ysmufroGm;cJb h J [du k 'Du óu=d um;óu=d um; xGuaf y:vmaecJyh gw,f? ppfwyf&ŒJ w&pyf ypfcwfowfjzwfra_ =umifh ajcOD;wnf&h m a&Smif&if;wdr;f &if; ajy;v$m;cJ&h / eD;&mtaqmifawGxJ 0if+yD; ckdatmif;cJh=u&wJh tvJvJtòydòyd jzpfcJh=u&wJh ausmif;om;rsm;[m urBmysufovdkjzpfcJh&wJh aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfyGJ}uD;twGif; ausmif;om;awG b,fa&GŒb,favmuf aoa=uusqHk;cJh&w,f qdkwm twdtuspm&if; razmfjyEdkifcJhayr,fh &meJ@csD+yD;aoqHk;cJh&ovdk &meJ@csD+yD; '%f&m&cJhw,fqdk wmuawmh aocsmcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awGukd &meJ@csaD oa=uatmif &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf+yD;+yD;csi;f awmfveS af &; aumifpDOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ “"g;"g;csif;-vSHvSHcsif;” rdef@cGef;a=unmoH xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? “u|eaf wmfw@kd tvkyyf suaf tmif &nfp;l +yD; wrifvyk af e=uwmqd&k ifawmh u|eaf wmfaemufxyf bmrS rajymvdkawmhygbl;/ tenf;qHk; "g;udk"g;eJ@ vSHudkvSHeJ@ face to face &ifqdkifzdk@yJ&Sdygw,f” wJh? vufeuf qdv k @kd tyfww kd acsmif;awmifr&Sw d hJ ausmif;om;awGukd "m;"m;csi;f vSv H cHS si;f ajymvdu k w f hJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ rdef@cGef;[m tifrwef±dkif;pdkif;vSwJh pdefac:csufwckjzpfygw,f? &uf&ufpufpuf &meJ@csD+yD; owfjzwf+yD;cJhwmawmif tm;r&Edkifao;yJ/ tay:pD;uae qufvufpdrfac:aewJhoabmrsKd;vnf; aqmifygw,f? wòydifeufxJrSm ausmif;om;awGuyJ wrifoufouf uzsuf,zsufvkyfaevdk@ rv$J ra&Smifom owfjzwfE_drfESif;cJh&oa,mifvnf; ta,mifaqmifxm;cJhygw,f? ±dkif;pdkif;r_eJ@ aumuf uspfr_ESpfrsKd;pvHk; a&mpyfxm;wJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD; Adkvfae0if;&JŒ rdef@cGef;[m ausmif;om;xkw&yf&JŒ ESvHk;om;awGxJrSm "m;eJ@tr$ef;cHxm;&ovdk vSHeJ@xdk;pdkufxm;ovdk cg;onf;cHjyif;emusifp&mjzpfcJh ygw,f? b,fawmhrSrarhEdkifp&mjzpfcJh&ygw,f? 322
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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323
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vdk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&J@ wyfOD;ygwDvdk@vnf; trnfrcH tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk tajccHyg w,fv@kd vnf;rajymbJ ArmjynfrmS vlO;D a&trsm;qH;k jzpfaom vlO;D a&tm;vH;k &JŒ (85) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmf &Sad om awmifov l ,form;vlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;ukd tajcðyygw,fv@kd a&musw d +f yD; cyf0g;0g;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfqdkif;bkwfudktvG,fwul qGJcsdwftoHk;ðyvdkufayr,fh/ urBm ay:&Sd wuJhtppftrSef qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;eJ@ jcm;em;qef@usifae&ifyJjzpfap/ udk,f xifovdk vkycf #i&f mvky+f yD; taumiftxnfazmfcsi&f mazmfwt hJ cg wjcm;wjcm;aom qd&k , S v f pfrsm; eJ@rwlbJ a0zefp&m axmufjyp&mawG xdyfwdkufwdk;&r,fh tcgrsKd;rSmjzpfap/ rwlwmrSefor#udk b,folurS vuf!kd;xdk;vdk@r&atmif ‘jrefrmenf;jrefrmh[ef’ eJ@ ‘qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfav’ vdk@ ajym vdk@qdkvdk@&atmif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvdk@ vkyfxm;/ trnfay;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? t&Sif; qH;k twdq k ;kH ajym&&if udv k yk cf siw f mvky/f rwlwmrSeo f r# jrefrmhenf;jrefrm[ef qdw k phJ um;eJ@ tum tuG,f,lzdk@jzpfygw,f? b,fqdk&S,fvpfaywHeJ@rSvnf; vmrwdkif;eJ@/ b,fqdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m; eJ@rSvnf; vmcsdefrxdk;eJ@/ b,foleJ@rS wlvdrfhr,fr[kwf? Armjynfppftm%m&Sif}uD;&JŒ qdk&S,fvpfu jrefrmhenf;jrefrm[efq&kd , S v f pf omjzpfygw,f? qd&k , S v f pftppfvm;twkvm;/ zm;wydik ;f ig;wydik ;f vm;/ b,foabmw&m;tjrifeJ@rS cGJuef@±_jrifoHk;oyfjcif;rvkyfygeJ@ b,f[meJ@rSvnf; wlvdrfhr,fr [kwfovdk b,fpHeJ@rSvnf; udkufnDvdrfhr,fr[kwfyg? tJ'Dvdk rwlnDwmawG rSefor#udkb,folurS b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS ajymvdk@qdkvdk@r&atmif/ udk,fvkyfcsif&mxifovdkvkyfvdk@&atmif “jrefrmhenf;jref rmh[ef” qdkwJhpum;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfxkwfacgif;pnf;wifxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwfrmS jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOf ygwq D w kd meJ@twl a&yef;pm;vmcJw h hJ pum; uawmh/ “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef” qdkwmjzpfygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tygt0if ppfAdkvf}uD;i,f awGtygt0if/ tm%musifhoHk;cGifh&olrSefor# “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef” pum;tajymrsm;cJh=uyg w,f? jA[Rpdk&fw&m;xGef;um;wJh vlŒabmifopf}uD;udk csDwufzdk@ qdkif;bkwfxlxm;cJholrsm;u/ vufeufqv kd @kd tyfww dk acsmif;rS udik rf xm;=uwJh ausmif;om;vli,fav;rsm;udk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif taoypfowfESdrfeif;+yD;wJhtcg/ wdkif;jynfwckvHk;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf Adkvfvkyf=u&if;/ ay:aygufvmor# aom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ t=uyftwnf; 'kuQt00udk rzHk;EdkifrzdEdkif óuHawGŒvm&avwdkif; xrif; &nfylv#mv$Jzdk@ajymavh qdkavh&SdwJhpum;uawmh “pyful;rwful;umv” rdk@yg qdkwJhpum;yJjzpfyg w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfrSm “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef” +yD;&if/ acwftpm;qHk;pum;uawmh “pyful;rwful;umv” qdkwJhpum;jzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpktzdk@ jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efeJ@ pyful;rwful; umv[m tawmftoHk;wnfhcJhwJh a0g[m&awGjzpfygw,f? a&vJtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@vJ ajymqdktoHk;cscJh=u ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&[m qdk&S,fvpfqdkif;bkwfudk csdwfqGJxm;+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf/ qd&k , S v f pf vlŒabmifopfqcD sw D ufz@kd ajcvSr;f awGuv kd J tjyoabmyJjzpfjzpfwu,foabmyJjzpfjzpf pwifjyifqifaz: jyvmcJhygw,f? 1963 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (1) &ufae@rSm bDtdkpD (BOC) ukr`%Dudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu jynfolydkifodrf;vdkufygw,f? jynfolydkifodrf;w,fvdk@qdkayr,fh avsmfa=u;ay;odrf;,lcJhwmjzpfyg teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
325
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
329
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D a cwf yxrES p f t wG i f ; ArmEd k i f i H t ajctaetusOf ; csKyf awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m tjrifq h ;kH tm%mydik t f zGŒJ tpnf;jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ OuUÏjzpf±Hkru tm%m (3) &yfvkH;udkydkifqdkifwJh (a=unmcsuftrSwf 10 eJ@ tyfESif;xm;w,fqdkwJh) ppftm%m&Sif}uD;jzpfygw,f? ygvDrefESpf&yfpvHk; wckrSr&Sdawmh+yDjzpfwJh twGuf vdktyfwJh trdef@a=unmcsufrSefor# awmfvSefa&;aumifpD a=unmcsuf 'grSr[kwf awmf vSeaf &;aumifpOD uUϱH;k trde@f a=unmcsuq f w kd meJ@ xkwjf yefa=unmpcef;oGm;cJyh gw,f? Oya'uJo@kd tm%mwnfap&rnfqdkwJh E_wfcygwfacgif;pnf;eJ@ trdef@awGudk csrSwfjyÏmef;ygw,f? tm%modrf; +yD;+yD;jcif; qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f csw D ufr,fv@kd aºuG;a=umfygw,f? acwfajymif;awmfveS af &; }uD; qifErJ$ ,fv@kd vnf; azmfusL;ygw,f? wdik ;f jynf}uD; òyduEJG ikd w f hJ tE &W ,fa=umifh zuf'&,fral =umifh tm%mudo k rd ;f ,l+yD; wyfrawmfuae umuG,af pmihaf &Smuf xde;f odr;f cJ&h wmygv@kd 0g'jzef@csyd gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wd@k wek ;f uwnf;u ar#mrf eS ;f cJw h hJ vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg &nfreS ;f csuv f nf; jzpfwJh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vufxufrwdkifrD wufvmcJh=uwJh ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDtpd;k &rsm;u ab;z,fcsxm;cJ=h uwJt h wGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &u OD;aqmif +yD; jyefvnfweG ;f wif av#mufvrS ;f zd@k / ordik ;f a&;wm0efux kd rf;aqmifz@kd vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af e=ujcif; jzpfygw,fvdk@ ajymqdkygw,f? om,m0ajymwJh vlabmifopf}uD;udka&mufzdk@ acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;udk qifE$J&mrSm/ awmfveS w f hJ Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD;w&yfu OD;aqmifz@kd vt kd yfwt hJ wGuf Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD;w&yfukd xlaxmif ygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfteH@awGay;xm;wJh ygwD/ qdk&S,fvpfqdkwJh qdkif;bkwf w&m;0ifcsdwfxm;wJhygwD jzpfayr,fh/ urBmay:&Sd tjcm;aom qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;eJ@awmh vkH;0rwlnDyg? jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef eJ@omG ;r,fh ‘jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw’D jzpfygw,f? taumiftxnfazmfcsio f vdak zmfr,fjzpfyg w,f? rwlwmrSefor# jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efvdk@ ajymxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGu/f a0zefvdkolrsm; E_wfydwf xm;=uzdk@yJ&Sdygawmhw,f? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfoabmxm;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ pdwfóuduf a&;om;ap+yD; ppfwyfut kd ajccHum ppfAv kd x f yd o f ;D }uD;rsm;eJ@ yGOJ ;D xGuw f nf axmifvu kd =f uwmjzpfyg w,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyfudktajccHygw,fvdk@ ajymvdk@rjzpf roifhavsmfwJhtwGuf v,form;eJ@ tvkyform;udk tajccHygw,fvdk@ aºuG;a=umfzGifhqdkygw,f? qdk&S,feDrsm;u taumif;jrifvufcH=u ovdk ajray:vuf0aJ wmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; wpHw k &mwd;k wufw,fv@kd ,lq=u+yD;/ tcGit hf a&;vdk csifolrsm;uvnf; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk apmapmpD;pD; 0ifa&mufvdkuf=uwJhtwGuf tðr awygwDtqifh azmfaqmif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? tðrawygwDtjzpf qufvuf pcef;oGmtHk;r,fjzpfyg w,f? tðrawygwDtjzpf tcsdefb,favmuf=umr,fqdkwmawmh rowfrSwf&ao;yg? wdkif;jynfrSm ukefaps;E_ef;awGvnf;wuf/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaevnf;raumif;vdk@ t&ifu yxptpdk;&&JŒ tajc taeudk ESmacgif;±_wf ajymqdkcJhwJh ppftpdk;&[m ukefaps;E_ef;awG olvufxufrSm ydkwufvmwmóuH &ygw,f? ppftpdk;&wufvmumpu qefwjynf jym; (60)/ qDwyd\m (3usyfcGJ) ayr,fh qefaps; qDaps;awG[m w&dyf&dyfydkwufvmcJhygw,f? b%fawGudk jynfolydkifodrf;ypfvdkufwJhtwGuf aiGa=u; 330
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
vnfywfrv _ nf; pwifxcd u kd pf ðyvmygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;ydik f b%f (17) ckukd avsmaf =u;wjym;rSr ay;yJ odr;f cJw h mjzpf+yD;/ Edik if jH cm;ydik b f %f (14) ckuakd wmh avsmaf =u;ay;cJ&h ygw,f? bDtpdk u D kd jynfoyl ikd f odrf;w,fqdkwmusawmhvnf; +Adwdo#t&if;tESD; (49) &mcdkifE_ef;udk t+yD;tydkif0,f,lvdkufwJh oabmomjzpf+yD;/ usoifah iG (625) ode;f udk Edik if jH cm;aiGe@J wu G +f yD; ay;cJ&h ygw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tkycf sKyf a&;udpPawGudkawmh/ Avu/ wvu/ evu/ &vu qdkwmrsm; zGJŒpnf;+yD; tkyfcsKyfygw,f? ppfAdkvf }uD;i,f&G,fvwfrsKd;pHk[m tJ'D Avu/ wvu/ evu awG&JŒ OuUÏ}uD;awGtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJh=u ygw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;}uD;wckvHk;[m ppfAdkvfawG&JŒajc/ ppfAdkvfawG&JŒvuf jzpfcJhygw,f? ppfAv kd af wGxifovdk rif;rlp;kd rd;k &m tkycf sKyfa&;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? t&yfom;tr_xrf; t&mxrf;rSeo f r#[m ppfAdkvfawGcdkif;&m vkyfay;&wJh ppfAdkvfawG&J@ zdeyfatmufuomjzpfcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpdk;&[m ppftpdk;&jzpfwJhtwdkif; ppfwyf&JŒtcef;udk tav;xm;wGufcsufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; ud, k w f ikd f &wemyHak &wyfpcef;rSm 1962 ckEpS /f arv (2) &ufae@rmS usi;f ywJh (11) }udraf jrmuf wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHrSm “awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ ausmaxmufaemufcHjzpfwJh wyfrawmf}uD; wpnf; wvHk;xJ&SdaewJhtwGuf b,ftE W&,frS pdk;&drfp&mr&Sdawmhyg” vdk@ bef;wifajymqdkygw,f? udk,f wdkifvnf; ppf0g'DawG ppfAdkvfawGjzpfwJhtwGuf ppfwyf. tiftm;onfom wuJhtiftm;/ vuf eufuikd t f iftm;awGonfom wuJt h qH;k tjzwf vufeufuikd pf pfwyf}uD; cdik cf ikd rf mrm&Sad e&if bmr qdkatmifjrifpGmausmfv$m;vdk@&w,fvdk@ ,lq,Hk=unfxm;=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh &SdESifhxm;+yD; ppfwyf }uD;udkvnf; wpnf;w±Hk;wnf;&Sdatmif }uD;oxuf}uD;atmif tqufrjywf wdk;csJŒwmawG vkyfcJhyg w,f? 62 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (1) &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpkppf&JXmecsKyfeJ@ ppf&Jwyf&if;awGudk zsufodrf;+yD; ajcvsifwyf&if;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? trSwf (32) uae (58) txd ajcvsiw f yf&if; (27) &if;[m ppf&w J yfzŒJG awGuae ajymif;vJzŒJG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ ajcvsiw f yf&if; opfawGjzpfygw,f? ppf&Jukd ppfwyftwGif; oGwfoGif;+yD; b0ajymif;,lvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m wzufu qdk&S,fvpftoHay;+yD;/ Oya'wGif; Oya'y jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGudk zsm;a,mif;acsmhjrLaeayr,fh/ wjcm;wzufu ppfa&;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufaer_ awGudkawmh enf;enf;av;rS av#mhcsrypfcJhyg? ppftpdk;&yDyD ppfudk tav;xm;wGufcsuf+yD; ppfqif a&;}uD;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk tqufrjywf qifE$J+rJ qifE$JaecJh=uygw,f? yJclwdkif;ESifh {&m0wDwdkif; wGif;&Sd Auy / tvHeD/ auyDt,fat/ autif'Dtdk wdk@tay: ppfqifa&;}uD;awG wck+yD;wck qifE$JcJh ovdk/ u&ifjynfe,f&Sd autJef,leJ@ autif'Dtdkrsm;/ &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tufpftufpfat eJ@ autdkifatrsm;/ ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd attdkifatrsm;tay:vnf; ppfqifa&;}uD;awGcsrSwf+yD; tqufrjywf xd;k ppfqifcyhJ gw,f? yJc;l wdik ;f eJ@ {&m0wDwikd ;f twGi;f vkycf w hJ hJ ppfqifa&;awGuawmh a[refOD;/ at&m/ atmifEdkif/ atmifajr/ oDwm (1-2-3)/ 0&Zdef/ odef;/ Av/ jrykcuf qdkwmawGjzpf ygw,f? u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;rSmawmh atmifol/ jcaoFh/ rmvm pwJh ppfqifa&;awGazmfcJh+yD; &Srf; jynfe,frSmawmh qifusm;/ atmifaZ,s/ owdk;/ aeol&def/ oZif/ rdk;óud;/ rdk;oD; pwJh ppfqifa&;awG vkyfcJhygw,f? ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;rSm rkqdk;/ atmifvHawmf pwJh ppfqifa&;/ weoFm&Dwdkif;eJ@ &cdkif wdkif;twGif;rSmvnf; ppfqifa&;awG ar$cJhygw,f? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ tae txm;uawmh pnf;pn;fvHk;vHk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ ppftpdk;&udk ajcr_ef;z,f&Sm;EdkifwJhtqifhtxd teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
331
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ppfa&;t&Edik if aH &;t& vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;r&S=d uyg? 49 ckEpS w f ek ;f u zqyv udk &efuek t f pd;k & jzpfatmif xd;k ppfqif wdu k cf u kd Ef ikd +f yD;wJah emufyikd ;f / zqyvtpd;k & t}udr}f udrf Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf; óuaH wGŒcJ&h wmawmif vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;u atmifyq JG ifEikd jf cif;r&Scd yhJ g? tm%m& ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ tJ'D ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk wkef@jyefwdkufyGJqifae=u wJh jynfoŒl 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawG=um;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ wwd,tiftm;pk (vuf eufuikd pf pfwyftiftm;pk) om xd;k xGujf zpfay:vmcJ+h y;D ppfwyfutm%modr;f oGm;wm óucH &hJ ygw,f? tm%m&azmufjyefwJh tpdk;&tqufquf&JŒ rSm;,Gif;wJh ay:vpDt&yf&yfatmuf vufeufudkif awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGtay:om tðywfwu kd af &; vkyaf qmifra_ tmuf wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;csif ovdk }uD;xGm;cGifh&vmwJh ppfwyftiftm;pk}uD;udk olxufig tòydiftqdkif rsufESmcsKdaoG;+yD; acsmhjrL a&;ay:vpDudk usifhoHk;cJh=uwJhatmufrSm/ tm%mudk ppfwyfu t+yD;tydkif odrf;ydkufoGm;EdkifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tqrwef}uD;rm;vmwJh ppfwyf}uD;&JŒ aomif;usef;oltðywfwdkufa&; ppfqifa&;}uD; awGatmufrSm/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; [m ppfa&;qdkif&mtusyftwnf; tcuf tcJaygi;f pHk óuHawGŒ&ifqikd cf &hJ ovd/k zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ +idr;f csraf &;rdi_ ;f wdu k rf a_ wGatmufrmS xdcu kd ef pf emr_awGjzpfay:cJ&h ygw,f? ‘vufeufe@J 'rD u kd a&pDvv J , S af &;/’ ‘oifyek ;f acsvw G +f idr;f cGit hf rde@f ’ qdw k /hJ ppfreS w f +hJ idr;f csr;f a&;ajcvSr;f rSerf [kww f hJ rdi_ ;f vH;k awG=um;xJrmS tzGŒJ tpnf;vdu k f Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufomG ;r_awG/ tHv k u kd u f si;f vdu k f vufeufpeG @f omG ;r_awG/ wOD;csi;f tvdu k f vufeufpeG @f omG ;r_ awG ajray:wufomG ;r_awGay:aygucf &hJ +yD;/ awmfveS af &;vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtwGi;f rSm t,l tqa&; ±_yfaxG;r_awGyg jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? 57-58 ckESpftwGif;rSm rGefjynfolŒwyfOD;/ jynfolŒ&J abmf/ &cdkifOD;pdE WmtzGJŒ/ bHkaygufomausmftzGJŒawG vufeufpGef@oGm;=uygw,f? tzGJŒtpnf;toD; oD;u wOD;csif; vufeufudkifvrf;pOfpGef@oGm;olawG[m A[dkaumfrwD0if/ wdkif;aumifrwD0if tqifhuae atmufajc wyfom;txd trsKd;rsKd;tpm;pm;&SdcJhygw,f? 62 ckESpf/ ppftm%modrf;+yD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@udk &,loGm;olawGay:aygufcJhygw,f? 58 ckESpf0ef;usifuvdk tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufawmh rawGŒ& ao;yg? 'gayr,fh 57-58 avmufup+yD; awmufavsmuft=uyftwnf;awG óuHcJh&/ tdrfapmifh tpd;k &qdw k hJ ppftpd&k &JŒ tjyif;txef xd;k ppfawGuv kd nf; &ifqikd w f u kd yf q JG if&if;eJ@ }uH}› uHc› &H yfc=hJ u&wJh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;[m udk,ftwGif;jy\emrsm;eJ@udk,f jzpfae=u&/ ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;ae cJh=u&ygw,f? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&tqufqufeJ@ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif wkef@jyefqifE$JvmcJh&wJh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDpepfukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; qd&k , S v f pfavoH ay;wufvmwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&opfqdkwmeJ@ óuHawGvm&wJhtcg/ wpHkw&mtajymif; tvJrsm;jzpfay:vmrvm;qdk+yD; *±kwpdkufapmihf=unfhaecJh=uygw,f? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& atmufu qdk;0g;cJhr_ c|wf,Gif;cJhr_ rnDrr# azmufv$Jazmufjyef jzpfcJhr_awGudk wGifwGif xkwfazmfwdkuf cdkufajymqdkaewJh ppftpdk;&rSm vufcHEdkifp&maumif;rGefr_av;awGrsm;azmfjyvmrvm;/ tedrfhqHk; ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDtpd;k &eJ@ rwlatmifaqmif&u G &f if; tusKd ;oufa&mufra_ umif;Edik w f hJ tvm;tvm aumifrsm;qD OD;wnfa&$Œvsm;vmavrvm;qdw k m tuJcwf=unhcf =hJ uygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD tpdk;&opf&JŒ vlwef;pm;vuQ%mudk oHk;oyf=unfh=uwm/ Armjynf vufawGŒEdkifiHa&;vrf;a=umif; 332
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&JŒ OD;wnf&mudk cef@rSef;tuJcwf=unfh=uwm/ ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;twGuf usifhoHk;udkifpGJoifhwJh rl0g'ay:vpDawGe@J vrf;pOfqikd &f mjy\emawGuv kd nf; aqG;aEG;!dEk i_d ;f jyifqif=uwmawG tzGŒJ tpnf; toD;oD;twGif;rSm jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&&JŒ vlwef;pm;vuQ%m[m vufa0cH"e&Siv f w l ef;pmvm;/ trsK;d om;"e&Siv f m;/ b,fvv kd q J w kd mawGvnf; aqG;aEG;oH;k oyf=u wmawG obm0uspGm ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;&JŒ csxm;cJh=u udkifpGJcJh=uwJh Edik if aH &;qdik &f m ppfa&;qdik &f m ygww D nfaqmufa&;qdik &f mudpaP wGukd av;av;eufeufo;kH oyf=u&if;/ awmfvSefa&;'Da&tedrfhtjrifh twuftus tvSnfhtajymif;awGyg cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm/ a0zefoHk;oyfwm awGjzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh 58 ckESpfaemufydkif; vufawGŒ óuHawGŒjzwfoef;vm&wJh awmf vSefa&;vufawGŒb0awGtay: tzGJŒtpnf;awG&JŒ wnf&SdaewJh rsufarSmufyuwdtaetxm;rSef awGtay: oHk;oyf=u nd‡E_dif;=u/ jyifqif=u a0zef=uwmawGudk tajctaeay;oavmuf t&ifu vnf; vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhzl;ayr,fh 62 ckESpf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&opf wufvm+yD;wJhtcg/ vdktyfcsuft&udk rvkyfrjzpf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufvmcJh&r_awG ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? tzGJŒtpnf; twGi;f rSm vrf;pOfEpS &f yf t,ltqESp&f yf tawG;ac:ESp&f yfwu kd yf aJG wG ygww D iG ;f wdu k yf t JG jzpf wnf&dS aecJh=uygw,f? tcsKdŒygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGqdk&if ESpfjcrf;oabm ESpfzGJŒoabmrsKd;jzpfwnfae=u v_yf&Sm;ae=uwmawGawmif ay:aygufaecJhygw,f? tpOftvm}uD; EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckjzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;rSmvnf; tawG; tac: wdkufyGJawG&SdaecJhygw,f? udkifpGJvmcJwJh 55 vrf;pOftay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfvm=uwm/ ðyjyif ajymif;vJzdk@ pOf;pm;vm=uwmawG &Sdvmygw,f? 55 vrf;pOfeJ@ tvkyfrjzpfEdkifawmhwJhtajctae awG/ tajctaeeJ@ tcsdeftcg rudkufnDEdkifawmhwmawG vufawGŒóuHawGŒvmcJh=u&+yDjzpfygw,f? 55 vrf;pOfatmufrSm “ppfa&;csKdEdkifiHa&;ydk” vkyfaqmifcJh=u+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;tvHudk jrifhjrifhrm;rm; v$ifhxlcJhayr,fh/ awmfvSefa&;'Da& wufrvmwmtay: jyefvnfpOf;pm; oHk;oyfae=u+yD jzpfygw,f? tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk,fwdkif tajymif;tvJjzpfae+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf zqyv tpdk;&vufxufwkef;u csrSwfxm;cJhwJh vrf;pOfay:vpDudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfzdk@vdk±kHwifru/ vrf;pOftopfwckcsEdkifzdk@yg vdktyf ae+yDvdk@ oHk;oyfvm=uygw,f? ygwDw&yfvHk;taeeJ@ &yfwnfcsufqdkif&mtrSm;rsKd; b,fwkef;urS rusL;vGefbl;ayr,fh/ ajymif;vJvmaewJh EdkifiHwumhtajctae jynfwGif;tajctaeawGeJ@ udkufnD r,fh EdkifiHa&vrf;pOftopfw&yfudk csrSwfEdkifzdk@ vdktyfvm+yDvdk@ wGufqvmcJhygw,f? vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGxJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh attJef,l tzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ taetxm;udk=unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk }uH›}uH›cH ,SOfòydiftefwk wdkufcdkuf wdu k yf q JG ifaeayr,f/h ygww D iG ;f pnf;±H;k nD!w G rf [ _ m òyduaJG eygw,f? vrf;pOfEpS &f yf tawG;tac:t,l tqESpf&yf wdkufyGJawG jyif;jyif;xefxefjzpfay:aecJh+yD; wpnf;wvHk;xJaomtoGif ysuf,Gif;aecJhyg w,f? t"dutm;jzifh ref;bZH acgi;f aqmifwt hJ yk pf ek @J apm[efwmomarG; acgi;f aqmifwt hJ yk pf q k +kd yD; uGaJ eygw,f? ref;bZHacgi;f aqmifwhJ attef,w l yfO;D [m vlwef;pm;av;&yfukd xdxad &mufa&muf tusKd;ðy&r,fqdkwJh vrf;pOfudk w&m;0iftwnfðy+yD; udkifpGJ&yfwnfygw,f? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;[m bH&k efol tkypf ;kd oltpd;k &udk ,SOòf ydiw f u kd cf u kd zf @kd twGuf EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk nDnD!Gwf!Gwf ylaygif;aqmif&GufEdkifzdk@twGuf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
333
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD; nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkqdkwmawGudkvnf; zGJŒpnf;aqmif&GufcJh=uwJhtwGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpD wufvmwJt h csed x f d xifxif&mS ;&Sm; wnf&adS e=uwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGuawmh/ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw)/ 'Drdku&ufwpfvlrsKd;pkrsm; nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD; ('vnw)/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;vGwfajrmufa&;r[mrdwftzGJŒ (vvrz) wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? r'nw udk 1956 ckESpf/ arvuwnf;u zmyGefòrdŒe,f (rJ0dkif) rSm pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpf+yD;/ zGJŒpu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autef,lygwDeJ@ rGefjynfopfygwD wdk@yg0ifcJhygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDeJ@ csif;OD;pD;tzGJ@wdk@ yg0ifvmwJhtwGuf tzGJŒtpnf; (5) ck yg0ifwJh wyfaygi;f pkjzpfygw,f? ('vnw) qdw k hJ 'Dru dk &ufwpfvrl sKd ;pkn! D w G af &;wyfO;D uawmh vlrsK;d pktzGŒJ tpnf; av;ckeJ@yJ zGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? autJef,l/ autifyDyD/ yDtJiftdkeJ@ rGefjynfolŒwyfOD;wdk@ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1956 ck/ {+yDvuwnf;u yl;aygi;f zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? vlrsKd ;pkrsm;vGwaf jrmufa&; r[mrdwftzGJŒ (vvrz) uawmh u&if/ u&ifeDeJ@ &Srf;vufeufudkifoHk;zGJŒ aygif;zGJŒcJhwmjzpfygw,f? &Srf;tzGJŒuawmh p0fE$JŒacgifaqmifwJh EGHppf[ef acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJŒjzpfygw,f? wyfaygif;pktzGJŒ r[m rdwftzGJŒawGxJrSm (r'nw) [m txif&Sm;qHk; tay:vGifqHk; jzpfcJhygw,f? vlrsKd;pkawmfawmfrsm; rsm;[m tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkif awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaewmrSefayr,fh vufeufudkifawmf vSefa&;tiftm;pk}uD;wckvHk;[m wpnf;wvHk;wnf; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf wyfaygif;pk}uD; tjzpf atmifjrifpGmwnfaqmufEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;ovdk/ rwluGJjym;wJhtjrif/ rwljcm;em;wJh &yfwnf csufawGeJ@ rwluGJjym;wJh vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudk csrSwfxm;=u&if;/ uGJvGJr_uGm[r_ aygif;pnf;r&r_ awG[m qufvufwnf&Sdae=uqJjzpfygw,f? wcsdKŒtzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSm t,ltq tawG;tac:awG uGJvGJaeayr,fh tzGJŒtpnf; [m ESpfjcrf; ESpfr$mrjzpfyJ wpnf;wvkH;wnf; &yfwnfaeEdkifwJh tzGJŒawG&Sdovdk/ ESpfzGJŒozG,f okH;zGJŒ ozG,f jzpfoGm;=uwJh tzGJŒawGvnf; &SdaecJhygw,f? tpdwfpdwftr$mr$muGJoGm;+yD; emrnfaygif;pkHeJ htzGJŒaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm ay:xGufvmwmrsdK;awGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf aygif;±kH;=unfhvdkuf r,fqdk&if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD eJ@ vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;ygwD awG qufvufwnf&Sdae=u+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGxJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m t}uD;qkH; tay: vGiq f ;Hk jzpfum/ vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuikd t f zGŒJ tpnf;awGxrJ mS autJe, f [ l m t}uD;qk;H tay:vGiq f ;Hk jzpf cJhygw,f? zqyvtpdk;&vufxufwkef;u ajray:uGefjrLepfawGvdk hpGyfpGJjcif;cH&wJh/ toGiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ hvuf0J0g'udk ouf0if,kH=unfcJh=uwJh yk*~dKvfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmyg0ifwJh/ wdk;wufwJh twdkuftcH Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;oabmrsKd ; &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJw h hJ Oya'abmiftwGi;f u ‘yrnw’ wyfaygi;f pk }uD;[mvnf; 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk ajypðycJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? qd&k , S ef rD sm;u jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD zuf ajymif;olajymif;/ ul;olu;l / axmufco H al xmufcH jzpfae=ucsed rf mS raxmufco H al wG qefusio f l awGuvnf; udk,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@udk,f jzpfvm=u+yD;/ yrnw }uD;&JŒ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_[m odod omom òyduGJae+yDjzpfygw,f? tm%m&jzpfcJhzl;wJh ‘zqyv’ eJ@ aemufqkH;tm%m&jzpfcJhwJh ‘yxp’ uawmh/ qdkif;bkwf omusefaeawmhwJh tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; (2) ckozG,fjzpfae+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfor# xdkif=unfh 334
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ae&wJhtoGif ydk+yD;ay:vGifvmcJhygw,f? atmifjrifpmG tm%modr;f vmcJw h hJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppftpd;k &[m wESp=f um tm%mudk qufvufxdef;odrf;vmEdkifcJh+yD;/ ESpfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm tm%meJ@ qufrSdef;aeEdkifa&; twGufom qufvufvkH;yrf;&awmhr,fhtaetxm;jzpfygw,f? Armjynfppfwyftm%modrf;r_udk b,fta&SŒ tkyfpkEdkifiHurS r±_wfcscJhovdk/ b,ftaemuftkyfpkEdkifiHurSvnf; ta&;,l uef@uGuf qef@usifajymqdkcJhr_ r&Sdyg? ta&SŒtkyfpka&m taemuftkyfpkyg udk,fhtusdK;udk A[dkðy+yD; tdajENrysuf tpdk;&csif;qufqH a&;udk qufvuf xlaxmifvyk u f ikd o f mG ;=uovdk awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpd;k &uvnf; 'Dtyk pf }k uD; (2) ck=um;rSm cGwkyfay:vpDudk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif tokH;cs&if;/ bufrvdkufEdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'/ =um;aea&; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'udk qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf [pfaºuG;cJhygw,f? rmhupf v f eD if0g' avhvma&;tzGŒJ zGŒJ r,f/ rmhupf -f vDeif 0g' ysŒH yGm;atmifvyk rf ,fvkd t h csuf wcsuftjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyrdvdk@ vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;rl/ Ek-rl (15) csufqdkwm a=unmrdpOfu/ Armjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdjzpfay:vmr_awGt&/ Armjynftay:xm;wJh +Adwdo#&JŒ oabmxm;awGudk jyef vnfajymif;vJ&vdrrhf ,f/ Armjynfqikd &f m+Adwo d #&ŒJ Edik if jH cm;a&;ay:vpDawGukd topfwzef jyefvnf csrSwf&vdrfhr,fvdk@ csufcsif;wkef@jyefcJhzl;wJh Armjynf&JŒ udkvdkeDt&Sifa[mif;}uD; +Adwdo#uvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%modrf;r_eJ@ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf aºuG;a=umfoHtay:awmh wcGef;w yg'rS rajymqdkyJ a&ikHE_wfydwfvkyfaecJhygw,f? urBmhykvdyf}uD;vdk@ emrnfausmf=um;ae+yDjzpfwJh tar&duef}uD;uvnf; vl}uD;vlaumif;*dkuftjynfheJ@ ‘'g Armjynf&JŒ jynfwGif;a&;/ pGufzufp&m ta=umif;r&Sd’ qdkwJh[efeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&udk rdwf0wfrysuf quf vufqufqHysLiSgcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk &mcsD taoowfESdyfuGyfjycJh wmudkvnf; b,fEdkifiHurS oabmxm; xkwfazmfuef@uGufcJh=ujcif;r&Sdyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m olvkyfcsif&mawGudk qufvufvkyfudkifEdkifzdk hjynfwGif;jynfy tcGifhaumif;tcgaumif;/ tajctae aumif;awG qufvuf&&SdcJhygw,f? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[m jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efeJ@ acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;udk qifE$JrSmjzpf+yD; awmifolv,form;eJ@ tvkyform;[m tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD; (2) &yfvdk@ ajymqdk xm;+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf ‘awmifolv,form;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,o f nfOh ya'’ eJ@ ‘oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'’ qdw k mudv k nf; 1963 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ xkwjf yefjyÏmef; vdkufygw,f? v,form;awG&JŒ axmufcHr_udk &&Sdatmif 1963 ckESpf pdkufysdK;p&dwfacs;aiG trawmf a=u; acs;aiGtjzpf usyaf iGuak É (70) ausmf xkwaf cs;ay;vdu k yf gw,f? b%fawGukd jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f &m u &&SdvdkufwJhaiGawGeJ@ xkwfacs;ay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
335
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
jynf w G i f ; _id r f ; csrf ; a&; awG Œ qk H a qG ; aEG ; yG J r sm;eJ ‹ Ed k i f i H a &;tif t m;pk r sm;&J Œ toH / awmf v S e f a umif p D & J Œ oabmxm;trS e f 1963 ckESpf/ ZGefv (11) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. urf;vSrf;csuf” qdkwmudk xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;tm;vkH;odk@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. urf;vSrf;csufvdk@ xdyfpnf;wif+yD; tcsuf (6) csufyg a=unmcsufudk a&'D,dkuae xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? “awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;udk v_dufvSJpGm vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf&Sdonfhtavsmuf jynfaxmifpktwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;/ vlrsdK;a&; t&vnf;aumif;/ vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u kd af e=uaom awmwGi;f tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;tm;vk;H od@k jynfwiG ;f +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufawGŒwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf atmufygurf;vSrf;csufw&yfudk xkwfjyefvdkufyg onf?” vd@k tpcs+D yD; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf urf;vSr;f csuu f kd wjynfv;Hk odatmif xkwjf yefvu kd f jcif;jzpfygw,f? óudwifpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrxm;bJ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=u&efeJ@ rnfonfhvufeuf udkiftzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@rqdk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu toifh&Sda=umif;vdk@vnf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf awmwGif;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JŒ toGm;tjyefc&D; wavsmuf vkòH cHa&;udk wm0ef,rl ,ft h jyif/ aqG;aEG;yGrJ atmifjrifv@kd awmwGi;f jyefv=kd u&if oGm;vd&k m a'otxd vdu k yf @kd ay;a&;eJ@ (3) &uftwGi;f zrf;qD;wdu k cf u kd jf cif; vk;H 0vkyrf mS r[kwaf =umif;udv k nf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'aD e@rmS yJ wqufwnf; xkwjf yefa=unmwmuawmh ‘qkaiGrsm; ±kwo f rd ;f jcif;’ qdkwJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk taoowfypfa&; zrf;qD;ay;a&; twGuf tm%m&tpdk;&u ajymifajymifwif;wif; xkwfjyefxm;&SdcJhwJh qkaiGa=unmcsufawGudk w&m;0if jyefvnf±w k o f rd ;f ay;vdu k w f o hJ abmjzpfygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf a&;twGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfaeEdik w f ,fv@kd ,lqwJt h wGuf qkaiGxw k jf yefxm;cJw h mawGukd jyefvnf ±kwfodrf;ay;cJhwmvdk@ qdkygw,f? jyefvnf ±kwfodrf;ay;vdkufw,fqdkwJh a=unmcsufawGuawmh (1/ 10/ 1956)ae@ ae@pGJyg jynfxJa&;XmerS xkwfjyefxm;cJhwJh qkawmfaiGa=unmcsuftrSwf (1) eJ@ (23/ 5/ 1961) &ufae@ ae@pGJyg jynfxJa&;Xme&JŒ b¾ma&;!¸ef=um;v$mtrSwf (2) wdk@jzpfygw,f? qkawmfaiGa=unmcsut f rSwf (1) qdw k mu/ AuyOuUÏ ocifoef;xGe;f udk zrf;qD;ay;v#if (od@k r[kw)f zrf;qD;&rdatmif owif;ay;v#if qkawmfaiG wode;f / ocifAode;f wif/ ocifwifxeG ;f / ocifoef;òrdi/f ocifZif/ ocifcspf/ ocifaX; eJ@*dk&S,f (ac: ) &Jabmfbwif wdk@udk zrf;qD;ay;v#if (odk@r[kwf) zrf; qD;&rdatmif owif;ay;v#if qkawmfaiG (5) aomif;pDqdkwJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? b¾ma&;!¸ef =um;v$mtrSwf (2) qdkwmuawmh awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒpnf;acgif;aqmiftm;vkH;eJ@ ouf qdkifygw,f? b,ftzGJŒtpnf;urqdk A[dkaumfrDwD0ifeJ@ tvm;wltqifhudk zrf;rdv#if wOD;twGuf qkawmfaiG waomif;/ c±kdifaumfrDwD0ifeJ@ tvm;wltqifhtwGufqdkv#if wOD;twGuf qkawmfaiG usyfESpfaxmifpD qdkwJh a=unmcsufjzpfygw,f? 336
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aps;t}uD;qkH;uawmh AuyOuUÏ ocifoef;xGef; jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,aps;t}uD;qkH;awGuvnf; Auy acgif;aqmifawGyJvdk@ ajym&rvdkjzpfygw,f? tm%m&tpdk;&&JŒtòid;udk tay:vGifqkH; awGŒ&yg w,f? Edik if aH &;t& rwln=D u qef@usijf cm;em;=u&muae jzpfay:vmwJh Edik if aH &;tòid; Edik if aH &;trke;f awGudk yk*~dKvfa&;t& b,fvdkenf;eJ@yJjzpfjzpf taoowfypfcsif/ tjywfwD;ypfvdkufcsifwJh onf;oef vGe;f vSwhJ yk*Kd~ vfa&;tmCmwawGqt D xd ajymifajymifwif;wif; azmfjyo,faqmifxm;wmudk awGŒ jrifEdkif=uygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u wzufu zqyvOuUÏ}uD; OD;Ek [m omoemh 'g,um}uD;bGJŒcH+yD; qXoHCm,emwifyGJ}uD;usif;y/ qXoHCm,emwifatmifyGJeJ@ omoem (2500) jynfh txdrf;t rSwfyGJawG usif;y&if;/ arwWm *±k%m rk'dwm awGta=umif; wazmifazmifajymqdkae&mrS avoHrpJ ao;rDtwGif;/ wzufu taoowfEdkifa&; zrf;qD;&rda&;twGuf qkawmfaiGawGxkwfaewm[m tjrifrawmf qifawmfeJ@cavmufozG,f jzpfaecJhygw,f? OD;Ek u zqyv OuUÏvkyf+yD; OD;AaqGudk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf v$Jtyfxm;csdeftwGif;rSm tJ'D ocifoef;xGef; udk&rdv#if qkawmfaiGwodef;qdk wm}uD; xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D 1956/ atmufwdkbmvuwnf;u wavsmufvkH; ouf0ifwnf+rJaecJw h m +idr;f csr;f a&; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGaJ wG vkycf ge;D usryS J ±kwo f rd ;f ay;vdu k w f o hJ abm jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf +idrf;csrf;a&; qdkwJhtoH jyef=um;&wJhtwGuf jynfolvlxku 0rf;omoGm;rd =uovdk Oya'wGif; Oya'y EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; acgif;axmif=unfhrd=uygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ a=unmcsuftay: yxrqkH; xGufay:vmwJh axmufcHa=unmcsufuawmh ‘yoDtrsdK;om;uGef*&uf’ (Ayu) jzpfygw,f// +idrf; csr;f a&;/ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r,fqv kd @kd +idr;f csr;f a&;&apcsiv f eG ;f &SmwJh q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f uvnf; om"kac:vdkufygw,f? Oya'wGif; EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk}uD;wcktjzpf&Sdaeao;wJh yrnw uvnf; ZGefv (12) &ufae@rSm tcsuf (5) csufyg a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? a=unmcsufyg (5) csufuawmh (1) rsufESmpkHnDaqG;aEG;aepOf twdkuftcdkufrsm; ESpfzufpvkH;rS &yfpJxm;&ef/ (2) awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk &efukefòrdŒwGif usif;y&ef/ (3) A[dk ESifh A[dkcsif; aqG;aEG;&ef/ (4) awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk jynfolvlxkodk@ today;&ef/ (5) udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JŒ vkHòcHvGwfvyfr_udk tmrcH&ef wdk@jzpfygw,f? zqyv/ yxp wd@k uvnf; axmufcv H u kd =f uovd/k w&m;0if&yfwnfaewJh rGejf ynfoŒl wyfO;D uvnf; axmufcHa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? puf±kHtvkyf±kHtoD;oD;u tvkyform;rsm;/ tvkyf orm;or*~/ tvkyform;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ 0efxrf;or*~0efxrf;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf; wcJeuf axmufcHcJh=uygw,f? wuo jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ausmif;om;ta&; wnfaqmufr_aumfrDwD/ tpdk;& ausmif;aygi;f pkH ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&efuek cf ±kid )f wd@k uvnf; axmufcaH =umif; a=unmcJ=h uovdk obifynm&Sif tEkynm&Sirf sm;uvnf; 0rf;yef;wom óudqakd xmufccH =hJ uygw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGJŒrsm;uvnf; axmufcHcJh=uygw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yf jynfoltaygif;&JŒ axmufcH=uoH/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
337
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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qENðy azmfjy}uoHawGvnf; tqufrjywf xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;twGi;f cg;pnf;cHchJ =u&wJh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&JŒ iwfrGwfawmifhwae=uwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdvdkr_qEN[m ae&maygif;pkHuae xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; urf;vSrf;csuftay: awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf; vdkvdkvm;vm; wkef@jyefoabmxm; a=unmcsufawG xkwfjyefa=unmvm=uygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&; twGuf aqG;aEG;&efqEN&adS =umif;/ ppfreS w f hJ +idr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufvakd =umif;/ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&; udk wav#mufv;Hk awmif;qdók ud;yrf;tm;xkwv f mcJ=h ua=umif;awG av;av;eufeuf tav;wif;azmf jyvmcJh=uygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpu D {+yv D (1) &ufae@u xkwjf yefxm;cJw h hJ taxGaxGvw G +f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf trde@f ukd Zlvikd f (1) &ufae@txd rlv&ufowfrw S x f m;&muae tuef@towfr&Sd &ufw;kd csŒJ vdu k yf g w,f? Oya'wGi;f Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;u awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&; +idr;f csr;f a&; jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&; twGuf tzGJŒtpnf;aygif;pkH yg0ifwJh ‘jynfolŒaumfrDwD’ qdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;vdkuf=uygw,f? jynfolŒ aumfrw D rD mS tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f (50) ausmf yg0ifygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh yrnw 0ifawG OD;pD;OD;aqmif ðy+yD; yg0ifv_yf&Sm; taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ urf;vSrf;csuftay: yxrqkH; oabmxm;xkwfazmf jyef=um;cJhwJh awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;uawmh tvHeDygwDjzpfygw,f? ZGefv (14) &ufae@rSmyJ tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynf &JŒ jyef=um;csuf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? ZGefv (15) &ufae@rSm autif,l ygwD &JŒ oabmxm;jyef=um;csuf xGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ ZGefv (22) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ hArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD&JŒ jyef=um;csufvnf; xGufay:vmygw,f? jyef=um;csufudk ZGefv (22) &ufae@pGJeJ@ jyef=um;cJh wmjzpfayr,fh q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f qDuwqifh ay;yd@k cw hJ mjzpfwt hJ wGuf q&m}uD;xH Zlvikd f v (3) &ufae@rSm a&muf&Sd+yD; Zlvdkif (4) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu vufcH&&SdcJhw,fqdkyg w,f? Zlvdkif (5) &ufae@rSm rGefjynfopfygwD &JŒ jyef=um;csufeJ@ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD &JŒ a=unmcsufawG qufwdkuf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? jynfolŒaumfrDwDu Zlvdkif (2) &ufae@rSmuwnf;u jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;odk@ awGŒqkHaqG; aEG;a&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;óud;yrf;=uyg&efqdkwJh Ed_;aqmfyef=um;a=umif; a=unmcsufudk xkwjf yefco hJ vd/k Zlvikd f (6) &ufae@rmS jynfoŒl aumfrw D u D }uD;rª;wJh +idr;f csr;f a&;urf;vSr;f axmufcyH JG }uD;udk òrdŒawmfcrf;rrSm usi;f ycJyh gw,f? ae@vnf (1) em&DrmS usi;f ywJh tcrf;tem;yGu J kd tzGŒJ tpnf; aygif; (50) ausmfu tdk;pnfAkHarmif;awGeJ@ wufa&mufvmcJh=uygw,f? wufa&mufvm=uolawG òrdŒawmfcrf;rwckv;Hk ajccsp&mr&Sad wmhavmufatmif jynfEh u S o f mG ;cJyh gw,f? obmywdtjzpf ytd0k hf OD;vSazu aqmif&u G +f yD;/ tcrf;tem;rª;tjzpf Adv k jf raoG;u aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? jynfoŒl aumfrw D u D xkwaf zmfxm;wJh tcsuf (5) csuu f kd xyfrw H ifjy+y;D tqdk (4) &yfukd wifoiG ;f qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'D tqdk (4) &yfuawmh (1) jynfwiG ;f ppfukd tqk;H owf+yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf=u&ef/ rsuEf mS pkn H D awGŒqkaH qG; aEG;a&;urf;vSrf;csufudk óudqdk - qdkwJhtqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk OD;wifarmif - vlxku 338
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wifoGif;ygw,f//) (2) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awmf vSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;/ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; wu,fjzpfajrmuf atmifjrifEdkif&ef tedrfhqkH;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wifjya=umif; - qdkwJhtqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk vli,fhwyfOD; OD;pdefvS u wifoGif;ygw,f?) (3) e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJŒcsKyf u ref;wif!Gef@ u wifoGif;ygw,f?) (4) jynfolrsm;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0a&;tqdk (tJ'Dtqdkudk jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD u OD;cifarmifjrifh u wifoGif;ygw,f?) tJ'Dtcrf;tem;rSm aºuG;a=umfoH (5) csufudkvnf; wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'D aºuG;a=umfoH (5) csufuawmh (1) awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; æ óudqdk=u óud;yrf;=u / (2) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; æ jynfoltm;jzifh wnfaqmuf=u / (3) xdk;ppfeJ@ wdkufppf æ &yfpJypf &yfpJypf / (4) typftcwfawG æ &yfpJ=u &yfpJ=u / (5) A[dk A[dkcsif; æ awGŒqkH=u aqG;aEG;=u / - qdkwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,frSmvJ jynfolŒaumfrDwDawG zGJŒpnf;+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrifapa&;twGuf axmufcóH udqykd aJG wG qufwu kd f ðyvkyaf qmif&u G v f m=uwm awGŒ&ygw,f? q&m}uD;rdi_ ;f ud, k w f ikd f +idr;f csr;f a&;udrk jrif&yJ aooGm;&if taoawmifajzmifrh mS r[kwyf gb;l vd@k ajymcJ+h yD;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf xrf;aqmifEikd w f ahJ e&muae yg0ifxrf;aqmifay;cJyh gw,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ urf;vSrf;csuftay: jyef=um;pmudk q&m}uD;qDu wqifh ay;yd@k wmvkycf yhJ gw,f? q&m}uD;OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;uawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ tusifht}uH oabmobm0udk xdkufoifhoavmuf od&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf/ r,kH&J&J cHpm;&&if; a&SŒwef;uae xGurf &yfyJ rSerf eS o f m v_y&f mS ;&yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;jzpfajrmuf atmifjrifa&;twGuf a&SŒwef;uaexGuf&yfvmwmuawmh ‘jynfolŒaumfrDwD’ yJjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ urf;vSrf;csuftay: tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;u jyef=um;wkef@jyef=u wmawGtay: awmfveS af &;aumifpu D xyfqifjh yef}um;csuaf wGtjzpf a&'D,u kd ae a=unmygw,f? q&m}uD;rd_if; uwqifh ay;ydk@wJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD &JŒ ZGef (22) &ufae@ jyef=um;csuftay: Zlvdkif (8) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu jyefpmydk@vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmygw,f? Zlvdkif (17) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ autif,lygwDodk@ jyef=um;csuf/ rGefjynfopfygwDodk hjyef =um;csuf/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDodk@ jyef=um;csufawG qufvufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? tcsKyfoabmuawmh/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;u awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk vufcH oabmwla=umif; azmfjycJ+h y;D / ppfreS w f +hJ ird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufru _ kd vdv k m;ar#mv f ifah =umif; xkwaf zmf ajymqdck =hJ uovdk awmfveS af &;aumifpu D vnf; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om óudqkd yga=umif; azmfjycJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
339
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zd@k vdt k yfwjhJ yifqifra_ wG tjyeftvSef jyef=um;qufo, G rf a_ wG vkyaf qmif+yD; =uwJhtcg awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJŒtpnf;awG&JŒ y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒawG wzGJŒ+yD;wzGJŒ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zdk@ ae&ma'otoD;oD;uae a&muf&Sdvm}uygw,f? yxrqkH; a&muf&Sdvmwmuawmh tvHeDygwD jzpfygw,f? &JeDr,f a':aiGpH eJ@ &JeD ausmf0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvHeD a&SŒajy;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ [m ZGev f (24) &ufae@ ppfawGuakd &muf&+dS y;D / (27) &ufae@rmS &efuek u f kd a&muf&v dS mygw,f? =o*kwv f (10) &ufae@rmS awmh tvHeyD gwD twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf ocifp;kd ud, k w f ikd f acgi;f aqmifwhJ tzGŒJ 0if (17) OD;yg ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ a&muf&v dS mygw,f? ocifp;kd u q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;udk oGm;a&muf*g&0ðy uefawmhygw,f? vli,fhwyfOD; (ArmEdkifiH) Xme csKyf tr_aqmifrsm;u yef;pnf;quf óudq=kd uovdk vuf0t J zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;uvnf; óudqakd wG q h EHk w _ f quf=uygw,f? tvHeyD gwD aemuf a&muf&v dS mwmuawmh &JeaD usmZf &H ;D$ acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik jf ynfueG jf rLepf ygwD jzpfygw,f? Zlvdkif (16) &ufae@ ppfawGa&muf+yD;/ (18) &ufae@ &efukefudka&mufygw,f? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvnf; vkyfcJhygw,f? &JeDausmfZH&$D; u ‘vlrsdK;wdkif;&JŒ wef;wltcGifhta&;/ wenf; qdk vlrsKd ;wdik ;f &JŒ ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf tjynft h 0t&/ cGx J u G v f u kd cGx J u G cf iG /hf yl;aygi;f vdu k yl;aygi;f cGiw hf @kd jzifh &cdkiforwEdkifiHw&yf xlaxmifoGm;&efeJ@ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wyfaygif;pkyg0ifwJh jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EdkifiHawmftjzpf wnfaqmufoGm;&ef’ qdkwmudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhygw,f? Zlvdkif (28) &ufae@rSm &JeDausmfZH&$D; wdk@tzGJŒ jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;ygw,f? =o*kwfv (10) &ufae@rSm a&muf&SdvmwJh ocifpdk;}uD; [m =o*kwf (14) &ufae@rSm owif; pmuGezf &ifh usi;f yygw,f? owif;axmufaygi;f pkH wufa&muf=u+yD;/ t&Sn=f umqk;H aom owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJtjzpf rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;cH&ygw,f? ocifpdk; u tvHeD&JŒ cH,lcsufeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tbd"rRmawGudk rdepf (230) wdwd &Sif;vif;ajym=um;or_ ðyygw,f? qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmif c±ka&Smh udk ±_wfcswma&m/ w±kwfjynfudk a0zefwma&m t*Fvdyfvdk &Gwfzwfudk;um;wmawGyg pum;vkH;ajymifajymif avoH 'dk;'dk;a'gufa'gufeJ@ zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? ygwDpkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; usif;yzdk@ tqdkðy+yD;/ ppfudk tenf;qkH; (1) ESpf&yfpJxm;zdk@vnf; awmif;qdkygw,f? ocifpdk;acgif;aqmifwJh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ awmfvSefa&; aumifp[ D m =o*kwv f (15) &ufw}urd /f (16) &ufae@w}urd /f (17) &ufae@w}urd f aygi;f (3) }urd f aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? (16) &ufae@rSm tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDu awmfvSefa&;aumifpDodk@ wifjywJh ‘ppfwrf;’ wapmif wifoGif;cJhygw,f? rmhufpf-vDeif0g' usrf;}uD;usrf;i,f toG,foG,fudk tudk; tum;ðyazmfjy&if;/ tvHeDygwD&JŒ &yfwnfcsufoabmxm;tjrifrsm;udk azmfjywifqufxm;wJh ‘tvHeDppfwrf;’ jzpfygw,f? ocifpdk;u ‘+idrf;csrf;a&;y%mrqifhppfwrf;’ vdk@azmfjyygw,f? ygwD aygif;pkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJuGefz&ifh bma=umifhusif;yoifhovJ qdkwmuae tpcsD+yD; tcef; (3) cef; u¾ (2) &yfyg ppfwrf;jzpfygw,f? (3) }udraf qG;aEG;t+yD; =o*kwv f (18) &ufae@rmS vma&mufawGŒ qk=H uwJh &JeaD [mif;awGukd ocifp;kd }uD; ud, k w f ikd u f ‘aqG;aEG;yGt J ajctaeaumif;w,f’ vd@k xkwaf zmf ajymqdk zGifh[aewkef;&Sdao;/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk =o*kwv f (19) &ufae@up+yD; &yfpv J u kd +f yDv@kd a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? ocifp;kd }uD; ud, k w f ikd f bmajym& 340
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
awmhrSef;rodatmif jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f? (19) &ufae@n awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ a=unmcsufxJrSmuawmh “ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD (Armjynf) . 'Dae@txd ðyrlajymqdk aqmif&u G cf surf sm;onf jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufonfh udpw P iG f wu,f±;dk om;r_e@J ðyrlaqmif&u G jf cif;udk rawGŒjrif&ay? a&SŒquf+yD; aqG;aEG;&ef vk;H 0rjzpfEikd f awmhonft h wGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf vSeaf &;aumifpED iS hf tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) wd@k . awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;udk 1963 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (19) &ufae@rS pwif+yD; tqk;H owf &yfqikd ;f vdu k yf g onf?” [lowJh// a=unmcsufxJrSm qufvufazmfjyxm;wmuawmh “awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf tvHeD uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGu J kd &yfqikd ;f vdu k &f ayr,fh useaf wmwGi;f vufeufuikd rf sm;u jynf wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef ±kd;om;pGm urf;vSrf;aqmif&Gufygu qufvuf+yD; aqG; aEG;rnfjzpfa=umif;” vdk@qdkvdkufygw,f? ocifp;kd }uD; u qufvufaqG;aEG;csiyf gao;w,f/ vuf&t dS ajctaeeJ@ raqG;aEG;Edik &f if/ awm wGif;a&muf+yD;aemuf pmay;pm,l enf;wenf;enf;eJ@ qufvufaqG;aEG;cGifhðyzdk@ arwWm&yfcHygao; w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu bmtajzrSray;awmhyg? awmwGif;udkom jyefydk@ay;vdkufygw,f? tvHeDygwD/ &cdkifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@ aqG;aEG;+yD;wJhaemuf aqG;aEG;zdk@ a&muf&SdvmwJhtzGJŒ uawmh ‘u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ jzpfygw,f? autif,l u&ifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;xJrSm ref;bZH OD;aqmifwJh tiftm;pkeJ@ apm[efwmomar$; acgif;aqmifwJh tiftm;pk&,fvdk@ t"dutm;jzifh ESpfpkuGJae&mu apm[efwm omar$; acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJŒ[m ‘u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ qdkwJhemrnfeJ ha&muf&Sdvmwmjzpfyg w,f? apm0&Dausmf/ Adkvfx±l;rif;/ cGefbaqG/ apmbxGef; pwJh autif'Dtdk xdyfwef;acgif;aqmif awGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm a&$usifausmuf}uD;udk a&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ tJ'Duae r*Fvm'kHudk qdkufa&mufvmygw,f? u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwdk@ awGŒqkH aqG;aEG;r_awG vkyf=uygw,f? aemufxyfa&muf&SdvmwJh tzGJŒuawmh/ vlrsdK;pk (3) ygwDudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒjzpfygw,f? autif,lygwD/ rGefjynfopfygwD eJ@ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD wdk@&JŒ (3) ygwD udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJŒjzpfygw,f? y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒtjzpf/ wu,fawGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfusifaz eJ@ apmrsdK;aoG; udk (3) ygwD udk,fpm;vS,fcef@tyfpmay;+yD; apv$wf wmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfusifaz acgif;aqmifwJh (3) ygwDudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m Zlvdkif (30) &ufrSm y%mrawGŒqkHygw,f? (3) ygwD y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ yxrqkH; wifjy awmif;qdkcsufuawmh (1) wwdkif;jynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJxm;&ef/ typftcwf&yfpJxm;csdef aqG;aEG;aecsdef twGi;f / jynfov l x l t k aejzifh vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;ajymqdck iG /hf ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGiEhf iS hf pnf; a0;qENjycGifhrsm;&Sdap&ef/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
341
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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(2) vkHavmufaom tcsdef&&Sda&;ESifh oGm;vmqufoG,f ac:,la&;twGuf awmfvSefa&; aumifpDrS vdktyfaomvkHòcHr_/ ulnDr_rsm;udk ay;&ef/ (3) ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk toHv$ifhay;&ef/ owif;pmuGefz&ifh ðyvky&f iS ;f vif;cGi/hf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif tjynft h 0 a&;om;azmfjycGi&hf &Sad p&ef - wd@k jzpfyg w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ jyef=um;csufuawmh “wjynfvkH;twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJxm;a&;rSm vufawGŒwGif rjzpfEikd yf g? ok;H ygwD vufeufuikd t f zGŒJ tpnf;rsm; ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f wm0ef,El ikd w f hJ e,fajr rsm;rSmom aqG;aEG;aepOftwGi;f twdu k t f cdu k &f yfpx J m;v#if vkaH vmuf+yDv@kd ,q l a=umif;/ (3) ygwD XmecsKyfwnf&&dS m a'ow0du k o f m ok;H ygwD A[dak umfrw D t D pnf;ta0; vky=f u+yD; vdt k yfaomtul tnDawmif;cHvmv#if tultnDay;&eftoif&h adS =umif;ESihf aqG;aEG;yGaJ tmifjrifaomtcgrS wdik ;f jynf odk@ a=unmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefoGm;&ef qdkwmjzpfygw,f? ratmifjrifvdk@ aqG;aEG;yGJ&yfpJ&wJhtcg aqG;aEG;yGJtay: oabmxm;a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcGifhay;r,fvdk@ azmfjyyg&Sdygw,f? =o*kwfv (20) &ufae@rSm &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;wyfrS udk,fpm;vS,f cGefpdkif;yefeJ@ cGeftkH; acgiw f @kd a&muf&v dS m+y;D / =o*kwf (23) rSm &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pke@J &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&; wyfrawmfwdk@&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf/ p0faq;pdkif/ p0faqxif/ p0foD[ eJ@ p0f0rf;[kHwdk@ (4) OD; xyf+yD;a&mufvmygw,f? =o*kwf (25) rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif awGŒqkH+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;y ygw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifh/ Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef/ Adkvfrª; }uD;aomif;'ef/ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcif eJ@ ocifwifjr wdk@yg0ifygw,f? aemufydkif; qufvufaqG;aEG;=u ygw,f? &Srf;tzGJŒrsm;u olwdk@[m qD;wdk;tzGJŒeJ@ rywfoufa=umif;/ tultnDvnf; r,la=umif;/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyajymqdk=uovdk/ pufwifbm (1) &ufrSm p0fqdkif;yef/ p0faqxif/ cGeftkH;acgif/ p0f[kef wdk@u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvnf; vkyfygw,f? &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu t"dutcsuf (3) csuf wifjycJhygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh(1) &Sr;f jynfvx l o k nf b¿ma&;/ Edik if aH &;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ paomjy\emrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,v f yk af qmifciG &hf &dS rnf// A[dt k pd;k &u pGuzf ufjcif;rðy&ef? jynfru tusdK;wlvkyfief;rsm; rvkyfv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlxku vdkvm;v#ifaomfvnf; aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufcGifhðy&rnf? (2) vlenf;pk. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfðy&rnf? (3) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktajccHrludk usifhokH;&rnf? vlrsdK;a&;nDr#r_oabmw&m; jynf e,fwdkif; tqifhtwef;nDr#r_oabmw&m;/ A[dktm%mrSty useftm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;odk@ ay;tyf&rnf[laom oabmw&m;t& usifhokH;&rnf? - qdkwmawG yJjzpfygw,f? =o*kwfv (28) &ufae@rSm a&muf&Sdvmwmuawmh/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD jzpfygw,f? y%mrud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ jzpfygw,f? A[dak umfrw D t D wGi;f a&;rª; &JabmfaX; acgi;f aqmif+y;D / Adv k af Z,s/ Adv k yf /k Adv k pf ;kd armif/ &Jabmfatmif}uD;/ &Jabmfoufwif wd@k yg0ifygw,f? ±k;H tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf &Jabmfcif}uD; 342
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
eJ@ &Jabmfrif;atmif yg0ifygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD OuUÏ ocifoef;xGef; &JŒ q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;xHay;pm eJ@ Adkvfae0if; xHay;pmudkyg o,faqmifvm=uygw,f? =o*kwfv (31) &ufae@rSm &JabmfaX; acgif;aqmifwJh y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m q&m}uD;rd_if;tdrf oGm;a&muf=u+yD; vuftkyfcsD uefawmh=uygw,f? ocifoef;xGef; &JŒ ay;pmudk &JabmfaX; u zwfjy+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;&JŒ rSm=um;csuft& q&m}uD;&JŒ =o0g'udkcH,lzdk@ yef=um;yg w,f? q&m}uD;u ‘qufóud;pm;=uyg +idrf;csrf;a&;&Edkifygw,f’ vdk@ajym=um;ovdk/ a&$wd*kHbk&m;}uD; udk zl;oGm;=uzdk@vnf; rSm=um;ygw,f? wdkif;a&; jynfa&;qdkwm Oykofapmifhwmvdk r[kwfvdk@vnf; owday;qk;H rygw,f? &JabmfaX; u jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf u|eaf wmfwkd zh ufu ruse&f atmif jzpfEdkifor# aqmif&Gufyghr,fvdk@vnf; uwday;oGm;ygw,f? pufwifbm (2) &ufae@rmS toHvi$ ±hf cHk ef;rrSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt D zGŒJ &JŒ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J si;f yygw,f? &JabmfaX; u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG; &Si;f vif;ygw,f? y%mrud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ [m jynfolvlxk}uD; vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm óudwifjyifqif vrf;cif;ay;&r,fh y%mrtzGJŒomjzpfwJhta=umif;eJ@ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m (1) aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf tajccHawG ESpfOD;ESpfzuf nd‡Ed_if;csrSwfzdk@/ (2) wzufeJ@ wzuf r&Sif;vif;wmawG &Sif;vif;zdk@/ (3) aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf aumif;jrwfwJh &moDOwkzefwD;a&;twGuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf r&ao;rSDrSmyif ppf&yfpJxm;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumvwck ESpfzuf oabmwl zefwD;zdk@/ qdkwJh tcsuf (3) csufudk &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD;/ owif;pmq&mawG&JŒ ar;cGef;awGudkvnf; jyefvnfajz=um;wmvkyfygw,f? pufwifbm (2) &uf nae (5) em&DrSmawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJŒeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwdk@ y%mrjyifqifa&; aqG;aEG;yGJpwifygw,f? Arm jynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufu udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒacgif;aqmif[m &JabmfaX; jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&; aumifpDzufu tzGJŒacgif;aqmifu Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh jzpfygw,f? &JabmfaX; u y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f? ‘rsuEf mS pkn H D awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmuf&ef tqifajyaom tajctaersm; zefw;D a&;twGuf avm avmq,f aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if; oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&efudpPrsm;’ qdkwmudk tav;xm; azmfjywifoGif; oGm;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;oabmwlnDcsuf&,lzdk@ udpP}uD; (9) ck&Sdw,fvdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (u) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; usif;yEdkif&ef vdktyfaom tul tnD ay;a&;udpP// (c) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD yg0ifaewJh r'nw tpnf;ta0;xdkifEdkifa&;udpP? (*) twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumv zefwD;a&;udpP? (C) tcsdKŒaom wyfpcef;rsm; a&$Œajymif;ay;a&;udpP? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
343
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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(i) vdktyfaom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udp?P (p) &Sif;vif;ajz=um;ay:&ef tcsufw&yfudpP? (q) oabmrwlao;aom udpPrsm;tay: oabmxm;&efudpP? (Z) e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ jynfwGif;azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;tE W&m,f umuG,fa&;udpP? (n) y%mrtpnf;ta0;wGif vkyfoifhaomudpP? qdw k mawG jzpfygw,f? udpw P ckcsi;f udk &Si;f vif;zGiq hf kd wifoiG ;f zwf=um;oGm;cJyh gw,f? awGŒqkH aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfajrmufEikd af &;twGuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD zufu 'Dvjkd rifw,f/ 'Dvjkd zpfapcsiw f ,f vd@k tqdðk ywifjyvdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu vufcEH ikd f vufrcHEikd /f aqmif&u G f ay;Edkif aqmif&Gufray;EdkifawGudk w&m;0ifar;jref;vdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? (1) ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; xdef;odrf;a&;jy\em/ Armjynfonf e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@. usL; ausmaf &;*d% k ;f xJ ryg0ify/J trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf +idr;f csr;f pGmtwlaea&;ay:vpDukd jywfom;pGmusifhokH;&ef/ (2) Armjynf. tkycf sKyfa&;pepf 'Dru kd a&pDusa&;udk tmrcH&ef/ wjynfv;Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtcGihf ta&;rsm;ay;&ef tmrcH&ef/ yk'frtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh tzrf;cHae&aom uGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm; ESifh tjcm; wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef/ (3) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwED iS w hf uG 'Dru kd a&pDygwrD sm; vlxt k zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. Oya'wGi;f wnf&SdcGifhESifh vkyfudkifcGifhudk tmrcH&ef/ (4) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tay: vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u kd jf cif;udk &yfpI J w&m;ojzifh &oifh &xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDusus ajz&Sif;ay;&ef/ (5) avmavmq,f vkyfay;&efvdktyfaom tjcm;jy\emrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;&ef/ qdw k hJ avmavmq,f Edik if aH &;jy\em}uD; (5) ckukd aqG;aEG;yG&J ŒJ aqG;aEG;&r,fh tajccHtjzpf t=urf;zsif; owfrSwfoGm;zdk@udkvnf; wifjyvrf;a=umif;oGm;cJhygw,f? pufwifbm (7) &ufae@rmS aZmf'ef OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ ucsiv f w G v f yfa&;aumifpD (autdik pf )D udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awGŒqkHwmvkyfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD udk,fpm; taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rª;u vufcHawGŒqkHaqG;aEG;wm vkyfygw,f? autdkifat (autdkifpD) udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ wifjyawmif;qdk aqG;aEG;csufuawmh (1) jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f vlrsKd ;toD;oD;tm; vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf kd ay;tyf &ef/ rdrdwdk@ vlrsdK;rsm;&JŒ oabmt& cGJxGufvdkolrsm;udk cGJxGufcGifhay;&ef/ (2) ucsifjynfe,fESifhywfouf+yD;/ ucsifjynfoljynfom;rsm;. vufeufudkifawmfvSefae jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifjzpfonfh vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif oD;jcm;jynfe,fxlaxmifcGifhudk ay;&ef/ (3) jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rS ucsijf ynfe,fcx JG u G o f mG ;onfah e@rpS +yD; ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf Arm jynfonf xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&;rl (5) csufudk tajccHxm;+yD; qufqHa&;udk oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;=u&ef/ vdk@qdkygw,f? typftcwf&yfpJa&;jy\emrsm;udkvnf; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f qdkygw,f? 344
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
pufwifbm (8) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒ tif;,m;vrf;{nfha*[mrSmyJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwdk@ 'kwd,ajrmuf y%mrjyifqif a&;aqG;aEG;yGu J kd qufvufusi;f yygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh yxrqk;H t}udrf aqG;aEG;yGw J ek ;f u Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu wifjyxm;cJhwJh wifjycsufawGtay: awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzuf u wcsufcsif; jyefvnfjyef=um;csufay;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrDwD tpnf;ta0;usif;yEdkifa&;udk oabmwla=umif;/ vkdtyfwJh tultnDay;rSmjzpfa=umif; jyef=um;ygw,f? r'nw tpnf;ta0;xdkifEdkifa&;awmh wjcm;ygwDrsm;&JŒ Mandate rygyJ raqG;aEG;csifa=umif;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ hawmfvSefa&; aumifpDwdk@ ppf&yfpJxm;+yD;wJhtcgusrS tJ'De,fajrxJrSmjzpfjzpf (3) ygwDe,fajrxJrSmjzpfjzpf usif;y yg? em;vnfr_eJ@vkyf&if jzpfEdkifygw,fvdk@ jyef=um;tajzay;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu wjynfvkH;twdkif;twmeJ@ ppf&yfpJa&;udkawmh rjzpfEdkifvdk@ ta=umif;jyef=um;+yD;/ uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ (2) zufoabmwl ppf&yfpJa&;udkawmh jzpfEdkifygr,f? tao; pdwf xyfrHaqG;aEG;=uzdk@ tajzay;ygw,f? wyfrsm;ajymif;a&$Œa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wyfpGJxm;&muae a&GS ah jymif;ay;zd@k oabmrwlEikd v f @kd jyef=um;tajzay;ygw,f? e,fcsŒJ eJ@ jynfwiG ;f azmufjyefa&;orm; rsm;tE &W m,f umuG,w f m;qD;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmwla=umif; jyef=um;ygw,f? (tJ't D csed rf mS awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; atmifjrifpGmjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf óudwifumuG,fwJh taeeJ@ OD;AaqG/ OD;0if; wdk@tygt0if yk*~dKvfwcsdKŒudk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f?) y%mrawGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yG}J uD; atmifjrifpmG +yD;ajrmufv@kd 'kw, d ydik ;f rsuEf mS pkn H aD qG;aEG;yG}J uD; rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwzD ufu wifjywJh Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tajccHtcsuf (5) csuu f kd aqG;aEG;oGm;zd@k tajccH+yD; aqG;aEG;oGm;zdk@ oabmwla=umif; tajzay;ygw,f? tajccH (5) csufqdkwmrSmvnf; yOPrtcsuf[m ‘avmavmq,f vdktyfaom tjcm;jy\emrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef’ vdk@om azmfjy xm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf rsufESmpkHnD aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfwJhtcgrSm EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh t"dun‡dEd_if;aqG;aEG; p&m[m tcsuf (4) csufyJjzpfygw,f? 'DtajccH (4) csufudkvnf; awmfvSefaumifpDu oabmwl vdkuf+yDqdkwJhtwGuf/ y%mrjyifqifa&; aqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrifatmif n‡dEd_if;&mrSm tzktxpf oabmrsdK;jzpfaeao;wmu ‘wyfpcef;rsm;a&$Œajymif;a&;’ eJ@ ‘ppf&yfpJa&;jy\em’ omjzpfygw,f? pufwifbm (11) &ufae@ naeydik ;f rSm wwd,t}udraf jrmuf aqG;aEG;yGðJ yvkyyf gw,f? 'kw, d t}udrf aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u[mawGudk òcHikHokH;oyf+yD;/ &JabmfaX; u ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumf rDwDtpnf;ta0;vkyfa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; wifjyygw,f? A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; usif;yr,fhae&m udk t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh ayguaf cgi;f eJ@ atmifvt H pyf/ t&Htm;jzifh om,m0wD/ ewWvif;eJ ah ygi;f wnf tpyfudk vsmxm;a=umif; xifjyygw,f? pufwifbm (13) &ufrmS pwkwt W }udraf jrmuf aqG;aEG;yGu J si;f yygw,f// Adv k rf KS ;}uD;apmjrifu h ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufu wifjyxm;csufawGudk twnfðyajym=um;&if; A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf; ta0;yGJvkyfzdk@ yxrae&mudkyJ a&G;cs,fzdk@ t}uHðyygw,f? Auy zufu A[dkaumfrDwDtpnf;ta0; vkyrf ,fah 'oeJ@ teD;qk;H a'oawGjzpfaewJh a&$avmif;/ pGeaf csmif;/ a&$awmifaiGawmif/ ukwifig;qif/h pG,fwkef;a'orsm;u tpdk;&wyfrsm; qkwfcGmay;apvdka=umif; wifjyygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh u teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
345
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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oabmwla=umif; ajym+yD;/ pufwifbm (25) &ufae@ aemufqkH;xm; a&$Œajymif;ay;&efeJ@ qufoG,f a&;twGuf qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdrsm; ESpfzufpvkH;rS xm;&Sd&efudk aqG;aEG;oabmwlnDcJh=uygw,f? pufwifbm (23) &ufae@rSm yOPrt}udrfajrmuf aqG;aEG;yGJ qufusif;yygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD; apmjrifhu t&iftywfu oabmwlnDxm;cJhwJh a&$Œajymif;ay;zdk@ ae&m (5) ckrSm ukwifig;qifheJ@ a&$avmif;[m opfxw k v f yk af &;vkyif ef;awG ta&;w}uD;&Sad ewJt h wGuf b,fvakd qmif&u G o f ifw h ,f t}uH ay;zdk@ ajym=um;ygw,f? &JabmfaX; u wyfpcef;rsm;a&$Œajymifay;zdk h oabmwl+yD;jzpfwJh twGuf opfxw k v f yk af &;vkyif ef;awGvyk zf @kd e@J taESmuft,Suaf y;rSmr[kwaf =umif; ajymqdyk gw,f? tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@ t&Ha'o aygif;wnfudk y,fzsufvdkuf+yD;/ awmifilc±kdif ‘pdrfa&’ eJ h‘oajy0’ a'oudk a&G;cs,fxm;a=umif; wifjy&if;/ tJ'ga=umifh bkef;&Gm/ oajy0/ pdrfa&0/ =uuf&Sm/ vufyHckHwdk hrSmcsxm;wJh wyfpcef;rsm;a&$ajymif;ay;a&;udk wifjyygw,f? yOPrt}udrfajrmuftxd awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;=ur_awGudk òcHikH=unfhr,fqdk&if acsmacsmarGŒarGŒyJ &SdaecJhygw,f? tjyeftvSef vdkufavsmr_awG jyocJhygw,f? pufwifbm (29) &ufae@rSm autif,lOuUÏ ref;bZH udk,fwdkifacgif;aqmifwJh ‘(3) ygwD ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ ’ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;=uzd@k &efuek u f kd qdu k af &mufvmygw,f? ref;bZH (autif,yl gwD OuUÏ)/ EdkifbvGif (rGefjynfopfygwD OuUÏ)/ apmarmf&,f (u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD twGif; a&;rª;csKyf) paumv,fawm (autif,ltaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;)/ Adkvfusifaz (autif,l aygvpfAsL±kd tzGŒJ 0if)/ Adv k o f ef;atmif (autif,Al [dak umfrw D 0D if)/ Adv k pf v H if; (u&ifet D rsKd ;om;wd;k wufa&;ygwD A[dak umfrw D 0D if) wd@k e@J twl ±k;H tzGŒJ om;rsm;yg yg0ifwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGJ }h u;D jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxku vd_ufvd_ufvSJvSJ óudqdk=uygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ +idrf;csrf;a&;ar#mfvifhcsufeJ hóudqdkE_wfquf=uwmawG ae&mwdkif;rSm ay:aygufcJhygw,f? atmufwdkbm (3) &ufae@rSm AuyeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwdk@&JŒ qXrt}udrfajrmuf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ qufvufusif;yygw,f? awmf vSeaf &;aumifpzD ufu ud, k pf m;vS,t f ajymif;tvJ&v dS mygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }u;D apmjrif/h Adv k rf ;ª }u;D ausmpf ;kd / Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;aomif;'efe@J 'kAv kd rf ;ª }uD;rsKd ;atmif wd@k jzpfvmygw,f? ocifwifjr rygvm awmhyg? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh u Edik if jH cm;oGm;p&m&Sw d t hJ wGuf aemifvmr,fh aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS Adv k rf ;ª }uD; vS[ef u acgif;aqmifaqG;aEG;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ ocifwifjrtpm; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;rsdK;atmif wufa&muf vmwmjzpfa=umif; &Si;f vif;ajymqd+k yD;/ r+yD;jywfao;wmawG qufvufaqG;aEG;=uzd@k ajymqdyk gw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifhuyJ wifjyxm;wJh uif;pcef; (5) ckae&mrSm vrf;azmufvkyfa&;/ opfxkwfvkyfa&; twGuf &dumQ rsm;pufypPn;f rsm; awmfawmfpak qmif;rdae+yD;jzpfwt hJ jyif/ òrdŒ&GmawGe@J vnf; eD;uyfwhJ twGuf ra&$Œvdka=umif;/ &Gmw&Gm ESpf&Gm taeeJ@ trSefwu,fvdktyfae&if pOf;pm;&efjzpfa=umif; ajymygw,f? Adv k af Z,s u uif;pcef; (2) cka&$Œay;Edik &f if oifah wmfr,fxifa=umif;eJ o h pfxw k v f yk f a&;udk t&ifem;vnfr_twdkif; qufvkyfudkif&efjzpfEdkifa=umif; jyefvnfvdkufavsmaqG;aEG;ygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh u uif;pcef; (2) cka&$Œay;zdk@ oabmwl+yD;/ (Grid Line) owfrSwfzdk@ wifjyvmyg w,f? uGefjrLepfygwDu opfxkwfvkyfa&;eJ@ vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf oabmwlay;vdkufygw,f? twdkuftcdkuf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; r'nw eJ@aqG;aEG;+yD;rS aqmif&Guf=uzdk@ oabmwlnDvdkuf=u 346
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ygw,f? owif;xkwjf yefoifw h u hJ pd P owif;xkwjf yefa&;twGuf ‘owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzGŒJ i,f’ wck zGŒJ pnf;zd@k oabmwlnv D u kd =f uygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu Adv k rf ;ª }u;D aomif;'ef eJ@ ESpaf ,muf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufrS &Jabmfatmif}uD; eJ@ ESpfa,muf zGJŒpnf;zdk@jzpfygw,f? owif;pmuGef z&ifhvkyfa&;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu ðyvkyfcGifhay;+yD;/ owif;xkwfjyef+yD;aemufrS ðyvkyf=uzdk@ oabmwlnDcJh=uygw,f? atmufwdkbm (4) &ufae@rSm trSwf (14) tif;,m;vrf; {nfha*[mrSmyJ awmfvSefa&; aumifpeD @J (3) ygwu D , kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ wd@k y%mraqG;aEG;yGJ pwifusi;f yygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD zuf r S Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; ae0if ; ud k , f w d k i f wuf a &muf y gw,f ? yg0if w uf a &muf o l a wG u awmh / Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef/ Adkvfrª;}uD;ausmfpdk;/ Adkvfrª;}uD;aomif;'ef eJ@ 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;cspfcif wdk@jzpfygw,f? (3) ygwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒzufuawmh/ ref;bZHacgif;aqmif+yD; EdkifbvGif/ apmarmf&,f/ paum v,fawm/ Adkvfusifaz/ Adkvfoef;atmif/ AdkvfpHvif;/ EdkifwufxGef; eJ@ Edkifxif wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u awmif;qdv k w kd t hJ csuaf wGukd awmif;qdEk ikd af =umif; ed'ge;f pum;ajym+yD;/ ref;bZH u aqG;aEG;yGJtpDtpOfudk zwf=um;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJxm;a&;udk rltm;jzifh oabmwl ayr,fh tzGJŒtpnf;trsm;tjym;&SdwJhtwGuf vufawGŒaqmif&Guf&ef cufcJw,fvdk@ oabmxm; um/ aqG;aEG;aewJh tzGŒJ tpnf; (3) cke@J wdu k ±f u dk o f ufqikd w f hJ e,fajra'oawGrmS om typftcwf&yf xm;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ vdkvm;ygw,f? wjynfvkH;typftcwf&yfpJxm;a&; rjzpfEdkifvdk@qdkyg w,f? ref;bZHu typftcwf&yfpJa&;udpPudk r'nw taeeJ@ vkyfEdkifwJhtajctae&SdwJhtwGuf ‘r'nw’ taeeJ@ aqmif&u G v f ykd gw,fv@kd ajym=um;wifjyygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vS[efu typftcwf &yfpJxm;a&;jy\emudk wzGJŒwpnf;eJ@r[kwfyJ ‘r'nw’ taeeJ@ qufvufajymqdkoGm;r,fvdk hajym=um;+yD; ref;bZH wdk@zufu useftcsufawGudk typftcwf&yfpJa&; aqG;aEG;+yD;rS aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ wifjyajymqdkygw,f? atmufwdkbm (4) &ufae@rSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf twdkuftcwf&yfpJa&;udpPudk wzGJŒcsif;aqG;aEG;r,fhtpm; ‘r'nw’ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒeJ@ aqG;aEG;oGm;zdk@ oabmwlvdkuf+yDjzpf a=umif; ta=umif;=um;pmudk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS w&m;0ifxkwfjyefay;ovdk/ r'nw uvnf; y%mrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zdk@ toifh&Sda=umif;/ atmufwdkbm (6) &ufae@rmS jyefvnfwek @f jyef ta=umif;=um;cJyh gw,f? zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f hJ ‘r'nw A[du k , kd pf m;vS,f tzGŒJ ’ uawmh/ (1)ref;bZH/ (2) paumv,fawm/ (3) Adv k u f siaf z/ (4) Adv k o f ef;atmif/ (5) Edik b f vGi/f (6) Edik x f if/ (7) Edik w f ufxeG ;f / (8) apmarmf&,f/ (9) Adv k pd v H if;/ (10) qvdik ;f pHatmif/ (11) qvdik ;f omOD;/ (12) &JabmfaX;/ (13) &JabmfZif (ocifZif)/ (14) &JabmfwifxGef; (ocifwifxGef;)/ (15) &Jabmf atmif}uD;/ (16) &JabmfAdkvfaZ,s wdk@jzpfygw,f? ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;taeeJ@uawmh autif,l/ rGefjynfopfygwD/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD/ csif;OD;pD;tzGJŒ eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk hjzpfygw,f? atmufwb kd m (8) &ufae@rmS r'nw eJ@ awmfveS af &;aumifpw D @kd pwifaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzuf tzGJŒacgif;aqmif Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef u ‘r'nw taeeJ@ typftcwf&yf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
347
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
pJa&;udpPwckudkyJ aqG;aEG;+yD;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh usefjy\emawGudkawmh rlvu awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J ygwt D vdu k f oD;jcm;pDaqG;aEG;aewJyh pHk t H wdik ;f qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rSmvm;/ ygwDtvdkufaqG;aEG;aewmudk &yfqdkif;vdkuf+yD; (5) ygwDvkH;yg0ifwJh r'nw tzGJŒtpnf;wckwnf; taeeJ@yJ aqG;aEG;rSmvm;qdkwmudk a&G;cs,foGm;=uzdk@ ajymqdkwifjyygw,f? r'nw zufu aemuf w}udraf qG;aEG;yGrJ mS jyefvnfajz=um;zd@k / typftcwf&yfpaJ &;udpu P v kd nf; aemufw}udraf qG;aEG;yGu J s rS wifjyawmhr,fvdk@ tajzay;+yD; yxrt}udrf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk ±kwfodrf;cJh=uygw,f? atmufwb kd m (10) &ufae@rmS 'kwt d }udrf aqG;aEG;yGu J kd qufvufusi;f yygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ &JŒ tcsKyfoabmuawmh twdu k t f cdu k &f yfpaJ &;udk r'nw taeeJ@ aqG;aEG;+yD; useu f pd rP sm;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJudk ygwDtvdkuf rlvaqG;aEG;aewJh rlvykHpHtwdkif; qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;=uzdk@ r'nw zufu wifjyoabmxm;ay;cJyh gw,f? r'nw &JŒ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ wifjycsuu f kd zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufzdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumvwck azmfaqmifzdk@ wzufeJ@wzuf typftcwf vkH;0r&Sda&;[m vdktyfw,fvdk@azmf!¸ef;+yD;/ tcsuf (12) csufyg wifjy csufudk wifjycJhygw,f? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw) uae wifjywJh typf tcwf&yfpJa&;qdkif&m tcsuf (12) csufuawmh (1) ppfrSefaom+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&mwGif wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&;onf a,bk,soabmt& vdktyfaeonfhtwGuf wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk aqmif&Guf&ef/ (2) tu,fI ±kyftajctaet& wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&; rjzpfEdkifao;yJ quf vufóud;yrf;aeqJumvwGif vma&mufawGŒqkaH qG;aEG;I typftcwf&yfpv J akd =umif; wifjyonfh vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;tm;vkH;udk xdk;ppf}uD;i,frsm; qifE$Jjcif;rðy&ef/ (3) r'nw ESiq hf ikd af om ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf a'otm;vk;H wGif typftcwf&yfpx J m; &ef/ r'nw tzGJŒ0ifygwD wyfESifh a'orsm;twGif; xkwfqifhxm;aom ppfqifa&; trdef@rsm;udk y,fzsuf&ef/ vufawGŒtm;jzifh ppfqifv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ wdkufuif;vSnfhjcif; axmufvSrf;a&;uif;xGufjcif; ponfwdk@udkyg &yfqdkif;&ef/ (4) wbufEiS w hf buf rSm;,Gi;f r_jzpfapEdik af om wenf;tm;jzifh wdu k ±f u dk t f E &W m,fay;Edik f aom awmfveS af &;aumifp. D wyfpcef;rsm;udk ±kwo f rd ;f ay;&ef/ (vdt k yfaompcef;rsm; udk ESpfbufn‡daqmif&Guf&ef/ (5) typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nw tzGJŒ0ifrsm;. vkyf±kd;vkyfpOf vkyfief; rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh&Sdap&ef/ (6) +idrf;csrf;a&;tóudumvtwGif; typftcwf&yfpJa&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ ay:aygufvmaom jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf A[dkESifh a'otvdkuf yl;wGJajz&Sif;a&;tzGJŒrsm; tqifhqifhzGJŒpnf;&ef/ (7) typf&yfxm;pOfumvtwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzsuform;rsm;u rD;ar$; xdk;qGay;jcif; ajcmif;ajrmif;vkyf}uHjcif;/ aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;/ =um;0ifwdkufcdkufjcif;rsm; rjzpfay: 348
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ap&ef vdktyfaom óudwifumuG,fr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef/ ay:aygufvmaom jy\em rsm;udk pDpOfn‡dEd_if; ajz&Sif;oGm;&ef/ (8) typftcwf&yfpaJ &;umvtwGi;f vlxv k òHk caH &;twGuf vlq;kd / "m;jy/ jyefay; jy\em rsm;ay:aygufygu tjyeftvSef ta=umif;=um; ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef/ Todk@aqmif &Guf&mwGif a'otvdkuf yl;wGJaqmif&Gufa&;tzGJŒrsm;u aqmif&GufoGm;&ef/ (9) r'nw ESifh typftcwf&yfpJ&ef oabmwlnDa=umif; owif;tjzpf owif;pmESifh toHv$ifhXmerS a=unmay;&ef/ (10) oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk ESpfOD;ESpfzuf oufqdkif&mwyfrsm;odk@ wdkif;odjynfod !¸ef=um;ay;&ef/ (11) tao;pdwfvkyfief;ESifh !¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdktyfovdk xyfrH n‡dEd_if;vkyfaqmif xkwfjyefoGm;=u&ef/ (12) typftcwf&yfpJa&;umvudk +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;r_udpPrsm; +yD;jywfonfhtcsdeftxd xm;&Sd&ef/ - qdkwmwdk@yJjzpfygw,f? atmufwdkbm (15) &ufae@rSm wwd,t}udrfajrmuf aqG;aEG;yGJ qufvufusif;yygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufrS Adkvfrª;}uD; vS[ef u typftcwf&yfpJa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; r'nw &JŒ wifjycsuaf wGtay: ajz=um;jcif;vkyw f mu t"dujzpfygw,f? ajz=um;&Si;f vif;csut f csKyfuawmh(1) wjynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa&;jy\emudk pOf;pm;&mrSm vufawGŒvkyfaqmif&ef rjzpfEdkif? (2) ±kd;om;pGm vma&mufaqG;aEG;=uwJh tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ n‡dEd_if;oabmwlxm;wJh a'o rsm;rSm xd;k ppfqifjcif;rðycJ/h rlvuyif 'Doabmxm;udck , H +l yD; vufawGŒvnf; usio hf ;Hk ae+yD;jzpf? (3) r'nwzufuvnf; xd;k ppfqifjcif;/ wdu k cf u kd jf cif;/ uif;vSnjhf cif;/ axmufvrS ;f jcif;rðy ygqdkwJh tjyeftvSefuwdðyrSom jzpfEdkifygr,f/ 'gayr,fh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;&zd@k óud;pm;aeqJrmS yJ vlx&k ŒJ touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrf vkòH cHa&;udk umuG,af pmifx h ed ;f ay;zd@k wm0ef&w dS t hJ avsmuf vdt k yfwhJ vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G &f r,fjzpfa=umif; od&Sdxm;apcsif? (4) wyfpcef;rsm; ±kwo f rd ;f ay;a&; oabmrwlnED ikd yf g? jy\emrsm;ay:ayguv f mEdik w f ,f vdk@ ,lqcJhv#if jy\emtvdkuf tqifajyatmif pDpOfay;Edkif/? (5) ‘typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nwtzGJŒ. vkyf±kd;vkyfpOf vkyfief;rsm; vkycf iG &hf adS p&ef’ qdw k hJ wifjycsut f ay: ‘vky±f ;dk vkypf Of vkyif ef;rsm;’ qdw k m&JŒ t"dyg` ,f tus,ft0ef;udk tzGJŒacgif;aqmif ref;bZHudk ar;jref;&m ‘vkyf±kd;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;’ &JŒt"dy`g,f[m pnf;±kH;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; eJ@ ywfoufygw,fvdk@ ajz=um;cJh/ 'ga=umifh pnf;±kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; &yfqdkif;xm;oifh/ tkyf csKyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;[mvnf; awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k & &JŒ wm0efomjzpf/ awmwGi;f tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ wef;wl&nfwl aqG;aEG;aewm[m EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;taeeJ@ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
349
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
om todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpf/ pifòydiftpdk;&tjzpf todtrSwfðyaqG;aEG;aewmr[kwf/ xd@k a=umifh pifòydit f pd;k &oabmoufa&mufapwJh awmwGi;f tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;&JŒ tkycf sKyf a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;udk cGifhrðyEdkif? (6) yl;wGJajz&Sif;a&;tzGJŒrsm; zGJŒpnf;&ef udk vdktyfovdk wdkifyifzGJŒpnf;oGm;&ef oabmwl? (7) +idrf;csrf;a&;tzsuform;rsm;&JŒ tE W&m,fudk umuG,foGm;&ef t"duwm0ef&Sdol[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDjzpfwmeJ@tnD umuG,fwm;qD;oGm;r,f/tultnDawmif;cH vmv#if r'nw rsm;u tultnDay;apvdk? (8) jynfolvlxkeJ@ wdkif;jynf&JŒ vkHòcHa&;udpPt00udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&[m wm0ef&SdwJhtavsmuf vdktyfwJh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;vkyfoGm;r,f/ tultnD awmifcHv#if r'nw rsm;u tultnDay;apvdk? (9) owif;pmeJ@toHv$ifhXmersm;u a=unmay;a&;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; r'nw eJ@ vdktyf ovdk wdkifyifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpf? (10) r'nw eJ@ vdktyfovdk wdkifyifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpf? (11) r'nw eJ@ vdktyfu wdkifyifaqmif&GufoGm;rSmjzpf? (12) typftcwf&yfpJxm;a&;umvudk +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;r_udpPrsm; +yD;jywfonfhtcsdef txd xm;&Sd&efudk rltm;jzifh oabmwl/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vsifjrefpGm&&Sdap&ef &nfrSef;aqmif&Gufoifh [k ,lq? - qdk+yD; wcsufcsif; jyefvnfajz=um;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu tzGJŒacgif;aqmif Adkvfrª;}uD;vS[ef &JŒ jyefvnfajz=um;csuf awGudk òcHikH=unfhr,fqdk&if r'nwtzGJŒ}uD;&JŒ wifjycsuf (12) csufxJu eHywf (5) tcsufjzpfwJh ‘typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nw tzGJŒ0ifrsm;&JŒ vkyf±kd;vkyfpOf vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyf aqmifcGifh&Sdap&ef’ qdkwJh tcsuftay: vkH;0vufrcHEdkifa=umif; azmfjyvmwmawGŒ&ygw,f? vkyf±kd; vkyfpOfvkyfief;qdkwm ‘pnf;±kH;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;’ eJ@qdkifwJhudpPawGygvdk@ &Sif;jywJhtcgrSmvnf; pnf;±kH; a&;udk &yfqikd ;f xm;oifah =umif;eJ@ tkycf sKyfa&;qdw k mudv k nf; cGirhf ðyEdik af =umif;vd@k ajz=um;cJw h m awGŒ &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh eHywf (5) tcsuf[m t"dujy\em}uD;tjzpf pwifay:aygufvmygw,f? useftcsufawGtay:rSmawmh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; uGJjym;wmrawGŒ&yJ/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonfom t"du pDrHcef@cGJcGifh&Sdol/ w&m;0iftpdk;&qdkwJh tqifhae&mudk pum;vkH;t&a&m vufawGŒt&yg zdzdpD;pD;tay:pD;uae ae&m,lxm;wm awGŒ&ygw,f? atmufwdkbm (16) &ufae@rSmawmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@&JŒ owWrt}udrfajrmufaqG;aEG;yGJudk usif;yygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef u ‘A[dak umfrw D t D pnf;ta0;vkyrf ,fh a'ow0du k rf S wyfpcef;rsm; qkwf cGmay;wJhae&mawGrSmvnf; (Grid Line) owfrSwfzdk@qdk+yD; wifjyygw,f? &JabmfaX;u *&pf'fvdkif; owfrSwf&mrSm tcuftcJ&Sd+yD; owfrSwfvdk@r&wmawG&Sda=umif;/ vdkif;qGJjcif;tm;jzifh ygwD&JŒ pcef;rsm;eJ@ rlvpnf;±kH;a&;e,fajrrsm; vdkif;tjyifzufa&mufaewmrsdK;&SdwJhtwGuf ajcusKHŒoGm;& a=umif;/ vdkif;owfrSwfrSmudk rltm;jzifhoabmr=ua=umif; wifjycJhygw,f? aemufqkH;rSmawmh Arm jynfuGefjrLepfygwDzufu vdkif;owfrSwfa&;udk oabmwlay;cJhygw,f? 350
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
atmufwdkbm (21) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ r'nw wdk@&JŒ pwkwWt}udrfaqG; aEG;yGJ usif;yygw,f? (15) &ufae@ aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ ajz=um;csuftay: r'nw &JŒ jyefvnfwifjycsufpmwrf;udk ref;bZH u zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f? t"dujy\emo zG,fjzpfvmcJhwJh ‘r'nw&JŒ vkyf±kd;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;’ qdkwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; r'nw&JŒ wifjycsuf [m pifòydit f pd;k &oabmrsKd ; azmfxw k af wmif;qdw k mr[kwaf =umif;/ typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh umv twGif;rSm r'nw 0if tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u jzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh taetxm;t& ‘ydkae+rJ usm;aejrJ’ twdkif; qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;vdkwJhoabmudkom qdkvdk&if;jzpfyga=umif;eJ@ pnf;±kH;a&;/ tk y f c sKyf a &; qd k w J h rl j y\em}uD ; rsm;rS m r'nw 0if ygwD t zG J Œ tpnf ; rsm;&J Œ tm%mydkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJ@om oufqdkifapoifhygw,fvdk@ ajymqdkazmfjycJhygw,f? r'nw taeeJ@ tcGifhaumif;,l tjrwfxkwf&ef &nf&G,f&if;r&Sda}umif;udkvnf; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f? tcGeftaumuf aumufcHjcif;awGudkvnf; vuf&Sdydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJ tajctaexufausmfvGef+yD; wdk;csJŒaumufcHjcif;udk a&Smif=uOfrSmjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;wifjyygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufuawmh typftcwf&yfpx J m;pOfumvtwGi;f pnf;±k;H a&;vkyif ef; rSeo f r# &yfqikd ;f xm;oifah =umif;/ pifòydit f yk cf sKyfa&;oabmrsKd ; oufa&mufapEdik w f t hJ wGuf tkycf sKyf a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufcGifhrðyEdkifa=umif; xyfrHtwnfðy azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? atmufwdkbm (29) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ r'nw wdk@ yOPrt}udrfaqG;aEG;yGJ qufvufusi;f yygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ ppcsi;f rSm Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef u r'nw eJ@ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;cJch suf rsm;tay: ‘jyefvnfqef;ppfcsurf sm;’ qdw k m zwf=um;wifjyygw,f? n‡Ed i_d ;f cJw h m tjyeftvSeaf qmif &Guaf y;cJw h mawGtay: wcsucf si;f jyefvnfqx JG w k jf y+yD;/ oabmwlncD su&f +yD; eJ abmwlncD su&f +yD vdk@ qdk&rSmawGudk pk±kH;azmfjyygw,f? +yD;rS ESpfzufoabmwlnDcsuf r&ao;aomtcsuf (2) csuf qdkwmudk qGJxkwfjyygw,f? tJ'DoabmwlnDcsufr&ao;aomtcsuf (2) csufqdkwmuawmh (1) tcsufeHywf (5) jzpfwJh ‘pnf;±kH;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udpP’/ (2) qufa=u;/ axmufyahH =u;rsm; raumufcaH &;udpP - qdw k mjzpfygw,f? +yD;rS ‘oabmwl nDcsurf &ao;aom tcsuf (2) csut f ay: awmfveS af &;aumifpD ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ . oabmxm;’ qdkwmudk zwf=um;wifoGif;ygw,f? oabmrwlao;wJh tcsuf (2) csufqdkwmtay: awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JŒ oabmxm; tcsKyfuawmh ‘rnfonfhpnf;±kH;a&;udkrqkd oabmrwlEdkif’ qdkwmeJ@ ‘qufa=u;eJ haxmufyHha=u; aiGrsm;udk rnfonfyh pHk rH sKd ;jzifrh S cGirhf ðyEdik ’f qdw k myJjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufrS tok;H tE_e;f awGxJrSm ‘r'nw udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. jyefvnfwifjycsufonf ‘rl’ vnf;rrSefyg? vufvnf;rcH Edkifaom oabmxm;jzpfonf[k awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ,lqygonf?’ qdkwJh jyif;xefwJh tokH; tE_ef;eJ@ aumufcsufqGJr_awG yg0ifvmcJhygw,f? wqufwnf;rSmyJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu “typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf r'nw tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u vdkufem aqmif&Guf&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;” qdkwmudk wifoGif;csrSwfvmygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1) r'nw vufeufudkifwyfrsm;tygt0if tzGJŒ0iftm;vkH;. aexdkif&ma'oudk awmf vSefa&;aumifpD. udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒodk@ today;&ef/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
351
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
(2) r'nw . vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifhtzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf ae&ma'otESH@tjym;wGif&Sd&m Todk@&Sdaejcif;jzifh qufoG,fa&;wGifvnf;aumif;/ =uyfrwfa&;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rkcs tcuftcJ&ydS grnf? TcufcrJ o _ nf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;wGif rvdv k m;tyfonfh jy\em rsm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfygI pepfwus aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf òrdŒe,ftvdkuf/ c±kdiftvdkuf a'orsm;wGif pkpnf;aeap&ef/ pkpnf;ae&efa'orsm;udk awmfvSefa&; aumifpDrS owfrSwfay;ygrnf? (3) Todk@ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh pka0;&ef owfrSwfxm;aom a'otwGif;odk@ r'nw tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;onf owfrw S x f m;aomtcsed t f wGi;f a&muf&&dS efEiS hf tcsed o f wfrw S cf suf udk udk,fpm;vS,frsm; n‡dEd_if;owfrSwfygrnf? (4) r'nwtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;onf owfrw S x f m;aoma'otwGi;f rS tjcm;owfrw S x f m;aom a'owckodk@ oGm;a&mufvdkygu/ tpdk;&wyf a'oqdkif&m wm0efcHrsm;. cGifhðycsufudk &,l+yD;rS tpdk;&wyf. tultnDjzifh oGm;a&muf&ef? (5) r'nw tzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfhumvtwGif; owfrSwfxm; aom a'oYyifv#if tpd;k &vkyif ef;t00ESihf jynfov l x l t k m; aESmuf,u S jf cif;udk vk;H 0 a&Smif=uOfyg&ef? qdkwJh pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufawGyJ jzpfygw,f? óudwifpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufr&SdyJ rxm;yJ aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;ae=u&muae/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu pwifwifoGif;vmcJhwJh pnf;urf;owf rSwfcsufawGjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dqef;ppfcsufpmwrf;tay: r'nw udk,fpm;vS,frsm; oD;oef@aqG;aEG; vdku aqG;aEG;Edkifa=umif; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu ajym=um;+yD;/ r'nw bufu jyefvnft a=umif;jyef=um;ygr,fvdk@ ajz=um;um yOPrt}udrfajrmufaqG;aEG;yGJudk ±kwfodrf;vdkufygw,f? tJ'Dvdk typftcwf&yfpJa&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;ae=uqJumvrSm jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ +idrf;csrf; a&;qEN azmfjyv_yf&Sm;r_awG/ +idrf;csrf;a&; ar#mfvifhvdkvm; awmifhwoHawG[m tqufrjywf xGuf ay:vmaecJhygw,f? te,fe,ft&yf&yfu +idrf;csrf;a&;azmfjyoHowif;awG[m owif;pmeJ hpme,f Zif;awGay:rSm tqufrjywf xif[yfay:vGifaecJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh jynfolŒaumfrDwD &JŒ +idrf;csrf; a&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&[m w&dyf&dyfjrifhwufvmaecJhygw,f? ‘(6) c±kdif+idrf;csrf;a&; qENjyyGJ}uD;’ usif;yzdk@ jyifqifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f? (6) c±kdifqdkwmu awmh &efukef/ tif;pdef/ om,m0wD/ yJcl;/ [Hom0wD/ rtlyifc±kdif awGjzpfygw,f? tJ'D (6) c±kdifu +idr;f csr;f a&;vdv k m;wJh jynfov l x l }k uD;udk pkpnf;+yD; ppfa=umif;vdu k jf zef@cu JG m/ +idr;f csr;f a&;aºuG;a=umf oHawGeJ@twl &efukefta&muf csDwufjyo=uzdk@jzpfygw,f? (6) c±kdifwGif;&Sd aus;vufawm&GmawG tESH@ oGm;a&mufpnf;±kH;=u+yD;/ (6) c±kdifqENjyyGJ}uD;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif azmfjyEdkifatmif v_y&f mS ;óud;yrf;cJ=h uygw,f? Oya'abmiftwGi;f uae jynfov l x l &k ŒJ tmomief;ief;jzpfaewJq h ENukd taumif;qk;H t}uD;us,q f ;Hk jzpfatmif azmfxw k jf yoEdik zf @kd óud;yrf;v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? jynf olŒaumfrDwDu OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;wJh (6) c±kdif+idrf;csrf;a&; qENjyyGJ}uD;twGuf owif;pmeJ hpme,fZif; toD;oD;uvnf; 0dkif;&Htm;jznfh ulnDazmfjycJh=uygw,f? txufArmjynfrSmvnf; c±kdiftvdkuf qENjyyGJawG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 352
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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owfrSwfcsufawGudk vufcH vufrcH/ oabmwlEdkif rwlEdkif/ Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufae@ nae (6)em&D aemufqkH;xm;+yD; ta=umif;jyef=um;&efvdk@ &mZoHoabmyg wygwnf;ay;vdkufygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwdk@ &JŒ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJudkvnf; tJ'Dpnf; urf;csufawGtwdkif;yJ csrSwfta=umif;jyef=um;+yD; y%mraqG;aEG;yGJuae a&SŒquf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG; aEG;yGJ ðyvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf/ typftcwf&yfpJa&; a=unmEdkifa&;twGuf óudwifvdktyfcsuftjzpf awmif;qdk azmfjyvmcJhygw,f? tajctaeawG aumif;vmovdv k /kd oabmwlnrD a_ wG &awmhrvdv k /kd wd;k wufra_ wG &Sad eo vdkvdk taetxm;uae/ csufcsif;vufiif; &moDOwkajymif;oGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wqpfcsdK;ajymif; oGm;ovdk jzpfcJhygw,f? Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ r'nw wdk@&JŒ owWrt}udrfajrmuf awGŒqkyH JG usi;f yygw,f? r'nw ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ acgi;f aqmif ref;bZHu/ awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ (29-10-63) ae@ wifjycsufeJ@ (11-11-63) ae@ wifjycsufawGtay: r'nw udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ h&JŒ jyefvnfajz=um; wifjyjcif;tjzpf pmeJ@a&;om;vmwmudk wcsufcsif; zwf=um;wifjyygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu pGyfpGJcsufeJ@ oHo,awGudk ajz&Sif;jiif;qdkjycJhovdk/ jyif;xefwif;=uyfwJh pnf;urf;csufawG csrSwfvmcJhjcif;tay: pdwfxdcdkuf&a=umif;/ oabmwlnDr_r&ao;wmawGtay: qufvufnEd‡ i_d ;f oGm;zd@k vdv k m;a=umif;/ ‘ydak e+rJ-usm;ae+rJ’ taetxm;udk ausmv f eG af ewJh Edik if aH &;/ pnf;±kH;a&;rl jy\emawGyg yg0ifaewJhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGqufvkyf+yD; tajz&Smzdk@eJ@ r'nw taeeJ@ rdrt d m; wdu k cf u kd pf pfqifjcif;awGukd ckcjH cif;uvG+J yD; awmfveS af &;aumifpw D yfawGukd pwifwdkufcdkufjcif;vkyfrSmr[kwfa=umif;awGudkyg xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu vufrcHEdkifa=umif; ajym=um;cJhum/ jyefzdk@tpDtpOfawGudkom ar;jref;+yD; jyefydk@a&;tpDtpOfawGudkom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu pDpOfygawmhw,f? aphpyfaqG; aEG;yGJ[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufuae t+yD;tydkif&yfpJvdkuf+yD jzpfygw,f? Edk0ifbm (14) &ufae@ aqG;aEG;yGJ+yD;qkH;csdefup+yD; w&m;0if awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;oGm;+yD jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ (*) }udrf/ r'nw eJ@ (7) }udrfaqG;aEG;cJh+yD;aemuf tcsufawmf awmfrsm;rsm;rSm oabmwlnDr_ &&SdcJh=uygvsuf typftcwf&yfpJa&;a=unmEdkifzdk@ vufwurf; avmufom vdak wmhwt hJ csed rf mS awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu &yfqikd ;f zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd w f m jzpfygw,f? edk0ifbm (11) &ufae@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDzufu csrSwfjyÏmef;vmwJh pnf;urf;csuf qdkwmawGtay: r'nw tzGJŒ}uD;u tjynfht0 rvdkufavsmEdkifwJhtwGuf Edk0ifbm (14) &uf nae (6) em&D tpnf;ta0;yG+J yD;qk;H csed u f p+yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG w&m;0if ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? Edk0ifbm (14) &ufae@rSmyJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu r'nw eJ@ awG hqkHaqG;aEG;r_ &yfpJvdkuf a=umif; wdkif;jynfudk csufcsif;xkwfjyef a=unmcJhygw,f? r'nw A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ&JŒ aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;&jcif;eJ@ywfoufwJh jynfolvlxkodk w h ifjycsuv f nf; Ed0k ifbm (15) &ufae@rmS xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD eJ@ awmfveS f a&;aumifpDwdk@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJysufjym;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD y%mrudk,f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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357
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359
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ydik o f rd ;f r_awG qufvyk cf yhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv (23) &ufae@rmS odr;f jycJw h muawmh bDtD;'DpD eJ@ ppfzufukefpnfjzef@csda&;Xmevkyfief;aygif; (46) ckudkjzpfygw,f? udk,fhvkyfief;awGudk udk,fhacgif;pOfajymif;+yD; odrf;jycJhwmjzpfygw,f? bDtD;'DpD udk acgif;aqmifOD;pD;vkyfudkifcJhwJh Adkvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD;u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wa,mufwnf; csr;f oma&;vdjk zpfaewmudk odyrf vdv k m;bJ ppfAv kd f }uD;i,fawGpm;&atmif vkyfudkifcJhwJhoabmjzpfwJhtwGuf bDtD;'DpD udk aemufydkif;rSm rsufrkef;usKd; vmcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;udk z,f&Sm;ypf+yD;wJhaemufydkif; bDtD;'DpD udkyg jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f jycJw h mvd@k q=kd uygw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yJaG wG usi;f yaewke;f awmwGi;f vufeuf udik t f zGŒJ tpnf;awGxu J qd&k , S v f pfa&;vdv k m;ol tzGŒJ tpnf;awGukd qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f oGm;r,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfatmif wcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf vkyfjycJhwJh oabmvJygygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGysujf ym;+yD;aemuf 1964 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (12) &uf jynfaxmifpak e@ tcrf; tem;udk rE Wav;òrdŒrSmusif;y+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; wufa&mufrdef@cGef;ajym=um;ygw,f? wdkif;&if; om;ta&;vlrsK;d rsm;ta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ cH,cl suq f w kd mudk a=unmygw,f? “wdik &f if;om;vlrsK;d wd@k . at;twlyt l r# OruGo J u kd rf ysujf zifh &moufyef yl;aygi;f aexdik =f u rnf[k oEMÏd mefcsxm;zd@k vkd tyfvyS gw,f? od@k ro S m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f ,H, k =kH unf=unfEiS hf jynfaxmifpk.tusKd;udk twlwuG vufwGJvkyfudkifoGm;Edkifygrnf? Ttcsufonf tvGefvdkvm; tyfaom ta&;ygonfhtcsufjzpfa=umif;” vdk@ ajymqdkoGm;ygw,f? OruGJvdkufrysuf twlaexdkifoGm;=u+yD; jynfaxmifpk}uD;twGif; &moufyef twlyl;aygif; aexdik o f mG ;=uzd@k v@kd pum;vH;k a&G;oH;k pGo J mG ;cJah yr,fh qdv k ckd siw f mu jynfe,frsm;cGx J u G af &;udk vufrcH/ cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG u hf v kd nf; todtrSwrf ðyEkid v f @kd ajymqdv k &kd if;jzpfygw,f? cGrJ xGub f J twlae=ur,fq&kd if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;u rdrdwdk@jrwfEkd;wJh jynfe,frsm; qufvufxm;vdk=u&ifvnf; xm;=uygvdk@ ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; tvd&k adS e=uwJh ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiu hf akd wmh b,f vdkenfeJ@rS rpOf;pm;Edkifa=umif; ajymqdkvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? rwfv (19) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefe,fedrdwftwGif;u vufum;qdkif}uD;rsm;/ yGJ±Hkrsm;/ ukefwdkuf}uD;rsm;/ ukefypPnf;*dka'gif}uD;rsm;/ or0g,r qdkifrsm;eJ@ taxGaxG pwdk;qdkif}uD;awGrSefo r#udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu t+yD;tydkif jynfolydkifodrf;vdkufygw,f? 1964 ckESpf/ rwfv (20) &ufae@rSmawmh “1964 ckESpf trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf a&;udk umuG,o f nfOh ya'” qdw k mudk xkwjf yefjyÏmef;vdu k yf gw,f? ppftpd;k & wufa&mufvm+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDreS o f r# tarSmifusae&wJh taetxm;uae 'Dru kd a&pDreS o f r# wpruse&f atmif w&m;0if zsufodrf;jcif;cHvdkuf&wJhae@tjzpf Armjynfordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wif&r,fhae@jzpfygw,f? trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk umuG,fwJh Oya'vdk@ emrnfwyf+yD; EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ tzGJŒtpnf; toif; tyif;awGrSefor#udk wckrS wnf&SdcGifhray;awmhbJ zsufodrf;ypfvdkufwJh Oya'jzpfygw,f? ordkif;w av#muf wnf&SdvmcJh=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awGtygt0if &Sd&Sdor# EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf; awGtm;vH;k udk rzsurf ae& tzsuo f rd ;f cdik ;f cJyh gw,f? aoewfe@J uikd +f yD; rw&m;ojzifh twif;t=uyf zsufodrf;cdkif;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rzG,fr&m tzsufodrf;cdkif;cJh±Hkru/ zsufodrf;+yD;pD;yga=umif;/ zsuo f rd ;f vku d &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf; toif;tyif;awG&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawG/ tr_aqmifawGu, kd f 360
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wdik f vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &eJ@ jynfxaJ &;Ïmeudk wifjy ta=umif;=um;apcJh ygw,f? oufqdkif&mygwD tzGJ@pnf;awG&JŒ qdkif;bkwfawGudkyg ðzwfcsay;&+yD; oufqdkif&mygwD tzGJŒ tpnf;awG&JŒtvH/ wHqdyfwHk;/ txdrf;trSwf/ trSwftom;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;awGygrusef awmfvSef a&;aumifpDtpdk;&xH tyfESHcdkif;cJhygw,f? udk,fhygwD udk,fhtzGJŒtpnf;udk udk,fwdkifzsufodrf;+yD;pD;yg a=umif; a=unmwifjyay;&±Hrk u/ tukev f ;kH udk ppftpd;k &xHtyfE=HS u&ygw,f? ud, k yhf gwq D idk ;f bkwu f kd udk,fh[mudk,fðzwfcsray;bJ/ olwdk@zmomolwdk@ ppfwyfeJ@ vma&mufðzwfcsoGm;wmcH&wJh ygwDrsKd; vnf;&SdcJhygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwDrsKd;/ ygwDtr_aqmifaumfrwD0if awGtm; vHk; axmifxJa&mufae=u&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf ygwDqdkif;bkwfudk ppfwyfu vma&mufðzwfcsoGm;cJh& ygw,f?) yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw wdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;awGeJ@wuG &Sd&Sdor# EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf; tm;vH;k w&m;0if&yfwnfciG rhf &awmhbJ uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;}uD;awG omru toif;tyif;tzGJŒtpnf;rSefor#vnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;awGenf;wl tukefzsufodrf;ypf wmcHcJh&ygw,f? tukefzsufodrf;+yD;a=umif; a=unm+yD; tukeftyfESHcJh&ygw,f? a&$wd*HkapwDawmf a&=unfawmf0wftoif;vdv k akd vmufuv$+J yD; bmtoif;tyif; tzGŒJ tpnf;udrk S w&m;0if&yfwnf cGifhray;awmhbJ rw&m;ojzifh zsufodrf;cJhygw,f? pma&;q&mtoif;/ pmayuvyf/ uavmif&Sif rsm;toif;/ vli,frsm;}u;D yGm;a&;toif;wd@k vkd pmaytEkynm,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m/ vlra_ &;qdik &f m toif; tyif; tzGŒJ tpnf;awGuakd wmifrS csr;f omray;cJyh g? tukezf su/f tukeòf z/d tuket f yf vkyaf pcJyh gw,f? w&m;0if ajray:Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk,fwdkif wnfaxmifzefwD; vdkufwJh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDac: (rqv) ygwD}uD;udkom òydifzufr&Sd wckwnf;aom OD;aqmifygw}D uD;tjzpf iGg;iGg;pGiphf iG hf wnf&&dS iS o f ef zGŒH òzd;cGiðhf yvdu k +f yD; wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfukd rsuEf mS ajymifajymifeJ@ pwifazmfaqmifvdkufygawmhw,f? tJh'Dtcsdefup+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwJh rqv wygwD tm%m&Sifpepfac: ppftm%m&Sifpepf[mvnf; Armjynf jynfolawGtay: xifovdk Adkvfuszdk@ Armjynf jynfoltm;vHk;udk aoewfeJ@awhxm;+yD tkyfpdk;zdk@ rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@yJ pwifay:xGef;vm ygawmhw,f? Armjynfordkif;rSm wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpdk;r_ordkif;[m tarSmifacwf&JŒ idknnf; oH&Snfaw;oGm;eJ@twl pwifvl;vGef@ v_yf&Sm;vmygawmhw,f? 1964 ckESpf/ {+yD (9) &ufae@rSm &efukeftygt0if wEdkifiHvHk;u vufvDvufum; qdkif}uD; aygif; (12764) qdkifudk xyfrH jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f? uGrf;,mqdkifomomutp qdkif}uD; qdkifi,frSefor# rw&m;ojzifh tpdk;&u odrf;ydkufwmcHvdkuf=u&jcif;jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒydkif EdkifiHjcm; t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;ydkifb%fawG/ ukr`%D}uD;awG jynfolydkifodrf;w,fqdkwkef;u rwefwq avsmfa=u; trsK;d rsK;d ay;+yD; odr;f cJah yr,fh wdik ;f &if;om;ydik /f wdik ;f &if;om;"e&Sirf sm;ydik f vkyif ef;rsK;d pHek @J trsK;d om;pD; yGm;a&; zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf rjzpfrae tm;ay;tm;ajrmufðy&r,fh tajccHpufr_vufr_qdkif&m wdik ;f &if;om; vkycf if;udik cf if;toD;oD;udak wmh wjym;wcsyrf S avsmaf =u;ray;bJ xifovdk Adv k u f s+yD; rawmfrw&m; odr;f ydu k cf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfqikd ;f bkwaf xmif+yD; qd&k , S v f pfvŒl abmifopfqD csw D ufz@kd qw kd hJ rd;k wvH;k avwvH;k aºuG;a=umfoeH @J rdu k rf u kd ±f ikd ;f ±dik ;f vk,ufcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? wrsK;d om; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
361
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
vHk;&JŒ trsKd;om;pD;yGm; wdk;wufxGef;um;vma&;ukdvnf; evHrxlEdkifatmif eif;acszsufqD;ypfvdkuf wmjzpfygw,f? &efuek af &me,fyg tpd;k &u jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f yG}J uD; usi;f ywJt h cg/ vkyif ef;t}uD;tao; t&G,f tpm;udkvdkuf+yD; Adkvfrª;}uD;/ Adkvfrª;vwf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfi,f uae wyf=uyf}uD;/ wyf=uyfi,ftxd ppfwyfuyJ OD;pD;OD;udkifðy a&SŒaqmifum pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudk odrf;ydkufcJh=uygw,f? vkyfief;awG qdik af wGukd odr;f ydu k ±f rkH u tJ'v D yk if ef;awG qdik af wG&ŒJ vkyif ef;aomh qdik af omh aiGa=u;tpkpu k o kd mru armfawmf,mOfawGyg tyfcJh=u&ygw,f? jynfolydkifodrf;yGJudk e,fajrodrf; ppfqifyGJ}uD;wckvdk usif;y oGm;cJh=uygw,f? owif;pmwdu k af wGvnf; jynfoyl ikd f todr;f cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? ausmif;awG/ aq;±Hak wG/ ±ky&f iS ±f kH awG/ yHkESdyfwdkufawGvnf; jynfolydkiftodrf;cH&ygw,f? omoemðy rpf&Sifausmif;awGtygt0if yk*v ~ u d ausmif;aygi;f (824) ausmif;/ omoemðyaq;±Hk (9) ±H/k ±ky&f iS ±f kH (182) ±H/k yHEk ySd v f yk if ef; (17) ck/ ta&mif;t0,furk % ` D (24) cke@J ausmufrsu&f wem a&mif;0,fa&;vkyif ef;awGyg jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f ydu k f cH&ygw,f? tao;pm; pufrv _ ufrt _ vky±f akH ygi;f (112) ±Hv k nf; jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f cH&ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&; qdik &f m vkyif ef;awGom uyfoifch cH &hJ wmr[kw/f pmayeJ@pme,fZif;qdik &f mvkyif ef;awGa&m/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ bmoma&;qdik &f mvkyif ef;awGtm;vH;k yg uyfoifch cH &hJ +yD; rawmfrw&m;ðywm cHvu kd =f u &wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dxufqdk;+yD; wjynfvHk; awma&mòrdŒygrusef uyfoifhcHvdkuf&wmuawmh 1964 ckESpf/ arv (17) &ufae@jzpfygw,f? arv (17) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u wjynfvHk;rSm w&m;0if vSnhfvnfoHk;pGJaewJh w&musyfwef/ ig;q,fusyfwefaiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifa=unm vdkufygw,f? wjynfvHk; vSnhfvnfoHk;pGJaewJh aiGawGtm;vHk;&JŒ (22) &mcdkifE_ef;&SdwJh pkpkaygif;aiGusyf (915²8) oef;ausmf tpdk;&tzdk@ tjrwfxGufoGm;+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tzdk@awmh tpdk;&udk,f wdkif&JŒ "m;jywdkufr_udk ausmaumhatmifcHvdkuf=u&ygw,f? “qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopfodk@ jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efESifh csDwuf=uygpdk@” vdk@ aºuG;a=umf+yD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpdk;&[m wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;rSefor#udk zsufodrf;+yD; rqv wygwDxJòydifzufr&Sd&yfwnfum/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfvrf;a=umif;udk cdkifrmatmif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd vkyaf qmifygw,f? wygwt D %m&Sipf epfe@J tpd;k &&JŒ vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd qef@usiu f ef@uu G =f ur,fh vly*k Kd~ vftv$mtoD;oD;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGuv kd nf; ESyd u f yG zf rf;qD; xdr;f odr;f +yD; axmifxx J nfh xm;wm/ rv_yfEkdifatmifpDrHwmawG tuGufusus azmfaqmifcJhygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;tysufrSm v_yf &Sm;vmcJhwJh ausmif;om;tiftm;pkeJ@ &[ef;oHCmtiftm;pkudkvnf; zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyf+yD; axmifxJ xnfhwmvkyfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh+idrf;csrf;a&;tysufaemufydkif; axmifxJa&muf=uolawGxJrSm +idrf; csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh axmifxJa&muf=u&olawGomru ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh/ &[ef; oHCmv_y&f mS ;r_a=umifh axmifxaJ &muf=u&olawGyg wk;d yGm;rsm;jym;vmcJyh gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f {+yDv xJuyJ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefeJ@ axmifcgovdk vkyfaqmifcJhayr,fh/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif axmifxJoGm;+yD; tusOf;om;awGudk aemufaemif axmifxJa&mufatmifrvm=uawmhzdk@ =o0g'u xm cyfwnfwnf ¹rGu=f um;+yD; &efuek af xmif}uD;udk wywftwGi;f zsuyf pfcahJ yr,f/h wESpt f wGi;f rSm 362
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
yJ wjynfvHk; te,fe,ft&yf&yf&Sd axmifawGtm;vHk; tusOf;om;tjynfh axmifjynfh wef;jynfhjzpf oGm;cJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ ppftpdk;&twGuf taESuft,Suf&SdEdkifolawGudk odrf;óuH;xnfh Edik zf @kd omref&mZ0wform; jypfrj_ ypf'%f tusO;f om;rsm;udk v$wyf pf+yD; axmifcgxm;ESiahf &mhovm; vd@k awmif xifrw S , f q l bG,&f w dS muawmh 'Dwcg axmifawGxJ tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f toGi;f cH&olawG [m omref&mZ0wfro _ rm;awGr[kwyf J Edik if aH &;orm;/ ausmif;om;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGe@J pma&; q&m/ uAsmq&m/ owif;pmq&m tEkynmonfawGomru ukefonf}uD;awG vkyfief;udkifief;&Sif }uD;awGygrusef tv$mpHk trsKd;pHkjzpfaeygw,f? ukefonf}uD;awG vkyfief;udkifief;&Sif}uD;awGeJ@ wcsKdŒ aom pme,fZif;orm}uD;awGuawmh ‘jynfoyl ikd ’f qdw k m odr;f +yD;aemufyikd ;f vlygaxmifxaJ &mufchJ =u&wmawGjzpfygw,f? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOftwGuf tE W&m,f&SdEdkifwJh pme,fZif;avmuudkvnf; =uyf=uyf rwfrwf xdef;odrf;Edkifzdk@ pme,fZif;qdkif&m rl0g' ay:vpDopfawGudk csrSwf+yD; pme,fZif;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk wqifh+yD;wqifh ydwfyifwm;qD;wmawGvkyfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwuf vm+yD; r=umrD 1962 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f uwnf;u yHEk ydS o f /l xkwaf 0ol rSwyf w kH iftufOya' Oya'opf udk jyÏmef;cJhygw,f? tJ'DOya't& ykHESdyfol/ xkwfa0oltm;vHk;udk &ufaygif; (90) twGif; topf xyfrH rSwfyHkwifcdkif;cJhygw,f? pufwifbmvxJrSm owif;ESifhjyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Ïme !¸ef=um;a&;rª; uae owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;awGtm;vHk; rSwfyHkwif cGifhðycsuf&&Sd+yD;rSom xkwfa0jzef@csd&r,fvdk@ trdef@xkwfcJhygw,f? owif;axmufeJ@ owif;pmq&mawGudkvnf; rSwfyHkwifcGifhðycsuf&&Sd+yD;rSom c&D;oGm;cGifh/ tpdk;&±Hk;eJ@ 0ef}uD;ÏmeawGtwGif; oGm;a&mufowif;,l cGifhðycJhygawmhw,f? jynfolydkif odrf;wJhtcgrSmawmh owif;pmwdkufawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; todrf;cH&+yD; tpdk;&udk,fwdkif }uD; =uyfxkwfa0wJh owif;pmawGtjzpf ajymif;vJypfwmcH=u&ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&&JŒ yxrqH;k aom owif;pmuawmh 1963 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m (1) &ufae@xw k f “vkyo f m;jynfoŒl ae@ pOfowif;pm” jzpf+yD; t*FvdyfbmomeJ@awmh ( Working People's Daily ) qdk+yD; 1964 ckESpf/ Zefe 0g&DvxJrSm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? owif;pmwdkufawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; jynfolydkifodrf;cH&+yD;wJh tcgrSmawmh tpdk;&ay:vpDudkuf owif;pmawGtjzpf b0ajymif;=u&ygawmhw,f? trsdK;rsKd;aom wif;=uyfwJh rl0g'ay:vpDqdkwmawGatmufrSm pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh[m wae@wjcm; vHk;yg;yg;+yD; vH;k 0aysmufq;kH awmhrwwfjzpf&ygawmhw,f? pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG u hf kd tav;xm;ygw,fv@kd yg;pyf uajymao;ayr,fh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfeJ@ t[ef@twm; taESmuft,SufrjzpfwJh abmift wGif;uom cGifhðyEdkifygr,fvdk@ajymqdk+yD; tm;vHk;udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f+yD; ‘vdkif;’ csay;xm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysufjym;+yD;aemufydkif; teD;qHk;umvawGudk jyef+yD;csKyf =unfhr,fqdk&if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDppftpdk;&[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&twGuf taESmuf t,SufjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lqwJh vlyk*~dKvfawGtm;vHk;udkvnf; vlzrf;yGJ}uD;usif;y+yD; axmifoGif; tusO;f csxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;awGtygt0if toif;tyif; tpkt±k;H rSef or#udkvnf; zsufodrf;z,f&Sm;ypf+yD; ‘rqv’ wygwDxJwnf&SdwJh wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudkvnf; pwifazmfaqmif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? pme,fZif;awGtm;vH;k tay: csKyfcs,u f ef@owf+yD; pme,fZif;vGwf vyfcGifhawGrSefor#udkvnf; vHk;yg;yg;atmif ðyvkyfaqmif&Guf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;&Sd pD;yGm;a&; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
363
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vkyfief;rSefor#udkvnf; jynfolydkifodrf;+yD; wrsKd;om;vHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk ppfwyf&JŒ csKyfudkifr_eJ@ xif ovdktaumiftxnfazmfzdk@ jyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopfudk csDwufzdk@ “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh qdk&S,fvpfvlŒabmifopf odk@ cDswuf=uygpdk@” qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHqdkif;bkwfudkvnf; txifu& ae&maygif;pHkomru tusOf; axmiftwGi;f u Al;0ygrusef jzef@=uufpu kd x f +l y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? “jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw”D qdw k hJ qdik ;f bkwef @J ygw, D el pf±;kH qdw k mawGvnf; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH &Sd òrdŒe,fwikd ;f rSm rda_ yguo f vdk ay:vmcJ+h yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? jrefrhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD&JŒ vrf;!¸efoabmw&m;jzpfwJh “vlESifhywf0ef;usifwdk@. tnrnoabmw&m;” qdkwJhpmtkyfudkvnf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzef@a0+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 1957 ckESpfavmufu ppfwyfwGif;rSm ay:aygufcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfydkif jr0wDr*~Zif;uae xkwfazmf azmfjycJhbl;wJh ‘emr±ly 0g'oabmw&m;’ eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;óuduf tcsuftvuf twdktpawGudk OD;cspfv_dif/ OD;apmOD;/ Akv d rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh wd@k u vl=um;aumif;atmif aygi;f pyfcsŒJ xGif azmf=uL;ay;vdu k w f hJ oabm w&m;jzpfygw,f? emr±lyoabmw&m;0g'qdkwmuawmh “±kyfomy"me[k,laom ±kyf0g'ESifhvnf; aumif;/ pdw0f n d mOfom&So d nf[, k al om ±kyrf &S0d g'ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ aumifpmG jcm;em;tyfaom emr±ly 0g'oabmw&m; (The Law of Interaction of Mind and Matter) onfomv#if jrefrmEdkifiHESifh oifah v#maf om tajccHawG;ac:yHk oabmw&m;jzpfayonf?” vd@k azmf!e¸ ;f xm;ygw,f? vlEiS yhf wf0ef; usifwdk@. tnrnoabmw&m;u tJ'DtajccHay:aumuf,l+yD; wDxGifxm;wmjzpfygw,f? ‘tnrn’ tjyeftvSet f a=umif;ðy aus;Zl;ðyaew,fqw kd hJ w&m;udk aumuf,t l oH;k csvu kd ±f rkH u vuf0JpGef; vuf,mpGef;qdkwJh tpGef;ESpfyg;uvGwfwJh “rpÇdryÉdy'gvrf;pOf” rpÇdryÉdy'goabm w&m;tjzpfeJ@yg tr$rf;wiftoGifaqmifwm vkyfcJhygw,f? jrefrmqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[m tJ'D tnrn oabmw&m;udk udik pf +JG y;D jrefrmhjrefrmh[efe@J qd&k , S v f pfavmuopfukd csw D ufr,ft h a=umif; zufaygif;pHkuae 0g'jzef@csdcJhayr,fh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmif qifE$Jaeygw,fvdk@ wzGzGajymaeayr,fh/ wu,fuawmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDqdkwm Adkvfae0if;u aoqdak o &Siq f &kd iS f vuf!;kd xd;k a&G;cs,af y;xm;wJh trnfcpH m&if;wckomjzpfovdk jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfygwq D w kd mvnf; Adv k af e0if; pdwu f ;l xGuo f vdk zefw;D azmfaqmif jzpfwnfapcJw h hJ Adv k af e0if; tvdkus rdk;usa&$udk,f ygwDwckomjzpfygw,f? rlvawmfveS af &;aumifp0D if (17) OD;&Sw d t hJ euf (2) ESpt f wGi;f rSmwif oH;k yHw k yHk aysmufu, G f òydysufoGm;&wJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m b,fvdkawmfvSefa&;aumifpDrsKd;jzpfrvJqdkwm tajzay: ae+yD;jzpfygw,f? yxrOD;qH;k Adv k af e0if;uefxw k yf pfvu kd w f hJ yk*Kd~ vfu awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ eHygwf (2) yk*~dKvf Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;jzpfygw,f? ðywf±Hkru tcsKyfygcHcJh&ygw,f? aoqHk;oGm;vdk@ tao xGufjzpfoGm;&olu Adkvfrª;csKyfoef;az jzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;csKyfwDuvpf uawmh udk,fh[mudk E_wf xGuo f mG ;wmjzpfv@kd t&Six f u G jf zpfygw,f? aemufxyfaxmifxx J ad tmifa&mufomG ;cJ&h wJh awmfveS f a&;aumifpD0ef}uD; (3) OD;uawmh Adkvfrª;}uD;=unfarmif/ Adkvfrª;}uD;cspfòrdif eJ@ Adkvfr_;}uD;apmjrifhwdk@ jzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;=unfarmifu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ rwnfhvdk@jzpfygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD;apmjrifh uawmh w&mwef/ ig;q,fusyfwef zsufodrf;wJh aiGpuULudpPrSm +idpGef;usL;vGefcJhvdk@ vdk@qdkygw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;apmjrifh [m +idr;f csr;f a&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGwek ;f u awmfveS af &;aumifpzD ufu ud, k pf m; 364
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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365
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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A[dkvHkòcHa&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_aumfrDwD wdkif;§jynfe,f vHkòcHa&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrDwD/ c±dkifvHk òcHa&;eJ@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrw D /D òrdŒe,fvòkH cHa&;eJ@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrw D q D w kd hJ vkyif ef;awGrmS vnf; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;/ Adv k rf ;ª / Adv k }f uD; qdo k al wGuyJ wdu k ±f u kd u f ikd w f , G f tkycf sKyfae=uovdk pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; puf±t kH vky±f kH bkwaf umfy;kd a&;&Si;f qdw k mawGrmS vnf; ppfwyfu Adv k }f uD; Akv d af v;awGuyJ ae&m,l tkypf ;D wm0efcH xm;=uwJhtwGuf ppftpdk;&qdkwJh vuQ%m[m ae&mwdkif;rSm ay:vGifxif&Sm;aecJhygw,f? ppfwyf [m wrdk;vHk; azsmufqdyfjzpfaeygw,f? 'Dvdk tppt&m&mudk 0ifa&mufcsKyfudkif ae&m,lxm;&wmawmif tm;r&ao;wJhtwGuf wdkif;jynfwckvHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;udkyg csKyfudkifcsrSwfzdk@ qufvufazmfaqmifvmygw,f? 1964 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@rSm ukefypPnf;trsKd;aygif; (60) ausmfudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u om 0,f,ljzef@csdcGifh&SdwJh uef@owfukefawGtjzpf xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufygw,f? qefpyg;/ yJ/ ESrf;u tp/ =uufoGefjzL/ =uufoGefeD/ i±kwfoD;/ iyd/ iHjym&nf/ uGrf;aq;/ vufzuf/ eEGif;wuftqHk; tajccHtpm;aomufuek yf pPn;f tm;vH;k avmufe;D yg; tpd;k &uom a&mif;cGi&hf w dS hJ uef@owfuek yf pPn;f awG jzpfomG ;&ygawmhw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;/ xkwv f yk af &;vkyif ef; ukepf nfjzef@jzL;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd ‘jynfolydkif’ qdkif;bkwfwyf+yD; tukefodrf;ydkuf vk,uf,liifvdkuf±Hkru/ r&dSrjzpf rD;zdkacsmifoHk; vloHk;ypPnf;awGudk a&mif;0,fazmufum;ae=uwJh vufvDvufum;ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;awGudkyg tukefcsKyfudkifypfzdk@ tm;xkwfóud;yrf;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &u tJ'v D kd udik w f , G cf sKyfuikd v f u kd w f t hJ cgusr/S ukeyf pPn;f aps;E_e;f awGvnf; [kef;ueJxdk;wufum/ wcsdKŒypPnf;awG[m aps;uGufxJuyg =uufaysmuf iSufaysmuf aysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f? ‘arSmifc’kd pD;yGm;a&;qdw k m&JŒ uvva&=unf[m tJ't D csed u f p+yD; oaE< wnfc&hJ ygawmhw,f? jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH &JŒ ae@pOfae@wikd ;f pm;aomufr_ t=uyftwnf;[mvnf; ydrk }kd u;D rm; rsm;jym;vmcJ&h wJt h jyif tcuftcJaygi;f pHk 'kuaQ ygi;f pHk óuo H xuf óujH zpfvm&ygawmhw,f? aiGa=u;rSeo f r# puULpkwjf zpfomG ;&wJt h wGuf 'kurQ sKd ;pHak &muf=u&wJt h xJ ae@pOfae@wikd ;f pm;aomuf a&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf/ rD;zdkacsmifoHk;ypPnf;awGyg uef@owfukefjzpfoGm;& arSmifcdkjzpfoGm;&vdk@ &Sm;yg; jywfvyfoGm;wmeJ@yg óuHawGŒ&wJhtcg rdat;ESpfcgemb0 ae@csif;ncsif; a&muf=u&ygawmhw,f? jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ b0'kuQaygif;pHk ezl;awGŒ'l;awGŒ óuH&wJhtcsdefrSm tJ'D'kuQaygif;pHku uif; vGw±f rkH u/ aumif;aumif; pm;Edik af omufEikd f Adv k u f sEikd +f yD;/wae@wjcm; qlòzd;vmwJh tcGix hf ;l cHvw l ef; pm;w&yf ododomomay:xGufvmygw,f? tJ'Dvlwef;pm;topfuawmh ppfwyfAsL±dku&uft&if; &Siv f w l ef;pm;opfjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf/ ppftyk pf /k ppftpd;k &/ ppftm%m&Sif pepfuae arG;zGm;ay;vdu k f wmjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &[m qd&k , S v f pfqikd ;f bkwcf sw d +f yD; wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH um acwfajymif;awmfvSefqdkwm}uD;udk aºuG;a=umfqifE$JaewmeJ@wòydifeufwnf;rSm ppftpdk;&yDyD ppfa&;udk tav;xm;+yD; ppfqifa&;awGudkvnf; tqufrjywf azmfaqmifaecJhygw,f? ajray:&Sd Oya'abmiftwGi;f u Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;rSeo f r#ukd tukeu f , G af ysmufomG ; &atmif òzdcszsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd Ef ikd af yr,f/h awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf;tiftm;pkawGuakd wmh t+yD;owf csKyf+idr;f atmifrvkyEf ikd w f t hJ wGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &[m rausEikd rf csr;f Edik f jzpfae 366
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
cJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm xifoavmuf tjrwfrxGufcJhwJhtwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJ awG zsuo f rd ;f +yD;wJah emufrmS / awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGtay: tjywftowf acsre_ ;f ypf csifpdwfawG ydkrdkonf;oef jyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? ppfa&;t& tðywfwkdufa&;udk oJoJrJrJ tm;xkwf óud;yrf;vmcJhygw,f? ydkrdkjyif;xef=urf;wrf;vmchJovdk ydkrdk *rl;±_;xdk;EdkifvmcJhygw,f? 1964 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ ppfqifa&;}uD;awG tjyif;txefqifEcJ$ jhJ yefygw,f? ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXme csKyfu pdefaA'g/ cgawmfrSD/ u,fwifa&;/ uHhaumf/ atmifajr pwJh ppfqifa&;awG qifE$JcJhovdk/ ta&SŒajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfu eDvm/ xdyaf cgi/f pnfo}l uD;/ &J'if;/ wHceG /f pdeaf tmifEikd /f pdeo f ;kH vH;k qdkwJh ppfqifa&;awG qifE$JcJhygw,f? ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfu wdkufatmif/ qif[dkif;/ qifayguf/ &efrsK;d atmif/ oD[/ rd;k óud;eJ@ qifjzLawmfppfqifa&;/ ta&SŒawmifwikd ;f u a[ref/ wmql;nm;/ awm euf/ &efykHcGif;/ rkwfokef/ rdk;óud; pwJh ppfqifa&;/ taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfu aygufusKdif;/ rkefwdkif;/ jrwfol ppfqifa&;rsm;/ taemufydkif;wdkif;u ydkufuGef/ pGef!dk/ pdefaA'g/ *krBef/ aumufoif;aumuf/ *VKef/ *gr%d/ usm;euf pwJph pfqifa&;rsm;/ tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfu caygi;f / r[m/ atmifoajy/ wdkif;ausmf/ Edkifatmif/ ydwkef;/ rkd;oD;/ wdrf!¸ef@/ ydkufusKH;/ rif;atmif/ ±dk;r/ rif;&efatmif/ &ef&Sif;/ Av/ aA'g eJ@ rmefatmif pwJh ppfqifa&;}uD;i,f qifE$J+yD; wjynfvHk;tESH@ aoewfoHawG zHk;vGrf;nHpD apcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;um; ydkrkdjyif;xef euf±_dif;vmcJhygw,f? tpdk;&bufu tJ'Dvdk tðywfwdkufa&;ay:vpDusifhoHk;+yD; bufaygif;pHk ppfqifa&;}uD;awG qifE$Jum tEkdif&a&;udk vHk;yrf;tm;xkwfvmovdk/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;buf uvnf; tjyeftvSef ckcHwdkufyGJqif&if; awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifzdk@twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfvm=u ygw,f? ArmjynfuGefðrepfygwDu ppfEdkifa&;twGuf (64 vrf;pOf) udk pwifcsrSwfvmygw,f? 1964 ckEpS x f rJ mS pwifcsrw S v f u kd w f mjzpfwt hJ wGuf (64 vrf;pOf) vd@k ac:a0:ayr,fh vrf;pOf wpHv k ;kH udak wmh 64 ckESpf wESpfwnf;twGif;rSm t+yD;tjywf csrSwf+yD;pD;cJhjcif;r&dSyg? (Oyrmtm;jzifh tm%meJ@ ywfoufwJh yDbD (PB) &JŒqHk;jzwfcsuf[m 67 ckESpfusrS +yD;jywfygw,f?) (64) vrf;pOf[m ppfEdkifa&; tm%modrf;a&;vrf;pOfjzpf+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfenf;eJ@ atmifyGJcHa&;jzpfygw,f? (55) vrf;pOfwek ;f uvdk “ppfa&;csKd -Edik if aH &;yd”k r[kwaf wmhyJ jywfjywfom;om; wku d yf q GJ if a&;jzpfvmygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ ppftpdk;&udkvnf; ppftpdk;&vdk@ jywfjywfom;om; owfrSwf±Hkru/ ppftpd;k &JŒ vuQ%mudv k nf; “e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pHu k kd rScD /kd ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfukd qufvufxed ;f odr;f um uG,f/ AsL±dku&uft&if;&Sifpepfudk udk,fwdkifvufcHusifhoHk;aeaom azmufjyefwJh ppftm%m&Sif tpdk;&” vdk@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfvdkufygw,f? 'ga=umifh tjyif;txef jyefvnfwkef@jyef wdkufyGJqif+yD; atmifyGJudk t&,la&;qD/ vufeuf udik ef nf;eJ@ atmifycJG aH &;qD OD;vSnt hf av;wifvu kd yf gw,f? vlrsL;d pkvufeufuikd t f if;tm;pkawGxrJ mS 0g&ihq f ;kH tiftm;t}uD;qH;k jzpfwhJ autif,l tzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;udk =unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd ifvnf; ppftpd;k & udk jyefvnfweG ;f vSew f u kd cf u kd +f yD; atmifyu JG t kd &,lEikd zf @kd ygwu D kd wyfukd topfjyefvnfwnfaqmuf Edkifzdk@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfwmawGŒ&ygw,f? apm[efwmomar$; vufeufpGef@+yD; ppftpdk;&eJ@aygif;oGm; +yD;wJhaemuf wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfaom autif,ltzGJŒtpnf;}uD;&JŒ OuUÏtjzpf ref;bZHudk wif teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
367
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ajr‡mufvdkuf=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&udk ppfa&;t& EdkifiHa&;t& jywfjywfom;om; jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf Edkifzdk@ wck+yD;wck jyifqifygw,f? 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (5) &ufae@rSm pwifay:aygufvmcJhwJh ucsifvufeufudkifawmf vSefa&;}uD;&JŒ OD;pD;acgif;aqmif autdkifattzGJŒ}uD;[mvnf; oufwrf;tm;jzifh (3) ESpfausmfom &Sad o;ayr,f/h ppftpd;k &&JŒ xd;k ppfqifacsre_ ;f r_awGukd wke@f jyefwu kd yf q JG if&if;/ wpwp }uD;xGm;vmcJyh g w,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f pH[ k mvnf; ppftpd;k &&JŒ xd;k ppf awGudk &ifqdkif&if; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk qufvufqifE$Jae=uygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpdk;&[m +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG zsuft+yD;rSm vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay: tòid;}uD;}uD;eJ@ xdk;ppfqifacsr_ef;r_awG wqifhwdk;ðyvkyfcJhayr,fh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGbufuvnf; }uH›}uH›cH wkef@jyef&ifqdkif wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uwJht wGuf/ tjywfacsr_ef;a&; tðywfwdkufa&;qdkwmudk atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnf razmfEdkif±kHru/ vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkopfawG/ vlrsdK;pkEdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;topfawGawmif xyfrHay:xGef;vmwm óuHawGŒ&ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1964 ckESpf/ ZGefv (4) &ufae@rSm “u,ef; jynfopfygwD” OD;aqmifwJh u,ef;trsdK;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; ay:aygufvmygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m euf±_dif;oxuf euf±_dif;vm±kHru us,fjyef@oxuf us,fjyef@vmwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? 1958 ckESpfwkef;u yxrqHk;t}udrf ppftm%modrf;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxufrmS wke;f u/ jynfov l x l k ar#mv f ifah wmif;wwJh +idr;f csr;f a&;oH awGaysmuf+yD;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;toHawG a&mufcJh&ovdk/ 1962 ckESpf 'kwd,t}udrf ppftm%m odrf;r_t+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&&JŒ atmufrSmvnf; +idrf;csrf; a&;toHawGaysmuf+yD; acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;qdkwJh toHawGyJ a&mufvm&ygawmhw,f? rwljcm;em;wmuawmh tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm ygvDrefv$wfawmfusefygao;w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&vufxufrSm bmygvDrefrSrusefawmhyg? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufrSm ajray:EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&ayr,fh/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD EdkifiH a&;tzGJŒtpnf;awG qufvuf &yfwnf&SifoefEdkifcGifh&=uygao;w,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;& vufxufrmS bmEdik if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf;rS wnf&&Sd iS o f efEikd cf iG rhf &awmh±rkH u bmvlra_ &; bmtoif; tyif;rSvnf; qufvufwnf&SdEdkifcGifh r&awmhbJ vHk;0O\Hk tukefzsufodrf;cH&+yD;/ tpdk;&udk,fwdkif wnfaxmifvu kd w f hJ rqvwygwx D o J m òydib f ufr&Sd wnf&adS y:ayguv f mygawmhw,f? twdu k t f cH EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk0ifawG tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf axmifoGif;tusOf;uscH&wJhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;orm; vkyfief;udkifief;&Sif}uD;rsm;yg axmifxJ0if=u&ygawmhw,f? 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[mvnf; w&m;0ifzsufodrf;cHvdkuf&+yD;+yDjzpfwJh twGuf bmzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSr&Sdao;wJh EdkifiHtjzpf/ ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;}uD;wodkuf&JŒ xifovdk óudufovdk jyÏmef;xkwfjyef vdu k w f hJ trde@f a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefa=unmcsuaf wGe@J yJ tkycf sKyfcsio f vdk tkycf sKyfaewmudk wwdik ;f jynfvHk;cH=u&ygawmhw,f? 368
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ae tm%m (3) &yfv;kH udk aumifpOD uUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;xH w&m; 0iftyfEiS ;f ay;vdu k w f ,fv@kd a=unmcJah wmh ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D qdw k mudk xyfcsKyf=unfv h u kd &f if ‘Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;’ qdw k mjzpfomG ;+yD;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpu D trde@f a=unmcsu/f xkwjf yefa=unm csufawGeJ@ tkyfcsKyfaewm[mvnf; wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; pdwfóuduf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; xifovdk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tvdkawmftwdkif; tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaewmyJjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;}uD;udk qifE+J$ yD; qd&k , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;udk csDwufrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf Armjynf&JŒ vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;eJ@ tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD; (2) &yfvnf;jzpfwJh v,form;/ tvkyform;awGudk tav;xm;a=umif; azmfjyzdk@twGuf ‘awmifolv,form;ESD;aESm zvS,fyGJ’ ‘tvkyform;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ’ qdkwmawGudkvnf; azmfxkwfusif;ycJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh awmifov l ,form;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG qdw k mudk tm%modr;f +y;D wufvmvmcsi;f 1962 ckEpS f uwnf;u pwifusif;ycJhygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmrSm ppfudkif;c±dkif ‘tkef;awm’ rSm pwifusif;ycJhwmjzpfyg w,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm [oFmwc±dik f ‘'l;,m;’/ awmificl ±kid f ‘caygi;f ’/ jrif;+cHc±dik f ‘ykym` ;’ wd@k rmS vnf; ESpfpOf qufwdkuf azmfxkwfusif;ycJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; udk,fwdkif wufa&muf+yD; rdef@cGef;ac| wm/ awmifolv,form;}uD;rsm;eJ@ 'l;wdkufaqG;aEG;w,fqdkwmawGudkvnf; vkyfjycJhygw,f? (tJ'D tkef;awm/ 'l;,m;/ caygif;/ yky`m;wdk@[m tpdk;&puf±HkawGu *k%fðyxkwfvkyfvdkufwJh pD;u&ufawG&JŒ emrnfawGjzpfoGm;ygw,f?) tvkyo f rm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf q JG w kd mudak wmh/ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ pwif&m ‘acsmuf’ òrdŒrSm 1964 ckESpfxJrSm pwifazmfxkwfusif;ycJhygw,f? tvkyform;}uD;rsm;eJ@ 'l;wdkufawGŒqHk aqG; aEG;yG/J a&eHajroydww f yfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;&if;ES;D ES;D awGŒqHyk q JG w kd mawGuv kd nf; vkyjf yoGm;cJh ygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m v,form;awG tvkyo f rm;awGukd wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tajccHvw l ef;pm; }uD;ESpf&yftjzpf *k%fwif av;pm;jyaeayr,fh ukefaps;E_ef; w&dyf&dyfjrifhwufvmr_'%feJ@ ukefypPnf; &Sm;yg;r_t=uyftwnf;awG=um; cg;aumhatmif rcsdrqef@cH=u&wmvnf; tJ'Dtvkyform;eJ@ v,f orm;xk}uD;bJjzpfygw,f? ynma&;avmuudkyg wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm yHkavmif;Edkifa&;twGuf pepfopf ynma&;udkyg pwifygw,f? (2-11-64) ae@rSm pepfopfwuUodkvfrsm; zGifhyGJtcrf;tem; usif;yyg w,f? orkdif;0if ausmif;om;or*~}uD;tpm; ausmif;aumifpDeJ@ tpm;xdk;zdk@jyifygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&[m 1964 ckESpfup+yD; aomif;usef;ol tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&; qdw k mudk t&Sed jf r‡i+hf yD; jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk wd;k +yD;qifEyJ$ gw,f? wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfukd twdtvif; xlaxmifvdkuf+yD; wdkif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;toufaoG;a=um vkyfief;rSefor#udkvnf; jynfolydkifqdkif; bkwfeJ@ ppfwyf ppftkyfpkuae vuf0g;}uD;tkyf odrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f? &mwef/ ig;q,fwef aiGpuUL awGuv kd nf; w&m;r0ifa=unmvdu k +f yD; tpd;k &twGuf tjrwftpGe;f xGuaf tmif zefw;D um ppfwyf t&if;tES;D udk "m;jywdu k w f ehJ nf;eJ@ pkaqmif;vdu k yf gw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;tm;vH;k aiGa=u;vnfywf r_vkyfief;tm;vHk; ppftkyfpk&JŒ vuftwGif; ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifa&muf&SdoGm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;rSm jynfoŒl qdik q f w kd mawG tES@H tjym;ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; wef;pDw;kd pm; vlwef;pm;eJ@ arSmifcv kd w l ef;pm;awG vnf; ay:aygufvm&ygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
369
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rSefor# ppfwyfuyJ csKyfudkifodrf;ydkufxm;wmjzpfcJh +yD;/ ppfwyf&JŒ pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm wjynfvHk; usa&mufae&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&yDyD ppfa&;udk tav;wif+yD; awmwGif;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkawGtay: tEdkif,l a&;twGuf jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;udkyg toHk;cszdk@ jyifqifygw,f? 1964 ckESpf wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcH uae ‘jynfoŒl ppf’ pDrcH suu f kd csrw S v f u kd yf gw,f? tcGio hf if&h if oifo h vdk ‘jynfoŒl ppf’ qdw k mawGukd zGJŒpnf;+yD; ppfwyfu ppfqifa&;awG qifE$J&mrSm ppfwyfeJ@ yl;aygif;yg0ifapcJhygw,f? ‘jynfolŒppf’ qdkwm&JŒ t&if&SdaeESifhwmuawmh “umuG,fa&;” qdkwmawGjzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh &Srf;jynfe,f rSm &Srf;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGeJŒ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;zdk@ a'oqdkif&m umuG,fa&;tzGJŒawGudk 60 ckESpf 0ef;usifuwnf;u ppfwyfu OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;ay;cJhygw,f? 62 ckEpS f tm%modr;f r_t+yD;rSmawmh &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG ;f &Sd tJ'u D muG,af &;awGukd ppfwyfu wd;k +yD; toH;k cscJhygw,f? ppftpdk;& ppfwyf&JŒ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy arG;jrLr_a=umifh ‘cGefqm’ acgif;aqmifwJh umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifawG[m axmifcs&D v dS mcJo h vdk “avmfppf[ef” acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@umuG,f a&;wyf[mvnf; axmifcsDrsm;jym;aecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒtultnDeJ@ “udk;uef@umuG,fa&;” udk ‘*sifrD,ef;’ eJ@ ‘atmvpf,ef;’ armifESrawGu pwifzGJŒpnf;acgif;aqmifcJhwmjzpfayrJh/ 62 ckESpf ppfwyfutm%modr;f +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSm ud;k uef@umuG,af &; t"duacgi;f aqmif[m ‘avmfppf[ef’ jzpfaecJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? tqrwef }uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmwJh umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifawG&ŒJ pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJukd ajz&Si;f zd@k q+kd yD; “cGeq f m” &JŒ umuG,af &;ua&m/ “avmfppf[ef” &JŒ ud;k uef@ umuG,f a&;uyg bdef;vkyfief;udk t}uD;tus,fvkyfudkifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk bdef;vkyfief; a&mif;0,fazmuf um; vkyfudkifae=uwmawGudk ppfwyfu oabmwlcGifhðyxm;cJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfwGif;&Sd &Srf;vufeuf udik af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGe@J ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D o kd m qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd /f bmrqdk vkycf sif &mvkyq f w kd o hJ abmrsK;d tvdw k t l vdyk g cGiðhf yxm;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? cGeq f meJ@ ppfwyf aygi;f zufvufwJG rdcJh=uovdk/ avmfppf[ef eJ@ ppfwyf[mvnf; tusdK;wl ESpfudk,fhwpdwf jzpfcJh=uygw,f? cGeq f m [m xdik ;f Edik if x H t J xd bde;f awGukd oGm;a&mufa&mif;cs+yD;/ a&mif;cs&&Sw d hJ aiGa=u;awGe@J acwfrDvufeufrsKd;pHkudk xdkif;EdkifiHxJu jyefvnf0,f,l+yD; olŒ&JŒumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ}uD;udk acwfrD vufeufudkifwyfzGJŒ}uD;tjzpf zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? 1963 ckESpfxJrSm cGefqm&JŒ acwfrDvufeufwyfqifumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ}uD;[m tiftm; axmifcsD&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1964 ckESpfxJrSm ‘cGefqm’ [m vm;±d_;eJ@ wef@,ef;pcef;awGudk pGef@cGm+yD; ppfwyfe@J ,m,DtquftoG,jf zwfwmvkyyf gw,f? bde;f vkyif ef;udk wd;k csŒJ vkyu f ikd yf gw,f? avmfppf [ef&JŒ udk;uef@umuG,fa&;rsm;uvJ ppfwyf&JŒ ajrawmifajr‡mufay;r_tay:uae bdef;vkyfief;udk }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f vkyu f ikd cf iG &hf cJ+h yD; pD;yGm;a&; pm;usuaf umif;awGŒcJ=h uygw,f? ppfwyf&ŒJ Auyqef@ usifa&;/ &Srf;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG acsr_ef;ESdrfeif;a&;ay:vpDatmufrSm &Srf;jynf rSm ‘umuG,fa&;’ qdkwmawG zGJŒpnf;ay;wJhtwGuf “umuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ” qdkwmawG rd_aygufovdk tESH@tjym; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? trsm;pku bdef;vkyfief;udkyg vkyfudkifcGifh&vm=uwJhtwGuf ae@csif;ncsif; }uD;xGm;vm=uygw,f? “0 e,f umuG,fa&;” / “usKdif;wHkumuG,fa&;” qdkwmawG vnf; bde;f eJ@ywfoufv@kd emrnf}uD;vm=uygw,f? tJ'u D muG,af &;awGtm;vH;k [m ppfwyfuarG; 370
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
xkwfay;vdkufwmcsnf;jzpfygw,f? ‘avmfppf[ef’/ ‘cGefqm’ wdk@[mvnf; ppfwyfu arG;xkwfay; vdkufwJh umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifawGjzpfygw,f? (aemufydkif;rSm wurBmvHk;od=uwJh bdef;bk&if}uD; awGtjzpf emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;cJhygw,f?) jynfrrSm ‘jynfolŒppf’/ &Srf;jynfe,frSm “umuG,fa&;” qdkwmawGudk ppfwyf&JŒ t&Htif tm;tjzpf toHk;cs+yD;/ ppfwyf&JŒ ppfqifa&;awGrSm twlyl;aygif;yg0ifap+yD; “aomif;usef;ol tjrpf jywfacsr_ef;a&;” udk }uHpnftm;xkwfcJhygw,f? 1965 ckESpftwGif;rSmvnf; wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfawGtvdkuf ppfqifa&; }uD;i,frsKd;pHk csrSwf+yD; jynfwGif;ppfudk rD;ukef ,rf;ukef wdk;csJŒqifE$JcJhygw,f? “1965 ckEpS f oD;pm;csxm;a&; Oya'tm; jyifqifonfh Oya'” udk xkwjf yefa=unmygw,f? (63 ckEpS w f ek ;f u “awmifov l ,form;tcGit hf a&;rsm; umuG,o f nfh Oya'” eJ@ “oD;pm;csxm;a&; Oya'” udk xkwjf yefc+hJ yD;jzpfygw,f?) 'DOya'awGtm;vH;k [m v,form;awGtusK;d twGuf xkwjf yef jyÏmef;cJhwmvdk@ qdkayr,fh/ wu,fu pyg;txGufwdk;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;xkwfjyefcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'DOya'awGeJ@ v,form;awGudk Oya't& tumtuG,fay;w,f/ oD;pm;cpepfudk zsufodrf;ypf+yD; v,fvyk o f u l kd v,fyikd cf iG &hf adS pw,f/ ajr&Sppf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f vdu k w f m jzpfw,fv@kd 0g'jzef@cscd ahJ yr,fh wu,fuajr,mudk ppftpd;k &u vuf0g;}uD;tkyv f u kd w f momjzpfovd/k ajr,mt&if;tES;D acs;iSm;r_ udv k nf; tpd;k &rSwyg; tjcm;olawGrvky&f vd@k trde@f xw k +f y;D ajr,mt&if;udyk g vuf0g;}u;D tkyv f u kd f wmomjzpfygw,f? “v,fvkyfol v,fydkifcGifh” qdkwmvnf; trSefwu,fr[kwfyJ ‘v,fvkyfol v,fvkyfydkifcGifh’ qdkwmom ay;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&u ajr&Sifjzpfvm+yD; v,form;xk}uD;u jcm;em; oD;pm;cyHkpHeJ@ aoG;pkyfcH=u&wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? ajr&Sifpepf ysufokOf;oGm;wmr[kwfyg? tvkyform;awGtwGufvnf; tvkyform;tcGifhta&; umuG,fwJhOya'qdkwm xkwfjyef ay;cJ+h yD;jzpfayr,fh tvkyo f rm;xk&ŒJ b0uawmh 'H&k if;'H&k if;yJjzpfwt hJ jyif ukeyf pPn;f &Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_ '%f/ ukefaps;E_ef; jrifhwufvmr_'%f tcH&qHk; vlwef;pm;w&yfom jzpfcJhygw,f? òrdŒay:rSm ‘yyu’ qdkifawGay:vmcJh+yD;/ awmvufaus;&GmawGrSmawmh ‘vvoo’ (v,f ,mESifh vkyfief;aygif;pHk or0g,rtoif;) qdkwmawG ay:vmcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; }uD;i,frSefor#ukd jynfolykdifodrf;+yD; ppfwyfu csKyfukdifOD;pD;um/ ukefpnf jzef@jzL;a&;vkyfief;awGa&m/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;yg tpkd;&vkyfief;awGjzpfvmygw,f? yk*~vdu ukefpnfa&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;awGeJ@ yk*~vduykdif ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;awG pnfyifzGHŒòzd;cGifhr& awmhyJ jyif;xefwif;=uyfwJh tuef@towfawGeJ@ wae@wjcm; óuHawGŒ&ifqkdif=u&ygw,f? v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾rSmvnf; ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif ajr&Sifjzpfvm¶kHru ajr,mt&if;ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfukdif¶kHru/ ajr,mwGuf oD;ESHaps;uGufukdyg vuf0g;}uD;tkyfzkd@ wqifh+yD;wqifh ajcvSrf;jyifvmygw,f? 1966 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (6) &ufae@rSm ukefoG,fa&;trdef@ (5) eJ@ (6) ukd xyfqifhxkwfjyef+yD; v,f,m/ a&xGuyf pPn;f trsK;d aygi;f (460) ausmu f kd tpk;d &uom a&mif;0,fazmufum;wifoiG ;f cGihf jzef@csdcGifh&SdwJh uef@owfypPnf;awGtjzpf owfrSwfvkdufjyefygw,f? tifrwef}uD;rm;us,fjyef@vSwJh ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;}uD;wckvkH;ukd tpkd;&u csKyfukdiftkyfpD;ypfvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
371
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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373
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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wnfaqmufr_awGvnf; jzpfay:vmcJh&+yD; ausmfraumif;=um;raumif;wmawGyg jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh om;u tazukdowfwmrsKd;) ðzwf-xkwf-owf vrf;pOfrSm;a=umifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tifrwef }uD;us,feuf ¶_id ;f wJh qk;H ¶_;H r_}uD;awG óuHawGŒ&ifqidk &f ygw,f? Ekid if aH &;t&/ pnf;¶k;H a&;t&/ ygww D nfaqmufa&;t&/ ppfa&;t& bufaygif;pkHt=uyftwnf;awG ay:aygufcJh&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&u 1967 ckESpfxJrSm ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKyf topfwckygxyfzGJŒ+yD;ESpfpuwnf;u ppfqifa&;awG t}uD;tus,fqifE$JcJhygw,f? xyfzGJŒcJhwJh ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKyftopfuawmh wyfr (88) jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&[m t&if&Sd+yD; wyfr (77) eJ@ topfzGJŒpnf;vkdufwJh wyfr (88)/ wyfrXmecsKyf (2) ckaygif;tm;eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autif,lygwDeJ@ r'nw wkd@&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_ukd t"duOD;pm;ay;tqifhowfrSwfum tjywfacsr_ef;Ekdifzkd@ xkd;ppf}uD;awG qifE$JcJhygw,f? rwfv (1) &ufae@up+yD; “a&$jynfom” ppfqifa&;}uD;ukd csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? wyfr (77) u “}uHwidk ;f atmif” “atmifppfonf” ppfqifa&;rsm;ukv d nf; csrw S v f yk af qmifco hJ vk/d wyfr (88) u o,m0wDc¶kdifeJ@ jynfc¶kdifukd t"du*GifowfrSwf+yD; “armfEkdif” ppfqifa&;qkdwmukd =o*kwfv (2) &ufae@up+yD; xkd;ppfqifygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; ðzwf-xkwf-owf vrf;pOfrSm; jzpfay:ae&csdefrSm ppftpkd;&u tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; xkd;ppfqifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDu “xkd;ppfukd xkd;ppfeJ@¶kdufcsKd;” qkd+yD; wkef@jyef&ifqkdifcJhygw,f? “wkdufwkdif;atmif” wyfawGzŒJG +yD; jyefvnfwu dk cf u dk cf yhJ gw,f? tustqk;H awG qk;H ¶_;H epfem&r_awGvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym; cJh=uygw,f? Armjynfvufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS ta&;}uD;qk;H tzGŒJ tpnf;wckjzpfwhJ “autif,l” ukd=unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; 1965 ckESpfrSm OuUÏ ref;bZHacgif;aqmifwJhtzGJŒeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfjr acgif;aqmifwJ@tzGJŒqkd+yD; uGJjym;aecJhayr,fh/ 1967 rSm ppftpkd;&u autif,leJ@ autif'Dtkdtay: vnf; tjyif;txefxkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufr_awG vkyfvmwJhtcg ppftpkd;&&JŒ a&$jynfomppfqifa&;ukd jyefvnfwkef@jyef¶kdufcsKd;zkd@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uygw,f? autif'Dtkd wyfr[m (2) u tiftm;pk rsm;/ auyD*st D uf (zf) wyfr[m (4) u tiftm;pkrsm;/ auyDt,fatwyf&if; (3) u tiftm;pkrsm;/ auyD*sDtuf (zf) wyf&if; (4) u tiftm;pkrsm;[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyfrsm;eJ@ tjyif;txef wkdufyJG jzpfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'h v D dk jynfrrSm ppftpk;d &&JŒ ppfqifa&;}uD;awG trsK;d rsK;d atmufrmS vufeufuidk af wmfveS f a&;tiftm;pkawGu wkef@jyef &ifqkdif wkdufyGJ0ifae=u&csdefrSm &Srf;jynfe,frSm ppftpkd;&u todt rSwfðy zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh “umuG,fa&;” rsm;uawmh bdef;vkyfief;ukd wkd;csJŒvkyfukdifae=uygw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒvl ‘cGeq f m’ acgi;f aqmifwhJ umuG,af &;tzJŒG [m ArmjynfrmS omru urBmuygo&d wJh “bdef;ppfyGJ” }uD;rSm t"dutcef;u yg0ifywfoufae+yD; “cGefqm” ukd urBmuygodvm&ygw,f? 1964 ckESpfu tpkd;&&JŒppfwyfeJ@ ,m,DtquftoG,fjzwfawmufoGm;cJhwJh ‘cGefqm’ [m 1966 ckESpfrSm ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyfeJ@ jyefvnfyl;aygif;+yD;/ 1967 ckESpfxJrSm t}uD;tus,fqkH;aom “bdef;csr_}uD;” ukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? 1967 ckESpf/ ZGefvrSm a':vm (5) odef;avmuf wefz;dk &Sw d hJ bde;f (16) wefudk vm;taumif (300) eJ@ o,f,+l yD; avmEkid if t H wGi;f oGm; bde;f a&mif;yg 378
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
w,f? xkdif;-jrefrm-avm okH;EkdifiHe,fpyftwGif; (15) ESpfavmuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfukdifvmcJhwJh “bdef;pm;usuf” }uD; qkH;¶_H;&awmhrSm rcHEkdifwJh ‘autrfwD’ AkdvfcsKyfrmu cGefqm&JŒbdef;wef;ukd tiftm; (1000) ausmfeJ@ usKdif;wkHta&SŒbuf rJacgif;jrpfurf;yg;rSm csKHckdwkdufckdufygw,f? 'gayr,fh cGefqm&JŒ bdef;wef;[m vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; Zlvkdif (14) (15) rSm rJacgifjrpfukd jzwfausmfum/ avm Ekid if H AefueG ;f &Gmukd atmifjrifpmG a&muf&o dS mG ;ygw,f? AefueG ;f &GmrSm cGeq f m[m avmAkv d cf sKyf tke;f &uf wDukef; ukd bdef;awGa&mif;+yD; vufeufawGjyef0,fzkd@ csdef;qkdxm;csdefrSm rauseyfwJh autrfwDrsm; [m AefuGef;&Gmtxd vkdufvm+yD; 1967 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif (26) &ufae@rSm wkdufyGJtjyif;txef jzpf=uyg awmhw,f? avmAkv d cf sKyfu cGeq f m&JŒwyfzŒJG a&m autrfww D yfzŒGJ ukyd g avme,fajrtwGi;f u xGuf cGmoGm;=uzkd@ armif;xkwfygw,f? ESpfzGJŒpvkH;u remcH=uwJhtwGuf avmEkdifiHavwyfyg yg0ifvm+yD; AkH;}uJwkdufckduf&ygw,f? wD-28 av,mOf (6) pD;eJ@ Zlvkdif (30) &ufrSm AkH;}uJwkdufckduf&ovkd/ avm0ef}uD;csKyfu, dk w f idk f avxD;wyf&if; w&if;v$waf y;+yD; wku d cf u dk af rmif;xkww f mvkycf &hJ ygw,f? cGefqmbufu (82) OD;aoqkH;+yD; t}uD;tus,f qkH;¶_H;cJh&ovkd/ autrfwDbufuvnf; vl (70) ausmf aoqk;H cJ&h +yD; vufeuftajrmuftrsm;vnf; qk;H ¶_;H cJ&h ygw,f? cGeq f mwyfzŒJG / autrfww D yfzŒJG eJ@ avmwyfrawmf (vuf,mtkyfpk) wkd@&JŒ 1967 ckESpfrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh tJh'DwkdufyGJukd “bdef;ppfyGJ” vkd@ urBmuyg od&Sdem;vnfcJh&wJhtxd ausmf=um;cJhygw,f? cGefqm[m Armjynfbufjyef0ifvmyg w,f? cGeq f m&JŒ pkpak ygi;f wyfzŒJG 0ifO;D a&[m waxmifavmufy&J adS wmhw,fv@dk qydk gw,f? ppftpk;d &u vufcHygw,f? cGeq f m[m olŒumuG,af &;wyfzŒJG tiftm;ukd qufvufcsŒJ xGi+f yD; autrfwaD wGudk ajymuf =um;ppfeJ@ wkdufckdufoGm;zkd@/ bdef;vkyfief;ukdqufvkyfzkd@ }uHpnftm;xkwfygw,f? ¡1969 usawmhrS xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&eJ@ urBmodjzpfvm&wJh bdef;acgif;aqmif/ olwkd@arG;cJhwJhvl cGefqm eJ@ umuG,fa&; acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒukd ppftpkd;&u zrf;qD;wmvkyfygw,f? tJ'DrSm cGefqmtzrf;cH&ayr,fh tzrf;rcH& wJh cGeq f mhumuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;[m awmcko d mG ;=u+yD; “vG,af rmf” tzGŒJ qkw d m jzpfay: ay:ayguf vmcJhygw,f? awmckd vG,farmf tzGJŒvkd@ ppftpkd;&u owfrSwfygw,f?¢ 1967 ckESpfukd òcH=unfhr,fqkd&if ppftpkd;&[m jynfwGif;ppfukd wqifhwkd;wkdufzkd@ wyfrawmf topf (88) zGJŒygw,f? wu,fvnf; wkd;+yD; jynfwGif;ppfukd qifE$Jygw,f? t"dutwkduftcH vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwJh Auy [m (64) vrf;pOfukdukdif+yD; xk;d ppfudk xk;d ppfe@J ¶u dk cf sK;d a&;vkyyf gw,f? ðzwf-xkw-f owf ygww D nfaqmufa&;trSm;ukd usL;vGerf d &if; EkdifiHa&;t&/ pnf;¶kH;a&;t&/ ppfa&;t& qkH;¶_H;epfem&r_awG jzpfay:cJhygw,f? wjynfvkH;rSm qefjy\emay:cJh&+yD; qefaps;awG róuHpzl;atmif jzpfcJh&w,f? ppftpkd;&u qefjy\emukd vrf;a=umif;ajymif;+yD; vlxk&JŒrauseyfr_awGudk vlrsKd;a&;t"du¶k%f;rsm;qD r#m;OD; vSnfhay;cJhygw,f? w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;}uD; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ppfawGqef vkyGJ}uD; ay:aygufcJh&+yD; tpkvkduftòyHvkduf aoewfeJ@ypfowfwmcHcJh=u&ygw,f? w¶kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;a=umifh ArmjynfwGif;&Sd w¶kwftrsKd;om;tcsKdŒ awmckd=uwmjzpfay:cJhygw,f? w¶kwfArmta&;tcif;rSm ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif yg0ifywfouf ukd,fwG,fajz&Sif;cJhwmawGtay: w¶kwfjynf tpkd;&u rausreyfjzpfcJhygw,f? &v'ftjzpf Armjynfae0if;tpkd;&ukd qef@usifwGef;vSefwkdufckduf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
379
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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=uzk@d w¶kwjf ynfwiG ;f ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u a&muf&adS ewJh Akv d af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ auGŒóud; tkyfpkeJ@ ta0;a&muf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifwJh Zdc|rf;tkyfpkudk atmifoG,fvkyf aygif; pnf;qufpyfay;vkdufygw,f? rD;pdrf;jyay;vkdufygw,f? 1968 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae@ reuf (1) em&DtcsdefrSm Akdvfaemfqkdif; acgif;aqmifwJh wyfzŒJG u wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tpke@J twl jynfoŒl vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;tjzpfcH,lum Armjynfta&SŒajrmufa'o e,fpyfu “rkH;udk;” ukd 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ wlwHpOftvH[m rkHukd;rSm pwifv$ifhxlvkduf+yD;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwfajrmufe,fajr pwifay:xGef;vmygw,f? rkHukd;eJ@ a&SŒqifhaemufqihf wòydifeufwnf;vkdvkd wkdufckdufodrf;ykduf+yD; wlwHpOftvHv$ifhxl vkdufwmuawmh “a[rkd;vkH” jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ A[kd yJc;l ¶k;d rrSm ppftpk;d &&J@ ppfqifa&; }uD;i,frsK;d pkH vuf,u S x f ;dk aeqJumv/ wjynfv;Hk rSm&Sw d hJ Auyvufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;[m tustqk;H }uD;rm;pGmeJ@ ckcw H eG ;f vSef wku d yf q JG ifae&qJumv/ ‘xk;d ppfudk xk;d ppfe@J ¶ku d cf sK;d ’ vk@d om aºuG;a=umfwu dk yf q GJ ifae&ayr,f/h wu,fu t}uD;tus,cf pH pfqifae&wJu h mvrSm/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwfajrmufe,fajr}uD; xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? yJc;l ¶k;d rA[ku d wjznf;jznf; e,fajrusKŒH usKŒH vmcJ&h ayr,fh ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwaf jrmuf e,fajruawmh wjznf;jznf;us,fvmcJhygw,f? yJc;l ¶k;d r A[ked @J ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwaf jrmufe,fajrt=um; tckid t f rm qufo, G af ygi;f ul;ay;r_ rvkyEf idk cf ifrmS ppftpk;d &uyJ yJc;l ¶k;d r Auy A[ku d dk wk;d +yD; xk;d ppfqifacsre_ ;f zk@d óud;pm;ygw,f? 1968 ckESpf/ {+yDv (16) &ufae@reuf tm¶k%fOD;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwD0if/ &Jabmf okH;usdyf0if AkdvfaZ,s usqkH;&ygw,f? A[kdXmecsKyfukd 0kdif;xkd;wJh t¶k%fOD;xkd;ppfrSm usqkH;cJhwmjzpfyg w,f? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy v_y&f mS ;r_udk OD;wnfwu dk yf q JG ifz@dk awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d &u ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf topfwck xyfzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? wyfr (99) jzpfygw,f? (77) (88) (99) ajcjrefwyfr[mXmecsKyf (3) ckeJ@ ppfqifa&;awGukd wkd;+yD;qifovkd/ wkdif;ppf XmecsKyf (7) ck&ŒJ e,fajra'oawGtwGi;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfawGtvku d f ppfa&;pDrcH suaf wGcs+yD;/ aomif; usef;ol tjywfacsr_ef;a&;qkdwmukd t&Sdeft[kefeJ@vkyfygw,f? 1968 ckESpf wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHuae “jynfolŒppfrsm; pepfwus wkd;csJŒzGJŒpnf;ay;&ef” qkdwmukd qkH;jzwf+yD; wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfawGtvkduf wk;d csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;ygw,f? wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfawGuae vufeufwyfqifay;yGaJ wGvyk yf gw,f? òrdŒe,f (212) òrŒd e,f&dS aus;&Gmaygi;f (1831) &Gmu “jynfoŒl ppf” tzGŒJ 0ifaygi;f (67736) a,mufudk ¶kid zf ,f/ pwif;/ ESpfvkH;jyL; pwJh vufeufrsKd;pkH (15227) vuf wyfqifzGJŒpnf;ay;+yD; ppfwyf&JŒ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm tokH;csygw,f? ae&mtm;vHk;rSm ‘umuG,fa&;’ eJ@ ‘jynfolŒppf’ awGukd wkd;+yD;tokH;cs&if; wkd;+yD; xk;d ppfqifwmawG vkycf ahJ yr,fh t"dutm;jzifh Auy/ autif,/l r'nw eJ@ autkid af tukd OD;wnf xkd;ppfqifygw,f? 380
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;rSm ðzwf-xkwf-owfawG quf+yD;jzpfay:ygw,f? wckvkH;t aeeJ@ ðzwf-xkwf-owf rSm &m*%mef;jynfhatmif owfjzwfta&;,lcJhwmr&Sdayr,fh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pnf; ¶k;H a&;t& tifrwef xdcu dk ef pfemr_awG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:wkid ;f wm0efcH A[kad umfrwD0if &Jabmfp;dk oef;/ Adv k x f eG ;f +ird ;f / Akv d x f eG ;f &Sed f wk@d ðzwf-xkw-f owf xJrmS ygomG ;ovkd ausmif;om;or*~u vmwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ukdpkd;0if;/ ukdatmifodef;Ekdif/ ukdodef;xGef;/ ukdcif0if;/ ukdausmfcif wkd@wawGvnf; towfcHoGm;=u&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ xkd;ppfawGtwGif;rSm 1968 ckESpftwGif;rSm &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwD aygvpfAsL¶kd0ifeJ@ r'nw twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol ocifwifxGef;/ A[kdaumfr wD0if a'gufwmewf (of) ac: &JabmfxGef;armif wkd@ usqkH;oGm;&ygw,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif;&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ autif,l/ r'nw wkd@ vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;eJ@ tajccHa'oawG tjyif; txef xkd;ppfqifwkdufckdufjcif;cH&ovkd/ yJcl;¶kd;r&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdXmecsKyf/ A[kdaq; ausmif;/ A[kd rmufhpfvDeif0g' oifwef;ausmif;wkd@vnf; t}udrf}udrf xkd;ppfqifwkdufcdkufwm cH&yg w,f? A[kdXmecsKyf[m t}udrf}udrf ae&ma&$Œajymif;cJh&ygw,f? Akv d af e0if; ppftpk;d &&JŒ uGejf rLepfow k o f ifa&;/ uGejf rLepfygwAD [kXd mcsKyf acsre_ ;f a&;/ t}udrf }udrfaom jyif;jyif;xefxef }uHpnfóud;yrf; xkd;ppfqifaer_awGtwGif;rSm/ ocifoef;xGef;u “*syefacwf u usaemfw@dk u,fc&hJ wJh Akv d af e0if;[m tckawmh usaemfw@dk udk taoowfz@dk tjyif;t xefóud;yrf;aevku d yf rHk sm;” vdk h rSwrf w S x f ifxif zGi[ hf ajymqko d mG ;ygw,f? 1968 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@ nae (5) em&D rdepf (20) avmufrmS / awmificl ¶kid f u|yJ òJG rŒd taemufawmifaxmifh (5) rkdifavmuftuGm yJcl;¶kd;r A[kdtajccHpcef;wcktwGif;rSm tpkd;&&JŒppfwyfu awmvmckdw,fqkdwJh óuHwdwf (ac: ) vkHwdwf (ac: ) ijr qkdol&JŒ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏ ocifoef;xGe;f usq;Hk oGm;&ygw,f? ArmhEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwo D rkid ;f rSm tifrwef }u;D us,x f if&mS ;cJw h /hJ a&SŒwef;ta&mufq;Hk tcef;uae yg0if&u G af qmif acgi;f aqmifcw hJ hJ ocifoef;xGe;f [m yJcl;¶kd;rtwGif; usqkH;&csdefrSm touf (57) ESpfom &Sdygao;w,f? ocifoef;xGe;f usq;Hk +yD;aemuf ArmjyefueG jf rLepfygwu D dk OuUÏtjzpf ocifZifu qufccH yhJ g w,f? twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf ocifcspfu qufvufwm0ef,lygw,f? ppftpkd;&u ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDukd tjywfacsr_ef;ypfEkdifzkd@ ppfqifa&;awGudk wck+yD;wckvkyfygw,f? OuUÏ ocifZifeJ@ twGif;a&; rª; ocifcspf wk@d u (64) vrf;pOfudk qufvufuidk pf +JG yD; awmfveS af &;tvHudk qufvufvi$ x hf yl gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD yJc;l ¶k;d rA[ked @J ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ot=um; wqufwpyfwnf;aom awmfveS af &;vrf;r}uD;ukad wmh atmifatmifjrifjrif ckid cf idk rf mrmjzpfatmif aygif;ul;wHwm; xkd;ray;EdkifcJh=uyg? wckwnf;aom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtvHawmfukd twlwuG ukid af qmifxm;=uayr,fh yJc;l ¶k;d rA[k[ d m ppftpk;d &&JŒ xk;d ppfqifra_ wGudk tqufrjywf ckc&H ifqidk af e &+yD; cHppftaetxm; &ifqkdifae&ygw,f? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ouawmh wlwHpOftvHukd v$ifhxl csdefup+yD; (w¶kwfjynf&JŒ tultnDtjynfht0eJ@) wpxufwp e,fajrcsJŒxGif odrf;ykdufEkdifcJh+yD; xkd;ppftaetxm;eJ@ vGwfajrmufe,fajr}uD; tqufrjywf us,fjyef@vmcJhygw,f? 1968 xJrSm autif,luvnf; w¶kwfjynfukd y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ apv$wfcJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
381
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ppftpk;d &[m ppftpk;d &yDyD ppfa&;ukt d av;wif+y;D aomif;use;f oltðywfwu dk af &;ukd OD;wnf vkyfaqmifaewmeJ@ wòydifeufwnf;rSm EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t& e,fy,faygif; pkHukd tjynfht0 csKyfukdifv$rf;rkd;xm;a&;ukdvnf; tqufrjywf vkyfaqmifygw,f? 67 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm A[kdawmifolv,form;aumifpDqkdwmukd zGJŒpnf;cJhovkd/ 1968 ckEpS /f arv (1) &ufae@rmS A[kt d vkyo f rm;aumifpq D w dk mukd zGŒJ pnf;cJjh yefygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf Akdvfrª;}uD;armifa&$/ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf Adkvfrª;ukd}uD; wkd@ acgif;aqmifyg0ifcJhygw,f// tm%mtm;vk;H ukd ukid x f m;wmu awmfveS af &;aumifp/D awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ atmufrmS awmifov l ,form;aumifpeD @J tvkyo f rm;aumifp/D ygwt D aeeJ@uawmh jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOf ygwDqkdwJh tcif;tusif;jzpfygw,f? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrfpOfygwu D dk OD;aqmifygw}D uD;tjzpf a&SŒwef;xkwzf @dk trsK;d rsK;d od'w d< if&if; tvkyform;aumifpDeJ@ v,form;aumifpDukd rqvygwD&JŒ b,fawmifyHESifh nmawmifyHtjzpf wyfqifykHazmfygw,f? ygwD,lepf¶kH;qkdwmawGwkdif;rSm v,form;aumifpDqkdif;bkwfeJ@ tvkyform; aumifpDqkdif;bkwfawG b,fnm pkdufxlzGifhvkdufygw,f? b,favmufyJ toGif,l,l ppftpkd;&qkdwJh twGif;o¶kyfukd zkH;tkyfxm;vkd@r&atmif azmfjy aewmuawmh awmfveS af &;aumifpq D w dk mrSmvnf; ppfAv dk x f yd o f ;D }uD;awG/ rqvygwAD [kad umfrwD qkw d mrSmvnf; ppfAv dk x f yd o f ;D }uD;awG/ A[kad wmifov l ,f orm;aumifpq D w dk meJ@ A[kt d vkyo f rm; aumifpDqkdwmrSmvnf; ppfAkdvfxdyfoD;}uD;awGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? a'gufawG aAsmufawG tyGifhawG bm;awGucsnf; ae&mwum ae&m,lxm;wm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jrifEkdifygw,f? v,form;aumifp/D tvkyo f rm;aumifpaD wGuadk zmfovkd pmoifausmif;rSmvnf; ‘ausmif; aumifp’D qkw d mukd azmfz@dk óud;pm;ygw,f? pepfopfynma&;qkw d mukd azmfxw k +f yD; ynma&;avmu ukv d nf; xde;f csKyfEidk zf @dk óu;d yrf;ygw,f? ‘ausmif;aumifp’D qkw d mu ppftpk;d &rsurf ek ;f usK;d vSwhJ ausmif; om;or*~}uD;ukd &moufyefz,f&Sm;ypf+yD;/ ausmif;om;or*~}uD;tpm; ausmif;om;or*~&JŒae&m tpm;xkd;zkd@ zGJŒpnf;ay;wmjzpfygw,f? pepfopfynma&;qkdwmuawmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd; &u aºuG;a=umfxm;wJh qkd&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;}uD;eJ@ ukdufnDatmif/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf rl0g' oabmxm;awGeJ@ vkdufzufatmif oif¶kd;awGutp topfjyefa&;+yD; wzufuvnf; toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;ynma&;ukd OD;pm;ay;wJh ynma&;pepfjzpfygw,f? 1968 ckESpfukefykdif;avmufrSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ t&yf&yftajctaeukd wGufcsuf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;upm;uGufwckukd zefwD;vkdufjyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh “jynfwGif;nD!¸wfa&; tzGŒJ ” qkw d mukd zGŒJ pnf;zk@d Ek0d ifbmv (29) &ufae@rmS Ekid if aH &;orm;a[mif; }uD; (33) OD;ukd zdwaf c:+yD; t=uHay;tzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;aqmif&Gufvkda=umif; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u tqkdðyvkdufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (4) &ufae@rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD a=unmcsuftrSwf (72) eJ@ “jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH jynfwGif;nD!Gwfa&;t}uHay;tzGJŒ” ukd tJh'D (33) OD;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;vkdufygw,f? “(33) OD; aumfrwD” vkd@ vlodrsm;cJhygw,f? (33) OD;aumfrwDrSm yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw acgif;aqmifa[mif; }uD;awGomru &Sr;f / csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f &ckid f pwJh wkid ;f &if;om;aygi;f pkyH gatmif xnfo h iG ;f zGJŒpnf;xm;ygw,f? 382
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
62 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;aumifpD tm%modr;f pOfu tzrf;cHvu dk &f +yD; axmifxJ av;ig;ESpaf e vkduf&+yD; jyefvGwfvmwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkeJ@ orwa[mif; ref;0if;armifwkd@vnf; ygygw,f? trsm;pkuawmh vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemufyidk ;f acwfwavsmufrmS 0ef}u;D 0efuav;eJ@ jynfe,faumifpD jynfe,ftpk;d &awGrmS yg0ifczhJ ;l olawGjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpu D tpk;d &&JŒvkyif ef;aqmifwm awGxJrSm xnfhoGif;tokH;ðy+yD; &mxl;XmeE W& wkduf¶kdufay;tyf+yD;om; yk*~KdvfawGawmh ryg0ifawmh yg? ¡Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;odef;azjrifh/ ocifwifjr/ ocifausmfxGef; wkd@vkdyg?¢ (33) OD;aumfrDwDrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh æ (1) OD;ausm+f idr;f / (2) OD;ausmrf if;/ (3) Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ (4) Akv d cf ifarmif/ (5) ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ (6) ocifcspaf rmif (jrefatmif)/ (7) p0fpidk ;f vk/H (8) ocifpjH rif/h (9) 'l0gaZmf&pf/ (10) 'l0gaZmfveG ;f / (11) ocifwif/ (12) OD;wif!eG @f / (13) OD;xyfvid_ ;f / (14) OD;xGe;f jrifh (vif;ac;)/ (15) OD;Ek/ (16) p0fjynf/h (17) rGefzkd;csKd/ (18) OD;AaqG/ (19) Akdvfrif;acgif/ (20) OD;a&$óudif/ (21) ocifvGif/ (22) ocifvSau|/ (23) ocifav;armif/ (24) OD;vGryf /Hk (25) p0f0À/ (26) ref;0if;armif/ (27) z'kad 0aomf/ (28) ocifoif/ (29) ocifomcif/ (30) q&momxdk/ (31) OD;omxGef;/ (32) Akdvfrª;atmif/ (33) EkdifatmifxGef; wkd@jzpfygw,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u ‘t=uHay;tzGŒJ ’ ukzd ŒJG pnf;+yD; tJ'h D (33) OD;aumfrw D u D dk t}uH^m%fay; =uzkd@ arwWm&yfcHwmvkyfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ vlenf;pkta&; tukefvkH;òcH+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;t=uHay;zk@d awmif;ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;ukd b,fvdk wnfaqmufoifo h vJqw dk mukd t}uH^m%fay;=uzkd@vnf; awmif;cHygw,f? nD!Gwfa&;wGifru “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'” wck ay:xGef;vma&;txd &nf&G,fxm;w,fvkd@vnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u ajymqkdcJhygw,f? “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'” wck ay:xGef;a&;qkdwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;uæ “usaemftckokH;aewJh pum;xJrSm zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wckvkd@ usaemfajymw,f? wckqadk wmh ta[mif;yJjzpfrvm;/ topfv;Hk vk;H yJjzpfrvm;/ ta[mif;ukyd J jyifoihjf yif&mjyif+yD; vkyf =urvm;qkdwJh tpdwftykdif;xdatmif usaemfwkd@oGm;=u&r,f” vkd@ ajymqkdoGm;cJhygw,f? 'D (33) OD;wifru/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk u ajymEkid q f Edk idk w f hJ vltm;vk;H ajymEkid af tmif wkid ;f jynfudk a=unm+yD;awmhvnf; awmif;ygO;D r,fv@dk ajymqko d mG ;cJyh gw,f? (aemufyidk ;f rSm/ jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; udpPESifhywfouf+yD; t}uH^m%frsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ &&SdEkdif&efqkd+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;u jynfolawGqD a=unmcsufxkwfjyefawmif;cHcJhwm&Sdygw,f?) t}uHay;tzGJŒ[m aqG;aEG;yGJeJ@ywfoufwJh vkyfief;tpDtpOfawGukd rdrdwkd@óudufESpfoufo vkd pDpOfEkdifw,fvkd@ cGifhðy+yD; t}uHay;pmwrf;awG wifoGif;=uzkd@ awmif;qkdzdwfac:ygw,f? t}uaH y;tzGŒJ &JŒ vkyif ef;oufwrf;ukv d nf; 1969 ckEpS /f arv (31) &ufae@txd owfrw S af y;cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;twGuf wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk &JŒ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ wkid ;f &if;om;vl rsKd;pkrsm;ta&;wifru/ aemifay:vmvwWHaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;twGufxdyg ar#mf rSe;f +yD;/ jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;t}uHay;tzGŒJ ‘(33) OD;aumfrw D ’D }uD;ukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zGŒJ pnf; ay;vku d w f ,fqakd wmh jynfov l x l }k uD;twGi;f rSm xl;jcm;vmOD;rvm;qk+d yD; ar#mv f ifch sux f m;csipf &m/ apmifhvifh=unfhp&mjzpfcJh&jyefygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
383
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
(33) OD;aumfrw D x D rJ mS yg0ifwo hJ al wGuvnf; OD;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / ref;0if;armifw@dk vdk yk*K~ v d af wGomru 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|/ ocifav;armifw@dk vdk yk*K~ v d af wGvnf; yg0ifaeawmh/ 0JawGa&m ,mawGa&m =um;awGa&m pkaH eawmh wu,fudk nDn! D w G ! f w G ef @J wkid w f idk f yifyifrsm; vkyu f idk af qmif&u G o f mG ;csiv f @dk rsm;vm;vk@d awG;csipf &m ar#mv f ifch sipf &mtaetxm; zefw;D ay;xm;ygw,f? 'Dvedk nf;eJ@ tcsed f (6) vausmaf vmuf rufv;Hk ay;xm;vku d yf gw,f? awmwGi;f vufeufuidk f tiftm;pkawGtay:rJ+yD; xkd;ppfqif&if; rqvygwDckdifcHha&;ukdvnf; enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ wnfaqmufaecJh ygw,f? zqyvacwfu “Auy ukd tjywfòzEd idk &f if qk&d , S v f pfygwD tvkv d }dk u;D xGm;vmrSmyJ” vk@d OD;ausmf+idrf; OD;AaqG wkd@wGufqcJh=uovkd/ tckvnf; “Auy ukdtðywfacsr_ef;Ekdif&if rqv tvkv d }dk uD;xGm;ckid cf hH vmrSmyJ” vk@d ,q l +y;D Akv d cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; [m Auy wk@d &ŒJ yJc;l ¶k;d rA[kd òyyd suaf &;ukd ppfa&;t& tav; wif+yD; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaecJhygw,f? wòydifeufwnf;rSm jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd Auy/ autif,leJ@ r'nw tiftm;pkawG a=uðyef;a&;ukdvnf; a&$vif;,kefppfqifa&;eJ@ rkd;[def; ppfqifa&;awG csrSwf+yD; tjyif;txef; xkd;ppfqifcJhygw,f? a&$vif;,kefppfqifa&; tqifh (1) uae tqifh (6) txd/ rkd;[def; ppfqifa&; tqifh (1) uae tqifh (3) txd owfrSwf+yD; jrpf0u|ef;ay: ykodrf/ ajrmif;jr/ bkduav;/ armfu|ef;/ usKHaysmf/ tdrfrJ/ yef;waemf/ ausmif;ukef;/ "EkjzL/ vyGwWm/ iykawm a'oawGtwGif; tjyif;txef ppfqifa&; awGvkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dppfqifa&;twGif;rSm ‘jynfo@l ppf’qkw d mawGudk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ azmfxw k t f ok;H csc¶hJ rHk u/ “aomif;use;f r_ qef@usiaf &; tzGJ@” qkdwmawGukdyg xyfqifhazmfxkwf+yD; vlxk}uD;ukdyg ppfwyf&JŒ ppfqifa&;awGtwGif; twif; t"rR yg0ifaqmif&GufapcJhygw,f? ta&SŒajrmufa'o Auy wkd@&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awG wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmwJhtwGuf ajcjrefwyfr XmecsKyf (2) ckeJ@ qkdifay;xm;&+yD;/ ¶kd;reJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:rSmvnf; wyfawGtrsm;tjym; okH;pGJae&wJh twGu/f aemufxyf ppftiftm;xyfw;dk csŒJ zk@d vkw d ,fo;Hk oyf+yD;/ aemufxyf “ajcvsiw f yf&if;” (6) &if;ukd xyf+yD; jznfhwif;zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? &Sr;f jynfrmS &Sw d hJ ppftpk;d &u zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wJh “umuG,af &;wyf” awGuv kd nf; “ppfwyfe@J yl;aygif;+yD; aomif;usef;ol olykefawGukdomwkduf/ txl;ojzifh Auyukdom OD;wnfwkduf” usefwm vkycf siw f mvkycf iG hf ðyxm;cJyh gw,f? em;vnfre_ @J bde;f vkycf iG u hf dk vkycf iG ðhf yxm;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh ‘cGeq f m’ enf;wl bde;f ukd t}u;D tus,v f yk =f uwJh ppftpk;d &todtrSwðf y “umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG ” awG &Sr;f jynf xJrmS trsm;tjym;jzpfay:aeygw,f? uk;d uef@umuG,af &;acgi;f aqmif ‘avmfppf[ef’/ ‘0’ e,fum uG,af &;acgi;f aqmif Akv d v f , G Of ;D / usKid ;f wku H muG,af &;acgi;f aqmif ‘,efxeG ’f wk@d [m bde;f ukt d }uD; tus,v f yk o f al wGtjzpf emrnf}uD;cJyh gw,f? 1967 ckEpS u f urBmuodwhJ bde;f ppfyu JG dk qifEcJ$ w hJ hJ cGeq f m ukad wmh/ 68 ckEpS rf mS wef@,ef;e,frmS aecGiðhf yxm+y;D / 69 xJusrS rvGo J mra&Smifom tzrf;jy xde;f odr;f vku d &f ayr,f/h avmfppf[ef wk@d wawGuawmh bde;f ukt d }uD;tus,f qufvufvyk u f idk &f if;/ ppftpkd;&todtrSwfðy umuG,fa&;wyfawGtjzpf wpxufwp }uD;xGm;vmcJhygw,f? 1969 ckEpS /f ZGev f (2) &ufae@rmS ‘jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;tzGŒJ ’ (33) OD;aumfrw D &D ŒJ vkyif ef;rsm; +yD;qkH;oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? 384
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(33) OD;aumfrDwD[m 68 'DZifbmuae/ 69 ZGefvtxd (6) vtwGif;rSm tpnf;ta0; (93) }udrw f idk f aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifc=hJ uygw,f? &v'ftjzpf t}uHay;csuef @J t}uHay;pmwrf;awG xGuaf y: vmygw,f? (33) OD;xJu xGuaf y:vmwJh oabmxm;tjrifawGudk aygi;f ¶k;H +y;D / tkypf v k u dk f cGu J ef@+y;D ok;H oyf =unfhr,fqkd&if t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh tkyfpk (3) ck xGufay:vmygw,f? tkyfpk (3) ck&JŒ oabmxm; tjrifay:u xGufay:vmwJh t}uHðy qENay;r_[mvnf; (3) rsKd; (3) pm;&Sdw,fvkd@ qdkEkdifygw,f? trsm;qkH;tpkjzpfwJh (18) OD;yg yxrtkyfpk&JŒ t}uHðywifjycsufuawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepfukdxl axmifyg/ ygwpD pHk epfuu dk sio hf ;Hk yg/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm tpk;d &/ or0g,r/ zufpyf/ yk*v ~ u d qkw d hJ ajcav;acsmif; axmufpD;yGm;a&;ukd oGm;ygqkdwmjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHzGJŒpnf;r_ukdawmh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkykHpHukd awmif;qkdt}uHðyxm;ygw,f? 'DtkyfpkrSm wnf+rJa&m oef@&Sif;a&m yg¶kHru wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygw,f? yg0ifolawGuawmh æ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmrf if;/ Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ Akv d rf if;acgi/f ocifwif/ p0f0À/ ref;0if;armif/ q&m omwk/d Ekid af tmifxeG ;f / Akv d rf ;ª atmif/ OD;xyfvid_ ;f / p0fjynf/h p0fpidk ;f vk/H OD;a&$óudi/f OD;vGryf /Hk Akv d cf ifarmif/ 'l0gaZmf&pf/ 'l0gaZmfvGef; wkd@jzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD qkd&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pDqkd&S,fEkdifiH xlaxmifzkd@jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,tkyfpkuawmh (11) OD;yg0ifygw,f? vuf0Jtkyfpkvkd@ ajymr,fqkd&ifvnf; ajymqkdEkdifyg w,f? qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDvrf;a=umif;uae qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHxlaxmifa&;ukd t}uHðyygw,f? EkdifiH a&;pepfu wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfjzpfayr,fh qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDpepfukd xlaxmifzkd@ “trsKd;om; nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk” zGŒJ zk@d t}uHðyygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;ukd pDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;pepf/ Ekid if H zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyf yko H ¿mefudk qkAd , D ufjynfaxmifpyk pHk H vkv d m;ygw,f? uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyfjyÏmef;cGi&hf w dS hJ jynfe,frsm;eJ@ &moufyef rcGJwrf; jynfaxmifpkykHo¿mefukd t}uHðyygw,f? 'DtkyfpkrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh æ ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifav;armif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|/ ocifpjH rif/h ocifoif/ OD;om xGef;/ OD;wif!Gef@/ rGefzkd;csKd/ OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;)/ z'kda0aomf wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? wwd,tkyfpkuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;/ ocifcspfarmif (jrefatmif) eJ@ ocifomcifwkd@ (3) OD; tkyfpkjzpfygw,f? a,bk,s tm;jzifh (18) OD;yg yxrtkyfpkeJ@ twlwlvkdjzpf+yD;/ wkdif;&if;om;a&;&meJ@ Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;yku H pd rP mS om uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygw,f? Ekid if aH wmfudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk rzJŒG pnf;bJ xkdif;/ AD,uferf wkd@vkdrsKd; wjynfaxmifpepfukd usifhokH;+yD; cGJxGufcGihfukd vkH;0vufrcHvkdolawGjzpfyg w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ekuawmh “trsKd;om;tpkd;&w&yf csufjcif;zGJŒpnf;+yD;/ ta&;}uD;wJh jy\emawG ajz&Si;f a&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ t}uaH y;pmwrf;wapmif a&;om;wifjycJyh gw,f?” OD;Ek uawmh “EkdifiHawmf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ aiG;a&;a=u;a&;/ vlr_zlvkHa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;jy\emawG[m jynf axmifpk&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;awGukd òyduGJusqkH;wJhb0 ra&mufa&mufatmif wae@ wjcm; ykdrkdwkd;wufjyif;xefpGm ykd@vsuf&Sdw,fvkd@ usaemf rrSdwfrokef,kH=unfw,f” vkd@tpcsD+yD; tJ'DvkdtajctaeawGa=umifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh trsKd;om;tpkd;&w&yf csufcsif; ta&; w}uD;zGJŒpnf;zkd@ vkdtyfa=umif;/ tJ'Dvkd zGJŒpnf;r,fhtpkd;&ukd vlxku =unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHatmif teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
385
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&u EkdifiHawmftm%mukd OD;Ek qD yxrOD;pGm jyefvnftyfESHzkd@/ tJh'Daemuf OD;Eku v$wfawmfac: +yD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd orwcef@zkd@/ tpkd;&tzGJŒukd zGJŒpnf;apzkd@eJ@ (33) OD; t}uHay; tzGJŒ0ifawGukd tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;rsm;eJ@ EkdifiHawmforw&JŒ t}uHay;yk*~KdvfawGtjzpf qufvuf aqmif&GufoGm;apzkd@qkd+yD; t}uHðywifjyygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒt=uHay;csufukd ref;0if;armif/ ocifwifeJ@ Akdvfcifarmifav; wkd@u jznfhpGuft}uHðy wifjy=uygw,f? OD;Ek [m ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfukd jyefvnfazmfxkwfzkd@ t=uHðywmjzpfygw,f? wenf;tm; jzifh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfukd twwfEkdifqkH; xdrf;odrf;xm;+yD; tpGrf;ukefumuG,fapmifha&SmufEkdifzkd@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=unfhwmjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m wckrSvufrcHcJhyg? b,ftkyfpk&JŒoabmxm;ukdrS vufrcHcJhovkd/ b,fyk*~Kdvf&JŒ t}uHðywifjycsufukdrSvnf; tav;rxm;cJhyg? tav;xm;ygw,fqkdwJh odrfarGŒaysmh ajymif;r_ t&dyfedrdwfudkawmif rjyocJhyg? bma=umifhvnf;qdkawmh tpuwnf;u 'DEkdifiHa&;yk*~Kdvf }uD;awG&ŒJ t}uHay;r_udk vkv d cdk sicf sif &,lcsiv f eG ;f vk@d av;av;pm;pm; awmif;cHcw hJ mr[kww f t hJ jyif/ tpuwnf;u ol[m eHygwf (1) yk*K~ v d jf zpfa=umif; tay: pD;uaejyocJ+h y;D +yjD zpfygw,f? (33) OD;aom yk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;ukd zdwfac:awGŒqkHwJhae@uwnf;u olrsm;xuf ododomomjrifhwJh ukvm;xkdif}uD; ay:rSm ae&m,lxkdifjy+yD;/ OD;Ektygt0if (33) OD;aom yk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;ukd olŒxuf wqifhedrfhaeapcJh+yD; +yDjzpfygw,f? tpuwnf;u AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &nf&G,fxm;wmu tcsdefqGJzkd@eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzkd@ jzpfygw,f? aemufwa=umif;uvnf; olŒvufatmuf olŒpdwóf uduyf pHk eH @J 0ifvmcJ&h if tay: pD;uae tokH;cszkd@jzpfygw,f? wGif;xJa&mufaewJh ºuGufawGtm;vkH; tay:wufvmatmif armif;wif=unfh +yD;/ olwkd@&JŒoabmxm;trSefawGukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odatmif vkyf=unfh+yD;/ vkdtyfovkd ukd,fht wGuftokH;cszkd@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh (33) OD; t=uHay;tzGJŒ&JŒ t}uHay;csufawGukd wckrSvufrcHcJhovkd/ tav;xm; a=umif; razmfjy¶kHru/ 1969 ckESpfxJrSmyJ usif;ywJh rqv&JŒ pwkwWt}udrf ygwDESD;aESmyGJrSm AkdvfcsKyf }uD;ae0if; u a[m'Dvkdawmif ajym=um;vkdufygao;w,f? “33 a,mufxJrSmygwJh yk*~Kdvftrsm;pk[m usaemfeJ@ tifrwef&if;ESD;aeawmh/ aqGvkdrsKd;vkd nDtukdvkd wkdufyGJawGrSm twlaevmcJhwJhyk*~KdvfawGyg? EkdifiHa&;oHa0*rsm;&+yD; a&mufvmvkd@&Sd&if/ wk@d vyk &f ukid &f wm vkyrf ,fu h idk rf ,fo h l ykv d m&ifaumif;w,f? rvmvnf; aeygapaygæ h qk+d y;D usaemfw@dk 'Dvo dk abmeJ@ ac:vku d w f myg? t}u^H m%faumif;rsm;xGuv f mvk@d &&dS ifvnf; ykad umif;wmaygah v æ 33 OD;usawmhvnf; olw@dk u b,fvw dk u G jf yefovJqadk wmh usaemfw@dk 'kuaQ &mufv@dk jy\ em&Sdvkd@qkdawmh awG;wmukdu [kwfrSr[kwfbJeJ@? tJ'Dawmh olwkd@wifjywJh t}uH^m%fawG[m olwkd@,kH=unfwmvnf; ygwmayghæ aemifudk usaemfw@dk e@J qufo, G cf si=f uwJh tjyifuvlaygah v? qufo, G cf si&f if usaemfw@dk vydk J oabmjzL tlpif;eJ@vmcJhyg? a0hvDa0hvnf wcgxJ yg;vSvkd@ eyfvSvkd@awmh vkyf+yD;rvmeJ@? usaemfwkd@ vnf;yJ jrufpm;aewmr[kwfbl;æ” wJh? 386
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rqvygwD ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS OuUÏ&JŒ tzGirhf ed ;f cGe;f tjzpf ajym=um;cJw h t hJ xJu Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ tJ'Dpum;[m (33) OD; t}uHay;tzJGŒukd bma=umifhac:vJqkdwm (33) OD;ukd awmfvSefa&; aumifpDu b,fvkdoabmxm;vJqkdwm t&Sif;qkH; azmfjyaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh tpuwnf;u bmt}uH^m%frS vkv d v dk m;vm; vkcd siv f eG ;f vk@d ac:,lzŒJG pnf;cJw h m r[kwfwJh “(33) OD;t}uHay;tzGJŒ” qkdwm[m (6) veJ@yJ bm&v'faumif;rS rxGufyJ edXdwHoGm;&yg w,f? (33) OD;aom yk*K~ v d }f uD;rsm;[m ‘t}uHay;tzGŒJ ’ &,fv@dk w&m;0ifzŒJG ay;+yD; t}uH^m%fawmif;cH vmwmukd t}u^H m%fay;rdwt hJ wGuf av;av;pm;pm; oabmtxm;rcH&¶krH u/ rqJ¶w Hk r,f &efvyk f v$ww f mcHvu dk &f wJu h ed ;f qku d cf &hJ ygw,f? t}uHay;rdygw,f? axmifrcswmuHaumif;w,fv@dk ajym& r,fhudef;qdkufcJhygw,f? (33) OD;om axmifcsrcHvkduf&ayr,fh t}uHay;rdwJhtwGuf axmifcscHvkduf&olawGvnf; trSefwu,fukd ay:aygufcJhygw,f? tJ'guawmh csif;rsKd;cspfyk*~Kdvf ‘OD;vseftkyf’ eJ@ tzGJŒjzpfygw,f? csi;f trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ OD;vset f yk f [m 68 ckEpS f “jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uH ay;tzGJ@” ukdwifjyzkd@ (33) OD;xJrSmyg0ifwJh csif;trsKd;om;jzpfwJh OD;xyfv_dif; qDuwqifh pmwrf;w apmif a&;om;ðypkwifjycJyh gw,f? csi;f vli,frsm;uk, d pf m; a&;om;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? pmwrf;&JŒacgi;f pOf u “csif;vli,frsm;t}uHay;csuf” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? pmwrf;&JŒoabmu “1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyf csKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'” &JŒ tm;enf;csuu f dk zGijhf y+yD;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epfjzifh Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;tkyf csKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJjyÏmef;zkd@ wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tusKd;qufuawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu OD;vseftkyf eJ@wuG pmwrf;rSm twlvufrw S af &;xk;d cJ=h uwJh csi;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif (80) ausmu f dk “zuf'&,f cGx J u G af &;orm;” awGv@dk uifyeG ;f wyf+yD; ESp&f n S v f rsm; axmifcsypfcyhJ gw,f? axmifeef;pHapcJyh gw,f? ‘t}uHay;tzGJŒ’ &,fvkd@vnf; zGJŒxm;+yD; t}uHawmif;vkd@ t}uHay;rdygw,f? t}uHukdvufrcHEkdif&if ab;z,fxm;/ ckawmh vlygaxmifcsypfvu dk w f muawmh ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D yJ&w dS ,fv@dk rSww f rf; wif&ygvdrfhr,f? wu,fu AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; eJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[m t}uH^m%fukd vkdcsifwmr[kwf? olwkd@ukd axmufcHwmukdom vkdcsifcJhwmyg? t}uH^m%fqkd&ifvnf; axmufcHwJht}uH^m%fukdom vkdcsifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&ukd óudufovkd óudqkdaxmufcH t}uHðy=uprf;yg? rwlwmawmhrajymeJ@qkdwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? rwlwJht}uH^m%fawG rvkdcsifyg? tm%mukda&&Snf qkyu f idk +f y;D b,fvydk o Hk ¾mefe@J rsm; oGm;&r,fqw dk m awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m olŒ[mol qk;H jzwfxm; +yD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh t=uHay;tzGJ@ukd &yfqkdif;xm;+yD;jyD;csif; ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJusif;ywJh 1969 ckESpf pwkwWt}udrf rqvygwD/ ygwDESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSmyJ “zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opf” a&;qGJ a&;ukd oljzpfapcsifwmawGeJ@ vrf;a=umif;+yD; pwifxkwfazmfajymqkdcJhygw,f? vlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;ukd vSnzhf sm;zk@d pum;vk;H vSvaS v;ok;H +y;D qk;H jzwfc=hJ uwmuawmh “jynfov l x l v k ufo@dk Ekid if aH wmftm%m jyeftyfa&;twGuf/ EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opf a&;qGJ&ef” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? (33) OD; t=uHay;tzGŒJ zGŒJ pnf;zk@d pwifwek ;f u zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' ay:ayguaf &;txd t}uH^m%f ay;zkd@ awmif;qkdwkef;uawmh “ta[mif;yJjzpfrvm;/ topfvkH;vkH;yJujzpfrvm;/ ta[mif;ukd teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
387
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jyifoif&h mjyif+yD; vky=f urvm;qkw d mxd oGm;=uzk@d ” vk@d qcdk ahJ yr,f/h tckawmh “ tajccHOya'rlopf” a&;qG&J efv@dk cyf&iS ;f &Si;f yJ ajymif;vJajymqkv d mcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D dk ,wdjywfrajymqkv d @dk vnf; rjzpfawmh wmu ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? tm%mukd a&&Snf qufvufqkyfukdifxm;Ekdifzkd@twGufeJ@ rqvygwD wygwDwnf;ukdyJ OD;aqmifygwD}uD;tjzpf òydifbufr&Sdvkyfxm;Ekdifzkd@u 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' a[mif;twkid ;f vkyx f m;vk@d b,fvrdk S jzpfEidk v f rd rhf ,fr[kwyf g? 47 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'u wygwDwnf;wnf&SdcGifhukd jiif;y,fxm;wJh ygwDpkHygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepf ykHpHjzpfaevkd@ jzpfygw,f? aemufwcsufu 47 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a[mif;twkdif;yJ qufvuf todtrSwðf yr,fq&dk if tajccHOya' a[mif;[m tajccHtm;jzifh rSew f ,fv@dk t"dyg` ,x f u G o f mG ;+yD;/ tJ'D rSeu f efwhJ tajccHOya'ukd csK;d azmufc¶hJ rHk u t+yD;tykid zf suo f rd ;f ypfcw hJ m awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppfwyfjzpfwt hJ wGuf uk, d [ hf muk, d f tvkt d avsmuf w&m;cHb0 usa&mufomG ;Ekid w f t hJ wGujf zpfyg w,f? tJ'gawGa=umifh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfukd rjzpfjzpfatmifukd azmfxkwf&r,fjzpfyg w,f? 47 zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'a[mif;ukd }uHzef+yD;ukd o¶kyzf su&f r,fjzpfygw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u“47 zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'” &JŒ tm;enf;csufawGukd xkwfazmf+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJzkd@/ 'grrS [kwf topfa&;qGzJ @dk awmif;qkw d m vkv d m;wm[m olw@kd &ŒJ w&m;ojzifh tcGit hf a&;awGtwGuf rr#wwmawGudk z,f&mS ;zk@d twGuf jzpfygw,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wk@d ppftyk pf &k ŒJ “47 zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajc cHOya'” &JŒ tm;enfcsuaf wGudk xkwaf zmf+yD; topfa&;qGzJ @kd vkv d m;wmu/ olw@dk tm%m qufvuf wnf+rJa&;eJ@ olwkd@ usL;vGefcsKd;azmufcJhwmawGukd w&m;enf;vrf;uscJhoa,mif w&m;xlaxmif Ekid af &;twGujf zpfygw,f? tESpo f m&jcif;rwlovkd &nf&, G cf sujf cif;[mvnf; ajzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@ usifjcm;em;aeygw,f? 47 zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd zsufodrf;+yD; ppfwyfuae tkyfcsKyfaewmvnf; (7) ESpfausmf+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf bmzGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSr&SdyJ tkyfpkd;aewm (7) ESpfausmf+yDvkd@ ajym&rSm jzpfwt hJ wGuf “zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'” wck zefw;D zk@d awmfveS af &;aumifpu D jyifqifpidk ;f jyif; vmcJyh gw,f? xGuaf y:vm&r,fh ‘tajccHOya'’ [m awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ajymaewJh qk&d , S v f pf vrf;a=umif;qkw d meJ@vnf; uku d n f *D iG u f sjzpf&ygvrd rhf ,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwnfaqmuf vkdufwJh jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD}uD;wckwnf; òydifbufr&Sd &yfwnf+yD;/ OD;aqmifvrf;!¸efaew,fqkdwJh oabmxm;eJ@vnf; tH0if*Gifusjzpf&ygvdrfhr,f? jynfaxmifpk}uD; òyduGJrSmpkd;wJhtwGuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJh&wm/ ‘zuf'&,frl’ [m jynfaxmifpk}uD; tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$mòyduGJa&;jzpfwJhtwGuf tcsdefrD wyfrawmfu umuG,fapmifha&SmufcJh&wmvkd@ ta=umif;jy xm;cJw h mESiv hf nf; avsmn f [ D yfpyfatmif/ zuf'&,fudk vufrcHEidk w f hJ Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;ykrH sK;d eJ@ tajc cHOya'vnf; jzpfaezk@d vt dk yfygw,f? tJ'v D dk t"du rygrjzpf tcsut f vufawGe@J vku d af vsmnDaxG jynfhpkHEkdifr,fh EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'topfw&yf ay:xGef;vma&;ukd awmfvSefa&; aumifpD[m tuGufcs+yD; pDrHygw,f? (33) OD; t=uHay;aumfrwDtzGŒJ &yfqidk ;f t+yD;rSm Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;pD;wJh ppftpk;d ppftyk pf k [m b,fawmhrS ygvDref'Drkdua&pDvrf;a=umif;ukd oGm;awmhrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ ygwDpkHpepfukdvnf; ajcOD;vSnfhawmhrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudkvnf; olwynfhvufom; vuf 388
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
atmufct H qifah vmufom Akv d af e0if;u oabmxm;awmhwmjzpfa=umif; aumif;aumif; oabm ayguo f mG ;+y;D jzpfwhJ 0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek [m 1969 ckEpS /f {+yv D xJrmS Ak'*< g,mukd bk&m;zl;ta=umif; jy+yD; jynfyc&D;xGufcGmoGm;cJh&mu jyefrvmawmhyg? “b,fawmhrS vufeufukdifvrf;pOfukd vufrcH/ r,kH=unf” vkd@qkdcJhwJh OD;Ek/ “vufeufukdif vrf;pOfudk pGe@f vw $ yf g/ vufeufuidk t f =urf;zufenf;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;tm%mukd &,lcsiw f m/ &,lz@dk óud;yrf; wmrSefor# b,fawmhrS rrSefEkdifbl;” vkd@aºuG;a=umfcJhwJh OD;Ek/ jynfwGif;ppf}uD; w[kef;[kef;awmuf avmifcJh&wm/ a&mifpkHvufeufukdifaomif;usef;olawGa=umifh/ vufeufukdifvrf;pOf0g'awGa=umifh vkd@ wavsmufvkH;ajymqkdvmcJhwJh OD;Ek [m tckawmh olukd,fwkdifvnf; vufeufukdif;vrf;pOfukdyJ a&G;&awmhwhJ tajctaea&mufvm+yD; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;vkyzf @dk jyif&ygawmhw,f? vufeuf ukdifvrf;ukd a&G;&wm[m wjcm;vrf;r&Sdawmhvkd@qdkwm/ vufeuftm;ukd;eJ@ rw&m;zdESdyfAdkvfusol awGukd vufeufukdifenf;eJ@yJ jyefvnfwGef;vSefrS jzpfawmhr,fqkdwm OD;Ek aumif;aumif;}uD;awmh oabmaygufoGm;cJh[efwlygw,f? 1969 ckEpS f ESpu f ek yf idk ;f rSm 0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek acgi;f aqmifwhJ “ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDygw”D [m ppftpkd;&ukdqef@usif+yD; vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;ukd qifE$Jzkd@ jynfyrSm tajccHzGJŒpnf;+yD; pwifay: ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u ‘jynfajy;tzGŒJ ’vk@d ac:a0:orkwv f u dk yf gw,f? ¡aemufyidk ;f rSm OD;Ek&ŒJ ygvDref'Dkrkdua&pDygwDtwGif;rSm/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk&JŒ vufeufukdif tm;prf; óud;yrf;tm; xkwfr_awGtwGif;rSm/ usKdufra&m OD;oGif/ OD;0if;/ Akdvfvusfm/ Akdvfrª;atmif/ Akdvfp}uFm/ Akdvf&efEkdif/ OD;avm¶kH/ OD;axG;jrifh pwJhyk*~Kdvf}uD;awGyg yg0ifyl;aygif;cJh=uygw,f? &efukefbaqG wkd@vnf; yg0ifcJhyg w,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif; apm=um'kd; vnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&u uGefjrL epfqef@usifa&;tvHaxmif+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ukd OD;wnfwkdufckdufovkd OD;Ek wkd@tiftm;pk ukdvnf; vuf,mtzsuform;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒvufukdif'kwfrsm;/ e,fcsJŒykqdef¶kd;rsm;/ tm%m¶l;}uD;rsm; tjzpf trsKd;rsKd;zGifhqkd azmfxkwfwkdufckdufygw,f?¢ ppftm%m&Si}f uD; Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ rqvygw[ D m 1969 ckEpS f ygwED ;SD aESm zvS,fyGJuaepwif+yD; a=unmaºuG;a=umfvkdufwmuawmh “tðrawygwDrS jynfolŒygwDokd@” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfygw,f? ppfa&;t& tðywfwkdufa&;ay:vpDukd oJ}uD;rJ}uD; usifhokH;&if;/ EkdifiHa&;t& wckwnf;aom ygwDqkdwJh rqvukd trsKd;rsKd;od'<dwifum vlxk=um;rSm tpGHxkwfzkd@ óud;yrf;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;t& qk&d , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;yko H ¾mefuadk qmif&if; tm;vk;H ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyv f u dk u f m/ aus;vufawm&Gm rSm “vv oo” òrdŒay:rSm “yyu” eJ@ jynfoŒl qkid af wGazmfygw,f? “vvoo” eJ@ “jynfoŒl qkid ”f qkw d mawGu ta&mif;xkid ;f ypPn;f / vlxrk vkcd siyf pPn;f awGudk r,lrae& twif;a&mif;wm/ [kyd pPn;f eJ@ 'DypPn;f wGaJ &mif;wmawGvyk o f vk/d rqv ygwu D v dk nf; r0ifrae&atmif rqv ygwrD 0if&if tvkyf rcef@wm/ tvkyf&Sd+yD;jzpfae&ifvnf; &mxl;wufa&;u ygwD0if[kwfr[kwfu tqkH;tjzwfay;wm rsKd;awGvkyf+yD;/ rpHG pHGatmif tpGHxkwfzkd@ atmufvrf;enf;rsKd;pkHukd ay:ay:xifxif usifhokH;ygw,f? vuf0JEkdifiHa&;orm;tiftm;pkawGudk vuf0JpGef; tvGeftu|Husol/ ¶kyf0g'DawGtjzpf enf; trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ o¶kyfzsuf0g'jzef@csd wkdufckduf ¶_wfcsovkd/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGudkvnf; vuf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
389
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
,mpGe;f orm;awG pdw0f g'aD wG e,fcsŒJ vufyg;apawGtjzpf owfrw S yf aHk zmfum ¶_wcf swu dk cf u dk &f if; olw@dk rqv ygwDonfom vuf0JpGef;/ vuf,mpGef; qkdwJh tpGef;ESpfyg;u vGwfwJh/ Ak'<enf;us ypÇdryÉdy'g vrf;pOform;awGtjzpf }uHzef*k%fwif ajymqkd 0g'jzef@csd+yD; bufaygif;pkH vdrfnmr_dif;wkdufwmawG vkyyf gw,f? tJ'v D dk zdtm;trsK;d rsK;d / rufv;Hk tzkzH Hk r_id ;f wku d v f rd n f mr_tvDvaD =umifh rqv tm%m& wckwnf;aomygwD}uD;[m }uD;xGm;csifovkd }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? 1969 ckESpf ygwDESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ/ Ekid if aH &;tpD&ifcpH mt&/ t&Hygw0D ifppk ak ygi;f &JŒ (1²59 µ) om wuUov dk b f ŒJG &awGyg0if+y;D (80²68 µ) u tv,fwef;eJ@ tv,fwef;atmuftqifhawGyJjzpfw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? 1969 ckESpfxJrSm/ &efukefrSm wuUokdvfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wck ay:aygufcJhygw,f? Arm jynfrmS usi;f ywJh “u|e;f qG,t f m;upm;yG”J eJ@qufpyf+yD; tpk;d &qef@usiaf &; qENjyyGt J jzpf ay:ayguf vmwmjzpfwt hJ wGuf “u|e;f qG,t f a&;tcif;” vk@d rSww f rf;ðy=uygw,f? rE aW v;rSmvnf; jzpfay: cJhygw,f? 1969 ckESpfxJrSm Auy eJ@ r'nw ukd OD;wnfwkdufwJh ppfqifa&;awG ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmcJhyg w,f? ta&SŒ¶k;d r autif,Xl mecsKyfrmS pwifzŒJG pnf;cJw h hJ r'nw }uD;[m 69 ckEpS rf mS (10) ESpaf usmf oGm;+yDjzpfovkd/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ tjyif;txef; xkd;ppfawGukd wkef@jyeftefwk&if; &J&J&ifh&ifh qufvuf&if qkdifcJhygw,f? ESpfzuftust¶_H;awGvnf; ykdrkdrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ¶kd;rA[kdu ‘atmifaZ,swyf’ awGzŒGJ +yD; ppftpk;d &&JŒ xk;d ppfawGudk }uH}› uHc› w H u dk cf u dk zf @dk óud;pm;cJyh gw,f? “*Gix f u J rwGuaf &;” qkw d hJ ppfa&;vrf;pOftrSm;uku d idk +f yD; &ifqidk cf w hJ t hJ wGuf qk;H ¶_;H epfemr_awGuawmh }uD;rm; cJhygw,f? 1969 ckESpfxJrSmyJ ‘iajyrpm;usuf’ wkdufyGJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwD0if/ 63 ckESpf +idrf;csrf;a&; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u wufa&mufcJhwJh y%mrukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ0if yD;uif; jyef &Jabmfatmif}uD; usqkH;cJh&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ 1969 ckESpftwGif; &ufpuf,kwfrm aumufuspf uvdrfusr_awGtwGif;rSm rjzpfrae rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh tjzpfwckuawmh uku d ;dk u|e;f tusO;f pcef;ukd Ekid if aH &;orm;awGe@J jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 59 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwkef;u EkdifiHa&;orm;awGukd ukdukd; u|ef;ykd@cJhovkd/ 1969 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&vufxufrSmvnf; EkdifiH a&;orm;awGudk ukdukd;u|ef;ykd@cJhjyefygw,f? 63 ckESpf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;+yD;aemufykdif; zrf;qD;xm;olawGeJ@ wavsmufvkH; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ppftkyfpku rsufrkefusdK;vSol EkdifiHa&;orm; awGjzpfygw,f? tJ'ED idk if aH &;tusO;f om;awGxrJ mS ausmif;om;eJ@ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (40) ausmf yg0ifcJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;aygif; (200) ausmfygw,f? (213 OD;vkd@qkdygw,f?) tJ'D EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGxJrSm wkd@Armtpnf;t¶kH;acwfu ocifatmifqef; (AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;) eJ@twl yl;wJG+yD; wkd@Armtpnf;t¶kH; A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifaumfrDwD0ifjzpfcJholvnf;jzpf/ tif;pdefppfwrf;rSm yg0ifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpf/ jynfolŒwkd;wufa&;ygwDOuUÏvnf;jzpfwJh ocifcifatmif/ ArmjynfuGefjrL epfygwD A[kdaumfrDwD0ifawGjzpfcJhwJh avxD;AkdvftkH;armif/ q&m&m*sef/ +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJawGwkef; u yJcl;ppfa=umif;rª;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ jynfolŒwkd;wufa&;ygwD twGif;a&;rª;vnf;jzpf/ yrnw obm ywdtzGŒJ 0ifa[mif;vnf;jzpfwhJ OD;cifarmifjrif/h jynfoŒl &Jabmf rS Akv d w f ifw h ,f wk@d yg0ifovk/d xif&mS ; 390
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wJh pma&;q&m}uD;awGjzpfwJh Aef;armfwifatmif/ jroef;wifh/ auwDOD;ausmfwifh/ vlxkpdef0if; wk@d wawGvnf; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;xJrS ref;atmif=unf/ ref;+idr;f armif wkd@vnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS &ckdifukdvSaz/ ukdatmif+idrf;/ ukdav;armif/ ukdzkd;oHacsmif;/ ukdcspfaqG (jynf)/ ukdvS=unf pwJholawGvnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? 1969 ckESpf/ azazmf0g &Dv (13) &ufae@rSm ukdukd;u|ef;ukd pwifykd@cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'DEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGukd &moD Owk=urf;wrf;+yD; rkefwkdif;t+rJ&SdaewJh yifv,fxJu ukdukd;u|ef;ay:rSm txl;pD (C-special) tqifh &duQm ‘ukdwm’ ukdom xkwfay;+yD; ukd,fxludk,fxpepfeJ@ taeckdif;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wrif n‡if;yef; ESyd pf ufjycJw h mjzpfygw,f? Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;uvnf; ppftpk;d &xm;ovkd acgi;f iH@k rcHyJ yko H ¿mef rsKd;pkHeJ@ qef@usiftefwkcJh=uygw,f? tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJ tvDvDukd qifE$J+yD; ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usif wkdufyGJqifcJh=uygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpfxJ0ifvmwJhtcg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ tcif;tusif;ukd jyef =unfhr,fqkd&if/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyftiftm;pk[m wwkdif;jynfvkH;&JŒ EkdifiHa&;tm %mukd csKyfukdifxm;¶kHru/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; awGudkyg wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifxm; +y;D jzpfygw,f? ppfwyftajccHygwt D jzpf rqv ygwu D dk wnfaxmif+y;D ¶krH u/ tJ'D rqv ygwu D adk wmif vlxkygwD/ jynfolŒygwDtjzpf ykHazmftoGifaqmif 0g'jzef@csdum a&SŒwqifhwufzkd@ }uH&G,fae+yDjzpfyg w,f? Oya'twGi;f rSm wjcm;Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;awGudk wckrS wnf&cdS iG rhf ay;awmhy/J waumif wnf; òydib f ufr&Sd 'ke;f pkid ;f um uk, d [ hf muk, d f tawmfq;Hk tjzpfowfrw S +f yD; ywf0ef;usiu f kd atmifyJG cHjyzk@d aºu;G a=umfvy_ &f mS ;aeygw,f? rqv ygw}D u;D ukd wnfaxmif+y;D ¶ko H mru tvkyo f rm;aumifp/D v,form;aumifp/D ausmif;aumifpD qkw d mawGyg wnfaxmif+y;D jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efe@J acwfajymif; awmfvSefa&;}uD; qifEGJae+yDjzpfygw,f? tpdk;&taeeJ@u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;& usifhokH;ae wJph epfu ppftm%m&Sipf epf/ aºu;G a=umfaewmu jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfv@dk awG@&r,fjzpfygw,f? tm%mukd rw&m; &,lodrf;ykduftkyfpkd;aewJh ppftpkd;&eJ@ qef@usifbuf EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk awGuawmh Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm w&m;0ifwnf&SdcGifh r&awmh+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf a,bk,stm;jzifh vufeufpGJukdif wkdufckdufae=uwJh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGukdyJ t"duxm; azmf!¸ef;&r,fjzpfyg w,f? 70 jynfhESpfrwkdifrDutxd t"dutwkduftcHtjzpf wnf&SdcJhwmu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD trª;ðywJh vuf0Jtiftm;pkeJ@ ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtyg rdrdwkd@&JŒ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf t"duxm; wkdufyGJqifae=uwJh vlrsKd;pkvufeufukdif tiftm;pkawGjzpfyg w,f? vGwfvyfa&;&cgp jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ay:xGef;puvnf; tm%m&tkyfpkd;olukd vufeufpGJukdif wke@f jyefwu dk cf u dk af ecJw h m[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD trª;ðywJh vuf0EJ idk if aH &;tiftm;pke@J rdrw d @dk &ŒJ oufqidk &f m trsK;d om;pkrsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wku d cf u dk af e=uwJh vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk f Ekid if aH &; tiftm;pkrsm;yJ&Sdygw,f? vlrsKd;pkr[kwfyJ/ vlenf;pktrsKd;om;a&;twGufr[kwfyJ vufeufpGJukdif wku d cf u dk cf =J uwJh vuf,mEkid if aH &;tiftm;pk&,fv@dk r&Scd zhJ ;l yg? (jynfwiG ;f ppftpu yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uzl; wJh jynfolŒ&Jabmfrsm;[mvnf; vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf v_yf&Sm;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?) 1970 jynfEh pS x f 0J ifvmwJt h cgrmS awmh vufeufuidk Ef idk if aH &;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS vuf,m Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk wpk[mvnf; ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? wavsmufv;Hk vufeufuidk af wmfveS f teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
391
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
a&;qkdwmeJ@ vufeufukdift=urf;zufenf;qkdwmukd cg;cg;oD;oD;qef@usifcJhwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek acgif;aqmifwJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftm%m&Siftpkd;&a=umifh rqv wygwDuvGJvkd@ wjcm; EkdifiHa&;rSefor#ukd wnf&SdcGifhray;wma=umifh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJvrf;a=umif;xJ rvJGra&Smifom a&mufvmcJh&wJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? wcsdefwkef;u ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm tm%m& tkypf ;dk olawGtjzpf tay: pD;uae tm%m&cJ=h uzl;olawG trsm;pkjzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf &k ŒJ &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfapmfum;vkdufr_tay: vufeufukdifenf;eJ@ wyGJwvrf; tm;prf;=unfhzkd@ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;xJ a&muf&v dS m=uwJo h abmjzpfygw,f? OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Akv d cf ifarmif av;/ ocifwif wd@k vydk *k K~ v d af wGuawmh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;xJ a&mufrvm=uawmhyg? ocif ausmfxGef; uawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tpkd;&&JŒ oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf vufcHaqmif&GufoGm;ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh 1970 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d &ukd qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk f =ur,fh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGuawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtrª;ðywJh vuf0JEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pk/ vlrsK;d pkawmfveS af &;tiftm;pke@J OD;Ek OD;aqmifwhJ ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD vuf,mEkid if aH &;tiftm;pkq+dk yD; t"du tiftm;pk}uD; (3) pkudk wef;pD+yD; awGŒjrif&ygr,f? 'Dtwku d t f cHEidk if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD; (3) ckpvk;H tay: ppftpk;d &u ppfta&;t& tðywfwu dk f zkd@jyifqifovkd/ EkdifiHa&;t& 0g'jzef@csda&;t& bufaygif;pkHuae enf;aygif;pkHeJ@ toa&zsufzkd@ wkduf ckdufzkd@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygw,f? twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; ppftpkd;&tay: bufaygif;pkHuae wkdufckdufzkd@ vkH;yrf;tm;xkwf=uygw,f? yJc;l ¶k;d reJ@ {&m0wDwidk ;f / jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owcGirf mS Auy eJ@ r'nw wk@d u yl;wGw J u dk cf u dk rf _ awG taumiftxnfazmf=uovk/d &Sr;f jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fe@J u&ifjynfe,fa'owcGirf mS vnf; vufeufuidk v f rl sK;d pk tzGŒJ tpnf;awGtcsi;f csi;f yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ enf;vrf;pkeH @J yl;wGw J u dk cf u dk rf a_ wG tvDvDvkyfukdif=uygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ouvnf; vGwfajrmuf e,fajr wnfaqmufa&;ukd wkd;+yD;aqmif&Gufygw,f? 1970 jynfEh pS /f arvrSm xkid ;f Ekid if w H ae&mrSm “wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pkn H ! D w G af &;ESihf vGwf ajrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pk (wnv)” zGŒJ pnf;ay:ayguv f mygw,f? tJ'w D yfaygi;f pk (wnv) rSm yg0ifwhJ EkdifiHa&;ygwDeJ@ yk*~KdvfawGuawmh æ (1) OD;Ek (ygvDref'Drkdua&pDygwD) em,u (2) ref;bZH (autif,lygwD) OuUÏ (3) Ekdifa&$usif (rGefjynfopfygwD) twGif;a&;rª; (4) OD;ZmvDarmf (yD'DyD) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª; (5) OD;ref;wvif; (csif;'Drkdua&pDygwD) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª; (6) *sifrD,ef; (&Srf;rsKd;cspfygwD) wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª; wkd@jzpfygw,f? 1970 jynfEh pS rf wkid rf u D vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;awGpak ygi;f +yD; ‘wyfO;D ’ zGŒJ cJ=h uwm 392
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
awGvnf;&Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh “nD!w G af om vlrsK;d pkrsm;wyfO;D ” (nvw) eJ@ “vlrsK;d pkrsm;nD !Gwfa&;wyfOD;” (vnw) wkd@jzpfygw,f? 1965 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrSm “wADwmpcef;” rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh (nvw) rSm yg0ifcJhwJh tzGJŒt pnf;eJ@ yk*~KdvfawGu (1) ref;bZH (autif,l) (2) apmarmf&,f (autifyDyD) (3) Akdvfrª;aqxif (&Srf;jynfppfaumifpD) (SSWC) (4) OD;a&$at; (u,ef;jynfopfygwD) (autiftJ,fyD) (5) pefcefxrf; (ZkdrD;csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;) wkd@jzpfygw,f? vnw wyfO;D ukad wmh autif,/l rGejf ynfopfygw/D Zkrd ;D csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D / autift,fyD (u,ef;jynfopfygw)D eJ@ aut,fyyD D wk@d aygi;f +y;D zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? yg0ifco hJ al wGuawmh (1) ref;bZH (autif,l) (2) AkdvfcsKyfaumfxl; (autif,l) (3) apmarmf&,f (autifyDyD) (u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD) (4) Ekdifa&$usif (rGefjynfopfygwD) (5) Ekid q f rH w d f (rGefjynfopfygwD) (6) *sifrD (ZkdrDcsif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;) (7) OD;a&$at; (autift,fyD) wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpfxJrSm &Srf;jynfe,fwcGifvkH;twGif;rSmvnf; &Srf;vlrsKd;pk vufeufukdiftzGJŒ tpnf;rsK;d pkH ay:ayguaf e+yjD zpfygw,f? tpk;d &u arG;jrLzGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wJh “umuG,af &;” tzJŒG tpnf; rsK;d pk[ H mvnf; &Sr;f jynfwv$m;rSm tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ }u;D xGm;vmaeygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh &Sr;f jynftwGi;f wae@wjcm; }uD;xGm;vmaewJh Auy (ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o) ukdom OD;wnfwkduf/ usefwmvkyfcsif wmvky/f bde;f vkycf si&f ifvnf; bde;f vkyq f +dk yD; cGiðhf yxm;wma=umifh “umuG,af &;” tm;vk;H eD;yg;[m bde;f ukd t}uD;tus,v f yk u f idk &f if;/ wyfzŒJG tiftm;awGudk tqrwef wk;d csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;&if; vufeufuidk f wyf}uD;awG jzpfvmaeygw,f? uk;d uef@umuG,af &;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ “zk=H um;&Si”f &JŒ wyfzŒJG u awmh Auy (ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o) eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD; Auy wyfwwyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ‘0’ e,frS&SdwJh umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG rsm;[mvnf; AuyeJ@y;l aygi;f wJh wyfzŒJG awG&v dS movkd tpk;d &eJ@yyJ ;l aygi;f +y;D tpk;d &&JŒ vufatmufct H jzpf v_y&f mS ;ae=uwJh wyfzŒJG awGvnf;&Syd gw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ umuG,f a&;wyfzŒJG awG[m 1950 jynfEh pS 0f ef;usiu f wnf;u zGŒJ pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpf+y;D wcsKŒd wyfzŒJG awG[m (60) jynfEh pS 0f ef;usiu f srS ay:ayguv f mwmawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? t"dutm;jzifh aomif;use;f olqef@usiaf &;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;awGtwGuf ppfwyfu vkdovkdtokH;cszkd@ zGJŒpnf;todtrSwfðyxm;cJhwmawG jzpfygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpfxJrSm ta&SŒajrmufwkdif; ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrtwGif;rSmwif tpkd;&vuf atmufcH vufeufuidk u f muG,af &;wyfzŒJG (23) zGŒJ &Syd gw,f? tJ't D xJrmS ‘avmfppf[ef’ acgi;f aqmifwhJ ukd;uef@umuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒuawmh tiftm;t}uD;qkH;jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'DumuG,fa&; (23) zGJŒu awmh æ (1) ukd;uef@/ (2) vG,fyif&J/ (3) erfhu|rf;/ (4) umrkdif;/ (5) yefvkH/ (6) refqkdif/ (7) yef0kdif/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
393
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
(8) atmif[if/ (9) a&mifuvl/ (10) ref[kdif;vkH/ (11) yef,ef;/ (12) a&mifavmif;/ (13) a&mifya&;/ (14) Aif;iif;/ (15) vG,faq;/ (16) refrefqkdif/ (17) rkdif;aumif/ (18) wifvG,f/ (19) Akdvfarmif/ (20) vkHxef/ (21) rkHukd;/ (22) azmif;qkdif/ (23) rkH;ay: wkd@jzpfygw,f? 1970 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Auy ta&SŒajrmufa'ou ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG wk;d csŒJ qifEv J$ mcJyh gw,f? 70 jynfhatmufwkdbm wwd,ywfxJrSm aZmfrkdifOD;pD;wJh Auy wyf&if;}uD; (303)/ zkH=um;&SifOD;pD;wJh Auywyf&if;}uD; (404) eJ@ wyf&if;}uD; (107) wkd@[m pkpkaygif;tiftm; (2000) avmufeJ@ &Srf;jynf ajrmufyidk ;f “rkpH ;D em;v,f” a'oukd odr;f yku d Ef idk zf @dk óud;yrf;tm;xkwyf gw,f? atmufwb dk m (20) &ufae@rmS wku d yf }JG uD;awGpjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &wyfu “atmifo[ D ” ppfqifa&;qkw d ehJ mrnfwyf+yD; jyefvnfwkef@jyefygw,f? (23) &ufae@rSmawmh ppftpkd;&bufu avwyfygtokH;ðy+yD; tjyif;txef wku d cf u dk cf yhJ gw,f? atmufwb dk m (30) &uftxd bwjyefusm;wjyef wku d yf }JG u;D awGjzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o AuyeJ@ ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyfwkd@ t}udwfte,f wkdufyGJawGqifaecsdef rSm Auy A[k¶d ;dk rwa=umrSmvnf; aoewfoaH wGnpH nfaecJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u ¶k;d r Auy A[ku d dk acsr_ef;Ekdifa&;twGuf “aerif;ppfqifa&;” qkdwmukd csrSwf+yD; xkd;ppfqifwmvkyfygw,f? 1970 jynfhESpf&JŒ ArmjynfpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ppftpkd;&vuf atmufrmS bmwckrS r,fr,f&& wk;d wufvmwmrawGŒ&yg? 1967 ckEpS f qefjy\emay:aygucf &hJ +yD; aemufyidk ;f tpk;d &&JŒ jynfyqefwify@dk Eidk rf _ tajctae[mvnf; avsmu h svmcJ&h ygw,f? tpk;d &taeeJ@ pyg;ukd vko d avmuf0,f,rl &awmh wma=umifw h a=umif;/ qef0,faeus *syef/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if aH wG u qefukd olwkd@EkdifiHwGif;rSmwif ykdrkdpkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfvmwma=umifhwa=umif;/ Armjynf&JŒ wjcm; qefazmufonf EkdifiHwcsKdŒukdvnf; EkdifiH}uD;wcsKdŒu qefukd tvum;axmufyHhwm aºuG;a&mif;ay; wmawGvkyfaewmu wa=umif;a=umifh jynfyqefwifykd@Ekdifr_ avsmhusoGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 70 jynfhESpfrSm qefwefcsdef (4) odef;yJ a&mif;csEkdifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiG avsmhenf;vm&yg w,f? 0ifaiGavsmhenf;vm&awmh vkdtyfwmawG wifoGif;0,f,lEkdifr_ukdvnf; av#mhcsypfvm&yg w,f? vlokH;ukefypPnf;awGukd av#mh+yD;oGif;&¶kHru puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHawGtwGuf jynfyukef=urf;awGeJ@ pufu&d , d mypPn;f awGuv dk nf; av#mo h iG ;f vm&ygw,f? &v'fu puf¶t Hk vky¶f aHk wGrmS vnf; ukex f w k f pGr;f tm;us/ jynfwiG ;f ok;H ukeaf wGuv dk nf; vkv H aHk vmufavmuf rxkwv f yk Ef idk /f jynfyuvnf; rSm,l rwifoiG ;f Ekid q f w dk mjzpfvm+y;D / ukeyf pPn;f &Sm;yg;jywfvyfru _ dk qufwu dk af y:xGuv f mygw,f? b,foŒl ukrd v S nf; rSm,lwifoiG ;f a&mif; 0,fazmufum;r_rðyyJ/ tpk;d &wOD;wnf;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; ukepf nf jzef@csrd v _ yk if ef;awGtm;vk;H ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfuidk v f u dk w f t hJ cg wjynfv;Hk ukepf nf&mS ;yg;jywfvyf r_'%f t}uD;tus,fcH&ygawmhw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;awG w&dyf&dyfjrifhwufvmwm rvGJraoGóuH&yg awmhw,f? ukefpnf &Sm;yg;jywfvyfaewJh aps;uGufxJ tpkd;&ukd,fwkdifuvnf; rjznfhqnf;Ekdif/ b,folŒukdrSvnf; w&m;0ifa&mif;0,fcGifhrðyawmh “arSmifckdaps;uGuf” qkdwm ray:csifvkd@ukdaer&/ ay:vm&+yD; ukefaps;E_ef;awGu uarmufureJ@ arSmifckdaps;uGufqkdwmyJ vlxktwGuf rSDckdtm;xm; p&mozG,f jzpfvmcJhygw,f? wae@wjcm; }uD;jrifhvmwJh ukefaps;E_ef;awG&JŒatmuf/ wae@wjcm; us,fjyef@vm&wJh arSmifckdaps;uGuf}uD;atmuf wae@wjcm;rsm;jym;vm&wJh tvkyfvufrJhrsm;[m arSmifckdukeful;&olawGjzpfvmygw,f? atmufajcvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;[m 'kuQaygif;pkH=um; enf;vrf; 394
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aygi;f pkeH @J v_y&f mS ;¶ke;f uefae=u&ygw,f? 'D'u k aQ wGtm;vk;H t=uyftwnf;awGtm;vk;H ukd zefw;D ay; vkdufol[m ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifeJ@ ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJh pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD EkdifiHa&;ay:vpDawGyJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpkd;&uawmh tJ'DtrSm;awGukd wckrSrjrif/ 0doravmborm; arSmifckdpD; yGm;a&;orm;awGa=umifv h @dk ajymvku d /f aomif;use;f ol tzsuo f rm;awGa=umifv h @dk ajymvku d ef @J yg;pyf xJawGŒovkd ajymqkdaecJh+yD; “pyful;rwful;umvrkd@yg” “pyful;rwful;tcuftcJawGyg” eJ@vnf; }uHzef zmax; vSnfhzsm;aecJhygw,f? ukd,fhukd,fukd umuG,faecJhygw,f? 'Dvkd pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;/ vlr_a&;t=uyftwnf;awG=um; obm0uspGmay:vmwm uawmh tpk;d &qef@usiaf &; ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_yjJ zpfygw,f? “wuUov dk af &$&wk ausmif;om;v_yf &Sm;r_” ay:cJhygw,f? 1970 jynfh[m 1920 jynfh yxr ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;&JŒ ESpf (50) ajrmuf ‘a&$&wk’ or, jzpfwt hJ wGuf a&$&wktxdr;f trSwf wuUov dk af usmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_[m ppftpk;d & qef@usiaf &;tajccHe@J ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygw,f? ppftpk;d &u Ak;H cJ+G yD;jymcsypfcw hJ hJ wuUov dk o f r*~}uD;&JŒ t¶kd;wGefoH[m yDyDoo jyefay:vmcJhjyefygw,f? ppftpkd;&u v_yf&Sm;vmwJh ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ EkdifiHa&;Ekd;ºuGr_ukd zrf;wmqD;wmawGeJ@ ESdrfeif;ydwfyifcJhygw,f? 1970 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS ppftpk;d &&JŒ Ekid if aH &;tajctaeuk=d unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh Ekid if aH &;tm%m ukd wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifxm;Ekdifygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m ppfwyfukd olŒpdwfóuduf wvufukdifwyftjzpf aumif;aumif;rGefrGef arG;jrLykHoGif;xm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpkd;&wzGJŒvkH;[mvnf; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; a&G;cs,fae&may;xm;olawGcsnf;omjzpf+yD; AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; ukd cGm&mwkdif;Ekdifr,fhol wOD;rSr&Sdyg? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufvmpu aºuG;a=umfxm;wJh qk&d , S v f pfacwfajymif;awmfveS af &;}uD;eJ@ om,m0ajymaom qk&d , S v f pfavmuopfo@dk qkw d m[m vnf; avxJuaºuG;a=umfoo H mjzpfaecJyh gw,f? tlrrawmifv h @dk oDvrapmifEh idk af om 'ku/Q vlvcl si;f rw&m;tjrwfxw k +f yD; aoG;pkycf s,v f , S f acgi;f ykjH zwfjcif;cHae&aom'kuw Q @dk rS vGwaf jrmufap&r,fv@dk a=umfjimpkdufxl aºuG;a=umfcJhayr,fh/ tlrrawmifholawG wae@wjcm; ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmwma=umifhyJ vm;/ tlrawmifhrS oDvapmifha&;qkdwm jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf}uD;&JŒ ukd,fusifh tbd"rRm vlxktusKd;ðya&;qkdwmeJ@ jcm;em;ae+yD; vl&,fp&m}uD;vkdjzpfaevkd@vm; rajymwwfyg? “tlrrawmifI h oDvrapmifEh idk af om'ku”Q qkw d hJ pmom;pum;&yfuadk wmh z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk +f yD;+yDjzpfyg w,f? qk&d , S v f pfavmuopfo@dk csw D ufz@dk awmfveS w f ;dk wufwhJ Ekid if aH &; OD;aqmifygw}D u;D w&yfuom acgi;f aqmifomG ;&r,fqw dk hJ tmabmfe@J uku d n f aD tmif zGŒJ pnf;cJw h hJ jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pf vrf;pOfygw}D uD; [mvnf; tðrawtqifhukdausmfvGefvdk@ jynfolŒygwDtqifh ul;ajymif;zkd@ qkH;jzwfajymqkd+yD;+yDjzpfyg w,f? Auy ukd ppftpkd;&u ðzwf-xkwf-owf ay:vpDusifhokH;aew,fvkd@ ESmacgif;¶_H+yD; wGifwGif ¶_wcf s ajymqkad eqJtcsed rf mS yJ awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &tzGŒJ twGi;f rSmvnf; ðzwfxw k yf aJG wG quf vufjzpfay:aeygw,f? 70 jynfh atmufwkdbmvxJrSm Akdvfrª;}uD;wef,kqkdif ukd awmfvSefa&; aumifpD0iftjzpfu z,f&Sm;vkdufovkd/ wvausmft=umrSm Akdvfrª;csKyfwifaz ukdvnf; z,f&Sm; xkwfypfvkdufygw,f? 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;+yD;jcif; ay:aygufvmcJhwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if (17) OD;rSm (9) OD; r&Sdawmhyg? w0ufausmf ðywfoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f// aooGm;ol Akdvfrª;csKyfoef;az teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
395
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
eJ@ E_wx f u G o f mG ;ol Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwu D vpf ukzd ,f+yD; a&wGu&f ifawmif Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ ðzwfxw k f xJrmS ygomG ;ol (7) OD;&So d mG ;+yDjzpfygw,f? w0ufavmufðywfomG ;+yD; taetxm;jzpfygw,f? Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifaz[m qkd&S,fvpfygwDacwfuwnf;u yg0ifcJhwJhyk*~dKvfjzpfwJhtwGuf Akdvfrª;csKyfwifaz ukdyg z,f&Sm;+yD;csdefrSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd yckH;csif;,SOfEkdifr,fhol/ 0gpOfrwdrf;r,drf;xJu wa,mufrSr useaf wmhb;l vk@d qk&d r,fjzpfygw,f? useyf *k K~ v d af wGuawmh Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; au|;vk@d arG;vk@d wifay;vk@d wufvmcJh&wJhvl awGcsnf;vkdvkdjzpfygw,f? 1971 ckESpfxJrSmawmh vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;Ekdifr_tajctae [m jynfrrSmxuf jynfe,frsm;rSm ykdrdktiftm;rsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,frSm Auy wkd@&JŒ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o vGwaf jrmufe,fajr ykrd u dk s,jf yef@vmcJo h vkd &Sr;f trsK;d om;vufeufuidk af wmf vSeaf &;tzGŒJ tpnf;aygi;f pkw H @dk &ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awG[mvnf; ykrd rdk sm;jym;vmcJyh gw,f? ocifZif acgi;f aqmifwhJ yJcl;¶kd;r Auy A[kd[m ppftpkd;&&JŒxkd;ppfukd &ifqkdifwkdufckduf&if; qufvuf wkdufyGJqifqJjzpfayr,fh tiftm;t&/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ E_dif;,SOf&if tifrwef uGm;jcm; enf;yg;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? ¶k;d rwa=umrSm&Sw d hJ r'nw tiftm;[mvnf; odoo d mom enf;yg;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay: rSm&SdwJh Auy eJ@ r'nw tiftm;[mvnf; wjznf;jznf; ,kwfavsmhae+yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ wckwnf;aomygwD rqv [m 1971 ckEpS /f {+yv D (30) &ufae@ aemufyidk ;f up+y;D tðrawygwDuae jynfolŒygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? rqv ygwD pwifay:aygufcJhwJh 62 ckEpS /f Zlvidk f (4) &ufae@uae 71 ckEpS /f {+yD (30) txd &SpEf pS af usmf uk;d ESpw f mv[m rqvygw&D ŒJ tðrawygwt D qifh umvjzpfygw,f? tJ'D tðrawygwu D mvtwGi;f rSm ygw, D el pf ¶k;H aygi;f (313)ck zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmif ay:aygufcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? 1971 ckEpS /f ZGev f (21) &ufae@rmS rqvygw&D ŒJ yxrqk;H t}udrf ygwn D v D mcH}uD; ac:qku d si;f yygw,f? tJ'n D v D mcH}u;D usi;f ycsed rf mS rqvygw0D ifz@dk tqkðd yv$mwifoiG ;f xm;olaygi;f woef;ausmf avmuf&Sdae+yDvkd@ qkdygw,f? ygwD0iftjzpftod trSwfðy+yD;olu (3) odef;ausmfeJ@ ygwDrdwfaqG tqifu h (7) ode;f (6) aomif;ausmjf zpfygw,f? ta&twGut f &=unf&h ifawmh awmfawmfrsm;jym; vSygvm;vkd@ ,lqzG,f&m&Sdayr,fh/ wu,f,kH=unfvkd@ em;vnfvufcHvkd@ ygwD0ifwifoGif;tqkdðy wmxuf tcGifhta&;&rvm;vkd@ 0ifvmwm/ r0if&if tvkyftukdiftwGuf tqifrajyjzpfEkdifvkd@ 0ifvmwmawGu trsm;pk}uD;jzpfygw,f? yxrt}udrn f v D mcH&ŒJ Ekid if aH &;tpDt&ifcpH mt&uk/d ygwD 0if (3) ode;f ausmrf mS (1) ode;f ausmu f ygweD @J uif;uGmaea=umif;/ ygwrD w d af qG (7) ode;f (6) aomif; ausmfrSm wodef;&Spfaomif;ausmfu ygwDeJ@ uif;uGmaea=umif; azmfjyxm;wmukd=unfh&if b,fvkd ygwD0iftrsKd;tpm;awGvJqkdwm xif&Sm;ay:vGifaeygw,f? yxrt}udrf rqvnDvmcHuae pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGukdvnf; pwifcsrSwfvkdufygw,f? ygwD&JŒ OD;aqmifr_eJ@ ESpfwkdESpf&Snf pDrHudef;awG taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufoGm;zkd@vkd@qkdygw,f? ESp&f n S pf rD u H ed ;f tjzpf “tESpf (20) pDru H ed ;f ” eJ@ ESpw f pdk rD u H ed ;f tjzpf “(4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f ” awGjzpfygw,f? “yxr (4) ESpf pDru H ed ;f uk”d 1971-72 rS 1974-75 txd owfrw S v f smxm;vku d yf gw,f? 'Dp;D yGm;a&; pDrHudef;awGeJ@tnD u¾tvkduf taumiftxnfazmfoGm;a&;rSm “ 1970 jynfhESpf or0g,rpDrH udef;” qkdwmukdvnf; csrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? “1970 jynfhESpf or0g,rpDrHudef;” [m pDrHudef; 396
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
taeeJ@om&Sdao;+yD; vufawGŒ taumiftxnfazmfzkd@u 1971-72 rS 1974-75 txd yxrav; ESpf pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f eJ@qufpyf+yD; taumiftxnfazmfa&;jzpfygw,f? ¡1970 jynfEh pS f or0g,rpDrH ude;f &JŒzefw;D &Siu f awmh/ yrnwxJuae rqvxJa&mufvmcJw h hJ OD;b+ird f vk@d tqk&d ydS gw,f? OD;b+ird f [m rqv&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m yka&m[dwfwOD;tjzpf OD;OD;zsm;zsm; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? rqv&JŒ yxrt}udrfnDvmcH}uD;t+yD;rSmawmh rqvygwD[m OD;aqmifygwD}uD;tjzpf ykd+yD; toHjrnfvmcJhovkd ykd+yD;ta&;ygwJh o¿mefukdvnf; wkd;wkd;+yD; toGifaqmifvmcJhygw,f? 62 ckEpS f tm%modr;f csed u f p+yD;/ 71 ckEpS x f J 0ifvmwJt h xd (9) ESpw f mumvvk;H vk;H bmpD;yGm;a&;ay: vpDrS wdwdususr&SdyJ vufwnfhprf; &rf;}udwfenf;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvkH;ukd ukdifwG,fvkyf aqmif taumiftxnfazmfae&muae/ 1971-72 up+yD;rS ESpfwkdESpf&Snf pDrHudef;awGeJ@oGm;zkd@ wenf;tm;jzifh “pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepf” eJ@oGm;zkd@ pwifjzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? Ekid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'r&Syd J wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyf Akv d v f yk af e=uw,fqw dk hJ vuf !k;d xk;d p&mtaetxm;}uD;ukv d nf; &yfpyJ pfEidk zf @dk Ekid if aH wmf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajcOya'opf ay:xGe;f a&;ukd pwifukdifwG,fygw,f? 1971 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (25) &ufae@rSm “EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'opf (rl=urf;) a&;qGJa&;aumfrD&Sif” ukd zGJŒpnf;a=unmygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf Akdvfrª;csKyf pef;,k jzpf+yD;/ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf (3) OD;uawmh Akdvfrª;}uD;oef;pdef/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;xGef;vif; eJ@ 'kAkdvfrª; }uD;ausmfaZm wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? trsm;pkuawmh ppfwyfu Akdvfrª;}uD;/ 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;awGjzpf=uyg w,f? (97) OD;xJrmS jynfe,fO;D pD;tzGŒJ u oufqidk &f m vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifawGvnf; xnfo h iG ;f xm;yg w,f? OD;'de&f wef/ OD;xGe;f &if/ OD;v0rf/ OD;atjrav;/ OD;bl;&,f/ OD;okid ;f oefwif/ a'guw f mapmvSxeG ;f / OD;qefckdv#H/ OD;yGwfyg;/ OD;0rfol[m&Sif pwJhyk*~KdvfawGjzpf=uygw,f? tpkd;&eJ@yl;aygif;vmwJh awmjyef vufeufcsawG/ vufeufpGef@ tvif;0ifawGwcsKdŒukdvnf; xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;ygw,f? Oyrm tm;jzifh apm[efwmomar$;/ &Jabmfjr/ ocifwifjr pwJholawGjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m tjrihq f ;Hk tm%mykid t f zJŒG tpnf;jzpfayr,fh pwiftm%modr;f pOf u yg0ifzGJŒpnf;cJhwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if w0ufausmf[m AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ ðzwfxkwfrSm ygoGm;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf oifhavsmfwJhta&twGufjynfhatmif tpm;xdk; xnfhoGif;ay;xm;&wmawG &Sdae+yD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D aemufwkd;awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifawGuawmh Akdvfrª;}uD;vGef;wif/ Akdvfrª;}uD;aomif;'ef (av)/ Akdvfrª;}uD;armifvGif eJ@ Akdvfrª;}uD;wifOD; wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? 1971 ckESpf rSmawmh ppftyk pf k xdyo f ;D }uD;awGcsn;f pkxm;ovkjd zpfaewmukd ykzH suzf @dk a&m/ rqv twGuf aumif; usKd;ðyolawGukd ajr‡mufpm;zkd@twGufyg t&yfom;xJu yk*~KdvfawGukdvnf; xnfhoGif;zJG@pnf;vmcJhyg w,f? tJ'ga=umifh 1971 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvup+yD; EkdifiHawmf&JŒ tjrifhqkH; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJŒ tpnf;rSm tzGJŒ0ifjzpfvmcJholawGuawmh a'gufwmarmifarmif/ OD;b+idrf/ OD;b+idrf; eJ@ ref;omòrdif wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opf (rl=urf;) a&;qGaJ &;aumfr&D iS [ f m rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrw D D (9) &yf zJGŒpnf;+yD; pwifa&;qGJygw,f? yxrt}udrf rqvygwDnDvmcHuae csrSwfay;xm;wJh tajccHrl (6) csuq f w dk meJ@ uku d n f aD tmif a&;qG&J wmjzpfygw,f? tajccHrl (6) csuef @J qef@usiu f v JG JG teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
397
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
rvma&;twGuf ppfAkdvfxdyfoD;}uD;awGukd,fwkdifu aumfrDwDwkdif;rSmyg0if+yD; teD;uyfuGyfuJ OD;pD; xm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? wckwnf;aom rqv ygwu D jynfoŒl ygwt D qifq h +dk yD; ul;ajymif;zGŒJ pnf;aecsed /f zJŒG pnf;tkyf csKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opf}uD;ukv d nf; pwifðypka&;qGaJ ecsed /f pDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;ukd csrw S +f yD; ESpw f dk ESpf&Snf pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGtwGuf “yxr (4) ESpfpDrHudef;” &JŒ yxrESpftwGuf wmpl taumif txnfazmfpðyaecsed rf mS ppftpk;d &&J t"dueHygwf (1) twku d t f cH Auy qDuae ppfa&;t& tm;prf; r_}uD;wck ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? yJcl;¶kd;r A[kd Auy qDuvmwmr[kwfbJ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy rsm;qDuvmwJh ppfqifr}_ u;D jzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh “uGr;f vkH &uf (40) wku d yf }JG u;D ” ay:ayguf vmjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D uGrfvkH &uf (40) wkdufyGJ}uD;ray:aygufrD ppftpkd;& t=uyftwnf;awGŒcJh&wJh wkdufyGJ wckuawmh “ukdukd;u|ef; tpmiwfcHwkdufyJG}uD;” jzpfygw,f? vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ r[kwfayr,fh ppftpkd;&tzkd@ b,fvkdajz&Sif;&rSef;rodEkdifawmhavmufatmif tcuftcJóuHcJh&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf ,kwf,kwfrmrm ðyvkyfxm;cJhwJh ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;axmifpcef;xJuae tpkd;&&JŒ &ufpuf,kwfrmr_awGukd tHwk+yD; pdefac:wkdufyGJqifvkdufwJh ukdukd;u|ef;a&muf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; rsm;&JŒ “tusOf;axmifwGif;wkdufyGJ}uD;” jzpfygw,f? tusOf;axmifwGif;wkdufyJG&JŒ tjrifhqkH;o¾mef jzpfwJh “tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJ” jzpf¶kHru/ ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;ukd zsufodrf;ray;rjcif; wa,muf rusef tpmiwfcH taocHwu dk yf 0JG ifomG ;r,fqw dk hJ tjrihq f ;Hk wku d yf }JG uD;jzpfygw,f? uku d ;dk u|e;f yk@d c&H wJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh zdESdyfr_ukd +idrfcHaecJh=uwmr[kwfyJ (7) &uf/ (27) &uf/ &uf (40) pwJh tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJawGeJ@ t}udrf}udrf wkef@jyefwkdufyGJqifcJh=u+yD;/ u|ef; rzsuo f rd ;f rcsi;f taocH tpmiwfcH wku d yf q JG ifr}_ uD;ukad wmh (8/ 6/ 1971) &ufae@rmS pwifqifEcJ$ =hJ u wmjzpfygw,f? u&iftrsKd;om; EkdifiHa&;orm; ref;atmif=unf/ ref;+idrf;armif (,ck autif,lA[kd aumfrwD0if) eJ@ ukdatmifaiG (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if) wkd@vkd yk*~KdvfawGuawmh ppftpkd;&&JŒ vlrod olrod uku d ;dk u|e;f a&vnfrmS xm;wmukd 'Dtwkid ;f +idrcf rH aeyJ/ cJ&mcJqpf tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d =um; v#KdŒ0Sufr_trsKd;rsKd;=um;uae avSazmifi,fwck jzpfatmifðyvkyf+yD;/ yifv,fjyifukd &ifqkdif/ rkew f idk ;f uk, d OS òf ydi&f if; rEkid Ef idk af tmif jzwfoef;ausmv f m$ ;um vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;ukd uk, d [ hf muk, d f a&G;cs,foGm;=uwmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwaD cgi;f aqmifwhJ &Jabmftrsm;pkuawmh tpmiwfcw H u dk yf v JG rf;a=umif; ukad &G;cs,v f u dk +f yD;/ ppftpk;d &ukd pdeaf c:wku d yf q JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? 'Dorkid ;f 0if uku d ;dk u|e;f tpmiwfcw H u dk f yGu J adk zmfz@dk wku d yf aJG umfrwDudk OD;aqmifco hJ u l awmh/ avxD;Akv d t f ;Hk armif jzpfygw,f? OD;aqmifaumf rDwDrSm q&m&m*sefvnf;ygygw,f? (53) &uf=um pHcsed w f if tpmiwfcw H u dk yf 0JG ifc=hJ u+yD;wJah emuf ppftpk;d &u t¶_;H ay;vku d &f yg w,f? 1971 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbm (13) &ufae@rmS uku d ;dk u|e;f tusO;f axmifudk vk;H 0zsuo f rd ;f ay;cJ&h ygw,f? atmifyJG& (53) &uf=um u|ef;zsufodrf;a&; tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJtwGif;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; (8) OD; toufay;cJ&h ygw,f? toufay;oGm;=u&wJh vlawGuawmh (1) &Jabmf odef;=unf (tvkyform;or*~ - oHv#ifa&eHcsufpuf¶kH)/ (2) &JabmftkH;armf (wyfrawmf-a&)/ 398
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(3) &JabmfcspfaqG (Auo/ jynf)/ (4) &JabmfxGef;jrifh (tr_xrf;or*~)/ (5) &Jabmfpdefcsif; (tvkyfo rm;or*~-oHv#ifa&eHcsufpuf¶kH)/ (6) &Jabmfav;armif (Auo-ref;wuUokdvf)/ (7) &Jabmfarmif armifpkd; (ausmif;om;)/ (8) &JabmfxGef;0if; (wyfrawmf-av) wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJa=umifh toufraoqkH;vkduf&ayr,fh t}uD;tus,fa0'emcHpm;&+yD;/ woufvkH; 'kuQdwjzpfoGm;&ol/ emwm&SnfjzpfoGm;&olawGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? 0g;c,fr OD;wif&D/ bkduav; ukdvS=unf (Auo)/ okH;cGukdpdef0if; (Auo) wkd@awGjzpf=uygw,f? ¡ppftpkd;&u ukdukd;u|ef;ukd zsufodrf;ay;vkduf&+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH;ukd jynfr tusOf;axmif (tif;pdefaxmif) ukd jyefykd@ay;cJh&ygw,f? tif;pdefaxmifuae (4) okwfcGJ+yD; jyefv$wf ay;cJh&ygw,f? 1973 ckESpf/ {+yDvxJrSm aemufqkH;tokwftjzpf jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?¢ 1971 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (13) &ufae@ ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;axmif zsufodrf;ay;vkduf&wJh/ Arm jynfueG jf rLepfygw0D if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ wku d yf t JG +yD; &ufyidk ;f twGi;f rSmay:ayguv f mcJw h mu awmh ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy &JŒ “uGrf;vkH &uf (40) wkdufyGJ}uD;” yJjzpfygw,f? uGrf;vkH &uf (40) wkdufyGJ}uD;[m 71 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbm (19) &ufuae 'DZifbm (28) &ufae@ txdjzpfygw,f? ta&SŒajrmuf Auy wkd@&JŒ oHvGiftaemufjcrf;a'ownfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csuf twGuf qifEaJ$ zmfxw k cf w hJ hJ wku d yf }JG uD;jzpfygw,f? Ek0d ifbm (30) &ufae@rmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ emrnfausmf ‘[kdufurf;yg;wkdufyGJ’ tyg wkdufyGJ}uD;/ wkdufyGJi,frsKd;pkH jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o) bufu wyf&if; (3035)/ (4045)/ (4046)/ (4047)/ (4048) eJ@ wyf&if; (3031)/ (3037) wkd@ukd tokH;ðyum wkdufyGJqifcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&buf tqkdt& tiftm; (4000) ausmfukd tokH;ðycJhw,fqkdygw,f? ppftpk;d &bufu e,fvn S phf pfAsL[m (1) eJ@ wyf&if; (4) &if;/ a&SŒwef;trSwf (77) ajcjrefwyf rXmecsKyfe@J wyf&if; (5) &if;wk@d tjyif uGr;f vk&H dS &JwyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;eJ@ uk;d uef@umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;ukd ygtok;H ðy+y;D wku d cf u dk cf yhJ gw,f? uk;d uef@umuG,af &;wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;uawmh ‘avmfppf[ef’ &JŒ wyfzŒJG rsm; jzpfygw,f? ESpb f uftusq;Hk rsm;wJh wku d yf }JG uD;awG jzpfymG ;cJ=h u+yD; tpk;d &avwyfuyg Ak;H }uJ0ifa&muf wkdufckdufcJhygw,f? 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJh=uwJh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o Auy rsm; ‘uGrf;vkH’ uae qkwfcGmoGm; cJah yr,fh ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy rsm;&JŒ tiftm;wk;d yGm;vmr_tay: ppftpk;d &taeESihf ezl;awGŒ/ 'l;awGŒ óuHqkH&ifqkdif&if; rsufvkH;jyL;p&m tajctaejzpfvmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh w¶kwfjynfu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D dk Ekid if aH &;t& axmufc¶H rHk u/ vkt d yfwhJ ppfqifa&;tultnDawGyg tjynfh t0 ay;vmwmtay: t}uD;tus,f pk;d &drpf w d yf pl &mjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? txl;ojzifh yJc;l ¶k;d r Auy A[ked @J ta&SŒajrmuf Auy vGwfjrmufe,fajr wqufwnf; vrf;a=umif;yGifhoGm;rSm wkefv_yfp&m jzpfvmygw,f? AD,uferfrSm ajrmufAD,uferf eJ@ awmifAD,uferf [kdcsDrif;vrf;a=umif; yGifhoGm;cJhovkdrsKd;/ yJcl;¶kd;r eJ@ ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ovrf;a=umif; yGifhoGm;rSm xdef@vef@wkefv_yfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh &mxl;uae uefxw k yf pfjcif;cHxm;&wJh Akv d cf sKyfr;ª a[mif; atmif}uD; vkv d u l vnf; “b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS [kdcsDrif;vrf;a=umif;}uD;awmh yGifhroGm;ygapeJ@/ w¶kwfukdoGm;awmif;yefyg? a=u&ma=ua=umif; óud; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
399
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
yrf;yg? tJh'DtwGuf olŒukdv$wfyg? oloGm;+yD; óud;yrf;yg&ap” vkd@ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ukd pma&;wifjy w,fqkdygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; u Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd rv$wfyg? olukd,fwkdifoGm;awmif;yefzkd@ pkdif;jyif;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;&JŒ OD;pD;acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpf/ AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif; E_wfr&atmif ajcu|Haerd&if; t¶_H;aygif;rsm;pGmukd ae@pOfóuHawGŒae&olvnf;jzpf/ urBmhAkdvf}uD; wAkdvfvnf;jzpfwJh tar&duefuawmif w¶kwfjynfeJ@ oHwrefqufqHa&;ukd jyefvnfxlaxmifEkdifzkd@ óud;yrf;aecsdef/ (1971 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ tar&dueforw epfqif[m w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwOD uUÏ armfpw D ek ;f eJ@ yifaygif upm;zkd@ yifaygifcspf=unfa&; (w¶kwf-tar&duefqufqHa&;) ukd ta&;w,l jyifqifae&csdefvnf; jzpfygw,f?) EkdifiHwumhrsufESmpmrSm w¶kwfjynf&JŒtcef;ukd tar&duefuawmif tav;xm;vm &csdefrSm tdrfeD;em;csif;EkdifiHjzpfwJh Armjynftzkd@ ykdvkd@awmif ta&;}uD;w,fqkdwm oabmayguf&if;/ vufawGŒt& ykyd +dk y;D wkev f y_ v f mwJh Akv d cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;[m w¶kwjf ynfudk oGm;a&muf rsuEf mS csKad oG;zk@d tpGrf;ukefjyifqifygw,f? 1971 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (6) &ufae@rSm/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd,fwkdif w¶kwfjynfukdoGm;+yD; avajyxkd;c&D; taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? 1972 ckESpf/ rwfv (15) &ufae@rSm pepfopftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdwmukd awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu pwifazmfaqmifygw,f? AsL¶kdua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;uae qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfzkd@ ‘=um;umv tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopf’ w&yfukd pwiftaumif txnfazmfwmvkd@ qkdygw,f? tJh'DtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopft& wavsmufvkH; wnf&SdvmcJhwJh “twGif; 0efrsm;¶kH;” ukd zsufodrf;vkdufygw,f? 0ef}uD;XmeawGukd topfjyefvnfzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? “vkHòcHa&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrDwD” tqifhqifhrSm rqvygwDeJ@ ygwDu OD;aqmifzJGŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh vlxkvlwef; pm; tzGŒJ tpnf;qkw d mawGu a&G;cs,af y;xm;wJh “jynfoŒl ud, k pf m;vS,”f qkw d mawGyg yg0ifzŒJG pnf; wJph epfudk pwifvyk af qmifygw,f? jynfoŒl uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifwhJ tzGŒJ vku d f pkaygi;f acgi;f aqmifr_ pepfvkd@qkdygw,f? 1972 ckEpS /f {+yv D (20) &ufae@rmS Akv d cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;eJ@ ppfwyfxyd o f ;D taumif}u;D (21) OD;/ ,leaD zmif;c|wf t0wftpm;vJ=uygw,f? ay:vmvwW@H aom zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opfe@J csed o f m;uku d af tmif óuw d ifjyifqif+y;D t}ueH @J t+ird ;f pm;,l vl0wfvv J u dk =f uwmjzpfygw,f? umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf Akdvfae0if; a&G;cs,ftyfESif;xm;cJholu Akdvfrª;csKyfpef;,k jzpfygw,f? 1972 xJrSmyJ owif;pmeJ@ *sme,fr*~Zif;pmapmif (50) ausmf xkwfa0cGifh ydwfyif&yfqkdif; vkdufygw,f? jynfxJa&;ESifh omomema&;0ef}uD;Xmetrdef@eJ@ ydwfyif&yfqkdif;apcJhwmjzpfygw,f? pmtkyfpmay ykHESdyfxkwfa0r_vkyfief;awGtm;vkH;ukda&m “pmaypdppfa&;bkwftzGJŒ”qkdwmukdyg t&ifu jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;XmevufatmufrSm xm;&SdcJh&mu/ 1970 jynfhESpfup+yD; jynfxJa&;eJ@ omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmevufatmuf ajymif;a&GŒxm;cJh+yD;/ jynfxJa&;Xmeu wifwif;=uyf=uyf ukdifwG,fxm;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf/ pme,fZif; (50) ausmfukd xkwfa0cGifhydwfyifwJhtcg jynfxJa&; 0ef}uD;Xmetrdef@eJ@ ydwfyifapcJhwmjzpfygw,f? jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; Akdvfrª; }uD;pdefjr vufrSwfeJ@ ydwfyifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 400
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ppftpkd;&wufvmuwnf;u pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhawG w&pf+yD;w&pf vkH;yg;yg;vm& ovkd pmaytEkynmavmu}uD;wckv;Hk eJ@ ykEH ydS x f w k af 0a&;vkyif ef;qkid &f m e,fy,ftm;vk;H wqif+h yD; wqifh uyfoifhcJh&ygw,f? ydwfyif&yfqkdif;jcif;cHvkduf&wJh pme,fZif;aygif; (50) ausmfxJrSm &efukef owif;pmeJ@ tk;d a0/ ¶_a'gi/hf jynfoŒl =u,f/ a&$wl eJ@ owif;*sme,fpwJh *sme,fawGyg ygomG ;cJyh gw,f? emrnf}uD;*sme,fawGtm;vkH;avmufeD;yg; tydwfcHvkduf&wJh tajctaejzpfygw,f? 1972 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏ}uD;&JŒ ðzwfxw k yf rJG mS yg0ifomG ;olawGuawmh yxrqkH; tvkyform;aumifpDOuUÏ}uD;jzpfcJh+yD; tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ awmfvSef a&;aumifpD0ifvnf;jzpfwJh Akdvfrª;}uD;armifa&$eJ@ r=umao;wJhumvurS pme,fZif;aygif; (50) ausmu f dk ydwyf if&yfqidk ;f ap&mrSm vufrw S af &;xk;d xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;Xme0ef}uD; Akdvfrª;}uD;pdefjr wkd@jzpfygw,f? 1972 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rSm “A[kd¶kd;rppfqifa&;XmecsKyf” qkdwmukd pwifzGifh vSpyf gw,f? A[kd ¶k;d rppfqifa&;XmecsKyf[m “txl;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyf” jzpf+yD; ¶k;d rwausm&Sd AuyeJ@ r'nw ukd tðywfwu dk af &;twGuf oD;oef@ zGiv hf pS v f u dk w f mjzpfygw,f? txl;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyf&ŒJ XmecsKyfr;ª tjzpf Akv d rf ;ª }uD;ciftek ;f ukd wm0efay;ygw,f? (Akv d rf ;ª }uD;ciftek ;f ukd &efuek w f idk ;f wkid ;f rª;t jzpf ac:,lvu dk w f t hJ cg Xmerª;tjzpf tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f rª; Akv d rf ;ª }uD;oef;wif ukd wm0eftyfEiS ;f yg w,f?) A[kd¶kd;rppfqifa&;XmecsKyf[m yJcl;¶kd;rawmfvSefa&; tajccHe,fajr}uD;wckvkH; òydysufuG,f aysmufa&;twGuf ppfa&; eJ@ Ekid if aH &;yg yl;wGpJ pfqif&efq+dk y;D “atmifp;dk rk;d ppfqifa&;” ukd pwif taumif txnfazmfygw,f? yJcl;¶kd;rrSm jzL;acsmif;zsm;rSm awmifay:&Gm (7) &Gm/ &JEG,facsmif;zsm;rSm awmifay:&Gm (14) &Gm/ yJc;l acsmif;zsm;rSm awmifay: (9) &GmeJ@ ¶k;d r0ef;usiw f ausmrSm qefa&pyg; aygrsm;wJh &Gm}uD;&Gmi,f aygi;f (1250) ausm&f w dS t hJ wGuf awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tajccHa'ovkjd zpfaewmukd ppftpk;d & u r¶_prd Ehf idk af tmifjzpfaeygw,f? ¶k;d rrSm&Sw d hJ awmifay:u&ifrsm;/ ajrjyef@Armrsm;/ ¶k;d rtaemufjcrf; csif;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;uvnf; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay: wavsmufvkH; tultnDay;ae=u wmtay: rausreyfEidk jf zpfaecJ=h uygw,f? tJ'h ga=umifh AD,uferfppfyrJG mS tar&duefawGvyk w f ehJ nf; ukd,l+yD; &GmawGukd csKyfukdifEkdifa&;/ vkdtyfovkd pkpnf;ypfa&;awGvkyfzkd@ pwiftaumiftxnfazmfyg w,f? awmifay: (14) &Gmukd twif;t"rR ajymif;a&$Œae&mcsxm;a&;ukd tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd pwifygw,f? awmifay:&GmawGtm;vkH; t}uD;tus,f 'kuQa&muf=uygw,f? olykefawGqD pm;eyf&duQm ra&muf a&;twGuf &GmawGrSm qefawmiftykdrxm;&qkdwJh trdef@csrSwf+yD; wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfukdifwm vkyfygw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ t&Sed jf ri‡ phf pfqifvmr_udk Auy wk@d &ŒJ “atmifaZ,swyf”/ Auy eJ@ r'nw wk@d yl;aygif;zGJŒpnf;xm;wJh “atmifEkdifwyf” awGu jyefvnfwkef@jyefwkdufckduf=uygw,f? ppftpkd;&ukd OD;wnfwkdufckduf&mrSm uGJvGJr_r&Sdayr,fh/ tzGJŒtpnf;twGif;qkdif&m oabm xm;tjrif uGJvJGr_awGuawmh wcsKdŒtzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSm jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? Oyrm tm;jzifh autif,l tzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSm &Sdovkd/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;rSmvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
401
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
1956 ckEpS u f OuUÏ ref;bZH acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zGŒJ eJ@ Adv k cf sKyfjr acgi;f aqmifwhJ tzGŒJ &,fv@dk autif,l tzGŒJ }uD;twGi;f uGcJ =hJ ur_&&dS mu 1972 ckEpS /f yJc;l wkid ;f uGe*f &ufrmS ref;bZH tkypf ek @J Akv d cf sKyfaumfx;l acgif;aqmifwJh tkyfpkqkd+yD; xyfuGJygw,f? ref;bZH wkd@u AkdvfcsKyfjr wkd@ESifh jyefaygif;+yD; “autif,l wyfOD;” zGJŒygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD twGif;rSmvnf; OuUÏ ocifZif/ twGif;a&;rª; ocifcspf wkd@acgif; aqmifwJh Auy ¶kd;rA[kdeJ@ ta0;a&mufaumfrDwD ocifAodef;wifacgif;aqmifwJh ta&SŒajrmufppf a'o Auy t=um; tjrifrwlwmawG &SdcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtaeeJ@ wckwnf;aom ygwt D jzpf wpnf;wvk;H wnf;&Sad yr,fh ygwu D eG zf &ifh 'grrS [kwf A[kad umfrw D D pkn H t D pnf;a0; usi;f y ðyvkyfEkdifjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf rwlwJhtjrifawG[m oD;jcm;pDvkd jzpfay:wnf&Sdaeygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh yJcl;¶kd;r Auy A[kdu ðzwfxkwfowfvrf;pOftrSm;eJ@ “*GifxJurxGufa&;” ppfa&;vrf;pOftrSm;}uD; ukd qufvufqkyfukdifxm;aepOfrSm ocifAodef;wif wkd@ ta0;a&mufaumfrDwDu ðzwfxkwfowf vrf;pOfukd vufawGŒvkyfaqmifjcif; rðycJhyg? vufcHjcif;vnf;rðycJhvkd@ qkdygw,f? wyfaygif;pkudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD;vnf; OuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ ocifcspfwkd@u ‘r'nw’ tjyif autif,lu wjcm;vlrsKd;pk ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ ‘wyfOD;’ zGJŒwmukd em;vnfvufcH oabmwlnDr_&Sdayr,fh/ ocifAodef;wif wk@d u ‘r'nw’ &S+d yD;jzpfvsuf vlrsK;d pkwyfaygi;f pkwyfO;D zGŒJ pnf;wm autJeif , f t l aeeJ@ rvkyo f ifv h @dk tjrif&Sdygw,f? oabmrwlnDr_tjrif uGJjym;r_awG[m obm0uspGm &Sdae=uwmjzpfayr,fh bkH&efol ppf tpkd;&ukd OD;wnfwkdufcdkufa&;tay:rSmawmh uGJvGJjcm;em;r_r&Sd=uyg? ppftpkd;&u awmfvSefa&;tif tm;pkawG toD;oD;ay: wqifw h ;dk ppfqifwu dk cf u dk v f mr_uv dk nf; jywfjywfom;om; jyefvnf&ifqidk f wkef@jyefwkdufckduf=uygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fxJrSm &Sdae=uwJh vlrsKd;pkvufeufukdif tzGJŒtpnf;rsKd;pkH[mvnf; wzufu ppftpk;d &ukd wke@f jyef&ifqidk &f if;/ wzufu Auy ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o ay:xGe;f }uD;yGm;vmwmtay: rwlnDwJh oabmxm;tjrifawG csrSwfusifhokH;vmygw,f? ppftpkd;&u zGJŒpnf;ay;xm;wJh umuG,fa&;tzGJŒrsm;uawmh t"dutm;jzifh bdef;ukd wkd;csJŒ vkyfukdifae=uwJhtwGuf bdef;xkwfvkyfr_ wkd;wufrsm;jym;vm¶kHru ‘bdef;jzLcsufpuf¶kH’ awGyg ay:aygufvmae+yDjzpfygw,f? (ppftpkd;&&JŒ tqkdt&ukd bdef;jzLcsufpuf¶kH (14) ¶kH &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f?) ta&SŒajrmufa'o Auy }uD;xGm;vmwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&u ppfa&;enf;eJ@ygru EkdifiHa&; enf;eJ@yg upm;uGut f opfawGxiG +f yD; Auy ukd wm;qD;zk@d jyifqifygw,f? vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;wcsKdŒukd zJhxkwfEkdifzkd@/ pnf;¶kH;Ekdifzkd@ vkyfygw,f? 1972 ckESpfxJrSm “autkdifat” eJ@ ppftpkd;& v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqkH+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajymqkd=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpkd;&ar#mfvifhovkd jzpfrvmyJ v#KdŒ0SufaqG;aEG;r_ ysufjym;oGm;cJhygw,f? Armjynf vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ a&pD;a=umif;}uD;twGif; rv$Jra&Smifom a&muf&Sdvm&wJh vuf,mEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkuvnf; ppftpkd;&ukd vufeufukdifwkdufcdkufzkd@ pDrHcsuf cs+yD; pwifv_yf&Sm;vmcJhygw,f? OD;Ek OD;aqmifwJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDygwDu Akdvf!kdr_dif;eJ@ ukdpkd;ckdifwkd@ OD;pD;wJh (34) a,muftzGJŒ[m a&vrf;c&D;eJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'otwGif; v#KdŒ0Suf0ifa&mufvm=uyg 402
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
w,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'otwGif; vufeufukdifv_yf&Sm;r_ taumiftxnfazmfzkd@jzpfygw,f? pufwifbm (23) &ufae@rmS xkid ;f Ekid if H &aemif;uaexGuv f mcJ+h yD; zsmykcH ¶kid /f bku d av;òrdŒe,f/ u'ku H ed &GmteD; ukdif;aomifu|ef;ay: pwif0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f? ppftpkd;&u (27/ 9/ 72) ae@uae (21/ 10/ 72) ae@txd owfrSwfxm;wJh “axmfykdif ppfqifa&;” eJ@ tjywfacsr_ef;zkd@ vkyfygw,f? axmfykdifppfqifa&;rSm ppfwyfu =unf;/ a&/ avwyfzJGŒ 0ifrsm;a&m/ &JwyfzGJŒ0ifawGukdomru ‘jynfolŒppf’ tzGJŒ0ifawGtm;vkH;ukdvnf; tokH;ðyygw,f? a'ocH &yfo&l mG om;awGtm;vk;H ukv d nf; uif;apmifch idk ;f / owif;tyk@d cidk ;f +yD; “jynfoŒl ppfqifa&;}uD;” vkd@ uifyGef;wyf tokH;cscJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ axmfykdifppfqifa&;atmufrSm ygvDref'Drkdua&pDygwD vuf,mtiftm;pk&JŒ vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ pwiftm;xkwfr_[m OD;csKd;acsr_ef;cHvkduf&ygw,f? tJ'DvkdyJ atmufwkdbmveJ@ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif; bD;vif;òrdŒe,f/ a0gòrdŒe,fawGxJ 0ifvm=u wJh yD'DyD (PDP) tzGJŒ0ifawG tacsr_ef;cHvkduf&ovkd/ ¶kd;rawmifay:0ifa&mufvm=uwJh yD'DyDu ‘wufxGef;’ eJ@ tiftm; (150) avmufvnf; ppftpkd;&&JŒ wkdufckdufESdrfESif;jcif;ukd cHvkduf&ygw,f? xm;0,fc¶kdifbuf/ awmifil/ ausmuf}uD;bufrSmvnf; wkdufckdufòzdzsufwm cHvkduf&ygw,f? 1972 ckESpftwGif; ppftpkd;&u ppfqifa&; }uD;i,frsKd;pkH csrSwfwkdufckduf&&mrSm &efukefwkdif; ppfXmcsKyfe,fajrxJtxd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aqmif&u G v f yk u f idk v f m&ygw,f? &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyfe,f ajrtwGi;f csrw S af qmif&u G v f m&wJh ppfqifa&;uawmh ‘atmifp}uFm’ eJ@ ‘qifaygu’f ppfqifa&;qkd wmjzpfygw,f? 1972 ukeyf idk ;f rSmawmh ppftpk;d &[m olzŒJG pnf;ay;cJw h hJ “umuG,af &;tzGŒJ ” awGe@J ywfouf+y;D ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ vky&f if rjzpfawmhwhJ taetxm;jzpfvmygw,f? yxrwcsuu f urBmay:rSm t&Sed t f [kef }u;D rm;pGm ysŒH ES@H vmwJh rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emeJ@ywfouf+y;D Armjynf[m wku d ¶f u dk f emrnf xGuv f mygw,f? tJ'D rl;,pfaq;0g;udprP mS txl;ojzifh bde;f jzLxkwv f yk f a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rmS “umuG,af &;” awGu t"duvkyu f idk af qmif&u G af e=uwm zk;H rEkid zf rd & ay:vGiv f mygw,f? ppftpk;d & arG;jrLcJhwJh ‘cGefqm’ ac: usef&SDzl;eJ@ ‘avmfppf[ef’ wkd@[m bdef;bk&ifawGtjzpf emrnfxif&Sm;ae+yD jzpfygw,f? cGeq f mukd tpk;d &u zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vku d w f t hJ cgrmS cGeq f m atmufu 'ktzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif ‘usefqk&Sif’ [m tiftm; (1000) ausmfukd OD;pD;+yD; awmckdoGm;&if; ‘awmckdvG,farmftzGJŒ’ tjzpf emrnfxu G v f m¶krH u/ bde;f a&mif;0,fazmufum;xkwv f yk rf a_ wGe@J yg qufvuf emrnfxif&mS ;vmcJh ygw,f? 1971 ckESpf/ ZGefv (17) &ufae@rSm tar&dueforw ‘epfqif’ u rl;,pfaq;0g; ppfyGJa=u nmcsuf xkwjf yefc&hJ +y;D ukvor*~uvnf; ZGev f (26) &ufae@udk rl;,pfaq;0g;qef@usiaf &; ae@wae@ tjzpf owfrSwfvmcJh&wJhtxd rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em[m urBmhjy\emwck jzpfvmcJh&ygw,f? bdef;vkyfief;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ta&;,lEkdifzkd@ bdef;&mZm ta,muf (20) &JŒpm&if;ukd tar&duefu qka=u;aiGygowfrSwf+yD; zrf;0&yf;xkwfvm&wJhtxd jzpfvmwJhtwGuf Armjynfppftpkd;&[m bdef; vkyfief;eJ@ wkduf¶kdufywfoufaewJh umuG,fa&;jy\emawGukd rukdifwG,frjzpf jzpfvmygw,f? aemufwcsuu f &Sr;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd umuG,af &;awG[m &Sr;f vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tif;tm;pkawGe@J qufpyfywfoufvm=uwmawGtay:rSmvnf; ppftpkd;&tzkd@ pkd;&drfp&mjzpfvmovkd/ xkdif;EkdifiHrSm tajcpkdufwJh OD;Ek &JŒ yD'DyDukd rlvvuf&if; ukd;uef@umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifa[mif; *sifrD,ef; yg0if teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
403
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
qufpyfvm+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf umuG,fa&;tzGJŒawGtay: tcsdefrSD wpkHw&mvkyfzkd@vkdvm+yDvkd@ wGuf csujf yifqifvmyk&H ygw,f? 1972 xJrmS ‘0’ e,frmS &Sw d hJ r[mqef acgi;f aqmifwhJ umuG,af &;tzGŒJ ukd vufeufðzwfxw k zf @dk vkyw f t hJ cgrmS vnf;/ uGejf rLepfuv dk nf; qef@usi/f vufeuftðzwfvnf;rcHEidk f wJh r[mqef [m ppftpkd;&ukdqef@usif+yD; awmckdtzGJŒtjzpf cH,loGm;cJhygw,f? 1973 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (5) &ufae@rSm ta&SŒajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrSm wkdif;rª;/ wyfrrª;/ wyf&if;rª;awGyg0ifwJh tpnf;ta0;usif;yygw,f? (6) &ufae@rSm ta&SŒajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf e,fajrtwGif;&Sd umuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ (23) zGJŒvkH;ukd ac:,l+yD; vufeuftyfESHa&;eJ@ tzGJŒawGzsufodrf; a&;ukd vkyfygw,f? ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif&JŒ w&m;0if pm&if;xkwfjyefcsuft& umuG,fa&;tzGJŒaygif; (23) zGJŒ/ vltiftm; (4211) a,muf/ vufeufta&twGuf (3228) vuf&Sd&mrSm/ {+yDv (30) &ufae@txd tpkd;&qD w&m;0if vma&mufowif;ykd@ tyfESH=uwmu vltiftm; (2377) a,mufeJ@ vufeuft a&twGuf (1980) vufyJ&SdcJh+yD; usefta&twGuf[m awmckdoGm;=uw,fqkdygw,f? awmckdoGm;=uwJh umuG,fa&;wyfawGxJrSm avmfppf[efacgif;aqmifwJh ukd;uef@umuG,f a&;tzGJŒ[m t}uD;qkH;jzpfygw,f? tpkd;&tqkdt& awmckdoGm;=uwJh umuG,fa&;tzGJŒawGuawmh (1) avmfppf[efacgif;aqmifwJh ukd;uef@umuG,fa&;tzGJŒ/ tiftm; (800) cef@/ (2) erfhu|rf;tzGJŒrS vDzm;rDeJ@ tiftm; (200) cef@/ (3) vG,fyif&JtzGJŒrS vDcsdefusifeJ@ tiftm; (45) a,mufcef@/ (4) wmrkdif;tzGJŒrS zkH=um;¶kH;eJ@ tiftm; (20) cef@/ (5) a&mifya&;tzGJŒrS tkdufaq;eJ@ tiftm; (150) cef@/ (6) refrefqkdiftzGJŒrS xyf0ef;eJ@ tiftm; (70) cef@/ (7) vG,faq;tzGJŒrS vifrdef;eJ@ tiftm; (20) cef@ vkd@qkdygw,f? avmfppf[efe@J xkid 0f rfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ &JŒ qGaJ qmifpnf;¶k;H r_e@J tJ'D awmcku d muG,af &; awG[m vG,faq;a'orSm 1973 ckESpf/ arv (23) (24) ae@awGrSm tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; &Srf;jynf ajrmufyidk ;f vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmfqw dk mukd zGŒJ pnf;vku d yf gw,f? OuUÏ tjzpf avmfppf[ef jzpfygw,f? &Sr;f jynftwGi;f rSm &Sr;f jynf/ &Sr;f trsK;d om; emrnfwyfxm;wJh vufeufuidk t f zGŒJ tpnf;awG xJrSm 1964 ckESpfuwnf;u r[ma'0D OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;cJhwJh tufpftufpfat (SSA) eJ@ 1971 ckESpfrSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh (SSPP) &Srf;jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwD wkd@[m txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfygw,f? aemufxyf emrnf&Sdwmuawmh (SURA) jzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &u awmcku d muG,af &;tzGŒJ ukd vku d v f w H u dk cf u dk yf gw,f? ppftpk;d &u arG;jrLajr‡muf pm;cJhwJh avmfppf[ef[m umuG,fa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awGxJrSm =oZmt&SdqkH;jzpfcJhovkd/ awmckd awmhvnf; awmxJrmS ajcvSr;f us,Ef idk cf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? awmrckcd ifuvnf; ta&SŒajrmufwidk ;f e,f ajrtwGif;&Sd wkdif;rª;/ wyfrrª;awGtm;vkH;avmufeJ@ ykvif;wlAl;qdk@vkyfum t0iftxGufwwfoljzpf cJhwJhtwGuf avmfppf[ef&JŒum;vkd@qkd&if b,fppfaq;a&;pcef;rS &yfay;p&mrvkdwJhtxd wefckd;xGm; cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; avmfppf[ef[m bde;f ukd vGwv f w G u f |wu f |wf vkycf iG yhf g0g&cJo h v l jdk zpfum bdef;bk&ifwqljzpfvmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? 404
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1973 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvxJrSm xkdif;EkdifiHtwGif;a&muf&SdvmwJh bdef;bk&if avmfppf[efukd xkdif; tpkd;&u zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkduf+yD; Armjynfppftpkd;&xH vufajymif;vufv$J tyfESHay;cJhwJhtwGuf Armjynftpkd;&u avmfppf[ef ukd vufcH&&SdcJhygw,f? avmfppf[efukd ppftpkd;&u txl;ckH¶kH;zGJŒ+yD; w&m;ppfq;w,fqw kd mvkyyf gw,f? (w&m;¶k;H rSm ppf&if;ppf&if;eJ@ avmfppf[ef&ŒJ xGuq f cdk suaf wG[m ppftpkd;&wGif;&Sd ppfwyfxdyfoD; taumif}uD;i,frsKd;pkHyg yg0ifywfouf ,SufEG,fvmwJhtwGuf ckH¶kH;ukdtjrefqkH;enf;eJ@ tusOf;¶kH;+yD; zkH;zkH;zdzdvkyf&if;/ 1974 ckESpfxJrSm axmif'%fpD&ifcsuf csrSwfay; vkdufygw,f? 1973 ckESpfxJrSmyJ bdef;bk&ifcGefqm&JŒ awmckdvG,farmfumuG,fa&;tzGJŒu aemufvkduf aemufygrsm;[m cGeq f m rE aW v;axmiftwGi;f u jyefvnfvw G af jrmufciG &hf vma&;twGuf enf;rsK;d pkH óud;yrf;ygw,f? SUA vk@d emrnfwyfxm;wJh cGeq f m&JŒ aemufvu dk rf sm;[m awmif}uD; p0fpx H eG ;f aq; ¶kHu ¶k&Sm;yg&*l (2) a,mufukd jyefay;qGJ+yD; rE Wav;axmifxJ&SdaewJh cGefqmeJ@ tvJtvS,fvkyfzkd@ awmif;qkdygw,f? ppftpkd;&u bmrSrwkef@jyefovkd vkyfaecJhygw,f? (aemufuG,frSmyJ cGefqmeJ@ ppftpkd;&[m tay;t,l oabmwlnDcsufvkyf+yD; 1974 ckESpfxJrSm cGefqm ukd v$wfay;cJhygw,f? 1976 ckESpfxJrSm cGefqm 'kwd,t}udrf awmckdjyefygw,f?) 1973 ckESpfxJrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&&JŒ EkdifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' opf (wwd,rl=urf;) a&;qG+J y;D pD;oGm;ygw,f? tajccHOya'opf a&;qGaJ &;aumfr&D iS [ f m (27/ 12/ 71) ae@up+yD; tajccHOya'opfudk a&;qGcJ +hJ yD; 1972 arvuae 'DZifbmtwGi;f tajccHOya'opf (yxr rl=urf;)/ 1973 {+yDvrSm ('kw, d rl=urf;) &Si;f vif;csjy aqG;aEG;r_qw dk mawG ðyvkycf +hJ yD;/ wwd,rl=urf; ukd aemufqHk;a&;qGJcJhwmjzpfygw,f? aemufqkH;rljzpfwJh wwd,rl=urf;ukd 1973 ckESpfxJrSmusif;ywJh 'kwd,t}udrf rqv ygwDnDvmcHukd wifoGif;twnfðycsuf&,lygw,f? rqv ygwDnDvmcHu twnfðyay;vku d w f t hJ wGuf jynfaxmifpq k &dk , S v f pforRwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH Oya' (rl=urf;) qdkwm xGufay:vmygw,f? 1973 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (14) &ufae@rSm tJ'D zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opf twnfðya&; twGuf jynfvkH;u|wf qENcH,lyGJqkdif&m Oya'ukd xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf =o*kwfv (16) &ufrSm OD;'def&wef OD;aqmifwJh tzGJŒ0if (26) OD;yg jynfvkH;u|wf qENcH,lyGJ usif;ya&;aumfrD&Sif qkw d mukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zGŒJ pnf;ay;vku d yf gw,f? tJ'aD umfr&Siu f jynfe,f§ wkid ;f § òrdŒe,f aumfr&D iS f tzGŒJ cGaJ wG qufvufzŒJG pnf;ap+yD;/ 1973 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm (15) &ufuae (31) &ufae@txd zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opf jynfv;Hk u|wq f ENc, H yl }JG uD;qkw d mukd wjynfv;Hk rSm usi;f yapzk@d jzpfyg w,f? 1973 ckEpS rf mS waumifwnf;ajy;aewJh rqvygw}D uD;&JŒ tajctaeuk=d unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh ygw0D ifO;D a&awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sad e+yDjzpfygw,f? (73 ckEpS /f arvuket f xd pm&if;t&ukyd )J wif;jynfh ygwD0if (107˜770)/ t&HygwD0if (416˜180)/ aygif; (523˜950) eJ@ ygwDrdwfaqG (825˜188) OD;txd wkd;yGm;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? rqvygw}D u;D &JŒ vlxv k w l ef;pm; tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;qkw d mxJu rqvygw&D ŒJ b,fawmifyeH @J nmawmifyHjzpfwJh jynfolŒawmifolv,form;aumifpDeJ@ jynfolŒtvkyform;aumifpD qkdwm[m teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
405
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
vnf; tawmfudk azmif;yGae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1973 ckEpS x f rJ mS òrdŒe,fawmifov l ,form;aumifpaD ygi;f (246) ck/ òrdŒe,f jynfolŒawmifolv,form;aumifpD pnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrDwD (16) ckeJ@ òrdŒe,fawmif olv,form;aumifpD0ifaygif; (6) oef;cGJausmf (662˜621˜2) OD; &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? wjynfvkH; v,form;OD;a&rSm (7) oef;cGJavmufyJ&Sd&mrSm (6) oef;cGJausmfu jynfolŒawmifolv,form; aumifp0D ifawG jzpfae+yDqadk wmh b,fvrdk sm; twif; }uHzefpnf;¶k;H xm;w,fqw dk m wGuo f m=unf=h u ygawmhvkd@ ajym&r,fh taetxm;jzpfygw,f? zqyv &JŒ Awvp acwfu/ Awvp 0ifr[kwf&if trawmfa=u; racs;bl;vkd@ +cdrf;ajcmufpnf;¶kH;cJhovkd/ rqvwkd@&JŒ jynfolŒawmifolv,form; aumifpaD cwfrmS vnf; awmifov l ,form;aumifp0D ifr[kw&f if "mwfajr=oZmtdwf a&mif;ray;bl; qkdwJhenf;eJ@ pnf;¶kH;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? urBmrSm róuHzl;ao;wJh pnf;¶kH;a&;pGrf;&nfeJ@ pnf;¶kH;a&;tif tm;vkd@yJ rSwfwrf;wif&rvkdjzpfygw,f? òrdŒe,ftvkyo f rm;aumifpaD ygi;f u (225) ck/ òrdŒe,ftvkyo f rm;aumifpD pnf;¶k;H a&;aumfrD wDu (18) ck/ tvkyo f rm;aumifp0D ifaygi;f u (1) oef;cGaJ usmf (151˜196˜0) OD; jzpfygw,f? wjynfv;Hk tvkyform;aygif; cef@rSef;acs (3) oef;avmufyJ&Sd&mrSm (1) oef;cGJausmfu tvkyform;aumifpD0if awGjzpfae&+yDjzpfygw,f? tHhavmufcref; pnf;¶kH;a&;pGrf;&nfvkd@ qkd&rSmjzpfygw,f? v,form; aumifpDrSmvnf; v,form;r[kwfolawGeJ@ v,form;rif;om;rsm;u }uD;pkd;xm;=uovkd/ tvkyf orm;aumifp[ D mvnf; tvkyo f rm;r[kwo f rl sm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;rif;om;rsm;u }uD;pk;d xm;=uwm ukdawmh wjynfvHk;u todyJjzpfygw,f? jynfv;Hk u|wf qENc, H yl }JG uD;twGuf oufqidk &f m ygwaD umifprD sm;u twif;t=uyf wm0ef ay;tyf 0g'jzef@csdyg0ifapwJhtwGuf tEkynme,fu yk*~Kdvfrsm;[mvnf; qENcH,lyGJ}uD;twGif; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vm&ygw,f? acwfay:aw;*Dwukd taemufwidk ;f o¶kyyf suaf w;*Dwvk@d ESmacgi;f ¶_ŒH cJ=h u olawGu, dk w f idk u f qENc, H yl t JG wGuf rJq, G pf nf;¶k;H &mrSmawmh acwfay:aw;*Dworm;awGuydk grusef twif;qGJ+yD; tokH;cscJh=uygw,f? qENcH,lyGJusif;ycgeD;rSm ‘rJ¶kHæ rJ¶kHqDukdæ’ qkdwJhoDcsif; wjynf vkH;ysHŒESH@cJhygw,f? 1973 'DZifbm (15) rSm qENcH,lyGJ rJay;yGJqkdwm}uD; pwifusif;yygw,f? t&G,fa&mufol wkid ;f ukd twif;vku d af c: +yD; reuf rJ¶zHk iG u hf wnf;u twif;rJxnfch idk ;f cJyh gw,f? qENc, H yl }JG uD;twGuf rJay;ykHpepfuawmh rJ¶kHtwGif;rSm tjzLa&mifrJykH;eJ@ teufa&mifrJykH;qkd+yD; rJykH; (2) ykH; axmifxm;yg w,f? tjzLa&mify;Hk u axmufcrH yJ ;Hk / trJa&mifu uef@uu G rf yJ ;Hk qkw d mjzpf+yD;/ tjzLa&mifudk jrifom atmifxm;ygw,f? trJa&mifuadk wmh cyfa0;a0;rSm =unfEh idk rf S jrifatmifxm;ygw,f? axmufcrH yJ ;Hk twGuf trSefjcpf (9) uef@uGufrJykHtwGuf =uufajccwf (8) trSwftom; ðyvkyfxm;ygw,f? pdwfóudufzefwD; OD;pD;+yD; usif;yvkdufwJh tajccHOya'qENcH,lyGJ}uD;&JŒ &v'fuawmh wjynf vk;H rJqENay;ykid cf iG &hf o dS al ygi;f (14) oef; (7) ode;f ausm&f w dS t hJ euf (13) oef; (3) ode;f ausmu f axmufcH qENraJ y;vku d =f uwJt h wGuf (90 ³ 19) &mckid Ef e_ ;f axmufcrH &_ adS om zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'}uD; jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f? 1974 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (3) &ufae@rSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JŒ (90³19) &mckdifE_ef;u wcJ eufaxmufcq H ENay; twnfðyvku d w f t hJ wGuf jynfaxmifpq k &dk , S v f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmfzŒJG pnf; 406
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'}uD;ukd twnfðyvkdufa=umif;qkdwJh a=unmcsufukd awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f? ('ga=umifh tJ'DOya'}uD;ukd 1974 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' vkd@ ac:a0:owfrSwf=uygw,f?) (Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufae@ukdvnf; tajccHOya'ae@&,fvkd@ aemufykdif; rSmowfrSwf+yD; od'<dwif r*Fvm,lwm rqv tpkd;&u vkyfcJhygw,f? tajccHOya'ukd twnfðya=umif; a=unm+yD; (24) &uft=um/ 1974 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (27) &ufae@rmS zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJ@tnD usi;f yw,fqw dk hJ yxrt}urd f jynfoŒl v$waf wmfEiS hf jynfoŒl aumifpDtqifhqifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJqkdwmukd wufokwf¶kduf usif;yygw,f? zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya't& pDrcH ef@caJG &;qkid &f mrSm tqifh (4) qifh cGx J m;ygw,f? (1) &yfuu G §f aus;&Gmtkypf k jynfoŒl aumifpt D qif/h (2) òrdŒe,fjynfoŒl aumifpt D qif/h (3) jynfe,f§wkid ;f jynfoŒl aumifpDtqifheJ@ (4) jynfolŒv$wfawmftqifh qkdwmjzpfygw,f? tJ't D qifh (4) qift h wGuf jynfoŒl uk, d pf m;vS,q f w dk mawGudk rqv ygw}D uD;uae a&G;cs,f csrSwfay;ygw,f? a&G;aumufy}JG uD; usi;f yyku H si;f yenf;uawmh rJ¶w Hk idk ;f rSm tqifh (4) qifv h ;Hk twGuf rJay;cef; (4) cef;xm;&S+d yD; axmufcrH §J uef@uu G rf J txnfch idk ;f wJh pepfjzpfygw,f? taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; usif;ywJhae@rSm tòydifr&Sd ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;wnf;pDukdom rJay;apwmjzpfygw,f? wjynfvkH;twGuf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;qkdwmukd 1974 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (27) &ufae@ uae azazmf0g&D (10) &ufae@txd owfrSwfusif;yygw,f? OD;ae0if;u &efukefwkdif;/ r&rf;ukef;òrdŒe,f rJqENe,fuae jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f tjzpf 0ifa&muf ta&G;cs,cf w H ,fqw dk mvkyyf gw,f? ppfwyf xdyo f ;D tm;vk;H 0ifa&mufta&G;cH=uyg w,f? tJ'Da&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ}uD; atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;wJhtcg 74 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH Oya'opft& usi;f ywJh yxrqk;H t}urd f jynfoŒl v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;}u;D ukd ac:,lygw,f? 1974 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS yxrt}urd f jynfoŒl v$waf wmf}u;D pwifziG v hf pS v f u dk yf gw,f? a&G;cs,w f if ajr‡mufjcif;cH&w,fqw dk hJ jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af ygi;f (450) OD; wufa&mufvm=uygw,f? zGJŒpnf;ykHt& v$wfawmfuae EkdifiHawmfaumifpD/ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ/ jynfolŒw&m;ol}uD;tzGJŒ/ jynfolŒOya' tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒeJ@ jynfolŒvkyfief; ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒqkdwmukd zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? tjrifhqkH;jzpfwJh EkdifiHawmfaumifpDukd yk*~Kdvf (28) OD;eJ@ zGJŒpnf;ygw,f? EkdifiHawmfaumifpD OuUÏtjzpf OD;ae0if; (AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;) jzpfvm+yD;/ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfpef;,k jzpfvmyg w,f? tpkd;&tzGJŒESifhwuG A[kdtm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;}uD;awG zGJŒwJhtcgrSmvnf; óudwif toifh vl0wfvJxm;+yD; ppfwyfxdyfoD;}uD; (21) OD;eJ@ toD;oD; tou tou zGJŒpnf;ay;vkdufygw,f? óudwifpDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; a0zefolr&Sd/ uef@uGufolr&Sd/ tzktxpfr&Sdjzpfygw,f? 1974 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@rSmyJ/ 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@u awmfvSefa&;aumif pDuae odrf;ykduf&,lxm;wJh EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mukd rlvykdif&Sif&if;jzpfwJh jynfolvlxkxH jyefvnftyfESHw,fqkdwmukd vkyfaqmifygw,f? jynfolvlxku 74 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH Oya't& a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufvu dk w f ,fqw kd hJ Ekid if aH wmfaumifpu D ae vufc&H ,lvu dk yf gw,f? tJ'g teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
407
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409
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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411
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412
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tydik ;f (4) jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwf (okd‹r[kwf) wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfacwf (odk‹r[kwf) ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf ('kwd,ykdif;) (1974=1988) wygwD t m%m&S i f p epf e J ‹ tquf r jywf a y:xG u f v mwJ h vl x k w k d u f y G J r sm;/ 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@uae 1974 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@txd (12) wmaomum v[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfjzpfcJhygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf yxrykdif; jzpfygw,f? 1974 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae@ aemufykdif;up+yD; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwf}uD; pwifygw,f? rqvygwD tm%m&Sifpepfacwf tjynfht0ay:xGef;vmygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf 'kwd,ykdif; pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmygw,f? 1974 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'qkw d m pwifouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmygw,f? uk, d zf J uk, d f qif/ uk, d [ hf muk, d cf sK;d / ud, k [ hf muk, d af 0/ uk, d [ f muk, d f tEkid ¶f u dk x f m;wJh zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'}uD; wnf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? Ekid if aH wmf&ŒJ emrnfu jynfaxmifpq k &dk , S v f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf qkw d mjzpfygw,f? jynf e,f (7) ck/ wkdif; (7) wkdif;eJ@ jynfaxmifpkykHo¾mef azmfaqmifxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfrSefwJhjynf axmifpyk o Hk ¾mefr[kwyf g? jynfaxmifpt k oGiaf qmifxm;wJh wjynfaxmifypHk o H mjzpfygw,f? jynf e,fawGtjzpf pm&if;azmfjyvmwmu (1) &Srf;jynfe,f/ (2) ucsifjynfe,f/ (3) u&ifjynfe,f/ (4) u,m;jynfe,f/ (5) csi;f jynfe,f/ (6) rGejf ynfe,f/ (7) &ckid jf ynfe,f wk@d jzpfygw,f? 47 zGŒJ pnf; ykt H ajccHOya'rSmwke;f uvkd rGe/f jrefrm/ &ckid u f dk vk;H aygi;f ¶ku d +f yD; rxm;awmhb/J rGejf ynfe,fe@J &ckid jf ynf e,ftjzpf owfowfrSwfrSwf azmf!¸ef;xm;ygw,f? csif; [mvnf; 0daoowkdif;r[kwfawmhbJ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
413
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jynfe,ftjzpf wdwdusus ac:a0:xm;ygw,f? EkdifiHawmftvH[mvnf; =u,fyGifh}uD;wckukd =u,fyiG ihf ,f (5) cku 0kid ;f &Hxm;wJh tvHawmfr[kwaf wmhb/J wkid ;f (7) ck/ jynfe,f (7) ckudk uk, d pf m; ðyxm;w,fqkdwJh =u,fyGifh (14) cktvH jzpfvmygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfa&;aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@tnD tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ v,form;vlwef;pm;ukd tajccHw,fqw dk m azmf!e¸ ;f +y;D =u,f (14) ck&ŒJ tv,frmS yife,H acG;oGm;pdyfeJ@ pyg;ESHESpfcufukd xnfhoGif;azmfusL;xm;ygw,f? (47) zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'wke;f uvkd jynfoŒl v$waf wmfe@J vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfq+dk yD; v$waf wmf (2) &yfvnf;r&Sad wmhb/J jynfoŒl v$waf wmfwckwnf;yJ &Syd gawmhw,f? v$waf wmfrusi;f yEkid rf rD mS / tjrifh qkH;tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;[m EkdifiHawmfaumifpDjzpfygw,f? A[kdtm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf;awGtjzpf&Sdwmu tpkd;&0ef}uD;tzGJŒ/ Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒ/ w&m;ol}uD;tzGJŒeJ@ vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒwkd@jzpfygw,f? (74) ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya't&/ Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uUÏ[m Ekid if aH wmforwjzpf&r,f qkdwmazmfjyxm;+yD; EkdifiHawmforwu EkdifiHawmf&JŒ t}uD;tuJjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uae vl0wfvJxm;wJh OD;ae0if; [m EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuUÏjzpfovkd/ Ekid if aH wmforw}uD;vnf; jzpfvmygw,f? vl0wfvx J m;+yD;jzpfwhJ OD;pde0f if;u 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfvufxJ tm%mtyfESif;xm;wmr[kwfwJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'jzpfwJhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;pdef0if; [m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek wkd@wkef;uvkd tm%m&Sdolr[kwfyg? 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'yk'fr (5) rSm azmfjyxm;wmuawmh EkdifiHawmf&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif;[m qkd&S,fvpfvlŒabmifjzpfw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? EkdifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;pepf[m qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfw,fvkd@ tajccHOya'yk'fr (6) u jyÏmef;+yD; EkdifiHawmf&JŒ zGJŒpnf;ykH[m qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDukd tajccHwJh zGJŒpnf;ykHjzpfw,fvkd@ tajccH Oya'yk'fr (7) u jyÏmef;owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[m EkdifiHawmfukdOD;aqmifwJh wckwnf;aomygwDjzpfygw,f? 1964 ckEpS f trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ umuG,w f OhJ ya'qkw d m jyÏmef;+yD;/ Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf; rSefor# wckrSrusefatmif zsufodrf;+yD;uwnf;u/ rqv[m waumifwnf; òydifbufr&Sd ajy;aecJh wmjzpfayr,fh ckid rf moxufcidk rf matmif wdwv d if;vif; xyfraH ºuG;a=umfz@dk vw dk t hJ wGuf zGŒJ pnf;tkyf csKyfykHtajccHOya'xJrSmukd xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ jyÏmef;ay;xm;&ygw,f? tajccHOya'yk'fr (11) eJ@ wyg wDpepfukd w&m;0ifjyÏmef;xm;ygw,f? tajccHOya'yk'fr (11) &JŒ w&m;0ifazmfjy jyÏmef;xm;csuf tjynft h pku H awmh ‘Ekid if aH wmfonf wckwnf;aom wygwpD epfuo dk m usio hf ;Hk &rnf? jrefrmhq&dk , S f vpfvrf;pOfygwo D nf Ekid if aH wmf. wckwnf;aom Ekid if aH &;ygwjD zpfI Ekid if aH wmftm; OD;aqmifonf’ qkdwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvkd *k%fxl;0daooawGeJ@ jynfhpkH+yD;/ EkdifiHawmfukd acgif;aqmifaewJh rqv ygwD}uD;&JŒ OuUÏ [mvnf; OD;ae0if; yJjzpfygw,f? zqyv vufxufu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek ukd w¶kwfjynfu OuUÏ}uD; armfpDwkH;vkd ygwDukdyJOD; aqmif OuUÏ vkyf+yD;/ tpkd;&tzGJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyftm%mukd v$Jajymif;ay;tyfoifhw,fvkd@ tóuHðy wkduf wGe;f &mrSm yg0ifcw hJ hJ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;[m olu, dk w f idk f tm%mukq d yk u f idk v f mwJt h cgrmS awmh/ tjrifh 414
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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415
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1974 ZG e f (6) tvk y f o rm;oyd w f } uD ; ZGefv (6) &uf reufrkd;vif;wmeJ@ puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHawG pwifvnfywfwmeJ@ wòydifeuf/ oydwf oydwf æ arSmuf arSmuf qkdwJhtoHawG wae&m+yD;wae&m &efukefwòrdŒvkH;tESH@ ay:xGef; vmygw,f? tif;pdef rD;&xm;pufacgif;¶kH/ orkdif;csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf/ tkwfusif; *kHeDpuf¶kH/ qifr vkdufoabFmusif; wkd@uae &efukefòrdŒ&JŒ puf¶kHtvkyf¶kHawG xlxyf&m tif;pdefvrf;r}uD; wavsmuf tif;pde/f r&rf;uke/f v_id /f urm&Gwòf rdŒe,fawGwavsmuf/ puf¶t Hk vky¶f aHk wG&ŒJ oydw}f uD;awG wvH;k +yD; wvkH; ay:aygufvmygw,f? ‘qefvkHavmufpGm&&Sda&; æ'dk@ta&;/’ ‘tvkyform;aumifpD æzsufodrf;ay;’ qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wG yJw h ifxyfcyhJ gw,f? qefr&Sv d @dk qefvaHk vmufpmG ay;zk@d awmif;qk=d u ovkd/ tvkyform;awGtusKd;twGuf bmwckrS aqmif&Gufay;wmr[kwfbJ/ tvkyform;rif;om; awGu OD;pD;+yD;/ tvkyo f rm;awGtay: rawmfrw&m;ðyaewJh tvkyo f rm;aumifpaD wGudk zsuo f rd ;f ay;zkd@ awmif;qkd=u/ qENjy=uygw,f? rqvtpk;d &u tvkyo f rm;oydw}f u;D ukd òzcd zJG @dk yk'rf (144) ukd xkwjf yefygw,f? &efuek w f idk ;f aumifpDOuUÏ odef;atmif vufrSwfeJ@a&m/ &efukefwkdif;ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rª; Akdvfrª;}uD;ciftkef; vuf rSwfeJ@yg yk'fr (144) ukd xkwfjyef+yD; +idrf0yfydjym;a&; ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawGukd qufwkdufvkyf ukdifygw,f? 416
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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417
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atmif twif;t=uyftyfEcHS idk ;f wm/ awmxJomG ;&if xrif;xkyaf wmif ,laqmifomG ;vmcGirhf ðywm/ wkdufyGJawGtwGif; vlxkyg rygygatmif xnfhoGif;pDrH+yD; tokH;csapckdif;wmawG &uf&ufpufpufvkyf cJhygw,f? 'gukd jynfolŒppfenf;AsL[mvkd@ uifyGef;wyfr*Fvm,lygw,f? yJc;l ¶k;d rtwGi;f tJ'v D dk jyif;jyif;xefxef ppfa&;t& ESyd u f yG rf a_ wGvyk af ewke;f rSm òrdŒay:awGrmS vnf; tpkd;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG xyf+yD;ay:rvm&atmif axmufvSrf;a&;awGukd wkd;+yD; pDrHae&mcsxm; v_yf&Sm;apcJhygw,f? OD;ae0if; [m axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒukd tm;xm;olyDyD axmuf vSrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd pdwfóuduf ukdifwG,fzGJŒpnf;xm;ygw,f? OD;ae0if; [m ol&JŒ tm%mwnf+rJa&; twGuf ol&JŒ EkdifiHa&;òydifbufawG/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGukd òzdcGif;Ekdifzkd@twGufyg axmufvSrf;a&;ukd txl;OD;pm;ay; arG;jrLukdifwG,fxm;ygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; OD;ae0if; pdwfóuduf OD;ae0if; &JŒ twGif;tjyif EkdifiHa&;&efolrSefor#ukd &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfjycJhygw,f? axmufvSrf; a&;tzGJŒ[m wae@wjcm; wefckd;xGm;vmygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒ&JŒ t}uD;tuJjzpfvmolu awmh Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; jzpfygw,f? ppfwyftwGif;rSm wjcm;wifOD;awGvnf;&SdwJhtwGuf axmuf vSrf;a&;wifOD; ukd vefbm;wifOD;/ rsufrSefwifOD; vkd@vnf;ac: =uygw,f? 62 ckESpf ppfwyftm%m odrf;pu AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; &JŒ nmvuf¶kH; axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Akdvfrª;}uD;armifvGif (ac: ) E_wfcrf;ar$;armifvGif emrnf}uD;cJhovkd/ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; (ac: ) rsufrSwfwifOD; [mvnf; emrnf ausmfcJhygw,f? (E_wfcrf;ar$;armifvGifa&m/ rsufrSefwifOD; yg AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ txl;a&G;cs,fr_eJ@ ypdzdwfork'N&mxJu qkdufyefu|ef;rSm tar&duef pDtkdifat (CIA) uay;cJhwJh axmufvSrf;a&;oif wef;ukd wufa&mufc=hJ uzl;olawGjzpfygw,f?) Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D (ac: ) axmufvrS ;f a&;rsurf eS f wifO;D [m Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk ray:aygu&f atmif axmufvrS ;f a&;enf;emrsK;d pku H dk tok;H ðywwfojl zpf ygw,f? 'D=um;xJuyJ rqv ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf xyfrHay:xGufvmwmuawmh OD;oef@ psmyeta&;tcif; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? 1974 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvrS ay:xGuf vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:xGuft+yD; (6) vtwGif;rSm qufwkdufay: xGufvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
OD ; oef ‹ psmyeta&;tcif ; Armjynfom;jzpfwJh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef@[m tar&duef EkdifiHrSm uG,fvGefcJh+yD; uG,fvGefolOD;oef@&JŒ qENt& OD;oef@&JŒ ¶kyfuvmyf[m Armjynfukd jyefvnf a&muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f? OD;oef@[m OD;Ek&ŒJ vl&if;wa,mufjzpf+yD;/ OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u ukvor*~qidk f &m jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf pwifxrf;aqmif&if;/ ukvor*~twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf 'uf[rRm;¶_;d av,mOf ysufusuG,fvGefwJhtcg/ ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyfae&m qufcH&&SdcJholjzpfygw,f? 1961 ckESpf Ek0d ifbm (3) &ufae@rmS ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;uae OD;oef@udk taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhwmjzpfygw,f? oufwrf;ukefqkH;wJhtcg aemufxyfoufwrf;twGufvnf; taxG axGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpf qufvufta&G;cs,fcHcJh&ygw,f? OD;oef@ vufxufrSm urBmppfjzpfEkdif 418
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
avmufwJhtxd }uD;us,fjyif;xefwJh urBmhta&;tcif; tjzpftysuf t=uyftwnf;}uD;awGudk atmifjrifpmG n‡Ed id_ ;f ajz&Si;f ay;Ekid cf w hJ t hJ wGuf urBmuvnf; wefz;dk xm;av;pm;cJo h vkd ArmEkid if t H zk@d vnf; *k%f,lav;pm;zG,f&m yk*~Kdvf}uD;wOD;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;ae0if; uawmh AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if; b0uae Ekid if aH wmforw OD;ae0if; b0txd wavsmufv;Hk OD;oef@tay: yk*K~ v d af &;t& remvkd 0efwkd rkef;wD;aecJhygw,f? tJ'D rkef;wD;remvkdr_tajccHawGa=umifh OD;oef@ ¶kyfuvmyf Armjynfjyef vnfa&muf&SdvmwJhtcg OD;oef@¶kyftavmif;jr‡KyfESHzkd@twGuf ajrae&mukd }uHawmocsKõif;rSmyJ jr‡KyfESH cGiahf y;cJyh gw,f? omrmefvw l a,muftjzpfyJ oabmxm;cJyh gw,f? igrh ed ;f rawmif }uHawmrSmyJjr‡yf wmyJv@dk ta=umif;jycJyh gw,f? OD;oef@udk av;pm;wefz;dk xm;olawGu OD;ae0if;&JŒ azmfjyoabmxm; r_awGtay: rausreyfjzpfcJh=uygw,f? 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@/ OD;oef@¶kyftavmif;ukd }uHawmocsKõif;ykd@+yD; jr‡KyfESHr,fhtcsdefrSm/ wuUokdvfausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ &[ef;ysKdrsm;u OD;oef@¶kyftavmif; tacgif;ukd 0kdif;0ef;csDrvkduf=u+yD; tavmif;wifum;ay:wifum }uHawmykd@r,fhtpm; &efukefwuUokdvf bGJŒESif;obiftwGif; o,f aqmifvu dk yf gw,f? OD;oef@¶yk t f avmif; ae&mcsxm;&m usKu d q U u H iG ;f rSmuwnf;u psmyecscsed ef ;D rSm ausmif;om;rsm;u ppftpk;d &&JŒ ,kwrf m¶kid ;f yswphJ w d "f mwfudk zGichf s¶w _ cf swm/ qef u h siaf jyma[mwm awGvkyfcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ausmif;om;awG&JŒpdwf"mwfeJ@ tckpsmyeukd ausmif;om;awGu odr;f ,l+yD; Ekid if aH wmfpsmyejzpfatmifvyk rf ,fv@dk a=unmcJyh gw,f? ausmif;om; awGu OD;oef@¶kyftavmif;wif psmyeum;ukd &efukefwuUokdvf xJarmif;0ifapcJh+yD; bGJŒESif;obif twGif;rSm ¶kyfuvmyftacgif;ukd csxm;um ausmif;om;awGOD;pD;vkyfwJh EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf taumiftxnfazmfvkduf=uygw,f? 'Dvkdenf;eJ@ OD;oef@psmyeta&;tcif;}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhyg w,f? wuUokdvf0if;twGif;rSm psmyeukdta=umif;ðy+yD; ae@a&mnyg ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;w&m; yGJawG azmfxkwfcJh=uygw,f? rqvygwD&JŒ ,kwfrmr_/ aumifpDygwDqkdwmawG&JŒ Akdvfuspkd;rkd; pkwfyJhr_/ ppfwyf&JŒ &ufpufqkd;0g;r_awGukd azmfxkwfa[majymcJh=uovkd/ ausmif;om;xk&JŒ jynfolvlxkbuf u&yfwnfcJhwJh orkdif;tpOftvmawGta=umif;eJ@ rqvppftpkd;&ukd jynfolw&yfvkH;u qef@usif wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;=uzkd@ vkdtyfwJhta=umif;awGukd ae@pOf&ufquf xkwfazmfa[majym v_HŒaqmfcJh=u ygw,f? ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; w&m;yGJawGukdazmfxkwf&if; vlxk&ifzGifhoH[pfwkdifjzpfatmif wqifh wkd;pDpOfzefwD;ay;EkdifwJhtwGuf &[ef;oHCmawmfawGa&m/ tvkyform;eJ@ 0efxrf;awGxJuyg vm a&muf&ifziG hf a[majym=uoHawG ae@pOfnqufjzpfc+hJ yD;/ &efuek w f uUov dk 0f if;twGi;f rSm }udw}f udwf wk;d atmif vlxyk &dwo f wf}uD; pnf;um;cJyh gw,f? vlxu k ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ta&;tcif;}uD;ukd tm;ay;axmufcH yg0iftm;jznfhulnDcJh=uygw,f? xrif;xkyf/ aq;vdyf/ oa&pmutp/ ykdufqH/ a&/$ aiGtxd vª'gef;axmufyHhcJholawG trsm;tjym; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? OD;oef@ &JŒ ¶kyftavmif;ukd wuUokdvf0if;twGif; rsufESmpmajruGufvyfrSmyJ ausmif;om; awGuOD;pD;+yD; *loGif;jr‡KyfESH oò*dvfcJh=uygw,f? 'Dta&;tcif;ukv d nf; rqvppftpk;d &[m t=urf;zufenf;ukyd u J sio hf ;Hk +yD; &uf&ufpufpuf òzdciG ;f cJyh gw,f? neufoef;acgiaf usmrf mS wifu h m;awG/ ppfum;awG/ ppfom;awGe@J 0kid ;f &H+yD; 0ifa&muf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
419
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
òzdcGJzsufqD;wmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? *lAdrmefukdvnf; zsufqD;ypfvkduf+yD; ¶kyfuvmyfukd odrf;ykdufo,f aqmifoGm;cJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;aoG;ajrus&r_awG jzpfay:cJhygw,f? psmyeudpPeJ@qufpyf+yD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtygt0if ppftpdk;&qef@usifolawG tajrmuftrsm; axmifeJ@csD+yD; tzrf;tqD;cHcJh=u&ygw,f? 1974 ckESpf&JŒ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ tajctaeukd t=urf;zsif;=unfh r,fqkd&ifawmh t"dutzGJŒtpnf;}uD; (2) ckjzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDa&m/ autif,lygwDyg vufeufukdifwkdufyGJeJ@ vlxkwkdufyGJawGukd rSefrSefuefuefaygif;pyf+yD; atmifyGJukd t&,lr,fqkdwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOf rl ay:vpD toD;oD;&Sd=uayr,fh/ ay:xGef;vmwJh vlxkwkdufyGJukd axmufcHwJh wkdufyGJ awG trSwfw& azmfxkwf wkdufyGJqifwmavmufuvGJvkd@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pGrf;aqmifjyEkdifr_r&Sdo avmufjzpfygw,f? ArmjynftwGi;f ykid ;f jynfrvlxek @J teD;pyfq;Hk qufpyfaewJh yJc;l ¶k;d rawmfveS af &; e,fajreJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owcGif[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ wqifh+yD;wqifh xkd;ppfqifwmukdom tquf rjywf óuHawGŒ&ifqkdifae&ygw,f? cHppftaetxm;eJ@csnf;yJ cHppfqifaecJh&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ awmfveS af &;vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wyftiftm;[mvnf; tqrwefumG jcm;vGef;aeygw,f? Auy taeeJ@=unfhr,fqkd&if ¶kd;rA[kd Auy eJ@ ta&SŒajrmuf Auyt=um; tquftoG,f rysuf&Sdae+yDjzpfayr,fh wqufwpyfwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;vrf;r}uD;tjzpf 'kd;,kdaygufjzpfatmif zGiv hf pS af zmfaqmif azmufvyk af y;Ekid jf cif;r&Syd g? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o}u;D ukd ckid cf idk rf mrmwnfaqmuf+y;D ta&SŒajrmuf&JŒ yefqef;A[kdXmecsKyf}uD; ay:ay:vGifvGif wnf&Sdae+yDjzpfayr,fh tajccHvGwfajrmuf a'oe,fajrukd oHvGiftaemufjcrf;txd ckdifckdifrmrm wkd;csJŒEkdifjcif;r&Sdyg? oHvGiftaemufjcrf;txd pDrHcsufawG trsKd;rsKd;csrSwf+yD; xkd;ppfqifwm/ wkdufckdufwm/ v_yf&Sm;ppfiifwmawG azmfaqmifEkdifay r,fh vGwfajrmufe,fajra'otjzpf rzefwD;EkdifcJhyg? autif,&l ŒJ tajctaeuk=d unfrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; cHppftaetxm;yJjzpfaewJt h jyif uGaJ ewJh tkyfpkawGukdawmif wvkH;wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif rpkpnf;Ekdif=uao;wJhtajctaejzpfygw,f? (74) ckESpf/ ¶_d;vluGef*&ufrSm autif,lvrf;pOfukd vkdtyfovkdjyifqif=u+yD; jrpf0u|ef;ay:wkdif;/ yJcl;wkdif; twGi;f &Sd Akv d cf sKyfaumfx;l acgi;f aqmifwhJ autif,el @J jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;Ekid zf @dk qk;H jzwfcsuyf J csrw S f EkdifcJhygw,f? autif,lygwDukd tvkyform;ygwDwcktjzpf wnfaqmufcsifolawGa&m/ vlwef;pm; tawG;tac: t,ltqeJ@ vlwef;pm;tjrifukd vufcHqkyfukdifolawGa&m/ vufrcHEkdifolawGyg &Sdae =uygw,f? ppftpk;d & bk&H efou l dk wku d cf u dk af &;rSm twlwyl jJ zpfayr,fh oabmxm;tjrif cH,rl a_ wGu wrsKd;pDuGJjym;ae=uolawG 'keJ@',feJ@ &Sdae=uygao;w,f? rqv ppftpkd;&ukdqef@usif+yD; Auyukdtm;ay;axmufcHulnDaewJh w¶kwfjynfeJ@ EkdifiHa&; tquftoG,f&&Sdzkd@ autif,l taeeJ@ tm;xkwfwmvnf;&SdcJhygw,f? 1973 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm vxJrSm autif,lygwDu paumv,fawm acgif;aqmifwJh (35) OD;yg ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwck[m &Srf;jynf tufpftufpfyDyD (SSPP) a'ouwqifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ta&SŒajrmufppfa'oukd a&muf+yD;/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ tpDtpOfeJ@ w¶kwfjynfxJukd 1974 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ykdif;rSm a&muf &So d mG ;cJyh gw,f? ocifAode;f wif eJ@ Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;wmawG tjyeftvSeðf yvkycf =hJ uovk/d w¶kwjf ynf 420
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@vnf; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;r_awG/ autif,l&JŒ oabmxm;ukd xkwfazmfwifjyr_awG vkyfEkdifcJh=uygw,f? w¶kwfjynfu e,fcsJŒya'o&mZfpepfukd jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwkdufckduf aew,fq&dk if vkt d yfwhJ tultnDawGuadk y;rSmjzpfa=umif;eJ@ Auy uaewqifh ay;r,fjzpfa=umif; ajymqkdcJhw,fqkdygw,f? autif,l &JŒc&D;pOf[m t"dutm;jzifh jynfyEkdifiHa&; r[mrdwf&Smjcif;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;avhvma&;c&D;pOfom jzpfwJhtwGuf vufeuftultnD&a&;r[kwfvkd@ qkdygw,f? autif,l[m awmfvSefa&;twGuf tJ'Dvkdóud;yrf;tm;xkwfwmawGtxd vkyfcJhayr,fh autif,l &JŒawmfvSefa&;'Da&[mvnf; ¶kd;reJ@ {&m0wDwkdif;rSmawmh wufvmatmiftxd pGrf; aqmifEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tcef;u¾awGuvnf; yg0ifaqmif&u G cf hJ zl;+yD;/ tpOftvm}uD;cJhwJh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifpkd;uawmh/ ukd,fh[m ukd,f tzrf;cH aphpyfaqG;aEG;w,fqkdwmukd aºuG;a=umf&if; ppftpkd;&qDvmcJh&mrSm zrf;qD;/ ¶kH;wif/ w&m;pGJqdkcH&+yD; ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&ygw,f? tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD[m tajccHtm;jzifh vkH;0ysufpD; oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? 1974 ckESpfxJrSm tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD edXdwH ed*kH;csKyfoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? rqvppftpkd;&[m pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;awGukd rpm;&0cref; aºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@twl quf vuftaumiftxnfazmfygw,f? yrxt}udrf ygwDnDvmcHwkef;u csrSwfcJhwJh ESpfwkdESpf&Snf pDrH ude;f awGxu J ESpw f pdk rD u H ed ;f wckjzpfwhJ 1971-72 rS 1974-75 txd yxr (4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f ukd 7273 xdyJ (2) ESpfwm taumiftxnfazmf+yD; &yfpJypfvkdufygw,f? 1974 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufvmwJh v$wfawmfoufwrf;eJ@ukdufnDatmif 1974-75 pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;up+yD; jyefvnftaumiftxnf azmfzkd@vkd@ qkdygw,f? tJ'Dawmh rqv tpkd;&&JŒ tESpf (20) ESpf&SnfpDrHudef;}uD;[m 1974-75 rS 1993-94 txd jzpfoGm;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufawGuawmh vlaer_tqifhtwef;ukd (2) qjr‡ifhwifoGm;zkd@/ v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a&;Ekid if u H ae v,f,mtajccH pufrE_ idk if t H jzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;zk@d / 1986 ckEpS af emuf ykdif; tvkyfvufrJh vkH;0yaysmufoGm;zkd@/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tH0ifcGifusjzpfr,fh qkd&S,fvpfynma&;pepfukd xlaxmifoGm;zkd@qkdwmawGjzpfygw,f? 1974-75 pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;qkdwmukd rqv tpkd;&u taumiftxnfazmfae+yDjzpfygw,f? taumiftxnfazmfwJhESpfrSmyJ qefaps;awGjrifhwufvm+yD; ukefaps;E_ef;awGvnf; wuf+yD;&if;wufvmwmukd óuH&ygw,f? 1974-75 ESpftwGuf tpkd;&u pyg; ykdrkd0,f,l&&Sda&;twGufqkd+yD; pyg;aps;ukd pjr‡ifhay;+yD; 0,f,lwmvkyfygw,f? 'gayr,fh pyg;aps; jr‡ifhay;r_&mckdifE_ef;eJ@ ukefaps;E_ef;wufvmr_&mckdifE_ef; tcsKd;tpm;[m tifrwef uGm[vGef;aewJh twGuf v,form;rsm;b0vnf; bmrSxl;wkd;wufrvmbJ ykd+yD;awmhom rGJaw'kuQa&mufvm&yg w,f? tvkyo f rm;rsm;b0[mvnf; qefawmifrvkaH vmufwt hJ jzpfrsK;d óuHc&hJ +yD; qefvaHk vmufpmG &&Sda&;twGuf tajccHwJh qefawmif;yGJ tvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:aygufcJh&ygw,f? (ppftpkd;&u usnfqHawGyJay;cJhygw,f?) ppftpk;d &[m òrdŒay:rSm owfjzwfy}JG uD;awGusi;f y+yD; vlxt k ºHk uGra_ wGukd ESrd ef if;cJo h vkd vuf eufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGtay:vnf; tjywftowf ESdrfeif;Ekdifa&;twGuf oJ}uD;rJ}uD; qufvuftm;xkwfygw,f? urBmodjzpfvm+yDjzpfwJh bdef;jy\emukdta=umif;ðy+yD; rl;,pfaq;0g; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
421
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ESrd ef if;a&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;ta=umif;jycsuef @J tar&dueftultnD&&daS &;ukv d nf; tm;xkwcf hJ ygw,f? tar&duefukd,fpm;vS,feJ@ rqv ppftpkd;&wkd@ 1974 ckESpf/ ZGefv (29) &ufae@rSm oabm wlnDr_w&yf&&dS+yD; tar&duefa':vm (4²8) oef;eJ@ &[wf,mOf (6) pD; tultnD&cJhygw,f? tJ'rD ;l ,pfaq;0g;wku d zf suaf &;twGuf &&Sw d hJ tultnDawGuv dk nf; vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkawGudk wkdufckdufESdrfeif;a&;rSmyJ tokH;ðycJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ OD;pm;ay; ppfqifa&;&nfrSef;csufu aomif;usef;ol tðywfwkdufa&;&nfrSef; csufatmufrSm aomif;usef;oltm;vkH;ukd tðywfrwkdufEkdifcifrSm òrdŒawmf&efukef A[kdcsufreJ@ teD; qk;H jzpfwhJ yJc;l ¶k;d rwa=umeJ@ {&m0wDwidk ;f / jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owckv;Hk ukd tjzLa&mifa'otjzpf ckid cf idk f rmrm azmfxw k Ef idk af &;jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh ¶k;d rA[kd csKyf+idr;f a&;twGuf atmifp;dk rk;d ppfqifa&;ukd csrSwf+yD; jzwfav;jzwfpepfeJ@yg yl;wJGppfqifr_awGukd t}uD;tus,f taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? atmifpkd;rkd; ppfqifa&;umvtwGif 1975 ckESpf/ rwfv (15) &ufae@ ae@vnf (1) em&D rdepf (50) cef@tcsdefrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ twGif;a&;rª;ocifcspfwkd@ yJcl;¶kd;r twGif; awmwGif;wae&mrSm usqkH;oGm;&ygw,f? ausmufwHcg;òrdŒe,f &JEG,facsmif;r}uD;&JŒ vuf wuf/ zGwu f sm;acsmif;teD; awmwGi;f wae&mrSmjzpfygw,f? OuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ twGi;f a&;rª; ocifcspf wkd@[m ppfwyf&JŒ ydwfqkd@0kdif;&Hxm;r_ukd cHae&pOftwGif;rSm vufeufcsa&;vrf;ukdvufrcHbJ owWd ajymifajymifeJ@ jyefvnfwkef@jyefwkdufckduf&if; usqkH;oGm;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif; rSm tifrweftpOftvm}uD;cJw h hJ orkid ;f 0ify*k K~ v d }f uD;ESpOf ;D ¶k;d rtwGi;f xyfru H sq;Hk cJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f? yJc;l ¶k;d r Auy A[kXd mecsKyfudk òzdzsuyf pfvu dk Ef idk ¶f rHk u Auy OuUÏeJ@ twGi;f a&;rª; ESpaf ,muf pvk;H ukyd g taozrf;qD;&rdvu dk +f yq D +dk y;D ppftpk;d &u 0rf;omt,fvJ *k%, f al ewke;f rSmyJ/ 1975 ckEpS /f arv (31) &ufae@rmS ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o Auy A[ku d ae zGŒJ pnf;a=unmvku d w f hJ ArmjynfueG jf rL epfygwD A[kdaumfrDwDtopfpm&if; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ awmfvSefa&; A[kcd surf XmecsKyf[m yJc;l ¶k;d ruae ta&SŒajrmufa'oqD ul;ajymif;oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ta&SŒajrmuf A[kd[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ wckwnf;aom A[kdXmecsKyfjzpfvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? xGufay:vm cJhwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrDwD topfuawmh æ (1) ocifAodef;wif - OuUÏ (2) ocifazwifh - yxr 'kOuUÏ (3) &Jabmfcifarmif}uD; - 'kw, d 'kOuUÏ (4) &Jabmfwif&D - PB (5) &JabmfaZmfrkdif - A[kdaumfrDwD0if (6) &JabmfAkdvfwkdufatmif - A[kdaumfrDwD0if (7) &JabmfrsKd;jrifh (AkdvfrsKd;jrifh) - PB (8) &Jabmfausmfjr - PB (9) &JabmfxGef;(Adkvfusifarmif) - PB (10) &Jabmfazaomif; - A[kdaumfrDwD (11) &Jabmfz&ef*rf'D; - A[kdaumfrDwD 422
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(12) &Jabmfoef;a&$ (Akdvfoef;a&$) - A[kdaumfrDwD (13) &Jabmfpdk;=unf - A[kdaumfrDwD (14) &Jabmfapm[ef - A[kdaumfrDwD (15) &Jabmf&JxGef; - A[kdaumfrDwD (16) &Jabmfpkd;vGif - A[kdaumfrDwD (17) &JabmfAkdvfoufxGef; - A[kdaumfrDwD (18) weoFm&DrSwOD; (19) jrpf0u|ef;ay:rS aemufwOD; wkd@jzpfygw,f? t&HA[kdaumfrDwD0ifu (9) OD;jzpfygw,f? ocifAodef;wif u usqkH;oGm;=uwJh OuUÏ ocifZif eJ@ ocifcspf wk@d udk tav;eDðy *k%ðf ypum;ajym=um;+yD;/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD OuUÏopf&ŒJ OuUÏrde@f ceG ;f rSm ta&;}u;D tajymif;tvJ}u;D rsm;ukd wdwv d if;vif; azmfjyoGm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh (64) ygwDwnfaqmufa&;vrf;pOf rSm;w,fqkdwmeJ@ ðzwfxkwfowfukd vufrcHa=umif; w&m;0if a=unmvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f? Auy ¶kd;rA[kdukd acsr_ef;vkdufEkdif+yD;vkd@ vufraxmif *k%f,l0rf;omae=uqJrSm/ ppftpkd;& tzkd@ aemufxyfrsufvkH;jyL;p&mtjzpf xyfrHay:aygufvmwmuawmh 1974 ZGef (6) tvkyform; oydwf}uD;&JŒ ESpfywfvnftxdrf;trSwftjzpf 1975 ZGef (6) oydwf}uD;ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
1975 ZG e f (6) ausmif ; om;oyd w f } uD ; 1974 ckESpf/ ZGef (6) tvkyform;}uD;&JŒ ESpfywfvnftjzpf 1975 ck/ ZGef (6) ausmif;om; oydw}f u;D ukd ausmif;om;wpku pwifazmfxw k q f ifEv J$ u dk =f uwmjzpfygw,f? wzufrmS jynfov l x l k }u;D w&yfv;Hk &JŒ pm;0wfaea&; t=uyftwnf;awG wae@wjcm; }u;D rm;euf¶id_ ;f vmaewke;f wzufrmS ppftpkd;&&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfowfjzwfr_awGa=umifh tvkyform; aoG;ajrus&r_awG/ ausmif; om; aoG;ajrus&r_awG qufwu dk }f uD;vkv d dk óuHawGŒcJ&h +yD; emusn;f cg;oD;zG,&f mawG vwfvwfqwf qwf}uD; cHpm;ae&wke;f rSm ppftpk;d &&JŒ azmufjyef&ufpufwhJ ppftyk pf ;dk r_uv dk ufrcHEidk af =umif; azmfjy vku d =f uwJh ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wku d yf v GJ rf;a=umif;ukd xyfavmif;wGe;f wifEidk zf @dk tm;xkwf vkduf=uwJh ausmif;om;xk&JŒ tHwkpdefac:yGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? 74 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf}uD;eJ@ 74 'DZifbm OD;oef@ta&;tcif;}uD;[mvnf; (6) vyJuGmjcm;ovkd/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;eJ@ 75 ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;[mvnf; (6) vcef@yJ uGmjcm;cJhygw,f? 1975ckESpf/ ZGefv (6) &ufae@reufrSm wuUokdvfajrxJrSm ausmif;om;awG pkpnf;=u+yD;/ ausmif;0if;xJuae ausmif;jyiftxdxu G +f yD; pDwef;vSnv hf nf qENjyyG}J uD;eJ@ pwifazmfxw k v f u dk =f u ygw,f? ynma&;wuUokdvf0if; taygufuae xGufvm+yD; jynfvrf;r}uD;twkdif; &efukefòrdŒxJqD OD;wnfaºuG;a=umfcsDwufcJh=uygw,f? toHv$ifh¶kHa&SŒuae jzwfvmcJh+yD; }uHawmbufcsKd;auGŒwJh vrf;twkid ;f 0ifc=hJ uygw,f? }uHawma&SŒu tokbacgi;f a&mif;wJq h idk w f ckxu J tacgi;f (2) cku&dk ,l teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
423
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tyg autif,yl gw0D ifawG[m Akv d cf sKyfjr eJ@ wvk;H wpnf;wnf; yl;aygi;f vku d Ef idk =f u+yD; rme,fyavm uae a'geawmifa=umwavsmuf/ u&ifjynfe,fwavsmuf/ xkdif;EkdifiHe,fpyfwavsmuf awmfvSef a&;tajccHa'oawG xlaxmifzGifhvSpfEkdifcJhygw,f? wckwnf;aom autif,ltjzpf tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ qufvufvy_ &f mS ;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? jynfe,faygi;f pkjH ynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (yr'w) ukdzGJŒpnf;vkdufEkdif+yD;/ bkH&efolppftpkd;& OD;wnfwkdufckdufa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd qufvufzGifhvSpfEkdifcJhyg w,f? rme,fyavmrSm vlrsKd;aygif;pkH ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJw&yf usif;y+yD; yr'w [m tJ'DESD;aESmzvS,f yGJ&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ay:aygufvmwmjzpfygw,f? 75 ckESpf/ arv (28) &ufae@rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhwJh yr'w rSmyg0ifwJh tzGJŒtpnf;awGuawmh autif,lygwD/ rGefjynfopfygwD/ &Srf;jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwD/ u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD eJ@ &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwDwkd@jzpfygw,f? vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &;wku d yf aJG wGudk quf vuf taumiftxnfazmfae=uqJ/ tvkyform; ausmif;om;xkwkdufyJGawGuvnf; wck+yD;wck ay:aeqJrSm rqv ppftpkd;&uawmh tm%mukd uspfuspfygatmif qkyfukdifxm;Ekdifa&;twGuf e,fy,faygif;pkHukd [muGufr&Sd&atmif wqifhwkd; óud;yrf;tm;xkwf zdESdyfuef@owfwmawG vkyf aqmifcJhygw,f? pmaytEkynme,fy,fukdvnf; wqifhwkd; uef@owfvmcJhygw,f? 1975 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f rSm jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&w dS hJ ykEH ydS o f El iS hf ykHESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; rSwfykHwiftzGJŒ±kH;uae/ ‘pmayESifh pme,fZif;rsm; vkdufem=u&r,fhpmayrl0g'’ qkdwmukd csrSwfay;jyefygw,f? (1) jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd rxdckdufap&/ (2) EkdifiHawmf. t,l tq vkyfief;pOf rlrsm;ukd rxdckdufap&/ (3) qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd rxdckdufap&/ (4) wkdif;&if; om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;ukd rxdckdufap&/ (5) EkdifiHawmfvkHòcHa&;/ at;csrf;om,ma&;/ w&m;Oypkd;rkd; a&;ESifh vlr_a&;b0ukd tE W&m,frjzpfap&/ (6) tcsdefumvESifhrqDavsmfaom tawG;tac:t,l tqrsm; razmfjy&/ (7) tcsut f vuftm;jzifh rSeaf omfvnf; tajctaeESihf rqDavsmaf om a&;om; csufrsm; razmfjy&/ (8) npfnrf;ta&;tom;rsm; razmfjy&/ (9) &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_/ aoG;xGuf oH,rdk _ jypfrr_ sm;ukd v_ŒH aqmfapaom ta&;tom;rsm; razmfjy&/ (10) tpk;d &Xmersm;&JŒ vky&f yfrsm;ukd tðyoabmraqmifaom a0zefcsufrsm;razmfjy&/ (11) yk*~vdu wOD;wa,mufukd wkdufckdufaom pmrsm; razmfjy& - vkd@qkdygw,f? wcGef;xJeJ@csKyf+yD;ajym&&ifawmh tpkd;&eJ@ywfouf+yD;/ rqveJ@ywf ouf+yD; bmrSra&;=ueJ@qkdwmjzpfygw,f? ¡ OD;ae0if;u a':cifaroef;ao+yD; a': eDejD rifu h , dk /l a': eDejD rifeh @J uaJG epOftwGi;f &wemewf r,fqkdwm}uD;ukd xyf+yD; ,lxm;wkef;rSm/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k uvnf; [kdrdef@cGef;ajymvkduf 'Drdef@cGef; ac|vu dk f vkyjf yaewke;f rSm/ qefjy\emawGay: +yD;aemuf pyg;pku d af &; qefw;dk wufxyk v f yk af &;awGudk yJajymwJh oluajymaewke;f rSm/ pma&;q&m armifazi,fu ‘azmif;um;pm;’ qkw d &hJ mZ0if aemufcpH m tkyfwtkyfukd xkwfa0cJhygw,f? tJ'D azmif;um;pm; pmtkyfxJrSm r,m;+yD; r,m;/ pum;+yD; pum;/ pyg;+yD; pyg; qkdwmxnfha&;wJhtwGuf armifazi,f ukd woufwu|ef; axmif'%fcsrSwfwmawmif vkyfygw,f?¢ 1975 ckESpf/ pufwifbm (28) &ufae@rSm &efukefwkdif; owif;axmufrsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm ygwpD me,fZif;Xmerª;jzpfwhJ OD;apmOD; u rqvygwu D , dk pf m; qk&d , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfudk qef@usio f l teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
425
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awGtwGuf vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh ray;Ekdifygbl;? EkdifiHawmfukd OD;aqmifaewJh usaemfwkd@&JŒygwDukd qef@usifaeolawGukdvnf; vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh ray;Ekdifygbl;vkd@ ajymifajymifwif;wif;yJ ajymqkd cJhygw,f? pmaytEkynme,fy,fwckvkH;ukd v_yfr&atmif pmay;pdppfa&;XmeqkdwmeJ@vnf; csKyfukdif xm;cJhygw,f? qef@usifawmfvSefwJh pmtkyf/ pmwrf;/ pmapmifawG xGufay:rvm&atmif/ pmtkyf tqifhqdkwmtxdudk a&mufrvm&atmif/ pmrlawGudk óudwif˜wifjycGifhðycsuf&,l+yD;rS ¶kdufESdyfwJh tqifhukd vkyfukdifapygw,f? ¶kdufESdyf+yD; xyfrHwifjy&r,f? xyfrHwkdufqkdifppfaq;+yD;rS pmtkyfjzef@csd cGifhukd ay;ygawmhw,f? tJ'ga=umifh w&m;0if xkwfa0jzef@csdcGifh tcGifhta&;awG qkH;¶_H;&ygw,f? ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usifawmfvSefwJh pmaytEkynmawGukd a&;om;zefwD;vkdolawG[m w&m;r0if enf;eJ@yJ ¶kdufESdyfjzef@csd&ygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh pmul;puf/ vufvSnfhpufuav;awGeJ@yJ v#KdŒ0SufpGm ¶kdufESdyf jzef@csd xkwfa0vm=uwJh pmapmifav;awG 70 jynfhESpfvGef ESpfOD;ykdif;w0kduf yvlysHcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh uAsmpmtkyfav;awGrsm;ygw,f? 'gawmif zrf;qD;jcif;cH&&if axmif'%fcsrSwf jcif;cH&ygw,f? Armjynfu wkd;wufwJhpma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mrsm;[m tar&duefe,fcsJŒwkd@&JŒ AD,uferfusL;ausmfppftay: ¶_wfcsuef@uGuf=uwJh pmuAsmawG/ AD,uferfjynfolrsm;bufu &yf wnfwhJ pmuAsmawG a&;om;zefw;D cJ=h u+yD; w&m;0if pmapmifr*~Zif;rsm;uae azmfjyjzef@cscd =hJ uwm awG&Sdovkd/ pmul;puf/ vufvSnfhpufuav;rsm;eJ@ ¶kdufESdyf+yD; w&m;r0ifjzef@csd&wJh pmapmif pmtkyf i,fuav;rsm;uae+y;D vnf; jzef@csx d w k af 0azmfjywmawG &Scd yhJ gw,f? pmayvGwv f yfciG rhf &Sw d =hJ um;u e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;awG enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&u t=urf;zufzdESdyfaewJh=um;u enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ uGyfn‡yf+yD; ydwfyifwm;jrpf,kwf rmaewJh=um;xJu ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_w&yf xyfrHxGufay:vmjyefygw,f? 75 ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;t+yD; (9) vausmft=umrSmyJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'guawmh r_dif;&m jynfhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;yJjzpfygw,f?
rd + i f ; &mjynf h 1976 ckESpf/ rwfv (23) &ufae@rSm r_dif;&mjynfh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 1876 ckEpS /f rwfv (23) ae@zmG ; +idr;f csr;f a&;zcif}uD;eJ@ Zmwdrmefpmqk}d uD; q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmf r_dif;[m 1976 ckESpf/ rwfv (23) &ufae@rSm toufw&m jynfhajrmufoGm;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf/ r_dif; &mjynfhtcrf;tem;ukd EkdifiHa&;t"dy`g,f&Sd&Sd usif;y=uzkd@ ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfeJ@ azmf xkwcf =hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? q&m}uD;ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f [m 1964 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f rSmyJ uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJh +yDjzpfayr,fh q&m}uD;ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f &JŒ e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;vGwf ajrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f yg0ifcw hJ hJ tcef;u¾}uD;jrwfre_ @J urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;wkd@twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH a&SŒaqmifv_yf&Sm;cJhr_awGtwGuf av;av;eufeuf txdrf;trSwfðy=u um ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf azmfxkwfusif;ycJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? 426
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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rqvwG i f ; uae xG u f a y:vmwJ h r D ; awmuf r sm; 74 zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'ukd zefw;D +yD;/ 74 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'eJ@tnD zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfw,fqkdwJh rqvtpkd;&acwf pwifay:aygufvm+yD;uwnf;u vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;awG teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
427
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
429
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
rqvtk y f p k d ; r+ t apmyk d i f ; umv&J Œ jynf w G i f ; tajctae Ek d i f i H w umh t ajctae rqvppftpdk;&[m 74 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ukd tokH;ðy+yD; ygwDOD;aqmifr_/ aumifp;D }uD=uyfrq _ w dk hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J pwifvnfywfcsed u f p+yD; Armjynfjynfoal wG&ŒJ pm;0wf aea&;[mvnf; wae@wjcm;qk;d 0g;vmcJyh gw,f? ygwaD umifpaD cwfjzpfwmeJ@tnD ae&mwum ygwD aumifpDrsm;uom pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; pwJhe,fy,ftm;vkH;ukd csKyfukdif v$rf;rkd;xm;=u+yD; wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ vufwH&Snf}uD;atmufrSm/ Armjynf jynfolvlxkw&yf vk;H [m zdEydS rf a_ ygi;f pku H dk cg;aumhatmifc=H u&ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh tJ'v D q dk ;dk 0g;azmufjyefvw S hJ tkypf ;dk r_awGudk qef@usiw f eG ;f vSe=f uwJh ¶ke;f uefwu dk yf q JG if=uwJh vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awGvnf; obm0uspmG yJ wkef@jyefxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? 74 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf/ 74 'DZifbm OD;oef@ta&;tcif;/ 75 ZGef (6) ausmif;om;oydwfeJ@ r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif;awG[m qufwkduf}uD;yJ xGufay:vmcJhyg w,f? ta&SŒavv_y&f mS ;r_/ rD;armif;v_y&f mS ;r_w@dk vdk ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGvnf; ay:xGufvmcJhovkd Adkvf}uD;tkH;ausmfjrifh acgif;aqmifwJh rqvxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;ukd tjywf&Sif;ypfa&; v_y&f mS ;r_/ ref;aiGatmif ref;'g0w d f wk@d &ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awG[mvnf; qufwu dk }f u;D yJ xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awG/ Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG/ ppftyk pf òk zdcsa&; }uHpnftm;xkwrf a_ wG rSefor#ukdvnf; rqv ppftpkd;&[m &uf&ufpufpuf jyif;jyif;xefxef òzdcGif;ESdyfuGyfypfcJhygw,f? ta&;awmfykHawG/ oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;awG/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;awG/ vkyf}uHa&; }uHpnftm; xkw=f ur_awGudk ppfwyf/ axmufvrS ;f a&;/ óu;d pif/ tusO;f axmifqw kd mawGe@J &uf&ufpufpuf zdEydS f owfjzwf òzdcGif;&Sif;vif;ypfcJh+yD; ,m,DtompD;& tEkdif&atmif ajz&Sif;EkdifcJh=uayr,fh wjynfvkH;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; òyyd suu f sqif;&r_awG/ jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk &JŒ wae@wjcm; qif;&JraGJ w iwfjywfvm&r_awG/ ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &;pdw"f mwf qufvufw;dk yGm; jzpfwnfvm&r_awGuadk wmh b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS ajyvnf atmifajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? tJ'Dvkd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfESdrfeif;aecJh+yD; wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;tajctae[mvnf; wae@wjcm; qk;d &Gm;vmaewmawmifrS azmufjyefwphJ pftpk;d &qdw k hJ vuQ%m ajymifajymifwif;wif; }uD; ay:aewmawmifrS/ rqvppftpkd;&tzdk@ touf¶_aygufacsmifp&m tcGifhtvrf;}uD;wck &+rJ&aecJhygw,f? tJ'guawmh tJ'Dwkef;u jzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh EkdifiHwumhtajctae jzpfygw,f? ta&SŒtkyfpk/ taemuftkyfpk/ qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;/ t&if;&Sif*kd%f;qkdwJh tkyfpk}uD; (2) ck/ *kd%f;}uD; (2) *kd%f;wkdufyGJtwGif;rSm qkd&S,fvpfqkdif;bkwfcsdwfxm;wJh rqvtpkd;&ukd ta&SŒtkyfpkuvnf; ukd,fh *k% d ;f EG,0f ifjzpfa&;/ tenf;qk;H uk, d b hf ufuvk@d a&wGuf wGucf suEf idk af &;/ pnf;¶k;H a&;tjrife@J tav; ay;=unfah ecJo h vk/d taemuftyk pf u k vnf; rqvvd@k ajymajym bmajymajym jynfwiG ;f rSm uGejf rLepf qef@usifa&; jywfjywfom;om;vkyfaewmwckwnf;eJ@ rqvukd trSwfay;+yD; ausmaxmufaemuf cHðyay;cJh=uygw,f? tar&duef[m AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif; ajcu|Haecsdefwkef;uvnf; uGefjrLepfqef@ usifa&; jyif;xefvSwJh Armjynfppftkyfpkukd uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; aoe*FAsL[mt& ausmaxmuf aemufcHðyay;cJhovkd/ 1975 ckESpf AD,uferfuae cGufcGufvefatmif ta&;edrfh+yD; qkwfcGmay;&+yD;wJh 430
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aemufrSmvnf; aemufxyfuGefjrLepfEkdifiHawG ray:aygufa&;twGuf Armjynfppftkyfpkukd ausm axmufaemufcHðyay;zkd@ vkdtyfaeqJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Davmuf qkd;0g;azmufjyefvSwJh rqv ppftpk;d &ukd ta&SŒtkypf u k vnf; r¶_wcf sco hJ vkd taemuftyk pf u k vnf; rjrifcsiaf ,mifaqmifaecJyh g w,f? ppftkyfpk&JŒ aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfyGJ}uD;awGukd tm;vkH;u a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJhygw,f? rqv ppftpkd;&ukd b,folurS aq;azmfa=umzuf rvkyfa&;oabmxm; r&SdcJh=uyg? ArmjynfeJ@ e,fedrdwf jcif;qufaewJh w¶kwfjynf}uD;uvnf; 1967 ckESpfu w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;t+yD;rSm ae0if; ppftkyfpkqef@usifa&;qkdwm us,fus,favmifavmif atmf[pfum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukd ykHatm tultnDay;wmvkyfcJayr,fh/ 1974-75 0ef;usifrSm wzufu urBmokH;ckay:vpD jzpfae+yD jzpfygw,f? urBmokH;ckay:vpDu w¶kwfjynf}uD;tyg wwd,urBm[m r¾Kdifwyf/ 'kwd,urBmukd pnf;¶k;H / tedrq hf ;Hk =um;xm;/ yrxurBmukd OD;wnfwu dk q f w dk hJ Ekid if w H umhEidk if aH &;qkid &f m aoe*FAsL[m jzpfygw,f? yxrurBmrSm tar&duef eJ@ qkdAD,uf (2) EkdifiHyJ&SdwmawmifrS qkdAD,ufukd t"duOD; wnfwkdufqkdwJh aoe*FAsL[mjzpfygw,f? (1971-72 rSm w¶kwftar&duef yifaygifoHcif;wrefcif; awGawmif atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmf+yD;=u+yD; jzpfygw,f?) tJh'Dvkd EkdifiHwumhtajctaeatmufrSm rqvppftkyfpk[m jynfwGif;t=uyftwnf;awG qufwkdufjzpfay:aewmawmifrS EkdifiHwumhrsufESmpmrSm taeacsmif+rJ acsmifaewJhtjyif/ tcGifh tvrf;opfawGawmif &&Scd yhJ gao;w,f? vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awGudk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif owfjzwfErdS ef if; +yD;wJah emuf/ 1976 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ Ekid if w H umtzGŒJ tpnf;}uD;jzpfwhJ tkt d ;D pD'D (OECD) ac: pD;yGm;a&;yl; aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;eJ@ zGHŒòzd;a&;tzGJŒ}uD;u ppftpkd;&ukd tultnDay;zkd@ ArmjynfulnDa&;tpkqkd wmukd zGŒJ pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &tzk@d pD;yGm;a&;u¾wcsKŒd rSm zGŒH òz;d a&;qkw d mawGawmifrS atmfEidk f vkyfEkdifcGifh&vmjyefygw,f? 1976 ckESpf r_dif;&mjynfhaemufykdif;/ (6) vw}udrf (9) vw}udrfeD;yg; ay:xGef;cJhwJh tkHeJ@ usi;f eJ@csD yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uwJh vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD;awG[m ,m,D&yfpo J mG ;&ygw,f? tJ'v D dk vlxw k u dk yf }JG uD; awG ,m,D&yfpJoGm;&ayr,fh ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGuawmh ykHo¾mefrsKd;pkHeJ@ quf vufaygufzGm;aecJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&tkyfpkd;r_ukd enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ qef@usiftefwkaecJhygw,f? 74-75 pmoifEpS t f wGuo f wf rSwx f m;wJh &efuek f 0dZm… odyw H` uUov dk f ESpv f nfr*~Zif;tzk;H udpP vlawG=um; ajym=u qk=d uoHawG xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? (rsuEf mS zk;H yef;csq D o JG u l ) yef;csq D &m ausmrf if;armifjzpfyg w,f? 1977 ckESpfxJrSm (7/ 7/ 77) eJ@trSD wkdufqkdif+yD; xGufay:vmcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdvf r*~Zif; tzkH;}uD;[mvnf; teDa&mifatmufcHay:rSm teufydef;¶kduf+yD; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? 0§o wuUov dk rf suEf mS zk;H *,ufa=umifh r*~Zif;pmtkyf rsuEf mS zk;H awGvnf; yef;cst D wGuf óudwifciG ðhf ycsuf ,l&r,fvkd@ owfrSwfvmwJhtcg bmyef;csDrS rokH;awmhbl;vkd@qkd+yD; óudwifpOf;pm;r_&Sd&Sd teufa&mif tzkH;}uD;eJ@ xGufay: jyvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? 1976 ckESpfxJrSm w¶kwfjynf0ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvkdif; uG,fvGefygw,f? Armjynf rqvygwD OuUÏ}uD;OD;ae0if; u w¶kwfoH¶kH;oGm;+yD; 0rf;enf;a=umif; rSwfwrf;pmtkyf}uD;xJrSm vufrSwfa&; xk;d um 0rf;enf;a=umif; azmfjywmvkyyf gw,f? w¶kwjf ynfvdk wkid ;f jynf}u;D wpfjynf/ Ekid if }H u;D wpfEidk if H u acgi;f aqmif}uD;wpfO;D uG,v f eG t f edpaP &muf&jcif;twGuf tvGe0f rf;enf;yga=umif;qkw d hJ 0rf;enf; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
431
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
a=umif; azmfjyr_}uD;ukd wcrf;wem; oGm;a&mufa&;om;ay;cJyh gw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ a&;om;csux f rJ mS / wpfqkdwmawGukd tokH;ðy+yD;a&;om;cJhygw,f? tJ'Da&;om;csuf&JŒaemufydkif;rSm wck waumif wa,muf a&;om;&if; qGJrSefor#ukd/ wpfck wpfaumif wpfa,mufqkdwmawG tvkyfckdif;+yD; owfykH awGudk OD;ae0if;pdwóf uduf jyifqifa&;om; owfrw S jf yÏmef;wmawG vkyaf qmifygawmhw,f? pmaypd ppfa&;uae pmaytEkynm&SifawG&JŒ pmaytEkynmvuf&mrSefor#ukd EkdifiHa&;t&/ rqv pmay pdppfaq;a&;rlt&/ jyif;jyif;xefxef uGyfn‡yfr_awG vkyfaqmif¶kHru owfrSwfxm;wJh owfykHowf !¸ef;/ a&;xkH;qkdwmawGyg csdefxkd; wkdufqkdif ppfaq;wmawG vkyfaqmifvmygw,f? (owfykHrSm;&if jyifqifctjzpf '%faiGaqmif&ygao;w,f?) tJ'Dvkd EkdifiHa&;t& wygwDwnf; xifovkdcsKyfukdif/ pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fy,fukd rif;rl/ pmaytEkynmeJ@ ynm&yfqkdif&m e,fy,fawGtxd pGufzufajc¶_wf cJh+yD;/ wkdif;jynfwjynfvkH;ukd pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfAkdvfvkyfaecJhwJh rqvppftpkd;&[m 1977 ckESpfrSm wwd, t}udrf jrefrhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD nDvmcHukd usif;ygygw,f? 'Dnv D mcH}uD;twGi;f rSm nDvmcHrusi;f yrDe@J nDvmcHt+yD;rSm rqvppftyk pf u k us,u f s,f avmifavmif [pfaºuG;ajymqkdvmwmuawmh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; OD;armhvm+yDqkdwmjzpfygw,f? vufawGŒ cg;aumhatmif cg;cg;onf;onf; cHpm;ae=u&wJh jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &; avhvmok;H oyfwwfol u|r;f usio f l yk*K~ v d rf sm;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;OD;armhvm+yDqw dk m [kwrf mS yg? wu,ft h ajccHp;D yGm;a&; tkwjf rpf yJph if}uD;wckv;Hk u pk;H pk;H ðryfpðyae+yDjzpfv@dk OD;armhvmwJo h abm ygvkd@ rSwfcsufðy=uygw,f? OD;armhvkd@ yJhepfae+yDvkd@ owfrSwf=uygw,f? 1977 ckEpS f wwd,t}udrn f v D mcH}uD;rSm xl;jcm;wmuawmh ygwn D v D mcH rJay;a&G;cs,yf rJG mS ygwDOuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; xuf eHygwf (2) yk*~KdvfjzpfwJh OD;pef;,k u rJtrsm;qkH;&&Sdum/ 'kwd,vkdufol awGu OD;oef;pdef (Akdvfrª;}uD;a[mif;oef;pdef) eJ@ OD;xGef;vif; (Akdvfrª;}uD;a[mif;xGef;vif;) wkd@jzpf=u w,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? OD;ae0if; a'goykex f aqGŒaqGŒckecf +hJ yD; oef;pde;f / xGe;f vif;/ ausmaf Zm twGi;f a&; rª;tzGJŒ*kd%f;&JŒ vufcsufvkd@ aumufcsufqGJum ol&JŒ ðzwfxkwfay:vpDukd 1977 xJrSmyJ vufawGŒ taumiftxnfazmfcJhjyefygw,f? oef;pdef/ xGef;vif;/ ausmfaZm wkd@ukdomru rqvygwD A[kd aumfrDwDwGif;u xdyfoD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukdyg &Sif;ypfcJh+yD; ygwDoef@&Sif;a&;qkdwmukd vkyfaqmifcJh ygw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ vufr&GHŒaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;zkdif (OD;ae0if; uvGv J @dk xdyo f ;D tm;vk;H &JŒv_y&f mS ;r_/ txl;ojzifh jypfru _ sL;vGerf a_ wGudk tcsed rf a&G; xkw, f l tokH;ðyEkdifatmif axmufvSrf;a&;u waumufaumufvkduf+yD; pkpnf;rSwfwrf;ðyxm;wJhzkdif) ukd tokH;ðy+yD; &mxl;ae&muae xkwfy,fz,f&Sm;ypf¶kHru w&m;pGJqkd+yD; ta&;,l jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhyg w,f? orD;r*Fvmaqmif Ekd@qDAl;udpP/ "mwfqD ykdxkwfa&mif;pm;w,fqkdwJh uav;uvm;udpPrsKd; awGeJ@jzpfygw,f? 1977 ckEpS x f &J dS vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ óud;yrf;tm;xkwv f y_ &f mS ;r_awGe@J ppfa&;tajctaeawGukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tiftm;t}uD;qkH;jzpfo vkd ppftpkd;&&JŒ t"dutwkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;ae&mrSm &Sd+rJ&SdaecJhygw,f? ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwu D ppftpk;d &ukd e,fcsŒJ aygi;f pkH rDcS /dk ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epfudk qufvuf xde;f odr;f umuG,f 432
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tok;H vk;H a=uoifwef;qkw d mawGrmS / aEG&moDvyk t f m;ay;vkyif ef;qkw d mawGrmS txd xnfo h iG ;f tok;H cscidk ;f apwmawG vkyu f idk cf yhJ gw,f? tqk;d qk;H uawmh rqv wk@d &ŒJ uabmufwu d abmufcsm vrf;pOf rl0g' oabmw&m;qkdwmawGukd EkdifiHa&;ody`Hbmomqkd+yD; wuUokdvfaumvdyfeJ@ ausmif;awGrSm jyÏmef;oif=um;wJhtxd jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ody`HbmomqkdwJh rqv oabmw&m;bmom[m wcsKdŒtwef;awG/ wcsKdŒbmomtwGJawGrSm roifrae& bmomwrsKd;jzpfvmygw,f? 1980 jynfh *kd%f;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;}uD;qkdwmt+yD; oHCmh0efaqmiftzGJ@}uD; ay:vm+yD;aemufykdif;/ aemufxyfuyf oifhjcif;cH=u&wmuawmh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGjzpfygw,f? bke;f }uD;rSwyf w Hk ifvyk cf idk ;f wm/ 0guyfpm&if;ay;yk@d cidk ;f wmawGtjyif wcsKŒd oHCmawmfrsm; oCFe;f qGJ c|wcf &H ygw,f? wcsKŒd axmifoiG ;f tusO;f xm; tjypfay;cH&ygw,f? ygwaD umifpeD @J rwnfw h ma=umifh yg&mZDu usL;vGefygw,fvkd@ vnfq,ftwkdiftawmcH&wJh bkefawmf}uD;awG/ oHCmh0efaqmifawG tzGŒJ rSm “rif;wk@d [mrif;wk@d tdr=f uufjcif;tk;d rJow k f tcGycf idk ;f wmrygEidk b f ;l ” vk@d ajymrdv@dk axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;cH&wJh bke;f awmf}uD;rsK;d awG/ vlom;pm;ygw,fv@dk txd pGypf +JG yD; ta&;,lc&H wJh bke;f awmf }uD;rsK;d awGtxd &Scd yhJ gw,f? omoemoef@&iS ;f a&; qkid ;f bkwaf tmufrmS &[ef;oHCmawmf awmfawmf rsm; uyfoifhcJhygw,f? wcsKdŒoHCmawmf}uD;rsm; ysHvGefawmfrl+yD;wmawmif rae&/ oHCmh0dedp>,s ckH±kH;uae w&m;awmfawGukd ‘t"rR’ vkd@qkH;jzwf+yD; rsufuG,frSm qkH;jzwfpD&ifcsufcswmukd cH=u&yg w,f? 1980 jynfhuaep+yD; ESpfESpfavmuftwGif; qufwkdufvkdvkd a=unm+yD; xkwfjyefay;tyfcJh wmuawmh EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;twGuf vkd@qkdwJh “EkdifihH*k%f&nfbGJŒ” awGjzpfygw,f? wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;awGrmS pGr;f pGr;f wref wm0ef ausyGefcJh=uolawGukd EkdifiHawmfu ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifh*k%fðywmqkdwJh “EkdifiHh*k%f&nfbGJŒ” jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D dk cs;D umajr‡mufum *k%w f ifajymqd+k yD;rS Ekid if aH wmforw}uD; OD;ae0if;u “tckvdk Ekid if *H % k &f nf bGJŒawGtwGuf ay;tyfwJhaiG a=u;awG[m yifv,fxJuae zrf;qD;&rdvkdufwJh arSmifckdpufavS}uD; wpD;ay:u arSmifckdukefypPnf;awG a&mif;cs&muae &wmyg” vkd@qkdvkdufwJhtwGuf EkdifiHh*k%f&nfbGJŒ &olawG ckd;vkd;ckvkjzpfp&m óuH&ygw,f? EkdifiHh*k%f&nfbGJŒ&olawGxJrSm e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ zufqpf qef@usifa&;/ wkdif;jynf&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm a&SŒwef;uyg0ifcJholawG yg0ifcJhovkd/ ppftpkd;&&JŒ awmfveS af &;aumifprD mS ppftpk;d &tzGŒJ 0ifawGtwGi;f rSm yg0ifcw hJ m a=umifh wrif;wef;n‡+d yD; Ekid if *hH % k f &nfbGJŒ (yxrtqifh) ay;cJhwmawGvnf; bkH;abmvatm yg0ifcJhygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if orkdif;pOfwavsmuf yg0ifcJholawGuawmif 'kwd,tqifhavmufyJ owfrSwfcH&+yD;/ rqv ygwD0if abmif;bDc|wfa[mif;}uD;rsm;u yxrqifhjzpfae=uwmvnf; tHh=op&m awGŒjrif&ygw,f? 'Dxuf tH=h op&maumif;wmuawmh vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf 0JG if orkid ;f pOfawGrmS vnf; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; yg0ifcyhJ g vsuf EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; &JŒ tjrifuyfr_a=umifh wrifcsefvSyfxm;jcif;cH&olawG vnf;&SdcJhygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh q&m&m*sefvkd/ ocifAarmif vkdrsKd;jzpfygw,f? (q&m &m*sef[m 1946 ckESpf taxGaxGoydwfrSm e,fcsJŒbk&ifcHeJ@ taxGaxGoydwf&JŒ ukd,fpm;vS,facgif;aqmif wOD;tjzpf xdyw f u dk af whawhqidk q f idk f tjyeftvSeaf jymqk&d mrSm yg0ifco hJ w l OD;jzpfayr,fh OD;ae0if;u wrif0uGucf sev f yS yf pfcyhJ gw,f? ocifAarmif[m wk@d Armtpnf;¶k;H }uD;&JŒ Ekid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mtr_aqmift teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
441
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
yJcl;wkdif;/ tkwfzkdòrdŒe,fu "m;jyAkdvfa[mif;}uD;vkd@qkd=uwJh OD;rmC&JŒ w{u pyg;wif; 300 ausmf xGuw f ,fqw dk hJ atmifjrifr}_ uD;a=umifh OD;ae0if; uk, d w f idk u f òrdŒe,faumifpOD uUÏ cef@ay;cJ+h yD;/ olŒxufol txGuòf ydi/f tatmifòydiu f m (tJ'ED e_ ;f awGtwkid ;f pyg;awGw;dk wk;d awmif;wm v,form; trsm;pk}uD;u ausmaumhatmifcaH e&ayr,f)h rqv vrf;pOf}uD;[m owif;pmawGay:rSm atmifyJG cHaecJyh gw,f? (OD;rmC&JŒ w{upyg;wif; 300 ausmx f u G w f ,fqw dk m wu,fu ydy&d &d v d rd n f mcJw h hJ vkyf}uHvnfq,fr_}uD;omjzpfygw,f?) 1982 ckESpf/ rwfvup+yD; “Auy ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;” wckudk ppftpkd;&u azmfxkwf zrf;qD;wm vkyfaqmifvmjyefygw,f? ppfqifa&;wcktjzpf owfrSwfum zrf;qD;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? q&m0efrsm;/ a&SŒaersm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;omru ppfwyfwiG ;f u ppfAv dk f (2) OD;/ bDtufpt f idk f (BSI) u 0efxrf;wOD;tyg/ yg0ifcJhol vlaygif; (200) eD;yg&Sd ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? ajratmuf (UG) v_y& f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm trsm;qkt H zrf;cHc&hJ wJh v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? 2§80 trde@f a=umifh Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;rSeo f r# vGwaf jrmufomG ;=uum acsmufuyfaecJw h hJ tif;pdeaf xmif wku d cf ef;awGtwGi;f / cef;vkH;jynfhawG jyefjzpfoGm;cJh&wJh tpkvkduftòyHvkduf tzrf;qD;cH&r_}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? 82 rSm ref;aiG atmif&JŒ uGefrif'kdv_yf&Sm;r_vnf; ay:aygufvmcJhjyefygw,f? 1983 ckESpfxJrSmawmh wjynfvkH; tHtm;oifhoGm;&wJh tr_}uD;wck ¶kwfw&ufay:vmcJhyg w,f? wpfc}JG uD;vk@d emrnf}uD;cJw h hJ axmufvrS ;f a&;t}uD;tuJ}uD;/ rqv ygww D b JG uftwGi;f a&;rª; }uD; Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; ukd,fwkdif tzrf;cHvkduf&+yD; axmifwGif;toGif;cHvkduf&wJhtr_}uD;jzpfygw,f? emrnfxifay:vm+yq D &dk if =um&Snef mrnf}u;D cGiahf y;avhr&Sw d hJ OuUÏ}u;D OD;ae0if;&JŒ trltusit hf avh txwkid ;f tomav; uyfðzwfypfvu dk w f hJ ðzwfxw k zf ,f&mS ;r_}uD;wckjzpfygw,f? vlwumtay: &uf&ufpufpuf zrf;qD;z,f&Sm;&mrSm emrnfqkd;eJ@ ausmfaZmcJhol vufr&GHŒ rsufrSefwifOD;}uD; ¶l;r wwfjzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? =umZHxkyf acgif;ay:wifxm;ovkd qHyifawG azG;azG;jzLoGm;um qH&Snf*kwf axmuf}uD;eJ@ rsurf eS w f ifO;D wa,muf axmifxrJ mS t¶l;}uD;ozG,jf zpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? rsurf eS w f ifO;D eJ@ twlwl zrf;qD;z,f&Sm; tjypfay;jcif;cHvkduf&oluawmh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;bkdeD jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if;u rsurf eS w f ifO;D &JŒ vufpaJG wmf axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Sad ygi;f rsm;pGmukd z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk o f vk/d rsurf eS w f ifO;D }uD;&JŒ ysm;a*[meJ@ ysm;arG;jrLa&;pDru H ed ;f / abmpukid ;f pku d yf sK;d a&;pDru H ed ;f qkw d m}uD;awG tm;vk;H [mvnf; ae@csin f csi;f z,f&mS ;ypfwm cHvu dk &f ygw,f? ysm;a*[muae jyma*[mjzpfomG ; &ygawmhw,f? OD;ae0if; [m olcidk ;f &mukd b,fawmhrS jyefrvSew f rf; acgi;f ndwv f yk u f idk w f wfwhJ OD;pef;,kudk orw}uD;tjzpf v$Jtyfay;vkduf+yD; ygwDOuUÏ}uD;ae&muae tppt&m&mukd óud;ukdif&if;/ olŒpdwóf uduf axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGŒJ }uD;jzpfaezk@d ercppfAsL[mrª; wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh 'kAv dk rf ;ª }uD; cif!e$ @f udk axmufvrf;a&;tzGŒJ qD ac:,lae&mcsxm;vku d yf gw,f? rsurf eS w f ifO;D ukd z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk f +yD;+yDrkd@ axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ eHywfwpfjzpfvmoluawmh Akdvfrª;}uD;atmifukd; jzpfygw,f? 1983 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm (9) &ufae@rSm awmifukd&D;,m;orw c|ef'l;0rf OD;aqmifwJh cspf=unfa&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ &efukefa&mufvm+yD; tmZmenfukef; yef;acGcszkd@tpDtpOfrSm AkH;cGJ wku d cf u dk jf cif;cHvu dk &f ygw,f? tpDtpOfxuf rdepfyidk ;f aemufus+yD; a&mufvmrdwt hJ wGuf c|e'f ;l 0rfe@J teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
443
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OD;pef;,k toufab;u oDoaD v;vGwo f mG ;cJah yr,fh 0ef}u;D (4) OD;tygt0if vlaygi;f (21) OD; aoqk;H oGm;&wJh AkH;cGJwkdufckdufcH&jcif; tr_}uD; [kd;av;wausmfausmfjzpfoGm;ygw,f? AkH;cGJwkdufckdufol ajrmufukd&D;,m;EkdifiHom; ZifrkdeJ@ uifrifcsL;ukd azmfxkwf&rdvkdufEkdifayr,fh/ wm0efayghav#mhr_ pGyfpGJ csufeJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ Akdvfrª;}uD;atmifukd; ukd z,f&Sm;ypfvkdufygw,f? OD;ae0if; uk, d w f idk f pdwóf uduaf &G;cs,f wm0efay;cef@tyfxm;jcif;cH&wJh 'kAv dk rf ;ª }uD;cif!e¸ @f ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; tzGJŒ !¸ef=um;a&;rª;jzpfvmygw,f? 'kAkdvfrª;}uD;cif!¸ef@ u OD;ae0if;pdwfóuduf usKd;usKd;EGHEGH wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? 1981 ckESpf/ Auy/ autkdifat wkd@eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysuf+yD;uwnf;u AuyeJ@ autkdifat tay: tòid;eJ@ wqifhwkd; xkd;ppfqifcJhygw,f? OD;ae0if; &JŒ pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm ppftif tm;ukd tqufrjywf wnfaqmufco hJ vkd ppftok;H p&dwu f v dk nf; ESppf Of tqrwef wk;d wufo;Hk pGcJ hJ ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf ppfwyfukd OD;aqmif+yD; 1962 tm%modrf;yGJukd qifE$Jtaumift xnfazmfaqmifpOfu wyf&if;aygi;f (85) &if;yJ&cdS ahJ yr,fh 1984 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh wyf&if;aygi;f (136) &if;awmif &Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1975 - 76 u umuG,fa&;tokH;pm;&dwf[m (91) ukaÉusyfyJ&SdcJh&m u 1984-85 ckESpfxJrSmawmh umuG,fa&;tokH;pm;&dwf[mvnf; (171) ukaÉausmftxd ESpfqeD;yg; wkd;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? wyftiftm; (2)qeD;yg; wdk;vmovdk ppfokH;p&dwfvnf; (2) qeD;yg; wkd;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ zGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;twGuf tokH;ðy&r,fh EkdifiHhb¾maiGa=u;rsm; [m wae@wjcm; wk;d wk;d vmwJh ppfwyf}uD;ukd ay;urf;axmufy/hH zk@d vu dk &f / yif;vku d &f &if;eJ h ajymifw vif;cgcJh&¶kHru ESpfpOfvdkaiGawG wdk;wkd;+yD;jyvmygw,f? vkdtyfwJhaiGa=u;awGukd &&mae&muae acs;iSm; &,lokH;pGJvm&ovkd tmrcHcsufr&SdwJh aiGpuULawGukd wkd;wkd;+yD; xifovkd ¶kdufESdyfokH;pGJvm ygw,f? tusKd;qufu EkdifiHjcm;aºuG;awG xlajymvmcJh¶kHru aºuG;qyf&wJh t&if;eJ@ twkd;aiG[m vnf; wESpfxufwESpf jrifhwufvmcJh&ovkd jynfwGif; vSnfhvnfokH;pGJaiGyrm%[mvnf; tqr wefrsm;jym;vmcJh+yD; aiG;azmif;yGr_E_ef;[m róuHzl;atmif wae@wjcm; jrifhrm;vmcJh&ygw,f? rqv ppftpkd;&&JŒ t"du OD;wnf&efol[m Auy jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;u wnf;u zqyv/ yxp/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD/ rqv pojzifh tpkd;&tzGJŒ tkyfpkd;olawG&JŒ trnf awGom ajymif;ajymif;oGm;cJyh gw,f? tkypf ;dk ol tpk;d &tqufquf&ŒJ t"du&efot l jzpf OD;wnfwu dk f cku d jf cif;cH&ol[m Auy yJjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'ga=umifh t=urf;zsi;f csKyf+yD;ajymr,fq&dk if Auy trª;ðywJh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;uwzuf/ wufvmor#aom tkypf ;dk oltpk;d &tqufquf uwzuf jzpfyGm;cJhwJh wkdufyGJorkdif;&Snf}uD;jzpfygw,f? rqv acwfrSmawmh rqveJ@ Auy wkd@&JŒ tm;òydifyGJ}uD;[m ykd+yD; tjrifhqkH;tqifhqD a&muf&SdvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? 1984 ckESpfxJrSm rqv ppftpkd;&bufrSm wyf&if;aygif; (163) &if;&Sdygw,f? 84-85 ckESpf twGi;f rSm wyf&if;aygi;f (131) &if; a&SŒwef;ppfajrjyifawGrmS csxm;ygw,f? ta&SŒajrmufppfa'or [kww f hJ wjynfv;Hk wcGiv f ;Hk rSm wyf&if; (30) &if;/ &ckid rf mS wyf&if; (2) &if;/ aygi;f (32) &if;yJ csxm; tokH;ðycJh&+yD; Auywkd@&JŒ ta&SŒajrmuf e,fpyfwcGifvkH;ukd wyf&if; (99) &if;csxm; tokH;ðyae&wJh 444
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
taetxm;uk=d unfrh ,fq&dk if rqvppftpk;d &[m Auy ukOd ;D wnf&efot l jzpf/ b,favmuftav; wif;xm;ovJqw dk m &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; awGŒjrifEidk o f vkd Auy eJ@ rqvwk@d &ŒJ xdyw f u dk f tiftm;òydiyf JG [m b,favmufjyif;xefovJqkdwmukdvnf; twkdif;om; awGŒjrifEkdifygw,f? vlrsKd;pk wkdif;avmufvufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;awG&Sdae=u+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf/ azmufjyefwhJ tkypf ;dk oltpk;d &ukq d ef@ usi=f uwJh vlrsK;d pk awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwf&o dS w l idk ;f [m oufqidk f &mvlrsKd;pktzGJŒtpnf;awGqD rdrdwdk@&JŒ vlrsKd;tvkduf oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uovdk/ Arm jynfrSmvlOD;a&trsm;qkH;jzpfwJh ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;[mvnf; tkyfpdk;ol ppftpdk;&udk qef@usif+yD; awmfveS af &;vkyaf &; vkyrf ,fq&kd if oGm;a&mufy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G pf &m awmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tpnf;[m Auy yJ&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfrSm ay:aygufcJhor#aom ta&;tcif;}uD;awG vlxkwkdufyJG}uD; awGxu J ae vufeufuidk w f u dk yf q JG D ul;ajymif;a&muf&v dS mol ArmtrsK;d om;rSeo f r#[m Auy xJom a&muf&v dS m&ygw,f? vlrsK;d pkawG[m oufqidk &f mvlrsK;d pk awmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tpnf;awGqD oGm;a&muf =uovkd awmvSefa&;pdwf"mwf&SdwJh ArmvlrsKd;rSefor#vkdvdk[mvnf; Auy xJukdom a&muf&Sdvm =uwJhtwGuf Auy [m “vlrsKd;pkygwDr[kwf vlwef;pm;ygwD” vkd@qkdayr,fh trsm;pkjzpfwJh Arm vlrsKd; awmfvSefa&;orm;tm;vkH;&JŒ A[kdcsufrozG,fjzpfcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;A[kd jzpfcJh&ygw,f? ¡vuf,m EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;tjzpf ygvDref'Drkdua&pD ay:aygufcJhayr,fh 1970 jynfhESpfavmufrS pwifay:ayguf+yD; oufwrf;uvnf; q,fpkESpfwckjynfh atmifawmif cHcw hJ mr[kww f t hJ wGuf ArmvlrsK;d rsm;twGuf t"du awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif; A[kd [m Auy omjzpfcJhygw,f? Auy [m orkdif;tpOftvm}uD;wJh vuf0JygwD}uD;jzpfovkd/ Armjynf rSmxGef;um;cJhwJh EkdifiHa&;pmayukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; vuf0JEkdifiHa&; pmayomjzpfcJhwJhtwGuf/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rSefor# vuf0J0g'eJ@ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@yg qufEG,fvm&wm[m tifrwefobm0uswJhudpPjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfrSm vuf,mEkdifiHa&;pmayqkdwm r&SdcJhyg? urBmrSm vnf; &Sdr,frxifyg?¢
1985 ck E S p f 0 ef ; usif tajctae/ 1985 ckESpf[m ArmjynftwGuf xl;jcm;wJh ESpfwESpfjzpfovkd EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;a&pD; a=umif;twGufvnf; xl;jcm;wJhESpfwESpfjzpfygw,f? rqv ppftpk;d &[m Ekid if jH cm;acs;aiGawGudk enf;rsK;d pkeH @J acs;iSm;&,lo;Hk pGaJ e&&if;eJ@ aºuG;awG ukdawmif b,fvkdjyefqyf&rSef; rodawmhEkdifavmufatmif pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf; qkdufvmcJh ygw,f? Armjynf&JŒ jynfyaºuG;+rD[m ukaÉa':vm (300) avmuf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? ykd@ukefwefzkd; tm;vkH;aygif;&JŒ 60µ ausmf[m EkdifiHjcm;aºuG; wkd;&if;qyf&aiGjzpfoGm;ygw,f? Armjynf&JŒ t"du aºuG;&Sif (+rD&Sif) EkdifiH}uD;ESpfckuawmh *syef[m yxr/ *smr%D[m 'kwd,vkd@qdk=uygw,f? *syef[m Armjynf&JŒ t"du+rD&SifEkdifiH}uD;jzpf¶kHru Armjynfukd t"duaxmufyHhaewJh EkdifiH}uD;wckvnf;jzpfyg w,f? Armjynf[m *syef&JŒ jynfyaxmufyhHr_tm;vkH;aygif;&JŒ (8µ) avmuf&&Sdolvnf;jzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
445
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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84-85 b¾mESpt f wGi;f *syefqu D acs;aiG ,ef;oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm xyf,cl &hJ ovkd *smr%Dqu D vnf; rwfaiG oef;aygif;rsm;pGm xyf,lcJh&ygw,f? z&ifh0gempufr_vkyfief;ukr`%DeJ@ ppftpkd;&&JŒt}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;aumfykda&;&Sif;vkyfief;wkd@ zufpyfpmcsKyfcsKyfqkd+yD; jzpfygw,f? uif;wm; a&tm;v#yfppf pDrHudef;twGuf xyfrHacs;aiG rwfaiG (17) oef;,l&jyefygw,f? 85 ckESpf/ ZGefvtwGif;rSmyJ urBmh b%fqDuvnf; acs;aiGawG,l&jyefygw,f? pkpkaygif; a':vm 32³25 oef; jzpfygw,f? tm&SzGHŒòzd;a&; b%fqDuvnf; acs;aiGawG,l&jyefygw,f? 1985 ckESpfxJrSm ppftpkd;&vufxJ EkdifiHjcm;okH;aiGeJ@ t&Ha&$[mvnf; a':vmoef; (50) zkd;avmufyJ usefygawmhw,f? tJ'Dvkdtaetxm;rSm rqv ygwOD uUÏ}uD; tm%m&Si}f uD; OD;ae0if;[m wpkw H ckvyk zf @dk qif}uH}uHaeygw,f? tESpEf pS q f ,fprD u H ed ;f }uD; pwifaºuG;a=umfpOfu 85-86 aemufykdif; tvkyfvufrJh yaysmufap&r,fvkd@ cyfwnfwnf atmf[pfcw hJ mvnf; yaysmufz@dk aeaeomom wae@wjcm; wk;d wk;d vmvku d w f m b,fvrdk S ajz&Si;f vk@d r&Ekdifawmhr,fhtajctaeqD vufawGŒa&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif; vSnfhvnf okH;pGJaiGa=u; yrm% uvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ ppfwyftm%modrf;wJhESpfu usyfoef;aygif; (1194³2) &Sd&muae 1974 ckEpS f (zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJ@ rqvwygwD acwf}u;D pwifcsed rf mS usyo f ef;aygi;f (3577 ³ 1) txdjzpfvmcJh+yD;/ 1985 ckESpfrSmawmh usyfoef;aygif; (13037 ³ 1) awmif&Sdae+yDjzpfygw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;awGuvnf; wuf+yD;&if;wuf jzpfvmvkdufwm b,fvkdrS jyefrusEkdifawmhwJh taetxm;jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f? t"du twkdufcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh Auy [m 1985 ckESpfrSm wwd,t}udrfajrmuf jynfvkH;u|wfuGef*&uf}uD; (wwd,uGef*&uf) ukd wcrf;wem; usif;yygw,f? ygwD pwifwnf axmifpu yxruGe*f &ufe@J wkid ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&; ra=unmEkid cf if 1945 ckEpS x f w J ek ;f u usi;f ycJw h hJ 'kwd,uGef*&uf/ pkpkaygif;uGef*&uf (2) }udrfom usif;yEkdifcJh+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmfavmuf rusif; yEkdifjzpfcJh&mu wwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufukd pufwifbm (9) &ufae@u atmufwkdbm (2) &uftxd (24) &ufwkdifwkdif usif;ycJhygw,f? a'otoD;oD;u wufa&muf=uwJh uGef*&ufukd,fpm;vS,f (170) ausmf&Sdygw,f? uGef*&ufu “vuf&SdawmfvSefa&;tqifhrSm usifhokH;&r,fh enf;y&d,m,f vrf;pOfukd vufeufukdifwkdufyGJt"du wkdufyGJo¾mefxm;/ tjcm;wkdufyGJo¾mef trsKd;rsKd;ESifh aygif; pyfay;a&;” ukd qkH;jzwfvkduf=uovkd ArmjynftaeeJ@ywfouf+yD; “Armjynf[m EkdifiHa&;t& vGwv f yfayr,fh pD;yGm;a&;t& e,fcsŒJ orm;aygi;f pkt H ay: rScD adk e&wJh ukv d edk w D ykid ;f / ya'o&mZfwykid ;f Ekid if ”H vk@d qufvufowfrw S cf o hJ vkd awmfveS af &;&JŒ t"duOD;wnfwu dk cf u dk &f r,fyh pfuiG ;f u “e,fcsŒJ pepf/ ya'o&mZfajr&SifpepfeJ@ AsL¶kdu&uft&if;&Sifpepfukd ukd,fpm;ðywJh rqvppftpkd;&” vkd@ owfrSwfcJhygw,f? “ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u acgif;aqmif+yD; tvkyform;v,form; r[mrdwfzGJŒr_t ajccHay:rSm awmfvSefwJhvlwef;pm;toD;oD;ygwJh awmfvSefa&; ” vkd@ azmf!¸ef;cJh+yD; ajr,mawmfvSef a&;[m t"du0if¶;dk vk@d qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? vlenf;pke@J ywfoufwhJ tajccHrrl mS “wu,fw h ef;wla&;ESihf aoG;pnf;nD!¸wfa&;” vkd@ xyfrHtwnfðy+yD; ygwDwnfaqmufa&;[m aomhcsufqkdwmeJ@ ckdifrm awmifhwif;wJh wyfaygif;pkw&yfwnfaqmufa&;/ ppfa&;ukd A[kdðya&;qkdwmawGukdvnf; qkH;jzwfcJhyg w,f? vufeufuidk w f u dk yf JG pGpJ +JG rJ+rJusio hf ;Hk a&;eJ@wqufwnf;rSm jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&; tvH (3) vuf qufvufv$ifhxl&efukdvnf; twnfðycJhygw,f? 446
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wwd,uGef*&ufuae A[kdaumfrDwD0if (29) OD;ukdvnf; a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufcJh+yD; OuUÏtjzpf ocifAodef;wifyJjzpfvmcJhygw,f? uGe*f &ufusi;f yaewJt h csed f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ taetxm;[m ckid rf mawmifw h if;ae wJh toGifo¾mef&Sdaeayr,fh twGif;jy\emawGawmh&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ygwDwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; uGe*f &ufaemufyidk ;f rSm bde;f vkyif ef;eJ@ ,SuEf , G yf wfoufaewJh acgi;f aqmiftqifah u'g awGukd ta&;,lz,f&Sm;oGm;a&;/ ygwDoef@&Sif;a&;vkyfzkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ukd,fh'l;ukd,fc|ef a&;ukd tav;xm;vkyfoGm;Ekdifzkd@vnf; tajctaeu awmif;qkdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? Auyukd ausmaxmufaemufcHðyay;aewJh w¶kwfjynf}uD;ukd,fwkdif ay:vpDrl0g'qkdif&m tajymif;tvJawG ðyvkyfaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? 1976 ckESpf armfpDwkef;uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;wJhaemufykdif;/ OuUÏarmfpDwkef;&JŒ qufcHoltjzpf “[Gudkzkef;” cewðzwf wufvm+yD;wJhaemufykdif; w¶kwfjynfrSm “wdef@a&Smifzdef” tm%m&vmcJhygw,f? w¶kwfjynfacgif;aqmif}uD; wdef@a&Smifzdefu w¶kwfjynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'awGudk tajymif;tvJvyk yf pfz@dk qk;H jzwfco hJ vk/d Ekid if w H umhypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;eJ@ ywf oufwJh/ EkdifiHwumh0g'eJ@ywfoufwJh/ ygwDcsif;qkdif&m qufqHa&;awGeJ@ywfoufwJh tajymif;tvJ awGukdvnf; vkyfzkd@jyifqifvmcJhygw,f? EkdifiHwumhtultnDawGukd av#mhcsypfzkd@ vkyfcJhovkd Auy ukv d nf; uk, d [ hf muk, d f ckid cf idk rf mrm&yfwnfEidk af tmifvyk zf @dk / tultnDawGudk wpwpav#mch sawmh rSmjzpfa=umif; tcsdefay;+yD; óudwifajym=um;wmawG vkyfaqmifvmcJh+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf ta&;}uD; taetxm;awGqD a&muf&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwumhtaetxm;ukd =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; urBmAkdvf}uD; (2) AkdvfxJu qkdAD,uf[m tajymif;tvJawGqD wmplpðyae+yDjzpfygw,f? *kd%f}uD;ESpf*kd%f; t}udwfte,fumv/ tar&duef u 'kdrkdEkdoDtkd&DeJ@ uGefjrLepfEkdifiHawG ray:aygufa&;/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; vuf&JZuf&J tpGrf;ukef vkyaf qmifco Jh vkd qkAd , D ufuvnf; awmfveS af &;wify@dk a&;eJ@u, dk t hf yk pf u k u kd , dk f usm;uefa&; tpGr;f ukefvkyfaqmifcJh&if; pD;yGm;a&;tajctae ,kdifeJ@vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tmz*efepPwefuae ajc¶kwfr_ awG vkyfaqmifvm&ovkd ykHatmcJhwJhtultnDawGukdvnf; wpxufwp ¶kyfodrf;vmcJh&ygw,f? 1985 rSmðyjyifa&;0g'D a*:bmacsmAh f tm%m&&Sv d m&mu “*vyfpaemh” vk@d ac:wJh “yGiv hf if;a&;0g'” qkd wmeJ@ “yD&uf(pf)x¶GKdufum” vkd@ac:wJh EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'qkdwmawG pwifay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? “A[k0g'” qkw d t hJ oHawG qkAd , D ufpme,fZif;awGay:rSm nHpnfpðyvm cJhygw,f? Ekid if w H umh Ekid if aH &;a&pD;}uD;a=umif;}uD;[m ajymif;vJpðyvmcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? ta&SŒOa&myrSm wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfawG&ŒJ ae&mrSm ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pDpepfqw dk hJ toHawG us,af vmifvmcJ+h yDjzpfyg w,f? ArmjynfrmS ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pDpepfqw dk t hJ oHudk Auy uae yxrqk;H ay;cJw h mukv d nf; trSwf tom;ðy&rSmyJjzpfygw,f? 1981 ckEpS f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS uwnf;u Auy OuUÏ ocifAode;f wife@J Auyuk, d pf m; vS,ftzGJ@u “ygwDpkH” ukd w&m;0iftqkdðycJh¶kHru aqG;aEG;yGJysufwJhtcgrSmvnf; jynfolvlxkw&yf vkH;ukd a=unmcsuf xkwfjyef&Sif;vif; ajymjyoGm;cJh+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
447
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rqvacwf a e0if c sd e f ES i f h a'0gvD c H o G m ;&aomEk d i f i H a wmf wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ bufaygi;f pk;H t=uyftwnf;u euf¶id_ ;f oxuf euf¶id_ ;f vmygw,f? tpd;k &uk, d f wkid u f uk, d x f w k af 0¶ku d Ef ydS x f m;wJh aiGpuULukd uk, d [ hf muk, d f w&m;r0ifa=unmum uk, d jhf ynfou l dk udk,fh[mukd,f "m;jywkdufwJhenf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;cJhayr,fh ,m,Dawmif touf¶_cGifhacsmifrvmcJhyg? pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;uawmh pm&GufawGay:rSm qufvufatmifjrifaecJhygw,f? S +f yD; taumiftxnf 86§87 b¾ma&;ESpt f wGuf GDP (*s'D yD )D wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f ukd (3³6) vk@d owfrw azmfygw,f? Ekid if jH cm;yk@d uek af wGuv kd nf; wk;d wuf+yD; yk@d Eidk zf @dk vyk yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh Ekid if jH cm;yk@d uek af wGrS ukefoG,fr_0ifaiGtm;vkH;&JŒ 80µ [m rqyfrjzpf EkdifiHjcm;jynfyaºuG;wkd;&if; qyfvkduf&wJhtwGuf ajymifwvif;cgoavmufjzpfoGm;ygw,f? vkdtyfwJh wifoGif;ukefawG wifoGif;Ekdifjcif;r&SdawmhwJh taetxm; a&mufvmygw,f? tkyfpkd;ol rqvtpkd;& t=uyftwnf;}uD;vmcsdefrSmawmh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ rqv òzdcsEkdifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG &Sdoifhoavmuf&Sdvmygw,f? 1976 aemufykdif; vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;awG ray:aygufEkdifyJjzpfcJh&ayr,fh vlxktwGif;u ppftpkd;&qe@fusifa&;pdwf"mwfuawmh wae@wjcm; wkd;yGm;vmae+yD; taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;awG&JŒatmufrSm aygufuGJvkeD;eD; ,rf;tkd;}uD;ozG,f jzpfvmaeygw,f? Auy u 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ a&$&wkajrmuf 1988 ckESpfrSm vlxktkHºuG r_}uD;w&yf ay:aygufvmEkdifw,fvkd@ wGufqjyifqifwmawG vkyfaqmifygw,f? r'wtzGJŒ}uD;u vnf; Auy A[kd&Sd&m yef;qef; ukdoGm;a&muf+yD; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG twlwuG yl;aygif;vkyf aqmifEkdifa&; EkdifiHa&;c&D;pOf}uD;ukd taumiftxnfazmfygw,f? 1986 ckESpf/ rwfv 24 &ufae@rSm Auy eJ@ r'w A[kdukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwkd@&JŒ wkdif;jynfokd@ xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? rqv ppftpkd;&ukd bkH&efoltjzpf OD;wnfwkdufckduf=u zkd@eJ@ jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;uvnf; jzpfEkdifwJh enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usifwkdufckduf=uzkd@ yef=um; a=unmwJh xkwjf yefa=unmcsujf zpfygw,f? r'w tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif b&efqidk ;f eJ@ Auy OuUÏ ocifAode;f wifw@dk vufrw S af &;xk;d xkwjf yefcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? r'wrSmyg0ifwhJ tzGŒJ tpnf; (9) zGŒJ u 448
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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449
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
awGudk w&m;r0if a=unmcsvu dk +f yD;/ jynfwiG ;f vSnv hf nfo;Hk pGaJ e&wJh aiGa=u;&JŒ 80µ jzpfwhJ aiGusyf oef;aygif; (6500) ausmfukd t"rRodrf;ykduf &,lypfvkdufygw,f? tJ'Dae@u jrefrmh¶kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfu ‘t¶_duf’ qdkwJh ¶kyf&SifZmwfum;}uD;ukd jyoae qJrmS aiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD;/ jynfow l &yfv;Hk &JŒt¶_u d u f dk ppfzed yfe@J uefcsvu dk jf cif;yJjzpf ygw,f? vrf;ab;u uefpGef;&Gufa&mif;wJholuae wkduf}uD;ay:u ukefonf}uD;txd/ 0efxrf;tr_ xrf;awGuae/ ausmif;wufae&qJ ausmif;olausmif;om;awGtxd wjynfvkH; 0¶kef;okef;um;jzpf oGm;cJh& t}uD;tus,f xdckdufepfemcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;wufaeqJ ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tdrf jyefp&mvrf;p&dwfawmif r&SdawmhwJhb0 rcHcsdrcHomusa&mufcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;ol ausmif;om; wcsKŒd &JŒ rausreyf qef@usiq f ENjy atmf[pfoH v_y&f mS ;r_awG/ rE aW v;òrdŒrSm jynfov l x l &k ŒJ qef@usif uef@uGuf aygufuGJ v_yf&Sm;oHawG óud=um;ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&u ausmif;olausmif; om;awGukd ausmif;ydwf tdrfjyefapvkduf+yD; xGufay:vmEkdifwJh tkHºuGr_ukdvnf; tcsdefrD tm%meJ@ wm;qD;xdrf;odrf;ypfvkdufEkdifwJhtwGuf vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;txd a&muf&SdrvmEkdifawmhyJ ,m,D+idrf oufoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&JŒ ppftpkd;&tay: emusnf;rkef;wD;pdwf/ vkH;0t,kHt=unfr&SdawmhwJhpdwf/ qef@usifwGef;vSef wkef@jyefcsifpdwfawGukd w[kefxkd; jr‡ifhay;vkduf ovkdjzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;aygif;pkH/ ra=ueyfr_aygif;pkHuae vlxktkHºuGr_}uD; wckqD wmplrdpðyvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? aygufuGJvkeD;yg; tajctae}uD;w&yf[m bufaygif;pkH qkduf a&mufvmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if; u atmufwb dk m (8) &ufae@ rqvA [kad umfrw D t D pnf;ta0;rSm “a&SŒrSm pD;yGm; a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; b,fyb Hk ,fenf;ajymif;=urvJ? rl usaemfw@dk ajymif;zk@d vv dk m+yD? b,ftwkid ;f twm txdajymif;&r,f? b,fvv dk yk &f r,fqw dk mudak wmh usaemfw@dk tawGŒtóuHa&m urBmrSmjzpfysuaf e wJhtawGŒtóuHa&m tJ'D[mawGtukefvkH; òcHikH+yD; xnfhpOf;pm;+yD;awmhrS rlopfjyefcsrSjzpfvdrfhr,f” vkd@ajymqkdvmygw,f? ajymif;vJa&;ukd xyfrHajymqkdvmygw,f? 'gayr,fh tcsdefu aESmif;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JŒ taxGaxGrauseyfr_ awGu tjrifq h ;Hk tqifh a&muf&adS e+yDjzpfovk/d Armjynf}uD;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSeu f vnf; rzk;H Ekid f rzdEikd f azmfjyvmcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &[m aºuG;awGuv kd nf; jyefrqyfEidk af wmhwt hJ wGuf a'0gvD cHzkd@jyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? urBmhtqif;&JqkH;EkdifiHrsm;pm&if; “zGHŒòzd;r_tedrfhusqkH;EkdifiH LDC” pm&if; xnfhoGif;ay;zkd@ w&m;0if av#mufxm;vkduf&ygawmhw,f? olawmif;pm;Ekid if H pm&if;xnfo h iG ;f ay;zk@d av#mufxm;&mrSmawmif woufv;Hk vdrv f mcJw h m awG/ cyfwnfwnf aºuG;a=umfvmcJhwmawG/ r[kwfu [kwfu 0g'jzef@ +zD;jzef;vmcJhwmawGu txyfxyfjzpfae+yD; ukd,fh¶_;ukd,fywf a&mifjyef[yfvmawmh renf;}uD;ukd awmif;awmif;yefyefeJ@ txkyfajzjycJh&wJhtajctae óuHawGŒ&ygw,f? LDC owf r S w f z k d @ uk v or*~ } uD ; u t"d u pH c sd e f (3) ck o wf r S w f x m;ygw,f ? (1) wESpftwGif; wOD;csif;0ifaiG a':vm 200 xufenf;&r,f? (2) pufr_vkyfief;u xkwfvkyfr_wefzkd; [m wrsKd;om;vkH; xkwfvkyfr_wefzkd;aygif;&JŒ 10µ xufrausmf&? (3) pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef; 20µ 450
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
xufenf;&r,f æ qkdwJh owfrSwfcsufjzpfygw,f? 1983 ckESpfu rqv u pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef; 78³6µ vkd@ w&m;0if owfrSwfxm;awmh/ LDC av#mufwt hJ cg vm+yD;+idaeygw,f? rqv u pmwwfajrmufw,fqw dk m[m tok;H vk;H a=u¶kH av;ygv@dk xkacs&iS ;f vif;+y;D pmwwfajrmufrE_ e_ ;f ukd 18³65µ vk@d ajymif;vJwifjy av#mufxm;cJ&h w,f vkd@qkdygw,f? aemufqkH;rSm rqv u 0ifaiG wOD; wESpf a':vm (180)/ pufr_xkwfvkyfr_wefbkd; (9 ³ 9µ)/ pmwwfajrmufr_ (18 ³ 65 µ) vk@d wifjy+yD; abmif0ifomG ;atmif awmif;awmif;yefyefwifjy ,lcJh&ygw,f? 1987 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvrSm ukvor*~u Armjynfudk zHGŒòzd;r_tedrfhqHk;EkdifiH LDC pm&if;xJ oGwfoGif; twnfðyay;vkdufygw,f? *sD'DyD wkd;wufr_&mckdifE_ef;awG ESpfpOfESpfpOf azmfjyºuGm;0gae&mu pDrHudef;awG vsmxm;csuf xuf ausmv f eG af tmifjrifcahJ =umif;/ vsmxm;csut f wkid ;f jynfrh aDS tmif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif &GufEkdifcJha=umif; pojzifh pojzifh t+rJvkdvkd aºuG;a=umf0g'jzef@csd atmf[pfae&mu toHawmif rpJao;rDtwGif; ðAef;pm;}uD; olawmif;pm;EkdifiHtqifh LDC tqifha&muf&SdoGm;&wmjzpfygw,f? rqv wkd@&JŒ wkdif;jynfzGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&Gufóud;yrf; tm;xkwfjycJhw,f qkdwmawGtm;vkH;&JŒ &v'fuawmh wkdif;jynf}uD; olawmif;pm;EkdifiHb0 a&mufoGm;&jcif;vkd@yJ rSwf wrf;wif&ygvdrfhr,f?
&S p f a v;vk H ; ta&;awmf y k H } uD ; ay:xG e f ; vmjcif ; ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJh pD;yGma&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ vlr_a&;/ rl0g'ay:vpDtoD;oD;&JŒ atmufrmS wae@wjcm; t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pkH qku d cf &hJ +yD;/ jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;Hk taxGaxGraus eyfra_ ygi;f pkH wk;d wufjzpfay:ae&csed rf mS “zke;f armfta&;tcif;}u;D ” pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? 1988 ckESpf/ rwfv (13) &ufae@nrSm jzpfygw,f? &efukefpufr_wuUokdvfteD; taemufóudŒukef;&yfuGufxJ&Sd “pENm0if;vBuf&nfqkdif” xJrSm pufr_wuUokdvfausmif;om; (3) OD;eJ@ t&yfom; (4) OD; uufqufacGudpPukd ta=umif;ðy+yD; pum; rsm;&efjzpfc=hJ u&mu Zmwfvrf;pwifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? t&ufr;l aewJh t&yfom;awGu ausmif;om; awGudk 0kid ;f ¶ku d v f u dk w f t hJ wGuf ausmif;om;wOD; acgi;f uGo J mG ;cJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;ESpOf ;D u aumifpD ¶kH;oGm;wkdifygw,f? tr_zGifhygw,f? vBuf&nfqkdif&JŒ oufaocHxGufqkdcsuft& &Ju &efjzpfwJh t&yf om;awGudk zrf;wJt h cg nDnv D iG f qkw d hJ t&yfom;vnf;ygvmygw,f? aumifpu D nDnv D iG f ukd rzrf;zk@d ywfouf&m ywfoufa=umif;t& wm;ygw,f? &Juzrf;oGm;ayr,fh aemufae@rmS nDnv D iG u f dk vrf; ay:rSmjyefawGŒ&wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;awGu aumifpD¶kH;npfw,fvkd@jrif+yD; 'grw&m;r_vkd@ oabm xm;ygw,f? &efyGJjzpfcJhwmu (12) &ufae@rSmjzpf+yD; (13) &ufae@nrSm ausmif;om;awGu &yfuGuf aumifp¶D ;Hk qD xyfro H mG ;=uygw,f? aumifpOD uUÏu ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; rajz&Si;f yJ aemufaz;ayguu f ae xGuaf jy;ygw,f? &yfuu G af umifp&D ŒJ vkyaf qmifr[ _ m rormwm xif&mS ;ae+yv D @dk ,q l wJh ausmif;om; awG[m rausreyf ykdjzpfvm=uygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSm nDnDvGif ukdoGm;&Sm=u&if; rD;arSmifcsxm;wJh teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
451
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
&yfuGufxJutjyefrSm ausmif;om;ESpfa,muf "m;ckwfcHvkduf&wJhtwGuf rausreyfjzpfaewJh ausmif;om;awGu &yfuGuf or0g,rqkdifukd rD;wif¶_d@vkduf=uygw,f? w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh rqv Oya'eJ@ Oya'a=umif;t& rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;ray;Ekdifr_&JŒ &v'ftjzpf ausmif;om;eJ@&yfuGuf xdyfwkdufjzpfvm&wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;eJ@ t&yfom; yÉdyuQjyif;xef;vmcsed rf mS ppftpk;d &&JŒ vkx H ed ;f awG 0ifa&mufvmcJh ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk aoewfe@J csed +f yD; ausmif;0if;wHwidk ;f em;txd uyfvmcJ=h uygw,f? tay: uae b,fvt dk rde@f rsK;d ukd o,faqmifvmcJ=h uovJqw dk m rod&ayr,fh aoewfe@J x;dk csed +f yD; ausmif; 0if;em;txd uyfvmcJhwJh vkHxdef;wkd@&JŒ vufawGŒ ðyrlazmfjyykHukd ausmif;om;rsm;u uef@uGuf=uyg w,f? b,folrSefw,f/ b,folrSm;w,f rcGJjcm;yJ jy\emukd rpkHprf;ravhvmyJ vkHxdef;&JawG&JŒ aoewfe@J xk;d csed +f y;D 0ifvmwJt h ay: rausreyfe@J uef@uu G =f uygw,f? vkx H ed ;f awGu aoewfe@J ypf+y;D ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ o¶kyfrSefukd azmfjyvkdufygw,f? pufr_wuUokdvf0if;twGif; aoewfoHawG yJw h ifno H mG ;&ygw,f? pufrw _ uUov dk af usmif;om; armifzek ;f armf pufrw _ uUov dk af usmif;0if;twGi;f rSmyJ aoewf'%f&m tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ yGJcsif;+yD;aoqkH;oGm;&ygw,f? (armifzkef;armfeJ@twl aoewfxdrSef '%f&m&cJhwJh armifpkd;Ekdifvnf; odyf&ufruGmrDrSmyJ aoqkH;oGm;&ygw,f?) ppftpkd;&&JŒ vlrqefr_a=umifh zkef;armfta&;tcif;}uD; jzpfay:vm&yg+yD? rSefrSefuefuef at;at;csrf;csrf; ajz&Sif;vkd@&EkdifwJhjy\emukd ppftpdk;&ukd,fwkdifu vufeuftm;ukd; vufvGwf py,f t=urf;zuf,kwfrmjycJhwJhtwGuf ay:aygufvmcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m tpkd;&qef@ usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGwikd ;f / ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGwidk ;f rSm a&SŒwef;tcef;uyg0ifcw hJ hJ pufr_ wuUokdvfukd xpfceJ&Sd tmtkdifwD/ v_yfueJ&Sd tmtkdifwDvkd@ tjrif&Sdxm;&mu tòid;taw;ðyxm; &mu vufawGŒxkwfazmf vufpm;acsjyvkdufwJhtwGuf ay:aygufvmcJh&wJh ta&;tcif;}uD;vkd@ vnf; qkEd idk yf gw,f? aoG;ajrusc&hJ +yD; rw&m;ojzifh ESyd u f yG w f mukd cHpm;vku d &f wJh ausmif;om;xk[m tESpfESpftvv csKyfwnf;aecJh&&muae [kef;ueJ aygufuGJvm&ygawmhw,f? rwfv (14) &ufae@rSm ausmif;om;awGu tjzpfrSefukda&;om;+yD; jynfolawGqDukd trSef wkdif;od&atmif tm;xkwfóud;yrf; jzef@a0wmvkyfaqmifygw,f? tmtkdifwDtay: oabmxm;rrSef +yD;om;jzpfwJh ppftpkd;&u acgif;razmfEkdifatmif xyfqifhESdyfuGyfypfzkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;ygw,f? pufr_ wuUokdvf0if;xJ vkHxdef;wyfawG0ifpD;+yD; ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;yGJ}uD;vkyfygw,f? OD;ae0if; pdwf wkid ;f us a&G;cs,x f m;wJh axmufvrS ;f a&; !¸e=f um;a&;rª; Akv d rf ;ª }uD;cif!e¸ @f }uD;rª;pDpOfwhJ vlzrf;yG}J uD; jzpfygw,f? zdEydS rf &_ &dS if wGe;f vSerf &_ w dS ,fqw dk hJ ed,mrtwkid ;f toJwqwfqwfemaewJh ausmif;om;xk [m OD;usKd;roGm;yJ qufvufv_yf&Sm;vmcJhygw,f? &efukefwuUokdvfajrqDtxd ul;pufv_yf&Sm;r_ awG ay:aygufvmygw,f? (16) &ufae@rSm tifvsm;uefabmifay:rSm wuUokdvfausmif;ol ausmif; om;awG aoG;csif;csif;eDatmif ¶kdufESufòzdcGif;wmcH=u&ygw,f? tif;vsm;uefabmifta&;tcif; (okd@r[kwf) wHwm;eDta&;tcif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wif=u&wJhtxd ppftpkd;&&JŒ t=urf;zufr_uvnf; ykrd jdk yif;xefvmyg w,f? (18) &ufae@rmS ausmif;om; (20) avmuf òrdŒxJqif;vm+yD; AE<Kvyef;+cHrmS w&m;a[m=uygw,f? vrf;ay:rSm vlxkeJ@paygif;rd+yD; qENjyyGJ}uD;jzpfay:vmygawmhw,f? rwfv 452
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(18) &ufae@rSmyJ ppftpkd;&&JŒ tzrf;tqD; tESdyftuGyfawGuvnf; rsm;jym;vmygw,f? &meJ@csD+yD; tpkd;&u odrf;óuH;zrf;qD;ygw,f? tcsKyfum;}uD;awGeJ@wifr[kwf tom;wif tvkHydwf,mOfawG ukdyg tokH;ðy+yD; zrf;qD;&rdor#ukd xnfhoGif;xkd;odyfwif aqmifwmawGvkyfygw,f? vlrqefpGm &uf&ufpufpuf ðyrlvkyfaqmifwJhtwGuf tusKd;qufu ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGtygt0if tzrf;qD;cH&olaygif; (41) OD; toufaoqkH;&wJh tjzpfqkd;}uD; jzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? axmifa&muf vkd@ um;wHcg;zGifhvkdufcsdefrSm touf¶_=uyf+yD; aoqkH;ae=u&wJh tavmif;awG txyfvkdufjzpfaecJh =u&ygw,f? zke;f armfta&;tcif;tygt0if qufwu dk jf zpfay:vmcJw h hJ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;ukd rqv ppftpkd;&&J@ukdifwG,f ajz&Sif;ykH[m tifrwef&ufpuf,kwfrmvGef;cJhygw,f? òid;ol&efbufyrm jyif;jyif; xefxefESdyfuGyfòzdcGJwmawG vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? tif;vsm;uefabmifta&; tcif;rSmqkd&if/ twif; '&ref;=urf; ¶ku d Ef u S òf zdciG ;f wmawGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? OD;pdev f iG u f , dk w f idk f OD;pD;+yD; bDv;l qkid ;f wD;ay; cJhygw,f? “emem¶kduf emem¶kduf/ acgif;ukd wnfhwnfh¶kduf/ rsm;rsm;¶kdufEdkifwJhol qkay;r,f” qkdwJh trdef@ay;oHrsKd;awGtxd ,kwf,kwfrmrmay;cJh+yD; Adef;armif;wkdufay;cJhygw,f? =um;&olwkdif; &ifeifh emusnf;apcJh&wJh ppfbDvl;rsm;&JŒ usL;vGefr_}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? ausmif;awGukd ydwfypfvkdufwJht wGuf rwfvv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m ,m,D+idrfoufoGm;& oa,mifjzpfcJhayr,fh ausmif;om;xkeJ@wuG jynfolw&yfvkH;&JŒ ppftpkd;&tay: emusnf;r_[m w&dyf&dyf 'Da&wufvmaecJhygw,f? rwfvta&;tcif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tpk;d &u pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Sif zGŒJ ay;cJah yr,fh w&m;0ifppHk rf; a&;aumfrwD&iS &f ŒJ tpD&ifcpH mukd jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk rxkwjf yef&aJ wmhyJ tpD&ifcpH mtay: Ekid if aH wmfaumifpD &JŒ ok;H oyfcsuq f w dk mavmufom zk;H zk;H zdzd xkwjf yef+yD; (41) a,muf tcsKyfum;awGtwGi;f aoqk;H cJ&h w,fvkd@ 0efcHcJhygw,f? (avhvmolawGtqkd&uawmh &mausmfaoqkH;cJhw,f qkdygw,f?) ppftpkd;& u ppftyk pf 0k if xdyo f ;D }uD;awGu, dk w f idk f OD;pD;OD;aqmifðy+yD; yg0ifywfouf usL;vGex f m;wJt h r_}uD;ukd zk;H uG,v f ;DS v$yJ pfEidk zf @dk "m;pmcH&mS jyygw,f? &Jr;ª }uD;az=unf ukd &mxl;cs+yD; rE aW v;yk@d jyovk/d &JcsKyf OD;odef;atmif yifpiftay;cH&ygw,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;rif;acgifukd ðzwfypfvkdufovkd/ 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;armifarmifc eJ@ Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzGJŒ OuUÏ OD;jrifharmif wkd@ukdvnf; z,f&Sm;ypfvkdufygw,f? zkef;armfaoqkH;&wJh ta&;tcif;tyg rwfvta&;tcif;}uD;jzpfay:cJh&+yD;wJhaemufykdif;rSm Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; &JŒpmawG xGufay:vmygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;&JŒ (41) rsufESmpm (18) rsufESmpmqkdwmawG jynfol=um; ysHŒESH@vmcJhygw,f? Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD; u OD;ae0if; qD vdyfrlwyf+yD; wifjyxm;wJh[efeJ@ a&;om;xm;wmawGjzpfygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ qkd;0g;vSwJh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;tajctaeawGukd wifjyazmfxkwfxm;ay;r,fh t"duuawmh tJh'DudpPawGtwGuf AkdvfcsKyf }uD;ae0if;rygygb;l ? tuk}d uD; rywfoufygb;l / atmufvufi,fom;awGa=umifjh zpf&wmyg? Akv d cf sKyf }uD;vufa&SmifygqkdwJh ajymvkH;qkdvkH;awGeJ@ wifjyazmf!¸ef;xm;wJh pmawGcsnf;jzpfygw,f? wenf; tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; ukd wzufvSnfheJ@ umuG,f&if;/ wzufuae wkdif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;tajctaeawGukd wifjyxm;wJhpmawGjzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if; ukd ypm;ay;umz,fz,f+yD; a&;xm;wJph mawGjzpfayr,fh vlx=k um;rSm ysŒH ysŒH ES@H E@SH jzpfc+hJ y;D wGiu f s,rf &_ cJw h mawmhtrSeyf jJ zpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
453
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
ZGev f rSm ausmif;awGjyefziG yhf gw,f? ZGef (5) &uf (6) &ufup+yD; ausmif;om;awG wuUov dk f 0if;xJpka0;=uwm/ w&m;yGJawG a[majymvmwm&SdcJh+yD; ZGefvv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf pwifouf0if v_y&f mS ;vmcJjh yefygw,f? ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ ppftpk;d &tay: emusn;f rke;f wD;r_tajccHe@J vlx}k uD;w&yf vkH;&JŒ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;pdwf"mwf wzGm;zGm;jrifhwufvmr_[m qkHcsufwckqD OD;wnfaecJh+yDjzpf ygw,f? ppftpkd;&JŒ t"dutwkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;jzpfwJh Auy uvnf; ppftpkd;&qef@ usifòzdcsa&; OD;wnfcsufeJ@/ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; a&pDa=umif;}uD;twGif; olŒenf;olŒ[efeJ@ ol/ tm;xkwfóud;yrf; v_yf&Sm;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifhr&SdwJh Auy u ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_ (,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_) ykHo¾mefeJ@ “4828 ygwDaumfrDwD” ukd oD;oef@zGJŒpnf;+yD;/ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; a&pD;a=umif;}uD;ukd aumif;usKd;ðyEkdifzkd@ wwfEkdifwJhae&muae yg0iftm;ay;wGef;aqmfwmawG vkyf aqmifae+yDjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDw&yftaeeJ@ wjynfvkH;eJ@oufqkdifwJh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;t wGuf (ok@d r[kw)f Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wcktwGi;f a&muf&mae&m &S&d mt&yfuae/ yg0ifóud;yrf;tm; xkwf wGe;f wifvy_ &f mS ;vmwm[m obm0uswu hJ pd w P ckyjJ zpfygw,f? awmwGi;f vufeufuidk f awmf vSefa&;tzJGŒtpnf;awGtm;vkH;uvnf; òrdŒawmf&efukef A[kdcsufay:rSm jzpfay: jrifhwufvmaewJh ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; a&pD;v_dif;}uD;ukd av;av;eufeuf ±_ar#mf oabmxm;cJh=uygw,f? rwfv v_y&f mS ;r_&ŒJ tquf ZGev f v_y&f mS ;r_[m wpwp yk+d yD;tm;aumif;vmcJyh gw,f? pufr_ wuUov dk af usmif;om; armifzek ;f armf aoG;ajrusc&hJ wmuuae wenf;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;aoG;ajr uscJh&r_uae pwifay:aygufvmcJh&wJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfwJhtwGuf OD;aqmifol[m ausmif;om;awGyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ awmif;qkdcsufawGuvnf; (1) rwfv ta&;tcif;Y t=urf;zuf ¶ku d Ef u S o f wfjzwf rk'rd ;f usichf o hJ rl sm;tm;vk;H ukd azmfxw k t f a&;,lay;&ef/ (2) oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;Y +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjy=uaom ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ukd taESmuft,Suf rðy&ef/ (3) tzrf;tqD;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om; ausmif;oltm;vkH;ukd ¹cGif;csufr&Sd jyefv$wfay;&ef/ (4) ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESiyhf wfouf+yD; rnfow l OD;wa,mufurdk # ausmif;rxkw&f ef/ (5) ausmif; om;or*~rsm;ukd w&m;0ifzŒJG pnf;cGiðhf y&ef/ 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; tjynft h 0 jyefvnfay;tyf&ef qkdwmawGyJjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;ta&;ukd A[kdðyxm;wJh w&m;r#w rSefuef¶kd;&Sif;vGef;vSwJh awmif;qkdcsufawGyJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpkd;&u ppftm%m&Sifpepf usifhokH;aeolrsm;yDyD bm wckukdrS vkdufavsmzkd@ qENr&SdcJh=uyg? t=urf;zufòzdcGJypfzkd@eJ@ rjzpfjzpfwJhenf;eJ@ ESdrfESif;ypfzkd@ukdyJ OD;wnfvkyfaqmifchJ=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSm “ajreDukef;ta&;tcif;” qkdwm wckxyfay:vmygw,f? pDwef;vrf;av#muf vSnfhvnfvmwJh ausmif;olausmif;om;i,fav;awGukd òzdcGJypfa&;t}uHeJ@ vkx H ed ;f &Jum;awGu twif;'&=urf; armif;ESi0f ifa&mufvm+yD; wku d cf u dk òf zdciG ;f wma=umifh r¶_&ufp&m jrifuGif; tjzpftysuf}uD; jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? tckvkd vkHxdef;um;awGu ausmif;olausmif;om;i,f av;awGtay: um;eJ@ 0ifa&mufwkdufowfwmukd rcHr&yfEkdifwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;u teD;tem;rSm &Sdae=uwJh ajreDukef;vlxk}uD;u ausmif;om;xkeJ@aygif;+yD; vkHxdef;&JawGukd jyefvnfwkdufckduf=uyg w,f? &&mvufeufawGpGJukdif+yD; ememusnf;usnf; jyefvnfwkef@jyefcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? vkHxdef;&J 454
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(6) a,muf aoqkH;cJh&wJhtxd jyif;jyif;xefxef jzpfyGm;cJh&ygw,f? &uf&ufpufpuf tESdyfuGyfcHae& wJh ausmif;om;xke@J ppftpd;k &tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef rke;f wD;emusn;f aewJh jynfov l x l [ k m/ ZGev f ta&;tcif;awGtwGif;rSm aygif;qufrdoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? auGŒcsKd;}uD;wckqD OD;wnfrd=u+yDjzpfyg w,f? &efuek rf E aW v;wuUov dk af wG ydwv f u dk &f +yD;wJah emuf ppftpk;d &qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG[m awmrD;yrm ysHŒESH@oGm;&ygawmhw,f? a=unmcsufawG/ xkwfjyefpmwrf;awG/ a0iS=uwmawG ae&m tES@H jzpfay:vmcJ+h yD; rE aW v;/ jrif;+cH/ ppfuidk ;f / rk&H mG / a&$b/dk rdwv DW m txuawGrmS vnf; ykpd wmwku d f yGJawGay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ZGefvv_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif; ausmif;om;wkdufyGJawG=um;uae ay:xGuf vmwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifEpS Of ;D &JŒ emrnfawGuawmh ‘rif;ukEd idk ’f qkw d meJ@ ‘rk;d oD;ZGe’f qkw d mjzpf ygw,f? ZGef (23) &ufrSm yJcl;rSmvnf; vlxktkHºuGr_}uD;ay:aygufvmygw,f? ppftpkd;&u ae0ifrD; +idrf; trdef@xkwfjyef+yD; [ef@wm;ESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlxkwkdufyGJawGu awmrD;yrm jzpfvm pðy+yDjzpfygw,f? ZGefvtquf ZlvkdifvwkdufyGJawG qufwkdufjzpfay:vmygw,f? &efukefausmif; om;xku ae&mtESH@ v_yf&Sm;vm+yD; a&$wd*kHbk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSmvnf; w&m;yGJawG/ a[majymr_ awG/ pm&Gufpm wrf;jzef@a0r_awG wGifwGifus,fus,fvkyfaqmifvmygw,f? “Auo” taqmuf tOD}uD;&JŒ "mwfyeHk @J (7) &uf Zlvidk }f uD;&JŒ t¶k;d wGeo f aH wGuvnf; us,u f s,af vmifavmif yJw h ifnH vmcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&u t=urf;zufòzdcGJwJhenf;/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd ao;odrfatmifykwfcwf ajymqkd toa&zsufwJh atmufvrf;enf;/ 'v#Kd'vHawGv$wf+yD; oyfv#KdòzdcGJwJhenf;/ npfenf; ya'omusio hf ;Hk +yD; [ef@wm;ESyd f uGycf yhJ gw,f? tzrf;tqD;awG ra&rwGuEf idk af tmif ykrd rdk sm;jym;vm cJhygw,f? ZlvkdifvxJrSm awmif}uD; eJ@jynfrSmvnf; bmoma&;t"du¶k%f;awG ay:aygufygw,f? (ppftpkd;&u bmoma&;t"du¶k%f;awGeJ@ tm¶kHajymif;=unfhzkd@ óud;pm;wmvkd@ ,lq=uwmawG&Sd ovkd “awmif}uD;òydvkd@ jynfysuf+yD;+yD” qkdwJhoabmeJ@ aA'ifuGufeJ@ ,=wmacswmvkd@vnf; xifa=u;ay;=uwJh t"du¶k%f;}uD;awG jzpfygw,f?) ay:aygufvmor#aom ta&;tcif;awG[m b,fvkdykHo¾mefeJ@yJ ay:aygufvmvm/ bma=umifh ay:aygufvmvm/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh rqv qef@usifa&; ppftm%m&Sif qef@usifa&;qDukdom a&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;u pwif aygufuGJqifE$JvkdufwJh wkdufyJG}uD;qkdwm tm;vkH;u tav;xm; todðy=uovkd/ vlxk}uD;uyg yl;aygi;f yg0if tm;jznfv h mwJt h cgusrS ykrd u dk s,jf yef@ }uD;rm;euf¶id_ ;f vmcJw h ,f qkw d mukv d nf; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; awGŒjrifEkdifygw,f? vlxk}uD;uyg ae&mtESH@ yg0ifyl;aygif; tm;ay;axmuf cHvmwm[m vnf; ausmif;om;xk&JŒ w&m;r#wwJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd axmufcHtm;ay; ulnD0ef;&HcsifvGef;wJh pdwfqENa=umifhcsnf;ruyg? t&if;cHu vlxk}uD;ukd,fwkdif ESpf&Snfvrsm;cHpm;ae=u&wJh ppftpkd;&&JŒ azmufjyefwJh ay:vpDt&yf&yfatmufuae jzpfay:vm&wJh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;t=uyft wnf;awGa=umifhvnf;jzpfygw,f? wwkdif;jynfvkH; v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfvm&ygw,f? Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae@rSm wckwnf;aom OD;aqmifygwD}uD; rqv&JŒ ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcH }uD; ac:qkdusif;yygw,f? ygwDOuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; u rv$Jra&Smifom E_wfxGuf tem;,la&;udpPukd ajymqkdvm&yg w,f? olwifru OD;pef;,k/ OD;at;ukd/ OD;ausmfxif wkd@yg tem;,l=ur,fhta=umif; ajymqkdvmyg teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
455
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
w,f? ajymykH qkdykHuawmh æ “rwfveJ@ ZGev f rsm;twGi;f u pdwrf csr;f ajrŒp&mjzpfysucf w hJ hJ tjzpftysuaf wGa=umifh oG,f 0kdufaomenf;eJ@ wm0efruif;ol[k ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ touft&G,ftm;jzifh axmufvmwm uwa=umif;wkd@a=umifh ygwDOuUÏeJ@ ygwD0iftjzpfrS E_wfxGufcGifhay;=uygvkd@” ajymqkd+yD; E_wfxGufpmukd ukd,fwkdifawmif qufzwfEkdifpGrf;r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf OD;axG;[ef vufxJ pmukd xkd;xnfhay;ygw,f? OD;axG;[efu OD;ae0if; tpm; zwfjy&ygw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHrSmyJ OD;ae0if; [m (or*~}uD;&JŒ t¶k;d wGeo f u H dk =um;vm&+yDjzpfwt hJ wGu)f (7) &ufZv l idk u f pd P ausmif;om; or*~}uD;òzdcscJhwJh udpPawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; ukd,fvGwf¶kef;zkd@ óud;yrf;ajymqkdwmawGvkyfygw,f? tcsKyf uawmh OD;atmif}uD; tay: ykHcsEkdifzkd@vkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd E_wfxGufawmhr,fhudpP/ ukd,fvGwf¶kef;wJh udpPawG ajymqkd+yD;wJhtcgrSawmh ol&JŒxkH;pHtwkdif; ppftm%m&SifyDyD ppftm%m&Sifpdwf"mwfukd azmfjywJh jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;ukd +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; ppfwyfukd ajr‡mufyifh rD;pdrf;jyay;vkdufwJh trkduf t¶kdif;qkH;pum;}uD;ukd ajymqkdoGm;ygawmhw,f? tJh'Dpum;uawmh “aemifukd vlpkvla0;eJ@ qlqlylyl vkyfcJhvkd@&Sd&ifawmh ppfwyfqkdwm ypf&if rSefatmifypfw,f? rkd;ay:axmif+yD;azmufwmrygbl;? tJ'g aemifudk qlqyl yl v l yk rf ,fq&dk ifawmh tJ'v D q dk w l v hJ al wG roufombl;rSwaf yawmh” vk@d qdw k phJ um;yJ jzpfygw,f? +cdrf;ajcmuf}udrf;armif; ajymqkdoGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wzufuvnf; olajymqkd}udrf; armif;oGm;wJt h wkid ;f t=urf;enf;eJ@ ukid w f , G t f aumif txnfazmfz@dk twGuf vla&G;xm;+yD;+yDjzpfyg w,f? tJ'guawmh &ufpufwJhae&mrSm emrnf}uD;wJh/ (u&ifacgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD; ukdowf&mrSm (7) &ufZlvkdifukd aoG;acsmif;pD;atmifowf&mrSm emrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;cJhwJh) ‘om; owform;’ bJGŒ& OD;pdefvGifukd ol&JŒ qufcHoltjzpf xkd;wifa&G;cs,f tyfESif;vkdufwmyJjzpfygw,f? Zlvkdif (27) &ufae@rSm ta&;ay:v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;ukd qufac:ygw,f? ygwDnDvm cHe@J v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;awGuae pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDwcsKŒd ukd ajymif;zk@d qk;H jzwfvu dk yf gw,f? 'gay r,fh wygwDpepfukdawmh rajymif;vkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufygw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ tyfESif;xkd;wifr_eJ@ rqvOuUÏ/ EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuUÏeJ@ EkdifiHawmforw}uD; jzpfvmcJo h u l awmh OD;pdev f iG f jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if; u uef@vef@umaemufomG ;ae+yD; vlxw k u kd yf aJG wG ukd t=urf;enf;eJ@ wqifhwkd; tjywfjzwfzkd@ rD;pdrf;jyvkdufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? rausreyfjzpfaewJh ausmif;om;xkeJ@ vlxkukd OD;pdefvGifeJ@ awhay;vkdufwJhtwGuf ausmif; om;xkeJ@ vlxk&JŒ a'go[mvnf; wdk;+yD;jzpfay:vm&ygw,f? OD;pdefvGifu “trSm;awG/ csKdŒ,Gif;csuf awG[m vkyfief;qkdif&m rlrsm;a=umifhr[kwfyJ/ vlyk*~KdvfawGa=umihfjzpfwmukd od&Sdae&wJhtwGuf/ vly*k K~ v d af =umifjh zpfwhJ udpaP wGudk csucf si;f ta&;,lomG ;zk@d ” vk@d ajymqk+d yD; (rla=umifrh [kw/f vla=umifh vk@d q+dk yD;) uGyn f y‡ rf a_ wG pwifygw,f? ta&;tcif;v_y&f mS ;r_awGuv kd nf; wqifw h ;dk +yD; acsre_ ;f ypfEidk zf @dk jyifqifvmygw,f? =o*kwfvxJa&mufawmh/ wkdufyGJawGu ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;oufoufavmufru awmhyJ wjynfvkH;vuQ%mygaqmifwJh EkdifiHa&;vuQ%myg ykdaqmifvmygw,f? =o*kwfv (4)&uf ae@rSm orwopf OD;pdefvGifu &efukefòrdŒukd ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmapvkduf+yD;/ e,fuppfwyfwcsKdŒ 456
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ukdyg &efukefukdac:,lum ppftiftm;aomif;csD csxm;vkdufygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;ae=uol 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufuvnf; wqifhwkd;v_yf&Sm;Ekdifzkd@ jyifqifvmygw,f? bDbpD t D oHvi$ Xhf meeJ@ AGt D adk t toHvi$ Xhf mersm;uvnf; ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGbufu owif; awGudk ppftpkd;&tarSmifcsxm;r_=um;uae wurBmvkH;eJ@ wjynfvkH;od&Sdatmif tav;ay;azmfjy vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;ae@rSm wjynfvkH;vuQ%maqmifwJh vlxktkHºuGr_}uD;w&yf ay:ayguf vmEkid w f t hJ a=umif;/ ay:ayguv f mzk@d wmplae=u+yDjzpfa=umif; wEkid if v H ;Hk odatmif toHvi$ hf ay;aecJh +yDjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;uvnf; ar#mfvifhxm;=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 1988 =o*kwfv (8) &uf/ &Spfav;vkH;ae@rSm óudwifcsdef;qdk aºuG;a=umfxm;wJhtwkdif; “&Spf av;vH;k ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;” ayguu f aJG y:xGuv f myg+yD? txyfxyfcsxm;wJh oHq;l óud;vdyaf wGt=um;/ ta&;}uD;vrf;qkH;vrf;cGawGwkdif;rSm txyfxyfcsxm;wJh *sDo&D;/ *sDzkd; armif;jyefaoewfukdif ppfwyf awGt=um;/ “'Drkdua&pDta&; æ 'kd@ta&;” qkdwJhtoHawG [kdu onfu v_yf&Sm;ay:xGufvmcJhyg w,f? wm;vkd@r&EkdifawmhwJh ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; csDwufqENjyv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m enf;&mursm;/ rsm;&mu tHkvkdufusif;vkduftoGifjzpfay:vm pkpnf;rdvmum wcJeuf xGufay:vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;xkeJ@twl tvkyform;0efxrf;rsm; òrdŒaeqif;&Jom;rsm;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;yg yg0if yl;aygi;f pkpnf;rdvmcJ=h u+yD; &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd *k%af jymifajrmufpmG azmfusL;vku d =f u+yDjzpf ygw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}kH uD;[m wjynfv;Hk twkid ;f twmt& òrdŒaygi;f (40) ausmu f dk csucf si;f ysH@ESH@ul;pufay:xGef;vmcJhapygw,f? AE<Kvyef;+cHa&SŒrSm pcef;csxm;wJh axmif;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom qENjynfov l x l t k iftm;pk}uD;ukd ppftpk;d &[m =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@nrSmyJ t=urf;zufypfcwfòzdcyJG pfco hJ vkd (9) &ufae@ reufup+yD; ypfoHcwfoHawG[mvnf; aomaomnHvmcJhygw,f? w'kdif;'kdif; ypfcwfaewJh aoewfoHawG=um;/ bufeuf}uD;awGw0if;0if; rsuEf mS xm;}uD;awGwwif;wif;eJ@ o&Jr&Jp;D aeovkd ypfcwfòzdciG ;f ae=uwJh ppfwyf/ ppfom;/ vufr&GŒH tm%myg;uGuo f m;awG&ŒJ t=um; ausmif;pdr;f 0wf ausmif;om;av;aygi;f rsm;pGm Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;"mwfy}Hk uD;awGudk ukid af qmifum/ q&m}uD;ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f "mwfy}Hk uD; awGudk &if0,fydkufcsDum &J&J0Hh0Hh qENjycJh=uygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tygt0if rdbjynfolrsm; udk,fwdkifvnf; yg0ifyl;aygif; vufwGJqENjycJh}uygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ vufcsufeJ@ ayw&mvrf;ray:rSm aoG;pufaoG;uGufawG uspifpGef;aycJh&ovdk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;"gwfykHawG/ q&m}uD;rd_if;"mwfykHawG vnf; ayw&mvrf;r}uD;ay: vGifhpifuGJtuf aºuGrGcJh&ygw,f? (9) &ufae@rSm qENjyaºuG;a=umf v_yf&Sm;r_awG ykd+yD;ykd+yD;om rsm;vmcJh&+yD;/ taocHqENjyolawG&JŒ ol&Jaumif;yDowJhpdwf"mwf[m vnf; w&Sdefwkd;jr‡ifhwufvmcJhygw,f? wjynfvkH;rSmvnf; tESH@tjym; qENjyyGJ}uD;awG qufwkduf jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? rE Wav;òrdŒrSm (2) a,mufao (6) a,muf '%f&m&qdkwJh tjzpftysufawG/ ppfudkif;rSm tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf aoqkH;'%f&m&cJh&wJhtjzpfawG/ +rdwfòrdŒrSmvnf; (2)a,mufao (6) a,muf'%f&m&cJh& qkdwJhta&;tcif;}uD;awG ae&mtESH@/ a'otESH@ w[kefwkd; wkd;wuf jzpfay: ysHŒESH@ul;pufvmcJhygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfykH}uD;[m aygufuGJay:xGef;vmcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? b,f vkdenf;eJ@rS wm;vkd@r&awmh+yDjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
457
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
tHw}udw}f udwef @J bDv;l qkid ;f wD;+yD; xGuv f mcJh Ekid if aH wmforw}uD;qko d l OD;pdev f iG /f =o*kwf v (12) &ufae@rSmyJ E_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmvkduf&ygawmhw,f? OD;pdev f iG f E_wx f u G v f u dk &f wm[m vlxw k u kd yf }JG uD; ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ yxrqk;H atmifyjJG zpf wJhtwGuf OD;pdefvGifukd jynfolw&yfvkH;uvnf; atmhESvkH;emrkef;wD;vSwJhtwGuf/ jynfolw&yfvkH; 0rf;omaysmf&$ifoGm;cJh=uygw,f? xuwJholawG xu=uygw,f? &efukefaq;¶kH}uD;xJtxd vSrf;ypf um t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfjycJhwJh OD;pdefvGif/ aemufqkwfay;& tav#mhay;oGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f? om;owform; OD;pdefvGif aemuf wufvmoluawmh a'gufwmarmifarmif jzpfygw,f? rqv ygwDOuUÏ}uD;/ EkdifiHawmfaumifpD OuUÏ}uD;eJ@ EkdifiHawmforw}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? 1959 ckESpfu “wkd@jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EkdifiHzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH” qkdwJh pmtkyfukd ðypka&;om;+yD; ygvDrefygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDpepf}uD;ukd tr$rf;wifÉDumzGJŒcJh+yD;/ 1969 ckESpfxJa&mufawmh “jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;” qkdwJh Akdvfae0if; bkef;awmfbGJŒ pmtkyf}uD;ukd }uHzefðypkum/ rqv wygwD tm%m&Sipf epf aumif;rGeaf =umif; ajymif;vJajymqkd ae&m&vm&if;/ 1988 ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D [ke;f [ke;f awmufaecsdefrSm orw }uD;tjzpf tokH;awmfcHvm&wmjzpfygw,f? om;owform; OD;pdefvGif&JŒ bDvl;qkdif;eJ@ ywf=urf;wkdufr_ ratmifjrifawmhwJhtwGuf/ avajyxkd;eJ@ taysmhqGJ tEkenf;Zmwfukd ujytokH;awmfcHzkd@ wenf;tm;jzifh uóud;uuGufajymif;+yD; ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd òzdcGJEkdifzkd@ EkdifiHawmf orw }uD;jzpfvm&wmyg? bDv;l acgi;f aqmif;xm;wJh bDv;l =urf;ukd z,fxw k v f u dk +f yD;/ rif;om;acgi;f aqmif;xm;wJh bDv;l Ekudk tpm;xk;d tok;H ðyvku d w f mjzpfygw,f? a'guw f marmifarmifu oHa0*oH awGeJ@ avajyxkd;r_vkyfygw,f? tm%m&ygwD}uD;tjzpf pwifarG;zGm;vm&wJh rqvygwD}uD;&JŒ tm;enf;csucf sKŒd ,Gi;f csuaf wGudk zGi[ hf 0efc&H if; ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd +yD;+idr;f =uawmh zk@d em;csóud;yrf;yg w,f? 'Davmuf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGm jyoae=uwJh vlxkwkdufyGJ'Dv_dif;oHawGukd wqifhav#mhcs+yD;/ “vrf;ay:utoHawGukdawmh=um;&yg+yD? tdrfxJu tdrf&SifrawGŒ&J toHawmh r=um;&ao;ygbl;” vk@d ajymqdv k u kd af wmh “=um;+yv D m;a[h armifarmifa& æ 'Dru dk a&pDudk csucf si;f ay;” qkw d hJ aºu;G a=umf oHawGeJ@twl tdrf&SifrawGygrusef tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ wcJeuf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGm wkd;jr‡ifhxGufay:vmcJhyg w,f? wjynfv;Hk 'Dru dk a&pDawmif;qko d aH wG [de;f [de;f nHaecJyh gw,f? wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf zsuf odr;f ypf/ rqvppftpk;d & tvkrd &S/d 'Dru dk a&pD&&Sad &; 'k@d ta&;qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wG wjynfv;Hk yJw h if nHaeygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmifu vlxkwkdufyGJ'Dv_dif;t[kefukd taysmhqGJenf;eJ@ wqifhcsif;qif;cHyg w,f? vrf;qkHvrf;cGawGwkdif;rS csxm;wJhppfwyfukd ppfwef;vsm;awGqD jyefoGif;xm;vkdufygw,f? arsmufjrif - cJe@J xck sif jzpfrmS pk;d wJt h wGuf ay:ay:xifxifvjl rifuiG ;f u ¶kwaf y;vku d w f mjzpfygw,f? ta&;}uD;ae&m/ ta&;}uD;taqmuftOD;awGtwGif;rSmawmh cs+rJ csxm;ygw,f? &efukefòrdŒwifr[kwf wEkdifiHvkH; vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef oydwfarSmufqENjy csDwufyGJ}uD;awG t&Sdeft[kef}uD;pGm jzpfay:cJhygw,f? awma&mòrdŒygrusefjzpfovkd 'Dta&;awmfykH }uD;twGif; yg0ifqifE$Jvm=uolawG[mvnf; vlwef;pm;toD;oD;/ tv$mtoD;oD;ujzpfwJhtjyif/ 458
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
b,fwkef;urS yg0ifywfoufwm =um;&jrif&zl;jcif;r&SdwJh yk*~KdvfrsKd;awG/ tv$mrsKd;awGawmif wuf wufºuGºuG yg0ifvm=uygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh zk;d olawmf/ r,fov D rsK;d awG/ rde;f rv#mawG/ olawmif; pm;awGtxdjzpfygw,f? awma&mòrŒd yg ae&mvyfr&S/d wEkid if v H ;Hk a'otpk/H t&yfpHk qENjyoydwaf rSmuf =uwJh yg0ifqifE$J=uwJh ta&;awmfykH}uD;jzpfovkd/ uav;uae ouf}uD;&G,ftkd rpGrf;roeftxd/ &[ef;oHCm oDv&Sif/ zkd;olawmfuae acgif;&GufAsufxkd; vufvkyfvufpm; olawmif;pm;txd touft&G,frsKd;pkH/ vlwef;pm;rsKd;pkH/ tv$mrsKd;pkH/ pkHwumhpkHatmif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;qifE$JcJh=uwJh ta&; awmfykH}uD;jzpfygw,f? =o*kwfv (19) &ufae@ a'gufwmarmifarmif orw jzpfvm+yD;wJhaemufykdif; qENjyyGJawG ykdrkd t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? &efukefwòrdŒvkH; b,fae&m=unfh=unfh qENjycsDwufyGJawG/ ezl;pnf;awG/ qkdif;bkwfawG/ tvHawGwvlvleJ@ vlv_dif;yifv,f vSnfhvnfaºuG;a=umf taxGaxG oydwfqifE$JyGJ}uD;awG ae@pOf&ufquf wkd;wufjzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? ¶kH;wkdif;/ Xmewkdif;vkdvkdu yg0if vm=u¶krH u tpk;d &uk, d w f idk f zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;wJh twkta,mif “jynfoŒl qENppHk rf;avh vma&;aumf r&Sif” qkdwmu 0efxrf;awGudk,fwkdif oydwfxJyg0ifvm=uygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmif u taysmhqGJenf;eJ@ vlxk}uD;ukd ac|;odyfwJhtaeeJ@ =o*kwfv (23) &ufae@/ ae@vnf (1) em&DrSm &efukefòrdŒeJ@ jynfòrdŒwkd@rSm xkwfjyefxm;cJhwJh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ukd w&m;0if¶kwfodrf;ay;vkdufygw,f? pdefvGifðywfusoGm;&wmukd vlxkatmifyGJtjzpf rSwf,laysmf&$ifcJh =uovkd/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ ¶kwfodrf;ay;vkdufwJhtcgrSmvnf; vlxkw&yfvkH; aysmf&$ifoGm;cJh=uyg w,f? vlxkatmifyGJw&yftjzpf rSwf,lcJh=uygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmifu twkta,mifzGJŒpnf;xm;wmtjzpf ay:vGifae+yDjzpfwJh “jynfolŒ qEN pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif” udk zsufodrf;ay;ygw,f? rzsufodrf;vkd@vnf;r&awmhyg? “jynfolŒqEN pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif” u 0efxrf;awGuawmif qENjyae=u+yDjzpfygw,f? =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm a'gufwmarmifarmifu rdef@cGef;wckajymygw,f? rdef@cGef;xJrSm avajyxkd;oH/ oHa0*oHawGygovkd/ wEkdifiHvkH; qifE$Jae=uwJh oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;ukd aoG;at;atmifvkyf+yD; rqvygwDukd qufvufxdrf; odrf;&if; aemufajcwvSrf; qkwftaetxm;eJ@ aemufwqifhqif;cHzkd@jzpfygw,f? jynfolŒqEN pkHprf; a&;aumfr&Sifukd zsufodrf;ay;+yD; “jynfolŒqENcH,lyGJvkyfa&;” qkdwmukd wifvmygw,f? jynfvkH; u|wq f ENc, H yl rJG mS ygwpD pHk epfudk jynfoal wGuvkv d m;a=umif; tajzxGuyf gu zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' ukd vkdtyfovkdjyifqifa&;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;qkdwmukd wifoGif;azmfjyvmygw,f? wu,fu qifa0S@&efa&Smif vkyw f momjzpfygw,f? “rqvygwD tvkrd &S”d “rqvwygwD tm%m &Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f ypf” qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wG wEkid if v H ;Hk ae&mvyfr&Sad tmif [pfatmfawmif;qkad e =uwmawGukd ae@pOf =um;odjrifjzpfaeygv#uf [kda0honf0Jvkyf+yD; ajymqkdaerSef;odomvSygw,f? oufouf tcsdefqGJaerSef;odomaeygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmifu ppftkyfcsKyfa&;¶kwfodrf;ay;+yD;/ òrdŒ}uD;awGay:rSm axmif;aomif;csD csxm;wJh ppfwyfawGukdawmh jrifuGif;uae ¶kwfodrf;wmvkyfay;cJhygw,f? jynfolvlxku wkd;+yD; qENjyvm=uygw,f? ygwDpkHóudufovm;/ wygwDóudufovm; qENcH ,lyGJvkyfzkd@rvkda=umif;/ qifaumif}uD;awGŒaevsuf qifajc&m &Smzkd@rvkda=umif;/ wygwDzsuf/ ygwDpkH teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
459
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
omxlaxmifz@dk jzpfa=umif;/ qENjyyGaJ wGe@J ae@pOfw;dk wk;d +yD; aºuG;a=umfazmfjyvku d yf gw,f? “bmvkyaf e ovJ armifarmifa& æ 'Dru dk a&pDay;vku d yf gvm;” qkw d hJ oHcsyq f efqef aºu;G a=umfoaH wGawmif ay:ayguf jrnf[D;vmcJhygw,f? or*~rsKd;pkHay:aygufvmygw,f? oydwfaumfrwDawG òrdŒwkdif;/ e,fwkdif;/ &yfwkdif;&Gmwkdif;rSm ay:aygufvmygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd pwifazmufcGJ azmfxkwfacgif;aqmifcJhol[m ausmif;om;awGjzpfwt hJ wGuf ae&mwkid ;f rSm ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ tcef; ta&;ygc&hJ ygw,f? ae&may; jcif;vnf; cH&ygw,f? ppftpk;d &u &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfòzdciG ;f t=urf;zufaepOftwGi;f u ppfwyf &JŒvkyfaqmifr_awGukd uef@uGufcJhwJh &yfwef;u&yfoifh+yDvkd@ oabmxm;xkwfazmfcJhwJh a&SŒaersm; aumifpD (bm;aumifp)D eJ@ pmaytEkynm&Sirf sm;tcef;ukv d nf; jynfov l x l u k wefz;dk xm;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh a&SŒaeawG/ tEkynm&Siaf wGuv kd nf; a&SŒwef;tcef;u ae&may;jcif;cH&ygw,f? (bm;aumif pDa=unmcsu[ f m =o*kwv f (15) &ufae@rmS xkwjf yefcw hJ mjzpf+yD; pmaytEkynm&Sirf sm;&JŒ vufrw S f a&;xk;d uef@uu G f csuu f awmh =o*kwv f (17) &ufrmS jzpfygw,f?) aq;¶k}H uD;twGi;f txd vSr;f ypfpOf u '%f&m&cJh=uovkd “awmf=uygawmh qufrypf=uygeJ@awmh” vkd@ ykdpwmuyfum qENjycJh=uwJh q&m0ef/ q&mrawGtyg usef;rma&;tr_xrf;awGvnf; vlxk&JŒav;pm;jcif;cH&+yD;/ q&m0ef/ q&mr awG ta&;xm;jcif;cH&ygw,f? òrŒd wkid ;f / &Gmwkid ;f / e,fwidk ;f rSmvnf; ausmif;om;eJ@ oHCma&SŒwef;tcef;u wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; OD;aqmifEidk cf iG &hf cJ=h uovkd q&m0efrsm;/ a&SŒaersm;/ pmaytEk ynm &Sifrsm;/ ppftpkd;&qef@usifcJhol EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm; oydwfaumfrwDawGrSm a,bk,s tm;jzifh ae&may;jcif;cHcJh&ygw,f? &efukeftaxGaxGoydwf}uD;&JŒ'Da& w&Sdefxkd; wufvmaepOftwGif;/ tpkd;&&JŒ ppfwyf twGi;f u =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzŒJG 0ifwcsKŒd yg vlxw k u dk yf }JG u;D twGi;f yg0ify;l aygi;f vm=uygw,f? &Jpcef; awGxJu omref&JawGavmufomru/ pokH;vkH;/ bDtuf (pf) tkdif/ txl;owif;wyfzGJŒ (tufpfbD) pwJh XmeawGuyg qkdif;bkwfaxmif+yD; qENjy csDwufvSnfhvnfyGJawGtwGif; yg0ifqifE$JvmcJhygw,f? aemufqkH;rSm “rqvygwD A[kdXmecsKyf” 0efxrf;awGyg “rqvygwD A[kdXmecsKyf” qkdwJh qkdif;bkwf ezl;pnf;eJ@ taxGaxGoydwfcsDwufqENjyyGJ}uD;twGif; yg0ifqifE$JvmwJhtxd jzpfcJhygw,f? jrefrmh toH/ ¶kyfjrifoH=um;wkd@uvnf; taxGaxGoydwf}uD;xJ yg0ifvmovkd/ EkdifiHawmfaumifpD¶kH;eJ@ jynfolŒv$wfawmf¶kH;wkd@u 0efxrf;awGtm;vkH;vnf; ta&;awmfykH taxGaxGoydwf}uD;twGif; qkdif;bkwfv$ifhxlyg0ifvmcJhygw,f? oydwfarSmufwJhtxJ yg0ifrvmwmqkdvkd@ ppfwyf/ axmufvSrf; a&;wyfeJ@ ppftkyfpk acgif;rmxdyfoD;}uD;awGavmufyJusefygawmhw,f? 'gawmif ppfwyfu =unf;/ a&/ avwyfzGJŒ0ifwcsKdŒ oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;twGif; vlxkeJ@ yl;aygif;yg0ifvm=uwm/ a'ov$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,fwcsKdŒ E_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmwm/ a'oygwDaumfrDwD0ifwcsKdŒ E_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmwmawG &SdcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ a&$wd*Hktaemufrk'f vlxk w&m;yGJ}uD; ay:aygufvmygw,f? vlxky&dwfowf (5) odef;avmuf wufa&muftm;ay;=uwJh vlxkw&m;yGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf EkdifiHa&;e,fxJ a&muf&Sdvm&wJh yxrOD;qkH; vlxkw&m;a[majymyGJ}uD;vkd@ qkd&ygr,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “'Drkdua&pDvkdcsif&if 'Drkdua&pD 460
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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461
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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463
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465
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'ga=umifh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m tqkH;owfatmifyGJ&cgeD; aemufqkH;csdefrSm tqkH; owfatmifyu JG dk r&&Scd &hJ yJ ppfwyf&ŒJ t=urf;zufòzcd iG ;f r_atmuf pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rmS tqk;H owf cJh&ygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;ae@uaep+yD; a&wGufr,fqkd&if wvcGJeD;yg;/ &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ ed'gef;ozG,fjzpfwJh zkef;armfta&;tcif;uae pwifa&wGufr,fqkd&if (6) vausmf =umjrifhcJhygw,f? 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH}uD;&JŒ ESpf (50) ajrmuf/ 1350 jynfhESpftwGif;rSm ay:xGef;cJh&wmjzpfwJh twGuf “1350 jynfh ta&;awmfykH}uD;” vkd@vnf; ac:a0: Ekdifygw,f? umv&ufwm t&Snf=umqkH;jzpfovkd/ vlwef;pm;tv$mrsKd;pkH tpkHvifqkH;jzpfcJhovkd/ jynf e,f jynfr awma&mòrdŒygrusef a'opkH jynfvkH;u|wfta&;awmfykH}uD;jzpfovdk rqv wygwDtm %m&Sifpepfukd ajrðryfypfvkdufwJh ta&;awmfykH/ tkyfpkd;ol orw (3) qufukd wquf+yD;wquf ðywfusoGm;apcJhwJh ta&;awmfykH}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? om;owform; OD;pdefvGif[m (15) &ufyJcHcJh ovk/d taysmq h JG a'guw f marmifarmif [mvnf; vykid ;f yJccH &hJ wJh ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D jzpfygw,f? Armjynf orkdif;rSm a&$pmvkH;eJ@ armfuGef;xlxm;&r,fh ta&;awmfykHwumwkd@&JŒ xdyfacgifjzpfygw,f? 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;uae or*~aygif;tajrmuftrsm;ukd arG;zGm;ay;cJhygw,f? oydwfarSmuf aumfrDwDrsKd;pkHukd ay:xGef;apcJhygw,f? owif;pm/ pme,fZif;rsKd;pkHukd ay:aygufapcJhygw,f? a=unm csuf/ xkwfjyefv$m/ ykdpwmrsKd;pkHuae a[majymyGJ &ifzGifhyGJ [pfwkdif pifjrifh rsKd;pkHtxd ay:aygufapcJhyg w,f? vlxv k n S v hf nfcsw D ufqENjyyGt J rsK;d rsK;d / aoewf/ bufeuf/ eHygww f w k t f rsK;d rsK;d =um; &J&0J if0h ifh taocHpGef@v$wftepfemcH wkdufyGJ0if=uwmawG tvDvD/ tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJ qif=uwmawGtzkHzkHeJ@ trsKd;rsKd;aom vlxkwkdufyGJ o¾mefaygif;pkHwkd@ukdvnf; tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufapcJhygw,f? toufpeG @f vw $ f taocHomG ;=uwJh tmZmenfaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jzpfay:apcJo h vk/d r+yD;qk;H ao; aom 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGu/f ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGu/f vmvwWŒH aom trdEidk if H awmf}uD;&JŒ tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf Ekid if o hH m;aumif;/ om;orD;aumif;rsm;pGm/ Ekid if hH Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif aygi;f rsm;pGmukv d nf; arG;zGm;oef@pifay;cJyh gw,f? wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfudk ajrðryfay;vku d +f yD;/ ygwpD Hk 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd jyefvnfed'gef;wnfay;vkdufygw,f?
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf / wygwD t m%m&S i f p epf (26) ES p f w m ed * k H ; csKyf 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv (2) &ufae@uae 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbm (18) &ufae@txd (26) ESpf wmausmf ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;[m ppftm%m&Siftkyfpkd;r_orkdif;/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpkd;r_ orkdif;jzpfygw,f? Armjynf}uD; wjynfvkH; jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; tarSmifzkH;cJh&wJh tarSmifacwf nwm&Snf}uD;jzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpkd;r_uae/ abmif;bDc|wf OD;ae0if; OD;aqmifwJh rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpkd;r_txd (26) ESpfwmausmf 466
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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467
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
&Sm;r_awG csKyf+idrf;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ ppfrsufESmwckwnf;ukdyJ t"du ykHatmwkdufyGJ qifEkdifcJh&if; ppftkyfpk[m tompD;&cJhwmjzpfygw,f? Ekid if w H umhtajctaeuvnf; *k% d ;f }uD; (2) *k% d ;f wku d yf t JG wGi;f ppftm%m&Siaf wG touf¶_ aygufacsmifcJhwJh acwfumv}uD;jzpfygw,f? Armjynftyg tm&S-tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du EkdifiHawGrSm ppftm%modrf;r_awG/ ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG ay:xGef;EkdifcGifh&cJh=uygw,f? Akdvfae0if; ppftm%modrf;wJh 1960 jynfhESpf0ef;usifumv[m ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ a&yef;pm;wJhumv/ wenf;tm;jzifh urBmrSm ppftm%modrf;r_ a&pD;a=umif;umvjzpfygw,f? ay:xGufvmwJh ppftm%modrf;r_eJ@ ppftm%m&SifawGukd t&if;&Siftkyfpk taemufurBm uvnf; jywfjywfom;om; rqef@usif=uovkd/ qkd&S,fvpftkyfpk/ ta&SŒurBmuvnf; jyif;jyif;xef xef ¶_wfcsor_rðy=uyg? tkyfpk (2) pk vGefqGJyGJrSm ukd,fhtkyfpkbuf yg0ifvma&; rsufpypf=u/ odrf;oGif;=u/ pnf;¶kH;r_awGawmif tòydiftqkdifvkyfjy=uygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfqkdif;bkwfcsdwf+yD; ppftm %m&Sifpepfxl axmifawmhvnf; b,folurS tjypfrwifcJh=uyg? pnf;¶kH;a&;tjrifeJ@ 0kdif;0ef; ausm axmufaemufcHðyay;wmawmif tqpf&cJhygao;w,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; [m wurBmvkH;rSm a&yef;pm;qJeJ@ ArmjynfrSm vGwfvyfa&;&JŒ ar#mfvifh csufjzpfcJhwJh ‘qkd&S,fvpfa&;’ qkdwmukd aumufukdif+yD;/ twkta,mif ‘qkd&S,fvpf’ qkdif;bkwfukd aumufcsdwfjy+yD;/ rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifjycJhygw,f? qkd&S,fvpfa&; rufvkH;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkawGukd rufv;Hk ay; vdrn f modr;f oGi;f wmawG vkycf o hJ vkd jynfov l x l }k uD; w&yfvkH;tay:vnf; vdrfnmzsm;a,mif;cJhygw,f? awmwGif;vufeufukdif tiftm;pkawGukdyg vdrf nmvSnzhf sm;Ekid zf @dk óud;yrf;cJyh gao;w,f? Ekid if aH &;tod/ Ekid if aH &;owd&w dS hJ awmwGi;f Edik if aH &;tiftm; pkawGudk (apm[efwmomar$;tpkuvGv J @dk ) atmifjrifatmif vSnzhf sm;Ekid jf cif;r&Scd ahJ yr,f/h jynfwiG ;f u rckid rf mwJh Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;ukad wmh txku d t f avsmuf atmifjrifatmif odr;f oGi;f Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? qk&d , S v f pfqidk ;f bkwcf sw d +f y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfe@J ppf"m;jyvrf;pOfudk ppfwyfvufuidk ef @J xif ovkd vkyaf qmifEidk cf yhJ gw,f? jynfoyl idk q f idk ;f bkwef @J pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rSeo f r#udk odr;f yku d w f m/ csKyfuidk f wm/ xifovkðd ywmawGvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? azmufjyefwhJ pD;yGm;ay:vpDtrsK;d rsK;d csrw S +f y;D / wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;ukd zsufqD;cJhygw,f? ppfwyfAsL¶kdu&uf t&if;&Sifpepfukd csrSwfusifhokH;EkdifcJhygw,f? tvkyo f rm;awG cg;aumhatmifc=H u&+y;D v,form;awG evHrxlEidk af tmif 'kuaQ &muf=u&if; jynfol vlxkw&yfvkH; t=uyftwnf;aygif;pkH qkdufcJh=u&ygw,f? owfjzwfzdESdyf t=urf;zuf +cdrf;ajcmufwJh enf;a&m/ vdrfnmr_dif;wkdif; acsmhjrLzsm;a,mif;wJhenf;yg azmufjyefwJh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;enf;em ESpfckvkH;ukd wGifwGifus,fus,f usifhokH;+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepf}uD;ukd wnfaqmufcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&wufvmpuwnf;u aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif owfjzwfyGJawG tqufrjywfvkyf aqmifvmcJh+yD; rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf}uD;ukd ed*kH;csKyfay;&csdeftxd owfjzwfyGJ}uD;awGukd &uf&ufpufpuf azmfaqmifoGm;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwf (12) ESpf/ rqvacwf (14) ESpfausmf/ aygif; (26) ESpfwmausmf ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;twGif; ppftpkd;&/ ppftkyfpk rzdESdyfzl;wJh vlwef;pm;/ rzdESdyfzl;wJhvlrsKd;pk r&Sdo avmufjzpfcJhygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawGawmif tvGwfray;cJhyg? ArmjynfrSm ppftpkd;&&JŒ 468
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfzdESdyfwm tcH&qkH;uawmh ausmif;om;xkjzpfygw,f? wufvmp uwnf;u tpkvkduftðyHvkduf aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif owfjzwfcJhwm/ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf zsuf odr;f ygawmhr,fqw dk hJ aemufq;Hk umvtxd aoG;pufcsi;f aygi;f / aoG;a=umif;csi;f quf/ aoG;uGucf si;f tkdifxGef; acsmif;aygufcJh&wJhwkdif jzpfcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&ukd qef@usifwGef;vSef tHwkòzdcs=uwJh wkdufyGJawG[mvnf; awmufav#mufay: xGe;f cJyh gw,f? oydww f u kd yf eJG nf;/ ta&;tcif;enf;/ ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_enf; pwJh pwJh vlxw k u dk yf JG enf;emaygi;f pkeH @J jyefveS q f ef@usiw f u dk yf q JG if=uwmawG ay:aygucf o hJ vk/d ppftpk;d &wGi;f / ppfwyfwiG ;f uae vkyf}uHowfjzwfzkd@ }uHpnfwmawG/ òzdcsz,f&Sm;ajymif;vJypfzkd@ }uHpnfv_yf&Sm;=uwmawGtxd vnf; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;vlxkwkdufyGJ/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfz,fcs òzdzsuaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk wef;pD=unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if/ 1962 (7) &ufZv l ikd af usmif;om;ta&;awmfy/Hk 1967 ppfawGqefvkyGJ/ 1969 u|ef;qG,fta&;tcif;/ 1969 ausmif;om;yGJawmfta&;tcif;/ 1970 wuUov dk af &$&wkvy_ &f mS ;r_/ 1974 ZGef (6) tvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD;/ 1974 'DZifbm OD;oef@ta&;tcif/ 1975 ZGef (6) tvkyform;oydwf ESpfvnfausmif;om;oydwf/ 1976 r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif;/ rD;armif;v_y&f mS ;r_/ Akv d }f uD;tk;H ausmjf rif&h ŒJ vky}f uHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_/ ref;aiGatmif-ref;'g0w d w f @dk &ŒJ vky}f uH a&;t}uHtpnf v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ 1978 ckESpf Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_/ 1982 Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_/ ref;aiG atmif uGefref'dkv_yf&Sm;r_ pwmawGukd qufwkdufawGŒjrif&r,fjzpfygw,f? 1976 ckESpfaemufykdif;rSm tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ ay:aygufvmcJhwJh vlxkwkdufyGJv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;awG ,m ,D&yfqkdif;+idrfoufoGm;cJh&ayr,fh/ +idrfoufoGm;oa,mifjzpfcJhayr,fh/ &yfqkdif;+idrfoufoGm;cJh&or# twkd;cs+yD; aygufuGJxGufay:vmcJhavovm;xif&avmufatmif 1988 ckESpfxJrSm zkef;armfta&; tcif;uae/ wHwm;eDta&;tcif;/ ajreDukef;ta&;tcif;awGtv,f/ &Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykH}uD; txd wqufwpyfwnf;aom 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; wke[ f ;D jrnfaºuG; ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;awGu pwifazmufccJG +hJ yD; ausmif;om;awGu acgi;f aqmifum ausmif;om;jynfol vuf wGJEkdifcJh=u&if;/ wjynfvkH;vuQ%maqmifwJh r[mta&;awmfykH}uD;tjzpf aygufuGJay:xGufvmcJh& ygw,f? 'Dta&;awmfykH}uD;[m 1962 ckESpf (7) &ufZlvkdifta&;awmfykHuae wqufwpyfwnf; ay:xGuv f mcJ=h uwJh ta&;awmfyaHk wG/ oydwaf wG/ ta&;tcif;awG/ v_y&f mS ;r_awGtm;vk;H &JŒ tquf/ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&; vlxkwkdufyGJtm;vkH;&JŒ tqufjzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&; t=uyftwnf;awG óuHawGŒvm&wJhtwGuf 'Dt=uyft wnf;awGukd vrf;v$JypfEkdifzkd@ vlrsKd;a&;t"du¶k%f;enf;awGeJ@ vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfzkd@ tm;xkwfóud;yrf; cJhwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh w¶kwf-Arm t"du¶k%f;eJ@ 1988 ckESpfxJrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh Ak'<bmom-rlqvif t"du¶k%f;awGukd om"utjzpf =unfhjrifEkdifygw,f? ay:aygufcJhor#aom vlxkwkdufyGJ/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;óud;yrf;r_awGtm;vkH;ukd ppftpkd;&[m t=urf;zuf zdESdyfowfjzwf òzdcGif;wJhenf;eJ@yJ a,bk,stm;jzifh ajz&Sif;cJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf vufawGŒwnfaqmuf usifhokH;aeolyDyD/ ppfwyf}uD;ukd vnf; tqufrjywf wk;d csŒJ wnfaqmufc&hJ if; wkid ;f jynfb¾mtm;vk;H &JŒ &mckid Ef e_ ;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ukd ppftokH;pm;&dwftjzpf okH;pGJypfcJhygw,f? rawmfrw&m; ðzef;wD;ypfcJhygw,f? ppftokH;pm;&dwfukd teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
469
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
ESppf Of wk;d jri‡ o hf ;Hk pG&J if;/ aemufq;Hk rSm &mckid Ef e_ ;f (40) ausmaf vmuftxd ppftok;H pm;&dwt f jzpf uscH okH;pGJypfcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m wavsmufvkH; aomif;usef;oltjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&; aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ tðywf wkdufa&;ay:vpDukdyJ usifhokH;+yD; jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ukd wkd;csJŒqifE$JcJhwJhtwGuf jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m t&SdefwnD;nD; awmufavmifcJhygw,f? tusKd;qufu jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ykdrkd+yD;}uD;cJh&+yD; vlrsKd;pkwkdif; avmufeD;yg; vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;awG jzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? &SdvmcJh&ygw,f? (26) ESpaf usmf ppftyk pf ;kd r_umvtwGi;f rSm jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGt J jzpf wjynf vk;H vuQ%maqmifatmif ðyvkycf w hJ m 1963 ckEpS f w}udrw f nf;yJ&cdS yhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysujf ym;oGm;&+yD;wJah emufyidk ;f ðyvkycf w hJ hJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG[m oD;jcm;pDðyvkycf hJ wmomjzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m 1972 ckESpfrSm autkdifateJ@w}udrf/ 1980-81 rSm autkdifateJ@ aemufw}udrf/ aqG;aEG;r_ (2) }udrf xyfvkyfcJhygw,f? t"du twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfwJh Auy eJ@vnf; 1981 ckESpfrSm v#KdŒ0Suf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yJGw}udrf ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ oabm xm;rrSeu f efr/_ vufeufcsa&;ukyd OJ ;D wnf+yD; tay: pD;uae acgi;f rmrmqkyu f idk af qG;aEG;r_awGa=umifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSefor# wckrSatmifjrifr_r&cJhyg? ppftpkd;&[m +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysuf jym;oGm;+yD;wkid ;f ppfa&;t& xk;d ppfqifra_ wGudk wqifw h ;dk +yD; qifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? ppftpk;d & tkypf ;dk r_umv wav#muf[m ppfqifa&;}uD;awG/ xkd;ppfqifr_}uD;awG woDwwef;}uD;eJ@ aoewfoHawG/ AkH;oHawG tawmrowf jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;[m ykdrkd}uD;rm;vm&¶kHru ykdrkdus,fjyef@ euf¶_dif; vmcJh&ygw,f? wEkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSefor#ukd wzufu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfukdifv$rf;rkd;+yD;/ ppfwyf AsL¶kdu&uf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd xlaxmif&if;/ wzufu e,fcsJŒaygif;pkHukd rDSckdtm;ðycJhyg w,f? &Ekid o f r#ae&maygi;f pku H ae acs;aiG/ axmufyaHh iGawG &,lc+hJ yD; ratmifjrifwhJ pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f trsK;d rsK;d twGuf &if;ES;D jr‡yEf &HS mrSmeJ h ppfa&;tok;H p&dwaf wGxJ usco H ;Hk pGcJ yhJ gw,f? wygwt D yk pf ;dk r_pepf jzpfwJhtwGuf a0zefolr&Sd/ uef@uGufolr&Sd/ xifovkdokH;pGJEkdifcJh+yD; EkdifiHjcm;aºuG;+rDawG txyfxyf wufc&hJ ygw,f? rqvacwf aemufq;Hk tcsed rf mS jynfyukq d yfz@dk taºu;G Ekid if jH cm;aºu;G aygi;f tar&duef a':vm oef;aygi;f (4000) ausmjf zpfomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f aºu;G uvnf; usyo f ef;aygi;f (16000) ausmf&SdvmcJh&ygw,f? Ekid if jH cm;ukeo f , G rf r_ mS ESppf Ofe;D yg; vkad iGjycJo h vkd jynfwiG ;f bwf*suv f adk iGjyr_uvnf; ESppf Of vkdvkdjzpfcJhygw,f? jynfwGif;vkdaiGawGukd jznfhwif;zkd@twGufuawmh rqv ykdif 0gZDpuf¶kHuae aiGpuULawGukd wESpfxufwESpf tqaygif;rsm;pGmwkd;+yD; ¶kdufESdyfajz&Sif;cJhwJhtwGuf aiGa=u;azmif;yG r_[m tqrwefjzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? wzufu ukefxkwfvkyfr_[mvnf; vkHavmufatmif xkwf vkyfjznfhqnf;ay;EkdifpGrf;r&SdwJhtwGuf ukefypPnf; &Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_eJ@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ aygif;quf vkdufwJhtcg ukefaps;E_ef;awG wae@wjcm; tqrwefwufcJh&ygw,f? ukefypPnf;&Sm;yg;jywfvyf r_'%f/ ukeaf ps;E_e;f }uD;jrifrh '_ %f/ jynfow l &yfv;Hk cg;aumhatmifcpH m;=u&ygw,f? rqv ðywfrusrD aemufq;Hk ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG[m pwif tm%modr;f p 1962 ckEpS f ukeaf ps;E_e;f awGxuf ysr;f r# (17)q (18) q jrifhrm; jzpfay:aecJhygw,f? 470
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tpkd;&&JŒ azmufjzefqkd;0g;vSwJh ay:vpDt&yf&yf&JŒatmufrSm tqkd;wumhtqkd;qkH;vkyf &yfwckuawmh uk, d x f w k v f yk x f m;wJh aiGa=u; uk, d [ hf muk, d f w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD; wEkid if v H ;Hk tay: "m;jywkdufr_yJjzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpkd;r_ (26) ESpftwGif; (3) }udrf (3) cgwkdifwkdif "m;jywkdufcJhygw,f? 1964 arv (17) &ufae@rmS 100 wef/ 50 wef aiGpuULawGudk yxrqk;H t}udrf w&m;r0ifa=unm+yD; vlxq k u D aiGusyf (1³2) bDvsH odr;f yku d cf yhJ gw,f? 1985 Ek0d ifbm (3) &ufrmS usyf 100 wef aiGpuUL awGukd w&m;r0ifxyfrHa=unm+yD; 'kwd,t}udrf "m;jywkduf&mrSm aiGusyfoef;aygif; (1200) ausmf odrf;ykduf tjrwfxkwfcJhjyefygw,f? 1987 pufwifbm (5) &ufrSm (25 usyfwef/ 35 usyfwef/ 75 usyw f ef) aiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifxyfqifah =unm+y;D vlxq k u D usyaf iGoef;aygi;f (6500) ausmf wwd,t}udrfajrmuftjzpf t"rRodrf;ykduf,lcJhygw,f? 'Dvkd rw&m;ojzifh ppf"m;jywkduf odrf;,lcJh wJ=h um;xJuae jynfwiG ;f jynfyaºuG;awG txyfxyfwufvmcJ&h w,fqadk wmh pOf;pm;om=unf=h uyg awmhvkd@ ajym&r,fhudef;jzpfygw,f? rqv wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; 'kuQa&muf=u&+yD; tcsrf; omqkH; tºuG,f0qkH; jzpfvm=uwmuawmh ppftkyfpkEG,f0if xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;/ ygwDaumifpD tm%m ykid t f zGŒJ }u;D rsm;yJjzpfygw,f? ygwaD umifpaD cwf}u;D twGi;f rSm uke0f ,fpmtkyef @J aps;0,fpm;&wJh ukw d m pepf/ &m&Sipf epf/ wef;pDw;dk pm;pepfawG ay:aygucf +hJ yD; tjcm;wzufrmS arSmifcadk ps;uGu}f uD; ay:ayguf cJh&ygw,f? ppftkyfpkd;r_atmufrSm rqv wygwDwnf; EkdifiHhOD;aqmifygwD}uD;tjzpf wnf&SdcGifh&SdcJh&+yD;/ rqv a&mausmft,ltqukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ od'<dwifum jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;ukd vdrfnmr_dif; wku d f tkypf ;dk cJw h t hJ wGuf ynma&;avmuwckv;Hk / pmay tEkynm ,Ofaus;r_avmuwckv;Hk tzsuf tqD;cHc&hJ ygw,f? ynma&;avmuwckv;Hk tqift h wef;edru hf sc&hJ ovk/d pmay,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm avmuwckv;Hk tarSmifz;Hk cJ&h ygw,f? pme,fZif;vGwv f yfciG rhf eS o f r# wprSruse&f atmif ¶ku d cf sK;d cHc&hJ ygw,f? ynm&SifrSefor# ppfzdeyfatmuf usa&mufzdpD;jcif;cHcJh&ygw,f? Oya'avmuwckvkH;u ajymif;ujyefjzpfcJh&ovkd w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf wckvHk;vnf; ysufpD;cJh&ygw,f? ppfwyfppftkyfpku pdwfóudufa&;qGJxm;wJh (1974 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya') qkd wm}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfudk tckid t f rmxlaxmif usm;uefcyhJ gw,f? 47 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'ukd puULpkwv f yk yf pfcw hJ hJ ppftyk pf [ k m 74 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ukad wmh bk&m;ocifAsm'dwaf wmft& ajymif;vJr&aom tajccHr}l u;D ozG,f wav;wjrwf vkyjf ycJyh gw,f? aemufyidk ;f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGreS o f r#udk “74 ckEpS f tajccHOya'” }u;D eJ@yJ ukdifayguf+yD; zsufodrf;ypfcJhygw,f? twkta,mifqkd&S,fvpf0g'eJ@ rqv ygwDukd zefwD;+yD; rqvygwDukd r0ifrae&avmuf eD;eD;jzpfatmif usKH;oGif;vkyfaqmifcJhwJhtwGuf rqvygwD0if (1) oef;ausmfavmuf pm&if;jyEkdifcJh &mu/ (trawygw/D jynfoŒl ygwq D w dk mawGe@J wqif+h yD;wqifh vdrn f mwnfaqmufc&hJ mu) aemuf qk;H rSmawmh b,fou l rS xGucf iG ahf wmif;qkzd @dk rvkyd J “xGucf iG ðhf yvku d o f nf” qkw d hJ a=unmcsuw f apmif wnf;eJ@ rqvygwD}uD; pm&Gufay:rSm csKyf+idrf;oGm;cJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
471
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
ESpfwkd ESpf&Snf pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;trsKd;rsKd;/ pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;trsKd;rsKd;ukd ESpf (20) pD;yGm;a&; pDru H ed ;f qkw d mtxd cyfwnfwnf jyÏmef;csrw S f taumiftxnfazmfc+hJ y;D / ESppf Of ESppf Of *s'D yD &D mckid Ef e_ ;f b,favmufw;dk wufcw hJ ,fqw dk mawG azmfjy&if; azmfjyae&if;u/ 1987 ckEpS x f u J s urBmt h qif;t&Jq;Hk Ekid if pH m&if; oGwo f iG ;f azmfjyvku d &f ygawmhw,f? ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d &&JŒ (26) ESpw f mausmf vkyaf qmif taumiftxnfazmfvkdufr_[m tm&SrSm tcsrf;omtºuG,f0qkH; EkdifiHwckjzpfcJhwJh Armjynf}uD; olawmif;pm;EkdifiHjzpfoGm;&jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? wkid ;f jynf}uD;wckv;Hk u olawmif;pm;Ekid if pH m&if;0ifomG ;&ayr,fh ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk csrw S f taumiftxnfazmf OD;aqmifcJhol}uD; OD;ae0if; (ac: ) AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; uawmh urBmhcsrf;om ºuG,f0olrsm;pm&if;rSm pm&if;0if}uD;wa,muf jzpfoGm;&ygawmhw,f? (26) ESpfwm ppftkyfpk tkyfpkd;r_wckvkH;ukd csKyfvkdufr,fqkd&if jynfwGif;ppf}uD; ykdrkd}uD;us,f vmcJ+h yD;/ 'Dru dk a&pDtcGit hf a&;rSeo f r# wprSruseaf tmif ¶ku d cf sK;d cHvu dk &f +yD;/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk tzdEydS f rcH&zl;wJh vlwef;pm;/ tESdyfuGyfrcH&zl;wJh vlrsKd;pk wckrSrusefawmh+yD;/ azmufjyefqkd;0g;vSwJh wygwD tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ atmufrmS Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ ynma&;/ vlra_ &;/ bufaygi;f pkH uaomif; ueif; upOfu h vsm;jzpfc&hJ um/ e,fy,ftm;vk;H uyfoifch &hJ um/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk olawmif;pm; pm&if; 0ifEkdifiHtjzpf usa&mufoGm;cJh&wJh rqkH;Ekdifatmif &Snfvsm;eufarSmifvSwJh/ aoG;pGef;n nwm&Snf tarSmifacwf}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;& tm%modrf;wufvmpu jzpfay:vmor# t=uyftwnf;rSefor#ukd “pyful; rwfu;l umvrk@d yg” qkw d hJ vufo;Hk pum;eJ@ qifajcay;cJ+h yD; umvwm q,fpEk pS cf sv D mwJt h cgrmS awmh “pyful;rwful;” ajymvdk@r&awmhyJ “rluaumif;ygw,f/ vla=umifhyg” vkd@ ajymif;vJajymqkd&if;/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh vla&m/ rla&m wckrSraumif;wm bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:vmcJh&&if; rqv wygwD tm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD; ed*kH;csKyfoGm;cJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ed*kH;csKyfatmif vkyfaqmifay;vkdufwmu awmh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;u jzpfygw,f? ed*kH;csKyfatmif vkyfaqmifay;vkdufwmuawmh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH vlxkwkdufyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f?
472
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1988 &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; odk‹r[kwf 1350 jynfhta&;awmfyHk
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
473 473
1988 &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; udk zufqpfppftm%m&Sifwdk‹ Todk‹ zdESdyfòzdcGif;
474
vl x k a cgif ; aqmif trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf / taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf
475
ArmEk d i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & mausmif o m;or*~ r sm;tzG J @ csKyf O uU Ï ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif rif ; ud k E k d i f
476
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;& 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18)&uf
477
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485
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;ay:ayguf v mjcif ; eJ ‹ Ed k i f i H a &;v+ y f & S m ;r+ r sm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfykHwifOya' xGufay:vm+yD;aemufydkif; ae@pOfqufwdkuf EdkifiHa&;ygwD awG tòydif;t±kdif; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f// e0wppftpd;k &u w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG ahf y;vdu k w f t hJ wGuf ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmvdk x h ifjrif,q l zG,&f m&Sad yr,fh wu,fuawmh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ atmifo;D atmifEw HS cktjzpf ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h wm omjzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&u ‘ygwDpkH’ qdkwmudk rvJ$ra&Smifom vufcHvdkuf&wJhtwGuf ygwDpkHeJ@ wlatmif Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG zGŒJ pnf;cGiw hf nf&cdS iG u hf kd vufco H abmwlvu kd &f +yD; Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG ay:xGe;f vm&wmomjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tusKd ;qufwcktjzpf atmifo;D atmifEw HS ck tjzpf EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG ay:xGef;vm&wmvdk@yJ ,xmblwusus ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS toif;tyif;tzGŒJ tpnf;awG vk;H 0wnf&cdS iG rhf &yJ/ ESpfaygif; (24) ESpfausmfydwfyifcHxm;&wm =umjrifh&Snfvsm;vGef;cJhwJhtwGuf twdk;cs+yD; zGJŒpnf;ay: aygufvmcJhava&mhovm;vdk hxifrSwf&avmufatmif EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG rd_aygufovdk ay:aygufcJhyg w,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif; (235) zGJŒay:aygufcJhygw,f? 'DedkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ htpnf;awGxJrSm ±kyf&Sifrif;om;rif;orD;awG pkzGJŒxm;wJh tzGJ htpnf; vd[ k mrsKd ;awGvnf; awGŒ&ovdk vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af ygi;f rsm;pGmu wnf&adS y:aygucf zhJ ;l wJh Edik if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf; a[mif;awGudk jyefvnftoufoGif;+yD; wausmhjyefay:xGef;vm=uwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? Oyrm tm;jzifh ‘Avp’/ ‘zqyv’/ ‘jynfoŒl wd;k wufa&;ygw’D / ‘jynfoŒl 'Dru kd a&pDygw’D / ‘jynfoŒl &Jabmf’ vdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;jzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
487
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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zqyv tzGŒJ [m (3) zGŒJ txdawmif ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? pzGŒJ zGŒJ csi;f ‘zqyv’ eJ Oh ;D ausm+f ird ;f rdom;pkE, G 0f ifrsm;/ OD;AaqG rdom;pkE, G 0f ifrsm;OD;pD;+yD; zGŒJ pnf;=uwJh ‘zqyv (rlv)’‘zqyv (A[d)k ’ wdk@jzpfygw,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;orD; a':csdKcsdKausmf+idrf; wdk@ zqyv u wck/ OD;AaqGom;orD; ae&D AaqG/ aezl;AaqG wd@k u wcke@J aemufrmS (rlv) awG (A[d)k awGwyfrxm;wJh t&ifutwdik ;f ‘zqyv’ uawmh OD;!¸ef@odef; u acgif;aqmifygw,f? 1959 ckESpfuwnf;u zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD; wdk;wufwJhEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm jywfjywfom;om; yg0ifczhJ ;l wJ/h (ocifcifatmif/ ocifjroef;/ pma&;q&mjroef;wifw h @kd yg0ifczhJ ;l wJ)h ‘jynfol w h ;kd wufa&; ygw’D uawmh t&ifu aemufq;Hk twGi;f a&;rª;a[mif; OD;cifarmifjrifh u OD;aqmif+yD;/ Auo/ wuo acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG/ u|ef;jyef axmifjyef EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ topfwzef &Sifoefxajrmuf ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGjzpfwhJ ocifviG /f Adv k cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;/ OD;atmifjrifh (zsmyk)H wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘jynfoŒl 'Dru kd a&pDygw’D vnf; topfwzef &Sio f efxajrmuf vmygw,f? jynfolŒ&JabmftzGJŒ}uD;[mvnf; jynfolŒ&Jabmfacgif;aqmifa[mif;awGjzpf=uwJh/ AdkvfatmifEdkif/ Adkvf!dk/ OD;bvSatmif wdk@acgif;aqmif+yD; ay:xGufvmygw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD; 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif uawmh ‘trsKd ;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; wyfaygif;pk’ qdkwmudk zGJŒpnf;+yD; ocifoef; (jynf)/ OD;atmifbef; pwJhyk*~dKvf}uD;awGeJ@ ay:xGufvm ygw,f? txufArmjynf rE Wav;òrdŒrSm A[dkXmecsKyf/ &efukefrSm A[dkcGJxm;&SdwJh ‘trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; wyfaygif;pk’ vnf; xGufay:vmygw,f? trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pkudk OuUÏ OD;aZmf0if;/ taxG axGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;wifat;=uL wd@k e@J zGŒJ pnf;+yD;/ em,uawGtjzpf rE aW v;taxGaxGoydwaf umf rDwDrSm OD;pD;yg0ifcJhwJh q&mawmfOD;u0dEN/ OD;ausmf0if; wdk@vdk yk*~dKvfawGtjyif/ &efukefu awmfb&k m;av; OD;atmifaZ/ OD;0if;wif ([Hom0wD)/ a': jrifjh rifch if (bm;aumifp)D wd@k vykd *k Kd~ vfawGyg xnfhoGif;zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (26) ESpfvkH;vkH; Armjynf}uD;udk 'kuQay;tkyfpdk;cJhwJh ‘rqv’ ygwDuvnf; vlxk=um; rsuf ESmawmif azmf0phH &mr&Sad wmhwhJ ‘rqv’ qdw k ehJ mrnfukd acsmifx;kd xm;vdu k +f y;D / ‘wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!Gwfa&;ygwD’ (wpn) qdkwJhemrnfeJ@ ay:xGufvmjyefygw,f? OuUÏtjzpfacgif;aqmifolu Edik if aH wmfaumifp0D ifa[mif; OD;omausmf jzpf+y;D / Adv k cf sKyfa[mif; OD;xGe;f &D/ Edik if aH wmfaumifp0D ifa[mif; OD;aZmf0if;/ 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;cifarmif}uD; pwJh rqv xdyo f ;D a[mif;}uD;rsm; yg0ifzŒJG pnf;xm;ygw,f? vlxkuawmh ‘rqvwjzpfvJ wpn’ vdk hac:a0:cJh=uygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f uwnf;u ay:aygucf w hJ hJ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘'Drkd ua&pDEiS +hf idr;f csr;f a&;tzGŒJ ’ ('D+idr;f ) uvnf; w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk ifvmcJyh gw,f? ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f u ausnmzGJŒpnf;cJhwJh ‘pifòydiftpdk;&’ udk zsufodrf;ay;jcif;rvkyfcJhwJhtwGuf e0w u r=umc% apmif;wmcsdwfwm vkyfygw,f? tapmqk;H ay:vmcJw h hJ tzGŒJ tpnf;awGxrJ mS OD;oka0 acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘'Dru kd a&pD ygw’D [mvnf; rSwfykHwif &yfwnfvmcJhygw,f? 488
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
xl;jcm;wmuawmh w&m;0ifay:xGe;f vm=uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzGŒJ tpnf;awGxrJ mS ausmif; om;vli,fygwaD wG trsm;tjym;ay:xGuv f mjcif;eJ@ vlrsKd ;pktrsKd ;om;i,f Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG wtkw H r}uD; ay:xGufvmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,fygwDawGxJrSm Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; rdk;oD;ZGef acgif; aqmif+yD; w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf ay:xGufvmcJhwJh ‘vlŒabmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD’ [m vlodrsm;cJhygw,f? wcsdKŒygwDrsm;[m e,frSmtajcpdkuf+yD; ay:xGufvm=uwmvnf;&Sdygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;jrifhodef;/ OD;ausmf0if; (tck pma&;q&m ausmf0if;) wdk@acgif;aqmifwJh ‘t+rJpdrf;vli,ftzGJŒ’ [m rkH&GmrSm tajcpdkuf+yD; xGufay:vmygw,f? xGufay:vmor# EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif; (235) ckxJrSm txif&Sm;qkH;eJ@ a&yef;tpm;qkH;uawmh ‘trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf’ (NLD) jzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k (3) OD; OD;aqmif+yD;/ pufwifbm (27) &ufae@rmS pwifzŒJG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f// pwifzŒJG pnf; pu OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wdk@ (3) OD;tyg wzuf (4) OD;pD/ aygif; (12) OD;eJ@ ‘A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrDwD’ udk zGJŒpnf;rSwfykHwifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf zufu (4) OD;qdkwmuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if OD;0if;wif ([Hom0wD)/ a': jrifhjrifhcif (bm;aumifpD a&SŒae}uD;) eJ@ OD;atmifvGif (±kyf&Sifrif;om;) wdk hjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;pu yxrqkH;OuUÏu OD;atmif}uD;/ 'kOuUÏ u OD;wifOD; (AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif;) eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk=unf jzpfygw,f? ‘trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf’ yifr}uD;&JŒatmufrSm tcuftvufrsm;tjzpf wnf&Sdvmwmu ‘rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ’ eJ@ OD;pdef0if;acgif;aqmifwJh ‘trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD’ wdk@jzpfygw,f? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf[m zGJŒpnf;ay:xGufvmuwnf;u vlxkw&yfvkH&JŒ tm;ay; axmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhovdk/ ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ yg0ifvdkolawGuvnf; tkHeJ@usif;eJ@jzpfcJhygw,f? tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrDwD0if (12) OD;eJ@ rvkHavmufawmhwJhtwGuf A[dktqifhtwGuf ‘A[dkOD;pD; tzGJŒ0if’ (30) OD; wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;&ygw,f? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;wkef;uvdk wzufv#if (10) OD;uspeD @J tnDtr# yg0ifxnfo h iG ;f zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf bufuae yg0ifciG hf &olawGuawmh OD;csrf;at;/ OD;xGef;wif/ OD;udk,k/ OD;wifa&$ (rkH&Gm)/ OD;rdk;ol/ OD;0if;cuf/ OD;aomfu (armifaomfu) pwJhyk*~dKvfawG jzpfygw,f? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;&JŒ a&yef;pm;vmr_/ tzGJŒ0ifOD;a& wrk[kwfcsif; tkHeJ husif;eJ hjzpfay:vmr_tay: e0wppftpdk;&u vef@jzef@vmcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: vlxk&JŒ cspfcifjrwfEdk; ar#mfvifhr_eJ ha':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwdkif&JŒ xufxufjrufjruf jywfjywfom;om; &Sdr_tay:vnf; ppftpdk;&[m pdk;&drfaomu&SdvmcJhygw,f? tJ'DvdktcsdefrSm ay:aygufvmcJhwmuawmh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyftwGif;/ OuUÏ OD;atmif}uD; udk,fwdkifu azmfaqmifvdkufwJh ygwDwGif;jy\emjzpfygw,f? udk,fhtzGJŒtpnf;udk,f jyef+yD;òzdco JG vdk vkyv f u kd w f hJ e0wóuduf jy\emazmfr}_ uD;udk OD;atmif}uD; u zefw;D vkyaf qmifvu kd f wmjzpfygw,f? e0wud, k w f ikd u f ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk o±kyzf suaf jymqdak ecsed /f vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_awGukd teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
489
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
‘Auy’ wHqyd w f yfay;Edik zf @kd óud;pm;yef;pm; awmifpOfa&r& ajymqdak ecsed rf mS OD;atmif}uD; u tzGŒJ csKyf }u;D twGi;f rSm ‘uGejf rLepfawGa&muf&adS eyg+y’D ‘uGejf rLepfawGukd z,f&mS ;ypf&r,f’ vd@k i,foyH gatmif atmf[pf&if; jy\emr&Sd jy\em&Smvdkufjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? tm;vkH;u OD;atmif}uD; udk azsmifhzsem;cs=uygw,f? udk,fhtzGJŒtpnf;udk,f jyefòzdcGJovdk rvkyzf @kd ajyajyvnfvnfaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? OD;atmif}uD; u vufrcHyJ yk*Kd~ vf (8) OD;udk uGejf rLepfv@kd wHqdyfuyf+yD; xkwfy,fypfa&;óud;yrf;ygw,f? OD;atmif}uD; u wHqdyfuyf+yD; z,f&Sm;ypfvdk olyk*~dKvf awGuawmh tzGŒJ csKyftwGi;f a&;rª;tzGŒJ 0if OD;0if;wif tygt0if a': jrifjh rifch if/ OD;csr;f at;/ OD;xGe;f wif/ OD;udk,k/ OD;wifa&$ (rkH&Gm)/ OD;rdk;ol eJ@ OD;atmifvGif (rif;om;) wdk@wawGjzpf=uygw,f? aemufq;Hk rSm wOD;csi;f pD ajz&Si;f ouFm&Si;f yGJ vky=f u+y;D tvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrw D 0D if (12) OD;/ A[dOk ;D pD;tzGŒJ 0if (30)/ pkpak ygi;f (42) OD;&JŒa&SŒrSm rJcq JG ;Hk jzwfc&H ef oabmwlncD =hJ uygw,f? tpGypf cJG &H olrsm;zufu ±_H;&if E_wfxGufay;a&;jzpf+yD;/ pGyfpGJolbufu ±_H;edrfh&ifvnf; E_wfxGufay;a&; oabm wlnDcsufeJ@jzpfygw,f? OuUÏ OD;atmif}uD; cGufcGufvefatmif ±_H;edrfhoGm;&ygw,f? OD;atmif}uD; bufu OD;atmif}uD; cGJwrf;pm&if;eJ@ yg0ifcJholwcsdKŒuawmif OD;atmif}uD; udk qef husifrJay;oGm;cJh ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;=unfarmif) OD;atmif}uD; E_wfxGufay;&+yD; ygwDwck axmifoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘jynfaxmifpk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf’ qdkwmjzpfygw,f? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf OuUÏ tjzpf OD;wifOD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? E_wfxGufay;vdkuf&wJh OD;atmif}uD; u trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudk rpm;&wJh trJ oJeJ@yufwJhtaeeJ@ trsdK;rsdK; taESmuft,SufðycJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh tzGJŒcsKyf&JŒtaetxm;udk òyduGJatmifrvkyfEdkifcJhyg? ay:aygufvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;aygif;rsm;pGmxJrSm a&yef;tpm;qkH;u trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfyjJ zpf+yD; vlóudut f rsm;qk;H acgi;f aqmif/ jynfoŒl vlxk arwWmudk t&&Sq d ;Hk acgif;aqmifuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf yJjzpfygw,f? tzGJŒcsKyf+yD;&if vlodrsm;cJhwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGuawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek&JŒ 'D+idrf;/ 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif &JŒwyfaygif;pkeJ OD;oka0 &JŒ 'Drdkua&'DygwD wdk@jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vl i,ftzGJŒtpnf;awGtwGif;rSmawmh rdk;oD;ZGef wdk@&JŒ ‘vlŒabmifopf’ jzpfygw,f? vlx=k um;rSm yufyufpufpuf jypfwif±w _ cf sjcif;cH&wmuawmh rqv wjzpfvJ wpn (wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD) jzpfygw,f? e0wu wpn udk rsufESmomay;wm bufvdkufay; wmawG vkycf ahJ yr,fh vlx=k um;rSm eJeaJ v;rS rsuEf mS yGichf iG rhf &awmhyg? e0w ppftpd;k &u trsKd ;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudk OD;wnfxdk;ESufzdk@jyifygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;pk}uD;u trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf}uD; eJ@ r[mrdwfzGJŒxm;=uygw,f? tzGŒJ csKyf&ŒJ r[mrdwf (46) ygwx D rJ mS ausmif;om;ygwD vlŒabmifopf ygovd/k 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmifw@kd wyfaygif;pk/ jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD/ jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pDygwD/ jynfolŒ&Jabmf/ trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;wyf aygi;f pk (rew)/ t+rJprd ;f vli,f/ aoG;opfvil ,f/ pwJyh gwaD wGtjyif/ vlrsKd ;pkygwaD wGtajrmuftrsm; vnf;yg0if=uygw,f? r[mrdwEf ikd if aH &;ygwaD wGu r[mrdwt f qifah vmufwif&yfraeyJ/ trsKd ;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfukd r¾dKifxm;+y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G w f hJ ‘wyfaygi;f pk}u;D ’ wcktjzpf ay:xGe;f vmapcsif =uygw,f? ppftpd;k &eJ@ &ifqikd =f u&mrSm ‘wyfaygi;f pk’ tm;eJ@ &ifqikd Ef ikd rf S tiftm;&S&d dS wke@f jyef&ifqikd f 490
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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491
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ua&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &Sr;f jynf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ jynfaxmifpk ytd0k t hf rsKd ;om;'Drkd ua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf/ ucsiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf pwJh tzGJŒtpnf;awG yg0ifcJh=uygw,f? EdkifaiGodef;/ OD;ombef;/ OD;at;az/ OD;at;omatmif/ OD;cGefwifa&$/ qvdkif;vsefr_ef;/ OD;',feD &,fatmif/ OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf/ pdkif;tdkufaygif;/ OD;apmoef;&Sdef pwJhyk*~dKvfawG yg0ifcJh=uygw,f? e0wOuUÏ}uD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif uawmh 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGbufrmS edik if aH &;ygwD awG tajrmuftrsm;jzpfay:aewmudk oa&mfwm/ avSmifajymifwm/ ceJ@wmawGvkyfygw,f? trsdK; om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udkvnf; &dwdwd/ axhawhawh ajymwmqdkwm vkyfygw,f? tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;udk r¾dKifðy+yD; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG azmfaqmifcsi=f u/ wyfaygi;f pk}uD; jzpfay:ap csif=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;udk tm;rvdktm;r&jzpf =uwmvnf;&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk aemufcHtajctaeawGrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk =unfA[dkðywJh tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefwJh tdwfzGifhay;pmwapmif ay:vmygw,f? trsm;jynfola&SŒarSmufrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@odatmif azmfxkwfa0zefwmrsdK; r[kwfayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd acgi;f pnf;wifa0zefxm;wJh tJ'aD 0zefpm tdwzf iG ahf y;pm[m awmfawmfukd jyif;xefaeygw,f? a0zefot l w d zf iG ahf y;pm&Siu f vlŒabmifopfygwOD uUÏ rd;k oD;ZGef jzpfygw,f? tzGŒJ csKyf [m Edik if aH &;ygweD @J rwly/J vltyk }f uD; wtkyw f pkozG,o f m jzpfaeyk/H ygw0D ifav#mufvm$ awG ygw0D if odr;f oGi;f pkaqmifra_ wGe@J yJ tvky±f y_ af e+yD;/ vkyaf qmif&r,fEh ikd if aH &;vrf;a=umif; aysmufaeykaH wGukd wpfwpfcGcGa0zefxm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzdk@ pdwfuoduatmufjzpfp&m jzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf u pnf; ±kH;a&;c&D; vSnfhvnfyGJawG/ tzGJŒcsKyfqdkif;bkwfwifyGJawGrSm 'Drdkua&pDw&m;awGudk a[majym&if;/ jynfolvlxkbufuae ppfwyfudka0zefwm/ tpdk;&udk a0zef wmawG xufxufjrufjruf vkyfaqmifvmcJhygw,f? tzGŒJ csKyfu tywfpOfowif;v$mxkwjf yefwm/ tzrf;tqD;cH&olawGbufuae e0wtpd;k & udkuef@uGufwm/ jyefv$wfay;a&; awmif;qdkwmawG csufusvufus taumiftxnfazmf jycJhyg w,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGtoD;oD;uvnf; e0w&JŒ zrf;qD;r_/ vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD;/ uef@uu G w f m/ jyefvw $ af y;a&;awmif;qdw k m/ w&m;rr#wr_awGukd azmfxw k w f ifjywmawG tqufr jywf vkyfaqmifv_yf&Sm;vm=uygw,f? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tygt0if EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&maqG;aEG; yGJawG/ awGŒqkHnd‡Ed_if;yGJawGvnf; tqufrjywf ay:aygufvmcJh+yD;/ yl;wGJxkwfjyefa=unmcsufawG/ yl;wGJ vufrSwfa&;xdk; awmif;qdkr_awG/ yl;wGJuef@uGufwifjycsufawG tqufrjywf xGufay:vmcJhyg w,f? a=unmcsuf/ awmif;qdkcsuf/ uef@uGufwifjycsufawG vkyfaqmif=uwJhtcg/ ygwDwckcsif; tvdkuf/ wyfaygif;pk wckcsif;tvdkuf/ vkyfaqmif=uwmawG&Sdovdk/ ‘wl&mwGJvkyf’ rlt&/ wqifhwdk; pkpnf;vkyaf qmif=uwmawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? tJ'v D kd wl&mwl&mudp&P yfawGtay: aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f =u+yD;/ vufrw S af &;xd;k xkwjf yefa=unm awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;=uwmawGukd a*satpD (JAC) v_y&f mS ;r_awGv@kd twdkaumuf ac:a0: cJh=uygw,f? JAC qdw k mu ( Joint Action Committee) udk qdkvdkwmjzpf+yD;/ yl;wGJaumfrDwDzGJŒ pkaygif;v_yf&Sm;=uwmjzpfygw,f? 492
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D wd@k acgi;f aqmif+y;D ajratmufypHk eH @J v_y&f mS ;ae&wJh Auo uvnf; Edik if aH &; tajctaetvdkuf vdktyfwJha=unmcsufawG/ oabmxm;xkwfazmfr_awGudk tqufrjywf vkyf aqmifaeygw,f? txufArmjynfrSmvnf; txufArmjynf AuotzGJŒ}uD; wnf&Sdae+yD;/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk ajratmufo¾mefeJ@ v_yf&Sm;aecJhygw,f? txufArmjynf Auo OuUÏuawmh/ ‘oef@pif’ jzpfygw,f? Auo vdkyJ wuo/ &uo wdk@tjyif tajccHausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (tuo) qdw k myg ay:ayguaf e+yD;/ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awG yko H ¾mefrsKd ;pkeH J q h ufvufxu G f ay:aecJyh gw,f? OD;wnfcsuu f awmh r+yD;qk;H ao;wJh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tqk;H owfatmifyu JG kd t&,l Edik af &;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ csKyf+idr;f aysmufu, G af &;yJ jzpfygw,f? ppfrw S w f 'hJ rD u kd a&pD pepf taumiftxnfazmfa&;jzpfygw,f? e0wppftpdk;&&JŒ ta&;awmfykH}uD;udk t=urf;zufòzdcGif;wufa&mufvmr_eJ@ tqufrjywf qufvufzdESdyfaer_a=umifh autJif,l vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;&Sd&m awmwGif;udk a&muf&o dS mG ;=u&wJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh/ ‘r'w’ A[dXk mecsKyfrmS 1988 Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufu ae (5)&ufae@txd ausmif;om;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD; usif;yygw,f? Edk0ifbmv (1)&ufae@rSm ‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D ’ (ru'w)/ (All Burma Student's Democratic Front) (ABSDF) udk w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;vdkufygw,f? ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiw f eG ;f vSew f u kd cf u kd zf @kd atbDtufp'f t D ufzf ausmif;om;wyfrawmf}uD; ay:xGuv f mygw,f? ausmif;om;wyfrawmfqw kd m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSm wcgrS ray:zl;ao;wJh vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f? urBmhordkif;rSmvnf; ‘ausmif;om;wyfrawmf’ qdkwm r&SdcJhzl;ao;yg? Armjynfppftm%m&Sifrsm;&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfr_a=umifh ay:aygufvmcJh& wJh &v'fjzpfygw,f? yxrqk;H atbDtufp'f t D ufzf &JŒ A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifaumfrw D 0D if (13) OD;pm&if;udk Ed0k if bmv (10) &ufae@rmS a=unmcsut f rSwf (2) eJ@ xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? OuUÏu xGe;f atmifausm/f 'kOuUÏ 0if;rdk;eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;u oef;0if; wdk@jzpfygw,f? awmwGi;f rSm us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ay:xGe;f vmwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;}u;D wckuawmh/ ‘r'rc’ jzpfyg w,f? 1988/ Edk0ifbm (14)&ufuae (18) &ufae@txd autif,le,fajr ‘cvma';pcef;’ rSm ‘jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;nDvmcH}uD;’ usif;yygw,f? &v'ftjzpf ‘r'rc’ tzGJŒ }uD; ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) 0if (11) zGŒJ tygt0if tzGŒJ tpnf; pkpkaygif; (21) zGJŒeJ@ zGJŒpnf;vdkufwJh “ jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJŒcsKyf” (r'rc) ac: ‘'DatbD’DAB (Democratic Alliance of Burma) tzGJŒ}uD;jzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apmbdkjr jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om;or*~rsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;aom vlwef;pm;or*~rsm;vdk/ Armjynf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ta&;}uD;tcef;u¾uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aewmuawmh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ tzGJŒtpnf;awGyJjzpfygw,f// ‘oHCmhomr*~D’ ‘&[ef;ysdKrsm;or*~’ ‘&[ef;i,frsm;or*~’ wdk@[m xif&mS ;wufºuGwhJ oHCmhtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfygw,f? awmxJrmS txd jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m &[ef;ysKd rsm;or*~ (awmfvSefa&;e,fajr) qdkwm&Sdae+yD;/ ‘'DatbD’ tzGJŒ0iftjzpf yg0ifv_yf&Sm;EdkifcJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
493
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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txufArmjynfrSmawmh ‘av;jyifav;&yf oHCmhomr*~D’ [m txif&Sm;qkH;jzpf+yD;/ OuUÏ q&mawmfu OD;a&0w jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u w&m;0ifenf;/ or*~rsm;u ajratmuf,l*sDenf;/ vufeufudkiftzGJŒ tpnf;rsm;u vufeufudkifenf;awGeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfòzdcsa&;/ ppfrSefwJh ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepf ay:xGef;a&;awGtwGuf/ e0w ppftpdk;&udk wufwufºuGºuG tefwkqef@usif v_yf&Sm;cJh=uygw,f?
1989 ck E S p f Armjynf t ajctae 1989 ckESpf Armjynf&JŒ t&yf&yftajctaeudk =unfhr,fqkd&if ppftpkd;&[m tm%mukd ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f xde;f csKyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ‘rm&S,af vm’ tvHuadk xmif+yD; wEkid if v H ;Hk tay: wif;wif; =uyf=uyf csKyfukdifxm;&if; 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGtay: wqifh+yD;wqifh apmfum;armfum; ðyae+yD jzpfygw,f? wufvmvmcsif; xkwfjyefcJhwJh e0w a=unmcsuftrdef@trSwf 2§88 eJ@ (19-10-88) ae@rSmxkwfjyefcJhwJh a=unmcsuftrdef@trSwf 8§88 [m EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd enf;enf;av;rS acgi;f jyLxGurf vm&atmif ydwyf ifwm;qD;zdEydS x f m;wJh trde@f a=unmcsuaf wGjzpfygw,f? 8§88 [m t"dutm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGukd OD;wnf&nf!¸ef; xkwfjyefwJhtrdef@jzpfygw,f? 8§88 &JŒ tykd'f (3) yg “EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;[m yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,muf/ tzGJŒtpnf;wckckudk rxdckdufapbJ a&G;aumuf yGJrSm rdrdygwDtEkdif&&Sda&;twGuf rdrdygwD. rl0g'vrf;pOfawGudk jynfolvlxk ,kH=unfaxmufcHr_&&Sd apzkd@ rSefuefpGm pnf;±kH;v_yf&Sm;cGifh&Sda=umif;/ 'gayr,fh wyfrawmfòyduGJatmif&nf&G,f+yD; pnf;±kH;v_HŒ aqmfwm/ a[majymwm/ wD;wkd;vkyf}uH0g'jzef@wm/ a&;om;v_HŒaqmfwmawG rðyvkyf=uzkd@ wm;jrpf a=umif;/ wm;jrpfcsufawGukd usL;vGefu xda&mufpGmta&;,lrSmjzpfa=umif;” qkdwJh azmfjycsufu Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGudk rv_yEf idk af tmif uef@owfwm;jrpf OD;wnf&nf!e¸ ;f xm;w,fqw dk m &Si;f aeygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG zGJŒpnf;cGifhay;+yD; bmpum;rS ajymcGifhray;wJh oabmjzpfygw,f? “yk*~dKvf wOD;wa,muf/ tzGŒJ tpnf;wckcu k dk rxdcu dk af pbJ” qkw d muvnf; wdwv d if;vif;ajym&&if OD;ae0if; eJ@ rqv xdyfoD;a[mif;}uD;rsm;ukd rxdckdufapbJ/ rqv ygwD 'grSr[kwf rqv wjzpfvJ wpnygwD ukd rxdckdufapbJvkd@ qkdvkdwmjzpfygw,f? wyfrawmfukd rxdckduf&qkdwmuawmh cyf a jymif a jymif u d k wd w d v if ; vif ; azmf j y+yD ; +yD j zpf y gw,f ? ol r sm;uk d o m rxd c k d u f & vk d @ owday;wm;jrpfayr,fh olukd,f wkdif (e0w) uawmh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk oa&mfarmfum; xifovkdajymqkdaecJhygw,f? “t±l;u vGJvkd@ tukefvkH; EkdifiHa&;ygwDzGJŒcGifhay;xm;wmyJ/ 'Davmufrsm;wJh ygwDawGudk b,fvkdvkyfawGŒqkH aqG;aEG;&rSmvJ” eJ@ rJhum&GJŒumajymqkdaecJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGuawmh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwJhOya'awGjzpfwJh 2§88/ 8§88 qkdwmawGudk ±kyfodrf;ay;zkd@/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ awmif;qkd=uygw,f? ta&;awmfykH}uD;udk ypfcwfòzdcGif;wufvm±kHru vlŒtcGifhta&;awG ae@pOfcsKd;azmuf zdESdyf aewJh e0w ppftpkd;&ukd EkdifiHwumuawmh ESmacgif;±_HŒae=uygw,f? taemuftkyfpku e0wukd 494
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
±_wfcsygw,f? uef@owfydwfyif ta&;,lwmawG jyif;jyif;xefxef csrSwfusifhokH;ygw,f? EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;tzGJŒtpnf;awGeJ@ rqv acwfuwnf;u ykHrSefaxmufyHhulnDae=uwJh EkdifiHawGuvnf; tultnDawG&yfqidk ;f vku d w f t hJ wGuf e0w tpk;d &tzk@d rcHcsrd cHom jzpfvmygw,f? taemuf*smref u 88 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvuwnf;u rwfaiG (65) oef;wef axmufyHhr_ukd &yfqkdif;ypfcJhovkd/ +Adwdefu vnf; 88 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbm (4) &ufup+yD; Armjynfo@dk ay;ae=u tultnDawGtm;vk;H &yfqidk ;f ypfcyhJ g w,f? Ekid if w H umaiGa=u;&efyaHk iGtzGŒJ (IMF) eJ@ tm&SzŒHG òzd;a&;b%f (ADB) wk@d uv dk nf; Armjynfudk aiGacs;iSm;jcif;rvkyfzkd@ tar&dueftpkd;&u zdtm;ay;wm;jrpfvkdufygw,f? Armjynfukd b¾ma&; axmufyHhulnDr_ trsm;qkH;ay;aewJh *syefuvnf; 1989 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dup+yD; ,ef;aiG (927) oef;wef tultnDESpfckukd &yfqkdif;ypfvkdufwJhtwGuf e0wtzkd@ El&m0JpGJudef;qkdufvmygw,f? e0weJ@ qufqw H mqkv d @dk tdref ;D csi;f xkid ;f Ekid if t H pk;d &eJ@ w±kwt f pk;d & yJ&adS wmhovkd jzpfvmyg w,f? tdENd, uvnf; e0w udk a0zefjypfwifwmawGvkyfae+yD;jzpfygw,f? bDbDpD/ ADGtkdat toH v$ifhXmeawGuvGJ&if e0w ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zef±_wfcscJhwm[m tdENd, u ‘atmvftif'd,’ toHv$ifhXmejzpfvmygw,f? xkdif;tpkd;&uawmh e0w tpkd;&ukd yxrqkH;qufqHwJh tpkd;&vkdjzpf vmygw,f? 1988 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (14) &ufae@rSm xkdif;EkdifiHu AkdvfcsKyf}uD; csmAmvpfa,mifcsKdif ,k('f) [m AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ zdwf=um;csufeJ@ Armjynfukd cspf=unfa&;c&D; vma&mufvnf ywf+yD;/ avqdyfrSmwif vnfyif;zufvkduf=uum tukd}uD;&,f nDav;&,f vkyfvkduf=uygw,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD; apmarmifu xkid ;f Ekid if aH &muf Armausmif;om;awG jyefy@dk ay;a&;udpP ulnzD @dk arwWm&yfcH wmukd xdik ;f u acgi;f ndwjf ycJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif uvnf; xkid ;f Ekid if u H dk Armjynf pD;yGm;a&;pm;usufrSm wGifwGifus,fus,f vma&mufvkyfudkifcGifh tcGifhta&;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ay; vkdufygw,f? w±kwfjynfuvnf; oefvsifwHwm;}uD; qufvufwnfaqmufay;zkd@ vkyfaqmifazmfjy vkdufjcif;eJ@ e0w&JŒ tm;udk;zG,f&m EkdifiH}uD;jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGu e0w eJ@ zufvJwuif; qufqHr_ðy jyvmwJh xkdif;EkdifiHeJ@ w±kwfjynf&JŒ azmfjyr_awGukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm; rausreyfjzpfcJh=uygw,f? oH±;Hk awGudk uef@uu G pf may;yk@d wmawGvnf; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zGŒJ tpnf; awmfawmf rsm;u EkdifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ygod&Sd&atmif rdwWLtjzpfay;ykd@wJh xkwfjyefay;ykd@v$mawGrSm xkdif;EdkifiHeJ@ w±kwfEkdifiHudk ray;ydk@=uawmh±kHru “ rdwWLukd (xkdif;EkdifiHESifh w±kwfEkdifiHoH±kH;ryg) EkdifiH wumoH±kH;tm;vkH;”odk@ qkdwJh azmfjyr_rsKd;awGeJ@yg wdwdvif;vif; azmfjyokH;pGJvmcJh=uygw,f? txD;usefjzpfaewJh e0wppftpkd;&[m taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ydwfyifuef@owfr_awGa=umifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pum; wGifwGifajym=um;vmygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u b,fwkef;urS e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pum; rajym=um;cJhzl;wJh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; vuQ%mvnf; b,fwkef;urS r&SdcJh zl;wJh ppftyk pf [ k m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;pum; tajymqk;H jzpfvmygw,f? txl;ojzifh tar&duef/ t*Fvyd f qef@usifa&;pum; tajymqkH;jzpfvmygw,f? t"duuawmh olwkd@udk aq;azmfa=umzufrvkyfwJh tay: rcHcsrd cHomjzpf+yD; ajymqkv d mwmjzpfovkd 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawGbufu axmufcrH a_ y;wm/ &yfwnfulnDwmawGtay: rauseyfwJhtwGuf ajymqkdvmwmjzpfygw,f? taemuftkyfpku teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
495
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu a&G;aumufyGJb,fawmhvkyfay;rvJ/ 2§88/ 8§88 trdef@Oya'awG ±kyfodrf;ay;qkdwJh awmif;qkdoH ar;jref;oHawG wkd;+yD;xGufay:vmovkd EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;uvnf; a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifukd oGm;a&mufawGŒqkH+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ b,fawmhusif;yay;rvJqkdwJh tcsdef Z,m;ar;jref;oHawG pkHprf;oHawG xlxyfrsm;jym;vmcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuvnf; bm tm%mrS&Sdwmr[kwfwJhtwGuf e0w u oabmxm;csray;rcsif; bmrS wdwdusus rajzqkdEkdifwJh tajctaejzpfygw,f? awmwGif;udk a&muf&SdoGm;=u&wJh vli,fausmif;om;awG&JŒ tajctaeukd=unfhr,f qkd&if awmh autJe, f l bufa&muf&o dS mG ;=uwJh ausmif;om;vli,f ta&twGu[ f m trsm;qk;H jzpfygw,f? autJef,lwkd@&JŒ tajccHa'oxJrSmyJ ABSDF ausmif;om;wyfrawmfv_yf&Sm;ae+yDjzpfovkd/ autkdifat wkd@&JŒ a'oxJrSmvJ ABSDF (ajrmufykdif;A[kd) ay:xGef;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? tdENd,buf rSmvnf; ABSDF ay:xGef;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? Auy wkd@&JŒ vGwfajrmufa'oxJ a&muf&SdoGm;=uwJh vl i ,f a usmif ; om;rsm; uawmh DPA ( Democracy Patriotic Army) “'D r k d u a&pD rsKd;cspfwyfrawmf” qkd+yD; ay:xGufae+yDjzpfygw,f? 1989 ckEpS x f rJ mS e0w ppftpk;d &eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ xdyw f u dk w f ;dk yGu J awmh rwfv (13) &ufae@ “zkef;armfusqkH;&jcif; ESpfvnftcrf;tem;yGJ” jzpfygw,f? zkef;armfaoG;ajruscJh&wJh &efuek f pufrw _ uUov dk af usmif;0if;twGi;f rSm Auo u OD;aqmif+yD; usi;f ycJw h mjzpfygw,f? axmif aomif;csDwJh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0if y&dowf}uD; wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~rsm;/ or*~rsm;eJ@ zdwf=um;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; wcJeufwufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? e0wppftpk;d &u tcrf;tem; rusi;f yEkid af tmif trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufcyhJ gw,f? tcrf;tem; usif;yae&mpifjrifh y&dowfxkeJ@ tkwfeH&HwHwkdif;om jcm;xm;wJh tif;pdefvrf;r}uD;ay:uae &efukef wkdif; wdkif;rª; Akdvfrª;csKyfrsKd;!Gef@ ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;wJh ppfwyf[m ppfum;awGay:uae toHcsJŒpufeJ@ “vlpkcGJay;zkd@” trdef@ay;aecJhygw,f? 2§88/ 8§88 eJ@ +idpGef;ae+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf tjrefqkH; vlpkcGJay;& r,fv@dk awmif;qkcd yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;y&dowfxk trsm;qk;H yg0ifwhJ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if y&dowf }uD;[m ppftpk;d &&JŒ trde@f ay;oHawGukd qef@usi+f yD; tcrf;tem;+yD;pD;atmif yg0ifqifEcJ$ =hJ uygw,f? q&mawmf OD;ajyndEN/ rkd;oD;ZGef/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; OD;wifOD; (NLD)/ 0d"l& ocifcspfarmif/ awmf bk&m;av; OD;atmifaZ/ OD;cifarmifjrifh (jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD)/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wdk@wawG wufa&mufa[majymcJh=uygw,f? ‘2§88/ 8§88 ukd tck±kyfodrf;ay;vkdufyg/ wyfrawmf[m bufrvku d b f ;l qk&d if bmvk@d OD;ae0if; ukx d &d if wpnukx d &d if emae&wmvJ’ vdk h zGichf swu dk cf u kd &f if;/ AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif &JŒaemufrSm OD;ae0if; &Sdaewm/ ppfwyf[m OD;ae0if; &JŒtvkdtwkdif; vkyfae& wmukd yxrqk;H OD;ae0if; emrnfuydk g azmfxw k +f yD; jywfjywfom;om; a[majymzGichf s wku d cf u dk o f mG ; oluawmh jynfoŒl wk;d wufa&;ygwD OuUÏ OD;cifarmifjrifh jzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifh t+yD; tvSnu hf s a[majymoGm;wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf uvnf; “owWdqkdwm vkyf&Jwmukd ajymwmr[kwfbl;/ cH&JwmrS owWdtppf/ w&m;r#wr_eJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;awGudk csKd;azmufwm[m +idrfcsrf;a&;ukd csKd; azmufwm” vkd@ a[majymoGm;cJhygw,f? zkef;armf ESpfvnfae@tcrf;tem;aemufykdif;rSm qufwkduf usa&mufvmwJh wHwm;eDta&;tcif; txdrf;trSwfv_yf&Sm;r_awGudkvnf; ausmif;om;xku azmf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
497
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
oabmjzpfvmcJhygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&u rkH;ukd;a'o (udk;uef@cGJxGufrsm;&JŒ ukd;uef@a'o) udk txl;a'o (1) vkd@ owfrSwfac:a0:vkdufygw,f? Auy uae cGJxGufvkdufwJh 0 wyfzGJŒ[mvnf; ppftpkd;&eJ@ tjyeftvSef oabmwlnDr_awG &&SdcJh+yD;/ aemufxyf txl;a'owckjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ukd;uef@tzGJŒeJ@ 0 tzGJŒ[m tOD;qkH;aom +idrf; tzGJŒawGjzpfvmcJh+yD; ppftpkd;&eJ@ ppf&yfpJoGm;cJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dvkd Auy }uD; òyduGJoGm;&wJhtwGuf Auy udk wavsmufvkH; OD;wnf&efoltjzpf wkduf ckdufae&wJh ppftpkd;&[m ppfajrjyifrSm aumif;aumif; touf±laygufacsmifoGm;cJh&ygw,f? ta&SŒ ajrmufppfa'orSm ðryfae&wJh ppftiftm;awGukdvnf; aumif;aumif; jyefvnfqGJxkwf,lEkdifcJh+yD; aemufausmwckvkHovkd jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tustqkH;rsm;pGm}uD;cJh&wJh t"du ppfajrjyif}uD;wckrSm aoewfwcsufrS razmufvkduf&wJh tifrwef}uD;us,fwJh atmifyGJ}uD;wckudk &vkdufwJh oabmjzpfoGm;ygw,f? ppftpkd;&u tjrefqkH; tóudufay;vkdufavsmr_awGeJ@ ppf&yfpJa&; ukd vkyfvkduf+yD; Auy r&Sda&;udk azmfaqmifvkdufygw,f? 88 ckESpf ta&;awmfykH}uD;aemufykdif; ay: aygufvmwJh tkHºuGr_vufeufukdiftiftm;pkawGukd ‘Auy’ u xda&mufwJh tultnDawG ray;Ekdif awmhatmif zefwD;vkduf+yD;/ +idrf;tzGJŒawGay:aygufa&;twGuf jrefjrefqefqef vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJh ygw,f? ppftyk pf w k avsmufv;Hk acgi;f rmrmeJ@ qkyu f ikd cf w hJ hJ tcsut f vufawG/ +idrcf sr;f a&;awGŒqkaH qG; aEG;yGJawGrSm Auy u wifjycJh+yD; ppftpkd;&u b,fvkdrSrjzpfEkdifygbl;vkd@ t+rJjiif;qefcJh&m tcsuft vufawGjzpfwJh ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;wnf&SdcGifh/ wyfwnf&SdcGifh/ e,fajrwnf&SdcGifhqkdwmawGtm;vkH;ukd oGufoGufvufvuf ay;tyfvkdufygw,f? twkdcsKyfajym&&ifawmh rwfv eJ@ {+yDvtwGif; pwif azmfaqmifcJhwJh +idrf;tzGJŒawGudk “ppfwyfeJ@a'oudk rxdyg;&if óudufwJhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfcsifovkdvkyf” qkw d t hJ cGit hf a&;udk ay;tyfvu dk yf gw,f? vGwv f yfpmG pD;yGm;a&;vkycf iG &hf o dS vkd vGwv f yfpmG pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief; &ifESD;jr‡KyfESHcGifhawGyg todtrSwfðy ay;tyfcJhygw,f? tzGJŒtpnf;wnf&SdcGifh/ wyfwnf&SdcGifh/ e,fajrwnf&SdcGifh&SdwJh Auy cGJxGuf+idrf;tzGJ@awG ay: aygufvmcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&tzkd@ Auy tE W&m,fwm;qD;a&;udk taumif;qkH; atmifatmifjrifjrif taumiftxnfazmfvkdufEkdifovkd jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? +idrf;tzGJŒawG qufvufay:aygufa&;ukdvnf; tpysKd;vkdufEkdif+yD;jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? zkH=um;&Sif/ zkH=um;zk wkd@&JŒ Auy cGJxGuf ukd;uef@tzGJŒ}uD; txl;a'o (1) tjzpf w&m;0if ay:aygufvmcJhovkd/ cGJxGuf 0 tzGJŒuvnf; “0 jynfaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ygwD” emrnfeJ@ ay:ayguf vmcJhygw,f? vufeufudkifwyftjzpfeJ@uawmh “ UWSA” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? yxrqkH;aom udk;uef@ cGJxGufr_Zmwfvrf;rsm;&JŒaemufuG,frSm bdef;bk&ifa[mif; (avmfppf[ef) yg0ifaecJhygw,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
499
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
wif ; rmvmr+ r sm;/ uG e f z &ef a w;&S i f ; eJ ‹ Armjynf E k d i f i H a &;v+ y f & S m ;r+ r sm; awmwGif;vufeufudkif Auy tzGJŒ}uD; òyduGJoGm;&+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&tzkd@ touf±l ayguf acsmifovkv d jdk zpfvmcJah yr,fh e0w ppftpk;d &tzk@d Ekid if aH &;*k%o f u d mQ uawmh wae@xufwae@ ykdykdom qkd;vmcJhygw,f? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf}uD;&JŒ }uD;xGm;vmr_ t&Sdef&vmovkd/ EkdifiHa&;tpGef;txif; trJuu G w f pufav;rS r&Sad o;wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay: vlx&k ŒJ cspjf rwfE;dk r_e@J ar#mv f ifrh [ _ m vnf; wae@wjcm;}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf uvnf; vlxk&JŒvkdvm;csufudk jznfh qnf;ay;Ekdifa&;twGuf xufxufjrufjruf v_yf&Sm;vmcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ vkdvm;csufeJ@ ajzmifh ajzmifh}uD;vkd uGJjym;jcm;em;aewJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ EkdifiHa&;t&Sdef=oZmukd ppftpkd;&u rvkd vm;Ekid f r±_prd Ehf idk jf zpfvmcJyh gw,f? oabmxm;rrSew f hJ ppftpd;k &[m NLD ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ t&Sed =f oZmukd wk;d wk;d wzkH us,u f s,w f rsK;d ±_wcf sajymqkd uef@owfyw d yf ifwmawG vkyaf qmifvm cJyh gw,f? NLD ukd ta=umif; trsK;d rsK;d jy+yD; e,fawGrmS zrf;wmqD;wmawG wd;k jr‡iv hf yk af qmifvmcJyh g w,f? e0weJ@ NLD [m xdyw f u dk o f abmaqmifvmygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ e,fawGxu G f oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;wJh pnf;±kH;a&;c&D;pOfawG[m vlxk&JŒ aomif;aomif;zszs óudqkd*k%fðytm;ay;=ur_ awGu&dk &Scd +hJ yD; atmifjrifwchJ &D;pOfawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? rE aW v;c&D;rSm “vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef; pk=unf” qkdwJh tokH;tE_ef;ukd “trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk” uae pwifac:a0: *k%fðycJhygw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ tm%mydik t f qifq h if[ h m a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒc&D;pOfwidk ;f vkv d u dk dk wm;qD; ydwyf if aemuf,u S [ f ef@wm;wmawG yko H ¾meftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vkyaf qmifc=hJ u+y;D ppftpd;k &&JŒ oabmxm; trSefukd azmfjycJh=uygw,f? rk&H mG c&D;rSm nbufrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf aqG;aEG;yGv J yk af wmh r0w u wòrŒd vk;H ukd rD;jzwf ypfcJhygw,f? wyfukef;c&D;rSm ppfwyfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ um;ukdydwfqkd@+yD; “a&SŒqufoGm; cGirhf ðybl;/ vrf;qif;av#muf&r,f” vk@d apmfum;cJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vrf;qif;av#muf &ygw,f? ykord rf mS “a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd róud&bl;/ a':pk=unfjzwfomG ;&if vufcyk rf wD;&bl;” qkd+yD;trdef@xkwfwJhtjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukdvnf; òrdŒxJ um;awGeJ@oGm;cGifhrðybl;vkd@ uef@ owfwJhtwGuf pufbD;pD;+yD; vlxk}uD;eJ@ awGŒqkHcJh&ygw,f? aemuf òrdŒwòrdŒrSmawmh a':atmifqef; pk=unf wkd@tzGJŒukd ppfwyfu vrf;ydwfqkd@±kHru a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@tzGJŒa&SŒuae aoewf armif;wif+yD; toifhtaexm;eJ@ ypfzkd@jyifcJhygw,f? acgif;aqmifvkyfwJh ppfAkdvfu “vrf;ray:uae oGm;cGihf ray;Ekid b f ;l ” vk@d wm;jrpfwt hJ wGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf u vrf;ab;uqif;av#mufawmh vnf; “vrf;ab;uvnf; oGm;cGirhf ðyEkid b f ;l ” vk@d wrif±idk ;f ys npfywfcyhJ gw,f? rawmfrw&m; ±kid ;f ys vGe;f r_udk vufrcHEidk af wmhwhJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf u twlygvmolawGudk ab;z,fcidk ;f +yD; ppfom; awGydwfqkd@xm;wJh roGm;&qkdwJ@vrf;rtwkdif; “ypfcsifypfprf;” qkdwJh taocHpdwf"mwfeJ@ wdk;0if jzwfav#mufypfvkdufygw,f? ppfAkdvfu ajcmufvkH;jyL;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd xkd;csdef+yD; armif; ðzwfawmhrJh taetxm;avmufrSm txuft&m&Sd}uD;wa,muf a&mufvm+yD; ppfAkdvfvufu aoewfqGJvk,lvkduf&wJh taetxm;rsKd;txd jzpfay:cJhygw,f? rypfvkduf&wJh ppfAkdvfu pdwfqkd; 500
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rmefq;dk eJ@ yck;H ay:u &mxl;wHqyd af wG qGðJ zwfvi$ yhf pfwt hJ xd wif;rmr_awGay:cJ&h ygw,f? txl;ojzifh {&m0wDwidk ;f xJrmS wif;rmr_awGy+kd yD; }uD;rm;cJo h vkd wkid ;f rª; Akv d rf ;ª csKyfjrifah tmif uvnf; a':atmif qef;pk=unfeJ@ NLD tay: wl;wl;cg;cg;qef@usifcJholwOD;jzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ c&D;pOfawG[m atmifjrifr_&cJhovkd ppftpdk;&&JŒ ppfbDvl;±kyfvkH; [mvnf; yk+d yD; trku d ±f idk ;f qk;H ay:vGiv f mcJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;xGuw f idk ;f NLD ygw0D if awG óudtzrf;cH&wmawG ay:aygucf o hJ vkd jyefomG ;wJt h cgrmS vnf; ygw0D ifawG tzrf;cH&r_ ae&mtES@H ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk óudqv dk @dk vufcyk w f ;D vk@d yef;uk;H pGyv f @dk tzrf;cH&w,fqdk wmrsK;d awGtxd ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? zrf;qD;+yD;wJt h cgrmS vnf; ppfc±Hk ;Hk qkw d mawGuae tusO;f enf;eJ@ tjypfay;vkdufw,fqkdwmrsKd;awG wjynfvkH; ae&mtESH@ay:aygufcJhygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ukd,fwkdifu tckppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfaewm ‘rm&S,favm’ jzpfw,f? rm&S,favmqkdwm ppfAkdvfcsKyf }uD;tay:rSmyJwnfw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;uajymwm[m Oya'yJ? óudufovkd vkyfcGifh&Sdw,fqkdwJh oabmrsKd;txd ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f? Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;u a&G;aumufyb GJ ,fae@vyk af y;rvJqw dk m wk;d +yD; ar;jref;awmif;qkv d m=u csdefrSm OD;Ek OD;aqmifwJh 'D§+idrf; tzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; e0wukd a&G;aumufyGJae@&ufudk wdwdususowf rSwfay;zkd@ owfrSwfray;bl;qkd&if tm%mzDqef±kHuvGJvkd@ wjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhyga=umif; qkdwJh oabmrsKd;/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ@ !‡dE_dif;+yD; awmif;qdkvmcJhygw,f? e0wu 'Dtcsdef[m awmif; yGJwkdufyGJawGvkyfae=u&r,fhtcsdefr[kwfvkd@ wkef@jyefajymqkd&if;/ uef@uGufr_awG awmif;qkdr_awGvkyf ae=uwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGudk +cdr;f ajcmufwm ac:,lowday;wmawG vkyaf qmifygw,f? uef@uu G pf m awmif;qkpd mawG tqufrjywfvdk xkwjf yefvy_ &f mS ;aewJh 'Dru dk a&pDr[mrdwt f zGŒJ csKyf ('rz) taxG axGtwGi;f a&;rª; ‘OD;!k0d if;’ udk e0wtzGŒJ 0if &efuek w f idk ;f wkid ;f rª; Akv d cf sKyfrsK;d !Ge@f u òrdŒawmfcef;rrSm ac:,l+yD; owday; +cdrf;ajcmufwmvkyfygw,f? arv (25) &ufae@rSm t}udrf (40) ajrmuf e0w owif;pm;&Sif;vif;yGJuae Burma tpm; Myanmar vk@d toHxu G o f ifah =umif;/ aemif Union of Myanmar ( jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf) vk@d ac:a0:tok;H ðyrSmjzpfa=umif; a=unmygw,f? b,fEidk if aH &;tzGŒJ tpnf;eJ@rS wkid yf if !‡Ed id_ ;f jcif;rðy bJ e0w oabmtwkdif; xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&[m wzufuxifovkd zrf;qD;tjypfay;axmifcswmawG vkyfaqmif&if;/ wzufu Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ xkwjf yefa=unmcsuaf wG jzef@a0+y;D Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG tqufrjywf vkyaf qmifae=u[mtay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,Ef idk zf @dk / Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGihf rSwyf w Hk ifav#uf xm;&r,fqkdwmukd jyÏmef;owfrSwfvmcJhygw,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AkdvfcsKyfbkef;jrifh vufrSwfeJ@ (6-6-89) rSm a=unmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awG&JŒ pk±kH;cGifh pnf;a0;cGifh v_yf&Sm; cGifhawGukd 2§88/ 8§88 qkdwJh trdef@a=unmcsufawGeJ@ ydwfyifwm;qD; uef@owfxm;wmawmif tm;r&ao;bJ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ 0g'jzefcsd oabmxm;xkwaf zmfciG /hf ynmay;pnf;±k;H v_y&f mS ;ykid cf iG hf awGukdawmif xyfqifh ydwfyifcsKyfcs,fEkdifzkd@ óud;pm;tm;xkwfvmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 0g'jzef@csda&; twGuf ±ku d Ef ydS jf zef@csad e=uwJh pmapmif pmwrf; pmtkyaf wGudk (Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ pmtkypf mapmifpm teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
501
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
wrf;awGudk) vG,fvG,fulul xGufay:cGifhr&atmif tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd csKyfcs,fuef@owfEkdifzkd@ vkyfaqmif jyÏmef;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu 'DvkdcsKyfcs,f jyÏmef;vmr_ukd róudufrESpfouf=uyg? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk if+yD; w&m;0ifwnf&adS e+yD;jzpfwt hJ wGuf ygwaD wG&ŒJ 0g'jzef@csad &;ynmay;a&;qkid &f m ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzef@csdwmawG[m rv$JraoGvkyf&r,fhudpPawGomjzpfw,f? vkyfaqmifcGifh&Sd&r,fh udpP awGomjzpfw,f? w&m;0ifEidk if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ w&m;0if tcGit hf a&;abmiftwGi;f u “uif;vGwcf iG ”hf udpo P mjzpfw,fv@dk ,k=H unf=uovkd tckvdk e0w u ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGihf rSwyf w Hk ifav#mufxm;zk@d jyÏmef; vmwm[m wrifoufouf zdEydS zf @dk vyk v f mwmvk@d vnf; jrif=uygw,f? rw&m;ojzifh uef@owfcsKyf cs,fvmwmvkd@vnf; jrif=uygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk,fwkdifvnf; tJ'DvkdyJjrifygw,f? ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhudpP rSwfykHwifrvm;/ rwifbl;vm;/ b,fvkdvkyf=urvJqkdwm jy\emw&yftjzpf/ jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? e0wukd uef@uGufwifjy=uwmawGvnf; jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? “rSwfykHwif” rav#mufxm;yJ ±kdufESdyfjzef@csdp&mawGukd ukd,fh[mudk,f qufvuf ±kdufESdyfjzef@csd=uwmawGvnf; ukd,fh&yfwnfcsufeJ@ukd,f azmfjyvm=uygw,f? ZGefv (21) &ufae@ ajreDukef; ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;usif;y+yD;/ &efukefwkdif; NLD ±kH;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu w&m;a[mygw,f? tapmifht=uyfawG csxm;wJh=um;uae ausmif;om; av;awG usqkH;cJh&wJhae&mtxd oGm;a&muf+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf u vGrf;olŒyef;acGcsygw,f? ppfwyfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk zrf;wJhtwGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrf;cH&&m ykvdyfXme txd vlxk}uD;u pk±kH;a&muf&Sdvm=uygw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ@ajz&Sif;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd jyefvnfv$wfay;vkdufayr,fh pk±kH;a&muf&SdvmwJh vlxk}uD;udkawmh ppfwyfuaoewfeJ@ ypfcwfwJh twGuf vlwOD;aoqk;H &ygw,f? (uHq;dk csiaf wmh vlxx k u J aoewfreS f aoqk;H oGm;&ol[m ‘wpn’ ygwD0ifwOD;jzpfaew,fvkd@ qkdygw,f?) e0weJ@ NLD wkd@&JŒ xdyfwkdufjzpfr_[m wpxufwp ydk+yD;jrifhrm;vmygw,f? e0w&JŒ pwifr_a=umifh ay:aygufcJh&wmcsnf;jzpfygw,f? e0w &JŒ wzufowfuswhJ ajymqkðd yrlra_ wGa=umifh rw&m;ojzifh zdEydS &f rf;um; apmfum;csKyf cs,v f mr_awGa=umifh Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGukd zGŒJ pnf;cGio hf may;+yD; bmwckrS pnf;±k;H v_y&f mS ; pkpnf;cGirhf & atmif ajymcGifhqkdcGifh oabmxm; xkwfazmfcGifhr&Sdatmif tqufrjywf vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufaer_awG a=umifh ZGefvxJrSm tm%mzDqefa&;oabmxm;awG[m EkdifiHa&;ygwDawmfawmfrsm;rsm;twGif; us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ay:ayguaf e+yjD zpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifwhJ NLD twGi;f rSmvnf; “trsm;jynfoloabmrwlwJh trdef@tm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH ay:aygufae+yDjzpfygw,f? 'DaºuG;a=umfoH[m “[ife&Da';Apfaomf±kd;” &JŒ pmykd'fukd ukd;um;+yD; NLD twGi;f a&;rª;tzGŒJ 0if OD;0if;wif u wifjycJ+h yD;/ NLD A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmif aumfrw D t D pnf;ta0;u oabmwlncD w hJ hJ aºu;G a=umfojH zpfygw,f? (Zlvidk v f xJrmS yJ OD;0if;wif udk e0wu tr_qif+y;D zrf;qD; ygw,f?) ZGev f wwd,ygwx f rJ mS &efuek w f idk ;f NLD ±k;H rSm NLD eJ@ r[mrdwf Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm; tpnf; ta0;usi;f yygw,f? wufa&mufvm=uwJh Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGukd OD;wifO;D eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 502
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
pum;ajymqkdygw,f? NLD u xkwfa0wJh pmwef;wapmifukd EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk ay;a0&mrSm “trsm;jynfol oabmrwlEkdifwJh trdef@tm%mrSefor# wm0eft&zDqef=u” qkdwJh pmwrf;eJ@ “tm%mukzd q D efI xkwaf 0onf” qkw d hJ azmfjyr_ukd yxrqk;H t}urd f yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; xkwaf zmf pwif vkdufygw,f? tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwifvkduf+yDjzpfygw,f? ZGefv aemufqkH;ywfxJrSm tm%mzDqefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG qufwkdufay:xGufvmygw,f? &efuek &f dS trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk (XmecsKyf) ±k;H cef;rSmusi;f ywJh a[majymyGrJ mS vnf; “tm%mukd zDqefIusi;f yonf” qkw d hJ tok;H tE_e;f ukd w&m;0if aºuG;a=umf qkid ;f bkwx f v l u dk yf gw,f? a[majym yGrJ mS OD;wifO;D a&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg wufwufºuGºuG wufa&mufa[majymygw,f? ('rz)0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtm;vkH; wufa&muf=uygw,f? 'rz &JŒ t"duygwD ‘vlŒabmifopf’&JŒ OuUÏu awmh “atmifaZ,s” jzpfae+yjD zpfygw,f? (vlŒabmifopfygwv D J ESpjf crf;uGaJ e+yjD zpfygw,f? ‘rk;d oD;ZGe’f uawmh wdrf;a&SmifoGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f? rdk;oD;ZGef rwdrf;a&Smif&rDrSm vlŒabmifopfygwDtwGif; tuGJ t+yJu odoo d mom ay:xGuv f mcJ+h yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; ‘&JEidk af tmif’u OuUÏ ‘rk;d oD;ZGe’f ukd “rd;k oD;ZGef (ok@d r[kw)f óud;rJah vwHceG ”f qkw d hJ pmtkyw f tkyef @J xkwaf zmfa0zef±w _ cf swu dk cf u dk af ecJ+h yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? e0wuvnf; rkd;oD;ZGef; ukd zrf;qD;Ekdifa&;óud;yrf;aecsdefrSm rkd;oD;ZGefu a&Smifwdrf;oGm; cJh&+yD; rdk;oD;ZGefae&m OuUÏ jzpfvmcJholuawmh ‘atmifaZ,s’ jzpfygw,f?) a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ wmarGòrdŒe,f NLD a[majymyGJ AkdvfwaxmifòrdŒe,f NLD a[majymyGJawG &J&J&ifh&ifh qufwkdufxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? ZlvkdifvxJa&mufwmeJ@ (7) &uf Zlvkdif ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH txdrf;trSwfv_yf&Sm;r_ awG rkcsvmawmhrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf ZGefv aemufqkH;ywfxJrSm ausmif;om;or*~ tr_aqmifa[mif; rsm;vnf;jzpf wufwufºuGºuG a[majym=ur,fholrsm;vnf;jzpfwJh jynfolŒwkd;wufa&;ygwD OuUÏ OD;cifarmifjrifh eJ@ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; OD;vSa&$ wk@d udk e0wu zrf;qD;vku d yf gw,f? ‘'rz’ uvnf; tzrf;cH&r_eJ@ywfouf+yD; uef@uGufpmxkwfcJhovdk NLD uvnf; uef@uGufcJhygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif u a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd uGefz&efaw;&Sif;vkyfaewmvkd@ pGyfpGJ±kHr u ‘uGezf &efaw;&Si;f ’ qdw k m Auy awG&ŒJ enf;yJ/ uGezf &efaw;&Si;f vkyaf ewmukd &yfvu dk yf gv@dk ajymif ajymifwif;wif;+cdrf;ajcmufvmygw,f? 30-6-89 ae@nrSm a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif&JŒ jynfolŒv$wfawmf “a&G;aumufyGJenf;Oya' rsm;” ukd xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? Zlvidk f (7) &ufae@rmS ppfwyf&ŒJ txyfxyfcsxm;wJh vkòH caH &;qkw d mawG =um;uae (7) &uf Zlvidk f ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk txdr;f trSwaf [majymyGaJ wG ae&mtES@H usi;f ycJ+h y;D ppftpk;d &&JŒ zdEydS f +cdrf;ajcmufr_awGudk EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu wkef@jyeftHwkcJh=uygw,f? ppftpkd;&[m EkdifiHa&;ygwDxJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qkH;jzpfwJh NLD eJ@ EkdifiHa&;t&Sdef=oZm t}uD;rm;qkH;jzpfwJh NLD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd t"du OD;wnf+yD; wkdufckduf±_wfcs wmawG vkyaf qmifvmovk/d Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGtoD;oD;xJu vuf0EJ , G f Ekid if aH &;orm;awGuv dk nf; ypfrw S x f m;+yD; ESyd u f yG Ef idk af &; tm;xkw}f uHpnfvmcJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tem;rSm vuf0J orm;awG 0kdif;&Haew,fvkd@vnf; xifjrif,lqxm;cJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
503
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf uawmh NLD zGŒJ pnf;+yD;uwnf;u +idr;f csr;f wJeh nf; t=urf;rzufa&; enf;ukd ukid pf +JG yD; e0w tpk;d &eJ@ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d t}udr}f udraf wmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? xdyw f u dk jf zpfvm& wJhtcsdef tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;a=umif;qD a&mufvm&wJhtcsdeftxdvnf; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ukd awmif;qkad eqJjzpfygw,f? e0w u awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d wavsmufv;Hk jiif;qefcyhJ gw,f? 'Davmufrsm; jym;vGef;vSwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ b,fvkdvkyf+yD; aqG;aEG;EkdifrvJvkd@ ta=umif;jycJhygw,f? EkdifiHa&; ygwDaygif; (104) ygwDu a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd wOD;wnfaomukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wcJeuf qENðy+yD; tm%mtyfEiS ;f vku d =f uawmhvnf; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;zk@d vk;H 0rpOf;pm;±krH u wk;d +yD; zdEydS zf rf;qD; ESdyfuGyfwmawGeJ@yJ e0w&JŒ oabmxm;trSefukd azmfjycJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf u tmZmenfae@ukd r[mrdwf EkdifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pkHeJ@ yl;aygif;usif;y t+yD;rSm ppfrSefwJh wyfaygif;pk}uD;wck zGJŒpnf;a&;ukd vkyfaqmifoGm;zkd@ vsmxm;ygw,f? trwfae&m cGw J rf;twGuf vma&mufaygi;f pnf;=uwJh trnfcH wyfaygi;f pkoabmr[kwyf J wlnw D hJ &nf&, G cf su/f jywfom;wJh nD!w G rf e_ @J zGŒJ pnf;ay:xGuv f mwJh wyfaygi;f pkrsK;d ukd wnfaqmufomG ;zk@d &nf&, G x f m;+yD; jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJenf;Oya'vnf; xGufvm+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJŒpnf;a&; toHuvnf; rSdefoGm;+yD; “w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;” qkdwJhtoH ykd+yD; ay:vGifvmygw,f? “w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;” twGufqkdwJh acgif;pnf;atmuf rSm 2§88/ 8§88 ±kyfodrf;ay;qkdwJh awmif;qkdoHawGwkd;+yD; xGufay:vmygw,f? ppfrSefwJh w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJwckjzpfajrmufzkd@ t[ef@twm; taESmuft,Suf ozG,jf zpfaewJh 2§88/ 8§88 trde@f a=unmcsuaf wG ±kyo f rd ;f ay;a&;[m trSew f u,fvnf; vkt d yf ygw,f? ‘e0w’u 2§88/ 8§88 awG ±kyfodrf;ray;±kHru tmZmenfae@ukd NLD OD;aqmifwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG&JŒ csDwuf tav;ðyv_yf&Sm;yGJ}uD; pnfpnfum;um; jzpfay:rvmapa&;twGuf óudwifydwfyif uef@owfwJhtpDtpOfawGudkawmif csrSwfvkdufjyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh “EkdifiHa&; ygwaD wGtaeeJ@ tmZmenfae@rmS ygww D ck q,fO;D wufa&mufciG ðhf ya=umif; tJ'D (10) OD;ukd emrnfe@J wuG óudwifpm&if;ay;zkd@” qkdwm jzpfygw,f? NLD ukdvnf; tmZmenfae@wufa&mufzkd@ pm&if; óudawmif;wmvkyfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf u tpkd;&OD;pD;ðyvkyfr,fh tcrf;tem;udk rdrdwufrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ rdrdwkd@tpDtpOfeJ@ rdrdwkd@jynfolawGeJ@ vufwGJ+yD;wufrSmjzpfa=umif; jynfolawGrSm vGwfvyfpGm0rf; enf;cGifh&Sdw,f? qlylr_rjzpfatmif wm0ef,lw,f? ppfwyfuom qlylr_jzpfatmif raESmuf,SufygeJ@ qkdwJh oabmxm;&SdwJhpmukd e0w xH jyef=um;cJhygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif u tmZmenfae@rwkdifcifrSm rdef@cGef&Snf}uD;wckay;+yD; +cdrf;ajcmufyg w,f? Zlvkdif (19) &ufae@rSm vlpkvla0;vkyf&if ypfcwfòzdcGJ&vdrf@r,fqkdwJhta=umif; ajymqkdygw,f? tJ'D rdef@cGef&Snf}uD;t+yD;rSm xyfqifh+cdrf;ajcmufzkd@ ppfe,fajrawGcGJ+yD; ppfckH±kH;awGzGJŒpnf;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf uvnf; tmZmenfae@udk uk, d t hf pDtpOfe@J ud, k u f si;f yEkid zf @dk vkt d yf wJhjyifqif aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;r_ awGvkyfygw,f? 504
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
Zlvkdif (18) &ufae@rSmawmh e0w bufu “tmZmenfae@rSm tmZmenfukef;ukd csDwuf tav;ðyzkd@ vma&mufac:,lolrsm;a=umifhjzpfap/ rdrdukd,fwkdif qENeJ@jzpfap tjyifxGufjcif;rðyzkd@/ ðycJhvkd@ jy\emwpkHw&mjzpfay:vm&if wm0efr,la=umif; owday;tyfygw,f” qkdwJh +cdrf;ajcmuf owday;csuq f w dk mukd ppfum;awGe@J òrŒd vk;H tES@H vSnv hf nfatmf[pfygw,f? òrŒd xJ ae&mtES@H uv kd nf; ppfwyfawG rJrv J y_ f tjynfw h ;dk csygw,f? ppfum;awG b&if;u,f&, D mum;awGuv dk nf; tES@H vn S v hf nf armif;ESifcdkif;+yD; tiftm;jy +cdrf;ajcmufwmawG vkyfygw,f? Zlvkdif (19) &ufae@ tmZmenfae@ reufcif;rSmawmh NLD ±kH;csKyf/ a&$*kHwkdifvrf; NLD wkdif;±kH;eJ@ tmZmenfukef;t=um; ppfwyfawG tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ csxm;ygw,f? a&$*kHwkdif t0kdif;wckvkH;ay: rSmvnf; oHq;l óud;acGawG txyfxyfcsxm;±krH u/ aq;tjzLeJ@ pnf;wm;xm;+yD;/ “Tae&mu ausmf v#ifypfrnf” qkdwJh qkdif;bkwfawGawmif wef;pDaxmifxm;ygw,f? tmZmenfukef;ukd csDwufzkd@jyif qifvm=uwJh vlxk}uD;[m a&$*kHwkdifteD;w0kdufrSm a&muf&Sdae=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwyfu vlxk}uD;ukd twif;t=uyf vlpkcGJygw,f? tmZmenfukef;ukd a':atmifqef; pk=unf eJ@twl csDwufum oGm;a&muf+yD; yef;acGcszkd@ jyifqifvm=uwJhvlxk}uD;ukd ±kdufESuf+yD;vlpk cGJypfvkdufygw,f? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf XmecsKyf±kH;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrfukdvnf; e0wppfwyfu tjynfht0 ydwfqkd@ xm;vkduf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jynfolokd@ arwWm&yfcpH m wapmif tcuftcJ=um; uaexkwjf yef today;vku d &f ygawmhw,f? tJ'pD muawmh “rlv tmZmenf ae@tpDtpOfukdzsufodrf;vkdufa=umif;/ jynfolrsm; rdrdwkd@aetdrfawGxJuae+yD; ppftpdk;&J&JŒ rw&m;r_awGukd oydwfarSmufqef@usifwJhtaeeJ@ +idrfqdwfpGm tmZmenfae@ukd txdrf; trSwfðyoGm;=uzkd@”qkdwJh pmyJjzpfygw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukv d nf; zrf;qD;vku d yf gawmhw,f? aetdrrf mS wif tus,fcsKyftjzpfeJ@owfrSwf+yD; zrf;qD;vkdufwmjzpfygw,f? Zlvkdif (20) &ufae@up+yD; tus,fcsKyf eJ@xdef;odrf;zrf;qD;vkdufa=umif; e0w ppftpkd;u a=unmvkdufygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk tusKyfcsKyftjzpf zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufydkif; e0w ppftpdk;& tzd@k t}uD;tus,f 0g'jzef@cspd &m zrf;qD; azmfxw k v f u kd Ef ikd rf u _ awmh Auy ajratmuf ,l*sv D y_ &f mS ; r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm wa'gifhwcef;u yg0ifcJhwJh Auy,l*sD ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_udk “EdkifiHawmftm%mudk jzwfvrf;uae &,lzdk@óud;pm;wJh Auy ,l*sDwdk@&JŒtm;xkwfr_” tjzpf e0w twGif;a&;rª; (1) Adkvfrª;csKyfcif!¸ef@u wHqdyfuyfvdkufygw,f? 5-8-89 ae@rmS owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG}J uD; usi;f y+yD; Auy,l*sw D @kd &ŒJ vky&f yfukd cd;k xkyf cd;k xnf eJ@rv d u kd w f @J “olc;kd zrf;ol}u;D ” *du k rf sK;d eJ@ txl;&Si;f vif;yG}J u;D vkyyf gw,f? ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udyk g o±kyf zsuaf jymqd+k yD;/ ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f yg0ifqifEJ$ v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uolawGtm;vH;k udk Auy wd@k &ŒJ qdik ;f csuf twdkif; bkrodbrod yg0ifv_yf±Sm;cJh=u&wJh oabmrsKd;jzpfatmif vrf;a=umif;qGJ,l ajymqdkygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD;w&yfjzpfwhJ Auy [m Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGay: zd@k jzpfap/ ay:vmwJh Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ awGtwGi;f taumif;qH;k jzpfatmifjzpfap olvyk &f r,fw h m0efukd olŒ[mol taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
505
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
atmif zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyf [ef@wm;aESmuf,SufwmawG tqufrjywf vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? wpnygwD u tzrf;tqD; tppftaq;cH&w,fqdkwm wOD;wa,mufawmifr&SdcJhyg? pufwifbmvxJrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD (3) ckudk e0w ppftpdk;&uae zsufodrf;ypfcJhygw,f? Auy &JŒ ajray:ygwaD wGtjzpf zGŒJ pnf;xm;wmqdw k hJ pGypf cJG suef @J a&G;aumufyaJG umfr±Siu f ae y,fzsuf a=umif;a=unm+yD; zsufodrf;ypfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? zsufodrf;cH&wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwD (3) ckuawmh jynfolŒ wdk;wufa&;ygwD/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk eJ@ t+rJpdrf;vli,ftzGJŒ jzpfygw,f? wu,fuawmh a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuae w&m;0if zsufodrf;y,fzsufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufrxGufcif uwnf;u tJ'DEdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGudk e0w axmufvSrf;a&;u vdkufvHzrf;qD; aecJh+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? A[dkaumfrwDwckvHk;udk vdkufvHzrf;qD;wmjzpfygw,f? trsm;pk}uD; tzrf;cH vdkuf&+yD;/ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol teJpkom vGwfajrmufcGifh&+yD; EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGudk qufvuf vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f? e0w tpdk;&[m 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGtay: xifovdk Adkvfus&rf;um;+yD;/ vufeufudkif xm;Edik w f ,fqw kd hJ ppftiftm;&Sijf zpfwm wckwnf;eJ@ igph um;EGm;& ajymcsiw f mawGukd ajymqdak eEdik +f y;D rm&S,favmeJ@ ppfcHk±kH;awG t+cHt&HeJ@ tm%mudk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif qkyfudkifxm;Edkif+yDvdk@ ,lq+yD;wJhtcg ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa±G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk usif;yay;zdk@ jyifqifygw,f? (10-11-89) ae@ ppfOD;pD; wuUodkvfoifwef;qif;yGJrSm e0wOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu “a'gufwmarmifarmif vufxuf wyfrawmfom;rsm; vufeufudkif jynfolŒ&JŒwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;eJ@ EdkifiHhb¾mrS vpm,lwJh 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;[m rnfonfhygwD0ifrS rjzpfap&qdkwJh trdef@xkwfjyef vkdufcsdefup+yD; oltygt0if wyfrawmfom;tm;vHk;[m rnfhonfhygwD0ifrS r[kwfawmha=umif;/ vGwv f yfpmG qENraJ y;Edik af =umif;” qdw k mawG xkwaf zmfajymqdyk gw,f? tJ'o D ifwef;qif;yGJ rde@f ceG ;f xJ rSmbJ “vmr,fh jynfolŒv$wfawmfu zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;+yD;/ tJ'DtajccHOya'eJ@ tnD zGŒJ pnf;wJt h pd;k &udk tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;oGm;r,f” qdw k hJ oabm ajymqdo k mG ;ygw,f? (tJ'rD ed @f cGe;f t&if Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymqdck w hJ muawmh (5-7-89) ae@ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS “vmr,hf jynfolŒv$wfawmfu zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJtwnfðy=u&ef/ odk@r[kwf 1947 tajccHOya' udkjzpfap/ 74 ckESpf tajccHOya'udkjzpfap vdktyfovdk jyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef” qdkwJh oabmrsKd; ajymqdkoGm;cJhzl;ygw,f?) 18-11-89 ae@rmS awmh e0w tpd;k &u ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; usi;f y r,fhae@&ufudk wdwdyy xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yr,hfae@&ufuawmh (1990 jynfh/ arv 27 &uf/ wevFmae@) qdkwmjzpfygw,f? rJqENe,ftoD;oD;twGuf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm&if; wifoGif;EdkifwJh ae@&ufeJ@ aemufqHk;&ufuawmh 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (28) uae 1990 jynfh/ Zefe0g&D (3) &ufae@ txdjzpfygw,f? 1989 ckESpf wESpfvHk;&JŒtajctaeudk csKyf=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&ifawmh e0w[m tm%mudk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfudkifxm;+yD;/ udk,fudk,fwdkif zGJŒpnf;cGifhay;xm;cJhwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGudk rv_yfEdkifatmif enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ zdESdyfcJhygw,f? ygwDtjzpf qdkif;bkwfwifcGifhomðy+yD; bmv_yf&Sm;cGifhrS teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
507
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
r&Sdatmif/ bmpum;rS ajymcGifhr±Sdatmif 2§88/ 8§88 trdef@awGeJ@ xdef;csKyf±Hkomru ppfcHk±Hk;awG/ rm±S,favmOya'awGeJ@yg tjyif;txef EdSyfuGyfcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGuvnf; ppftpdk;&udk enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ jyefvnf qef@usif uef@uGufcJh=u+yD;/ awmif;qkcd suaf wG/ a=unmcsuaf wG/ oabmxm;xkwf azmfwifjycsuaf wGe@J tqufrjywf Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f? tiftm;t}uD;rm;qH;k jzpfvmwJh NLD [m a&SŒwef;ta&muf qHk;jzpfvmcJh+yD; ppftpdk;&&JŒ OD;wnfwdkufcdkuf&m t"du twdkuftcHygwD}uD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ tcef;eJ@óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_awG[m tay:vGifqHk;jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&&JŒ OD;wnf&efol}uD;ozG,f jzpfvmcJhygw,f? NLD eJ@ppftpdk;&&JŒ xdyfwdkufawGŒqHk&r_[m tjrifhqHk;jzpf vmcJ+h yD; tmZmenfae@ vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_ azmfaqmif&ef óud;yrf;qJrmS bJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd e0w u zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vdkufygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzpfoGm;ygw,f? xl;jcm;wJhtjzpftysufawGuawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD}uD; òyduGJoGm;&jcif;eJ@ +idrf;tzGJŒ qdkwmawG pwifjzpfwnfvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_ (4828) ygwDaumfrwDv_yf±Sm;r_/ tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ azmfxkwfzrf;qD;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ e0w tzdk@ t}uD;tus,f0g'jzef@csdp&mudpP}uD; wckozG,f jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? 1989 ckESpf ESpfukefrSmawmh ‘90 jynf@ESpf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;’ usif;yay;rSm aocsmoGm;+yDjzpf ygw,f?
508
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
1990 jynfh jrefrmEkdifiHa&G;aumufyGJ
Ad k v f c sKyf r S L ;}uD ; apmarmif ES i f h Ad k v f c sKyf cif ! G e f @ wd k @ vnf ; Tod k @ rJ a y;cJ h = u teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
509 509
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
1990 jynf h a &G ; aumuf y G J } uD ; e0w ppftpdk;&u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkuf wm[m EdkifiHwumhtajctae jynfwGif;tajctaersm;t& rusif;yay;&if ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmEdkifzG,f&m &Sw d ,fv@kd jrif+y;D usi;f yray;&if rjzpfEikd af wmhwt hJ wGuf usi;f yay;wmjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf t"du tcsufuawmh 'DtcsdefrSm a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yvdkuf&if a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'f[m e0w twGuf tcGit hf vrf;omcsuaf wG xGuaf y:vmvdrrhf ,fv@kd wGuq f ,H=k unf+yD; usi;f yay;zd@k qH;k jzwfcw hJ mjzpfyg w,f? tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh NLD udk bufaygif;pHk zdESdyfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? txufjrufqHk;eJ@ vlxk,Hk=unfr_t&qHk;acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf udkvnf; zrf;qD;xm;+yD;jzpfovdk/ NLD twGi;f u xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udv k nf; ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs xm;Edik +f yD;+yD;jzpfygw,f? OD;0if;wif/ OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)/ OD;xGe;f wif wd@k ukd axmifxx J nfx h m; +yD;+yDjzpfovdk/ OD;wifa&$/ OD;0if;cuf wdk@vdk a':atmifqef;pk=unf tpkbufu yk*~dKvfawGudkvnf; w&m;0if &yfwnfaexdik v f @kd r&atmif ðyvkyx f m;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? NLD udk bufaygi;f pHk uef@owf+yD; “wpn” udk odoo d mom rsuEf mS omay; v$wx f m;ay;+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 'Dvt kd csed rf mS a&G;aumufyJG usif;yvdkuf&if b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tedrfhqHk;/ ygwDwckwnf;u tjywftowf tEdkif&wJh taetxm; rsKd;jzpfrvmbJ tm;eJwJh !¸ef@aygif;tpdk;&yHko¾mefom jzpfay:vmvdrfhr,fvdk@ wGufqxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfzdk@ aocsmoGm;+yD;jzpfayr,fh w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpf ajrmufz@kd twGuf tajccHvt kd yfcsujf zpfwhJ vGwv f yfpmG pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;Edik cf iG t hf wGuf tmrcHcsuaf y;zd@k tedrfhqHk; 2§88/ 8§88 trdef@a=unmcsufawG ±kwfodrf;ay;zdk@/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu awmif;qdk=uyg w,f? e0w u ±kwfodrf;ray;cJhyg? w&m;r#w+yD; vGwfvyfwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tedrfhqHk;vdktyfcsufawGudk awmif jznfhqnf;vdkufavsmjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf/ a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk oydwfarSmufypf=ur,fqdk&if vnf; e0w tóudufyJjzpfoGm;r,fhtaetxm;rsKd;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG &ifqdkif&ygw,f? e0w u ‘wpn’ ‘wpn’ EG,fygwDawGeJ@ ygwDpHkqdk+yD; vkyfoGm;r,fhtaetxm;rsKd;rSm a&G;aumufyGJ oydwf arSmufa&;udkvJ v_HŒaqmfvdk@rjzpfyg? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrf;cH&+yD;wJhaemuf NLD twGif;rSmvnf; rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif; (abmif;bDc|wf}uD;) rsm;eJ@ t&yfom;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;=um; uGm[r_awG tjrifrwlr_awG wdk;wuf ay:xGuv f mygw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif; a&G;cs,af &;udprP mS rsK;d csp}f uD;rsm;u vsmxm; csiw f meJ@ “rsKd ;csp&f aJ bmf” r[kww f o hJ rl sm;u vsmxm;csiw f m uGm[r_awG ay:xGuv f mygw,f? 'ga=umifh ndE‡ id_ ;f r&Edik af tmif uGm[r_}uD;rm;vSwahJ e&mawGrmS / rlvu NLD 0ifjzpfygvsuf woD;yk*v ~ tjzpf/ NLD udk,fpm;vS,feJ@yg ,SOfòydifta&G;cHr,fholawG ay:aygufvm&ygw,f? tzrf;tqD;cHxm;&wJ=h um;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf u A[ef;òrŒd e,fuae 0ifa&muf,OS òf yid f ta&G;cHzdk@ NLD v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf pm&if;wifygw,f? “wpn” udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;u tjyif;txef uef@uu G yf gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f vnf; e0w tvdu k s a':atmif 510
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
qef;pk=unf udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJhygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJOya' yk'fr (10) yk'frcGJ (i) eJ@ +idpGef;w,fqdk+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcGifh rðycJhyg? wu,fu e0w ppftpdk;&u NLD udk a&G;aumufyGJrSm 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcGifhay;cJhwm[m/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf ryg0if&atmifvyk /f OD;0if;wif wd@k vkd ppfreS w f yhJ *k Kd~ vfawG ryg0ifEikd af tmifvyk +f yD; rS/ e0wpdwóf uu d f &v'fxu G af y:vmvdrrhf ,f ar#mv f ifch suef @J cGiðhf yusi;f ycJw h momjzpfygw,f? t"du òydifjrif;udk óud;wkyf+yD;rS tòydifcdkif;cJhwJhoabmomjzpfygw,f? (90)jynfEh pS af &G;aumufy}JG uD;twGuf rJay;yHpk epfuv kd nf; ajymif;vJxm;ygw,f? qENrv J uf rSwfyHkpHeJ@jzpf+yD; qENrJvufrSwfrSm udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awGtrnf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrnfeJ@ trSwft om; oauFwawGyg0ifygw,f? rJqENay;r,hf rJqEN&Sifu qENrJvufrSwfudk rJ±Hkrª;qDu xkwf,l+yD;/ uk, d óf uduEf pS o f ufwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;trnfe@J oauFwab;rSm =uufajccwftrSwf tom;wH qdy±f u kd Ef ydS zf @kd jzpfygw,f? axmufcw H mudk “=uufajccwf” eJ@jyozd@k jzpfygw,f? NLD &JŒ oauFwt rSwftom;u “carmuf” jzpf+yD; “wpn” u “pyg;ESH” trSwftom;jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJem;eD;wJhtcsdefrSm NLD ±Hk;a&SŒawGrSm “a&$carmuf” }uD;awG/ carmuf trSwf tom;awG pdu k x f x l m;=uygw,f? jynfo h v l x l =k um;xJrmS “carmuf” [m a&yef;pm;vmwJt h wGuf “carmuf” wifvmwJu h ek u f m;udak wmif &SmazGa&;*dwu f tjypf&mS +y;D zrf;wmqD;wmrsK;d awG ay:ayguf vmcJhygw,f? rE Wav;bufrSmawmh “ydawmufeJ@ik aEGrSmv_difw,f/ carmufeJ@ ‘pk’ arrSmEdkifr,f” qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHrsKd;awG ysHŒESH@ a&yef;pm;cJhygw,f? 1990 jynfh/ arv (27) &ufae@rSmawmh e0w ppftpdk;&u }uD;rª;usif;yay;r,fh ygwDpHk 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; ay:xGe;f vmygawmhw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pku rJruGaJ &;udk tav;xm; owday;=uygw,f? Auo eJ@ oHCmhtzGJŒtpnf;uvnf; rJawGuGJukef&ifawmh e0w tóuu d jf zpfomG ;vdrrhf ,fqw kd m tav;xm;ajymqd=k uygw,f? 0 eJ@ ud;k uef@ wd@k &ŒJ ykeu f efz,f&mS ;jcif;udk cHvdkuf&wJhtwGuf òyduGJae+yD;jzpfwJh ‘Auy’ uvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk tav;xm;um “wpn udk pD;csif;xdk;Edkifa&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; pkaygif;}uHpnfoifhygonf” qdkwJh wdkufwGef;r_eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ “a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufI oabmxm;” qdkwmudk 10-2-90 ae@ ae@pGJeJ@ xkwfjyefygw,f? ar (27) &ufa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;usif;ywJh reufrSmawmh rJvmxnfhwJh e0w OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfrª; }uD; apmarmif udk Edik if w H um owif;rD', D mrsm;u tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ar;=uyg w,f? ygwDaygif; (93) ygwD 0ifa&muf,SOfòydif=uwJh a±G;aumufyGJ}uD;jzpfwJhtwGuf tjywftowf tEdik &f r,fyh gwD &Srd mS r[kwv f @kd vlyed ;f wGuf wGuq f xm;wJh Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmif u “tEdik &f wJyh g wDudk tm%mv$Jay;vdkufrSmaygh? wyfrawmfu ppfwef;vsm;udkjyefr,f” vdk@ ajym=um;cJhygw,f? (90) jynfh/ arv (27) &ufae@ a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u wufwufºuG ºuGvma&muf rJqENay;=uygw,f? ArmjynfrSm usif;yðyvkyfcJhwJh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G; aumufyrJG sm;ordik ;f rSm jynfov l x l rk q J ENay;r_ &mcdik Ef e_ ;f trsm;qH;k aom a&G;aumufy}JG uD;tjzpf/ rSwf wrf;wif&ygvdrfhr,f? a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifwJh ygwDaygif; (93) ygwD/ ygwDudk,fpm;ðy v$wf awmfudk,fpm;vS,faygif; (2209) OD;/ woD;yk*~v (87) OD;&Sd+yD;/ Armjynfordkif;rSm ygwDta&twGuf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
511
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
trsm;qHk;/ ,SOfòydifolOD;a&trsm;qHk;aom a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? 1960 jynfhESpf a&G; aumufyGJaemufydkif;/ ESpfaygif; (30) wdwd=umrS ay:xGef;cJh&wJh ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJ}uD;vnf; jzpfwJh twGuf wurBmvHk;uvnf; tav;xm; apmifh=unfhaecJh=uygw,f? EdkifiHvHk; rJqENe,f (492) ae&m&SdwJhteuf (485) e,ftwGuf usif;yay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? rJqENe,f (245) ck txuf ,SOfòydifta&G;cs,fcHcJh=uwJh ygwD}uD; (4) ck&Sdygw,f? (1) trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf NLD / (2) wpn (3) UNDP (OD;atmif}uD;ygwD)/ (4) 'D§+idrf; wdk@jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;tawGŒtóuH &ifu h suºf uG,0f ae+yDjzpfwhJ jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;kH u rJawGukd tuGJ rcHbJ rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;cHae&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ygwD NLD udk wcJeuf yHkatmaxmufcHvdkuf=uygw,f? wavsmufvHk; 'kuQay;cJhwJh rqv wjzpfvJ wpnudkvnf; &GHŒrkef;/ rw&m;ojzifh zdEydS af ewJh e0w udv k nf; atmhEv S ;kH emae+yD;/ jynfov l x l &k ŒJ Edik if aH &;a&csed f jrifrh m;r_ukd azmfjyvdkuf=uygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;eJ@ vrf;ray:txdxGuf+yD; wcJeufqENjycJh=uwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;[m 1990 jynfhESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;eJ@ toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;tjzpf wcJ euf xyfrH qENazmfjyvdkuf=ujyefygw,f? &v'fuawmh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf NLD u tjywftowftEdik &f vdu k +f yD; e0w vdv k m;wJh ‘wpn’ u cGucf u G v f efatmif ±_;H edro hf mG ;&jcif;jzpfyg w,f? NLD [m 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydiw f hJ (447) e,frmS (392) e,f tEdik &f &Sv d u dk yf gw,f? tm;vH;k aygi;f (485) ae&mteuf (392)ae&m tEdik &f vdu k w f t hJ wGuf wjynfv;kH rSm (82) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f tEdik &f vdu k w f hJ vlxkaxmufcHr_t&qHk; tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;tjzpf rSwfwdkifpdkufxlvdkufygw,f? Armjynfordkif;rSm a&G; aumufyGJordkif;rSm r&Sdzl;ao;wJh xl;xl;uJuJ atmifyGJcHvdkufr_}uD;jzpfygw,f? e0w vdv k m;wJh ‘wpn’ uawmh (10) ae&mom tEdik &f cJ+h yD;/ OD;atmif}uD;&JŒ ygwD uawmh (1) ae&mom &cJhygw,f? atmifajreif;r,fqdk+yD; ‘a&$bdk’ uae ta&G;cHcJhwJh OD;atmif}uD; udk,fwdkif/ cGufcGufvefatmif ±H_;+yD; jyefajy;vmcJh&ygw,f? OD;Ek &JŒ 'D§+idrf; uawmh wae&mrSawmif r&&SdcJhyg? (58) ae&m 0ifa&muf,OS òf yid cf &hJ mrSm (23) ae&m tEdik &f cJw h hJ “±Sr;f wdik &f if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf” u atmifjrifr_rSm 'kwd,vdkufcJh+yD;/ (11) ae&mtEdkif&&SdwJh “&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf” [m wwd, ae&m vdkufcJhygw,f? toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;tjzpf vlxk}uD;&JŒ wcJeuf azmfjyvdkufr_a=umifh róuHpzl; atmifjrifr_ &&Sv d u kd w f hJ NLD &JŒ atmifycJG &H v'f[m e0w ppftpd;k &udk tH=h owkev f y_ o f mG ;apcJyh gw,f? b,fvrkd S ar#mv f ifrh xm;wJh &v'fjzpfwt hJ wGuf t}u;D tus,f tHt h m;oifo h mG ;apcJyh gw,f? ppfom;awG trsm; qH;k &Sw d hJ ppfe,fajr r*Fvm'H/k rdwv Îd m wd@k vakd e&mawGrmS awmif NLD uyJ atmifycJG v H u kd Ef ikd w f t hJ ay: ppftpdk;&tzdk@ wkefv_yfp&mjzpf&ygw,f? tpdk;&tr_xrf;awGcsnf;vdkvdk&SdwJh udkudk;u|ef;òrdŒe,frSm vnf; NLD uyJ tEdkif&vdkufygw,f?
512
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
90 jynf h E S p f a&G ; aumuf y G J _ yD ; aemuf Armjynf *E< D c ef ; rtpnf ; ta0;/ 1§90 eJ ‹ Ek d i f i H a &;v+ y f & S m ;r+ r sm; tEkid &f wJyh gwu D dk tm%mv$aJ y;vku d rf ,fo h abm ajymqkcd w hJ hJ e0w OuUÏ }uD; Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD; apmarmif[m tm%mv$rJ ay;±krH u avoHyg yk+d yD;wif;rmvmygw,f? (90 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Akv d cf sKyf}uD; apmarmif[m Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmif tjzpf uk, d [ hf muk, d f &mxl;wuf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?) rde@f ceG ;f &Snf }uD;awGajym&if; uabmufwduabmufcsm pum;awGvnf; ajymqkdvmwm ykd+yD;rsm;vmygw,f? rdef@cGef;ajym&if; pmtkyf}uD;axmifaxmifjywmrsKd; ‘ukd,fuawmh odyfzwfodyfavhvmw,f? rif;wkd@ vnf; zwf=u avhvm=u’ qkdwmrsKd;awG awmfawmfajymqkdvmygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmifeJ@ eifvm;igvm; rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;awGajymoltjzpf xyfwkd;vmwmuawmh twGif;a&;rª; (1) AkdvfcsKyf cif!e¸ @f jzpfygw,f? Auy ,l*su D pd P rde@f ceG ;f &Snf &Si;f jycsu}f uD; xGuaf y:cJ+h yD;aemufyidk ;f rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD; awG rjywfajymqkdvmcJhygw,f? NLD ukd ykHatmaxmufcHr_awGay;=uwJh jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;uawmh NLD u b,fvkd wm0ef,lOD;aqmif+yD; tm%mtajymif;tvJukd taumiftxnfazmfay;rvJqkdwm pdwftm;xuf oefpGm apmifh=unfhae=uygw,f? EkdifiHwumoH±kH;rsm;uvnf; NLD ±kH;csKyfukd vma&muf+yD; awGŒqkH ar;jref;wm pkpH rf;avhvmwm/ tm;ay;axmufcw H mawG vkyaf qmif=uygw,f? tzrf;qD;cH&wJh NLD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwfajrmufa&;ukdvnf; tEkdif& NLD tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tif tm;pktoD;oD;u e0w ukd awmif;qkd=uygw,f? ,l*sDtjzpf v_yf&Sm;ae=u&wJh Auo/ wuo ausmif;om;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;tyg &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; tzGŒJ tpnf;awGuvnf; v_y&f mS ;awmif;qkd =uygw,f? e0w u tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpPukd wpufrSrajymqkdyJ/ NLD ukd wkd;+yD; zdESdyfa&;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukdwkd;+yD; tykyfcsa&;ukdom OD;wnfvkyfaqmifaeygw,f? 5-7-1989 ae@wkef;u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm “vmr,fh v$wfawmfu zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJ twnf ð y=u&ef ok d @ r[k w f 1947 ck E S p f zG J Œ pnf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'uk d j zpf a p 1974 zG J Œ pnf ; yk H tajccHOya'ukdjzpfapvkd tyfovkd jyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef” qkdwJhoabmrsKd; wdwdvif;vif; ajymqk d c J h w muk d arh a zsmuf y pf v k d u f + yD ; “zG J Œ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y k H tajccH O ya'a&;qG J a &;” uk d toHay;vmcJhygw,f? wpn om tEkdif&r,fqkd&ifawmh csufcsif; v$Jay;vkdufrSmjzpf+yD; NLD tEk d i f & wJ h t wG u f aemuf w qif h ta=umif ; &S m zk d @ jyif v mwmjzpf y g w,f ? wpn om tEkdif&r,fqkd&if v$wfawmfac:/ v$wfawmfrSm 1947 tajccHOya'jzpfjzpf/ 1974 tajccHOya'ukd jzpf j zpf u k d oif h o vk d j yif q if ,m,D t wnf ð y+yD ; / tJ ' D t wnf ð yvk d u f w J h tajccH O ya'eJ @ tm%mukv d aJ$ jymif;/ aemufrS tajccHOya'topfudk tJ'v D w $ af wmfu a&;qGaJ &;qkw d m jzpfrmS jzpfyg w,f? tJ'Dv$wfawmfuyJ t&ifujzpfjzpfcJhor#tm;vkH; oifykef;ajcapqkdwmvkyf+yD; ppftkyfpk&JŒ &mZ0wfra_ wG jypfra_ wGtm;vk;H ukv d nf; tay;t,l twkid t f azmufnn D D jynfz;Hk um;csay; vku d zf @dk jzpfygw,f? tckawmh wpn u cGucf u G v f ef+yD; NLD u atmifycJG w H t hJ wGuf rsuEf mS ajymif wku d zf @dk }uHzefvSD;v$Jajymqkd tm;xkwfvmwmjzpfygw,f? zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wkdif;ukd puULpkwf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
513
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
vkyyf pf±rHk u/ wzufowf t+rw J rf;zsuq f ;D vmcJw h hJ ppftyk pf u k zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' ta&;}u;D a=umif;/ 1990 ckEpS f e0w taeeJ@ ajymqkv d mjyefwmjzpfygw,f? Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD; apmarmifu “Ekid if w H Ekid if rH mS ta&;t}uD;qkH;u zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ayghAsm”vkd@ rJhum&GJŒumeJ@ ajymqkdvmygw,f? (1947 ckESpf zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'ukad &m 1974 ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'qkw d mukyd g um,uHajrmuf w&m;0if zsufodrf;cJhwm ppfwyfyJqkdwmawmh arhaeykH&ygw,f?) tEkid &f jynfov l x l ak xmufcrH t _ rsm;qk;H & NLD u v$waf wmfudk ac:ay;zk@d e0w tpk;d &ukd w&m;0ifawmif;qdk wifjyygw,f? NLD uae a&;qGJxm;wJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' (,m,D) eJ@ tm%mv$Jajymif;&,la&;ukd aqmif&Gufr,fqkd&ifvnf; aqmif&Gufvkd@&EdkifwJh tajctaersKd;jzpfyg w,f? a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; &ufaygif; (60) twGif; ac:ay;&±kd;xkH;pH&SdwJh v$wfawmfukd ac:ray;wJht wGuf NLD uae (a&G;aumufyjJG zpfwhJ arv 27 &ufuae &uf 60 t=um) Zlvidk f (28) (29) &uf ae@awGrSm NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzGJŒeJ@ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ yxrt}udrf n‡dE_dif;tpnf; ta0;}uD;ukd usif;ybkd@ ac:,lvkdufygw,f? NLD &JŒ tpnf;ta0;rac:cifw&uf/ 1990 jynfh/ Zlvkdif (27) &ufae@rSmyJ e0w ppfpkd;&u a=unmcsuftrdef@trSwf 1§90udk xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufygw,f? e0w twGif;a&;rª; (1) AkdvfcsKyf cif!Gef@vufrSwfeJ@ xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? tykd'faygif; (21) ykd'fyg0ifwJh a=unmcsufjzpfyg w,f? “e0w [m ppftpkd;&jzpfw,f? rm&S,favmOya'eJ@ tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppftpkd;&jzpfw,f?” qkdwmawG azmfjy±kHwifru e0w [m EkdifiHa&;tpkd;&r[kwfwJhtwGuf b,fvufeufukdifaomif; use;f oltzGŒJ tpnf;eJ@rv S nf; Ekid if aH &;udpaP wG aqG;aEG;rSmr[kwb f ;l qkw d mvnf; azmfjyygw,f? arv wkef;u ðyvkyfay;cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ[m zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;twGufomjzpf w,fqw dk mukd azmf!e¸ ;f +yD;/ zGŒJ pnf;&r,fv h w $ af wmf[m zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyaHk &;qGaJ &; v$waf wmfomjzpf w,fqkdwmukd azmfjyygw,f? vlxku a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufwJh v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;[m tem*wfEkdifiHawmftwGuf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;wm0ef&SdolawGomjzpf w,fqkdwmukd azmfjyygw,f? 1§90 &JŒ tESpfcsKyfoabmuawmh/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHa&;qGJa&; v$wf awmfomjzpfwJhtwGuf tm%m (3) &yfpvkH;ukd tvkdtavsmuf &&SdrSmr[kwf/ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt ajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJ+yD;/ Oya'eJ@tnD ay:xGufvmwJh tpkd;&ukdom e0wu tm%m tyfESif;rSmjzpf w,f? v$waf wmfudk e0w uom ac:ay;rSmjzpfw,fqw dk meJ@ Ekid if aH wmftm%mukd v$aJ jymif;&,la&; twGuf tpk;d &w&yf zGŒJ pnf;zk@d ,m,DzŒJG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'w&yf a&;qG+J yD; vkyaf qmifrmS rsKd ;ukd e0w u vufcHrSmr[kwfbl;qkdwmyJjzpfygw,f? 1§90 &JŒ &nf&G,fcsufu NLD &JŒ v$wfawmfac:a&; óud;yrf;csufrSefor#ukd jiif;y,f+yD;/ wm;jrpfydwfyif +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? ukd,fh[m ukd,fv$wfawmfac:cGifhr&Sd ,m,DzGJŒpnf;ykH tajccHOya'eJ@ tm%mv$Jajymif;&,la&; tpkd;&zGJŒpnf;a&;vkyfcGifhr&Sd/ vkyf&if ta&;,lr,fqkdwJh ajymifajymifwif;wif; ydwfyifwm;jrpfcsufjzpfygw,f? *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm v$wfawmfukd,f pm;vS,frsmu v$wfawmfzGJŒpnf;rSm tpkd;&zGJŒpnf;rSmukd óudwifydwfyifwm;jrpf +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufwm jzpfygw,f? tESpfom&tm;jzifh ajym&r,fqkd&if e0w&JŒ 1§90 [m wpn rEkdifyJ NLD tEkdif&cJh+yD;/ 514
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
tEkid &f wJh NLD ukd tm%mv$aJ jymif;ray;csiw f t hJ wGuf wrifoufouf qifa0S@&efa&Smif ta=umif; jy&if; ukd,fhwHawG;ukd,fjyefòrd&if;/ rsufESmajymifwkduf+yD; npfywfpkwfyJhjyvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? Zlvidk f (28) eJ@ (29) &ufae@rmS *E<cD ef;rtpnf;ta0;}u;D ay:xGe;f vmygw,f? OuUÏ OD;wifO;D eJ@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@ tzrf;tqD;cHxm;&wJhtwGuf ,m,D OuUÏ OD;=unfarmif u OD;pD;usif;ycJhwmjzpfygw,f? &efukefòrdŒ Akdvfatmifausmfvrf;/ *E<Dcef;rrSm usif;ywJh twGuf *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;vkd@ trnfwGifcJhygw,f? NLD v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;eD;yg; tygt0if/ NLD tzGJŒ0ifaygif; (500) ausmf wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? vlxk}uD;u *E<Dcef;r tpnf; ta0;}uD;u bm&v'fawGrsm; xGuaf y:vmrvJqw dk m 0kid ;f &Hapmif=h unfh em;pGichf =hJ uovkd Ekid if w H umh owif;rD'D,mrsm;/ oH±kH;rsm;uvnf; teD;uyfapmifh=unfhcJh=uygw,f? “*E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0; qk;H jzwfcsu”f qkw d m xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? (10000) avmuf&w dS hJ vltyk }f uD;ukd *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuf ukd zwf=um;jycJyh gw,f? *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuu f awmh &ufaygi;f (60) twGi;f (pufwifbmv aemuf qkH;xm;+yD;) v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ (taxGaxGo[Zmwjzpfa&; tmCmwuif;pifa&;rlrsm;eJ@ acsm arGŒpGm tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&;wk@d twGu)f e0wtpk;d &eJ@ NLD awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;qkw d mukd awmif;qkcd hJ ygw,f? 1§90 a=unmcsufukd xkwfjyef+yD; v$wfawmfac:,la&;ukd wm;jrpfcJhwJh e0w +idrfyd tpkd;& [m *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuf xGuaf y:t+yD;rSm NLD v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af wGe@J NLD tzGŒJ csKyftay: ajymifajymifwif;wif; zdESdyfnpfywf apmfum;wmawG qufwkdufvkyfaqmifygawmhw,f? tm%m v$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udk jiif;y,f+yD; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;zk@d awmif;qko d al wGudk tcsKyfxJ axmifxJ yk@d a&; ukdyJ OD;wnfvkyfaqmifygw,f? jynfwiG ;f vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;e,fajru tiftm;pkrsm;ua&m/ jynfwiG ;f Auo/ wuo/ oHCmhomr*~D/ &[ef;ysKd pwJhtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ua&m/ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;uyg tm%m v$Jajymif; aya&;/ NLD eJ@ e0w awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;ukd awmif;qdv k m=uygw,f? Ekid if w H umuvnf; a&G;aumuf yGJ&v'fukd av;pm;vkdufemzkd@ ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f? 1990 jynfhESpf/ =o*kwfv (8) &uf[m &Spfav;vkH; (2) ESpfajrmufjzpfygw,f? &SpfavvkH; (2) ESpfajrmuf tóudv_yf&Sm;r_awG &efukefeJ@ rE Wav;òrdŒ}uD;rsm;awGrSm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? e0w &JŒ tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&; jiif;qefrt _ y:rSm e0w qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG wk;d +yD; ay:xGuv f myg w,f? txl;ojzifh txufArmjynf rE Wav;òrdŒ[m EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG&JŒ A[kdcsufrvkdjzpfvmyg w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf txdef;todrf;cH&+yD;aemufykdif;/ &efukefòrd@}uD;rSm EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG ,m,D tmaysmo h mG ;&+y;D / rE aW v;òrŒd rSm v_y&f mS ;r_awGw;dk jrifx h u G af y:vmcJyh gw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmf awG trsm;qkH;&SdwJh rE Wav;òrdŒrSm oHCmawmfawG trsm;pk}uD;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGukd tm;ay;axmufu=l uwJt h wGuf rE aW v;òrŒd [m Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ tvkyEf idk q f ;Hk ae&mjzpfvmygw,f? ppftpkd;&u Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_ukd txl;owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ}uD;eJ@ &Sif;vif;+yD;wJhtjyif +idrf;tzGJŒjzpfoGm;wJh cGJxGufrsm;qDu &&SdcJhwJh &Spfav;vkH;umvtwGif; Auy OuUÏ ocifAodef;wif tyg A[kdacgif;aqmifwcsKdŒ&JŒ vuf&Sdtajctaetay: okH;oyfaqG;aEG;ae=uwJh AD'D,kdwdwfacGudk wjynfvkH;odatmif jyo+yD; Auy qef@usifa&;/ ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_ o±kyfzsufa&;awG tqufrjywfvkyf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
515
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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aewmawmif vlxu k Auy ukd rqef@usi/f e0w uko d m qef@usi=f uygw,f? rE aW v;bke;f awmf}uD; wcsKdŒuqkd&if “[kwfw,fa[h/ 'kd@vJ buy yJ? bkef;}uD;ausmif;om;ygwD buy av” vkd@awmif ajymqkd+yD; “Auy” nD!Gwfa&; ta&;}uD;a=umif; xkwfazmfvm=uygw,f? q&mawmf OD;a&0w acgi;f aqmifwhJ “oHCmhor*~”D u OD;aqmif+yD; “trsK;d om;tusK;d pD;yGm;umuG,af pmihaf &;aumfrwD” (NISC) ,l*st D zGŒJ }u;D ay:ayguv f mygw,f? ‘NISC’ rSm txufArmjynf Auo/ tzsuo f rd ;f cHEidk if H a&;ygwD (3)ck/ q&mrsm;or*~/ v,form;or*~/ a&SŒaersm;or*~/ aps;csKad wmfor*~ pwJh tzGŒJ tpnf; awGyg0if+yD; e0w qef@usifa&; EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd azmf=uzkd@jzpfygw,f? &efukefòrdŒrSm aºuG;a=umfoHawGatmf[pf+yD; csDwufqENjyr_awG r&Sdawmhoavmuf jzpfoGm; ayr,fh rE Wav;rSmawmh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;u pufbD;ukd,fpDeJ@ aºuG;a=umfoHawG atmf[pf+yD;/ ajymufusm; csDwufqENjyyGJrsKd;awG ae&mtESH@ azmfxkwfqifE$J=uygw,f? =o*kwfv (5) &uf (6)&uf (7) &ufae@awGrmS txu (3)/ txu (5)/ txu (9)/ txu (15)/ txu (16)/ txu (1)/ txu (2) wkd@rSm ausmif;om;awGpka0+yD; aºuG;a=umfoH atmf[pfqENjy=uwmawG ay:aygufvmcJh ygw,f? =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@ (&Spfav;vkH; 2 ESpfajrmufae@) rSmawmh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;u OD;aqmif+yD; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ypHk o H pfwckukd azmfaqmifvu dk yf gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H txdr;f trSwf qGr;f avmif;yGJ usi;f ycJw h mjzpfygw,f? &[ef;oHCmtyg; (1000) avmufu oydwu f , dk pf u D idk +f yD; ºuGvm awmfr=l u+yD;/ owfrw S x f m;whaJ e&mrsm;uae ausmif;om;vli,fxk jynfov l x l u k ae qGr;f avmif; =uwmjzpfygw,f? vkòH cHa&;wyf/ ppfwyfawGu oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ pDwef;vSnv hf nfy/JG vli,fx&k ŒJ qGr;f avmif;yGJ ukd òyduGJatmif òzdcGJzkd@ óud;pm;wJhtwGuf ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfyGm;&+yD; aºuG;a=umf atmf[pfqENjyyGJ}uD; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? xkH;pHtwkdif; ppfwyfu aoewfeJ@ ypfcwft=urf;zuf+yD; òzdcGJcJhygw,f? xdckduf'%f &m&cJhwJh oHCmawmfawG&SdcJhygw,f? oydwfawGusuGJatmif rzG,fr&mðyrlwm ouFef;ukd twif;qGJ &rf;wmrsKd;awG jzpfay:cJh&ygw,f? bDbDpD/ AGDtkdat/ atmvftif'D, owif;XmawGu oHCmawmf rsm;&JŒ pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyyGJowif;ukd xkwfv$ifhcJh=uwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu w0ufzkH; w0ufazmf ykHpHrsKd;eJ@ rE Wav;òrdŒ oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_owif;ukd azmfjycJh&ygw,f? ppftpk;d &u tEkid &f NLD eJ@ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tay: yk+d yD; zdEydS zf @dk tm;xkwv f mcJh ygw,f? rE Wav; oHCmxkukdvnf; ESdyfuGyfEkdifzkd@ wkd;jr‡ifh}uHpnfvmcJhygw,f? pufwifbm (6) &ufae@rmS NLD ,m,D OuUÏ OD;=unfarmif eJ@ OD;cspcf ikd f wk@d udk e0w ppftpk;d & u zrf;qD;vkdufygw,f? NLD A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifawGeJ@ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJŒ0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd vnf; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy zrf;qD;axmifcswmawG vkyfaqmifvmygw,f? jynfe,f/ wkdif;/ òrdŒe,f/ &yfuGuf/ aus;&Gm toD;oD;u NLD ±kH;awGukd 0ifa&muf&SmazGwm pm&Gufpmwrf;awGukd odrf;qnf; wmrsK;d awGvnf; ae&mtES@H vkyaf qmifzEd ydS v f mcJyh gw,f? NLD acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd v$waf wmfu, dk pf m; vS,fwcsKdŒ tzrf;tqD;rcH&atmif xGufajy;wdrfa&Smif&wmawG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&&JŒ v$wfawmfac:ay;a&; jiif;qefr_a=umifh v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fwcsKdŒu pifòydiftpkd;& zGJŒpnf;a&;ukd óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=uwmawGvnf; obm0uspGm ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? 516
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
pufwifbm (29) (30) eJ@ atmufwkdbm (1) &ufae@awGrSm tr&yl& v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f OD;bbGm; tdrfrSm rE Wav;taemufawmifòrdŒe,f NLD ±kH;rSm/ rE Wav;aròrdŒ vrf;ab;wae&m&Sd qefpuftwGi;f rSm v#KŒd 0Suf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG; n‡Ed id_ ;f =uwmawG vkyaf qmifc=hJ uw,fqydk gw,f? tJ'v D dk pifòydiftpkd;& zGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uwmawGukd e0w ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u azmfxkwfzrf;qD;cJh+yD; zrf;qD;&rdcJhwJh v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawGudk axmif'%f jyif;jyif;xefxef csrSwfcJhovkd/ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfuaevnf; y,fzsufa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? tJ'v D dk +idr§f yd ppftpk;d &&JŒ rawmfw&m; zdEydS v f yk af qmifra_ wGa=umifh NLD v$waf wmfu, dk f pm;vS,fawGtygt0if NLD ygwD0ifawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;&JŒ A[kcd surf ozG,jf zpfaewJh KNU &JŒ “rme,fyavm” XmecsKyfe,fajrqD enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ a&muf&o dS mG ; =uygw,f? tusKd;quftjzpf “trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf (NLD-LA) eJ@ “jynfaxmifpk jrefrm Ekid if t H rsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpk;d &” (NCGUB) ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? òrdŒay:awGrmS ppftpk;d &&JŒ rw&m; zdESdyfzrf;qD;r_awGa=umifh xGufajy;vm=u&wJh ausmif;om;ygwD “vlŒabmifopf” 0ifrsm;uvnf; “rme,fyavm” ukd tajcðy+yD; awmwGi;f a&muf “vlŒabmifopfygw”D ukd wnfaxmif zGiv hf pS v f u dk f =uygw,f? 'DZifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;pde0f if; OD;aqmifwhJ ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H trsK;d om;!Gef@aygif;tpkd;& a=unmpmwrf;’ xGufay:vmcJh+yD; pifòydiftpkd;& zGJŒpnf; ay:xGef;vmcJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&; 'Dru dk a&pDwu dk yf }JG uD;ukd wcJeuf yg0ifqifE=J$ uzk@d jynfoo l @dk yef=um; csufvnf; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f (22-1-91 ae@ rSm NLD (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) A[dkpnf;§aumf udpk wifzŒJG pnf;+yD;/ (16-2-91) ae@rmS xyfrw H ;kd csŒJ um NLD-LA udzk ŒJG pnf;ygw,f? pnf;§aumfzŒJG pOf u a'guw f mpde0f if; OuUÏ wm0ef,cl +hJ y;D / aemufyikd ;f rSm NLD-LA OuUÏ [m OD;0if;cuf jzpfvmygw,f?) (+idr§f yd ppftpk;d &uawmh tEkid &f NLD tzGŒJ csKyfudk OD;wnfòzdcJG zdEydS &f if; w&m;0ifwnf&adS ewJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGukdvnf; tpkd;&&JŒ xkwfjyefxm;wJh 1§90 ukd vkdufemygr,fqkdwJhta=umif; twif; t=uyf vku d v f H vufrw S t f xk;d cdik ;f wm vkyyf gw,f? NLD ,m,D OuUÏ OD;=unfarmif zrf;qD;axmifcs wmcHvkduf&+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf OuUÏ tjzpf wm0ef,lvkdufwJh OD;atmifa&$ udkvnf; +idrf§yd tpkd;&u jypfru _ six hf ;Hk yk'rf (160) t& qifah c: +y;D 1§90ukd vku d ef mygr,fqw dk t hJ a=umif; (9-12-90) ae@rmS twif;t=uyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;ckdif;ygw,f?) EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;awGukd twif;t=uyf tEkdiftxufðy+yD; Oya'awG trdef@a=unm csuaf wGukd rvku d ef mrae& tvku d ef mckid ;f aecJah yr,fh e0w uk, d w f idk ;f uawmh olw@dk u, dk w f idk jf yÏmef; xkwfjyefxm;cJhwJh jynfolŒv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ Oya' yk'fr (3) yg “v$wfawmfukd rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufaom v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJŒpnf;&rnf” qkdwmukdawmh vkH;0 vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;rðyyg? 1§90 rSmyJ azmfjyxm;wJh v$wfawmfukd ‘e0w’ uyJ ac:ay;r,fqkdwmukdvnf; ac:ay;jcif;rðywJhtjyif v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawGudk zrf;qD;wm +cdrf;ajcmufwmawGyJ qufwkduf vkyfaqmifaecJhygw,f? tD;,l eJ@ *syef wkd@u a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd av;pm;vkdufemzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;ajymqkdwmukdvnf; r=um;a,mifðyaecJhygw,f? wm0ef}uD; (4)&yf qkw d mukd xrf;aqmifb@dk aºuG;a=umfwufvmcJw h ehJ 0wuk/d wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfqw dk mukd xrf;aqmifb@dk teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
517
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
aºuG;a=umf wufvmcJhwJh e0wukd wm0ef}uD; (4) &yf&J@ aemufqkH;wm0ef}uD;jzpfwJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;awmif atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf ppfwef;vsm;omjyefzkd@ &Sdawmha=umif; jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u axmufjya0zef awmif;qkd=uwmawGukd vnf; rsufESmajymifwkdufae±kHru v$wfawmfac:ay;a&; awmif;qkdolawGudk tm%m±l;awGtjzpf olckd;u vlvl[pfaevkdufygao;w,f? 1§90 a=unmcsu&f ŒJ aemufrmS uk, d [ hf muk, d f wm0efay;+yD; t}uD;tus,f atmf[pftoH jrnfvmwmuawmh 'kd@wm0efta&; (3) yg;qdkwmjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkròyduGJa&;/ wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf r_ òyu d aJG &;/ tcsKyftcsm tm%m wnfwchH ikd +f raJ &;qdw k hJ ta&; (3) yg;udk aºu;G a=umf+y;D tm%mudk &wJhenf;eJ@ taozufwG,fxm;a&;udk xyfqifhvkyfaqmifvmjyefygw,f? tpkd;&&JŒ wapmifwnf;aom owif;pmuae ppfAkdvf}uD;awGukd,fwkdif uavmifemrnf trsKd;rsKd;cH+yD; 0ifa&;=uwJh oa&mfawmfawmfaighawmhawmh owif;aqmif;yg; qkdwmawGxJrSma&m/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm [kdrSmonfrSm ajym=uqkd=u azmfjy=uwJh w&m;0ifxkwfazmfr_awGxJrSma&m/ xyfrH tmabmfzefw;D ajymqkv d mwmuawmh “a&G;aumufy}JG uD; +yD;+yDqadk wmh aemufxyfvyk &f r,fh [mbmvJ/ tajccHOya'opf a&;qGJa&;aygh” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ wkwfwkwfr# rv_yfyg? tEkdif& NLD eJ@ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; vkH;0rvkyfyg? e0w [m EkdifiHa&;ygwD tpkd;&r[kwfwJh twGuf EkdifiHa&;t& awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;p&mta=umif; r&Sdbl;vkd@ qkdygw,f? 1990 jynfhESpfxJrSm 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu xGufay:vmwJh xl;jcm;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_ tjzpftysuw f ckuawmh “av,mOftykid pf ;D r_” jzpfygw,f? tdE, dN rSm av,mOfqif;oufc+hJ y;D / OD;wifO;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unf tygt0if tzrf;tqD;cH EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jyefv$wfay;a&;awmif; qkdcJhygw,f? 1990 jynfhESpf tukefrSm ArmjynfvufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG&JŒ tajctae ukd=unfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD}uD; òyduGJoGm;&+yDjzpfwJhtjyif Auy tajccHvGwf ajrmufa'oqkdwmvnf; r&SdawmhyJ Auy [m ,l*sDygwDb0 a&muf&SdoGm;&+yDjzpfygw,f? (yefqef; A[kd usq;Hk &+y;D aemufyidk ;f rSm/ pckew f ed @f ,ed ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ (101) ppfa'o ‘yef0g’ ukd Auy A[kad &muf &Sd tajccs=unfhao;ayr,fh e0w eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;,lzkd@ pckefwdef@,def;u (15/ 10/ 89) ae@rSm qkH;jzwf vkduf+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf (89) ckESpftukefrSm Auy A[kd[m (101) ppfa'ouae xGufcGmay;vkduf &+yDjzpfygw,f?) Auy vGwfajrmufa'oa[mif;awGeJ@ ta&SŒajrmufa'owcGifvkH;[m tzGJŒtpnf;emrnf topfawGeJ@a&m/ t&ifrlvemrnfawGeJ@yg +idrf;tzGJŒawGjzpfae=u+yD;jzpfygw,f? Oyrm ‘0’ uawmh “0oy” emrnfe@J / (101) u NDA emrnfe@J jzpf+y;D “aq;xif” OD;aqmifwhJ “SSA” uawmh “SSA” emrnfeJ@yJjzpfygw,f? e0w&JŒ +idrf;tzGJŒawG ay:xGef;a&;óud;yrf;r_rSm bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[ef vnf; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ay;cJhygw,f? (yxrqkH; +idrf;tzGJŒjzpfapr,fh udk;uef@tzGJŒu Auy udk ykefuefcGJ xGufapa&;twGuf avmfppf[ef[m 1982 ckESpfuwnf;u zkef=um;&Sif;xH vl,kHv$wf+yD; óud;pm;cJh ygw,f? 1984 eJ@ 1987 ckESpfawGrSm aemufxyf (2) }udrfvlv$wf+yD; óud;pm;cJhygw,f// zkef=um;&Sif;u tajctae r&ifhrSnfhao;bl;vdk@ v#dKŒ0Suf ta=umif;jyefcJh+yD;/ 1989 ckESpfa&mufawmh tcsdefus+yD/ 518
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
pDpOfz@kd oifah wmf+yDv@kd ta=umif;jyefcw hJ ,fqykd gw,f? avmfppf[ef u tpd;k &ppfwyfe@J aygi;f +yD; ykeu f ef cGx J u G af &;udk jyifqifvyk u f ikd af y;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D ajctae tcsut f vufrsm;t&/ zke=f um;&Si;f acgi;f aqmif wJh ud;k uef@tzGŒJ [m 1989 ckEpS /f rwfv (11) &ufae@rmS ykeu f efcx JG u G af &;twGuf tcdik t f rm taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhwm jzpfygw,f?) Auy vGwfajrmufa'o aysmufuG,foGm;+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf/ KNU wkd@&JŒ rme,fyavm Xme csKyf[m vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;pGm awmwGif;a&muf&Sdvm=uol 'Drkdua&pDtif tm;pkrsm;pGm&JŒ rSDckdtm;xm;&m A[kdcsufjzpfvmygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ tòzdcsifqkH;ae&mwckvnf; jzpfvmygw,f? ( 1991 ckESpfxJrSm ‘rme,fyavm’ XmecsKyfrSm tajcðy+yD; 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu ay:xGufvmjyefwmuawmh “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD” (NCUB) jzpfygw,f? NDF, DAB, NLD-LA, NCGUB tzGŒJ (4) zGŒJ ukd qufpyfay;zk@d trsK;d om;aumifpu D dk zGŒJ pnf;cJw h mjzpf ygw,f? NCUB &JŒ OuUÏuawmh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D apmbkjd r jzpf+y;D / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;u OD;wifatmif (NLD-LA) jzpfygw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wckuawmh rE aW v;òrdŒ av;jyifav; &yf “oHCmhomr*~D” tzGJŒ}uD;OD;aqmifwJh oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ ywWeduUKZ…e uHaqmifyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? e0w tm%mykdifrsm;&JŒ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tay: rzG,fr&m ðyrlqufqH zdESdyfr_tay: qef@usif uef@uGufvkduf=uwJh 0denf;awmfabmiftwGif;uae aqmif&Gufvkduf=uwJh ‘uHaqmifr_’ }uD;jzpfyg w,f? e0w tm%mykdifrsm;&JŒ tvªtwef;rsm;ukd vufrcHa=umif;/ e0w tm%mykdiftzGJŒtpnf; 0ifrsm;&JŒ oma&;/ ema&; udpPt00ukd vkH;0 &Gufaqmifay;r,fr[kwfa=umif; qkH;jzwfvkduf=uwJh uHaqmifyGJjzpfygw,f? e0w tm%mykdifrsm;ukd t±_dufxdoGm;apcJhwJh v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;jzpfygw,f? rE Wav;òrd@oHCmawmfrsm;&J@ ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmifr_ukd rSefw,fvkd@pmxkwfay;cJhwJh ydËduwfokH;ykHaqmif q&mawmf OD;okr*Fv tygt0if =o0g'gp&d, q&mawmf}uD;ukd;yg;ukdvnf; ppftpk;d &u zrf;qD;cJ+h yD; axmifcsypfcyhJ gw,f? axmifxrJ mS tay: jzL atmufjzL t0wfe@J yJ aeapcJyh g w,f? tm%meJ@ ywfoufvm&if &[ef;a&m oHCma&m b,folŒukdrS csrf;omay;vdrfhr,f r[kwf/ avmuDa&moHo&myg bmukdrS *±kpkdufvdrfhrnfr[kwf qkdwmukd ppftpkd;&u jyocJhygw,f? 90 jynfEh pS f tukeyf idk ;f rSmawmh Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD; apmarmif uk, d w f idk f rE aW v;txd qif;vm+yD;/ ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;!¸ef=um;+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;aygif; (350) ausmfukd ppfwyfeJ@ twif;0ifa&muf pD;eif;yg w,f? oHCmawmfawGukd &meJ@csD+yD;vnf; zrf;qD;ypfcJhygw,f? 1991 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;rSm Auy ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_/ 4828 aumfrwDukd xyfrHazmfxkwfzrf;qD;cJhyg w,f? 89 ckESpfwkef;u azmfxkwfzrf;qD;&rdr_r&SdcJhwJh 4828 aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rª; OD;armifukd eJ@ ukad usmjf r wk@d tpkudk azmfxw k zf rf;qD;vku d Ef idk w f mjzpfygw,f? 4828 aumfrwDacgi;f aqmif OD;armifudk ukd ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGu ppfa=uma&;tqifhrSmwif taoowfypfcJhygw,f? 1991 ckESpfxJrSm tEkdif& NLD v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;/ NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzGJŒ0if/ A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0ifawGtyg jynfe,f/ wkdif;/ òrdŒe,f/ &yf/ aus;tqifhtoD;oD;u tzGJŒ0ifawGtajrmuftrsm; axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;wm cHae=u&+yDjzpfovkd/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
519
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;yg axmifeef;pHae=u&+yDjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&; tusO;f om; axmife@J cs+D yD;&Sad e+yDjzpfovkd (1991) ckEpS rf mS tif;pdeaf xmifwckwnf;rSmwif oHCmawmf tyg; (200) avmuf&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ydËduwfokH;ykHtm*kHaqmif OD;okr*Fv q&mawmftyg/ &Gmr y&d,wWdpmoifwkduf q&mawmf OD;wDavmu/ ar'deD q&mawmf/ r*~ifq&mawmf/ r[maAm"d q&m awmfw@dk vdk q&mawmf tausmt f armfawGvnf; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csxm;cHae&+yjD zpfygw,f? rE aW v; axmifeJ@ wjcm;axmifawGrSmvnf; oHCmhomr*~D OuUÏ OD;a&0w wkd@vkd OD;u0dEN wkd@vkd emrnf}uD; oHCmawmfawGtjyif wjcm;aom oHCmawmfawGtajrmuftrsm;vnf; axmifcscHae &+yDjzpfyg w,f? *ÏKefeDq&mawmf OD;um0d, eJ OD;uvsm% wkd@qkd&if oHCmawmfjzpfygvsuf ao'%fcsrSwf jcif;awmif cHae&+yDjzpfygw,f? tm%mv$Jajymif;ray;csifwJh tpkd;&u NLD ukd trsKd;rsKd;òzdzsuf/ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGukd trsKd;rsKd; zdESdyfapmfum;vkyf&if; jynfolvlxkukdvnf; trsKd;rsKd; 'kuQay;aecJhygw,f? vrf;jyifwHwm; aqmuf/ xkH;okwfckdif;wmuawmh wjynfvkH; tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,fjzpfwJhtwGuf AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmif ukd xkH;apmarmif vkd@ac:oluac:/ ukd,fhukd,fukd,f AkdvfcsKyfrª}uD; apmarmifvkd@ vkyfxm;wJh twGuf “*sKdukwf±l;}uD;awma=umif” vkd@ uifyGef;wyfolu uifyGef;wyfeJ@ e0w tay: jynfolvl xku &GH&SmpufqkyfaecJh=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmif &JŒ w[m;[m; w[d[deJ@ tda¹ENr& rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;awG=um; Akv d cf sKyfcif!eG @f &JŒ rm&oGef owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGq J w dk m}uD;awG=um;/ wapmif wnf;aom owif;pm}uD;twGif;u NLD ykwfcwfa&; 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ ykwfcwfapmfum;a&; aqmif;yg;rsK;d pk=H um; jynfov l x l }k uD;u e0w &JŒ trsK;d rsK;d aom uvdeu f s ,kwrf mr_awGukd atmhEv S ;Hk emae=uygw,f? 90 ckESpfxJrSm e0w ukd qef@usifoa&mfxm;wJh “bmawGjzpfukef=u+yD;vJ” qkdwJh uAsm&Snyf gpmapmifwck xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? a&;om;ol rif;vl eJ@ pmapmifppD Ofxw k af 0jzef@cscd o hJ l ‘rsKd;jrifh+idrf;’ wkd@ukd e0w u zrf;qD;axmifcscJhygw,f? 88§89§90§91 ckESpfawGtwGif; e0w +idrfydtpkd;&ukd zGifhcsxkd;ESuf wkdufckdufwJh tajymifajrmufqkH;uAsmawG qufwkduf a&;zGJŒcJholuawmh uAsmq&m ‘wifr;dk ’ jzpfygw,f? wifr;dk ukv d nf; 1991 xJrmS zrf;qD;axmifcsvu dk yf gw,f? ppftpk;d & qef@usiaf &;jyufv;Hk awGxw k rf a_ =umifh emrnfxif&mS ;vmolwOD;uawmh vl&i$ af wmf “Zm*em” jzpfyg w,f? Zm*em ukv d nf; +ird §f yd tpk;d &u 90 jynfEh pS x f u J wnf;u axmif (5) ESpcf svu dk yf gw,f? 91 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh axmifxaJ &mufae=u&ol tEkynmorm;awGvnf; awmfawmfrsm;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f yg0ifcrhJ a_ =umif/h NLD rSm yg0ifcrhJ a_ =umifh ppftm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &; Ekid if aH &;v_yf &Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifcJhr_a=umifh ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ tzrf;tqD;cH=u&wmawGjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &wufvm+yD;uwnf;u awmufavsmuf óud;yrf;tm;xkww f muawmh &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd oduQmcs o±kyfzsufa&;jzpfygw,f? 'grS e0w wufvmwm w&m;w,f/ ta&; awmfykH}uD;ukd òzdcGif;wmrSefw,fqkdwJh aumufcsuf&Ekdifa&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfwmjzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ukd qlyt l =urf;zufa&;orm;wk@d &ŒJ rif;rJph ±ku d v f y_ &f mS ;r_}u;D tjzpf Auy wk@d &ŒJ tm%m ukd jzwfvrf;u&,la&; óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;&JŒ tpdwftykdif;tjzpf vuf0J vuf,m tzsuform; aygif;pkHwkd@&JŒ twkdiftazmufnDnD vkyf}uHzefwD; azmfxkwf=ur_tjzpf wkdif;jynfòyduGJa&;tE W&m,f ta&;tcif;}uD;tjzpf trsKd;rsKd;wHqdyfuyf o±kyfzsufzkd@ óud;pm;cJhygw,f? wapmif;wnf;aom 520
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
owif;pmuae aqmif;yg;trsKd;rsKd; eJ@o±kyfzsuf/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJtvDvDuae rxdcvkwf xdc vkwaf pmfum;/ e0w tm%mykid t f qifq h ifu h ae ay:ay:xifxif ±_wcf sajymqkad ewmawGe@J wif tm; r&EkdifawmhwJh twGuf 90§91 ckESpfawGtwGif;rSm “v_dif;}uD;avxefjzpf&yfrSef” qkdwJh jyyGJ}uD;yg cif;usif;jyo+yD; ta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd o±kyfzsuf wkdufckdufum 0g'jzef@csdppfqifyGJ}uD; vkyfaqmifcJhyg w,f? jynfwGif; jynfy owif;pmq&m}uD;rsm;ukd ac:,ljyowm/ EkdifiHjcm;oH±kH; oHwrefrsm;ukd zdwf=um;jyowm/ ±kH;0efxrf;rsm; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ukdyg r=unfhrae& t=unfhckdif;wmawG vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;/ e0w tmabmfukd ±kdufoGif;jzef@csdEkdifzkd@ óud;yrf;cJhygw,f? axmifxJxnfhxm;wJh OD;0if;wif ukdyg ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u v#KdŒ0Sufac:xkwf+yD; olwkd@&JŒ tifAGdKif;cef;rSm jyowJhjyyGJ}uD;ukd =unf±h a_ p+yD; jyyG}J uD;tay: b,fv±dk j_ rifcpH m;&w,fqw dk m oabmxm;ok;H oyfcsuf ta&;ckid ;f cJw h ,f vk@d qydk gw,f? OD;0if;wif u e0w vkv d m;ovkd oabmxm;ukd razmfjyyJ trSet f wkid ;f &yfwnfum/ 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu &yfwnfum jynfvnfwkef@ jyefa0zefr_ay;cJhwJhtwGuf ppftpkd;& &JŒ ra=uEkdifrcsrf;Ekdif tòid;taw; trkef;ukd xyf+yD;&&SdcJhygw,f? b,fvkdyJ ppftpkd;&u óud;yrf;tm; xkwfxkwf jynfolvlxk}uD;=um;rSmvnf; ppftpkd;&&JŒtmabmf zefwD;0g'jzef@csdcsifcsufawGeJ@ qef@ usib f uftajzoabmxm;uko d m qkyu f idk cf , H x l m;=u+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ 0g'jzef@óud;pm;r_ ratmifjrifcJhyg? ppftpkd;&tzkd@ tlEku|JcwfcHvkduf&ovkd xyf+yD; rcHcsdrcHomjzpf&wmuawmh ppftpkd;& ukd,fwkdif trsKd;rsKd;o±kyfzsuf jypfwifa0zef±_wfcsaecJhwJh NLD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk EkAd ,fvq f k a&G;cs,af &;aumfrwDu urBmt h jrifq h ;Hk qk}uD;wckjzpfwhJ “+idr;f csr;f a&; EkAd ,fq}k uD;” cs;D jr‡ihf vkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f? 1991 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm (15) &ufae@rSm urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; EkdA,fvfqk}uD;udk a':atmifqef;pk=unf&&SdcJhygw,f? EkdA,fvfqka&G;cs,fa&;aumfrwDu 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; twGuf +idrf;csrf; aomenf;vrf; rsm;eJ@ &J&J0Hh0Hh wkdufyGJ0ifoltjzpf jrifhjrifhrm;rm;wefzkd;jzwfcJhygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;xku pm&Gufpmwef;awGxkwf+yD; axmufcHv_yf&Sm;=uwJhtwGuf ausmif;awGydwfvkdufygw,f? 1991 'DZifbmvxJrSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ pmtkyfwtkyf xGufay:vmygw,f? t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ xGufay:vmwJha=umuf&GHŒ jcif;rSvGwfuif;a&; (Freedom From Fear) jzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&u trsKdrsKd; zdESdyfapmfum; ±_wfcsaecJhayr,fh wurBmvkH;uawmh a':atmifqef; pk=unfudk tr$e;f wif *k%ðf y tav;xm;cJ=h uygw,f? Ekid if w H umtqifh *k%x f ;l aqmif bGŒJ xl;*k%x f ;l awGcs;D jr‡iahf y;tyfc=hJ uovkd a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmufa&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf v$waf y; a&;ukdvnf; enf;vrf;aygif;pkHeJ@ awmif;qkd azmfxkwfcJh=uygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd av;pm;zkd@/ tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udk vkyfaqmifay;zkd@ukdvnf; jynfwGif;'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@twl EkdifiHw umtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf; wkd;jr‡ifhazmfjyawmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f? “tEkid &f wJyh gwu D dk tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;vku d rf mS ayg”h qkw d hJ pum;rsK;d eJ@ “47 zGŒJ pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'eJ@jzpfap/ 74 zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJjzpfap vkt d yfovkd jyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef” qkw d hJ pum;ukd vlod&Sif=um; ajymqkdcJhwJh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif [m pum;ukd uajymifujyef ajymqkdvm±kHru/ ±l; ovkd aygovkd pum;rsKd;awGukdvnf; ajymqkdvmcJhygw,f? “NLD ukd bmvkd@ tm%mv$J&rSmvJ/ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
qd&k , S v f pfvrf;pOf” vkycf o hJ vd/k 'Dru kd a&pDukd vufcv H u kd &f awmhvnf; “jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef'rD u dk a&pD” vkyfcsifaecJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;t&uawmh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkyJ aºuG;a=umf+yD; EdkifiHjcm;&ifESD;jr‡yfESHr_awG tvHk;vdkuf t&if;vdkuf 0ifvma&; ar#mfvifhjyifqifcJhygw,f? 30-11-88 ae@rSm e0w Oya'trSwf 10§88 eJ@ “Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡yEf rHS O_ ya'” jyÏmef;+yD; wHcg;zGiahf y;cJyh gw,f? 30-5-89 rSmtrde@f a=unm pmtrSwf 1§89 eJ@Eikd if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡yEf cHS iG &hf dS pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG owfrw S jf yÏmef;&if; Edik if yH ikd v f yk if ef; tjzpf owfrw S x f m;wJh vkyif ef;trsK;d tpm; (12) ckrt S y Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jr‡yEf o HS al wGukd vkycf iG ahf y;cJyh g w,f? jynfyaºuG; tar&duefa':vm oef; (4000) ausmf/ jynfwGif;aºuG;usyfaiGoef;aygif; (16000) avmufeJ@ rqv tarGudk qufcHvmcJh&wJh e0w ppftpdk;&[m jynfyaºuG; twdk;t&if; qyfzdk@ ppfoHk;p&dwfawGudk wdk;csJŒzdk@ jynfyoGif;ukefawGudk rSm,lEdkifzdk@/ ysm;&nfeJ@ 0rf;csa&;twGuf 0efxrf;awGudk vpmwdk;ay;zdk@wdk@twGuf EdkifiHjcm;aiGtvHk;t&if;eJ@ &a&;[m tylwjyif;vdktyfcJh+yD; enf;rsK;d pHek @J &SmazGcyhJ gw,f? t&HEikd if jH cm;aiGvnf;r&Sw d hJ ppftpd;k &[m opfawmawGukd opfuu G v f u kd f EdkifiHjcm;udk vuf!kd;xdk; a&mif;pm;wm/ ig;ykpGefaygwJh yifv,fjyifudkyg aps;aygaygeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf; ukr`%DawGudk a&mif;pm;wm/ "gwfowWKeJ@ ausmufrsuf&wemawGudk t&ifpvdk wl;azmf+yD; qlvG,f eyfv, G f a&mif;pm;wmawGvyk +f yD; “wdik ;f jynfukd vuf!;dk xd;k a&mif;pm;aeaom e0w” qdw k hJ bGŒJ xl;udk rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ &,lcJhygw,f? arSmifcdkvkyfief;tjzpf wnf&SdcJhwJh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;udkvnf; w&m;0if vkyfief;tjzpf azmfjyvdkuf+yD;/ vlxk&JŒ pm;0wfaea&; t=uyftwnf;udk ,m,Dxdef;odrf; xm;Edkifzdk@ touf±layguf&atmif vkyfxm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ aiG&SmwmawmifrS vdktyf wJhaiGu rjynfhwJhtwGuf *syefEdkifiH&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;ydkifajruGufudk a':vmoef; (270) eJ@a&mif;pm;+yD;/ txnf}uD;ysuf rkqdk;rajz&Sif;yHkajz&Sif;enf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;cJh&ygw,f? jynfwGif;oHk;pGJzdk@twGuf vdktyfwJh aiGa=u;awGudkawmh 0gZDpuf±Hkuae vdkoavmuf±dkufESdyfxkwfvdkufygw,f? e0w wufvm+yD; (6) vwmtwGif; aiGpuUL usyfoef;aygif; (6739²9) oef; ±dkufESdyfjzef@a0 oHk;pGJypfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef; [kef;ueJjrifhwufoGm;cJh+yD; jynfwGif;ukefaps;E_ef;awGvnf; tqrwef jzpfoGm;cJh&yg w,f? ppftpdk;&u ukefaps;E_ef;jrifhwuf&r_awGtwGuf xHk;pHtwdkif; ukefonf }uD;awGudkyJ vuf!kd; xdk; w&m;cH&SmjycJh+yD;/ twif; ukefaps;E_ef;tcscdkif;wmawG t±_H;cHcdkif;+yD; aps;av#mha&mif;apwmawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? wzufu aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;atmf+yD;/ wzufu twif;t=uyf ta&mif;cdik ;f wm awGvnf; a&SŒaemufrnD vkyaf qmifcw hJ t hJ wGuf omrefuek o f nf}uD;awG 'kuóQ uH=u&ygw,f? v,f orm;awGudkvnf; vGwfvyfpGm pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf a&mif;0,fcGifhðyw,fvdk@ wzufua=unm&if;/ wzufu oD;ESHawG twif;a&mif;cscdkif;&mrSm b,fwkef;ur&SdcJhzl;wJh “ppfwyfpyg;cGJwrf;” qdkwmyg ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? ppfwyftwGuf ra&mif;rae& ta&mif;cdkif;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tm%modrf; umpu (2) odef;avmuf&Sdae+yDjzpfwJh ppfwyf}uD;udkvnf; (Auy awGvnf;r&Sdawmhbl;/ tukefòyd ysufoGm;+yD;vdk@ aºuG;a=umfaewJh=um;xJu tqufrjywf wdk;wdk;zGJŒ&if;) ppfwyftwGuf pyg;udk v,form;awGu tepfemcH qufoay;ae&ovdk jzpfwt hJ wGuf v,form;awG ausmaumhatmif cH=u&ygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
523
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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EdkifiHjcm;aiG tcuftcJ=um;xJu ppfwyftwGuf ppfvufeuf0,f,lr_udkawmh/ wESpfxuf wESpf tqaygif;rsm;pGm wdk;+yD;om0,f,lcJhygw,f? tar&duefvufeufzsufodrf;a&; at*sifpD&JŒ tpD&ifcHpmt& (89) ckESpfrSm a':vmoef; (20) zdk;/ (90) jynfhESpfrSm a':vmoef; (110) zdk;/ (91) ckESpfrSm a':vmoef; (390) zdk;/ (92) ckESpfrSm a':vmoef; (140) zdk; 0,f,lcJhygw,f? tqrwef wd;k csŒJ zGŒJ pnf;vdu k w f hJ ppfwyf}uD;twGuf ppfo;kH p&dwu f vnf; 88§89 e0w tm%modr;f wufpESpf u usyf (1763) oef; (e0w toHk;p&dwf pkpkaygif;&JŒ 22³9µ) &Sd&mu 92§93 ckESpf bwf*swft& usyf (7365) oef;ausmf) jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ e0w&JŒ w&m;0ifpm&if;Z,m;t&udk umuG,fa&;toHk; p&dwf (ppfp&dw)f [m e0w toH;k p&dwpf pk ak ygi;f &JŒ (36³65µ) jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? Edik if w H um&JŒ cef@reS ;f csufuawmh toHk;p&dwfpkpkaygif;&JŒ w0ufausmfawmif&Sdr,fvdk@qkd=uygw,f? bwf*swfvdkaiGjyr_uvnf; ESpfpOfjzpfay:cJh+yD;/ rawmfrw&m; }uD;xGm;vmwJh ppfwyf}uD;&JŒ ppfoHk;p&dwf'%fudk wEdkifiHvHk;u ukef;cHae=u&ovdkjzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ pm;0wfaer_b0u awmh wae@wjcm; ydkydkqif;&Jvm&+yD; ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhr_'%fudk vdrfhaeatmifcH=u&ygw,f? tm%modr;f umpu/ qefwjynf (6usyef @J 10 =um;) &S&d mu (92) rSm qefwjynf usyf (30) jzpfae +yDjzpfygw,f? qDwydom (45) usyf&Sd&mu usyf (130) jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;kH pm;0wfaer_'u k Q t}uD;tus,f a&mufae=ucsed rf mS e0w xdyo f ;D 0if}uD;rsm;/ tqifhqifhaom ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;uawmh tm%meJ@ vkyfydkifcGifh tydkiftpm;&&Sdr_ a=umif/h ud, k ehf ,frmS ud, k b f &k ifozG,f jzpfvm=ur_awGa=umihf ae@csi;f ncsi;f csr;f omvm=uygw,f? vmbfay;vmbf,rl a_ wGvnf; ae&mwdik ;f rSm wd;k wufjzpfay:vmcJ+h yD;/ tykyef H o h wif;awG tES@H tjym; xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;avmu vmbfay; vmbf,lavmurSm emrnfxGufvmolawG uawmh wGi;f §2 }uD; Adv k cf sKyfwifO;D tygt0if/ rE aW v;wdik ;f u Adv k cf sKyfxeG ;f =unf/ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f u AdkvfcsKyfausmfb wdk@ emrnfxGufvmygw,f? wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&; aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwJh toHawGeJ@twl EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_vkyfief; awGudkvnf; ac:,lae+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGtm;vHk;udkvnf; ppfwyfu vuf0g;}uD; tkyfxm;Edkifa&;twGuf ajcjrefvufjref azmfxkwfvmwmuawmh OD;ydkifvdrdwuf pDrHcsuf}uD;jzpf ygw,f? (19-2-90) ae@rmS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H pD;yGm;a&;OD;ydik v f rd w d uf (The Union of Myanmar Economic Holding Limited) udk trdef@a=unmpmtrSwf 7§90 eJ@ zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f? (1957§58) wkef;u ay:aygufwGifus,fcJhzl;cJhwJh DSI vdk tzGJŒ}uD;oabmrsKd;jzpfygw,f? rwnf t&if;tESD;u ukaË (1000) vd@k qdyk gw,f? 88 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f vSnv hf nfo;kH pGaJ iG pkpak ygi;f rS ukË (1200) ausmyf &J &dS m ppfwyf&ŒJ ukaË (1000) OD;ydik v f rd w d uf}uD;twGuf t&if;tES;D udk 0gZu D xyf±u kd Of ;D r,fh oabmjzpfyg w,f? Armjynfordik ;f rSm t}uD;rm;qH;k aom t&if;tES;D pDrcH su}f uD;vnf;jzpfygw,f? rwnf&if;ES;D aiG ukaË (1000) twGu/f ukaË 400 (40µ) udk Edik if aH wmfjynfov l x l ak iGxu J usco H ;kH pG+J y;D / ukaË (600) (60µ) udk ppfwyfu xnfh0ifr,fvdk@ azmfjyygw,f? wdkif;jynfudk ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;t& csKyfudkifv$rf;rdk; xm;±Hkru/ pD;yGm;a&;t&yg tompD;,l v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifxm;Edkifzdk@ &nf&G,fzGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? ppfa&;t&uawmh Auy A[dkXmecsKyfyefqef;vnf; r&Sdawmhovdk Auy [m ajratmuf ygwDtjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? Auy uae cGJxGufykefuefoGm;=uwJh tzGJŒawG[m 524
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
+idrf;tzGJ@awGjzpfoGm;=uovdk/ &Srf;jynfe,ftESH@tjym;rSmvnf; +idrf;tzGJŒawG xyfrHay:aygufvmcJhyg w,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh ytdkifhtrsKd;om;tzGJŒeJ@ yavmifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf) autif,w l @kd &ŒJ “rme,fyavm” XmecsKyf[m vufeufuikd 'f rD u kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ A[kd csufrjzpfvm+yD;/ ppftpdk;&udk EdkifiHa&;t&/ 0g'jzef@csda&;t&/ ppfa&;t& jyif;jyif;xefxef jyefvnf wkef@jyef wdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? ppftpdk;&uvnf; “rme,fyavm” òzdzsufa&;udk enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ@ óud;yrf;aeovdk KNU tzGŒJ }uD;uvnf; e0w udk ppfa&;t& wd;k jr‡iw hf u kd cf u kd af &; tm;xkwf v_y&f mS ; ygw,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:0ifa&mufEdkifa&; óud;yrf;ygw,f? (1991) ckESpfxJrSm jrpf0u|ef;ay:0ifa&muf vmwJh u&ifvufeufudkifwyfawGudk ppftpdk;&u &uf&ufpufpuf xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufygw,f? jrpf0u|ef;ay:bufrSm e0w &JŒ xdk;ppfqifr_rSm/ u&iftrsKd;om; t&yfom;awGyg ajrZmyifjzpf&+yD; tajrmuftrsm; towftjzwfcH&wmawG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;wyfrsm;uvnf; e0w wyfukd qef@usiw f u kd yf q JG if=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif; om;wyf(ABSDF) udk,fwdkifu acgif;aqmifr_ydkif;rSm (2) jcrf;uGJaecJhygw,f? a'gufwmEdkifatmif acgif;aqmifwJhtpkeJ@ rdk;oD;ZGef acgif;aqmifwJh tpkqdk+yD; (2) jcrf;jzpfaeqJjzpfygw,f? autdkifat a'obufrmS tajccHxm;&wJh ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f ) rSmvnf; owfjzwfy}JG uD;ay:cJyh gw,f? ABSDF ajrmufyikd ;f OuUÏ xGe;f atmifausmf udo k wfjzwfz,f&mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? aoa=uolawG awmfawmfrsm; rsm;&SdcJhovdk nD!Gwfr_òyduGJwmawG jzpfay:cJhygw,f? jynfwGif;zdtm; EdkifiHwum&JŒzdtm;awG a=umifh (4) ESpfausmf (5) ESpfeD;yg; ydwfxm;&wJh wuUov kd af umvdyaf wGukd jyefziG Ehf ikd zf @kd ppftpd;k &[m jyifqifvm&ygw,f? 'D (4) ESpaf usmf (5) ESpef ;D yg; twGif;rSm e0w [m e0w ppfAdkvfxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;[m olwdk@&JŒom;orD;awG ynma&;udkawmh ta[moduH tjzpfrcHyJ EdkifiHjcm;rSm apv$wf ynmoifcdkif;wm/ enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ynma&;oif=um; &,lapwmawG vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f? jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH &JŒ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; tajctaeu awmh tqdk;qHk;taetxm;rSm jzpfaecJhygw,f? ppfoHk;p&dwfeJ@ ynma&;toHk;p&dwf/ usef;rma&; toHk;p&dwf/ udkE_dif;,SOf=unfhr,fqdk&if 91§92 bwf*swfrSm ppfoHk;p&dwf[m ynma&;toHk;p&dwf xuf (5³3) q/ use;f rma&;toH;k p&dwx f uf (4³5) qjzpfcyhJ gw,f? 92§93 bwf*swrf mS ppfo;kH p&dwf [m ynma&;toHk;p&dwfxuf (3³52) q/ usef;rma&;toHk;p&dwfxuf (4³09) qjzpfcJhygw,f? OD;=unfarmif tzrf;cH&+y;D wJah emufyikd ;f OuUÏ tjzpf OD;atmifa&$ u wm0ef,yl gw,f? e0w &JŒ trsKd;rsKd;zdtm;ay;r_awGa=umifh NLD ygwD wnf&Sd&yfwnfEdkifa&;udkyJ tav;xm;+yD; OD;atmifa&$ u aqmif&GufwmawG awGŒ&ygw,f? awmwGif;a&muf&SdoGm;=uwJh NLD v$wfawmfudk,f pm;vS,fawG/ zrf;qD;cH&+yD; tjypf'%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk NLD uae xkwfy,fa=umif; a=unmwmawGrsKd;/ OD;atmifa&$ u vkyfaqmifazmfjycJhygw,f? e0w uvnf; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfuae y,fzsufa=umif; a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuaewqifh woDw wef;}uD; tqufrjywf vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd ta=umif;r&Sd ta=umif; &Sm+yD; ðzwfy,fypfEikd af &;twGuf (10-7-91) ae@rmS trde@f trSwf 4§91 udx k w k jf yef+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'yg +idrf0yfydjym;r_qdkif&m jypfr_ (7) ck/ tusifhpm&dwWysufjym;r_qdkif&m jypfr_ (20) ckwdk@udk owf rSwfvdkufjyefygw,f? rlva&G;aumufyGJOya'rSm ryg0ifcJhyJ a&G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; wESpfausmf=umrS teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
525
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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rzG,fr&m owfrSwfjyÏmef;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tjypf&Smzdk@ owfrSwfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? (10-7-91) ae@pGJeJ@yJ Oya'trSwf 10§91eJ@ “jynfolŒv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'udk jyifqifonfhOya'” qdkwmjyÏmef;+yD; “TOya'onf jynfolŒv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ Oya'udk jyÏmef;onfh 1989 ckESpf arv (31) &ufae@rSpI tm%mwnfonf[k,l&rnf” vdk@ jyÏmef;um aemufa=umif;jyef tm%m oufa&mufapwJh Oya'tjzpf npfywfpkwfyJhpGm vkyf}uHzefwD;cJhygw,f? &nf&G,fcsufu v$wfawmf ud, k pf m;vS,f ta&G;cs,cf x H m;&olawGukd tjypf&mS z,f&mS ;Edik af &;twGuf wrifoufouf rawmfr w&m; owfrSwfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? t&SufrJhrJh ajymif npfywfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? rlvuwnf;u vkyfydkif cGifhay;rxm;cJhwmawGudk twif; xyfxnfhvmcJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf NLD u uef@uGufcJhygw,f? e0w u vufrcHcJhyg? (1991) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxJrSmawmh NLD XmecsKyfudkawmif (w&m;0if zGŒJ pnf;&yfwnfaewJh Edik if aH &;ygw/D tEdik &f ygwq D w kd mudak wmif *±krpdu k f tav;rxm;bJ) 0ifa&muf &SmazG+yD; pm&Gufpmwrf; rSwfwrf;rSwf&m tm;vHk;eD;eD;avmufudk ppftpdk;&u odrf;qnf;oGm;cJhyg w,f? usL;ausmfapmfum;cJhygw,f? 2-10-92 ae@rSm trdef@trSwf 13§92 qdkwmeJ@ trsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;ya&;aumfrD&Sifqdk wmudzk ŒJG pnf;+y;D (5-11-92) ae@rmS trdet f rSwf 14§92 eJ@ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd (9-1-93) ae@rmS pwifusif;yzdk@ e0w ppftpdk;&u a=unmvkdufygw,f? e0w tm%modrf;+yD; pwifvmcJhwJh ( 18-9-88) ae@uae (31-3-92) ae@ txd (3)ESpf ausmfumvtwGif;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk csKyf=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if bmpD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;r_pDrHudef;rS wdwdususr&SdbJ tvsOf;oifhovkd aumif;E_d;&m&m vkyfaqmifr_awGeJ@ c|wfòcHusaewJh pD;yGm;a&;udk toufqufEkdifzdk@ óud;pm;&if; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif acwfed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJhygw,f? (92) ckESpf {+yDvu p+yD; Adv k af pmarmif vnf; aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJyh gw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ opfawm/ a&jyif/ ajrjyife@J o,HZm wrSeo f r# vuf!;dk xd;k a&mif;pm;&if;/ wjynfv;kH u &&or#0ifaiG b¾mrSeo f r#&ŒJ w0ufe;D yg;avmuf udkppfwyf}uD;u (ppftoHk;p&dwfawGeJ@) oHk;pm;ypfvdkufwJhoabmjzpfygw,f? wjcm;wzufuae ajym&&if wdkif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyfu vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvdkuf+yD;/ ukaË (1000) t&iftESD;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;avmuudkvnf; v$rf;rkd;um ppftm%m&Sifpepf qufvuf wnfwHhcdkifrma&; udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajcvSrf;jyifvdkuf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? rqv qdkif;bkwfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf taumiftxnfazmfco hJ vdk urBmah &pD;a=umif;}uD;tvku d f 'Dru kd a&pDqikd ;f bkwef @J ppftm%m&Sipf epf qufvuf &Sio f eftaumiftxnfazmfEikd af &;udk ajcvSr;f jyifqif+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? 92§93 b¾ma&; ESpfup+yD; 95§96 txd umvwdk (4) ESpfpDrHudef; (pD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;r_pDrHudef;) udk e0w trsKd;om;pDrH udef;eJ@ zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu a&;qGJcsrSwfvdkufwJhtwGuf tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfudkif oGm;r,hfoabm azmfjyay:vGifae+yDjzpfygw,f?
526
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
trsKd ; om;nD v mcH / ppf w yf & J Œ tm%mavmbeJ ‹ Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;tajctae (90) jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;ray:cifu tedrfhqHk; EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&yfuawmh tjywf towf tEdkif&rSmr[kwf qdkwJh wGufcsufr_eJ@ tEdkif&wJhygwDudk tm%mtyfvdkufrSmaygh qdkwJh pum; rsK;d (47) zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@jzpfap (74) ckEpS f zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@jzpfap oifo h vdk jyifqift wnfðy+yD; tm%mv$Jajymif;/ aemufwufvmr,fh tpdk;&opfu zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf a&;=uayghqdkwJh oabmrsKd;ajymqdkcJhwJh e0w ppftpdk;&[m (90) jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;rSm olwdk@wGufcsufar#mfvifhxm;wmeJ@ ajymif;jyef/ tJeft,f'D u tjywftowf tEdkif&&SdoGm;wJhtcg csufcsif; avoHajymif;oGm;cJhygw,f? NLD u tjywftowf tEdi k &f &So d mG ;wJt h cg csucf si;f avoHajymif;oGm;cJyh gw,f? tm%m v$Jajymif;ray;bJ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHka&;qGJa&; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? ac:ay;&r,fh v$wfawmfudk ac:ray;wJhtwGuf *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;usif;yzdk@ jyif&mrSm/ usi;f ycge;D w&ufrmS bJ uyf+yD; 1§90 udk xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? tESpcf sKyfu v$waf wmfukd uk, d [ hf muk, d f ac:vkd@r&/ wyfrawmfu vufcHrSmr[kwfqkdwJh +cdrf;ajcmufcsufeJ@twl “v$wfawmfukd e0w uac: ay;r,f” “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfukd ta&G;cs,fcH&wJh jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;u a&;qGJ=u” qkdwJhpum;rsdK; ajymif;vJajymqkdcJhygw,f? Aavmif;AvJ vkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd Aavmif;AvJvkyf&mu v$wfawmfukd b,fawmhac:ay;rvJqkdwJh jynfwGif;jynfy ar;cGe;f awGukd [kv d v dk 'dk v D v dk dk qifa0S@&efa&Smifvyk &f if;u ac:ay;&r,fv h w $ af wmfudk ac:ray;yJ “trsK;d om;nDvmcH” qkdwmukd aºuG;a=umfvmcJhygw,f? wu,fu ‘trsKd;om;nDvmcH’ ukd ac:cGifhr&SdwJh e0w ppftpkd;&u rsufESmajymifwkduf+yD; ac:vmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? Auy tygt0if autJef,ltyg t0if awmwGi;f vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;ua&m/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if tajrmuf tjrm;u qef@usiu f ef@uu G f axmufjya0zefaewJ=h um;xJu vufeufuidk pf pfwyf}uD;ukd ykid q f idk x f m; wmwckwnf;eJ@ ac:cGifhr&SdwJh trsKd;om;nDvmcHukd twif;t=uyf zefwD;azmfaqmifcJhygw,f? ac:vku d jf yefawmhvnf; xyf+yD; rsuEf mS ajymifwu dk f vku d jf yefwmu v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,f tm;vk;H ukd wufa&mufciG rhf ay;yJ/ cGw J rf;cs wufa&mufcidk ;f wmjzpfaeygw,f? olw@dk u, dk w f idk f npfywf +yD;csrw S cf w hJ hJ trde@f trSwf 1§90 ukd awmifxyf+yD; csK;d azmufvu dk jf yefwmjzpfygw,f? zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccH Oya'opfukd ta&G;cs,fcH&wJh jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u a&;qGJ=uzkd@qkdwmukd (ukd,f ajymcJhwJhpum;ukdukd,f) uajymif;ujyef rvdrfhwywf xyfvkyfvkduf+yD; cGJwrf;eJ@yJwufa&mufapzkd@ zefwD;vkdufygw,f? rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ xyfrHnpfywfpkwfyJhcJhjyefwmjzpfygw,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcHwuf&ef tpktzGJŒ (8) zGJŒ owfrSwfcJh+yD; wufa&mufzkd@ owfrSwfcJhwJh vlOD;a& (702) OD;rSm ygwDukd,fpm;ðy v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f (92) OD;/ woD;yk*~v v$wfawmfukd,f pm;vS,f (7) OD;aygif; (99) om cGifhðycJhwJhtwGuf tm;vkH;&JŒ (14³10µ)yJ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f rsm; wufa&mufciG &hf cJyh gw,f? uset f rsm;pk}uD;[m e0wpdwóf uduf e0w acgi;f acguaf &G;cs,x f m;wJh olcsnf;vkdvkdjzpfcJhygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
527
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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1993 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@rSm e0w&JŒ trsKd;om;nDvmcH}uD; pwifygw,f? nDvmcH usi;f ya&;aumfr&Sif OuUÏ uawmh omoema&;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ e0wtzGŒJ 0ifvnf;jzpf/ &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;rª;vnf;jzpfwJh AkdvfcsKyfrsKd;!Gef@jzpfygw,f? e0w tpk;d &u olw@dk pw d óf uduf zefw;D jyifqif usi;f ywJh trsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;udk rusi;f yrD uwnf;u enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ od'd<wif yGJxkwfaºuG;a=umfwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? (11-7-92) ae@ trsK;d om;nDvmcH n‡Ed id_ ;f tpnf;ta0; (wwd,ae@) rSmuwnf;u Akv d cf sKyf rsKd;!Gef@u “ypPKy`efumveJ@ tem*wfumv om;pOfajr;jrpfvufxufwkdifatmif ckdifrmwJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;” vkd@ aºuG;a=umfcJhygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;uawmh ppftpk;d &&JŒ ESpaf yguw f aygucf sK;d zk@d rsuEf mS ajymifajymife@J usi;f yvmwJh 'Dnv D mcH}u;D ukd twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcHv@dk uifyeG ;f wyfc=hJ uygw,f? v$waf wmf ac:,lzGJŒpnf;ay;&r,fhtpm; trsKd;om;nDvmcHqkdwmeJ@ tpm;xkd;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf e0w &JŒ yuf pufwJht}uHeJ@ ay:aygufvmcJhwJh nDvmcHomjzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf NLD &JŒ ajyma&;qkdcGifhukd azmfjyzkd@&mtwGuf OD;atmifa&$ acgif;aqmifwJh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ[m nDvmcHukd wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&[m twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcH}uD;udk t&Sufr&Sd npfenf;aya'om rsK;d pkeH @J usi;f yðyvkyaf eqJrmS yJ? wzufuvnf; tm%mukd vkt d yfovkd jzef@usu&f mrSm vlxak emufcH tzGJŒtpnf;}uD;wck vkdtyfwJhtwGuf “jynfaxmifpk}uH›cdkifa&;ESifh zGHŒòzd;a&;toif;” qkdwJh }uH›§zGHŒ toif;}uD;ukd 1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv xJrSm zGJŒpnf;vkdufjyefygw,f? vlxkuawmh “}uH›zGwf” vkd@ac:a0: =uygw,f? wcsdefu ay:aygufcJhzl;wJh }uH›ckdifa&;toif;awGrsKd; jyefvnfazmfxkwfvm wmjzpfovkd ppftpk;d & tm;usvw S hJ tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if H ppftm%m&Siq f [ l mwk@d &ŒJ ppftyk pf ;dk r_ oufq;dk &Snfapa&; a'gufwkdif}uD; “*kdvfum” ygwDrsKd; zefwD;tokH;csEkdifzkd@ zGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfrª; }uD;oef;a&$ ukd,fwkdif em,uðy+yD; zGJŒpnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS e0w u oljzpfapcsiw f t hJ wkid ;f enf;rsK;d pkeH @J acgi;f acguaf &G;cs,x f m;wJh uk, d pf m;vS,t f rsm;pkukd ukid +f yD; vrf;a=umif;csrw S w f mawG vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? e0w rSm e0w pdwfóuduf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfwcktoifha&;qGJxm;+yD;&Sd+yD;jzpfw,fqkdwJh toHawGvJ EkdifiHa&;avhvmolawG=um;xJ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ay:aygufae+yDjzpfygw,f? r=umrDrSmyJ trsKd;om;nDvmcHqkdwJh qkdif;bkwfatmufrSm ppftpkd;&&JŒ &nfrSefcsuf tppf trSef ay:ay:xifxif ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? tajccH zGŒJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'opfudk tJ'D OD;wnfcsuef @J a&;qG&J r,fv@dk azmfjyvmcJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh “tem*wfEidk if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;OD;aqmifr_ u¾wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEkdifa&;” qkdwJh awmif;qkdr_}uD;jzpfygw,f? rsufESmajymif ajymife@J awmif;qkv d mcJw h muawmh jynfov l x l u k a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufz@dk rvkyd J ppfwyfu 25µ tvkd tavsmufae&m&&Sda&;jzpfygw,f? wnf;enf;tm;jzifh ppfwyfwrwfay:vpDukd zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'xJrSmukd tckdiftrm xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;+yD; ae&mtvkdtavsmufay;a&;jzpfygw,f? ppfwyf[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ EkdifiHa&;rSm ta&;}uD;wJhtcef;u yg0ifOD;aqmifcJh&oljzpfwJhtwGuf trsKd; om;EkdifiHa&;rSm OD;aqmifoltcef;u yg0ifcGifh&a&;[m tifrwefvkdtyfwJhudpPvkd@ t&Sufr&Sd awmif; 528
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
qdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f? wwkdif;jynfvkH;tay: woufvkH; om;pOfajr;qufrusef ppfwyfu t+rJ tay: pD;uae&m&a&; awmif;qkdcJhwmjzpfygw,f? e0w [m ppftm%m&Si}f uD; ql[mwk@d &ŒJ tif'edk ;D &Sm;ukd tm;usv+S yD; tif'edk ;D &Sm;v$waf wmf rSm ae&m (500) &Sw d t hJ euf ppfwyfu cGw J rf;ae&m (100) &&Sx d m;ovk/d ArmjynfrmS tif'edk ;D &Sm;xuf awmif tykdaqmif;vkduf+yD; 25µ ay;zkd@ awmif;qkdvkdufwmjzpfygw,f? urBmrSm r&Sdzl;ao;wJh t}uHtpnfrsKd;eJ@/ r&Sdzl;ao;wJh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'topfrsKd;ukd csrSwfazmfaqmifEkdifzkd@ awmif;qkcd w hJ mjzpfygw,f? e0w &JŒ tm%mavmbukd tpG,w f jyL;jyL;eJ@ jyovku d w f mjzpfygw,f? ppfwyfeJ@ ppfwyftEG,f0ifrsm;uvGJvkd@ e0w &JŒ tm%mavmbeJ@ rawmfw&m; taumif txnfazmfvrdk u _ dk b,f'rD u dk a&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;urS vufcEH idk jf cif;r&Scd yhJ g? orkid ;f w&m;cHjzpfEidk w f hJ udpP}uD;ukd b,f'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf; tppftrSefrsm;urSvnf; oabmwl acgif;ndwfvkdufavsm0Hhjcif;r&SdcJhyg? e0w u oljzpfcsio f vkd vG,v f , G u f u l l rjzpf&wJt h cg tEkid &f NLD tay: ykrd zdk Ed ydS w f mawG vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHqw dk hJ qkid ;f bkwef mrnfuadk wmif *±krxm;Ekid af wmhyJ e0w u csrw S cf siw f hJ ‘rl’ awGudk csrw S af y;wmawG/ bmom&yfwckcu k dk jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk raqG;aEG;&ao;rDrmS yJ wygwnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcswmawGyg twif;t=uyf usL;usL;vGefvGef vkyfaqmifvmcJhygw,f? 1994 azazmf0g&x D rJ mS tar&duefueG *f &uftrwf “bDv&f pfcswq f ef” Armjynfudk a&muf &Sv d m+y;D a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrf;cH&+y;D uwnf;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ (rdom;pk0ifr[kwyf )J yxrqk;H awGŒcGi&hf oljzpfcyhJ gw,f? e0w eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf =um; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;Ekid zf @dk óud;yrf; tm;xkwfcJhygw,f? ratmifjrifcJhyg? ZlvkdifvrSm a':atmifqef;=unf tzrf;cH&r_ (5) ESpfjynfhoGm;ygw,f? ‘tmqD,H’ tpnf; ta0; udk e0w ppftpk;d & avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufciG &hf ygw,f? tmqD,t H ygt0if wurBmvk;H u 'Dru dk a&pDvv dk m;olrsm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyefvw $ af y;a&; e0wukd azsmifzh swm zdtm;ay;wm awGvkyfaqmif=uygw,f? tmqD,Hu tðyoabmaqmif qufqHa&;ukd aºuG;a=umfygw,f? =o*kwv f xJrmS bmrif[rfrmS ausmif;xkid w f hJ ArmAk'b < mom bkeaf wmf}u;D q&mawmf OD;a&0w [m Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$/ Akv d cf sKyfcif!eG @f wk@d e@J awG@qEHk idk cf +hJ yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@vnf; awGŒcGihf &cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ e0w t=um; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;wm r=umrD jzpfay: vmygvdrfhr,fvkd@ ajymqkdwm xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? pufwifbmvxJrmS awmh e0w u jyuGuw f ck azmfxw k v f u dk yf gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }u;D oef;a&$/ AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@ wem&DcGJ=um awGŒqkH=uw,fqkdwJh owif;jyuGufjzpfyg w,f? okH;OD;pvkH; tòyH;ukd,fpDeJ@ykHawGukd EkdifiHawmfrD'D,mtm;vkH;uae us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ azmfjy vku d yf gw,f? NCGUB tygt0if 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u taumif;jrif±a_ 'gihf uae =unfhjrifokH;oyfcJh=uygw,f? atmufwb dk mvxJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ 'kw, d t}udrf awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_tjzpf e0w u wyfrawmf{nfah *[mrSm ok;H em&D=um awGŒqkyH w JG ck xyfraH zmfxw k +f yD; rD', D mrsm;uae w&m;0if azmfjycJhjyefygw,f? EkdifiHwumavhvmolrsm;uyg taumif;jrif ar#mfvifhcsufawG azmfjyvmcJh=uyg teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
529
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w,f? wu,fuawmh e0w [m EkdifiHa&;upm;uGufwckukd zefwD;azmfxkwfjycJhwmomjzpf+yD;/ bmrSa&&mwJh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;r_ukd vkyfaqmifcJhwmr[kwfyg? EkdifiHwumhzdtm;awGukd avsmhatmif &nf&G,fcJhwJh oabmomjzpfygw,f? 'DZifbmvxJrSm w±kwf0ef}uD;csKyf “vdzkef;” Armjynfukd tvnftywfa&muf&SdcJhygw,f? e0w ukd bmawGem;cscJhovJqkdwm/ bmawGaqG;aEG;cJhovJqkdwm xifa=u;awGom xGufay:vm cJhygw,f? e0w uawmh wzufu EkdifiHwumhzdtm;awGukd avsmhenf;atmif zefwD;jy&if; vufeuf ukid af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGudk avsmeh nf;atmif zefw;D jy&if; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tiftm; pkawG&JŒ A[kdcsufrvkdjzpfaewJh autJef,leJ@ autJef,l&JŒ ‘rme,fyavm’ ukd tjywfòzdzkd@ t"duOD; wnf+yD; ppfa&;jyifqifr_awG vkyfaecJhygw,f? Auy ukd òyduGJatmif óud;yrf;cJhovkd autJef,lukdvnf; òyduGJatmif oyfv#Kdóud;yrf;r_awG enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ tm;xkwfaecJhygw,f? autJef,lxJ&Sd c&pf,mefeJ@ Ak'<bmomt=um aoG;uGJr_awG ay:atmif bmoma&;t& ajc;xk;d wmawGvyk af qmifygw,f? òrid }f u;D il q&mawmfqw dk mukd ta=umif; ðy+yD; bmoma&;t& aoG;uGaJ tmif vkyaf qmifwmawG ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u ajcvSr;f &S&d dS azmfaqmif aecJhygw,f? 89 ckEpS f Auy cGx J u G +f idr;f tzGŒJ qkw d mawG pwifay:aygu+f yD;csed u f p+yD; ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ f )dk +idr;f tzGŒJ awG ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uum autJe, f +l yD;&if tiftm;t}uD;qk;H vk@d qkEd idk w f hJ KIO (autkid t [mvnf; (24-2-94) ae@rSm e0w eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;vufrSwfa&;xkd;vkduf+yDjzpfwJhtwGuf autJef,l ukyd J t"duxm; acsre_ ;f ypfvu dk Ef idk &f if vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tzGŒJ tm;vk;H ukd wcgwnf; +idro f mG ; atmif vkyfypfvkdufEdkif+yDvkd@ e0w bufu wGufqxm;+yD; ppfa&;jyifqifaejcif;jzpfygw,f? autJe, f [ l m wjcm;vufeufuidk t f zGŒJ awGvdk ‘+idr;f tzGŒJ ’ ykpH rH sK;d ukd vufrcHy/J ppfreS w f hJ +idr;f csr;f a&; awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_rsK;d uko d m awmif;qkad ewmjzpfwt hJ wGuf rme,fyavmXmecsKyfwckv;Hk ukd odr;f yku d f vku d +f y;D ppfa&;t&yg OD;csK;d ypfEidk zf @dk e0w bufu vkv d m;aewmjzpfygw,f? 1994 ckEpS /f ZGev f (7) &ufae@ ae@pGJeJ@ “ppfrSefckdif+rJaom jynfvkH;qkdif&m jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd wnfaqmuf&ef/ ESpfOD; ESpzf uf vufcEH idk o f nfh jynfywae&mwGif y%mruk, d pf m;vS,cf si;f awGŒqk=H u&ef” qkw d hJ autJe, f l OuUÏ&JŒ urf;vSrf;csufukd ta=umif;rjyef=um;yJ ppfta&;t& tajzay;Ekdifa&;ukdyJ tm;oGefóud;yrf; aecJhwmjzpfygw,f? KNU twGif; bmoma&; yËdyuQ tay:uae ay:aygufvmcJhwmuawmh DKBA ac: Ak'< bmom u&ifvufeufukdifwyfzGJŒjzpfygw,f? 94 ckESpf ESpfukefykdif;rSm ay:aygufae+yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&u DKBA ukd tm;ay;axmufcH em;vnfr_,lvkdufygw,f? KNU òzdzsufa&;twGuf DKBA ukd tokH;csygw,f? 1995 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvqef;rSmyJ e0w ppftpkd;&[m KNU wkd@&JŒ A[kdXmecsKyf}uD;udk tjyif; txef xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufygawmhw,f? KNU wkd@&JŒ A[kdXmecsKyf}uD;jzpf±kHwifru awmfvSefa&; vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;/ awmwGif;a&muf 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ XmecsKyf}uD;ozG,fvnf; jzpfwJh rme,fyavmXmecsKyf}uD;[m e0wppfwyf&JŒ odrf;ykdufjcif;cHvkduf&ygw,f? 530
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
rme,fyavmukd odrf;ykdufvkdufEkdifjcif;[m ppftpkd;&twGuf tifrwef}uD;us,fwJh atmif yG}J uD;jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? autJe, f t l ygt0if rme,fyavmukd tajcðyxm;=uwJh 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm; pk0if vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;[m (ausmif;om;wyf/ NLD-LA/ vlŒabmifopf wk@d tyg) pkpnf;&rdor# tiftm;eJ@ e0w&JŒxk;d ppfqifr}_ u;D ukd ckcw H eG ;f vSew f u dk cf u dk &f if; ‘rme,fyavm’ ukd pGef@cGmay;vkduf&wmjzpfygw,f? rme,fyavm usqkH;&r_[m awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf }uD;rm;wJh qkH;±_H;r_}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? rme,fyavm usq;Hk &+yD;aemuf awmfveS af &;vufeufuikd f tiftm;pk0ifawG awmfawmfrsm; rsm;a&m/ 'kuQonfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmyg xkdif;EkdifiHtwGif; tkHvkdufusif;vkduf a&muf&SdoGm;&ygw,f? a&muf&SdoGm;=uwJh ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;'kuQonf/ ppfab;'kuQonfawGukd ukvor*~'kuQ onfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif;}uD;±kH;u wwfEkdifor# ulnDaxmufyHhr_awGvkyfygw,f? tpkd;& r[kwfwJh NGO tzG J Œ tpnf ; rsm;/ azmif ; a';&S i f ; rsm;uvnf ; ul n D a xmuf y H h w m awG v k y f y gw,f ? vlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uvnf; ulnD&yfcH axmufyHh wmawGvyk w f ,f? tar&dueftygt0if EU Ekid if rH sm;uvnf; ppftpk;d &&JŒ vlŒtcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufr_ awGtay: tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;jcif; v$wfawmfac:,lcGifhray;jcif;awGtay: enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ ±_wfcsa0 zefwm/ e0w tpk;d &tay: uef@owfyw d yf ifwm/ ta&;,laqmif&u G w f mawG wqif+h yD;wqifh wk;d jr‡ihf vkyfaqmifwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? Armjynf'Drkdua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf tm;wufp&m auseyfp&mawG &Sdoifhoavmuf&SdcJh+yD;/ tm;jzpfoifhoavmuf jzpfcJhwmawmh trSefyJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyftm;ukd;eJ@ ppfwyf}uD;ukd xifovkd wkd;csJŒzGJŒpnf;xm;Ekdifwmwckwnf;eJ@ vufeufeJ@ t=urf;zuftkyfpdk;aewJh ppftpkd;&udk vufeufudkifenf;eJ@yJ jyefvnfwGef;vSef wkdufyGJ0ifrSjzpfr,f qkd+yD; vufeufukdifwGef;vSefcsif=uwJh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk0ifawGukd b,fEkdifiH}uD;awGurS vufeuf tultnD ppfa&;tultnDawGudkawmh &uf&ufa&ma&m ulnD=ujcif;r&Sdyg? pdwf"mwfa&;&m tultnD/ avtultnD/ aiGtultnDawGavmufuvGJvkd@ vufeuftultnD/ vufeufudkif wyf zGJŒpnf;a&;tultnDrsKd;awG ray;cJh=uyg? wOD;p wa,mufpu ppfa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh oifwef;/ vufeufuidk w f , G yf pfcwfenf;eJ@ ywfoufwo hJ ifwef;/ tHwak &;oifwef;qkw d mrsK;d awG ay;wm ulnD wmavmufuvGJvkd@ a,bk,stm;jzifh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJtwGuf vkdtyfwJh wu,fhtultnD rsKd;awG b,fEkdifiHurS ray;cJh=uyg? t=urf;zsif;ajym&r,fqkd&if ppfa&;vkdtyfcsufqkdif&m/ vufeuf ukdifwkdufyGJqkdif&m tultnDrsKd;awGray;wJhtjyif/ t=urf;zufwkdufyGJenf;emukdawmif rvkdvm;wJh oabmrsKd;/ vufeufudkifwkdufyGJenf;emukdawmif qef@usif+yD; “+idrf;csrf;pGm” qkdwJh enf;emukdom tav;ay; vufcHwJhoabmrsKd; azmfjycJh=u usifhokH;vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh vufeufuikd w f yfawG }uD;xGm;rvmyJ ppftpk;d &ukd olaoig&iS f wku d yf q JG ifEidk rf a_ wG }uD;xGm;rvmyJ/ avwkdufyGJawG/ rD'D,mwkdufyGJawG/ +idrf;csrf;pGm v_yf&Sm;qef@usifr_qkdwmawGom }uD;xGm;vmcGifh&cJhygw,f? +idrf;csrf;pGm wkdufyGJqifr_awG/ avwkdufyGJawG/ rD'D,mwkdufyGJawG[mvnf; olŒae&meJ@ol pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;}uD;wm/ wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifatmif tokH;0ifwmawG&Sdayr,fh/ vufeuf udkifxm;wJh ppftpkd;&uawmh vufeufukdif wkef@jyefwkdufyGJqifrSmukdom ta=umufqkH;jzpfcJh+yD;/ wurBmvk;H u 0kid ;f 0ef;±_wcf saewmukad wmif yrmrcef@vyk jf yaecJyh gw,f? 'g Armjynf&ŒJ jynfwiG ;f a&; teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
531
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
apzk@d / tmqD,w H @dk &ŒJ “tðyoabmaqmifqufqaH &;” qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfou H dk tpmau|;ay;Edik af &;wk@d twGuf uóud;wuGufajymif;jyzkd@ jyifvmygw,f? “1995 ckESpf/ rwfvxJrSm (zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ukd ppfwyfu armifykdifpD;+yD; wyfr awmfae@vkyfxm;wJh) ESpf (50) ajrmuf wyfrawmfae@ txdrf;trSwftjzpf OD;wifOD; (AkdvfcsKyf}uD; a[mif;)/ OD;=unfarmif wkd@tyg EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; (30) ausmfukd e0w u v$wfay;vkdufygw,f? 1995 ck/ Zlvkdifv (10) ae@rSm (6) ESpfeD;yg; t=u,fcsKyfeJ@ xdef;odrf;zrf;qD;xm;wJh EkdA,fvf qk& a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd e0w ppftpkd;&u jyefvnfv$wfay;vkdufygw,f? a':atmifqef; pk=unf aetdrftus,fcsKyfu jyefvnfv$wfajrmufvmjcif;tay: EkdifiHwumu 0rf;oma=umif; azmfjycJ=h uovk/d jynfwiG ;f jynfy awmfveS af &;tiftm;pktm;vk;H 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm; tm;vk;H uvnf; 0rf;ajrmufa=umif;/ óudqkda=umif; wcJeufazmfjycJh=uygw,f? óudqkd0rf;ajrmufa=umif; azmfjy&if; Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGtm;vk;H jyefvw $ af y;a&;/ 90 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fudk av;pm;vku d ef m a&; azmfjyawmif;qkdcJh=uwm&Sdovkd/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk OD;wnfwJh ajcvSrf;opfawG azmfaqmifa&;/ e0w/ NLD / wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdiftzGJŒtpnf;awGyg0ifwJh “okH;yGifhqkdifaqG; aEG;yG”J w&yf azmfaqmifa&;/ wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk twkid ;f wmaqmifwhJ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;/ trsK;d om;nD vmcH tppftrSef ac:,lEkdifa&; pwJh pwJh awmif;qkdwifjyr_awGukdvnf; azmfxkwfcJh=uygw,f? NCGUB, NCUB, NLD- LA, KNU wkd@tygt0if ytkd0fhjynfolŒvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒcsKyf/ vlŒabmifopfygwD/ ABSDF pwJh tzGJŒtpnf;aygif;pkHu a=unmcsufxkwfcJh=uovkd/ e0w eJ@ +idrf; csrf;a&;tzGJŒvkyfxm;=uwJh KIO / &vvz/ rGefjynfopfygwD pwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u vnf; a=unmcsufxkwfcJh=uygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf u aetdrftus,fcsKyfuae vGwfajrmufvmvmcsif;/ ygwDukd b,f tajctaeqk;d atmufrmS jzpfjzpf qufvufwnf&EdS idk af &; t"duOD;wnf+yD;/ OuUÏtjzpf&yfwnfaewJh OD;atmifa&$/ rlv OuUÏ OD;wifO;D / OD;=unfarmif wk@d tyg/ A[kt d vkyrf a_ qmifuseo f r#e@J awGŒqkn H Ed‡ id_ ;f wmawG pwifvkyfaqmifygw,f? &efukefòrdŒay:&Sd NLD òrdŒe,f±kH;wcsKdŒqD oGm;a&muf+yD; ygwDjyef vnfwnfaqmufa&; pnf;±k;H a&;qkid &f mudp&P yfrsm;udk &Si;f vif;ajymqk&d if; }uH}› uHc› idk cf idk f &yfwnf=uzk@d ppfrSefwJh'Drkdua&pDpepf ay:xGef;wJhtxd wkdufyGJ0ifpdwf"mwf jrifhrm;zkd@awG pdwf"mwfa&;&m wGef;wif E_d;aqmfr_awG vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tzrfcH xdef;odrf;cHae&pOftwGif; NLD wGif; ay:aygufcJhwJh jy\em&yfrsm;/ rnDr!GwfjzpfcJhr_rsm; rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;eJ@ t&yfom;ygwD 0ifrsm;t=um; jzpfay: cJhwJh uGm[r_rsm;/ txkwfty,fcHcJh&r_eJ@ ra=urvnfjzpfcJh&r_rsm;/ pwJhpwJh jy\emaygi;f pkt H ay:uae ar;=ujref;=u wifjy=uwmawGukd em;axmif&if;/ taumif;qk;H jzpfatmif aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif; oabmxm;ay;wmawG vkyfaqmifygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmufvm+yD;wJah emuf ay:xGe;f vmwmuawmh a':atmifqef; pk=unf aetdrfa&SŒ a[majym&Sif;vif;yGJawGjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: ar#mfvifhtm; xm;=uwJh vlxyk &dowfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf bmawGajymqk&d iS ;f vif;jyrvJqw dk m pdw0f ifwpm; vma&mufapmifv h if=h uwJt h ay:/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf u tdr0f if;+cHwcg;ayguf ckjH rifah y:uae&yf+yD; ajymqkd E_wfcGef;quf &Sif;vif;jywmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf ajymqkd&Sif;vif;wm teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
533
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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ukd em;axmifcsifwJh y&dowfu 'Da&tvm; wkd;wkd;+yD; vma&mufem;qif=uwJhtwGuf vlxkw&m; yGJ}uD;yrm jzpfvmcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ tywfpOfa[majymyGJ}uD;vkdvnf; jzpfvmcJhyg w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tywfpOf we*FaEGae@widk ;f a[majym&Si;f vif;+yD; vlx}k uD;eJ@ tquf rjywf&atmif tquftoG,fðycJhovkd jzpfcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf pum;ajymwJhae@wkdif;/ +cH0if;ayguaf &SŒ vrf;wavsmufv;Hk vlxyk &dowfjynf/h vrf;vk;H jynfh pnfum;vSygw,f? &efuek v f x l k r#ru ta0;uyg wul;wu vma&mufem;axmif=uwm/ odvkd&m&mawGukd ar;jref;=uwmawG&SdcJh ygw,f? bkef;}uD;&[ef;awG/ ouf}uD;t&G,ftkdawGyg vma&mufem;qif tm;ay;axmufcH=uwm awG awGŒ&ygw,f? vlxu k ar;jref;vmwJh ar;cGe;f awGukd a':atmifqef;pk=unf u csucf si;f vufiif; aumufumiifum csuu f svufus ajz=um;ay;wmawG vkyw f t hJ wGuf wrlx;l jcm;wJh “awGŒqkaH qG; aEG; a[majym&Si;f vif;yG}J uD;” yrmjzpfaeygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ajymqk&d iS ;f vif; a[majym csufawG[m xdrdajymifajrmufvSwJhtwGuf vlxkonf;ajcóudufjzpfcJhayr,fh/ e0w ppftpkd;&tzkd@ uawmh tonf; tyfe@J tqGc&H ovkd tcH&cufapcJyh gw,f? 'DtywfpOf awGŒqkaH [majym &Si;f vif;yGJ awGukd AD'D,kd±kduf rSwfwrf;olrsm;vnf;&SdcJh+yD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfw&m;yGJ AD'D,kdtacGawG[m enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@ vlxk=um; ysHŒESH@pdrfh0if wGifus,faecJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ ajymqkd&Sif;vif; ajz=um;csufawG[m qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm; xrif;&nfawmif ykvif;eJ@0,faomufae=u&wJh tajc taeuae 'Drkdua&pDoabmw&m;/ vlŒtcGifhta&;qkdif&m pHcsdefpH!¸ef;awGtv,f/ rsufarSmuf Ekid if w H umhtjzpftysu/f urBmt h ajymif;vJawGtqk;H / ta=umif;t&maygi;f pk/H e,fy,faygi;f pk/H tjzpf oepfaygi;f pk/H pkw H umhpaHk tmif yg0ifaecJyh gw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&; vlŒcGiahf &;qdik &f m ynmay;r_ jr‡iw hf ifr_ awGjzpfaeovkd ppftpkd;&&JŒ wu,fhtoGifo±kyfukd azmfxkwfzGifhcs a0zefjyaeovkdvnf; jzpfcJhyg w,f? ppftpkd;&[m emvkdcHcufjzpfcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf u awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;r_awGvkyfzkd@ ppftpkd;&ukd awmif;qkdurf;vSrf;wm vnf; wzufuae yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; tqufrjywf vkyaf qmifaecJah yr,fh ppfreS w f hJ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_udk rvkyfcsifwJh ppftpkd;&uawmh [kdauGŒonfa&Smifvkyf&if; jiif;y,f+rJ jiif;y,faecJhygw,f? a':atmif qef;pk=unf (6) ESpfeD;yg; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;cHae&pOftwGif; (2) }udrfwdwd awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;cJhwJh ykpH v H yk jf y+yD;/ Ekid if w H umtjrif jynfwiG ;f tjrifaumif;atmif vdrn f mzefw;D jycJah yr,fh a':atmifqef; pk=unfu, dk w f idk f vGwaf jrmufvm+yD;jzpfwt hJ cgrmS awmh bmrS r,fr,f&& awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;cJ&h ao;jcif; r&Sdao;wm/ tm;vkH;odjzpfvmygw,f? ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;tqifhvkdvkd/ tquftoG,f pwifxal xmifEidk zf @dk óu;d yrf;jcif; ajcvSr;f vkv d /dk [kv d v dk dk 'Dvv dk yk +f y;D e0wu av#mcsjycJyh gw,f? Ekid if H wumtjrifukd qufvufvSnfhpm;Ekdifzkd@twGuf axmufvSrf;a&;u Akdvfrª;}uD;ausmf0if; eJ@ 'kAkdvf rª;}uD; oef;xGef; wkd@ukdyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrf qufvuf0ifxGufaeapcJh+yD; tquftoG,f rysuf qufvuf aqG;aEG;a&;udk vkyaf qmifaeovkv d dk taygurf sK;d csK;d cJyh gw,f? vma&mufawGŒqkw H hJ 'kAv dk rf ;ª }uD;oef;xGe;f qDuwqifh awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;yGaJ wG pwifvyk af qmifoifah =umif;/ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG; wJhenf;eJŒom wkdif;jynf&JŒtusKd;eJ@ jynfolvlxk&JŒ tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;awGudk ajz&Sif;EkdifrSm jzpfa=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf u xyfwvJvJ wifjycJah yr,fh ppftpd;k &u awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;ukd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ acgif;a&SmifaecJhygw,f? 534
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
ppftpkd;&[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ +cH0if;a&SŒ vlxkw&m;yGJawGukdvnf; tpkd;&ydkif owif;pmuae jyefvnfwkef@ jyefwkdufckdufwmawG tqufrjywf vkyfvmcJhygw,f? ppfAkdvf xdyfoD; }uD;i,frsKd;pkHu uavmifemrnftrsKd;rsKd;cH+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd t"du OD;wnfwkdufckduf=u wmjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd yk*~dKvfa&;t& xkd;ESufwkdufckduf=uovkd/ OD;wifOD;/ OD;=unfarmif wkd@ukdvnf; qefukefajrav; ouf=um;tkd}uD;ESpfOD;qkd+yD;wzkH/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ t+rJvkdvkd a[majymyGJrSm &yf&yfaewmukd &nf!¸ef;+yD; vljyuf}uD;ESpfOD;qkd+yD; wrsKd;/ y,fy,fe,fe,f yk*~dKvfa&; xkd;ESuf±_wfcsr_awG vkyfvmygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukdvnf; ewfuawmfvkdvkd &nf!e¸ ;f vku d /f Akv d u f awmfv@dk ac:a0:oa&mfavSmifajymifvu dk ef @J atmufwef;usus ay:ay:xifxif apmfum;wmawGvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ vlxak [majymyGu J v dk nf; “vrf;ab; Z&yfysufyGJ” “vrf;ab;ewfuEMm;yGJ” vkd@ trsKd;rsKd; uifyGef;wyf avSmifajymifcJhygw,f? 'D=um;xJrmS ukvor*~u “t,fAm±k'd q D w dk ”dk yxrqk;H t}udrt f jzpf a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ vma&mufawGŒqkHygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHrS “rpP ruf'vif;atmb±kduf” pufwifbmvxJrSm &efukefudka&muf&Sdvm +yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ awGŒqkHygw,f? atmufwkdbmvxJrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf [m (tus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufvm+yD;wJhaemuf &efukefòrdŒ&JŒ jyify yxrqkH;c&D;pOftjzpf) u&ifjynf jynfwGif;u “omrn c&D;pOfudkxGufjzpf+yD; omrn q&mawmfbk&m;}uD;ukd oGm;a&mufzl;ar#mfyg w,f? atmufwb dk mvxJrmS ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qkid &f m txl;uk, d pf m;vS,f “±kZd ±dk *dk w dk m” Armjynfuadk &muf&v dS m+yD; vlŒtcGit hf a&;qkid &f m udp&P yfrsm;ukd avhvmpkpH rf;wm vkyaf qmifygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@vnf; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;wmawG vkyfaqmifygw,f? e0w uawmh vmor# Ekid if w H umhavhvmpkpH rf;olrsm;ukd awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;udk vkyrf mS jzpf ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tcsdefawmh =umvdrfhOD;r,fqkdwJhtajzukdyJ ay;&if;/ ta=umif;jy tcsdefqGJa&; ay:vpDusifhokH;+yD; awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;ukd a&Smifwdrf;z,f&Sm;aecJhygw,f? trSefwu,f awGŒqkHaqG; aEG;csifwJh qENr&Sda=umif; xif&Sm;aecJhygw,f? 24-11-95 ae@rSm Akdvfrª;atmif/ ocifcspfarmif/ ocifodef;az pwJh 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm; a[mif;}uD; (23) OD;wkd@u/ jzpfay:aewJh EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;tay: tajccH+yD;/ e0weJ@ NLD wkd@ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;=uzk@d wku d w f eG ;f wJph mwapmifudk e0w OuUÏqD ay;yk@d c=hJ uygw,f? trsK;d om;jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;&JŒ yef=um;v$mjzpfygw,f? NLD ukdvnf; ay;ykd@cJh ygw,f? 26-11-95 ae@rSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme 'k0ef}uD; Akdvfrª;}uD;wifv_dif/ jyef=um;a&; 'k0ef}uD; OD;odef;pdef/ &JcsKyf Akdvfrª;}uD;pkd;0if;/ axmufvSrf;a&; 'k!¸efrª; Akdvfrª;}uD;ausmf0if; wkd@u/ yef=um;v$m ay;yk@d c=hJ uwJh Akv d rf ;ª atmif tygt0if Ekid if aH &;orm;}uD;awGukd ac:,l+yD; ar;jref;pGypf w JG mvkyyf gw,f? Akdvfrª;}uD;wifv_dif u “bbwkd@vkdvm;csuf[m tar&duefiyG}uD;eJ@ wxyfwnf;jzpfaeyg w,f? tar&duefoH±kH;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrf ae@pOf t0iftxGuf&Sdaew,f? atmb±kduf uvnf; wif;wif;rmrm ajymoGm;w,f/ tar&duefcdkif;or# vkyfay;&r,fhoabmjzpfaew,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
535
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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tar&duefvufukdif'kwf tjzpfrcHEkdifyg” vkd@ ajymoGm;&if; “tckqkd&if vufeufukdiftzGJŒ (15) zGJŒ Oya'abmiftwGif; a&mufvmcJhygw,f? usefwzGJŒvnf; a&mufvmEkdifatmif óud;yrf;aeygw,f? r=umrDtcsed t f wGi;f a&mufvmvdrrhf ,fv@dk ar#mv f if, h =Hk unfxm;ygw,f” qkw d mawG ajymqko d mG ;cJyh g w,f? 'kd@wm0efta&; (3) yg;eJ@ OD;wnfcsuf (12) csuf csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfaea=umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdru f dk tar&duef+Adwed f eJ@ =opaw;vso±H ;Hk awGu t+rJ0ifxu G +f yD; !¸e=f um; aea=umif;/ tbwd@k awG[m touf}uD;ae}u+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf at;at;csr;f csr;f ae=uapvkad =umif;/ NLD u tbwkd@ukd tokH;csw,f qGJac:w,fvkd@ ,lqa=umif;qkdwmawGvnf; ajymqkdpGyfpGJoGm;cJhyg w,f? Akv d rf ;ª atmif u Ekid if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;uk, d pf m; “bbwk@d [m b,folŒvufuikd 'f w k f rS r[kwfa=umif;/ b,folajr‡mufay;vkd@rSvnf; r[kwfa=umif;/ 'Dpmukd t±kd;om;qkH;a&;wmjzpf a=umif;/ wkdif;jynftay:rSm wm0ef&Sdaeao;w,fxifvkd@ yef=um;wmjzpfa=umif;/ bmya,m*rSryg a=umif;/ ya,m*udkvnf; vufrcHa=umif;” jyefvnfwkef@jyef ajymqkdcJhygw,f? Akdvfrª;}uD;wifv_dif u “vkyfaqmifcsuf[m tar&duefajymwmeJ@ wxyfwnf;jzpfaew,f/ ya,m*ygoa,mif jzpfaew,f/ NLD u qGJac:oGm;ovkdjzpfaew,f/ wyfrawmftaeeJ@ +idrf;csrf; a&;udk wu,fvkdvm;w,f/ b,ftpkd;&rS rvkyfcJhwmawGvkyfaew,f? wkdif;&if;om;nD!Gwfa&;ukd vkyfaew,f? ±_yf±_yfaxG;axG;jzpfvm&if rygatmifajymwmyg” qkd+yD; &Sif;jyovkdvkd yef=um;ovkd vkdeJ@ tESpfom&tm;jzifh owday; +cdrf;ajcmufwmukd ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? Akdvfrª;atmifu “tn‡D&Sd&if ,iftkHrSmyJ/ ,iftkHwmrcHcsifvkd@ 'Dpmukda&;wmvkd@” ajz=um; cJhygw,f? 27-11-95 ae@rSm &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfuvnf; Akdvfrª;atmif wkd@oabmxm; rsKd;eJ@ wlnDwJhpmwapmifukd e0w OuUÏ eJ@a':atmifqef;pk=unf qD vdyfrl+yD; ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? jynf xJa&; 'k0ef}uD;eJ@tzGJŒu &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfukdvnf; csufcsif;ac:,l+yD; tar&duef aemufvkduf/ NLD aemufvkdufrvkyfzkd@ ajym=um;owday;jyefygw,f? &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒ csKyfuvnf; b,folŒ=oZmukdrS cH+yD;vkyfaewmr[kwfa=umif;/ apwemtrSefeJ@ a&;om;jcif;jzpf a=umif; wkef@jyefajz&Sif;cJhygw,f? e0w u +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd vkdvm;ygw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;nD!Gwfa&;ukd vkyfaeygw,fvkd@ yg;pyf uajymaeayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf wkd@&JŒ awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&; urf;vSrf;csufukd tqufrjywf y,fcsaewJhtjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfOD;pD;wJh aetdrfa&SŒ vlxka[majymyGJawGaemufykdif;/ ukv or*~qidk &f m tar&duefow H ref rpPatmb±ku d f vma&muf+yD; e0w a&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J yg awGŒqkcH +hJ yD;aemufyidk ;f / NLD eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay: wk;d wk;d wzkH us,u f s,w f rsK;d wk;d csŒJ wku d f ckduf xkd;ESufwmawGom vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? NLD eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukd taemuftkyfpk vufukdif'kwftjzpf e,fcsJŒvufyg;apawGtjzpf ykHazmf 0g'jzef@csd wkdufckdufcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef; pk=unf ukd taemufr,fawmf}uD;/ taemufar#mrf zd &k m;}uD;qkw d hJ oa&mfajymifavSmifwhJ tok;H tE_e;f awGeJ@tjyif }uH›zGwfawGqDuaewqifh &yfuGufae jynfolvlxk=um;rSm “ukvm;tkyfr}uD;” qkdwJh ±kdif;±kdif;pdkif;pkdif;a0g[m&awGeJ@txd yufyufpufpufxkd;ESufwkdufckdufygw,f? 536
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
w&m;0if usi;f ycGi&hf o dS rl [kwyf gyJ rw&m;ojzifh pDpOfzefw;D r_e@J usi;f yaecJw h hJ twkta,mif trsK;d om;nDvmcH}u;D twGi;f rSmvnf; olw@dk pw d óf uu d f OD;wnfcsu}f u;D (6) csuq f w dk mukd csrw S jf yÏmef; cJ±h rHk u (OD;wnfcsuf 6 csux f rJ mS olw@kd tvkcd siq f ;Hk ta&;}uD;qk;H OD;wnfcsuu f “tem*wfEidk if aH wmf . trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&; OD;aqmifr_u¾wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEkdifa&;qkdwm t"dujzpfyg w,f?) nDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,ftcsKd;tpm;u tp/ pmwrf;rsm;ðypkwifjy&mrSm tm%mykdifrsm;u pdppfjyifqifwm tv,f/ nDvmcHtwGi;f tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef zvS,cf iG n hf Ed‡ id_ ;f cGihf toifjh rwfq;Hk ukd a&G;cs,cf iG rhf ðyyJ/ wifjycsuaf wGtrsm;tjym;ukd OayuQmðy z,f&mS ;ypfwmawG tqk;H / vk;H 0 vk;H 0 vGwf vyfcGifhr&SdyJ usif;yaecJhygw,f? 28-11-95 ae@rSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfu trsKd;om;nDvmcHwufa&mufaer_udk &yfqkdif;vkdufygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh trsKd;om;nDvmcHtwkta,mifukd oydwfarSmufvkdufyg w,f? twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHukd 'Dtwkdif; qufvufusif;yoGm;r,fqkdygu (1) trsKd;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;/ (2) ppfrSefaomygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawmfjzpfay:vmEkdifa&;/ (3) trsm;jynfolwkd@ ,kH=unfvufcHEkdifaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'w&yf ay:xGef; a&;rsm;ukd taxmuftulðyEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwfygvkd@vnf; NLD u oabmxm; a=unmvku d yf gw,f? wqufwnf;rSm awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;a&;enf;eJ@ n‡Ed id_ ;f tajz&Sm=uzk@d awmif;qkdazmfjycJhygw,f? twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif OuUÏ AkdvfcsKyfrsKd;!Gef@ u NLD &JŒ ausmckdif;xGufcGmoGm;r_tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef wkef@jyefa0zefcJhygw,f? wavsmufvkH; trsKd;om;nD vmcHudk NLD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$ acgi;f aqmif+yD; wufae&mu a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrt f us,f csKyfu vGwfajrmufvm+yD;aemufrS tckvkdjzpfay:vm&wmjzpfa=umif;/ 'g wiful;}uHpnfwmomjzpf a=umif;vkd@ ±_wfcsajymqkdcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd }uHpnfcsuf/ óud;ukdifcs,f vS,faqmif&Gufcsuftjzpf &nf!Gef;ajymqkd tjypfwif±_wfcscJhygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&u rcHr&yfEkdif ±_wfcsjypfwifcJhayr,fh EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJŒtpnf;aygif;ajrmuf rsm;pGmuawmh twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcHudk ausmckid ;f qef@usif oydwaf rSmufxu G cf mG vmcJw h hJ NLD &JŒ &J0w hH hJ qk;H jzwfcsut f ay: axmufc=H obmay;jcif;ðycJ=h uygw,f? (1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H trsK;d om;rsm;aumifpD (NCUB)/ (2) NCGUB/ (3) DAB/ (4) r'w/ (5) ABSDF / (6) vlŒabmifopf/ (7) jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf (ABSL)/ (8) KNU / (9) u&ifeDvlrsKd;aygif;pkH vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;/ (10) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)/ (11) &ckdifjynfolŒvGwfajrmufa&;wyf OD;/ (12) jynfolŒjynfcspfygwD (yDyDyD)/ (13) u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒ/ (14) NLD-LA pwJh tzGJŒtpnf;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu wcJeuf axmufcHcJh=uygw,f? NLD tzGJŒcsKyfeJ@ e0w ppftpkd;&wkd@&JŒ xdyfwkdufwkd;&r_}uD;[mvnf; 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf ay:ay:xifxif jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ acgif;rmr_/ r±kd;om;r_/ tm%mvufrvGwfvkdr_ rawmfrw&m;ðyrl r_awGa=umifh ay:aygufvmcJh&jyefwmjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
537
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
ppf t pk d ; &J Œ ajcvS r f ; rsm;/ azmuf j yef , k w f r mr+ r sm;/ Ek d i f i H a &;t-uyf t wnf ; rsm;eJ ‹ 'D r k d u a&pD a &;v+ y f & S m ; r+ r sm;/ tjzpf t ysuf r sm; ppftpk;d &[m jynfwiG ;f 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;/ Ekid if w H umhzt d m;ay;r_rsm;/ ±_wcf suef@uu G f a0zefaer_rsm;=um;uae tm%mukd vkH;0vufrv$wfyJ acgif;rmrmeJ@ qufvufcsKyfukdif tkyfpkd;aecJh ygw,f? trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&; awmif;qkdaer_awGtm;vkH;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;awGtm; vkH;ukd rsufuG,fðy+yD; ajymifajymifwif;wif; tkyfpkd;aeqJjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwumu zdtm;ay;r_awG jyif;xefvmwJhtcg/ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh EkdifiHwumhzdtm;ay;r_awGukd av#mhenf;atmifðyzkd@ 'grSr[kwf rsufvSnfhjy vSnfhpm;zkd@ vkdtyfvmwJhtcg/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;aeoa,mifa,mif/ aphpyfaqG; aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f awmhra,mifa,mif trsK;d rsK;d vdrn f mcJyh gw,f? wu,fuawmh ppfreS w f hJ awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_/ tajz&Smr_ukdvnf; rvkdvm;ovkd/ b,fenf;eJ@jzpfjzpf tm%mvufv$wfay;&rSmukdvnf; tjzpfrcH EkdifyJ/ t+rJxm0& ppfwyftay: pD;uae&a&;/ ppftm%m&Spfpepf qufvuftouf&Sifa&;udk enf; rsKd;pkHeJ@ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf npfywfpkwfyJhaecJhwmomjzpfygw,f? tEkdif& NLD [m v$wfawmfoufwrf;wckpmru tcsdef=umanmif; ukefqkH;oGm;cJh&wm awmif tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfjcif;cH&zk@d aeaeomom/ v$waf wmfac:Ekid zf @dk aeaeomom/ w&m;0if ygwDtjzpfu csKyf+idrf;roGm;&atmif tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &ifqkdifóuHawGŒae&ygw,f? e0w ppftpkd;&[m ukd,fukd,fwkdif OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd vkH;0av;pm; vku d ef mjcif;r&S±d rHk u/ rsuEf mS ajymifajymife@J jiif;y,f,w k rf maecJw h mukv d nf; wurBmvk;H uyg od&o dS abmaygufae=u+yD;jzpfayr,fh b,ftzGJŒtpnf;urS ðywfusoGm;atmif vkyfray;Ekdif=uyg? 1995 ckESpfukefrSm w&m;0ifEkdifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf&Sdaewm (10) ygwDavmufyJusefygawmh w,f? ygwDaygif; (200) ausmf[m ppftpkd;&&JŒ zdESdyfr_tvDvDa=umifh uG,faysmufoGm;&+yDjzpfyg w,f? “zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'opfay:xGef;a&;onf EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;. y"meusaom t"duwm0ef” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH}uD;ukd wapmifwnf;aom e0w owif;pm}uD;rSm ae@pOf±kduf ESdyf azmfjyaºuG;a=umfaecJhayr,fh tajccHOya'opfuvnf; b,fawmhrS ay:xGufrvmEkdifr,fh tae txm;rsK;d zefw;D xm;ygw,f? e0w vkcd siw f mu ppfwyftay: pD;u xm0&ae&r,fh tajccHOya'/ ppfwyfwrwf tajccHOya'/ EkdifiHawmforwae&mukdawmif ppfwyfukdyJ ay;&r,fhoabm tajccH Oya'/ tcsdefra&G; ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cGifh&&r,fh tajccHOya'rsKd;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxku a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh ukd,fpm;vS,fqkdwm bmt"dy`g,frSr&Sd/ EkdifiHawmftm%m[m jynfolvl xkxu H qif;ouf&r,fqw dk mukd ajymif;jyefveS yf pf+yD; ppfwyfuae qif;ouf&r,fo h abmjzpfaewJh tajccHOya'opfrsKd;eJ@ ppfwyfatmufu ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDpepfukd xlaxmifzefwD;ay;+yD; 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHawmfopfvkd@ trnfwyfcsifaewmjzpfygw,f? b,fvkdrS rjzpfoifhrjzpfxkduf rjzpfEkdifwJhtae txm;rsKd;jzpfaewJhtwGuf jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; 'kuQaygif;pkH qkdufae&ygw,f? rqv ppftm%m &Sipf epfatmufrmS yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifaecJ&h wJh Armjynf}uD;[m e0w ppftm%m&Sif pepfatmuf 538
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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539
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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541
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wkdif aemufuG,fuyg0ifwJh EkdifiHawmft=urf;zufr_ykHpHjzpfygw,f? 'Davmuf qkd;0g;,kwfrmwJh tpkd;&rsKd;/ Armjynforkdif;rSm r&Sdao;zl;vkd@awmif rSwfwrf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f? jynfwGif; 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ EkdifiHwumuyg qef@usif±_wfcscJh=uygw,f? autJef,l eJ@ e0w wkd@&JŒ pwkwˆt}udrfawGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJtjzpf (21-11-96) ae@uae (23-11-96) ae@txd usif;yjzpfcJh=u+yD; e0w &JŒ oabmxm;rrSefr_a=umifh bmatmifjrifr_rSr&yJ tqkH;owfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? wwd,t}udrftjzpf (29-6-96) ae@uae (2-7-96) txd aqG;aEG;cJh =uwke;f u wjynfv;Hk typftcwf&yfpaJ &;xkwjf yefz@dk autJe, f u l wifjycJah yr,fh e0w u y,fcschJ ovkd vuf&Sd jynfwGif;ppf[m EkdifiHa&;jy\emtay: tajccH+yD;jzpfcJhwma=umifh jynfwGif;ppf&JŒ tajccHjy\emukd aqG;aEG;zkd@/ 'grS ppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;ukd wnf aqmufEkdifrSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhwmukdvnf; e0w u “e0w [m ppftpkd;&jzpfvkd@ EkdifiHa&;eJ@ywf oufwmukd raqG;aEG;Ekdifa=umif;” qkd+yD; y,fcscJhygw,f? autJef,lbufuvnf; ppftpkd;&awmif; qdak ewJh vufeufuidk v f rf;pOfpeG @f Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&;qdw k m tESpo f m&tm;jzifh tnHch aH &;om jzpfwJhtwGuf vufrcHEkdifa=umif; ajymqkdygw,f? e0w bufu “vufeufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@ Oaya' abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&;” qkw d t hJ ESpo f m&ukd rysuaf pbJ/ wjcm;pum;vk;H tok;H tE_e;f ukd &SmazGEidk af =umif; tpm;xkd;Ekdifa=umif; ajymqkd+yD; autJef,lu tESpfom&rajymif;ygu pum;vkH;topf&Smjcif;[m t"dy`g,fr&Sda=umif;/ vufeufukdifvrf;pOfukdpGef@ Oya'abmifwGif;0ifqkdwJh óudwifpnf;urf;csufukd xm;&efrvkad =umif; ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;cJ+h yD; wwd,t}udrf aqG;aEG;r_ukd tqk;H owfc=hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? aemufqkH;awmh pwkwˆ}udrfrSm autJef,lbufu AkdvfcsKyf}uD; “wmrvmabm” uacgif; aqmif/ 'kacgif;aqmiftjzpf ref;&SmvzefeJ@ tzGJŒ0ifpkpkaygif; (8) OD; wufa&mufcJh+yD;/ e0w bufu Akv d rf ;ª }u;D ausm0f if; u tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmifjzpf+y;D pkpak ygi;f tzGŒJ 0if (8) OD; wufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f? autJ,lbufu (1) e0w eJ@ autJef,l=um; typftcwf&yfpJxm;&ef/ (2) a&&Snfckdif+rJwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf e0w eJ@ autJef,l qufvufaqG;aEG;&ef/ (3) ESpfzuf typftcwf&yfpJa&; twGuf ESpfzufwyfrsm;&JŒ vkdufem=u&r,fh tcsufrsm;ukd n‡dE_dif;owfrSwf=u&efqkdwJh tcsuf (3) csufukd wifcJhygw,f? autJe, f &l ŒJ tqkðd ycsuf (3) csuu f dk Akv d rf ;ª }u;D ausm0f if; u e0w acgi;f aqmifawGqD tpD&ifcH vkduf+yD;/ e0w acgif;aqmifrsm;u tcsuf (6)csuf csrSwfazmfjycJhygw,f? tJ'D (6)csufu (1) vuf eufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@/ Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufjcif;eJ@ w&m;0if xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;/ (2) typf tcwf&yfqidk ;f jcif;/ (3) wyfae&mcsxm;r_nEd‡ i_d ;f jcif;/ (4) e,fajra'ozG@H òz;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm; yl;aygi;f aqmif &Gufjcif;/ (5) EkdifiHa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHwGif wufa&mufavhvmjcif;eJ@ (6) tajccH Oya'ay:ayguf+yD;ygu vufeuf t+yD;tydkifpGef@+yD; w&m;0if EkdifiHa&;ygwD xlaxmifjcif;qdkwmjzpfyg w,f? t"dy`g,fuawmh vufeufukdifvrf;pOfpGef@+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufa=umif;ukd t&if qkH;a=unmzkd@qkdwm jzpfygw,f? 1996 'DZifbm (31) &ufae@rSm autJef,lu autJef,l&JŒ oabmxm;jyef=um;csufukd e0w OuUÏ Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ xHvyd rf +l yD; jyef=um;cJyh gw,f? tcsuf (1) [m tESpo f m&tm;jzifh tnhHcHa&;jzpfwJhtwGuf óudwifpnf;urf;csuftjzpfxm;&r,fht&mr[kwf/ tcsuf (5) eJ@ ywfouf 542
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
+yD; trsK;d om;nDvmcHu csrw S x f m;wJh Ekid if aH &;ODwnfcsuf (6) csurf mS tem*wf trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;rSm wyfrawmfu OD;aqmiftcef;u yg0if&r,fqkdwJhtcsuf[m e0w ukd,fwkdif taumiftxnfazmf ay;zkd@ vlxkukd uwday;xm;wJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD tajccHrlawGeJ@ qef@usifae+yD;/ tEkdif& NLD uk, d f wkid f qef@usio f ydwaf rSmufcw hJ t hJ jyif jynfov l x l u k vnf; nDvmcHudk ,k=H unfpw d 0f ifpm;r_r&Sad wmh wma=umifh autJef,ltaeeJ@ nDvmcH wufa&mufavhvm&efrjzpfEkdif? tcsuf (6) jzpfwJh tajccH Oya'ay:ayguf+yD;ygu vufeufpGef@&r,fqkdwJhtcsuf[mvnf; ay:aygufvmwJhtajccHOya'ukd jynfot l m;vk;H wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vk;H vufcEH idk §f rEkid f rod&ao;bJ/ Oya'ay:aygu+f yD;ygu vufeuf pGef@a&; óudwifuwday;xm;a&;[m a=umif;usKd;,kwWdr&SdwJhtwGuf autJef,lu vufrcHEkdifqkdwJh ta=umif; tao;pdwf jyef=um;cJyh gw,f? yOPrt}urd f awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;Ekid af &; ESpzf ufóu;d pm;oifah =umif; vnf; qufvufawmif;qkdazmfjycJhygw,f? rdwWLukd AkdvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;/ twGif;a&;rª; (1) 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@/ twGif;a&;rª; (2) 'kAkdvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tusKd;aqmif (5) OD;vkH;pD vnf; ay;ykd@cJhygw,f? 97 ck/ Zefe0g&D (31) &ufae@rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;tusdK;aqmifawG KNU qD xyfrHa&mufvm+yD; “vufeufudkifvrf;pOfpGef@+yD; Oya' abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufjcif;rðyEdkifygu (uuvSrf;) wyfrawmf axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGJŒu KNU eJ@ qufvufraqG;aEG;Edik af wmha=umif;” qdw k @J e0w acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ rSm=um;csuu f kd ajymjyygw,f? e0wOuUÏ qDay;yd@k cw hJ hJ (31/ 12/ 96) ae@pyJG g pmyg &yfwnfcsut f wdik ;f KNU u azmfjywkef@jyef ajz=um;cJhygw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ[m edXdwHoGm;&ygawmhw,f? (aqG;aEG;a&;r+yD;jywfcif/ Zefe0g&DvxJuwnf;u ppftwGuf toifhjyifxm;+yD;/ e0w wyf awG[m azazmf0g&Dv (11) &ufae@up+yD; KNU a'oawGtwGif; tjyif;txef aemufxyfxdk;ppf }uD; qifygawmhw,f? tcsKyfuawmh e0w &JŒ oabmxm;rrSefr_a=umifh aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysufcJh&jyef wmjzpfygw,f?) 0g'jzef@csad &;t& vufeufuikd t f zGŒJ (15) zG@J e@J +idr;f csr;f a&;&atmif aqG;aEG;wnfaqmufEikd f cJh+yDvdk@ e0w u wavsmufvHk; r*Fvm,lajymqdkaeayr,fh u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) eJ@ (3) vausmfyJ +idrf;csrf;a&;oufwrf;=umcJh+yD;/ e0w &JŒ pnf;urf;csKd;azmuf oabmxm; rrSefr_awGa=umifh 95 ckESpf/ ZGefvup+yD; jyefvnf tjyif;txef wdkufyGJawGjzpfyGm;aecJh=uygw,f? typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuf ysufjym;oGm;cJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? rGefjynfopfygwD (MMSP) &JŒ wyfwcsKdŒeJ@vnf; a'owcsdKŒrSm wdkufyGJawG jyefvnfjzpfyGm;ae&+yDjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t& vHk;0 aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;&jcif;r&SdbJ typftcwf&yfpJxm;=uwJh tqifhawGom&SdcJh+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;tqifh b,ftzGJŒrS a&mufcJh=uwmr[kwfyg? tpuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;oabmr&SdcJhwJh cGefqm tzGJŒom tºuGi;f rJh vufeufcsjcif;enf;eJ@ udpjP ywfomG ;cJw h t hJ aetxm;jzpfygw,f? bde;f bk&ifceG q f m uawmh OD;cGeq f mtjzpf (OD;oufatmif tjzpf) pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;awGtwGi;f / 0ifa&muf&if;ES;D aeEdik f cJh+yD; bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[efenf;wl ppftpdk;&&JŒ tumtuG,f&&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? bdef;eJ@ rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ ruif;r&Sif;jzpfae=uwJh +idrf;tzGJŒwcsKdŒ&JŒ raumif;owif;awG[mvnf; jynfwGif; jynfyrSmwdk;jrifhemrnfxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? 1996 ckESpftukefrSm ay:xGufvmcJhwJh vlxkwdkufyGJ}uD;w&yfuawm/ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
543
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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&Sm;r_orkdif;rSm tpOfa&SŒwef;tcef;u yg0ifcJhwJh/ ausmif;om;xk&JŒ “'DZifbm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdkufyGJ}uD;” yJjzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (6) &ufae@rSm ay:xGef;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tiftm; (4000)ausmf avmuf±SdwJh/ qef@usifqENjy=uolawGeJ@ vkHxdef;&JawG &efukefòrdŒawmfrSm xdyfwdkufwdk;cJh=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&u t=urf;zuf òzdcGJcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awGtajrmuftrsm; tzrf;cH}u&ygw,f// 'DZifbm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ vlxkwdkufyGJ}uD;ray:cif/ atmufwdkbm (21) (22) &uf nawGu wnf;u &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf/ &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;xk axmifeJ@csD yg0ifwJh tiftm;jy uef@uGufyGJ}uD; ay:aygufcJhygao;w,f? 6/ 12/ 96 ae@ &efukefausmif;om;qENjy yGJ}uD;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpD’ u a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f? ,ckt}udrf &efukefausmif;om;qENjyyGJrSm ausmif;om;awGudk rw&m;±dkufESufcJholrsm;udk ta&;,l tjypfay;&ef/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk jyefv$wfay;&ef/ ausmif;om;or*~ w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;cGifhðy&ef/ pwJhpwJh ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk NCUB u jywfom;pGm axmufcHa=umif;/ 'DZifbm (9) &ufae@pGJeJ@ NCUB OuUÏ/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmbdkjr u vufrSwfa&;xdk; xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? etz u ausmif;awGudkydwfvdkufygw,f? 1997 ckESpfxJ0ifwmeJ@ pwifay:xGuf vmcJhwJh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_uawmh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? aumfol; avjynfe,f KNU tajccHa'o “r,foa&mxm” rSm Zefe0g&D (7) &ufu (14) &ufae@txd usif;ycJhwmjzpfygw,f? u&if/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u,ef;/ rGef/ 0/ csif;/ &cdkif/ ytdk0fh/ yavmif/ vm;[l/ &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;eJ@ tzGJŒtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ avhvmolrsm; pkpak ygi;f (111) OD; wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? e0w eJ@ +idr;f tzGJŒvkyx f m;wJh KIO, UWSP, rGejf ynfopfyg wD/ u,ef;jynfopfygwD wdk@vdk tzGJŒtpnf;udk,fpm;vS,fawGyg wufa&mufcJhygw,f? &v'ftjzpf “r,foa&mxma=unmcsu”f xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f +yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepf usio hf ;kH &ef/ vlrsK;d wdik ;f wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGi&hf &dS ef/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifp}k uD; wnfaqmuf&efqw kd hJ Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuq f ikd &f m oabmwlncD sut f jyif/ twkta,mif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHe@J ywfoufwhJ oabmwlncD su/f oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;a&;eJ@ yufowf l x l &k ŒJ qENe@J tnD tEdik &f ygw}D uD;tjzpf wJh oabmwlncD suaf wGyg &&Scd =hJ uygw,f? NLD udk jynfov todtrSwðf yaxmufcaH =umif; azmfjycJo h vdk e0w tkycf sKyfaepOftwGi;f Armjynfukd tmqD,t H zGŒJ 0iftjzpf vufrcHbJ qdkif;iHhxm;a&;awmif;qdkzdk@ atpD,H udk yef=um;zdk@yg oabmwlcJh=uygw,f? r,foa&mxmoabmwlnDcsufrSm tcsufaygif; (10) csufwdwdyg0ifcJhygw,f? 97ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (7) &ufu (15) &ufae@txd/ usif;ywJh pwkwÎt}udrf “r'w” nDvmcH}uD;uvnf; “r,foa&mxm” &v'fudk xdef;odrf;+yD; qufvufóud;yrf;a&; xyfrHazmfjyqHk; jzwfcJh=uygw,f? 97 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (12) &uf tESpf (50) ajrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@tcrf;tem;rSm NLD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf uvnf; r,foa&mxmoabmwlncD suu f kd xyfavmif;xkwaf zmf ud;k um;ajymqdo k mG ;cJ+h yD;/ ppfreS w f hJ jynfaxmifp}k uD; ay:xGe;f a&;twGuf NLD eJ@twl yl;aygi;f aqmif &Gu=f uzd@k / vufeufuikd f +idr;f csr;f a&;&,lxm;wJh tzGŒJ awGuykd g zdwaf c:yga=umif; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&; rª;&JŒ rdef@cGef;tjzpf ajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? rwfvxJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat; u KNU vufeufcs 544
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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545
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eJ@ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;[m jynfxaJ &; 'k0ef}uD; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;wifvi_d ef @J axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGJŒu ac:,lowday; wm;jrpf+yD;wJhaemufrSmbJ ay;pm/ yef=um;v$m/ o0%fv$m/ qdkwmawG vdktyfovdk xkwfjyefay;ydk@+rJ ay;ydk@aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f? trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;/ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&; &nfrSef; csuef @J wdu k w f eG ;f E_;d aqmfc=hJ uwmawGcsn;f jzpfygw,f? =o*kwv f (5) &ufae@pyJG g pmrSmawmh/ a&G;aumuf yGJusif;y+yD;pD; cJhwm (7) ESpfausmf+yDjzpfayr,fh v$wfawmf tckxd ac:qdkEdkifjcif;r&Sdwm[m EdkifiHa&; t=uyftwnf;}uD;wckvdk@ azmfjycJh+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;rwnfr+idrfjzpfae&wmawGudk ukefaps;E_ef; tqr wefjzpfae&wm/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGvGef;aewm/ oGif;ukefydk@ukef csdefcGifv#m rnDrr#jzpfae& wmawGeJ@ axmufjycJ+h yD;/ vlra_ &;t& tqifjh r‡iahf usmif;awG ydwx f m;&wm/ atmufajcqif;&Jom;rsm; aq;ruk Edkifwm/ aiGrsm;w&m;Edkifjzpfaewm/ 0efxrf;rsm; pm&dwWysufjym;ae&wmawGeJ@ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; axmufjycJhygw,f “txufygtajctaersm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH. taxGaxGjy\emonf wOD;w a,muf tzGJŒtpnf;wckESifhom qdkifonfhjy\emr[kwfbJ wrsKd;om;vHk; wjynfvHk;ESifhqdkifonfh trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;}uD;tjzpf qdkufa&mufaeonf[k u|efyfwdk@u ±dk;om;pGm xifjrif,lq =uygonf” qdk+yD; yef=um;v$mxJrSm &J&J0ifh0ifh axmufjyvdkufygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm yk*~dKvfa&;eJ@ rdrdwdk@&JŒ tzGJŒtpnf;tusKd;pD;yGm;xuf EdkifiHawmfw&yfvHk;eJ@ jynfoltm;vHk;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;udka&SŒ±_ +yD; tjrefqHk; awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;yef=um;xm;ygw,f? wu,fvnf; wEdik if v H ;kH eJ@qikd w f hJ Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;/ trsK;d om;a&;t=uyftwnf;}uD; qdkufa&mufaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? csrf;omºuG,f0vm=uwmuawmh ppftkyfpk/ ppftkyfpkEG,f0ifrsm;eJ@ bdef;rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ ywfoufolawGomjzpfygw,f? f r_aqmifO;D pd;k jrif/h pufwifbm (15) &ufrmS e0w twGi;f a&;rª; (1) u/ NLD OuUÏ eJ@ tvkyt OD;vGef;wif wdk@udk vma&mufawGqHkzdk@ tay: pD;uae ac: jyefygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf udkz,f +yD; acgif;acguf pdwfóudufac:wJhoabmjzpfygw,f? NLD u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef; pk=unf rygbJ zdwf=um;xm;wmudk vufrcHa&; qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yDjzpfvdk@ OuUÏu rvkdufEdkifa=umif; ajym+yD; OD;pd;k jrifh eJ@ OD;vGe;f wif udo k m awGŒqHzk @kd cGiðhf yapv$wcf yhJ gw,f? e0w u vufrcHbJ y,fzsuf cJyh gw,f? awGŒcsio f u l kd awGŒcsio f vdak wGŒr,f/ tJ'v D rkd [kw&f if rawGŒbl;qdw k o hJ abm e0w u azmfjy vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? +yD;rS ajymif;jyef 0gjzef@csdwmu e0w u awGŒqHkzdk@vkyfygw,f? NLD bufu ygcsiw f o hJ l ryg&vd@k rvmwmawmh rwwfEikd b f ;l / e0w bufu wm0efr&Sb d ;l vd@k ajymqdv k u kd yf gw,f? 97 ckEpS f ESpv f ,fausmu f p+yD; tdref ;D csi;f xdik ;f Ekid if rH mS aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf; ay:ae+yDjzpfyg w,f? xdik ;f aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf;[m ArmjynftwGuf bmrS xdcu kd ±f u kd cf wfEikd rf r_ &Sq d w kd hJ [efyefe@J cyfwnfwnf ºuGm;vH;k xkwaf eayr,fh Armjynf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae[m tqd;k qH;k taetxm;qD a&muf&SdaecJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? 1997 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (15) &ufae@rSm ‘e0w’ uae “EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHŒòzd;a&;aumifpD” (etz) tjzpf trnfajymif;vJvdkufygw,f? Edk0ifbm (15) &ufae@rSmbJ emrnf qd;k eJ@ ausm=f um;ae+yDjzpfwhJ ppfAv kd cf sKyf (14) OD;udv k nf; tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f ðzwfy,fypfvu kd yf gw,f? AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf/ AdkvfcsKyfausmfb/ AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmif eJ@ trsKd;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&; aumfr&Sif 546
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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OuUÏ}uD; Adv k cf sKyfrsK;d !Ge@f vnf; ygomG ;ygw,f? vmbfpm;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;aomif;use;f r_/ t*wdvu kd pf m; r_awGa=umifh vd@k qykd gw,f? jynfoal wG[m rGjJ ymusae&ayr,fh tz,f&mS ;cH&wJh Adv k cf sKyfawGtrd af wG udk &SmazGodrf;qnf;zrf;qD;&mrSmawmh a&$yd\maygif; q,fcsD+yD; zrf;qD;&rdwm/ um;awG q,fcsD+yD; odr;f qnf;&rdwm/ wdu k af wGtvH;k aygi;f rsm;pGm ydik q f ikd af ewmawG ausmrf aumif;=um;raumif; xGuf ay:vmygawmhw,f? e0w acwfwavsmufv;kH e0w ppfacgi;f aqmif}uD;awG bmawGvyk cf =hJ uovJ/ b,favmuf tusiyhf suf azmufjyefc=hJ uovJ/ b,favmuf tusn;f wefq;kd 0g; azmufjyefc=hJ uovJ qdkwm&JŒ jy,k*fozG,fjzpfcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_a=umifhom ðzwfy,f&rSmqdk&if e0w acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k wOD;rS vGwaf jrmufz, G &f mr&Sw d t hJ wGuf tckvkd Adv k cf sKyf (14) OD;udk ðzwfy,fypf vdkufjcif;[m pD;yGm;a&;oufoufavmufudpP [kwf[efrwlvdk@vnf; toHawGxGufvmcJhygw,f? tzrf;cH&olawG &meJ@csD &SdcJhygw,f? 23-12-97 ae rh mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) OuUÏ}uD; ocifAode;f wif w±kwjf ynfrmS uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f?
etzacwf Ed k i f i H a &; xd y f w d k u f y G J r sm;/ wif ; rmr+ r sm;eJ ‹ Armjynf etz qd+k yD; e0w uae trnfajymif;+yD; zGJŒpnf;vdu k w f t hJ cg twGi;f a&;rª; (3) qdw k mygxu G f ay:vmygw,f? twGif;a&;rª; (3) jzpfvmolu 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh jzpfygw,f? 1998 ckESpf/ ckESpf[m ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;a&$&wkESpfjzpfovdk/ jynfwGif;ppfESpf (50) wdkifwJh ESpfvnf;jzpfygw,f? NLD u vGwfvyfa&;a&$&wk tcrf;tem;awG usif;y+yD; OuUÏ/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª; rdef@cGef;awG xGufay:vmygw,f? a&$&wkvGwfvyfa&;ae@ a=unmpmwrf;vnf; xGuf ay:vmygw,f? tESpfcsKyfuawmh wdkif;jynf&JŒ jzpfay:aewJh EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;jy\emawG udk awGŒqHak qG;aEG;a&;enf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f =uzd@k / vrf;!¸ecf H 'Dru kd a&pD r[kwb f J ppfreS w f hJ ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pD udk xlaxmif=uzdk@qdkwmawGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ rdef@cGef;rSm vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiH&JŒ jynfoljynfom;awGyDyD owWd&dS&Sd wm0efododeJ@ vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwmawGudk vkyfoGm;&rSm jzpfygw,fvdk@vnf; ajymqdkazmfjyoGm;cJhygw,f? jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; awGŒqHkaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;udk wdk;jr‡ifh awmif;qdkazmfjycJh=uygw,f? NLD OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$ u 98 ckESpf/ ZGefv (23) &ufae@rSm “uae@rSpI &uf (60) jynfh ajrmufrnfh =o*kwf (21) &ufae@ rwdik rf D v$waf wmfukd ac:,lzJŒG pnf;ay;yg&ef” qdw k hJ awmif;qdck suu f kd etz xHwifjyawmif;qdkygw,f? ZGefv (30) &ufae@rSm “jynfolvlxku w&m;0if a&G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufxm;wJh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk ajccsKyfeJ@ cH0ef tufOya'eJ@ rw&m;ojzifh ta&;,laewmawGudk ±kwfodrf;ay;zdk@ etz OuUÏ/ w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ a&SŒaecsKyfwdk@xH vdyfrl+yD; wifjyawmif;qdkygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
547
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98 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f xJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf u e,fxu G pf nf;±H;k a&;c&D;awG qif;zd@k jyifqif xm;ygw,f? ppftpdk;&u a':atmifqef;pk=unf &JŒ c&D;awGudk ratmifjrifatmif wm;qD;ydwfyif wmawG ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfaqmifygw,f? &efukefuae rif;vS oGm;c&D;w}udrf/ yef;waemf oGm;c&D;w}udrf/ ykodrfòrdŒudktoGm; w}udrf (3) }udrfwdkifwdkif wm;qD;ydwfyifwmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? ykodrfòrdŒtoGm; tnmpkaus;&GmteD; wm;qD;cH&wkef;u (7) &ufwdkifwdkif um;xJxdkif+yD; qENjycJhyg w,f? e0w tm%mydkifawGu um;xJuae twif;qGJxkwf+yD; &efukefjyefydk@cJhwJhtxd wif;rmr_awG ay:cJyh gw,f? =o*kwv f xJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf u ykord cf &D;udk xyf+yD; 'kw, d t}udrf óud;yrf;cJyh g w,f? e0w uvnf; xyf+yD; wm;qD;cJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu (13) &ufwdkifwdkif um;xJ xdkif qENjycJh&if; e0w &JŒ ,kwfrmr_awGudk urBmuodatmif azmfxkwfjyocJhygw,f? 98 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rmS awmh NLD u acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf/ Zdrk ;D uGe*f &ufw@kd yg0ifwhJ k yf gw,f? jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, kd f “jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrDwD” (CRPP) udk zGŒJ pnf;vdu pm;ðyaumfrDwD (CRPP) [m v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (251) OD;&JŒ v$Jtyfxm;wJh vkyfydkifcGifht& zGJŒpnf;cJh+yD; v$wfawmfac:,la&;udk OD;wnfóud;yrf;zdk@ jzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;atmifa&$/ twGif; a&;rª;tjzpf OD;oef;xGef; (NLD) eJ@ OD;at;omatmif (&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf) jzpfygw,f? OD;at; omatmif [m &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf/ rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf/ ZdkrD;uGef u&uf/ &cdkif'Drdkua&pdtzGJŒcsKyfqdkwJh tzGJŒ (4) zGJŒudk udk,fpm;ðywJh udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfygw,f? tzGJŒ0if rsm;tjzpf OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;vGif/ OD;vSaz/ OD;pdk;jrifh/ OD;vGef;wif/ OD;!Gef@a0 wdk@jzpf=u ygw,f? pkpkaygif; (10) OD;jzpfwJhtwGuf (CRPP q,fOD;aumfrwD) vdk@vnf; vlodrsm;cJhygw,f? 17-9-98 ae@rSm jynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD&JŒ a=unmcsuf trSwf (1) eJ@twl “TaumfrwDonf (90) jynfha&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifhtnD v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;rlt&/ v$wfawmf ac:,lay;a&; jzpfajrmufonft h xd v$waf wmfu, kd pf m; aqmif&u G o f mG ;rnf” vd@k a=unmcJyh gw,f? CRPP udk NCGUB, NCUB, DAB, NLD-LA, KNU, ABSDF, vlŒabmifopfygwD wd@k tyg t0if jynfwGif;'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; wcJeuf axmufcH=uovdk EdkifiHwumu tzGJŒ tpnf;rsKd;pHkuvnf; axmufcHcJh=uygw,f? e0w wjzpfvJ etz uawmh CRPP ay:aygufvmwmudk a'goykefxcJhygw,f? v$wfawmf udk,fpm;ðyawGudk wdk;jr‡ifh zdESdyfwmawGvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f/ tajrmuftjrm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;wm awG qufwdkuf vkyfaqmifcJh+yD; {nfha*[mawGrSm ac:,lawGŒqHkaewm/ zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;aewmvdk@ cyfajymifajymif vdrv f nfazmfjy a=unmajz&Si;f cJyh gw,f? zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;wmudak wmif zrf;qD; xm;wmr[kwf ac:,l awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;aewm/ zdwf=um;{nfhcHaewmjzpfatmif ajymifvdrfajymifpm; ajymqdkcJhygw,f? wzufuvnf; pufwifbm (24) &ufae@up+yD;/ wjynfvHk; wdkif;eJ@jynfe,f tvdkuf twkta,mif vlxkqENazmfxkwfyGJawG usif;y+yD; NLD udk OD;wnf wdkufcdkufygawmhw,f? }uhzH w G af wGacgi;f aqmif+yD; rwufrae& twif;t=uyf zdtm;ay; azmfaqmif zefw;D usi;f yðy vkyw f hJ twkta,mif vlxq k ENazmfxw k yf aJG wGrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk &p&mr&Sad tmif xd;k ESuf wdu k cf u kd o f u d mQ cswmawGvnf; vkyyf gw,f? NLD udk rw&m;oif;a=unmzd@k a':atmifqef;pk=unf 548
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
udk wdik ;f jynfuarmif;xkwzf @kd / jynfEiS 'f %fay;zd@k qw kd hJ ,kw, f w k rf mrm awmif;qdak ºuG;a=umfra_ wGtxd azmfxkwfajymqdkvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? etz eJ@ NLD xdyfwdkufawGŒ=ujyefwJhyGJjzpfygw,f? etz eJ@ NLD wdk@ wif;rmr_ xdyfwdkuf jzpfr_awG wdk;vmcsdefrSm ukvor*~ vufaxmuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyf t,fvfbm±dk'Dqdkwdk Armjynfa&muf&v dS mygw,f? 28/ 10/ 98 ae@rmS t,fvb f m±dk 'Dqw kd [ kd m twGi;f a&;rª; (1) eJ@awGŒqHk ovd/k a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J vnf; awGŒqHck yhJ gw,f? “ArmEdik if t H wGi;f vltcGit hf a&; av;pm;vdu k f emr_ tajctaetay: zdtm;ay;r_ wnfaqmuf&ef ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkyg awGŒqHkcJha=umif;” vdk@ ukvor*~t&m&Sdu xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!¸ef@u 'Dqdkwdkudk “ppfwyfu vlxkudk t"rRcdkif;apjcif;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm; r&Sdvdk@ ajymqdkcJhw,fqdkygw,f? wu,fhuawmh e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&[m twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;cdkif;wmawGudk wjynfvHk;rSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;azmufcdkif;wmawG/ vrf;jyifwm/ ±dk;zdk@wm/ wl;ajrmif;ayguf/ usHK;qnf ajro,fcdkif;wmrsKd;awGtjyif/ ppfwyftwGuf xGu, f ufpu kd yf sK;d apwm/ taqmuftOD; aqmufvyk cf ikd ;f wm/ ajr±kid ;f ajrvGwf &Si;f vif;ckwx f iG cf ikd ;f wm awGtxd enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ twif;t=uyf zdESdyfapcdkif;cJhygw,f? apcdkif;wJhtwdkif; rvkyfaqmif&if/ tjyif;txef tjypfay;wm/ '%f±dkufwm/ n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufwmawGtxd ay:ay:xifxif usL;vGefyg w,f? EdkifiHwumu vltcGifhta&;apmifh=unfhavhvmolawGu axmufjya0zef=uwJhtcg t"rR vkyftm;r[kwf vkyftm;ay;wm/ vkyftm;tvªðy=uwm qdkwJhpum;vHk;awGeJ@ jiif;qef wkef@jyef vdrfvnf ajz&Sif;cJh=uygw,f? Armjynfppftpdk;&&JŒ t"rRvkyftm; toHk;ðyjcif;awGeJ@ ywfowf+yD; tdik t f ,fvt f kd (ILO) u 96 ckESpfuwnf;u aumfr&SifzGJŒ+yD; pHkprf;ppfaq; ta&;,lEdkifzdk@ tcdkiftrm jyifqifcJhygw,f? t"rR vkyftm;ay;cdkif;apr_awG[m ae&maygif;pHkrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfay:usL; vGefaecJhw,fvdk@vnf; aumufcsufydkifydkifqGJcJ@+yD; ppftpdk;&udk tjypfwif±_wfcswm/ zdtm;ay; ta&; ,lz@kd jyifqifwmawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGe@J ywfowfv@kd vnf; wavsmufv;kH EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;r&Sd/ jypfr_usL;vGefolawGom&Sdw,fvdk@ cyfajymifajymif ajymqdkaecJhygw,f/ tusOf;axmifawGtwGif;rSmvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfn‡if;yef;wm/ ðyrlqufqHwm wrifouf ouf vlrqHpGm vkyfudkifaqmif&GufwmawGa=umifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;aygif;rsm;pGm e0w/ etz&JŒ tusOf;axmifawGrSm toufqHk;±_H;cJh&wm wEdkifiHvHk;odjzpfygw,f? NLD acgif;aqmifawGxJu OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)/ OD;wifa&$ (rH&k mG )/ OD;ode;f wif (wifoed ;f armif)/ OD;vSoef; (udu k ;kd u|e;f v$wf awmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;atmifrif; (rE Wav;wdkif;pnf;/ OD;wifarmif0if; - c&rf;v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,f)/ OD;armifudk/ OD;apm0if; wdk@aoqHk;cJh=u&ovdk/ xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh OD;cifarmifjrifh (jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD)/ OD;!dk0if; (jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;)/ OD;uif;pdef (jynfolwdk;wufa&;)/ Adkvfpufa&mif/ OD;pdk;0if; (jynfolŒ&Jabmf)/ OD;pdef0if; (u|ef;jyef)/ oHr%d OD;pdefvS/ udkcsKd}uD; (rew)/ ref;'g0dwf (u&ifacgif;aqmif)/ OD;omxGef; (&cdkif) pwJhyk*~dKvf}uD; awGvnf; axmifxJrSm toufay;usqHk;cJh=u&ygw,f? OD;aZmwdu/ OD;tmp&/ OD;OwWrpwJh&[ef; oHCmawmfrsm;vnf; axmifcsc&H &if; ysv H eG af wmfrcl &hJ ygw,f? Armjynfom;rsm;omru/ a':atmif teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
549
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
qef;pk=unfe@J &if;ES;D wJh (qD'G if/ 'de;f rwf/ aemfa0/ oH;k Edik if w H @kd &ŒJ aumifppf0ef) rpPwm “vD,ekd u D ;dk ” vdk EdkifiHjcm;om;oHwref 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;olyg e0w &JŒ axmifxJrSm aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f? e0w/ etz wd@k &JŒtusO;f axmif[m tifrwefvrl qHveG ;f vSw/hJ xifovdk ±dik ;f pdik ;f ,kwrf m&m ae&m}u;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (14) &ufrmS e0w/ etz wd@k &ŒJ OD;aqG;qHjrnfh tr_awmfxrf;/ wavsmufv;kH e0w bufuae rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ vdrfnmay;cJh&ol/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;tHk;ausmf udkvnf; etz u z,f&Sm;jypfvdkufygw,f? e0w/ etz twGif;rSm òyduGJr_ rnD!Gwfr_awG&Sdaewmuawmh trSefbJjzpfygw,f? OD;0if;atmif EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmw,f? 1998 ckESpf twGif;rSm xl;jcm;wJh v_yf&Sm;vmr_wckuawmh/ Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif }uD;&JŒ tar&duefomG ;+yD;/ Adv k rf ;ª csKyfa[mif; armifarmif wd@k e@J awGŒqH&k if;/ tar&duefukd 'Dru kd a&pDa&; rsupf ypfajymqdw k mawG vkyaf qmifvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u e0w ppfwyftwGi;f jzpfcsif ovdkjzpfaewm/ vlxku &GH&SmatmhESvHk;em ae=uwmawGudkvnf; azmfxkwfajymqdk&if;/ wyfrawmf }uD;wckvHk; ysufpD;ae&+yDvdk@ azmfxkwfajymqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? tqHk;owf t"duajymqdkcsufuawmh“tm%mtm;vH;k Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; udt k yf” qdw k m jzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u OD;aqmifwm 0ef,l+yD; trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;ay;qdkwmjzpfygw,f? Adkvf csKyf}uD;ae0if; udk jyefvnfyGJxkwfa&;twGuf ajymqdkwifjywmjzpfayr,fh/ wyfrawmf}uD;wpfckvHk; ysupf ;D ae&+yDqw kd mudak wmh acgi;f avmif;xd;k jyoGm;cJyh gw,f? Armjynfwyfrawmf}uD;&JŒ taetxm; rSefudk wpfwpfcGcG yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfjyoGm;yHk[m/ yHkrSeftm;jzifhomqdk&if wyfrawmfòzdcGJa&;qdkwJh owfrSwfcsufeJ@ tuJqwfvGef;vSwJh e0w acgif;aqmifrsm;u ao'%ft}udrf}udrfcsrSwf tjypfay; EdkifavmufwJh jypfr_}uD;jzpfygw,f? tHh=op&maumif;wmuawmh e0w u wkwfwkwfrS rv_yfcJhyg? OD;atmif}uD; udv k nf; vH;k 0ta&;,lcjhJ cif;r&Syd g? wOD;OD;eJ@ wpHw k &m twdik t f azmufðy aqmif&u G cf =hJ u jcif;jzpfw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;aecJhygw,f? 99 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12) jynfaxmifpkae@rSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “'Drkdua&pD vGwfawmfw&yf&SdrSom wdkif;&if;om;jynfawG&JŒ ppfrSefwJhqENawGudk azmfxkwfay;Edkif/ taumift xnfazmfay;Edik rf mS yg? 'ga=umifh jynfoŒl v$waf wmf ac:,la&;[m wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;/ trsK;d om;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDjynfaxmifpkta&;jzpfygw,f” vdk@ zGifhqdkxkwfaz:cJhygw,f? 99 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ cifyeG ;f a'guw f mrdu k u f ,ft&J pf uifqm a&m*geJ@ t*FvefrSm uG,fvGefygw,f? ruG,fvGefcif ZeD;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ awGŒqHkEdkifzdk@ Armjynfukd vma&mufa&; óud;pm;cJah yr,fh etz u ADZmxkwrf ay;wJt h wGuf vma&mufciG hf r&cJb h J qHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? psmye udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk t*FvefoGm;cGifhðycJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu etz &JŒ ,kwf,kwfrmrm ðywwfwJh oabmxm;udk r,Hk=unfwmu wa=umif;/ Armjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdtaetxm;}uD;udk rsufuG,fðyroGm;Edkifwmu wa=umif;wdk@a=umifh cifyGef;qHk;wmudkawmif oGm;a&mufjcif;rðyawmhyg? jynfwGif;jynfy 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pktm;vHk;u a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk pmemaxmufxm;em;vnfa=umif; azmfjycJh=uovdk/ ydkrdk av;pm;wef;zdk; xm;cJh=uygw,f? NLD v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG=um;rSmawmh etz eJ@aygif;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf 550
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
&JŒoabmxm;/ tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;&JŒ oabmxm;eJ@ qef@usicf sio f al wG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? OD;oef;xGe;f (a';'&J)/ OD;wifxGef;armif (r*Fvm'Hk)/ OD;=unf0if; (r*Fvm'Hk) wdk@acgif;aqmifwJh (24) OD;yg tpkjzpfyg w,f? NLD v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k eD;yg; etz &JŒ acgi;f pOftrsKd ;rsK;d &JŒ xde;f odr;f zrf;qD;jcif; cHae&csdefrSm tJ'Dyk*~dKvf (3) OD;u acgif;aqmif+yD;/ tzGJŒcsKyf&JŒ v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;óud;yrf;csufawGudk t[ef@twm;ðywJh vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd azmfaqmifc=hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? jynfolŒv$waf wmfu, kd pf m; ðyaumfrwDu 28/ 4/ 99 ae@rmS a=unmcsut f rSwf (25) 4§99 xkwjf yef+y;D / jyif;jyif;xefxef ±_wcf s cJhwJhtjyif tzGJŒcsKyfu ta&;,lzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? tusOf;us zrf;qD;cHae&wJh yk*~dKvfrsm;u/ OD;oef; xGe;f (a';o&J)/ OD;wifxeG ;f armif ( r*Fvm'H)k yg (24)OD;udk “jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfyg vsuf ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;&JŒ vufuikd 'f w k t f jzpf aqmif&u G af e=ujcif;udk jyif;xefpmG ±_wcf sa=umif;” a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f? 4/ 5/ 99 ae@pGJeJ@ “tusOf;uscH trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk” qdk+yD; xkwfjyefa=unmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? {+yD (23) &ufrSm “ukvor*~vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif&JŒ Armjynfqdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsuf” vnf; uef@uGufolr&Sd twnfðyxGufay:vmcJhygw,f? wae@wjcm; qdk;0g;vm+yD; pepfwus jzpfyGm; aewJh vltcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufra_ wGtay: pd;k &draf =umif;azmfjy&if;/ vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfciG /hf zGŒJ pnf; v_y&f mS ; pk±;kH cGit hf ygt0if vltcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tjynft h 0 av;pm;vdu k ef mzd@k / tEdik u f sihf apmfum;r_/ t"rRcdkif;apr_/ a&$Œajymif;r_/ rw&m;owfjzwfr_awGudk &yfqdkif;zdk@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unftyg EdkifiHa&; acgi;f aqmifawG&JŒ vHòk cHa&;/ use;f rm;a&;udt k mrcHz@kd / tusO;f om;awG&JŒ tqift h wef;udk jr‡iw hf ifa&;eJ@ vlom;csi;f pmemwJh tzGŒJ tpnf;awGukd tusO;f axmifawGtwGi;f vGwv f yfpmG 0ifciG ðhf yzd@k / tpd;k &{nfh a*[mrSm xdef;odrf;xm;wJholawGtygt0if EdkifiHa&;a=umifh/ zrf;qD;xm;oltm;vHk; jyefv$wfay;zdk@ wdkufwGef;awmif;qdk qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? ar (24) &ufrSm tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; ‘atmb±dkuf’ u ArmjynfeJ@pyfvsOf;wJh rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mrSm Armjynf'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufcHa=umif;/ Armppftpdk;&[m a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jynfolawGaxmufcHr_r&Sda=umif; trSefwu,f ,Hk=unfcJh&if NLD udk vGwfvyfpGmpnf;±kH;cGifhðy+yD; trsm;a&SŒarSmufrSm vGwfvyfpGm tjrifzvS,fcGifhðyoifha=umif;/ tar&d uefu ArmjynfrSm &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_topfawGudk ydwfyifa=umif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rSm t"dutusKd;&Sdol[m ppftpd;k &omjzpf+yD; vlxt k usKd ;cHpm;cGirhf &Sad =umif; t"rRvyk t f m;ay; apcdik ;f r_rsm;vnf;&Sad =umif;vd@k xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygw,f? ZGefvrSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒ (ILO) (87) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;u vnf; ‘(tdkift,ftdk) &JŒ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_eJ@ taxmuftulðyr_rsm;udk Armjynftpdk;&odk@ ray; aqmif rðyvkyf&ef’ qHk;jzwfwJhtjyif tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJŒ}uD;u }uD;rª;usif;yaom tpnf;ta0;/ aqG;aEG;yGJ/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;odk@ zdwfac: jcif;rðy&efyg jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lqHk; jzwfcJhygw,f? Zlvdkif (6) &ufrSm Oa&myor*~ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;atmifa&$/ OD;wifOD; wdk@eJ@ awGŒqHkcJhygw,f? etz tay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_wcsKdŒ ðyxm;a=umif;eJ@ ppfvufeuf a&mif;csr_ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk jynf0ifcGifhwm;jrpfxm;jcif;eJ@ atpD,H Oa&myor*~ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
551
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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=um; ESpfzufaqG;aEG;r_awGrSm jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ yg0ifcGifhray;jcif;awGjzifh '%fcwfta&; ,lxm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;ajymqdkcJhygw,f? jynfya&muf'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ “t0ga&mifv_yf&Sm;r_awG” jynfwGif;rSm ay:aygufcJh ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrDwD (yD'D) &JŒ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGvnf; wkd;jr‡ifhay:xGufvmygw,f? 9/ 9/ 99 ae@rSm usa&mufr,fh “9 av;vHk; v_yf&Sm;r_” tóudwdkufyGJac:oHawGvnf; xGufay:vmyg w,f? Armjynf'Drkdua&pDa&;axmufcHol EdkifiHjcm;om;awGyg xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? +Adwdo#eJ@ =op aw;vsEikd if o H m;“*srd ;f (p)armfpav” tzrf;cH&+yD; axmif (17) ESpf tcsc&H ygw,f? usKid ;f xHak xmifxJ xm;ygw,f? 7/ 9/ 99 ae@rSm +Adwdefol “rpPa&cs,f*dkvf'Gif” (28) ESpf[m bm;vrf;eJ@ taemf&xmxrf; a'gifh "mwfwdkifrSm (9999) pmwef;csdwf+yD;/ ajcaxmufudk óud;eJ@csnf+yD; “ta&;}uD;+yD nDaemifwdk@/ aoG;pnf;um nDapnD=upd@k ” qdw k o hJ cD si;f udk Armvdk atmf[pfq&kd if; ud;k av;vH;k tóud qENjycJyh gw,f? ppftpdk;&u zrf;qD;+yD; axmif'%f (7) ESpfcsrSwfcJhygw,f? 16/ 9/ 99 ae@rmS v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwD&ŒJ wESpaf jrmuftcrf;tem; NLD tzGŒJ csKyf rSmusif;yygw,f? ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;rSm q,fOD;aumfrwDudk rzsufEdkifa=umif;/ a&;&maumfrD wDrsm;&JŒ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk twnfðya=umif;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; jyefvw $ af y;a&; awmif;qdk a=umif;awG qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? 17/ 9/ 99 ae@rSm a&$*HkwdkifeJ@ xdqufaewJh vrf;wdkif;udk vufeufudkif vHkxdef;awGcsxm;cJh+yD/ NLD 0if yifeD0wfpHkjynfh 0wfqif (300) cef@eJ@ =unfh±_axmufcHol (400) cef@[m “a':atmifqef;pk=unfusef;rmygap” qdkwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@ a&mufcJh=uygw,f? vHkxdef; u ±H;k csKyfxJ 0ifciG rhf ðybJ wm;qD;ygw,f? wem&Davmuft=umrSm OD;atmifa&$ vma&mufEw _ q f uf ajymqdkrS vlpkcGJay;cJh=uygw,f? CRPP &JŒ 17/ 9/ 99 ae@a=unmcsuf trSwf (1) rSm &cdkif'Drkdu a&pDtzGJŒcsKyf OuUÏ a'gufwmOD;apmjratmif udk jynfolŒv$wfawmf OuUÏ tjzpf a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufa=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? CRPP udk tzsufodrf;cdkif;aewJh ppftpdk;&eJ@ NLD OD;aqmifwJh CRPP xdyfwdkufwdk;yGJ}uD; qufvufjzpfay:aecJyh gw,f? CRPP &JŒ v$waf wmfac:,la&;udk ppftpd;k &u enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ zdEydS w f m; qD;aecJhygw,f? 1/ 10/ 99 ae@rSmawmh xdkif;EdkifiH befaumufòrdŒ&Sd etz oH±Hk;udk vufeufudkifausmif;om; wpku 0ifa&mufpD;eif; odrf;ydkuf+yD; cGyfa'gif;tvH v$ifhxlvdkuf=uygw,f? aoewfudk;csufazmuf+yD; “jrefrmausmif;om; ppfonfawmfrsm;tzGJŒ” vdk@ a=unmygw,f? xdkif;vHkòcHa&;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;u oH±;kH udk 0dik ;f wm;ygw,f? xdik ;f 0ef}uD;csKyf c|ev f yd ikd u f , kd w f ikd f a&muf&v dS m+yD; ajz&Si;f zd@k óud;pm;ygw,f? pGrf;tm;jr‡ifh jrefrmausmif;om;ppfonfawmfrsm;tzGJŒu (1) ArmjynfrSm zrf;pD;xm;wJh EdkifiHa&; ausmif;om;tm;vH;k jyefvw $ af y;zd@k (2) CRPP eJ@ etz aqG;aEG;zd@k (3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf ygweD @J twdkuftcHawG pkaygif;+yD; =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJŒay;zdk@ awmif;qdkazmfjyygw,f? xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u +idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;cJh=u+yD; oH±Hk;pD;eif;ol Armausmif;om;rsm;u Arme,fpyfudk xGufcGmEdkifzdk@ &[wf ,mOfwpD; awmif;cHcJhygw,f? 2/ 10/ 99 ae@ ae@vnf (2;20) em&DrSm xdkif;e,fpyf wyfu udk;axmif &Gmtxd &[wf,mOf eJ@y@kd ay;cJ+h yD; ausmif;om;rsm;u "m;pmcH zrf;qD;xm;olawGukd jyefvw $ af y;cJu h m 552
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
(25) em&D=um oH±Hk;pD;eif;r_}uD; tqHk;owfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf óud; yrf;azmfaqmifcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? ouU&mZf (2000) xJ csO;f eif;0ifa&mufvmcsed rf mS awmh CRPP eJ@ etz&JŒ xdyw f u kd jf zpfr[ _ m qufvuf}uD;rm;aeqJjzpfygw,f? etzu NLD udk qufvufòzdcGJzdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk OD;wnfx;kd ESuw f u kd cf u kd zf @kd enf;rsK;d pHk taumiftxnfazmf&if; wurBmvH;k &JŒ zdtm;ay;r_awGuv kd nf; qufvuf rsufuG,fðyxm;qJjzpfygw,f? zrf;wmqD;wm npfywfwmawGudk wavsmufvHk;vkyfae ustwdkif; qufvufvkyfaqmifaeqJvnf;jzpfygw,f? b,folŒrS *±krpdkufbl;qdkwJh tcsKd;udkvnf; ay:ay:xifxif azmfjzaeqJjzpfygw,f? 24/ 4/ 2000 ae@rmS jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrw D D twGi;f a&;rª; OD;at;omatmif udk etzu rw&m;zrf;qD;vdkufygw,f? tusOf;enf;eJ@ ppfaq;+yD; axmif'%f (21) ESpfcsvdkufyg w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf u 'Dru dk a&pDa&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ óu;d yrf;aqmif&u G rf a_ wG azmfxw k af jym qdkcsufawGudk &&ma'gifhuae qufvuf vkyfudkifaecJhygw,f? vma&mufawGŒqHk=uwJh awGŒqHkcGifh& EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;aygif;pHku wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfaygif;pHkudkvnf; Armjynf'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ ywfouf wJh &Si;f vif;wifjy azmfxw k rf r_ sK;d pHu k kd tcsed ef @J trD &Si;f vif;wifjyazmfxw k af ecJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef; pk=unfukd qkcs;D jr‡i=hf uwJt h wdik ;f wdik ;f tjynfjynfu qkEiS ;f yGaJ wGrmS vnf; ud, k w f ikd f qkwufa&muf,l Edkifjcif;r&Sdayr,fh enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ o0%fv$mawG rdef@cGef;awGay;ydk@+yD; Armjynf&JŒ tajctaerSefawG e0w etz&JŒ ,kwfrmr_awGudk azmfxkwfwifjyaecJhovdk EdkifiHwumv_yf&Sm;r_awG/ tcrf;tem;awG tpnf;ta0;awGudkvnf; o0%fv$mawG ay;ydk@+yD; ta0;uae yg0ifwufa&muf qENðyaecJhygw,f? pmeJ@ay;ydk@±Hkru AD'D,dkwdyfacGeJ@ ay;ydk@wmrsdK;awG ygwDwGif r_&Sd&SdvkyfaqmifaecJhygw,f? ZGefv (26/ 27) ae@awGrSm usif;ywJh EdkifiHaygif; (100) ausmfu EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;awG wufa&mufwhJ ydv k efEikd if H 0gaqmrSmusi;f ywJh wurBmvH;k qdik &f m 'Dru kd a&pDnv D mcH}uD;rSm a':atmif qef;pk=unf &JŒ ay;ydk@wJh AD'D,dkrdef@cGef;wdwfacG}uD;udk xkwfv$ifhjyoay;cJhygw,f? ppftpdk;&&JŒ vdrfnm ,kwfrmr_awGudk wurBmvHk;uvnf; odjrifem;vnf ae=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&&JŒ vdrfnmr_awGuawmh ppftpdk;&tzGJŒ0ifawGtwGif;rSmawmif jyefvnfa0zef ajymqdkvm&wJhtxd ay:xGufvmwmawGvJ&Sdygw,f? (7/ 7/ 2000) ae@ jrefrmpD;yGm;a&;eJ@ywfouf wJh aqG;aEG;yGJwckrSm etz&JŒ trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufr_ 0ef}uD;Xme/ 'k0ef}uD; Adkvfrª;csKyfaZmfxGef; udk,fwdkifu nHhzsif;wJh pDrHcef@cGJr_awG/ vGJacsmfaer_awG vdrfnm0g'jzef@xm;ovdk jzpfaer_awGukd azmfxw k af jymqdv k mcJw h ,fqykd gw,f? (aemufyikd ;f rSm Adv k rf ;ª csKyf aZmfxeG ;f udk etzu ðzwfypfvdkufygw,f?) jrefrmEdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;awGudk bufaygif;pHkuae tjrifoabmxm;awG wD;acguf =unfzh @kd y%mr vma&mufjcif;tjzpf/ ukvor*~ twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf&ŒJ txl;ud, k pf m;vS,}f uD; rpPwm &mZmvD tpPar;vf [m Armjynfudk vma&mufcJh+yD;/ Zlvdkif (3) &ufrSm jyefoGm;ygw,f? ppftpdk;& acgi;f aqmifawGe@J a&m/ NLD acgi;f aqmifawG wdik ;f &if;om;ygww D csKŒd u acgi;f aqmifawGe@J yg awGŒqHk oGm;cJhygw,f? &mZmvDtpPar;vf jyefoGm;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;/ etz &JŒ NLD zsufodrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
553
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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awG &yfqdkif;roGm;bJ tòid;eJ@ wdk;+yD;awmif vkyfaqmifvmoa,mif&SdcJhygw,f? Zlvdkif (12) rSm ArmjynfvOl ;D a&[m (50²13) oef;&S+d yDv@kd etz ua=unmygw,f? Zlvikd f (24) &ufrmS (3) ESpcf aJG usmf =umydwfxm;&wJh wuUodkvfeJ@ aumvdyfawG jyefzGifhvmjyefygw,f? ausmif;om; (7) aomif;ausmf wuUodkvfawGrSm wufa&mufynmoif=um;aew,fvdk@ etz u ajymqdkygw,f? tzGJŒcsKyftay: tvGeftu|H zdESdyfvmr_awGa=umifh ppftpdk;&udk jyefvSefwkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ NLD 'kOuUÏ OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;pdk;jrifh wdk@OD;aqmifwJhtzGJŒ[m =o*kwfv (24) &uf ae@rmS uGr;f +cHuek ;f c&D;udk pwifygw,f? 'vòrdŒtxGurf mS yJ ppftpd;k &bufu twif;t=uyf wm;qD; ydwfyifygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@tzGJŒu (8) &uf=um um;xJxdkif+yD; qENjycJh=uygw,f? etz&JŒ w&m;rJhvkyf&yfudk ukvor*~}uD;eJ@ EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ jynfwGif;jynfy awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u em&Drvyf apmifh=uyf=unfh±_ owif;xkwfjyefcJh=uygw,f? pufwif bm (1) &ufnoef; aumifausmfcsdefrSm etz vHkxdef; (200) ausmfu 0dkif;+yD; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;um twif;t=uyf &efukefòrdŒudk jyefydk@cJhygw,f? ra=ureyf jyefvnfuef@uGuf ajymqdkwJhvli,f (9) OD;udk vHkxdef;rsm;u ±dkufESufzrf;qD; ac:aqmifoGm;cJhygw,f? pufwifbm (2) &ufae@up+yD; NLD A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒ0if (10) OD;vHk;udk aetdrftus,fcsKyfvkyfvdkuf+yD; zkef;vdkif;awGyg jzwf awmufvdkufygw,f? ppfwyfeJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;u NLD A[dkXmecsKyf±Hk;cef;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;+yD; tcef;wHcg;aomh bD±kdaomhawGudkyg ±dkufcsKd;zsufqD;ypf+yD; zdkifwGJawG pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudkyg odrf; qnf;wmvkyfygw,f? aetdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;+yD; (12) &uft=umrSm NLD tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJŒ0ifrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG v_y&f mS ;vmcGihf ðy+yDjzpfa=umif; etzu owif;xkwjf yef+yD; aemuf&ufrmS bJ a':atmif qef;pk=unf u (10) &uftwGif; &efukefjyify c&D;xGufOD;r,fjzpfa=umif; a=unm+yD; etz udkpdrf ac:ygw,f? pufwifbm (21) &ufrmS OD;wifO;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ NLD tzGŒJ [m &efukefblwm}uD;uae rE Wav;udkoGm;zdk@ vkyfygw,f? etz u vHkòcHa&;awG tjynfhcsxm;+yD;/ rE Wav;c&D;pOf &xm; (3) pD;vHk;udk vufrSwf0,fvdk@r&atmif cufcufcJcJ }uHpnftm;xkwf wm;qD; wmvkyfygw,f? }uH›zGwfawGudk ta&;ay:ac:,l+yD; rE Wav;&xm;ay: vdkufygapum &xm;vufrSwf ukef+yDvkyfwm/ &xm;awG p}uFefajymif;xGufapwm a':atmifqef;pk=unf wdk@udk vdkufygydk@aqmifol tm;ay;=unfh±_olawGudk vljrifuGif;rSmwif ajymif twif;t=uyf zrf;qD;wmawGvkyf+yD; rysufysuf atmifzsufygw,f? NLD tzGJŒcsKyf0ifaygif; (68) OD; tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? 'vc&D;wkef;uvdkyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf udkaetdrftus,fcsKyf xyfcsvdkuf+yD;/ OD;wifOD; yg vltrsm;tjym;udk ppfa=uma&;pcef;rsm;rSm zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufygw,f? ppftpdk;&&JŒ Zmwd±kyf wdk;jr‡ifhyGifhusoGm;cJhygw,f? ppftpdk;&udk ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfatmif vkyfvdkufEdkifwJh/ wurBm vHk;a&SŒrSm ppftpdk;&&JŒ±kyfyHkrSefudk zGifhusoGm;apcJhwJh EdkifiHa&;tHwkvkyfaqmifcsufawGjzpfygw,f? 20/ 11/ 2000 ae@rmS Adv k rf ;ª atmife@J Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif}uD; (28) OD;wd@k &ŒJ trsK;d om;atmif yGJae@txdrf;trSwf yef=um;v$mxGufay:vmygw,f? awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ NLD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk 554
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
wm;qD; ydwfyifxm;wmawG ±kwfodrf;ay;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; v$wfay;a&; awmif;qdkcJhyg w,f? 'DZifbm (1) &ufae@rSm NLD acgif;aqmif (6) OD;udk aetdrftus,fcsKyfuae jyefv$wfay; cJah yr,fh OD;wifO;D / OD;atmifa&$/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k uakd wmh qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;cJyh gw,f? tzGJŒcsKyfacgif;aqmif OD;vGif udk t&ifqHk; a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrfudk oGm;cGihfðycJhygw,f? ukv or*~taxGaxGnv D mcHu jrefrmEdik if [ H m vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm; qufvufusL;vGeaf ea=umif;/ 'DZifbm(4)&ufrSm wnDw!Gwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhovdk ‘tdkifb,fvftdk’uvnf; tdkift,fvftdk qkH; jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ tzGJŒ0ifEdkifiHrsm;eJ@ ukvor*~0ifEdkifiHrsm;udk 'DZifbm (10) &ufrSm pmrsm;ay;ydk@ wdkufwGef;ygw,f? EdkifiHwumhvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJŒ}uD;uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH tusOf;axmifawGtwGif; ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_awG qufvufjzpfyGm;aea=umif; 'DZifbm (12) rSm xkwfjyefa=unmygw,f? 2000 jynfhESpfukefcgeD;rSm etz eJ@ typftcwf&yfpJa&; vkyfxm;=uwJh +idrf;tzGJŒawGyg wkev f y_ o f mG ;&wJh etz &JŒ tpkvu kd t f òyv H u kd f vlowfy}JG u;D uawmh “rH;k ud;k vlowfy}JG u;D ” jzpfygw,f? ppftpd;k &e@J typftcwf&yfpaJ &; yxrqH;k vkycf =hJ u+y;D “txl;a'o(1)” vd@k uifyeG ;f wyfay;jcif;cHc&hJ wJ/h Auy wdk@qDuae yxrqHk; cGJxGuf+yD;/ yxr qHk; tm%modrf;cJh&mvnf;jzpfwJh ‘rdk;udk;’ rSm Edk0ifbm (24) &ufae@u jzpfay:cJhwmjzpfygw,f? atmufwdkbm (24) rSm rHk;udk; MDA OuUÏ ‘rHkqmv’ qD uae/ ‘vDeifrif’ OD;pD;wJ&h if; (817) tzGŒJ u tm%modr;f ,lc+hJ yD;/ jy\emt}uD;tus,f ay:cJ=h u ygw,f? ESpzf ufv;kH u etz udyk t kH yf+y;D ajz&Si;f ay;zd@k vyk af qmifae=uwke;f etz ppfwyf[m axmuf vSrf;a&;wyfeJ@twlwGJ+yD; aumufaumufuspfuspf ajz&Sif;ay;vdkufyHkuawmh tm%modrf;acgif; aqmif vDeifrif wd@k tzGŒJ udk wa,mufrusef awGŒ&mae&mrSm owfjzwfypfvu kd +f yD; rHq k mv udv k nf; zrf;qD;+yD; axmifxyJ @kd vu kd jf cif;jzpfygw,f? tm%modr;f acgi;f aqmif vDeifrif tygt0if (97) a,muf towfc&H +yD; tjypfrt hJ &yfom; (150) avmuf aoqH;k cJ&h wJh etz &JŒ tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f vlowfyJG }uD;/ wenf;tm;jzifh etz w&m;pD&ifyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? +yD;awmh rHk;udk;wckvHk;udk etz u vHk;0 odrf;ydkuf,lvdkufygawmhw,f? MDA tzGJŒ}uD; wcgwnf; Zmwfodrf;cHvdkuf&ygw,f? +idrf;tzGJŒawG tm;vHk;twGuf etz &JŒ oabmxm;trSefudk xkwfazmfjyovdkufwJh vlowfyGJ}uD;jzpfygw,f? 'DZifbm (23) &ufae@rSm etz ppftkyfpku etz twGif;t&m&Sdrsm;twGuf xkwfjyefvdkuf wJh txl;trdef@w&yfuawmh t&m&Sdrsm;taeeJ@ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0if EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD; rsm;/ NLD 0if wyfrawmft&m&Sda[mif;}uD;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;rSm wenf;enf;eJ@ ywfoufaewJh wyfr awmft&m&Sda[mif;}uD;rsm;qD 0ifxGufoGm;vmjcif;rsm;rðy&ef qdkwmjzpfygw,f? ppfwyfwGif; omru &JwyfzGJŒ/ v0u/ taumufcGefeJ@ òrdŒe,f taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;±Hk;awGudkyg tvm;wl !¸ef=um;xm; w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'DZifbmvxJrSm 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufu ay:xGufvmwJh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wrsKd; uawmh “v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrDwDudk axmufcH=u” qdkwJh pwpfumrsm;eJ@ “vlxkqENvlxk toH/ a&G;aumufyo JG pf 'd@k vufrcH” qdw k phJ um;awG rE aW v;òrdŒae&m tESrH mS ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfyg w,f? t0ga&mifatmufcHeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh pwpfumawGjzpfygw,f? teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
555
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
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2000 jynfhrukefrDtwGif; NLD udk tjywfacsr_ef;ypfr,fvdk@ armif;wifxm;wJh etz &JΠ}uHpnfcsuf}uD;uawmh edXdwHoGm;cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f?
ouU & mZf 2000 uk e f t xd e0w/ etz acwf e d * H k ; csKyf wdkif;jynf&JŒ tajctaet&/ EdkifiHawmf}uD; òyduGJEdkifwJhtE W&m,fudk xdef;odrf;+yD;/ ,m,DyJ tm%mudk &,lxm;ra,mife@J / vlxq k ENukd rsuu f , G ðf y+yD; wufvmcJw h hJ e0w/ etz ppftpd;k &[m (12) ESpfausmfoGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? ukd,fwdkifðyvkyfay;cJhwJh (90) jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fudk t&Surf &Sd rsuu f , G ðf y+yD; v$waf wmfawmifac:,lray;cJw h mvnf; (10) ESpaf usmf oGm;cJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? (93) ckEpS u f wnf;u usi;f ycJw h hJ v$waf wmfac:,l&r,ht f pm; wrifnpfywf zefw;D cJw h hJ trsK;d om;nD vmcH}uD;qdkwmvnf; urBmht&Snfvsm;qHk; nDvmcH}uD;tjzpf pm&if;wif&awmhrwwf r+yD;EdkifrpD; EdkifeJ@ a&pkefarsmoGm;&cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;qdkwmudk azmfxkwfaºuG; a=umf&if; tem*wfEikd if aH wmfrmS wyfrawmfukd Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u ay;&r,fqw kd hJ rzG,rf &m awmif;qdck suu f w kd if&if; ppfAv kd w f rwfay:vpDukd t&Surf &Sd ief;ief;wuf awmif;qd&k if;eJ@ wwdik ;f jynf vHk;udk xifovdk Adkvfustkyfpdk;cJhygw,f? wwdik ;f jynfv;kH &JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd vuf0g;}uD;tky&f if; ppftyk pf &k ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;awGukd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f wd;k csŒJ &if; rm&S,af vmudk tvHaxmiftyk pf ;kd &if;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd tajymif wif;qHk; csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfcJh=uygw,f? rqv taz&if;acwfuxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm qd;k 0g;,kwrf m aumufuspzf Ed ydS w f hJ vkyaf qmifra_ wGe@J rqv acwfxuf q,fqru qd;k 0g;wJh tarSmif acwf}uD;udk wwdkif;jynfvHk; usa&mufapcJhygw,f? aiGpuULawGudk xifovdk ±dkufESdyfoHk;pGJ±kHru (18-11-98) ae@&ufae@rSm usyf 1000 wefaiG puULawGtxd wdk;jr‡ifh±dkufESdyfoHk;pGJ&if;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_'%f/ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhr_'%fudk jynfolw &yfvHk; cg;aumhatmifcH=u&ygw,f? zGwfausmjympk c±kqHu|wfb0 a&muf=u&ygw,f? (88) ck tm%modrf;pu (6) usyfeJ@ (10) usyf=um;yJ&SdcJhwJh qefwjynfaps;E_ef;[m (2000) jynfhESpfrSm qefwjynf (140) eJ@ (200) usyf =um;jzpfae&yg+yD? taxGaxGukefaps;E_ef;[m ysrf;r#wGuf&if awmif (12) ESpftwGif; (12) qru jrifhwufaecJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? (12) ESpftwGif; uka˺uG,f olaX;}uD;awGjzpfvm=uolawGuawmh e0w/ etz 0if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ rl;,pfaq;0g;EG,f/ bdef;bk&ifEG,f/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif qdkol}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? bdef;bk&ifa[mif;}uD;awG[m aiGrJudk aiGjzLvkyfcGifh&±Hkru {&mrvkyfief;&Sif/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESH&Sif/ e0w/ etz acwf *k%o f a&&Sv d }l uD;rif;/ vl*% k w f efpm&if;0if}uD;rsm;awmifjzpfaeygw,f? bde;f rl;,pfaq; 0g;eJ@ywfoufwJh tzGJŒtpnf;acgif;aqmif}uD;awGwcsKdŒvnf; usdusdwuf csrf;omºuG,f0vmcJh=uyg w,f? Armjynf[mvnf; EdkifiHwumhrsufESmpmrSm bdef; rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; emrnftysuf qHk; HIV a&m*geJ@ywfouf+yD; emrnftysufqHk; EdkifiHwckjzpfvmcJh&ygw,f? 556
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkif;bkwfatmufrSm yk*~vdub%f}uD;awG tv#dKv#Kday:um/ ukr`%D}uD; awGtv#Kdv#Kday:um v,fajr{&d,m {uaxmifaomif;csD ydkifqdkifwJh ukr`%DtzGJŒtpnf; yk*~dKvf}uD; awGay:um acwfopf ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifpepf}uD;wrsKd; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? ,kZeukr`%Du {u (3) aomif;ausmf/ qm;Apftifwmae&Sife,fu {u (4)aomif;ausmf/ '*Hktifwmae&Sife,fu {u (3) aomif;ausmf/ jrefrmbDvD,H*±k (y) u {u (3) aomif;eD;yg;eJ@ at&Sa0gvfu {u (1) aomif;ausmf v,f,majrazmfxkwfcGifh& ukr`%D}uD;awGjzpfvmygw,f? e0w-etz acwfrSm jynfytxda&muf=u&wJh EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;/ EdkifiHa&; 'kuQonfawGay:um jynfya&muf'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒ ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG vnf; ay:cJyh gw,f? rdcifwikd ;f jynf&ŒJ c|wòf cHusra_ =umif/h jynfya&muf&olawG vkyt f m;a&mif;pm;&ol awG ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;cJhovdk/ ppfajy;'kuQonfawGvnf; ra&wGufEdkifatmifrsm;cJhyg w,f? xdkif;EdkifiHrSm (8) odef;cef@/ *syefEkdifiHrSm (2) aomif;cef@/ rav;&Sm;rSm (1) odef;cef@/ udk&D;,m; rSm (6) axmifcef@eJ@ tdENd,/ =opaw;vs eJ@ w±kwfjynfbuf a&mufae=u&olawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? e0w/ etz [m r=umc% *k%, f al jymwwfwmu b,ftpd;k &vufxufurS rpGr;f aqmif Edik cf w hJ hJ “vufeufuikd t f zGŒJ tpnf;}uD; (18) ck&w dS t hJ euf (17) zGŒJ cGeJ @J +idr;f csr;f a&; &atmifprG ;f aqmif EdkifcJh+yD” qdkwmjzpfygw,f? wu,fuawmh typftcwf&yfpJa&; ysufjym;oGm;+yD;awGudkyg t+rJxnfh a&wGujf y±Hrk u/ Edik if aH &;t& bmwckrS aqG;aEG;Edik jf cif;r&Sad o;bJe@J typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyx f m;&wJh tqifhudk +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒawGvdk@ ºuGm;&if;/ wzufu a&SŒaemufrnDwmuawmh ppfwyf}uD;udk }uD;oxuf}uD;atmif tqufrjywf csJŒxGifwnfaqmufaejcif;jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;umpu (2) odef;yJ&SdcJhwJh ppfwyf}uD;[m 2000 jynf@ tukefrSm (4) odef;cGJausmf wyf}uD;jzpfae+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfoHk;p&dwf bwf*swfaiG[m/ bwf*swf}uD;wckvHk;/ wjynfvHk;toHk;p&dwftm;vkH;&JŒ xuf0ufeD;yg; avmuf oHk;òzHef;ypfaecJhygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkif qufvufwdkufyGJqifaewJh awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒawG uawmh 2000 jynfhtukefrSm KNU, KNPP, ABSDF, SSA (south) wdk@jzpfygw,f? ordkif;tpOf vm}uD;cJhwJh Auy uawmh ajratmufygwD}uD;jzpfoGm;cJh+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&; aumfrDwDudk zGJŒpnf;+yD; ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif; yg0ifaecJhygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ jynfwGif;rSm EdkifiHa&;t& xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifae&+yD;/ OD;wnf&ef oltjzpf owfrw S &f ifqikd f ae&wmuawmh NLD tzGŒJ csKyfjzpfygw,f? b,fvakd jz&Si;f ay;&rSe;f rodEikd f awmhavmufatmif tcuftcJawGŒae&wmuawmh (90) jynfh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fjzpfygw,f? wjynfvHk;rSm trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;}uD; ay:aygufaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? jynfyaºuG;+rD uvnf; a':vmoef;aygif; (6100) ausmf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f?
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
557
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
ed * k H ; 2000 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbm (31) &ufae@rSm (20) &mpk}uD; ukefqHk;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? (20) &mpk Armjynfordkif;udk jyef=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if 1948 ckESpfrwdkifrDtxd[m e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@vufatmuf aexdkifcJh&wJh olŒu|efb0 udkvdkeD acwfordkif;jzpfygw,f? (t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm;vufatmuf usa&mufcJh&wmuawmh 1885 ckESpfu wnf;ujzpfygw,f) olŒu|efb0jzpfwJhtwGuf ArmjynfwjynfvHk; tarSmifzHk;cJh&ygw,f? Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; a=unmEdik cf w hJ hJ 1948 uae 2000 jynfEh pS u f ek t f xd (52) ESpt f wGi;f rSm (48-58) zqyv q,fEpS q f ,fr;kd acwfe@J (60-62) yxpacwf (2)ESp/f aygi;f (12) ESpf wmumv uvGJ&if ESpfaygif; (40) wdwd[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;jzpfygw,f? (20) &mpkukefqHk;oGm;csdef txdvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;[m rcsKyf+idrf;Edkifao;yJ qufvufwnf&SdaecJhygw,f? 'Davmuf&Snfvsm;vSwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepfacwf}uD;udk xyf+yD; cGJuef@=unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh (58-60) tdrfapmifh tpdk;&acwf (2) ESpf/ (62-88) rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfacwf (26) ESpf eJ@ 88 ckESpfuae aemufydkif; e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&acwfqdk+yD; (3) ydkif;awGŒ&r,fjzpfygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &acwfu ppftm%m&Sipf epf 0wfpjkH ynhZf mwfwu kd w f hJ ed'ge;f ysK;d wJh acwfjzpfyg w,f? 'Drkdua&pD tarSmifuscJh&ygw,f? (26) ESpfwm rqv acwf}uD;uawmh 'Drkdua&pDtarSmifuscJ&±Hkru wjynfvHk; tarSmifzHk; cJ&h wJah cwf/ jynforl sm; 'kuyQ ifv,fa0cJ&h wJah cwf jzpfygw,f? ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ azmuf jyefq;kd 0g; &ufpufra_ wGatmufrmS trdArmjynf}uD;/ olawmif;pm; Edik if pH m&if;0ifjzpfomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? zqyv q,fESpfq,frdk;acwfu tm%m& zqyv EG,f0ifrsm;om acgif;aygif;pwaxmifaxmifeJ@ vGwv f yfa&;&JŒ t&om cHpm;Edik cf =hJ u+yD;/ jynforl sm;b0 tarSmifxu J rwufEikd cf &hJ ovd/k rqvacwf }uD;xJrmS awmh arSmif±rkH urJ rGo J xufrcJG &hJ ygw,f? euf±i_d ;f vGe;f vSwhJ tarSmifacwf}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;eJ@twl a&SŒqifah emufqifh ayguzf mG ;vmcJ&h wJh jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; ydrk u kd s,jf yef@ euf±i_d ;f vm cJh&ygw,f? (88) ckESpfupwJh e0w-etz acwf}uD;uawmh rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tquf ppftm%m&Sipf epfacwf}uD;jzpf+yD;/ trdArmjynf}uD;wckv;kH arSmif±rkH u rJ/ rJ±rkH u euf/ t±k%rf wuf Edkifao;wJh Armjynf}uD;jzpfcJh&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;&JŒ qdk;0g;r_/ &ufpufr_/ uvdefusr_/ ,kwfrmr_/ aumufuspfr_rsKd;pHkudk tpHktvif tjynfht0/ rcHcsifp&maumif;avmufatmif awGŒ=u& wJhacwfjzpfygw,f? Armjynf jynfolrsm;&JŒ qif;&JwGif;euf&r_[m b,facwfueJ@rS rwl&avmuf atmif qdk;0g;vSygw,f? Armjynf}uD;[m arSmif&mu arSmif/ wdk;+yD;arSmif/ tarSmifwumhtarSmifawG=um;xJrSmyJ &ifemp&m wnf&Sdae&ygao;w,f? Edik if w H umrSm *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfv@kd atmf=u/ owif;eJ@enf;ynmacwf/ ynmacwf/ rD'D,macwf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@òzd;a&;acwf/ æ acwf/ æacwfvdk@ trsKd;rsKd; uifyGef;wyfajymqdk aºuG; 558
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
a=umfae=ucsdefrSm trdArmjynf}uD;uawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;&JŒ trsKd;rsKd;aom zdESdyf&ufpuf ,kwfrmr_awGatmufuae vGwfajrmufEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;bJ/ acwfaemufuswJh/ zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufr_r&SdwJh/ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;awG qHk;±_H;ae&wJh trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_awGòyduGJae&wJh/ qif;&Jr_ rGJawr_ edrfhusr_ txifao;cH&r_rsKd;pHkeJ@ aomueJ@ y&da'0awGt=um; w0Jvnfvnfjzpfae&qJ EdkifiHwcktjzpf epf+rJepfae&ygao;w,f? &mpk0ufausmf=um+yDjzpfwJh jynfwGif;ppf}uD; &Sd+rJ&Sdaeygao;w,f? qdk;0g;azmufjyefvSwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;&JŒ 0J=oCtwGif;u rvGwfuif;Edkifao;wJh Armjynf jynfolrsm;b0 tarSmif us+rJ usae&qJjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf; pD;yGm;a&;/ t=uyftwnf;/ vlr_a&;t=uyft wnf;/ bufaygif;pHkt=uyftwnf;awGuae/ trsKd;om;a&; t=uyftwnf;}uD;qD qdkufa&mufvm cJ&h +yD;/ odyo f nf;jyif;xef euf±id_ ;f vGe;f vSwhJ tarSmifxak wG=um;xJ Armjynf}uD;wckv;kH usa&mufae &qJjzpfygw,f? rvif;Edkifao;wJh Armjynf}uD;[m &ifemp&maumif;vSygw,f? rvif;Edkifao;wJh Armjynf}uD;[m t±k%fwufcsdefudkawmh apmifhvifhaecJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tckawmh tarSmif=um;u Armjynf/ tarSmif=um;u Armjynf? 0if;wifhxGef; (20/ 11/ 2002)
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
559
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wihfxGef;
usrf;udk; &nf ! ¸ e f ; ud k ; um; pmtk y f r sm; 1? udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHordkif; 2? udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmhordkif;tbd"mef 3? ESpf-200jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;tbd"gef 4? tESpfESpfq,f 5? wmaw paeom; 6? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; c&D;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; 7? ausmf+idrf; 8? jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;rSwfwrf; (1492rS 1974) 9? wdkif;jynfuEkEk rkefwdkif;uxefxef 10? zqyv ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@. tjyeftvSefay;pmrsm; 11? acwfopfjrefrmEdkifiHordkif; 12? vGwfvyfa&;a&$&wk (jynfwGif;ppfESpfig;q,f) 13? a&$jynfawmfar#mfra0;+yDrdk@ 14? Adkvfae0if; Zmwfvrf;&_wfor# 15? jrefrmEdkifiHtusOf;axmifpepf 16? *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; 17? vli,fwOD;&JŒ rSwfwrf;rJhrSwfwrf; 18? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;t"rRvkyftm; 19? KNU ESifh e0w=um;awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&;ESifh ywfoufI KNU . &Sif;vif;csufpmwrf; 20? wyfrawmfordkif; (pwkwˆwGJ) 21? jrefrmhordkif;tusOf;ESifh wyfrawmfu¾ (w§wGJ) 22? aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf(twGJ30) 23? tm%m&Sifodk@ay;pmrsm; 24?wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ordkif; (y/ 'k) 560
- Aef;armfwifatmif - jr[ef - OD;pdefjrifh - Adkvfrª;cspfaumif; - OD;Ek - a'gufwmarmifarmif - odef;azjrifh - 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif - Adkvfrª;}uD;a[mif;wifarmif - vrf;pOfowif;pmt,f'Dwm tzGJ@ - (pwkwˆESpf 0dZ…mpmay;pm,loif wef; ordkif;oif±dk; r 402) - OD;atmifapmOD; - pnfolatmif/ armifrSwf - a=u;rHk OD;aomif; - atmifapmOD; - atmifol+idrf; - 0if;EdkifOD; - ILO - KNU
- wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkufrª;±Hk; - wyfrawmfokawoDwOD; - jyef=um;a&;Xme (e0w) - ru'w/ okawoeXmecGJ - (wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ordkif; ðypka&;aumfrwD)
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
0if;wihfxGef;
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
25? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;odk@ 26// ordkif;rSefuluGufrsm;
- q&mcs,f - Adkvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm
t*F v d y f b momeJ ‹ pmtk y f r sm; (1) A Journalist, A General and An Army in Burma (2) The Shan of Burma (3) How strong is the military regime (4) The situation of the elected MPs from NLD (5) Irrawaddy -
- U Thaung - Chao Tzang Yawnghwe - (1CG Asia Report II) - (ABSDF) (vol.8 No.4,5, April, May 2000)
*sme,f r *~ Z if ; pmapmif p mwrf ; rsm; 1? “jynfol@tm%m” rsm; (1985 rS2000 txd) 2? rdk;óud; (owif;pOfrsm;) 3? acwfòydif (*sme,frsm;) 4? oEl;xl; (*sme,frsm;) 5? a&$carmufrSwfwrf;v$m 6? rdk;*sme,frsm; 7? a'gif;tdk;a0 8? e0wacwf b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae avhvmoHk;oyfcsufpmwrf;
teD ; acwf A rmjynf E k d i f i H a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ o rd k i f ; tusOf ; (1948-2000)
561
jyKpk a &;om;ol . ud k , f a &;tusOf ; 1954 Zefe0g&DzGm;? ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f / a&$bòkd rd@e,f/ awm&Gmw&GmrSmarG;zGm;w,f? 1973 ckEpS rf mS rd;k a0r*~Zif;uae uAsmjzifh pmayavmutwGi;f w&m;0if a&muf&w dS ,f? 1973 rS 1988 twGi;f rk;d a0/ aomif;ajymif;axGvm/ jrwfav; 0if ; wif h x G e f ; r*~Zif;wk@d rmS uAsm/ 0wˆKwd/k oa&mfpmawG a&;cJw h ,f? yxrqk;H vk;H csi;f pmtky[ f m uAsmpmtky?f q&mwifr;dk eJ@ !Ge@f =uL; wk@d trSma&;om; ay;=uwJh vk;H csi;f uAsm&Snpf mtky?f “ Ed;k aeaom vuFmonf” (1980 jynfEh pS x f w k )f jzpfw,f? 1982 rS 1986 txd/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tjzpf/ yk'rf 5§neJ@ tif;pdeaf xmif om,m 0wDaxmif wk@d rmS aecJ&h w,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f ppftpd;k &udq k ef@usif uef@uu G cf hJ =uwJh pmaytEk ynm &Sirf sm;vufrSwfa&;xdk;uef@uGufv$mwif&mrSmyg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhw,f? ta&;awmfykH}uD; twGi;f pme,fZif;or*~ (,m,D) rSm omref tzG@J 0iftjzpfyg0ifw,f? Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD A[kad umfrwD twGi;f a&;rª; tzG@J 0if (1)/ ygwzD suo f rd ;f cH&+yD; 0&rf;ajy;wJt h cg rE aW v;rSma&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ hJ pmtkyf uawmh “ 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfy”Hk (vk;H csi;f uAsmpmtky)f eJ@ “ e0wppftpd;k &. vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufr_ rsm; (1990) ” wk@d jzpfw,f? jynfyudak &mufvm+yD;aemuf a&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wG uawmh æ 1? cGyaf 'gi;f wk@d &@J wGeu f sL;oH ( uAsmpmtky/f wuUov kd pf ed &f wk txdr;f trSwf Auo rS xkwaf 0/ 1995) 2? a&$vrD mS odumQ ESpx f yfe@J vl (uAsm/ 1996) 3? axmifpak [mif;udk Ekwq f uf axmifpo k pftwGut f óud æ (uAsmpmtky/f Ed0k ifbm/ 2000 jynfEh pS )f 4? oHwikd =f um; aºuGomG ;&wJh =u,fpifawG (±kyyf v Hk m$ pum;ajy/=o*kwv f / 2001) 5? (6) wdu k rf mS avmufuu kd w f mcHz;l ovm; (ud, k af wG@axmif0wWKwdrk sm;/ 2006) rd;k óud;/ acwfòydi/f a'gi;f tk;d a0/ opPm pwJh pmapmifr*~Zif; *sme,f awGrmS uAsm/ 0wˆK/ aqmif;yg;av;awGa&;cJ/h a&;aeqJjzpfw,f?