Cost Determination and its Kinds

Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific, GLA-TR-002

These are inclusive of specific targeting of either the training or the inference parts of the supply chain – or both. One adversarial machine learning attack is “model poisoning” where an attacker “contaminates the training data of an ML system in order to get a desired outcome at inference time”. An industry report noted that 30% of all cyber ops in 2022 are to be instances of adversarial ML. Increasingly, as IoT leads towards an even greater proliferation of AI-enabled systems, research into adversarial machine learning will require further sustained efforts & international collaboration (Rej, 2020).

However, it needs to be understood as well that the technology aspects/industries identified herein have possessed extensive commercial & public-welfare usage as well, which support the inclusion part of the agendas. While, digital trends in Asia & the Pacific incline towards (International Telecommunication Union, 2021): a. Mobile market developments b. Satellite broadband developments c. Fixed broadband market(s) d. Internet aspects e. ICT (Information and Communication) prices f. Communication revenue & investment g. Digital Service(s) h. Cybersecurity Developments i. ICT infrastructural developments with respect to integrated technologies

Cost Determination and its Kinds

The primary categories that both Costs & Benefits fall under are Tangible/Intangible, Direct/Indirect & Real. While the benefits in intricacy are outlined in the above sub-section, the costs for the same cannot be determined with accuracy, owing to the nascency of in the R&D of the said technological sectors coupled with factors such as the onslaught of the pandemic, political conditions and social infrastructural paradigm shifts. However, what can be ascertained is that the cost of intellectual labor in the Asia-Pacific would be lesser in comparison to the West. Now, if