Life in Australia (Hindi)

Hindi

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/

© k+/\m/n/v/elT/ a/\P+ a/\sqMeil/y// 2007

ws/ s//m/g/>I p/r k+/\p/Ir/w*q (p/>k+/x/n//iD/k+/r) hE = k+/\p/Ir/w*q Akq 1968 ke+ ant/g/*t/ dI g/w* an/um/it/ ke+ al//v// ws/ke+ ik+s/I B/I B//g/ k+I k+/\m/n/v/elT/ k+I an/um/it/ ke+ ib/n// ik+s/I B/I p/>ik>+y// s/e p/>it/k&+it/ k+rn// m/n// hE = p/>it/k&+it/ k+I an/um/it/ aT/v// aiD/k+/r p/>/pt/ k+rn/e ke+ b//re m/e] p/>xn/ a/Er a/v/edn/ ws/ p/t/e p/r B/ej/e]: Commonwealth Copyright Administration Attorney General’s Department Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600

aT/v// w]qrn/eq p/r ws/ p/t/e p/r il/K/e] www.ag.gov.au/cca ISBN 978 1 921446 42 9

p/>k+/ix/t/ akt/Ub/r 2007 y/h p/>k+/x/n/ w]qrn/Eeq p/r w]g/il/x/ a/Er an/ek+ s//m//ij/k+ B//{//a/e] m/e] Wp/l/bD/ hE = ws/ p/>k+/x/n/ k+I p/>it/y//\] www.immi.gov.au p/r a/\z*r k+I j// s/k+t/I hE] =

duB//i{/A k+/ ic/nh r/{qMIy/ s//v/*j/in/k+ s/Uc/n// k+/ Ak+ ic/nh hE ij/s/k+/ iv/k+/s/ iv/kq/eiry/n/ a/\ipµés/ a/\pµé m/lqIk+lc/rl/ apµéey/s/*< n/e k+/\m/n/v/elT/, r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I s/rk+/r/e] ke+ s//T/ im/l/k+r ik+y// hE = y/h ic/nh y/h s/Uic/t/ k+rn/e k+I Ak+ a/s//n/ iv/iD/ hE ik+ a]g/>ejµ/I B//{// m/e] k+m/ p/>v/I[/t// rK/n/e v//l/e l//eg/ s/rk+/rI s/ev//a/e] k+/ Wp/y//eg/ k+rt/e s/m/y/ B//{// s/]b/]D/I s/h/y/t// ke+ il/A k+h/\] p/UC s/k+t/e hE] = a/p/ ws/ ic/nh k+/e s/rk+/rI a/Er s//m/ud/iy/k+ s/Uc/n// t/T// s/ev//A] p/>d/n/ k+rn/e v//l/e sT//n//e] j/Es/e ik+ s/rk+/rI asp/t//l//e], p/uil/s/ sqex/n//e], s/rk+/rI iv/ê/l/y//e], s//m/ud/iy/k+ ke+nd>/e], a/v//s/ t/T// r/ejµ/g//r k+/y//*l/y//e], sT//n/Iy/ k+/Eis/l//e] a/Er m//w*g/>e]q irs//es/* s/e]qr/e] (a/p/>v//is/y//e] ke+ il/A s/]s//D/n/ ke+nd>/e]) m/e] deK/e]g/e = duB//i{/A ke+ ic/nh k+I x/uoa/t/ iv/kq/eiry// m/e] a/Ep/c//irk+ Op/ s/e m/w* 2006 m/e] huw* =

iv/{/y/ s/Uc/I p/>st//v/n// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[//A]

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asT//y/I (p/>/eiv/jµ/n/l/) a/Er sT//y/I v/Ijµ// ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[//

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qEmp/rerI v/Ijµ// ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[//

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a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/ a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r

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t/Ty/ a/Er a/\]k+zµe

10

r/{qMIy/ p/>t/Ik+

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r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

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j/l/v//y/u

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p/y//*v/r[/

15

p/hl/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/

15

p/hl/e y/Ur/eip/y/n/

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Ak+ r/{qM k+/ j/nm/

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y/uà k+/ p/>B//v/

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s/m/&ià a/Er b/dl//v/

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j//e l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e ap/n// dex/ m//n/t/e hE]

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p/>j//t/]F/ a/Er s/rk+/r

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a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

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k+/n/Un/ a/Er s//m//ij/k+ p/>T//A]

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p/irv//r/e] k+I b/dl/t/I B/Uim/k+/

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‘ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ’ w]g/il/x/

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s/m//r/eh a/Er av/k+/x/ ke+ idn/

33

K/el/, m/n//er]j/n/ a/Er k+l//

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iv/~/n/ ke+ `/eF/ m/e] Wp/l/ibD/y//\] p//n/e a/Er n/v/In/t// l//n/e v//l/e l//eg/

36

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

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r/ejµ/g//r a/Er k+/m/ k+rn/e k+/ v//t//v/r[/

37

a/v//s/

38

s//m//ij/k+ s/ur`//

39

asp/t//l/ a/Er ic/ik+ts// ke+ K/c/e*

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w]g/il/x/ B//{// k+I k+`//A]

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duB//i{/A a/Er an/uv//d s/]b/]D/I s/h/y/t//

41

ix/`//

41

g//zµI c/l//n/e ke+ l//w*s/Ens/

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s/]p/k+* k+I m/hfv/p/U[/* j//n/k+/rI

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a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n//

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n//g/irk+t// ke+ iv/x/e{//iD/k+/r

43

ij/mm/ed/iry//\]

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p/>st//v/n// y/h p/uist/k+/ Wn/ l//eg//e] ke+ il/A hE j//e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] sT//y/I aT/v// asT//y/I Op/ s/e rhn/e ke+ il/A v/Ijµ// p//n/e ke+ il/A a/v/edn/ de rhe hE] = y/h a/\sqMeil/y//, ws/ke+ wit/h/s/, rhn/-s/hn/ ke+ t//Er-t/rIk+/e] a/Er hm//re s//J/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] ke+ b//re m/e] s/]i`/pt/ j//n/k+/rI det/I hE = v/Ijµ// ke+ a/v/edn/ k+I p/>ik+y// ke+ d/Er/n/ v/Ijµ// ke+ an/ek+ a/v/edk+/e] ke+ il/A y/h p/ui{q k+rn// ain/v//y/* hE ik+ v/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ a/dr a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+re]g/e = a/\sq<eil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] m/e] hr vy/ifé k+/ b/r/b/r m/hfv/ hE Aes// s/m/J/ k+r Ws/ke+ g//Erv/ a/Er sv/t/nF/t// k+/ a/dr k+rn//, iv/c//r/e] k+/e p/>k+q k+rn/e k+I sv/t/nF/t//, D//im/*k+ sv/t/nF/t// a/Er D/m/*in/rp/e`/ s/rk+/r, ik+s/I g/uq m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e k+I sv/t/nF/t//, p//il/*y//m/e]qrI zem//ek>e+s/I (s/]s/dIy/ p/>j//t/]F/) a/Er iv/iD/-p/Uv/* x//s/n/ ke+ il/A s/m/T/*n/, k+/n/Un/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ s/b/ke+ il/A b/r/b/rI, p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] m/e] b/r/b/rI, s/b/ke+ il/A s/m//n/ av/s/r a/Er x//]it/ x//im/l/ hE] = wn/m/e] s/m/t//v//d k+I B//v/n// B/I x//im/l/ hE j//e s/b/ke+ il/A b/r/b/rI, Ak+ dUs/re ke+ p/>it/ a/dr. s/ih{[/ut//, jµ/ort/m/]d/e] ke+ p/>it/ dy// a/Er s//v/*j/in/k+ B/l//w* k+I B//v/n// k+/e ap/n//t/I hE = y/h s/m/J/ l/en// B/I m/hfv/p/U[/* hE ik+ r/{qM-B//{// h/en/e ke+ n//t/e w]g/il/x/ (a]g/>je /µ I) a/\sqMie l/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+/e Ak+Ik&+t/ k+rn/e v//l// Ak+ m/hfv/p/U[/* av/y/v/ hE = j//e l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ku+C s/m/y/ s/e rh rhe hE] Wn/ke+ il/A B/I y/h p/uist/k+/ Wp/y//eg/I h/e s/k+t/I hE, iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e ij/n/ l//eg//e] k+/ k+/m/ a/p/>v//is/y//e] s/e s/]b/]iD/t/ hE aT/v// ij/n/ke+ irxt/ed/r aT/v// im/F/ h/l/ hI m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/A hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r n/A in/v//is/y//e] k+/e ap/n/e n/A dex/, Ws/k+I iv/r/s/t/, B//{//, rIit/y//e], j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] a/Er t//Er t/rIk+/e] ke+ b//re m/e] aiD/k+ s/e aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI h/is/l/ k+rn/e a/Er j/b/ v/e ws/ke+ p//F/ h/e j//A] t//e x/IG/> hI n//g/irk+t// ke+ il/A a/v/edn/ de k+r a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+/ Ak+ aiB/» a\]g/ b/n/n/e ke+ il/A b/Zµ/v// det/I hE = y/id a/p/ h/l/ hI m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// a/A hE] t//e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/p/k+/ sv//g/t/ hE = a/p/ Ak+ Aes/e dex/ m/e] rhe]g/e j//e isT/r, s/m/&à a/Er p/>j//t//]iF/k+ r/{qM hE = a/p/ an/ek+ p/&{QB/Uim/y//e] ke+ l//eg//e] ke+ Ak+ s//]sk&+it/k+ d&i{q s/e iv/iB/» l/eik+n/ s//J/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] a/Er ij/mm/ed/iry//e] ke+ è/r/ Ak+Ik&+t/ a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] ke+ s/m//j/ k+/ Ak+ a\]g/ b/n/e]g/e =

y/id a/p/k+/e aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI c//ihA ik+s/I B/I iv/ix/{q iv/{/y/ p/r aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A s/]b/]iD/t/ v/eb/s//w*q p/r j//A] a/Er ws/ p/uist/k+/ m/e] j/g/h-j/g/h dI g/w* any/ s//D/n//e] k+I j//n/k+/rI deK/e] = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ rhn/-s/hn/ a/Er k+/m/ k+rn/e ke+ v//t//v/r[/ ke+ b//re m/e] j//n/n/e ke+ il/A Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) (izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé wimm/g/>ex/n/ A]z is/iqjµ/n/ix/p/ - zI a/w* A s/I) k+I v/eb/s//w*q (www.immi.gov.au) ke+ Living in Australia (il/iv/]g/ wn/ a/\sqMeil/y//) B//g/ m/e] j//Ae] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] b/s/n/e ke+ b//re m/e] aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A Beginning a Life in Australia (ib/ig/in/]g/ A l//w*P+ wn/ a/\sqMeil/y//) X&\]K/l// k+I p/uist/k+/A] deK/e] j//e zI a/w* A s/I k+I v/eb/s//w*q p/r Wp/l/bD/ hE] = y/e p/uist/k+/A] w]g/il/x/ a/Er k+w* any/ B//{//a/e] m/e] Wp/l/bD/ hE] a/Er hr a/\sqMeil/y/n/ r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF/ k+I al/g/ p/uist/k+/ hE = Wp/y//eg/I sT//n/Iy/ j//n/k+/rI a/Er s/]p/k+/e*] k+I j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A ij/s/ r/jy/ aT/v// r/jy/-`/eF/ m/e] a/p/ rhe]g/e Ws/k+I p/uist/k+/ deK/e] =

ws/ p/uist/k+/ k+I ait/irfé p/>it/y//\] izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé wimm/g/>ex/n/ A]z is/iqjµ/n/ix/p/ s/e in/v/edn/ k+rke+ aT/v// izp//q*m/e]q k+I v/eb/s//w*q s/e p/>/pt/ k+I j// s/k+t/I hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | p/>st//v/n//

y/id a/p/ iv/dex/ m/e] m//n/v/t//v//dI (x/r[//T/I*) k+/y/*k>+m/ ke+ a]t/g/*t/ sv/Ik&+t/ ik+A g/A hE] t//e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e s/e p/hl/e a/p/ke+ il/A Australian Cultural Orientation Programme (AUSCO) (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+lc/rl/ a/eirAnqex/n/ p/>/eg/>/m/ - a/\jµ/k+/e) m/e] B//g/ l/en// l//B/d/y/k+ h/eg// = y/h k+/y/*k>+m/ a/\sqMeil/y// t/k+ k+I y//F// a/Er y/h/\] b/s/n/e s/]b/]D/I j//n/k+/rI det// hE a/Er Aix/y//, aP>+Ik+/ a/Er im/zl/ w*sq (arb/ k+I K//zµI ke+ dex//e]) m/e] an/ek+ sT//n//e] p/r Wp/l/bD/ hE =

1

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[//A] (Australian Values Statements) asT//y/I (p/>/eiv/jµ/n/l/) a/Er sT//y/I v/Ijµ// ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[// asT//y/I, sT//y/I a/Er ku+C p/>k+/r ke+ alp/k+/il/k+ (qEmp/rerI) v/Ijµ// ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A y/h a/v/xy/k+ hE ik+ Wnh/e]n/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r è/r/ p/>d/n/ k+I g/w* a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ s/]b/]D/I s//m/g/>I j//e ws/ p/uist/k+/ m/e] dI g/w* hE, Ws/e p/Zµ il/y// h/e aT/v// ik+s/I k+I m/dd s/e Ws/e s/m/J/ il/y// h/e = wn/ aBy/iT/*y//e] k+/e y/h B/I j//n/ l/en// c//ihA ik+ y/id v/e b//d m/e] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e k+/ a/v/edn/ det/e hE] t//e Wn/s/e ky// ap/e`//A] h/e]g/I = y/h G//e{/[// s/B/I p/>B//iv/t/ v/Ijµ// a/v/edn/ p/F//e] m/e] x//im/l/ hE a/Er 18 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ s/B/I aBy/iT/*y//e] k+/e ws/ G//e{/[// p/r hst//`/r k+rn/e h/e]g/e =

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[// y/id a/p/k+I a/y/u 18 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ hE t//e a/p/ke+ il/A ws/ G//e{/[// p/r hst//`/r k+rn// ain/v//y/* hE:

m/E] ws/ b//t/ k+I p/ui{q k+rt// / k+rt/I hU\] ik+ m/En/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r è/r/ p/>d/n/ k+I g/w* a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ a/Er Ws/ke+ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I j//n/k+/rI p/Zµ l/I hE aT/v// ik+s/I k+I m/dd s/e s/m/J/ l/I hE = m/E] y/h s/m/J/t// / s/m/J/t/I hU\] ik+: • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ vy/ifé iv/x/e{/ k+I sv/t/]F/t// a/Er g//Erv/ k+/ a/dr, D//im/*k+ sv/t/]F/t//, iv/iD/-p/Uv/* x//s/n/ ke+ il/A v/c/n/b/àt//,

p//il/*y//m/E]qrI zem//ek>e+s/I (s/]s/dIy/ p/>j//t/]F/), p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] m/e] b/r/b/rI a/Er s/m/t//v//d k+I B//v/n// j//e Ak+ dUs/re ke+ p/>it/ a/dr, s/ih{[/ut//, s/b/ke+ il/A b/r/b/rI a/Er j/ort/m/]d/e] ke+ p/>it/ dy// k+I B//v/n// a/Er s//v/*j/in/k+ B/l//w* k+I a/er ag/>s/r h/en/e k+I k+d> k+rt// hE = • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ hr vy/ifé ke+ il/A s/m//n/ av/s/r/e] k+/e m/hfv/ det// hE c//he Wn/k+I n/sl/. D/m/* aT/v// j//t/Iy/ p/&{QB/Uim/ kE+s/I B/I h/e = • w]g/il/x/ (a]g/>ej/I B//{//) j//e ik+ r/{qMIy/ B//{// hE a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+/e Ak+Ik&+t/ k+rn/e v//l// Ak+ m/hfv/p/U[/* av/y/v/ hE =

•m/E] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rht/e huA a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ ke+ wn/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ a/dr k+rn/e a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn/e k+/ v/c/n/ det// / det/I hU\] = y/id m/E] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e k+/ a/v/edn/ dU|]g// / dU\]g/I t//e m/E] y/h s/m/J/t// / s/m/J/t/I hU\] ik+: • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// Ak+ s//J/I p/hc//n/ a/Er s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+I iv/iB/»t// k+/ a/dr k+rt/e huA Wnhe]e Ak+ s/UF/ m/e] ip/r/en/e v//l//

b/]D/n/ hE = • p//rsp/irk+ iv/x/e{//iD/k+/r a/Er ij/mm/ed/iry//\] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// s/e j/uzµI hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+/e] k+I ij/mm/ed/iry//e] m/e] in/v//*c/n/ m/e]

m/t/d/n/ den/e a/Er j/UrI m/e] s/ev// k+rn/e s/]b/]D/I k+/n/Un//e] s/iht/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn// x//im/l/ hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[//A]

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• y/id m/E] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e k+I k+/n/Un/I a/v/xy/k+t//a/e] k+/e p/Ur/ k+rt// / k+rt/I hU|] a/Er m/er/ a/v/edn/ sv/Ik+/r k+r il/y// j//t// hE

t//e m/E] y/h s/m/J/t// / s/m/J/t/I hU\] ik+ m/uJ/e a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg//e] ke+ p/>it/ v/c/n/b/àt// k+I x/p/T/ l/en/I h/eg/I = w]qrn/Eq ke+ è/r/ j/m// ik+A j//n/e v//l/e a/v/edn//e] m/e] m/uKy/ v/Ijµ// aBy/T/I* k+/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+I G//e{/[// ke+ il/A ‘ h/\] ’ aT/v// ‘ n/hI] ’ k+/ b/qn/ c/un/n/e k+/e k+h/ j//Ag// = y/id a/v/edn/ m/e] 18 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ a/iXt/ vy/ifé x//im/l/ hE] t//e G//e{/[// m/e] in/mn/il/iK/t/ ait/irfé an/ucCed (p/Er/) x//im/l/ h/eg//:

ws/ a/v/edn/ m/e] x//im/l/ 18 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ s/B/I vy/iféy//e] n/e m/uJ/e s/Uic/t/ ik+y// hE ik+ Wnh/e]n/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r è/r/ p/>d/n/ k+I g/w* a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ a/Er Ws/ke+ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I s//m/g/>I k+/ee p/Zµ il/y// hE aT/v// ik+s/I k+I m/dd s/e Ws/e s/m/J/ il/y// hEe a/Er v/e Wp/r/efé G//e{/[// s/e s/hm/t/ hE] = wn/ p/irisT/it/y//e] m/e] a/v/edk+ ap/n/e a/Er ap/n/e a/iXt/ vy/iféy//e] k+I a/er s/e G//e{/[// k+re]g/e =

qEmp/rerI v/Ijµ// ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[// s/e p/>B//iv/t/ qEmp/rerI v/Ijµ// ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] k+/e B/I Ak+ G//e{/[// p/r hst//`/r k+rn/e h/e]g/e = Wn/k+I j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[// Wn/ke+ a/v/edn/ p/F/ k+I a/m/ G//e{/[// m/e] x//im/l/ h/eg/I at/: a/v/edn/ p/F/ p/r hst//`/r k+rn/e k+/ aT/* h/eg// ik+ Wnh/e]n/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[// p/r hst//`/r k+r idA hE] = wn/ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A y/h p/uist/k+/ p/Zµn// ain/v//y/* n/hI] h/eg// p/r]t/u y/id v/e c//he] t//e Aes// k+r s/k+t/e hE] = qEmp/rerI v/Ijµ// ke+ aiD/k+/\]x/ a/v/edn/ p/F//e] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I in/mn/il/iK/t/ G//e{/[// x//im/l/ hE:

m/E] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rht/e huA ws/ a/v/edn/ p/F/ p/r dx//*A g/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ ke+ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ a/dr k+O\]g// / k+O\]g/I a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+O\]g// / k+O\]g/I = w]qrn/Eq ke+ aBy/iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A G//e{/[// T//ezµI al/g/ h/eg/I:

m/E] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rht/e huA ws/ a/v/edn/ ke+ a/r]B/ m/e] idA g/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ a/dr k+O\]g// / k+O\]g/I a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+O\]g// / k+O\]g/I = w]qrn/Eq ke+ ij/n/ a/v/edn//e] m/e] 18 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ a/iXt/ vy/ifé x//im/l/ hE] Wn/k+I G//e{/[// m/e] in/mn/il/iK/t/ ait/irfé an/ucCed x//im/l/ h/eg//:

ws/ a/v/edn/ m/e] x//im/l/ 18 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ any/ s/B/I vy/iféy//e] n/e m/uJ/e s/Uic/t/ ik+y// hE ik+ v/e B/I ws/ ap/e`// s/e s/hm/t/ hE] = a/v/edk+/e] k+/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+I G//e{/[// ke+ il/A ap/n/I a/Er s/B/I a/iXt//e] (y/id l//g/U h/e) k+I a/er s/e ‘ h/\] ’ aT/v// ‘ n/hI] ’ k+/ b/qn/ c/un/n/e k+/e k+h/ j//Ag// =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] s/]b/]D/I G//e{/[//A]]

3

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/ Ak+ isT/r. x//\]t/ a/Er s/m/&à s/m//j/ b/n//A rK/n/e ke+ il/A s/B/I a/sqMeil/y/n//e] s/e, c//he Wn/k+I p/&{QB/Uim/ kE+s/I B/I h/e, y/h ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE ik+ v/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ ke+ m/Ul/B/Ut/ s//J/e is/à/]t//e] a/Er j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ a/dr k+re]g/e = y/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/sqMeil/y// ke+ sv/t/]F/ a/Er p/>j//t//]iF/k+ s/m//j/ k+/ a/D//r hE] = wn/m/e] x//im/l/ hE]: • hr vy/ifé k+/ b/r/b/r m/hfv/ hE Aes// s/m/J/ k+r Ws/ke+ g//Erv/ a/Er sv/t/]F/t// k+/ a/dr k+rn// • iv/c//r/e] k+/e p/>k+q k+rn/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// • D//im/*k+ sv/t/]F/t// a/Er D/m/*in/rp/e`/ s/rk+/r • ik+s/I g/uq m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// • p//il/*y//m/e]qrI zem//ek>e+s/I (s/]s/dIy/ p/>j//t/]F/) a/Er iv/iD/-p/Uv/* x//s/n/ ke+ il/A s/m/T/*n/ • k+/n/Un/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ s/b/ke+ il/A b/r/b/rI • p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] m/e] s/m//n/t// • s/b/ke+ il/A s/m//n/ av/s/r • x//]it/ • s/m/t//v//d k+I B//v/n// j//e s/ih{[/ut//, Ak+ dUs/re ke+ p/>it/ a/dr a/Er jµ/ort/m/]d/e] ke+ p/>it/ dy// k+I B//v/n// k+/e ap/n//t/I hE

h/l//\]ik+ y/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/ ku+C hd t/k+ any/ dex//e] è/r/ B/I ap/n//A g/A hE], a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ aièt/Iy/ p/irp/>e`y/ m/e] wn/k+/ Op//nt/r[/ hua/ hE a/Er iv/xv/ ke+ hr B//g/ s/e a/k+r a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] b/s/n/e v//l/e l//K//e] l//eg//e] è/r/ wn/k+/ g/Zµn/ a/Er a/D/uin/k+Ik+r[/ hua/ hE = iv/iB/» l//eg//e] è/r/ wn/k+I aiB/vy/ifé al/g/-al/g/ h/e s/k+t/I hE p/r]t/u Wn/k+/ a/x/y/ Ak+ hI h/et// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e s/v/*p/>T/m/ Ab//eirj/n/l/ a/Er q/eirs/ sqMeq a/y/l/E]z (q/p/U) ke+ l//eg//e] n/e a/b//d ik+y// T// ij/n/k+I aièt/Iy/ s/]sk&+it/ a/Er p/r]p/r/A] iv/xv/ k+I p/>/c/In/t/m/ s/]sk&+it/y//e] a/Er p/r]p/r/a/e] m/e] s/e hE] = aiD/k+/\]x/ a/r]iB/k+ a/p/>v//s/I ib/>qen/ a/Er a/y/rl/E]z s/e T/e a/Er ws/ A]g/l//e-kE+ilqk+ iv/r/s/t/ n/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ wit/h/s/, s/]sk&+it/ a/Er r/j/n/Iit/k+ p/r]p/r/a/e] p/r ap/n/I g/hrI a/Er sT//y/I C/p/ C/ezµI hE = a/p/>v//s/n/ ke+ b//d ke+ d/Er/e] m/e] aP>+Ik+/. Aix/y//, am/eirk+/ a/Er y/Ur/ep/ ke+ l//eg/ y/h/\] a/A a/Er Wn/ s/b/n/e a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er y/h/\] ke+ j/Iv/n/ ke+ t//Er-t/rIk+/e] m/e] ap/n//-ap/n// an/up/m/ y//eg/d/n/ idy// hE = s//J/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] a/Er is/è/]t//e] ke+ ws/ k+T/n/ k+/ aT/* s/b/ p/r s/m//n/ D//r[//a/e] k+/e T//ep/ k+r Wn/k+/e Ak+ j/Es// b/n//n// n/hI] hE] = s/c/ t//e y/h hE ik+ a/\sqMie l/y/n/ p/>j//t/]F/ vy/ifé iv/x/e{/ ke+ sv/t/]F/ Op/ s/e s//ec/n/e a/Er Ws/ke+ any/ l//eg//e] s/e ‘al/g/ ’ h/en/e ke+ aiD/k+/r k+I n/I]v/ p/r a/D//irt/ hE =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/

4

y/h/\] l/`y/ y/h hE ik+ n/A in/v//is/y//e] k+/e Wn/ b/uin/y//dI m/Uly//e] k+/e s/m/J/n/e m/e] s/h/y/t// k+I j//A ij/nh/e]n/e Ak+ Aes/e s/m//j/ k+/e b/n//n/e m/e] s/h/y/t// k+I hE j//e aizg/ l/eik+n/ p/>g/it/x/Il/ hE; Ak+Ik&+t/ l/eik+n/ iv/iv/D/t// B/r/ hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] l//eg//e] k+/e an/ek+ sv/t/]F/t//A] p/>/pt/ hE] = l/eik+n/ wn/ sv/t/]F/t//a/e] s/e l//B/ p/>/pt/ k+rt/e huA hr vy/ifé è/r/ Ak+ vy/v/isT/t/, sv/cC]d a/Er s/uri`/t/ s/m//j/ ke+ il/A a/sqMeil/y// k+I p/>j//t//]iF/k+ iv/iD/ s/e c/un/I g/w* s/rk+/r/e] è/r/ b/n//A g/A k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn// ain/v//y/* hE = •

m//Eil/k+ sv/t/]F/t//A] s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] k+/e (k+/n/Un/ ke+ d/y/re m/e] s/Iim/t/) an/ek+ m//Eil/k+ sv/t/]F/t//a/e] k+/ aiD/k+/r hE ij/n/m/e] iv/c//r/e] k+/e sv/t/nF/ Op/ s/e K/ul/e-a/m/ p/>k+q k+rn/e, s/]sT//a/e] m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e, s/B//a/e] k+/ a/y//ej/n/ k+rn/e, ap/n/e c/un/e huA D/m/* k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn/e a/Er ib/n// ik+s/I r/ek+-q/ek+ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+hI] B/I a/n/e-j//n/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// x//im/l/ hE] =

•

hr vy/ifé k+/ b/r/b/r m/hfv/ hE Aes// s/m/J/ k+r Wn/k+I p/>it/{Q/ a/Er sv/t/]F/t// k+/ a/dr k+rn// = s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ sv/t/]F/ a/Er b/r/b/r hE] a/Er Wn/s/e Ak+-dUs/re ke+ s//T/ p/>it/{Q/ a/Er a/dr ke+ vy/v/h/r k+I ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE = Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (reix/y/l/ izisk>+im/n/ex/n/ Akq), Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (s/Eks/

izisk>+im/n/ex/n/ Akq), Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (izs/Aib/il/qI izisk>+im/n/ex/n/ Akq) a/Er Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Ajµ/ izisk>+im/n/ex/n/ Akq) ke+ k+/\m/n/v/elT/ (s/]G/Iy/) k+/n/Un/ n/sl/, il/]g/, ax/kt/t// a/Er a/y/u ke+ a/D//r p/r s//v/*j/in/k+ j/Iv/n/ ke+ an/ek+ p/hl/Ua/e] m/e] B/ed-B//v/ p/r r/ek+ l/g//t/e hE] = Ak+ Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (h<y/Um/n/ r/w*qs/< A]z w*kv/l/ a/epp//ercy/Uin/qIjµ/ k+m/Ix/n/) B/I hE j//e wn/ k+/n/Un//e] ke+ ant/g/*t/ k+I j//n/e v//l/I ix/k+/y/t//e] p/r k+/r*v//w* k+rt// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s/m//j/ m/e] h/en/e v//l/e J/g/zµ/e] ke+ s/m//D//n/ ke+ il/A ih]s//, zr/n/e-D/m/k+/n/e a/Er ap/m//n/ ke+ Wp/y//eg/ k+/e asv/Ik+/r k+rt/e hE] =

w]qrn/eq p/r s/Uc/n// h<y/Um/n/ r/w*qs/< A]z w*kv/l/ a/epp//ercy/Uin/qIjµ/ k+m/Ix/n/ www.hreoc.gov.au

•• iv/c//r/e] k+/e p/>k+q k+rn/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s/rk+/r/e] aT/v// ik+s/I B/I any/ iv/{/y/ y// s//m//ij/k+ m/uäe ke+ b//re m/e] s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ap/n/e iv/c//r/e] k+/e m//EiK/k+ aT/v// il/iK/t/ Op/ m/e] p/>k+q k+rn/e ke+ il/A sv/t/nF/ hE] b/x/t/e* ik+ Aes// k+/n/Un/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ h/e a/Er ws/s/e ik+s/I vy/ifé k+/e ik+s/I K/t/re m/e] n/ z/l// j//A, Ws/k+I b/dn//m/I n/ k+I j//A a/Er ik+s/I any/ vy/ifé k+I iv/c//r p/>k+q k+rn/e k+I sv/t/nF/t// m/e] b//D// Wtp/» n/ h/e = y/h b//t/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//c//r-p/F//e], reizy//e, qel/Iiv/jµ/n/ a/Er any/ m/Iizy// p/r B/I l//g/U h/et/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/e s/rk+/r k+I k+/r*v//w*y//e] ke+ p/>it/ iv/r/eD/ p/>k+q k+rn/e a/Er k+/n/Un/ m/e] b/dl/I ke+ il/A aiB/y//n/ c/l//n/e k+I sv/t/nF/t// Wp/l/bD/ hE = iv/c//r/e] k+I aiB/vy/ifé k+I sv/t/nF/t// l//eg//e] k+/e ap/n/e iv/c//r/e] a/Er a/x/y//e] k+/e p/>st/ut/ k+rn/e k+/ av/s/r det/I hE = g/l/t/ j//n/k+/rI dek+r aT/v// J/UQ b//el/ k+r ik+s/I vy/ifé k+/e b/dn//m/ ik+A j//n/e ke+ iv/oà k+/n/Un/ l//g/U hE] = dUs/r/e] k+I s/]sk&+it/, j//it/ aT/v// p/&{QB/Uim/ ke+ a/D//r p/r Wn/ke+ p/>it/ èe{/ p/Ed/ k+rn/e ke+ iv/oà B/I k+/n/Un/ l//g/U hE] = •

D//im/*k+ sv/t/nF/t// a/Er D/m/*in/rp/e`/ s/rk+/r

a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s/rk+/r D/m/*in/rp/e`/ hE - y/h/\] k+/ew* s/rk+/rI aT/v// r/j/k+Iy/ D/m/* n/hI] hE = s/rk+/re] s/B/I n//g/irk+/e] ke+ s//T/ s/m//n/t// k+/ b/t//*v/ k+rt/I hE] c//he Wn/k+/ k+/ew* B/I D/m/* h/e = D//im/*k+ k+/n/Un/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] m//ny/ n/hI] hE] a/Er ke+v/l/ p//il/*y//m/e]q (s/]s/d) è/r/ b/n//A g/A k+/n/Un/ l//g/U h/et/e hE], Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A t/l//k+ (iv/v//h-iv/cCed) ke+ m//m/l//e] m/e] = ku+C D//im/*k+ aT/v// s//]sk&+it/k+ p/r]p/r/A] j/Es/e ik+ ièiv/v//h (Ak+ s/e aiD/k+ vy/ifé s/e Ak+ hI s/m/y/ p/r iv/v//iht/ h/en//) a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+/n/Un/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ av/ED/ hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/

s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ap/n/e c/un/e huA ik+s/I B/I D/m/* k+/ p//l/n/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] b/x/t/e* ik+ Aes// k+rt/e huA v/e ik+s/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/n/Un/ k+/e n/ t//ezµe] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ ik+s/I B/I D/m/* k+/ p//l/n/ n/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A B/I sv/t/nF/ hE] = D//im/*k+ as/hn/x/Il/t// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ m/e] sv/Ik+/y/* n/hI] hE =

5

•• ik+s/I g/uq m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ Ak+iF/t/ h/en/e a/Er s/rk+/r aT/v// ik+s/I any/ s/]g/Qn/ ke+ p/>it/ iv/r/eD/ p/>k+q k+rn/e ke+ il/A sv/t/nF/ hE] b/x/t/e* ik+ Aes// x//]it/p/Uv/*k+ a/Er ik+s/I vy/ifé aT/v// s/]p/if/ k+/e n/uk+s//n/ aT/v// c//eq p/hu\]c//A ib/n// ik+y// j//A a/Er k+/n/Un/ ke+ an/us//r h/e = s/]g/Qn/ m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// m/e] ik+s/I B/I s/]g/Qn/ aT/v// g/uq k+/ s/dsy/ b/n/n/e aT/v// n/ b/n/n/e k+I sv/t/nF/t// x//im/l/ hE, b/x/t/e* ik+ Aes// k+rn// v/ED/ hE = wn/ s/]g/Qn//]e a/Er g/uq/e] m/e] r/j/n/Iit/k+ p//iq*y//\], qMez y/Uin/y/n/e] (Xim/k+ s/]G/) a/Er s//m//ij/k+ g/uq x//im/l/ hE] = •

p//il/*y//m/e]qrI zem//ek>e+s/I a/Er iv/iD/-p/Uv/* x//s/n/ ke+ il/A s/m/T/*n/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p//il/*y//m/e]qrI zEm//ek>e+s/I (s/]s/dIy/ p/>j//t/]F/) hE ij/s/k+/ aT/* hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ dex/ k+/e c/l//n/e a/Er s/m//j/ k+/ p/>it/in/iD/tv/ kE+s/e h/e, ws/ke+ b//re m/e] in/[/*y/ l/en/e m/e] B//g/ l/et/e h]E = s/rk+/re] s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] ke+ p/>it/ Wf/rd/y/I hE] = ke+v/l/ in/v//*ic/t/ p//il/*y//m/e]q hI v/e in/k+/y/ hE] j//e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ k+/n/Un/ b/n// s/k+t/I hE] aT/v// k+/n/Un/ b/n//n/e ke+ p/>/iD/k+/r k+/e aiD/k&+t/ k+r s/k+t/I hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s/B/I l//eg//e] ke+ il/A s/rk+/r è/r/ b/n//A g/A in/y/m//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn// ain/v//y/* hE = ws/I t/rh s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//]e k+/e iv/iD/-p/Uv/* x//s/n/ k+/ s/]r`/[/ p/>/pt/ hE = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h hE ik+ k+/ew* B/I vy/ifé ‘ k+/n/Un/ s/e p/re ’ n/hI] hE, B/l/e hI v/h aty/iD/k+ s//m/Ty/*x//l/I p/d p/r h/e j/Es/e ik+ r/j/n/Iit/~ aT/v// p/uil/s/ =

•

k+/n/Un/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ s/b/ke+ il/A b/r/b/rI k+/n/Un/ ke+ ant/g/*t/ s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ b/r/b/r hE] = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h hE ik+ ik+s/I B/I vy/ifé ke+ s//T/ Ws/k+I n/sl/, j//it/ aT/v// m/Ul/ dex/; a/y/u, il/]g/, v/Ev//ihk+ isT/it/ aT/v// ax/kt/t//; aT/v// Ws/ke+ r/j/n/Iit/k+ aT/v// D//im/*k+ iv/c//r/e] ke+ a/D//r p/r any/ l//eg//e] k+I t/ul/n// m/e] al/g/ vy/v/h/r n/hI] h/en// c//ihA = s/rk+/rI aiB/k+r[//e] a/Er sv/t/nF/ ny//y//l/y//e] k+/e s/b/ke+ s//T/ ny//y/s/]g/t/ vy/v/h/r k+rn// c//ihA = s/m//n/ vy/v/h/r k+/ aT/* hE ik+ n//Ek+rI p//n/e aT/v// p/d/e»it/ s/]b/]D/I in/[/*y/ vy/ifé k+I ku+x/l/t//a/e], y//egy/t//a/e] a/Er an/uB/v/ ke+ a/D//r p/r il/A j//A] n/ ik+ Ws/k+I s//]sk&+it/k+ p/&{QB/Uim/ aT/v// r/j/n/Iit/k+ iv/c//r/e] ke+ a/D//r p/r = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h B/I hE ik+ l//eg//e] k+/e Wn/k+I n/sl/, c/m/zµI ke+ r]g/, D/m/*. il/]g/ aT/v// v/Ev//ihk+ isT/it/ ke+ a/D//r p/r ik+s/I duk+/n/, h/eql/ k+I aT/v// any/ s/ev//A] den/e s/e w]k+/r n/hI] ik+y// j// s/k+t// =

•• p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] m/e] b/r/b/rI a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] k+/e s/m//n/ aiD/k+/r p/>/pt/ hE] = n//Ek+iry//\] a/Er p/ex/e isF/y//e] a/Er p/uo{//e], d/en//e] ke+ il/A s/m//n/ Op/ s/e Wp/l/bD/ hE] = p/uo{/ a/Er isF/y//\], d/en//e] s/en// m/e] s/ev// k+r s/k+t/e hE] a/Er s/rk+/rI p/d B/I p/>/pt/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/

6

•

s/b/ke+ il/A s/m//n/ av/s/r a/Er s/m/t//v//d k+I B//v/n// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s/b/ke+ il/A s/m//n/ av/s/r k+/ a/dr k+rt/e hE] a/Er ws/e aks/r ‘ pµéey/r g//e ’ (B/ed-B//v/ riht/ av/s/r) k+h/ j//t// hE = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h hE ik+ j/Iv/n/ m/e] ik+s/I vy/ifé k+I Wp/l/ibD/y//\] Ws/k+I y//egy/t//a/e], k+/m/ a/Er p/>y/tn/ p/r a/D//irt/ h/e] n/ ik+ j/nm/ ke+ G/iqt/ h/en/e aT/v// p/`/p//t/ ke+ a/D//r p/r =

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] m/e] s/m/t//v//d k+I B//v/n// hE j//e Ak+ dUs/re ke+ p/>it/ a/dr k+I B//v/n//, s/ih{[/ut// a/Er b/r/b/rI ke+ vy/v/h/r k+/e m//ny/t// det/I hE = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h n/hI] hE ik+ s/b/ b/r/b/r hE] aT/v// s/b/k+/e s/m//n/ v/EB/v/ a/Er s/]p/if/ im/l/e = ws/k+/ l/`y/ y/h s/uin/ixc/t/ k+rn// hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ m/e] k+/ew* a/Ep/c//irk+ Xe[/I s/]b/]D/I B/ed-B//v/ n/ h/e] = •

x//]it/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/e ap/n/e x//]it/p/U[/* s/m//j/ p/r g/v/* hE = Wn/k+I y/h D//r[// hE ik+ b/dl//v/ b//t/c/It/, x//]it/p/U[/* p/>b//eD/n/ a/Er p/>j//t//]iF/k+ p/>ik>+y// s/e a/n// c//ihA = v/e ih]s// è/r/ l//eg//e] k+I D//r[//a/e] aT/v// k+/n/Un/ m/e] b/dl//v/ k+/e asv/Ik+/r k+rt/e hE] =

Wp/r/efé j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] ke+ al//v// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s//v/*j/in/k+ B/l//w* a/Er j/ort/m/]d/e] ke+ p/>it/ dy// k+I B//v/n// rK/t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/b/d*st/ s//m//ij/k+ B//v/n// hE a/Er a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ ij/s/ s/m//j/ m/e] rht/e hE] Ws/ke+ WtT//n/ a/Er W»it/ k+/ p/>y/tn/ k+rt/e hE] = s/m//j/ m/e] y//eg/d/n/ den// an/ek+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+I idn/c/y//* k+/ Ak+ ihss// hE = v/e Aes// p/y//*v/r[/ k+I deK/-B//l/, ik+s/I k+I s/h/y/t// a/Er a/v/xy/k+t// p/zµn/e p/r s//v/*j/in/k+ B/l//w* ke+ il/A im/l/ k+r k+/y/* k+rn/e ke+ è/r/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ‘mateship’ (‘ m/eqix/p/ ’) aT//*t/ sv/ecC/ s/e dUs/r/e] k+Ie, iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e j//e l//eg/ p/rex//n/I m/e] hE] Wn/k+I s/h/y/t// k+rn/e k+I p/>b/l/ p/r]p/r/ hE = m/eq (s/h/y/t// den/e v//l// vy/ifé) aks/r k+/ew* im/F/ h/et// hE p/r]t/u v/h p/it/, p/tn/I, s/hB//g/I, B//w*, b/ihn/, b/eqI aT/v// b/eq/ B/I h/e s/k+t// hE = m/eq k+/ew* ib/lku+l/ anj//n/ vy/ifé B/I h/e s/k+t// hE = s//m//ij/k+ s/ev// a/Er sv/y/]s/ev// k+I B/I p/>b/l/ p/r]p/r/ hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] è/r/ Wp/r/efé j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//]e k+/e v/{//e*] s/e b/Z/v// idy// g/y// hE a/Er Wn/ p/r c/c//* k+I g/w* hE = wn/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] n/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e iv/iB/» j//it/y//e] a/Er s//]sk&+it/k+ p/r]p/r/a/e] ke+ l//K//e] l//eg//e] k+/ s/P+l/t// s/e sv//g/t/ a/Er s/m//v/ex/ k+rn/e m/e] s/h/y/t// dI hE = a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s//]sk&+it/k+ iv/iv/D/t// Ak+ Aes/I x/ifé hE j//e ws/e p/>g/it/x/Il/ b/n//t/I hE = s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] k+/e ap/n/I s/]sk&+it/ a/Er m//ny/t//a/e] k+/e vy/fé k+rn/e k+/ aiD/k+/r hE b/x/t/e* ik+ y/h iv/D//n//e] ke+ an/us//r h/e = l/eik+n/ ws/ke+ s//T/ hI s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] s/e y/h ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE ik+ v/e a/\sqMeil/y//, ws/ke+ k+/n/Un//e], j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] a/Er l//eg//e] ke+ p/>it/ v/c/n/b/àt// k+/e s/v//e*cc/ p/>m/uK/t// de] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/

7

a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r B/Ug//el/ a/\sqMeil/y// iv/xv/ ke+ s/b/s/e p/>/c/In/ B/U-K/]z/e] m/e] s/e Ak+ hE = y/h p/&Tv/I k+/ s/b/s/e b/zµ/ a/b//d èIp/ a/Er `/eF/P+l/ ke+ a/D//r p/r iv/xv/ m/e] CQe n/]b/r p/r hE = y/h s/b/s/e x/u{k+ `/eF//e] m/e] s/e B/I Ak+ hE a/Er ws/k+I ke+v/l/ 6 p/>it/x/t/ B/Uim/ hI K/et/I ke+ il/A Wp/y/ufé m//n/I j//t/I hE = dUiry//\] b/hut/ b/zµI hE] a/Er a/g/nt/uk+ aks/r dex/ ke+ a/k+/r a/Er Ak+ x/hr s/e dUs/re x/hr k+I y//F// k+rn/e m/e] l/g/n/e v//l/e s/m/y/ s/e d]g/ rh j//t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// p/Uv/* s/e p/ixc/m/ k+I a/er 4,000 ik+l//em/Iqr t/T// Wf/r s/e di`/[/ k+I a/er 3,700 ik+l//em/Iqr t/k+ PE+l// hE = is/zn/I s/e p/T/* k+I Wzµ/n/ m/e] l/g/B/g/ p//\]c/ G/]qe l/g/t/e hE] = ku+l/ `/eF/P+l/ ke+ a/D//r p/r a/\sqMeil/y// am/eirk+/ (al//sk+/ k+/e C/ezµ k+r) ke+ l/g/B/g/ b/r/b/r, B//rt/ ke+ a/k+/r ke+ dug/un/e s/e aiD/k+ a/Er y/Un//w*iqz ik+]g/zm/ ke+ a/k+/r s/e 32 g/un// b/zµ/ hE =

l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//s/I, Ab//eirj/n/l/ a/Er q/eirs/ sqMeq a/y/l/E]zr l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+m/ s/e k+m/ 40,000 v/{//e*] s/e a/Er x//y/d 60,000 v/{//e*] s/e rh rhe hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/e v//l/e b//k+I l//eg/ a/p/>v//s/I hE] aT/v// 1788 m/e] y/Ur/eip/y/n/ k+/l//ein/y//e] k+I x/uoa/t/ ke+ s/m/y/ s/e a/n/e v//l/e l/g/B/g/ 200 dex//e] ke+ a/p/>v//is/y//e] ke+ v/]x/j/ hE] = v/{/* 1945 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I j/n/s/]Ky// l/g/B/g/ s/f/r l//K/ T/I = t/b/ s/e l/ek+r l/g/B/g/ 6,75,000 x/r[//iT/*y//e] s/iht/ 65 l//K/ s/e aiD/k+ a/p/>v//s/I a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] b/s/ c/uke+ hE] = a/j/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+I j/n/s/]Ky// 2.1 k+r/ezµ hE ij/s/m/e] 43 p/>it/x/t/ l//eg/ Aes/e hE] j//e y// t//e sv/y/] iv/dex/ m/e] j/nm/e T/e aT/v// Wn/ke+ m//t//-ip/t// m/e] s/e k+m/ s/e k+m/ Ak+ k+/ j/nm/ iv/dex/ m/e] hua/ T// = s/B/I D/m//e*], n/sl//e]. j//it/y//e] a/Er s//m//ij/k+ p/&{QB/Uim/y//e] ke+ l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] x//\]it/p/Uv/*k+ im/l/-j/ul/ k+r rht/e hE] =

s//J/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ h/l//\]ik+ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ a/p/>v//s/I an/ek+ al/g/-al/g/ s/]sk&+it/y//e] a/Er D//im/*k+ p/&{QB/Uim/y//e] s/e a/A hE], v/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s/P+l/t// p/Uv/*k+ b/s/ g/A hE] a/Er iv/st/&t/ s/m//j/ m/e] s/m//iv/{q h/e g/A hE] = dUs/rI a/er, Wn/ke+ s//m//ij/k+, s//]sk&+it/k+ a/Er a/iT/*k+ y//eg/d/n/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y// s/m/&à hua/ hE = a/j/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+I Ak+ m/hfv/p/U[/* iv/x/e{/t// n/ ke+v/l/ ws/ke+ in/v//is/y//e] k+I s//]sk&+it/k+ iv/iv/D/t// hE b/ilk+ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ p/>it/ Wn/k+I s/v//e*cc/ a/Er Ak+Ik&+t/ k+rn/e v//l/I v/c/n/b/àt// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ l//eg/ ap/n/e p/zµ/eis/y//e] ke+ s//T/ im/l/ k+r rhn/e k+/e p/>/T/im/k+t// den/e ke+ il/A vy/ifég/t/ m/t/B/ed/e] k+/e B/ul// det/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r

8

s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] k+/e ap/n/I s/]sk&+it/ a/Er m//ny/t//a/e] k+/e vy/fé k+rn/e a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ r/{qMIy/ j/Iv/n/ m/e] p/U[/* Op/ s/e B//g/ l/en/e k+/ aiD/k+/r hE b/x/t/e* ik+ v/h k+/n/Un/ ke+ d/y/re m/e] h/e = s//T/ hI s/b/ l//eg//e] s/e y/h ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE ik+ v/e ws/ p/uist/k+/ k+I p/>st//v/n// m/e] idA g/A a/\sqMeil/y// k+I j/Iv/n/ x/El/I k+/ s/m/T/*n/ k+rn/e v//l/e is/à/]t//e] a/Er s//J/e j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ an/um//edn/ k+re]g/e =

Ak+ sv/t/]F/ dex/ a/\sqMeil/y// Ak+ sv/t/]F/ a/Er s/ud&Z aT/*vy/v/sT// v//l// b/ihm/u*K/I r/{qM hE = ws/ke+ p/>j//t//]iF/k+ s/]sT//n/, s//]sk&+it/k+ iv/iv/D/t// a/Er rc/n//tm/k+ a]t/r/*{qMIy/ t/T// `/eF/Iy/ s/hy//eg/ k+/ wit/h/s/ v/Eixv/k+ m//m/l//e] m/e] ws/k+I s/ik>+y/t// k+/e dx//*t/e hE] = l/g//t//r b/dl/ rhe c/un//Et/I B/re a]t/r/*{qMIy/ v//t//v/r[/ m/e] ap/n/I v/Eixv/k+ ij/mm/ed/iry//e] k+/e in/B//t/e huA a/\sqMeil/y// ièp/`/Iy/, `/eF/Iy/ a/Er b/hup/`/Iy/ s/m/rn/Iit/y//e] ke+ è/r/ ap/n/e r/{qMIy/ iht//e] k+/e a/g/e b/Zµ/t// hE =

s/ud&Zµ aT/*vy/v/sT// a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] b//j//r (p/>it/y//eig/t//) p/r a/D//irt/ Ak+ s/ud&Zµ aT/*vy/v/sT// hE j//e in/b//*D/, l/c/Il/I a/Er p/>it/y//eg//tm/k+ hE = y/h Ak+ sT//y/I a/Er a/D/uin/k+ s/]g/Qn//tm/k+ Z/\]c/e p/r a/D//irt/ hE j//e vy//p//iry//e] k+/e in/ixc/t/t// a/Er a]t/r/*{qMIy/ in/v/ex/ k+/ sv//g/t/ k+rn/e k+/ v//t//v/r[/ p/>d/n/ k+rt/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// iv/f/ k+/ Ak+ m/uKy/ `/eF/Iy/ ke+]d> B/I hE ij/s/k+/ G/rel/U a/Er a]t/r/*{qMIy/ p/irv/hn/ t/]F/ B/r/es/em/]d hE, s/Uc/n// a/Er dUrs/]c//r k+I p/>/Eê/eig/k+I iv/xv/ st/r k+I hE, Xim/k+ b/l/ b/huB//{/Iy/ a/Er aty/iD/k+ ku+x/l/ hE a/Er Ak+ ku+x/l/ in/y/]F/[/ p/àit/ hE = p/U\]j/I in/v/ex/ ke+ a/D//r p/r a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ sq/\k+ Aks/c/e]j/ (s/ù/ b//j//r) iv/xv/ m/e] a/Qv/e] sT//n/ p/r hE = iv/xv/ vy//p//r m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ Ak+ b/zµ/ ihss// hE a/Er ws/ke+ m//l/ a/Er s/ev//a/e] k+/ a/y//t/-in/y//*t/ $400 arb/ s/e aiD/k+ hE j//e ik+ ku+l/ iv/xv/ vy//p//r k+/ l/g/B/g/ 1 p/>it/x/t/ hE = j//p//n/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ vy//p//r m/e] s/b/s/e b/zµ/ s/hB//g/I hE, ws/ke+ b//d a/t/e hE] c/In/, am/eirk+/, is/]g//p/ur, ib/>qen/ a/Er irp/ibl/k+ a/\pµé k+/eiry// =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ by/Ur/e a/\pµé sqeiqisqks/ www.abs.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ g/v/n/*m/e]q wnP+/\m/e*x/n/ A]z s/iv/*is/jµ/ www.australia.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ g/v/n/*m/e]q irik>+Ax/n/ A]z k+lc/rl/ p//eq*l/ www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé P+/Ern/ apµéey/s/* A]z qMez www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r

9

t/Ty/ a/Er a/\]k+zµe r/{qMIy/ r/j/D//n/I

kE+n/b/r/

`/eF/P+l/ m/h/èIp/ ke+ s/m/ud>-t/q k+/ p/irm//p/ q/p/ua/e] s/iht/ m/h/èIp/ ke+ s/m/ud>-t/q k+/ p/irm//p/

77.4 l//K/ v/g/* ik+l//em/Iqr

k&+i{/ y//egy/ B/Uim/ k+/ p/>it/x/t/

6 p/>it/x/t/

j/n/s/]Ky//

2.1 k+r/ezµ

iv/dex/ m/e] j/nm/e l//eg//e] k+/ an/up//t/

l/g/B/g/ 22 p/>it/x/t/

B//{//

w]g/il/x/

G/r m/e] dUs/rI B//{// b//el/n/e v//l/e l//eg//e] k+/ p/>it/x/t/

15 p/>it/x/t/

m/ud>/

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ z/\l/r (A$)

vy//p//r m/e] m/uKy/ s/hB//g/I

j//p//n/, c/In/, am/eirk+/, is/]g//p/ur, ib/>qen/, irp/ibl/k+ a/\pµé k+/eiry//

Xm/b/l/

1.028 k+r/ezµ

s/m/y/ –- a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] t/In/ s/m/y/ `/eF/ hE]

p/Uv/I: j/I Am/ qI +10 m/Dy/: j/I Am/ qI +9.5 p/ixc/m/I: j/I Am/ qI +8

ze l//w*q s/eiv/]g/ (idn/ k+I r/ex/n/I k+I b/c/t/) (m//n/k+ s/m/y/ +1)

ze l//w*q s/eiv/]g/ k+/ s/m/y/ ny/U s//WT/ v/els/<, s//WT/ (di`/[/I) a/\sqMeil/y//, t/sm//in/y//, iv/kq/eiry// a/Er v/Esqn/* (p/ixc/m/I) a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] akt/Ub/r ke+ a/r]B/ aT/v// a]t/ s/e m//c/* ke+ a]t/ t/k+ l//g/U h/et// hE =

35,877 ik+l//em/Iqr 59,736 ik+l//em/Iqr

m/hfv/p/U[/* it/iT/y//\]

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r

10

r/{qMIy/ idv/s/ - a/\sqMeil/y// ze

26 j/n/v/rI

w*sqr

hr v/{/* m//c/* ke+ a]t/ s/e ap/>El/ ke+ a]t/ ke+ b/Ic/ m/e]

A]j/Ek+ ze

25 ap/>El/

irm/Emb/rE]s/ ze (Xà/\]j/il/ idv/s/)

11 n/v/]b/r

ik>+s/m/s/ ze (b/zµ/ idn/)

25 ids/]b/r

r/{qMIy/ p/>t/Ik+ a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ n//m/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ n//m/ k+/ Wd<g/m/ l/Eiqn/ x/bd a/\sqMeil/s/ s/e hua/ hE ij/s/k+/ aT/* hE ‘ di`/[/ k+/ ’ = s/idy//e] s/e y/h d]t/k+T// p/>c/il/t/ T/I ik+ di`/[/ m/e] Ak+ a~/t/ m/h/n/ B/Uim/ hE -– qEr/ a/\sqMeil/s/ wnk+/eign/q/ (a~/t/ p/>dex/ a/\sqMeil/s/) = ws/ `/eF/ k+I K//ej/ ke+ aiB/y//n//e] k+I j//n/k+/rI m/e] ws/I v/[/*n/ k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// g/y// T// = ws/ m/h/èIp/ ke+ j/h/j/ è/r/ p/irB/>m/[/ k+I j//n/k+/rI m/ETy/U iPl/]zrs/< k+I p/ust/k+ A v//\y/ejµ/ qu qEr/ a/\sqMeil/s/, ij/s/m/e] Ws/n/e a/\sqMeil/y// n//m/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// T//, ke+ 1814 m/e] p/>k+/x/n/ ke+ b//d a/\sqMeil/y// n//m/ l//ek+ip/>y/ h/e g/y// = b//d m/e] g/v/n/*r l/Ek+l/En/ m/Ekv//rI n/e ap/n/I s/rk+/rI irp//eeq/e*] m/e] y/h n//m/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// a/Er ws/e ap/n//n/e k+I is/pµé/irx/ k+I = s/n/< 1824 m/e] ib/>iqx/ n//Es/en// n/e a/Ep/c//irk+ Op/ s/e ws/ m/h/èIp/ k+/ n//m/ a/\sqMeil/y// rK/n/e k+I an/um/it/ de dI =

a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ r/{qMIy/ J/]z/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ r/{qMIy/ J/]z/ p/hl/I b//r m/elb/n/* m/e] 3 is/t/]b/r 1901 k+/e P+hr/y// g/y// = J/]ze k+I p/&{QB/Uim/ g/hre n/Il/e r]g/ k+I hE, y/Uin/y/n/ j/Ek+ (ib/>qen/ k+/ J/]z/) ws/ke+ @p/rI b//A] k+/en/e m/e] hE j//e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ib/>qen/ ke+ l//eg//e] ke+ b/s/n/e ke+ wit/h/s/ k+/e m//ny/t// det// hE = s/dn/* k>+/\s/ n/`/F/m/]zl/ ke+ p//\]c/ is/t//re di`/[/I g//el//à* m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I B//Eg//eil/k+ isT/it/ k+/e dx//*t/e hE] = s/n/< 1908 m/e] Ch r/jy//e] ke+ p/>t/Ik+ Ch k+/en/e v//l/e is/t//re ke+ sT//n/ p/r s//t/ k+/en/e v//l// is/t//r/ ap/n//y// g/y//, s//t/v//\] k+/en// d/e r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+/ p/>t/Ik+ hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ hr r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF/ k+/ ap/n//-ap/n// J/]z/ B/I hE =

k+/\m/n/v/elT/ k+/eq a/\P+ a/m/*s/< (v/]x/ ic/nh) k+/\m/n/v/elT/ k+/eq a/\P+ a/m/*s/< ij/s/k+/ wst/em//l/ s/]G/ s/rk+/r k+I p/>B/uf// k+/e j/t//n/e a/Er Ws/k+I s/]p/if/ k+I p/hc//n/ ke+ il/A ik+y// j//t// hE, Ws/k+/e 1912 m/e] ik+]g/ j//\j/* (p//\]c/v/e]) n/e sv/Ik&+t/ ik+y// T// = ws/m/e] Ch a/\sqMeil/y/n/ r/jy//e] ke+ ib/ll//e] k+/e dx//*n/e v//l/I Ak+ x/Ilz (Z/l/) hE j//e s/]G/ k+/ ic/nh hE = ws/ke+ izjµ//w*n/ m/e] g//elzn/ v//\ql/ (a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ PU+l/ k+/ ic/nh), k+]g//O a/Er w*m/u x//im/l/ hE] =

r/{qMIy/ r]g/ hr/ a/Er s/un/hrI r]g/ ap/>El/ 1984 s/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ r/{qMIy/ r]g/ rhe hE] =

PU+l/ k+/ p/>t/Ik+ g//elzn/ (s/un/hrI) v//\ql/, Ake+is/y// ip/kn/E]T//, ag/st/ 1988 s/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ r/{qMIy/ PU+l/ k+/ p/>t/Ik+ rh/ hE =

a/ep/l/ (r]g/ b/dl/n/e v//l// ib/ll//Er p/tT/r) 1993 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ r/{qMIy/ n/g/In// G//ei{/t/ ik+y// g/y// =

p/x/u p/>t/Ik+ an/ek+ l//eg/ k+]g//O k+/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ r/{qMIy/ p/x/u p/>t/Ik+ m//n/t/e hE] l/eik+n/ s/rk+/rI t//Er p/r Aes/I G//e{/[// k+B/I n/hI] k+I g/w* =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r

r/{qMIy/ n/g/In//

11

r/{qMIy/ idv/s/ a/\sqMeil/y// idv/s/ hr v/{/* 26 j/n/v/rI k+/e g/v/n/*r a/T/*r ipµéil/p/ ke+ 1788 m/e] is/zn/I k+/ev/ m/e] j/h/j/ s/e a/n/e k+I v/{/*g//\]Q ke+ sm/r[//ets/v/ ke+ Op/ m/]e m/n//y// j//t// hE =

r/{qM g//n/ Advance Australia Fair (Azv//]s/ a/\sqMeil/y// pµéey/r) k+I rc/n// 1878 m/e] p/Iqr z/\zs/< m/Ek+/|im/*k+ n/e k+I T/I a/Er y/h 1970 ke+ dx/k+

ke+ b//d ke+ v/{//e*] m/e] r/{qMIy/ D/un/ b/n/ g/y// = ap/>El/ 1984 m/e] ws/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ r/{qM g//n/ G//ei{/t/ ik+y// g/y// = ws/ke+ b//el/ hE]: Australians all let us rejoice, For we are young and free; We’ve golden soil and wealth for toil; Our home is girt by sea; Our land abounds in nature’s gifts Of beauty rich and rare; In history’s page, let every stage Advance Australia Fair.

In joyful strains then let us sing, Advance Australia Fair.

Beneath our radiant Southern Cross We’ll toil with hearts and hands; To make this Commonwealth of ours Renowned of all the lands; For those who’ve come across the seas We’ve boundless plains to share; With courage let us all combine To Advance Australia Fair.

In joyful strains then let us sing, Advance Australia Fair.

a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/mm//n/ a/Er p/ursk+/r r/{qM aT/v// m//n/v/t// ke+ p/>it/ s/ev// k+/e m//ny/t// den/e ke+ il/A Order of Australia (a/\z*r a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y//), Australian Bravery Decorations (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ x//Ey/* p/ursk+/r/e]) a/Er National Medal (r/{qMIy/ m/Ezl/) k+I x/uoa/t/ s/e 1975 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s/mm//in/t/ ik+A j//n/e k+I Ak+ iv/ix/{q p/>[//l/I a/r]B/ huw* = a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s/mm//n/ p/>[//l/I B/ed-B//v/ a/Er r/j/n/Eit/k+ p/>B//v/ s/e m/ufé hE = s/m//j/ k+/ k+/ew* B/I vy/ifé ik+s/I B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ k+/e s/mm//n/ ke}+ il/A m/n//en/It/ k+r s/k+t// hE = Ak+ sv/cC]d k+/E]is/l/ ws/ p/r in/[/*y/ l/et/I hE = y/h s/mm//n/ a/dx/* vy/iféy//e] k+I p/hc//n/ ke+ è/r/ r/{qMIy/ aiB/l//{//a/e], a/dx//e*] a/Er m//n/d]z/e] k+/e in/ixc/t/ k+rn/e, Wnhe] p/>/ets//iht/ a/Er s/ud&Zµ k+rn/e m/e] m/dd det/e hE] = ij/n/ l//eg//e] n/e ku+C a]t/r l//n/e m/e] y//eg/d/n/ idy// hE, ap/n// p/Ur/ j//er l/g//y// hE a/Er ij/nh/e]n/e dUs/r/e] k+I s/ev// k+I hE Wnhe] m//ny/t// den/e, Wn/k+I Wp/l/ibD/y//e] k+/ Wts/v/ m/n//n/e a/Er Wn/k+/ D/ny/v//d den/e ke il/A a/\sqMeil/y// Wn/k+/ s/mm//n/ k+rt// hE =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jµ/r

12

• a/\sqMeil/y/n/ a/\n/rs/<. Av//z*s/< A]z is/mb/l/s/< www.itsanhonour.gov.au • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé id p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr A]z kE+ib/n/eq www.dpmc.gov.au

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// - Ak+ s/rs/rI n/jÂľ/r

13

r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+I B/Uim/ an/up/m/ a/Er iv/{/m/t//a/e] s/e B/rp/Ur hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ dUr-dr/jµ/ ke+ wl//ke+ ij/nhe] aks/r ‘outback’ ‘a/\Wqb/Ek+’ ke+ n//m/ s/e j//n// j//t// hE, a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ wit/h/s/ a/Er p//Er/i[/k+ d&i{q s/e m/hfv/p/U[/* hE] = ws/ke+ b//v/j/Ud a/\sqMeil/y// k+I 2.1 k+r/ezµ j/n/s/]K// m/e] s/e 75 p/>it/x/t/ s/e aiD/k+ x/hr/e] m/e] rht/e hE], iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e p/Uv/I* s/m/ud> t/q ke+ Wp/j//@ m/Ed/n/I wl//k+/e] a/Er di`/[/-p/Uv/I* s/m/ud> t/q ke+ a/s/ p//s/ b/s/I r/j/D//in/y//e] m/e] = a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e aks/r Ak+ ‘ y/uv// ’ r/{qM m//n// j//t// hE p/r]t/u s/]B//iv/t/ j/Iv/n/-k+/l/ m/e] l/g//t//r v/&ià ke+ k+/r[/ iv/xv/ ke+ an/ek+ any/ dex//e] k+I B//\]it/ ws/k+I a/b//dI B/I aiD/k+ a/y/u v//l/I h/et/I j// rhI hE = p/E]s/Q v/{/* a/Er ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ l//eg//e] k+I s/]Ky// 2005 m/e] j/n/s/]Ky// k+/ 13.1 p/>it/x/t/ T/I; Aes// an/um//n/ hE ik+ 2050 m/e] y/h 25.7 p/>it/x/t/ h/e j//Ag/I =

r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I a/b//dI k+h/\] b/s/I hE r/jy/ / r/jy/-`/eF/

j/n/s/]Ky// (l//K/)

r/j/D//n/I

r/j/D//n/I k+I j/n/s/]Ky// (l//K/)

ny/U s//\@T/ v/els/<

65.5

is/zn/I

41.2

iv/kq/eiry//

49.3

m/elb/n/*

35.9

kv/Ins/<l/E]z

39.0

ib/>s/b/en/

17.6

v/Esqn/* a/\sqMeil/y//

19.6

p/T/*

14.5

s//WT/ a/\sqMeil/y//

15.1

Aizl/ez

11.1

t/sm//in/y//

4.8

h/eb//q

2.0

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ kE+ip/ql/ qEirqrI

3.2

kE+n/b/r/

0,32

n//\d*n/ qEirqrI

1.9

z/iv/*n/

1.1

(s/>/et/: a/\sqMeil/y/n/ by/Ur/e a/\pµé sqeiqisqks/)

j/l/v//y/u a/\sqMeil/y// iv/xv/ ke+ s/b/s/e s/UK/e dex//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ hE = ws/k+I B/It/rI B/Uim/ aiD/k+/\]x/ Op/ s/e s/m/t/l/, b/]j/r a/Er b/hut/ k+m/ a/b//dI v//l/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

14

ws/ke+ b//v/j/Ud, n//\d*n/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ aiD/k+/]x/ B//g/ k+I j/l/v//y/u W{[/dex/Iy/ hE = kv/Ins/<l/E]z ke+ ku+C B//g//e], v/Esqn/* a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er n//\d*n/ qEirqrI m/e] v/{//* #t/u m/e] j/n/v/rI s/e m//c/* t/k+ m//n/s/Un/ j/Es/I b/rs//t/ h/et/I hE = v//st/v/ m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// wt/n// b/zµ/ hE ik+ y/h/\] j/l/v//y/u k+I aiD/k+/]x/ p/irisT/it/y//\], b/pµé* a/Er p//l/e s/e l/ek+r J/ul/s//t/I g/m/I* t/k+ m/hs/Us/ k+I j//t/I hE] =

s/b/s/e Q]ze wl//ke+ t/sm//in/y// a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// m/h/èIp/ ke+ di`/[/-p/Uv/I* p/v/*t/Iy/ `/eF//e] m/e] hE] = s/b/s/e g/m/* wl//ke+ m/h/èIp/ ke+ m/Dy/ p/ixc/m/I `/eF/ m/e] hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] #t/uA] Wf/rI g//el//à* s/e ib/lku+l/ WlqI hE] = g/>I{m/ #t/u ids/mb/r s/e P+rv/rI, p/t/J/zµ m//c/* s/e m/w*, x/It/ #t/u j/Un/ s/e ag/st/ a/Er b/s/]t/ is/t/mb/r s/e n/v/mb/r t/k+ h/et/I hE] = j/ul//w* m//h k+/ a/Es/t/ t//p/m//n/ s/b/s/e k+m/ h/et// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ di`/[/I B//g//e] m/e] aiD/k+/\]x/ sT//n//e] m/e] idn/ k+/ a/Es/t/ t//p/m//n/ 10 s/e 20 izg/>I s/eils/y/s/ (50 s/e 68 izg/>I pµé/ren/h/w*q) a/Er Wf/rI W{[/dex/Iy/ B//g//e] m/e] 25 s/e 35 izg/>I s/eils/y/s/ (70 s/e 90 izg/>I pµé/ren/h/w*q) t/k+ h/et// hE = t/qIy/ wl//k+/e] m/e] t//p/m//n/ iv/rl/e hI wt/n// ig/rt// hE ik+ b/P*+ j/m/ j//A l/eik+n/ B/It/r ke+ an/ek+ B//g//e] m/e] s/id*y//e] k+I r/t//e] m/e] hlk+/ p//l// p/zµt// hE = p/h/zµI wl//k+/e] m/e] aks/r t//p/m//n/ 0 izg/>I s/eils/y/s/ (32 izg/>I pµé/ren/h/w*q) s/e k+m/ h/e j//t// hE a/Er 1500 m/Iqr s/e @\]c/e sT//n//e] p/r v/{/* m/e] k+w* m/hIn/e] ke+ il/A b/P*+ j/m/I rht/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ di`/[/I B//g//e] m/e] j/n/v/rI a/Er P+rv/rI s/b/s/e g/m/* m//s/ h/et/e hE] j/b/ik+ W{[/dex/Iy/ B//g//e] m/e] n/v/mb/r a/Er ids/mb/r aty/iD/k+ g/m/* h/et/e hE] = aiD/k+/\]x/ B/It/rI wl//k+/e] m/e] idn/ k+/ a/Es/t/ t//p/m//n/ 30 izg/>I s/eils/y/s/ s/e aiD/k+ (80 s/e 99 izg/>I pµé/ren/h/w*q) h/et// hE a/Er v/Esqn/* a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ ku+C B//g//e] m/e] 40 izg/>I s/eils/y/s/ (104 izg/>I pµé/ren/h/w*q) ke+ a/s/-p//s/ h/et// hE = di`/[/I s/m/ud> t/q/e], p/h/zµI wl//k+/e] a/Er t/sm//in/y// m/e] idn/ T//ezµe Q]ze h/et/e hE] (20 s/e 30 izg/>I s/eils/y/s/ - 70 s/e 90 izg/>I pµé/ren/h/w*q) =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • by/Ur/e a/\pµé m/Iqiry//el//\]j/I (m//Es/m/ iv/B//g/) www.bom.gov.au

p/y//*v/r[/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ B/Ud&xy/ m/e] aty/iD/k+ iv/iB/»t// a/Er as//D//r[/ v/n/sp/it/y//e] a/Er j/Iv/-j/]t/ua/e] k+/ j/m/G/q hE = hm/ ap/n/e v//t//v/r[/ t/T// s/m/&à a/Er an/up/m/ j/Ev/-iv/iv/D/t// k+I s/ur`// a/Er s/]r`/[/ ke+ p/>it/ v/c/n/b/à hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/h/èIp/ k+/ 10 p/>it/x/t/ s/e aiD/k+ wl//k+/ - l/g/B/g/ 7 k+r/ezµ 7 l//K/ hekqey/r -– s/]ri`/t/ `/eF/ hE = ws/ke+ al//v// 6 k+r/ezµ 5 l//K/ hekqey/r s/m/ud>I wl//k+/ B/I s/]ri`/t/ `/eF/ hE ij/s/m/e] Wf/rI kv/Ins/<l/E]z ke+ s/m/ud> t/q ke+ a/g/e isT/t/ g/>eq b/Eiry/r rIpµé m/erIn/ p//k*+ x//im/l/ hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/F/h `/eF/ iv/xv/ k+I iv/r/s/t/ s/Uc/I m/e] hE] ij/n/m/e] g/>eq b/Eiry/r rIpµé. t/sm//in/y/n/ v//w*lzrn/Es/ (b/Ihzµ), id v/Eq qM/\ip/ks/< a/\pµé kv/Ins/<l/E]z (kv/Ins/<l/E]z ke+ b/rs//t/I W{[/ p/>dex/), k+/k+/zU n/ex/n/l/ p//k*+, n//\d*n/ qEirqrI m/e] isT/t/ Wl/uo-k+q/ y/Uq/ n/ex/n/l/ p//k*+, l//\z* h/ew* a/y/l/E]z g/>up/ a/Er s/enqMl/ w*sqn/* ren/pµé/\resq irjµ/v/* a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y// x//im/l/ hE] =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé id An/v//y/rn/m/e]q A]z v//qr irs//eis/*jµ/ www.environment.gov.au

p/hl/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/

y/h an/um//n/ l/g//y// g/y// hE ik+ 1788 m/e] p/hl/e y/Ur/eip/y/n//e] ke+ a/n/e s/e p/hl/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ m/h/èIp/ ke+ aiD/k+/\]x/ wl//k+/e] m/e] l/g/B/g/ 7,50,000 m/Ul/ in/v//s/I b/s/e huA T/e =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/v/*p/>T/m/ in/v//s/I T/e Ab//eirj/n/l/ a/Er q/eirs/ sqMeq a/y/l/E]zr l//eg/ j//e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+m/ s/e k+m/ 40,000 v/{/* p/hl/e a/Er x//y/d 60,000 v/{/* p/hl/e b/s/ g/A T/e =

15

m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I ap/n/I iv/ix/{q D//im/*k+ D//r[//A], B/Uim/ ke+ p/>it/ aty/iD/k+ a/dr k+/ B//v/, Ak+ s/m/&à p/r]t/u iv/iv/D/t// B/rI s/]sk&+it/ a/Er k+l// k+I c/l/t/I a/ rhI p/r]p/r/ T/I j//e iv/xv/ k+I p/>/c/In/t/m/ p/r]p/r/a/e] m/e s/e Ak+ T/I = Wn/k+I j/Iv/n/x/El/I, s//]sk&+it/k+ p/r]p/r/A] a/Er B//{//A] Wn/ke+ rhn/e ke+ sT//n/ ke+ a/D//r p/r al/g/-al/g/ T/I] = y/Ur/eip/y/n//e] ke+ y/h/\] b/s/n/e k+I x/uOa/t/ ke+ s/m/y/ m/Ul/ a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] è/r/ l/g/B/g/ 700 B//{//A] a/Er b//eil/y//\] b//el/I j//t/I T/I] = y/Ur/eip/y/n//e] ke+ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] b/s/n/e s/e p/hl/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+/ s/m/ud>I y//iF/y//e] a/Er vy//p//iry//e] s/e T//ezµe-b/hut/ s/]p/k*+ ke+ al//v// b//k+I m//n/v/t// s/e s/]p/k*+ l/g/B/g/ n/hI] ke+ b/r/b/r T// = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] a/Er y/Ur/eip/y/n//e] ke+ b/Ic/ s/]p/k*+ k+I x/uoa/t/ s/e p/r]p/r/g/t/ j/Iv/n/x/El/I a/Er p/>T//a/e] m/e] b//D// a/y/I a/Er 19v/I] s/dI m/e] t/T// 20v/I] s/dI ke+ a/r]iB/k+ v/{//e*] m/e] m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I j/n/s/]Ky// m/e] B//rI ig/r/v/q a/w* = 1960 ke+ dx/k+ t/k+ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I s/]sk&+it/ a/Er wit/h/s/ k+I m//ny/t// a/Er Wn/ke+ n//g/irk+t// ke+ aiD/k+/r a/Er

ij/mm/ed/iry//] l/g/B/g/ n/g/[y/ T/e = Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A, 1965 t/k+ Wnhe] PE+zrl/ c/un//v//e] m/e] v//eq den/e k+/ aiD/k+/r n/hI] idy// g/y// T// = l/eik+n/ 1967 m/e] huA Ak+ r/{qMIy/ j/n/m/t/ s/]g/>h m/e] 90 p/>it/x/t/ s/e aiD/k+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] n/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r k+/e m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] s/]b/]D/I k+/n/Un/ b/n//n/e k+/ aiD/k+/r den/e a/Er r/{qMIy/ j/n/g/[/n// m/e] Wnhe] x//im/l/ k+rn/e k+/ s/m/T/*n/ ik+y// = j/n/m/t/ s/]g/>h ke+ ws/ p/ir[//m/ ke+ p/ICe m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] a/Er any/ a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] è/r/ c/l//A g/A Ak+ t/Iv/> aiB/y//n/ k+/ h/T/ T// = vy//p/k+ Op/ s/e y/h m//n// g/y// ik+ Aes// k+rke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] n/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r è/r/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I j/Iv/n/ isT/it/ m/e] s/uD//r l//n/e ke+ il/A s/ID/I k+/r*v//w* ik+A j//n/e k+I ap/n/I t/Iv/> wcC/ vy/fé k+I = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I v/t/*m//n/ j/n/s/]Ky// k+/ an/um//n/ l/g/B/g/ 4,83,000 ke+ a/s/-p//s/ hE –- aT//*t/ ku+l/ j/n/s/]Ky// k+/ 2.3 p/>it/x/t/ = m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I s/]sk&+it/y//] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I r/{qMIy/ p/hc//n/ k+/ Ak+ m/hfv/p/U[/* ihss// hE] a/Er Ab//eirj/n/l/ a/Er q/eirs/ sqMeq a/y/l/E]zr l//eg/ k+l//, m/Iizy//, ix/`//, K/el/ a/Er vy/v/s//y/ s/iht/ k+w* `/eF//e] m/e] m/hfv/p/U[/* y//eg/d/n/ de rhe hE] = m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] ke+ s/m/ud/y//e] k+I s/h/y/t// k+rn/e a/Er ku+C `/eF//e] m/e] aB/I B/I j//e iv/{/m/t// hE Ws/e dUr k+rn/e ke+ il/A b/n//A j//n/e v//l/e k+/y/*k>+m//e] a/Er n/Iit/y//e] k+/ in/rI`/[/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r k+rt/I hE = wn/ k+/y/*k>+m//e] m/e] sv//sTy/, a/v//s/, ix/`// a/Er r/ejµ/g//r ke+ av/s/r/e] m/e] s/uuD//r l//n// x//im/l/ hE] = s/rk+/r y/h s/uin/ixc/t/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A B/I v/c/n/b/à hE ik+ B/Uim/ ke+ ij/n/ B//g//e] s/e m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] ke+ l/g//t//r p//r]p/irk+ s/]b/]D/ rhe hE] aT/v// j//e Wn/ke+ s//m//ij/k+, s//]sk&+it/k+ a/Er a/iT/*k+ iv/k+/s/ m/e] s/h/y/t// de s/k+t/e hE], v/e Wn/ke+ m//il/k+ h/e] aT/v// Wn/k+I Wn/ t/k+ p/hu\]c/ h/e = a/\sqMeil/y// k+I B/Uim/ k+/ l/g/B/g/ 16 p/>it/x/t/ B//g/ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] ke+ sv//im/tv/ m/e] hE aT/v// Ws/ p/r Wn/k+/ in/y/]F/[/ hE = y/h B/Uim/ m/uKy/ Op/ s/e dUr-dr/jµ/ ke+ `/eF//e] m/e] hE =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé PE+im/l/Ijµ/, k+my/uin/qI s/iv/*is/jµ/ A]z w]izj/n/s/ apµéey/s/* www.facsia.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ w]sqIcy/Uq a/\pµé Ab//eirij/n/l/ A]z q/eirs/ sqMeq a/y/l/E]zr sqzIjµ/ www.aiatsis.gov.au a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

16

p/hl/e y/Ur/eip/y/n/ 1600 ke+ dx/k+ ke+ a/r]B/ s/e hI h/\l/E]z, p/ut/*g//l/ a/Er sp/en/ ke+ K//ej/k+f//*a/e] n/e s/Uc/n//A] dI T/I] ik+ Wnh/e]n/e Ws/ s/m/y/ Terra Australis Incognita (qEr/ a/\sqMeil/s/ wnk+/eign/q/ - di`/[/ k+I a~/t/ B/Uim/) ke+ n//m/ s/e j//n/e v//l/e sT//n/ ke+ s/m/ud> t/q ke+ iv/iB/» B//g//e] k+/e deK// T// =

s/n/< 1770 m/e] Ak+ ib/>iqx/ vy/ifé, j/ems/ ku+k+ n/e ap/n/e j/h/j/, Ac/ Am/ b//k*+ Anzev/r m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ p/Uv/I* s/m/ud>-t/q k+/ d/Er/ k+rke+ Ws/k+/ n/kx// t/Ey//r ik+y// a/Er iP+r ib/>qen/ k+I r/j/s/f// ke+ n//m/ p/r ws/ p/r d/v// k+r il/y// = b//d m/e] ib/>qen/ n/e ws/ n/w* c//Ek+I k+/e ap/r/iD/y//e] k+/e rK/n/e ke+ il/A Ak+ Wp/in/v/ex/I k+/\l//en/I ke+ t//Er p/r wst/em//l/ k+rn/e k+/ in/[/*y/ il/y// = y/Ur/eip/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ y/h/\] b/s/n/e k+I x/uoa/t/ 26 j/n/v/rI 1788 k+/e 11 s/m/ud>I j/h/j//e] ke+ Ak+ b/ezµe ke+ is/zn/I h/b/*r m/e] a/n/e s/e huw* = p/hl// b/ezµ/, ij/s/ke+ k+pt//n/ T/e a/T/*r ipµéil/p/ j//e r/\y/l/ n/ev/I m/e] kE+pqn/ T/e, 750 ap/r/iD/y//e] s/iht/ l/g/B/g/ 1500 l//eg//e] k+/e n/w* Wp/in/v/ex/I k+/\l//en/I m/e] l/ek+r a/y// = ipµéil/p/ ws/ ‘ k+/\l//en/I a/\pµé ny/U s//\@T/ v/els/< ’ ke+ p/hl/e g/v/n/*r b/n/e; t/b/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/h/èIp/ ws/I n//m/ s/e j//n// j//t// T// = K//n/e-p/In/e k+I s//m/g/>I k+I k+m/I ke+ k+/r[/ k+/\l//en/I k+/e a/r]iB/k+ v/{//e*] m/e] B/uK/m/rI a/Er ak+/l/ k+/ s//m/n// k+rn// p/zµ/ = a/iK/rk+/r K//n/e-p/In/e k+I s//m/g/>I l//n/e v//l/e j/h/j//e] ke+ a/g/m/n/ s/e isT/it/ m/e] s/uD//r hua/ = j/b/ 1792 m/e] ipµéil/p/ y/h/\] s/e g/A t/b/ t/k+ a/r]iB/k+ a/n/e v//l/e l//eg//e] ke+ t/]b/ua/e] k+I j/g/h p/r k+cc/I wm//rt/e] b/n/ c/uk+I T/I] a/Er is/zn/I x/hr k+/ a/r]iB/k+ K//\]c// iK/]c/ c/uk+/ T// = ku+C hI v/{//e*] m/e] is/zn/I Ak+ vy/st/ b/]drg//h b/n/ c/uk+/ T// j/h/\] Os/, am/eirk+/ a/Er P>+\]/s/ j/Es/e s/udUr sT//n//e] s/e j/h/j/ a/t/e T/e = s/n/< 1800 t/k+ k+/\l//en/I p/Er/m/Eù/ t/k+ PE+l/ c/uk+I T/I a/Er Ws/k+I j/n/s/]Ky// 5,000 h/e g/y/I T/I = s/n/< 1810 s/e 1821 t/k+ k+/\l//en/I ke+ g/v/n/*r l/Ek+l/En/ m/Ekv//rI rhe j//e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ a/r]iB/k+ wit/h/s/ ke+ s/b/s/e m/hfv/p/U[/* n/et//a/e] m/e] s/e Ak+ T/e = Wn/ke+ p/>x//s/n/ k+/l/ k+I iv/x/e{/t// y/h T/I ik+ ap/r/D/I Xim/k+/e] k+I s/h/y/t// s/e Wnh/e]n/e Ak+ s/j// den/e ke+ il/A b/n/I k+/\l//en/I k+/e Ak+ sv//y/f/ y//ej/n// m/e] b/dl/ idy// = s/n/< 1820 t/k+ k+/\l//en/I m/e] 30,000 ap/r/D/I a/Er 4,500 sv/t/]F/ vy/ifé b/s/n/e ke+ il/A a/ c/uke+ T/e = j/Es/e-j/Es/e k+/\l//ne/I s/m/&à huw* b/s/n/e v//l/e sv/t/]F/ l//eg//e] n/e K/et/ a/Er Wê/eg/ D/]D/e sT//ip/t/ ik+A = y/êip/ a/r]iB/k+ idn//e] m/e] kE+idy//e] n/e b/hut/ k+iQn//w*y//\] J/el/I] l/eik+n/ a]t/ m/e] an/ek+ kE+idy//e] n/e ap/n/I k+zµI m/ehn/t/ t/T// vy//p//r a/Er vy/v/s//y//e] m/e] ku+x/l/t// ke+ a/D//r p/r s/mm//n/ p/>/pt/ ik+y// = s/n/< 1788 s/e 1868 t/k+, j/b/ ap/r/iD/y//e] k+/ a/\sqMeil/y// l//y// j//n// s/m//pt/ hua/, l/g/B/g/ 1,60,000 p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] k+/e ap/r/iD/y//e] ke+ Op/ m/e] y/h/\] l//y// g/y// T// = k+/\l//en/I k+I x/uoa/t/ ke+ a/r]iB/k+ v/{//e*] m/e] m/h/èIp/ ke+ a/]t/irk+ `/eF//e] aT/v// ws/ke+ iv/st/&t/ s/m/ud> t/q ke+ b//re m/e] b/hut/ k+m/ j//n/k+/rI Wp/l/bD/ T/I = K/et/I t/T// B/ezµe] c/r/n/e ke+ il/A a/Er t//j/e p//n/I ke+ s/>/et//e] t/T// n/w* k+/l//ein/y//\] b/s//n/e ke+ il/A j/m/In/ ZU\]Zn/e k+I s/Kt/ a/v/xy/k+t// T/I = an/ek+ K//ej/k+f//* Wf/r a/Er di`/[/ idx// m/e] s/m/ud> t/q ke+ s//T/-s//T/ a/Er p/ixc/m/ m/e] j/m/In/ p/r g/>eq izv//w*iz]g/ re]j/ ke+ n//m/ s/e j//n/I j//n/e v//l/I Ak+ p/v/*t/ X&]K/l// ke+ p//r j//n/e k+/ r/st// K//ej/n/e ke+ il/A k+iQn/ a/Er K/t/rn//k+ aiB/y//n//e] p/r g/A = b//d m/e] any/ l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ ku+C Aes/e B/It/rI wl//k+/e] m/e] g/A j/h/\] j/Iv/n/ k+/ k+/ew* s/h/r/ Wp/l/bD/ n/hI] hE, wn/m/e] n/ll//b//er pl/en/ k+/ x/u{k+-g/m/* wl//k+/ a/Er m/Dy/ t/T// Wf/rI-p/ixc/m/I a/\sqMeil/y// x//im/l/ hE] = an/ek+ l//eg//e] k+I j//n/e] g/w*] = ag/l/e t/In/ dx/k+/e] m/e] y/h/\] b/s/n/e v//l/e B/It/rI B/Uim/ ke+ K//ej/k+f//*a/e] ke+ p/d ic/nh/e] p/r c/l/t/e huA m/h/èIp/ ke+ Wn/ s/B/I wl//k+/e] m/e] PE+l/ g/A j//e b/s/n/e ke+ y//egy/ T/e = v/En/ z/w*m/En/s/< l/E]z (t/sm//in/y//) 1825 m/e] Ak+ al/g/ Wp/in/v/ex/I k+/\l//en/I b/n/I a/Er a/j/k+l/ ke+ kv/I]s/l/E]z, iv/kq/eiry//, s//WT/ a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er v/Esqn/* a/\sqMeil/y// m/]e B/I k+/l//ein/y//\] b/s//w* g/w*] =

s/n/< 1851 s/e 1871 t/k+ a/\sqMeil/y// k+I ku+l/ j/n/s/]Ky// 4,30,000 s/e t/In/ g/un// b/Zµ k+r 17 l//K/ h/e g/w* = n/A a/n/e v//l//e] m/e] aiD/k+/\]x/ ib/>qen/ s/e T/e p/r]t/u am/eirk+/, P>+/\]s/, wql/I, j/m/*n/I, p//el/E]z a/Er h\]g/rI ke+ l//eg/ B/I T/e = s//en/e k+I K//ej/ m/e] l/g/B/g/ 40,000 c/In/I l//eg/ B/I a/\sqMeil/y// a/A j//e ik+ ib/>qen/ ke+ l//eg//e] k+/e C/ezµ k+r s/b/s/e b/zµ/ s/m/Uh T// =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

@n/ Wê/eg/ ke+ iv/k+/s/ a/Er 1851 m/e] ny/U s//\@T/ v/els/< a/Er iv/kq/eiry// m/e] s//en/e k+I K//ej/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e v//l/e sv/cC]d l//eg//e] k+I s/]Ky// aty/iD/k+ b/Zµ g/w* =

17

Ak+ r/{qM k+/ j/nm/ a/r]B/ m/e] m/h/èIp/ k+/ l/g/B/g/ s//r/ p/Uv/I* B//g/ k+/\l//en/I a/\pµé ny/U s//\@T/ v/els/< m/e] x//im/l/ T// = D/Ire-D/Ire a/r]iB/k+ k+/\l//en/I s/e al/g/ h/e k+r any/ k+/\l//ein/y//\] b/n/ g/w*] = s/n/< 1852 m/e] n/w* k+/l//ein/y//e] k+/e ap/n/I s/rk+/r b/n//n/e k+/ aiD/k+/r de idy// g/y// = l/eik+n/ hr k+/\l//en/I k+/ ap/n// s/ur`// t/]F/, z/k+, vy//p//r a/Er y//t//y//t/ vy/v/sT// h/en/e ke+ k+/r[/ D/Ire-D/Ire l//eg/ k+/l//ein/y//e] ke+ b/Ic/ m/e] a/p/s/I s/hy//eg/ k+/e b/Zµ/n/e k+I a/v/xy/k+t// k+/e m/hs/Us/ k+rn/e l/g/e = s//T/ hI Ak+ r/{qM k+I B//v/n// B/I p/n/p/n/e l/g/I = W»Is/v/I] s/dI ke+ a]t/ t/k+ l//eg//e] m/e] n//g/irk+t// p/r g/v/* a/Er a/iT/*k+ s/m/&ià b/hut//y/t/ m/e] T/e = r/{qM k+I p/hl/I rel/v/e l//w*n/ a/Er p/hl// ib/j/l/I k+/ t//rG/r m/elb/n/* m/e] K/ul/ g/A = is/zn/I a/Er m/elb/n/* m/e] iv/xv/iv/ê/l/y//e] k+I sT//p/n// huw* a/Er B/vy/ s/rk+/rI B/v/n//e] k+/ in/m//*[/ hua/ = d/e any/ G/qn//a/e] n/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ Ak+ sv/t/]F/ r/{qM ke+ Op/ m/e] iv/k+/s/ m/e] y//eg/d/n/ idy// = s/n/< 1870 m/e], p/hl/e b/ezµe ke+ a/n/e ke+ 80 v/{/* b//d a]it/m/ ib/>iqx/ s/Ein/k+/e] n/e dex/ s/e iv/d/w* l/I = s//T/ hI sv/ejµ/ kE+n//l/ ke+ K/ul/n/e s/e y/Ur/ep/ k+I ‘ p/rex//n/ k+rn/e v//l/I dUiry//]\ ’ k+m/ h/e g/w*] ij/s/s/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] n/A a/n/e v//l//e] k+I s/]Ky// a/Er aiD/k+ b/Zµ g/w* = s/n/< 1880 t/k+ a/\sqMeil/y// k+I j/n/s/]Ky// b/Is/ l//K/ s/e aiD/k+ h/e c/uk+I T/I = r/{qM k+I a/iT/*k+ s/m/&ià 1890 ke+ dx/k+ t/k+ j//rI rhI j/b/ s/UK/e a/Er m/]dI k+/ a/G//t/ hua/ = a/iT/*k+ ig/r/v/q n/e ny/U s//\@T/ v/els/< k+I l/Eij/sl/eiqv/ as/E]b/l/I (iv/D//n/ s/B//) ke+ sp/Ik+r (aDy/`/) Azm/]z b//q*n/ a/Er any/ l//eg//e] k+I r/{qMIy/ s/rk+/r ke+ a/x/y/ ke+ p/>it/ in/{Q/ k+/e a/Er B/I g/hr/ b/n// idy// ky//e]ik+ r/{qMIy/ s/rk+/r vy//p//r n/Iit/ a/Er r`// j/Es/I s/m/sy//a/e] k+/ a/\sqMeil/y// B/r ke+ il/A s/m//D//n/ p/>d/n/ k+r s/k+t/I T/I = 1898 a/Er 1900 ke+ b/Ic/ m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ l//eg//e] n/e pµéEzrex/n/ (s/]G/) ke+ p/`/ m/e] v//eq idy// = 1 j/n/v/rI 1901 k+/e Ak+ s/]iv/D//n/ ke+ a]t/g/*t/

Ch r/jy//e] ke+ pµéEzrex/n/ s/e k+/\m/n/v/elT/ a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ j/nm/ hua/ = pµéEzrex/n/ ke+ s/m/y/ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+/e C/ezµ k+r a/\sqMeil/y// k+I j/n/s/]Ky// 38 l//K/ T/I = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ p/hl/e p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr (p/>D//n/ m/]F/I) T/e Azm/]z b//q*n/ ij/nh/e]n/e ny/U s//WT/ v/els/< m/e] PE+zrex/n/ ke+ a/]d/el/n/ k+/ n/et/&tv/ ik+y// T// = r/{qM k+I p/hl/I p//il/*y//m/e]q (s/]s/d) m/elb/n/* k+I Akjµ/Iib/x/n/ ib/ilz]g/ m/e] 9 m/w* 1901 k+/e a/r]B/ huw* = n/A r/{qM ke+ s/]sT//p/k+ a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e s/m/rs/, Ak+j/uq a/Er s/m/t//v//dI b/n//n// c//ht/e T/e = m//n/v/ aiD/k+/r/e], p/>j//t/]F/ k+I iv/iD/y//e] k+/ p//l/n/ a/Er g/upt/ m/t/d/n/ ke+ m/hfv/ ke+ b//re m/e] v/e p/>g/it/x/Il/ iv/c//r rK/t/e T/e = a/\sqMeil/y// isF/y//e] k+/e m/t/d/n/ a/Er p//il/*y//m/e]q k+/ s/dsy/ b/n/n/e k+/ aiD/k+/r den/e v//l/e p/hl/e dex//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ T// - s//WT/ a/\sqMeil/y// n/e isF/y//e] k+/e y/h aiD/k+/r 1895 m/e] idy// = s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ isF/y//e] k+/e m/t/d/n/ a/Er k+/\m/n/v/elT/ p//il/*y//m/e]q k+/ s/dsy/ b/n/n/e k+/ aiD/k+/r 1902 m/e] im/l// = pµéEzrex/n/ s/e a/x//v//d k+/ y/ug/ a/r]B/ hua/ a/Er 1901 s/e 1914 m/e] p/>T/m/ iv/xv/ y/uà ke+ iCzµn/e t/k+ a/\sqMeil/y// k+I aT/* vy/v/sT//, iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e k&+i{/ a/Er a/Eê/eig/k+ in/m//*[/ `/m/t// ke+ iv/k+/s/ m/e] aty/iD/k+ p/>g/it/ huw* =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

18

y//s/-kE+n/b/r/ `/eF/ k+/e r/{qMIy/ r/j/D//n/I ke+ il/A 1908 m/e] c/un// g/y// = j/b/ n/w* r/j/D//n/I ke+ sT//n/ ke+ c/un//v/ p/r s/hm/it/ h/e g/w* t//e ws/k+I rc/n// k+/ izjµ//w*n/ b/n//n/e ke+ il/A 1911 m/e] Ak+ ant/r/*{qMIy/ p/>it/y//eig/t// a/r]B/ k+I g/w* = 137 p/>iv/i{qy//e] m/e] s/e j//e izjµ//w*n/ c/un// g/y// v/h ix/k+/g//e ke+ v//st/ux//sF/I b/l/I* ig/>iP+n/ k+/ T// = kE+n/b/r/ k+/ a/Ep/c//irk+ n//m/ 12 m//c/* 1913 k+/e idy// g/y// = 28 ag/st/ 1923 k+/e ig/>iP+n/ è/r/ p//il/*y//m/e]q h/Ws/ ke+ il/A p/>st//iv/t/ sT//n/ ke+ Ak+dm/ n/Ic/e (n/j/dIk+) Ak+ B/v/n/ k+/ in/m//*[/ a/r]B/

hua/ ij/s/k+/ wst/em//l/ asT//y/I p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ Op/ m/e\ ik+y// j//n// T// = Wd<G//qn/ s/m//r/eh a/Er p//il/*y//m/e]q k+I kE+n/b/r/ m/e] p/hl/I b/EQk+ 9 m/w* 1927 k+/e huw* =

y/uà k+/ p/>B//v/ h/l//\]ik+ a/\sqMeil/y// Ak+ r/{qM ke+ Op/ m/e] sv/t/]F/t// p/>/pt/ k+r c/uk+/ T//, ib/>qen/ ke+ s//T/ Ws/ke+ G/in/{q B//v//tm/k+ a/Er p//irv//irk+ s/]b/]D/ b/n/e rhe = j/b/ 1914 m/e] ib/>qen/ n/e j/m/*n/I è/r/ b/eilj/y/m/ p/r a/k>+m/[/ ik+A j//n/e p/r j/m/*n/I ke+ iv/oà y/uà k+I G//e{/[// k+I t//e p/Ure a/\sqMeil/y// n/e Ak+j/uq h/ek+r ib/>qen/ k+/e ap/n// s/hy//eg/ idy// = p/>T/m/ iv/xv/ y/uà k+/ a/\sqMeil/y// p/r g/hr/ as/r p/zµ/ = s/n/< 1914 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I ku+l/ j/n/s/]Ky// l/g/B/g/ 45 l//K/ T/I ws/il/A p/uo{//e] k+I s/]Ky// s/]B/v/t/: t/Is/ l//K/ s/e b/hut/ k+m/ T/I; iP+r B/I 4,17,000 a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p/uo{//e] n/e y/uà m/e] B//g/ l/en/e k+I wcC/ vy/fé k+I a/Er 3,30,000 s/e aiD/k+ n/e ws/m/e] v//st/v/ m/e] B//g/ il/y// = s/n/< 1918 m/e] y/uà ke+ s/m//pt/ h/en/e t/k+ l/g/B/g/ 60,000 x/hId h/e c/uke+ T/e a/Er 1,52,000 s/e aiD/k+ G//y/l/ huA T/e = ws/ an/uB/v/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/b/s/e ic/rsT//y/I j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ k+/ iv/k+/s/ hua/: A]j/Ek+ k+I s//hs/, Ak+j/uqt// a/Er ‘m/eqix/p/’ (Ak+ dUs/re k+I s/h/y/t//) ke+ a/c//r k+I B//v/n// = hr v/{/* 25 ap/>El/ k+/e a/\sqMeil/y// 1915 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// A]z ny/Ujµ/Il/E]z k+/er –- j//e A]j/Ek+ ke+ n//m/ s/e j//n// j//t// hE - a/Er Wn/ke+ im/F/ dex//e] ke+ s/Ein/k+/e] è/r/ g/El/Ip//el/I, t/uk+I* m/e] l/zµe g/A Ak+ Aes/e y/uà k+/ sm/r[/ k+rt// hE j//e b/h/durI s/e l/zµ/ g/y// p/r ij/s/m/e] a]t/ m/e] Ws/k+I h/r huw* = A]j/Ek+ s/Ein/k+ (ib/>iqx/, P>+/\]s/Is/I a/Er B//rt/Iy/ s/Ein/k+/e] s/iht/) g/El/Ip//el/I m/e] ws/ Wäexy/ s/e Wt/re ik+ v/e z/rz/n/El/s/< m/e] s/e r/st// s//P+ k+rke+ k+/\nsqE]qIn//ep/l/ p/r b/m/b//rI k+rke+ t/uk+I* k+/e hr/ de]g/e = l/eik+n/ du{k+r, a/Er s/ID/I @\]c//w* v//l/e s/m/ud> t/q/e] a/Er t/uk+I* ke+ s/Ein/k+/e] ke+ j/b/d*st/ `/eF/r`/[/ n/e Wnhe] a/g/e b/Zµn/e s/e r/eke+ rK// a/Er 20 ids/mb/r 1915 k+/e A]j/Ek+ s/Ein/k+ l//Eq g/A = y/uà k+/ aiB/y//n/ a/Q m/hIn/e c/l// a/Er Aes// an/um//n/ hE ik+ ws/m/e] 8,700 a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/Ein/k+ y/uà m/e] aT/v// y/uà m/e] l/g/I c//eq/e] aT/v// b/Im//iry//e] ke+ k+/r[/ x/hId huA = a/j/ A]j/Ek+ ze n/ ke+v/l/ A]j/Ek+ s/Ein/k+/e] b/ilk+ t/b/ s/e l/ek+r ab/ t/k+ y/uà m/e] B//g/ l/en/e v//l/e s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/Ein/k+/e] k+I y//d m/e] m/n//y// j//t// hE = d/e iv/xv/ y/uà/e] ke+ b/Ic/ ke+ s/m/y/ (1919-1939), iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e g/hrI m/]dI ke+ v/{//e*] m/e] s//m//ij/k+ a/Er a/iT/*k+ aisT/rt// rhI a/Er ws/ d/Er/n/ an/ek+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ iv/f/Iy/ s/]g/Qn/ Qpp/ h/e g/A = @n/ a/Er g/ehU\] (a/\sqMeil/y// k+I m/uKy/ in/y//*it/t/ v/st/ua/e]) ke+ B//v//e] m/e] B//rI ig/r/v/q, ib/>iqx/ p/U\]j/I in/v/ex/ ke+ in/k+/s/ a/Er any/ in/y//*t/ k+I j//n/e v//l/I v/st/ua/e] k+I k+Im/t//e] m/e] ig/r/v/q n/e Ak+ g/hr/ a/iT/*k+ s/]k+q Wtp/» k+r idy// = b/er/ejµ/g//rI t/ejµ/I s/e b/ZµI, 1933 t/k+ Xm/b/l/ k+/ l/g/B/g/ Ak+ it/h/w* B//g/ b/er/ejµ/g//r h/e c/uk+/ T// a/Er r/{qMIy/ a/y/ m/e] B//rI ig/r/v/q a/w* = ‘ s//re J/g/zµ/e] k+/e s/m//pt/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A l/zµe g/A y/uà ’ ke+ 20 v/{/* s/e ku+C aiD/k+ s/m/y/ ke+ b//d j/Es/e hI dex/ m/]dI s/e b//hr in/k+l/ p//y//, Ak+

a/Er iv/xv/ y/uà a/r]B/ h/e g/y// = s/n/< 1939 m/e] ib/>qen/ n/e j/m/*n/I è/r/ p//el/E]z p/r a/k>+m/[/ ik+A j//n/e p/r j/m/*n/I ke+ iv/oà y/uà k+I G//e{/[// k+r dI = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr, r/\b/q* m/E]j/Is/< n/e B/I j/v//b/I G//e{/[// k+r dI ik+ a/\sqMeil/y// B/I y/uà m/e] x//im/l/ hE = dUs/re iv/xv/ y/uà m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/Ein/k+ b/l//e] n/e y/Ur/ep/, Aix/y// a/Er p/Eis/ipµék+ m/e] im/F/ dex//e] k+I j/It/ m/e] m/hfv/p/U[/* y//eg/d/n/ idy// = ws/m/e] j//n/-m//l/ k+/ B//rI n/uk+s//n/ hua/, l/g/B/g/ 40,000 a/\sqMeil/y/n/ x/hId huA a/Er an/ek+ G//y/l/ huA = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

ws/ y/uà m/e] l/zµn/e a/Er j/Iiv/t/ v//ip/s/ l//Eqn/e v//l/I p/IZµI m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I `/m/t//a/e] m/e] g/v/* k+I B//v/n// WB/rI a/Er y/h Ahs//s/ hua/ ik+ is/\]g//p/ur k+I h/r, b/>Um/, z/iv/*n/ a/Er n//\d*n/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] q/Wn/s/<iv/l/ m/e] j//p//n/ è/r/ b/m/b//rI, Ak+ s/b/m/erIn/ (p/n/zubb/I) è/r/ is/zn/I h/b/*r p/r a/k>+m/[/, a/Er a/j/k+l/ ke+ p/p/ua/ ny/U ig/n/I m/e] k+/ek+/ez/ p/g/z]zI p/r j//p//n/I hm/l/e ke+ iv/oà l/zµ/w* s/e y/uà a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ è/r t/k+ a/ p/hu\]c// T// =

19

g/El/Ip//el/I ke+ y/uà k+I t/rh hI k+/ek+/ez/ k+/ y/uà B/I l/zµ/w* m/e] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ s//hs/ a/Er Ak+j/uqt// k+I B//v/n// k+/ p/>t/Ik+ b/n/ g/y// hE = p//eq* m//es/b/I p/r aiD/k+/r k+rn/e ke+ wr/de s/e p/p/ua/ ke+ Wf/rI s/m/ud> t/q p/r Wt/rI j//p//n/I s/en// ke+ hm/l/e k+/e iv/P+l/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A iv/k+q p/irisT/it/y//e] m/e] c//r m/hIn/e c/l/n/e v//l/e ws/ y/uà m/e] ku+l/ 625 a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/Ein/k+ v/Ir g/it/ k+/e p/>/pt/ huA a/Er 1055 G//y/l/ huA =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ v//r m/Em//eiry/l/ www.awm.gov.au

s/m/&ià a/Er b/dl//v/ y/uà ke+ t/ur]t/ b//d ke+ s/m/y/ m/e] j/b/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ in/m//*[/ Wê/eg//e] m/e] s/m/T/* Xim/k+/e] k+I k+m/I T/I, l//K//e] x/r[//T/I* a/Er a/p/>v//s/I a/\sqMeil/y// p/hu\]c/e = 1950 ke+ dx/k+ m/e] aT/* vy/v/sT// t/ejµ/I s/e iv/k+is/t/ huw* a/Er l/g/B/g/ s/b/ke+ il/A r/ejµ/g//r k+I Wp/l/bD/t// s/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/e a/m/ t//Er

p/r s/m/&ià p/>/pt/ huw* = m/k+/n//e] ke+ sv//im/tv/ k+I dr j//e 1947 m/e] m/uixk+l/ s/e 40% T/I, b/Zµk+r 1960 ke+ dx/k+ m/e] 70% s/e aiD/k+ h/e c/uk+I T/I = j/n/s/]Ky// j//e 1945 m/e] 74 l//K/ T/I v/h 1960 m/e] b/Zµk+r 1 k+r/ezµ 4 l//K/ h/e g/w* = g/Er-ib/>iqx/ a/p/>v//is/y//e] k+I s/]Ky// m/e] v/&ià ke+ k+/r[/ j/n/s/]Ky// k+I s/]rc/n// m/e] B/I m/hfv/p/U[/* p/irv/t/*n/ a/n/e l/g/e = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ vy//p//r s/]b/]D//e] m/e] B/I p/irv/t/*n/ hua/ a/Er 1970 ke+ dx/k+ m/e] ib/>qen/ ke+ sT//n/ p/r j//p//n/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ vy//p//r m/]e m/uKy/ s/hB//g/I b/n// = any/ p/irv/t/*n//e] m/e] s/rk+/r ke+ s//m//ij/k+ s/ur`// ke+ k+/y/*k>+m//e] k+/ l/g//t//r iv/st//r a/Er 1956 m/e] qel/Iiv/jµ/n/ k+I x/uoa/t/ x//im/l/ hE] -– ws/I v/{/* m/elb/n/* n/e a/el/]ip/k+ K/el//e] k+I m/ej/b//n/I k+I j//e Ws/ s/m/y/ t/k+ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/y//eij/t/ k+I j//n/e v//l/I a]t/r/*{qMIy/ G/qn//a/e] m/e] s/b/s/e b/zµI T/I = ièt/Iy/ iv/xv/ y/uà ke+ b//d s/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ku+l/ im/l// k+r 40 v/{//e*] s/e aiD/k+ s/m/y/ t/k+ il/b/rl/ p//qI* a/Er k+]qMI p//qI* (ab/ ws/k+/ n//m/ n/Ex/n/l/ p//qI* hE) ke+ g/Qb/]D/n/ k+/ a/Er ku+l/ 20 v/{//e*] t/k+ l/eb/r p//qI* k+/ x//s/n/ rh/ hE = s//m//ij/k+ a/Er a/iT/*k+ iv/k+/s/ k+I p/>ik>+y// j//rI hE = ip/Cl/e d/e dx/k+/e] m/e] iv/st/&t/ a/iT/*k+ s/uD//r l//g/U ik+A g/A hE] a/Er h/l/ hI ke+ v/{//e*] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// iv/xv/ ke+ iv/k+is/t/ dex//e] m/e] s/b/s/e aiD/k+ p/>g/it/ k+rn/e v//l/e dex//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ rh/ hE a/Er ws/k+I a/iT/*k+ p/>g/it/ s/e r/ejµ/g//r ke+ n/A av/s/r WB/re hE] a/Er Wtp//dk+t// m/e] v/&ià s/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ j/Iv/n/ st/r m/e] p/>g/it/ huw* hE =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • n/Ex/n/l/ l//y/b/>erI a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y// www.nla.gov.au a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

20

• a/\sqMeil/y/n/ g/v/n/*m/E]q k+lc/r A]z irik>+Ax/n/ p//eq*l/ www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au

j//e l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e ap/n// dex/ m//n/t/e hE] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ r/{qM in/m//*[/ m/e] a/p/>v//s/n/ s/d/ Ak+ m/hfv/p/U[/* av/y/v/ rh/ hE = b/s/n/e ke+ il/A a/n/e v//l/e l//eg/ 1788 s/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e l/g/e = 19v/I] s/dI ke+ m/Dy/ m/e] s//en/e k+I K//ej/ k+I B//g/-d/Ezµ m/e] hr v/{/* a/Es/t/n/ l/g/B/g/ 50,000 a/p/>v//s/I a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/A T/e = a/n/e v//l/e v/{//e*] m/e]

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/p/>v//s/n/ j//rI rh/ j//e a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er any/ sT//n//e] k+I a/iT/*k+ a/Er s//m//ij/k+ p/irisT/it/y//e] k+/e dx//*t// hE = p/>/rmB/ m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e v//l/e aiD/k+/\]x/ a/p/>v//s/I ib/>qen/ a/Er a/y/rl/E]z s/e T/e a/Er n/A r/{qM k+I n/I]v/ Wn/k+I A]g/l//e-kE+ilqk+ iv/r/s/t/ p/r b/n/I T/I = ièt/Iy/ iv/xv/ y/uà ke+ a]t/ m/e] y/Ur/ep/ s/e l//K//e] l//eg/ ap/n/e-ap/n/e dex//e] s/e iv/sT//ip/t/ k+r idA g/A T/e = QIk+ Ws/I s/m/y/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] Xim/k+/e] k+I k+m/I a/Er Ak+ b/Zµt/I huw* D//r[// T/I ik+ r/{qM ke+ B/iv/{y/ ke+ il/A j/n/s/]Ky// m/e] B//rI v/&ià k+I a/v/xy/k+t// hE = wn/ a/Er k+w* any/ k+/r[//e] s/e 1945 m/e] pµéEzrl/ wimm/g/>ex/n/ izp//q*m/e]q k+I sT//p/n// k+I g/w* = t/b/ s/e l/e k+r ab/ t/k+ y/h izp//q*m/e]q iv/iB/» n//m//e] s/e c/l/t// a/ rh/ hE = s/n/< 1947 t/k+ a/p/>v//s/n/ c/rm/ s/Im// p/r p/h\]uc/ g/y// T// a/Er a/n/e v//l/e l//eg//e] k+I s/]Ky// m/e] l/g//t//r b/Zµ/et/rI h/e rhI T/I, wn/m/e] an/ek+ s/rk+/r s/e y//F// ke+ il/A s/h/y/t// p/>/pt/ k+rke+ a/A T/e = wn/m/e] aiD/k+/\]x/ y/Ur/ep/ s/e T/e ky//e]ik+ 1901 m/e] pµéEzrex/n/ ke+ b/n/n/e s/e 1970 ke+ dx/k+ t/k+ ‘ xv/et/ a/\sqMeil/y// ’ k+I n/Iit/ l//g/U T/I ij/s/ke+ k+/r[/ iv/xv/ ke+ an/ek+ B//g//e] s/e a/p/>v//s/n/ p/r p/>it/b/]D/ l//g/U T/e = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] 1945 s/e ab/ t/k+ a/n/e v//l/e 65 l//K/ l//eg//e] m/e] s/e an/ek+ ap/n/e p/irv//r ke+ p/>it/ v/c/n/b/àt// k+I p/>er[// s/e aT/v// g/rIb/I, y/uà aT/v// Wtp/Izµn/ s/e r/ht/ p//n/e ke+ il/A a/A T/e = v/e ap/n/e a/Er ap/n/e p/irv//r/e] ke+ il/A Ak+ n/A j/Iv/n/ k+I x/uoa/t/ k+rn// c//ht/e T/e a/Er Wnhe] Wp/l/bD/ av/s/r/e] k+/ p/Ur/ pµé/y/d/ WQ/n/e ke+ il/A k+zµI m/ehn/t/ k+rn/e k+/e t/tp/r T/e = Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A, t/Is/ dex//e] ke+ Ak+ l//K/ s/e aiD/k+ a/p/>v//is/y//e] n/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/dn/* Alp/s/< m/e] p//n/I s/e ib/j/l/I p/Ed/ k+rn/e k+I Ak+ iv/x//l/ p/iry//ej/n//, Snowy Mountains Scheme (sn//ew* m//]Wqen/s/< sk+Im/) m/e] k+/m/ ik+y// = p/iry//ej/n// k+/e p/Ur/ h/en/e m/e] 1949 s/e 1974 t/k+ 25 v/{/* l/g/e = 1970 ke+ dx/k+ ke+ m/Dy/ s/e g/Er-y/Ur/eip/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ p/>v/ex/ p/r l/g/e p/>it/b/]D//e] k+/e D/Ire-D/Ire hq/ il/y// g/y// a/Er t/b/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+I

a/p/>v//s/n/ n/Iit/ B/ed-B//v/ riht/ rhI hE = v/Ijµ// ke+ il/A y//egy/t// ke+ in/D//*r[/ m/e] ik+s/I vy/ifé k+I j//t/Iy/ p/&{QB/Uim/, il/]g/, n/sl/ aT/v// D/m/* k+/ k+/ew* p/>B//v/ n/hI] p/zµt// =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • izp//q*m/e]q a/pµé wimm/g/>ex/n/ A]z is/qIjµ/n/ix/p/ www.immi.gov.au

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

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p/>j//t/]F/ a/Er s/rk+/r a/\sqMeil/y// Ak+ p/>it/in/iD/tv/ p/r a/D//irt/ p/>j//t/]F/ hE - p//il/*y//m/e]q p/r a/D//irt/ s/rk+/r k+I Ak+ Aes/I p/>[//l/I ij/s/m/e] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ B//g/ l/e s/k+t/e hE] a/Er ap/n// m/t/ vy/fé k+r s/k+t/e hE] = y/h p/>[//l/I p/>j//t//]iF/k+ p/r]p/r/a/e] p/r a/D//irt/ hE a/Er D//im/*k+ s/ih{[/ut// a/Er s/]g/Qn/ m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e k+I sv/t/]F/t// k+/e p/>/ets//iht/ k+rt/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// k+I r/{qMIy/ s/rk+/r ij/n/ s/]sT//n//e] a/Er p/r]p/r/a/e] p/r a/D//irt/ hE Wn/m/e] an/ek+ ib/>iqx/ a/Er Wf/rI am/eirk+/ k+I p/r]p/r/a/e] s/e im/l/t/e-j/ul/t/e hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ s/]iv/D//n/ j/b/ 1 j/n/v/rI 1901 k+/e s/]iv/D//n/ l//g/U hua/ t//e Commonwealth of Australia (k+/\m/n/v/elT/ a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y//) k+I Ak+ s/]G/Iy/ r/{qM ke+ Op/ m/e] sT//p/n// huw* = a/\sqMeil/y// k+I r/{qMIy/ s/rk+/r k+/ K//k+/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/]iv/D//n/ è/r/ sT//ip/t/ ik+y// g/y// hE = s/]iv/D//n/ m/e] s/]x//eD/n/ ik+A j// s/k+t/e hE] l/eik+n/ Aes// ke+v/l/ s/]iv/D//n/ m/e] dI g/w* iv/iD/ ke+ an/us//r Ak+ r/{qMIy/ j/n/m/t/ s/]g/>h è/r/ m/t/d/t//a/e] k+I sv/Ik&+it/ s/e hI ik+y// j// s/k+t// hE = ik+s/I B/I s/]x//eD/n/ ke+ il/A d/e t/rh ke+ b/hum/t/ k+I a/v/xy/k+t// hE - m/t/d/t//a/e] k+/ b/hum/t/ a/Er a/D/e s/e aiD/k+ r/jy//e] (Ch m/e] s/e k+m/ s/e k+m/ c//r) m/e] r/jy/ ke+ m/t/d/t//a/e] k+/ b/hum/t/ =

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ pµéEzrex/n/ s/]iv/D//n/ Ak+ s/]G/Iy/ s/rk+/r k+I p/>[//l/I k+I sT//p/n// k+rt// hE ij/s/m/e] Ak+ k+/\m/n/v/elT/ (aT/v// r/{qMIy/) s/rk+/r a/Er Ch r/jy/ s/rk+/re] x//im/l/ hE] = ws/ke+ al//v// k+/\m/n/v/elT/ p//il/*y//m/e]q è/r/ ap/n// p/>x//s/n/ sv/y/] c/l//n/e v//l/e r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I sT//p/n// B/I k+I g/w* hE j//e r/jy//e] k+I t/rh hI k+/m/ k+rt/e hE], a/Er r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] è/r/ ku+C sT//n/Iy/ m//m/l//e] (j/Es/e ik+ p//k*+, sT//n/Iy/ s/zµke+], kU+zµe k+/e Ak+F/ k+rke+ r/h l/g//n//) k+I deK/-B//l/ ke+ il/A sT//n/Iy/ s/rk+/rI in/k+/y//e] k+I sT//p/n// B/I k+I g/w* hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/]iv/D//n/ m/e] Wn/ iv/{/y//e] k+I s/Uc/I hE ij/n/ p/r k+/\m/n/v/elT/ p//il/*y//m/e]q k+/n/Un/ b/n// s/k+t/I hE = wn/m/e] iv/dex/I m//m/l/e, ant/r/*jy/Iy/ a/Er ant/r/*{qMIy/ vy//p//r, s/ur`// a/Er a/p/>v//s/n/ x//im/l/ hE] = ku+C ap/v//d/e] k+/e C/ezµk+r, r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF/ Wn/ s/B/I iv/{/y//e] p/r k+/n/Un/ b/n// s/k+t/e hE] j//e Wn/ke+ r/jy/ aT/v// r/jy/-`/eF/ s/e s/]b/]D/ rK/t/e hE] = l/eik+n/ r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF/ Aes/e k+/n/Un/ n/hI] b/n// s/k+t/e j//e k+/\m/n/v/elT/ k+/n/Un//e] s/e m/el/ n/ K//t/e h/e] = ij/n/ iv/{/y//e] p/r r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] è/r/ k+/n/Un/ b/n//A j// s/k+t/e hE] Wn/ke+ Wd/hr[/ hE] ix/`//, s/zµke+], p/uil/s/, a/g/ a/Er s//v/*j/in/k+ y//t//y//t/ = r/{qMIy/ a/Er r/jy//e], d/en//e] st/r/e] p/r s/rk+/r k+I t/In/ x//K//A] hE] – l/Eij/sl/ec/r (iv/D//iy/k+/ y// p//il/*y//m/e]q), Akjµ/Iky/Uiqv/ g/v/n/*m/e]q (k+/y/*p//il/k+/) a/Er j/uizx/y/rI (ny//y/p//il/k+/) =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

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a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s/rk+/r k+I p/>[//l/I k+/pµéI hd t/k+ v/Esqim/]sqr k+I p/r]p/r/a/e] p/r a/D//irt/ hE], y/h n//m/ v/Esqim/]sqr ke+ m/hl/ s/e j/uzµ/ hE j/h/\] ib/>iqx/ p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ aiD/v/ex/n/ h/et/e hE] = p//il/*y//m/e]q è/r/ x//s/n/ k+I y/h p/>[//l/I k+w* s/idy//e] m/e] iv/k+is/t/ huw* = ws/k+I m/uKy/ iv/x/e{/t//A] hE] Ak+ r/{qM k+/ m/uiK/y// j//e s/rk+/r k+/ m/uiK/y// n/hI] h/et// a/Er Ak+ k+/y/*p//il/k+/ j//e p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ s/dsy//e] s/e b/n//w* j//t/I hE a/Er Ws/I ke+ p/>it/ s/ID/e Wf/rd/y/I h/et/I hE = ‘ ol/ a/\pµé l//\ ’ (iv/iD/ p/Uv/* x//s/n/) l//g/U h/et// hE a/Er ny//y/p//il/k+/ p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ in/y/]F/[/ s/e sv/cC]d h/et/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// k+I p//il/*y//m/e]qe] v/Esqim/]sqr p/>[//l/I s/e ws/ m//m/l/e m/e] al/g/ hE] ik+ Wn/ke+ aiD/k+/r s/]b/]iD/t/ r/jy/ aT/v// k+/\m/n/v/elT/ s/]iv/D//n/ è/r/ in/D//*irt/ ik+A j//t/e hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r k+/\m/n/v/elT/ p//il/*y//m/e]q, j//e ik+ r/{qMIy/ k+/n/Un/ b/n//t/I hE, ws/ke+ d/e ‘s/dn/’ (c/Emb/r aT/v// h/Ws/) hE]: House of Representatives (h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< - l//ek+ s/B//) a/Er Senate (s/In/eq - iv/D//n/ s/B//) = d/en//e] s/dn//e] ke+ s/dsy//e] k+/ c/un//v/ pµéEzrl/ c/un//v//e] m/e] s/ID/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ l//eg//e] è/r/ ik+y// j//t// hE = h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< ke+ s/dsy//e] k+/ aiD/k+t/m/ k+/y/*k+/l/ t/In/ v/{/* hE; s/In/eq m/e] aiD/k+t/m/ Ch v/{/* k+/ (h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< a/Er ‘a/D/I s/In/eq’ ke+ pµéEzrl/ c/un//v/ aks/r Ak+ s//T/ h/et/e hE]) = s/In/eq m/e] 76 s/In/eqr h/et/e hE] - Ch r/jy//e] m/e] hr r/jy/ s/e 12 s/In/eqr t/T// n//\d*n/ qEirqrI a/Er a/\sqMeil/y/n/ kE+ip/ql/ qEirqrI s/e d/e-d/e s/In/eqr = h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< m/e] hr r/jy/ ke+ s/dsy//e] k+I s/]Ky// Ws/k+I j/n/s/]Ky// p/r in/B/*r k+rt/I hE = h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< ke+ s/dsy//e] k+I s/]Ky// j/h/\] t/k+ s/]B/v/ h/e s/ke+ s/In/eq ke+ s/dsy//e] k+I s/]Ky// s/e dug/un/I h/en/I c//ihA = v/t/*m//n/ s/m/y/ m/e] ws/ s/dn/ m/e] 150 s/dsy/ hE] Wn/m/e] s/e p/>ty/ek+ ik+s/I iv/ix/{q `/eF/ m/e] rhn/e v//l/e l/g/B/g/ 80,000 m/t/d/t//a/e] k+/ p/>it/in/iD/tv/ k+rt// hE (ws/e electorate wl/Ekq/ereq k+ht/e hE]) = s/rk+/r (a/m/ t//Er p/r ws/e ‘a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r’ k+ht/e hE]) Ws/ p//qI* aT/v// p//iq*y//e] ke+ g/Qb/]D/n/ è/r/ b/n//w* j//t/I hE ij/s/e h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< m/e] b/hum/t/ p/>/pt/ h/et// hE = p//il/*y//m/e]q m/]e Ws/ p//qI* aT/v// p//iq*y//e] ke+ g/Qb/]D/n/ k+/ n/et// Prime Minister (p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr p/>D//n/ m/]F/I) b/n/t// hE a/Er Ws/k+I in/y/uifé j/n/t// è/r/ n/hI] h/et/I b/ilk+ Ws/ p//qI* è/r/ h/et/I hE ij/s/ke+ h/T/ m/e] h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< m/e] x/ifé k+/ s/]t/ul/n/ h/et// hE = s/rk+/r ke+ il/A s/In/eq k+/ b/hum/t/ p/>/pt/ k+rn/e k+I k+/ew* a/v/xy/k+t// n/hI] hE = k+/ew* B/I p/>st//iv/t/ iv/D/ey/k+ k+/n/Un/ b/n/ s/ke+ ws/ke+ il/A d/en//e] s/dn//e] k+I s/hm/it/ a/v/xy/k+ hE = ku+C a/iT/*k+ iv/D/ey/k+/e] k+/e C/ezµ k+r iv/D/ey/k+ ik+s/I B/I s/dn/ m/e] p/>st/ut/ ik+A j// s/k+t/e hE], a/iT/*k+ iv/D/ey/k+/e] k+/ h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< m/e] p/hl/e p/>st/ut/ ik+y// j//n// ain/v//y/* hE =

c/un//v/ a/m/ t//Er p/r n/w* s/rk+/r k+/ g/Qn/ a/m/ c/un//v//e] ke+ b//d h/et// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r k+I aiD/k+t/m/ av/iD/ n/w* p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ p/hl/e s/dn/ s/e t/In/ v/{/* k+I h/et/I hE = l/eik+n/ p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr t/In/ v/{/* k+I av/iD/ p/UrI h/en/e s/e p/hl/e hI g/v/n/*r j/n/rl/ s/e a/m/ c/un//v/ k+rv//n/e k+/ an/ur/eD/ k+r s/k+t// hE = 9 m/w* 1901 m/e] p/hl/I p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ a/r]B/ s/e ab/ t/k+ h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< ke+ 40 s/e aiD/k+ c/un//v/ h/e c/uke+ hE] =

m/t/d/n/ ke+ il/A n//m//]k+n/ a/Er v//eq den// ws/s/e p/hl/e ik+ k+/ew* vy/ifé pµéEzrl/, r/jy//e] a/Er aiD/k+/\]x/ sT//n/Iy/ s/rk+/r/e] ke+ c/un//v//e] m/e] v//eq de s/ke+, Ws/k+/ n//m/ m/t/d/t// s/Uc/I m/e] h/en// ain/v//y/* hE = j//e l//eg/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ hE] a/Er 17 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ hE] v/e ap/n// n//m//]k+n/ k+rv// s/k+t/e hE] a/Er j/Es/e hI Wn/k+I a/y/u 18 v/{/* k+I h/e j//t/I hE, v/e v//eq de s/k+t/e hE] = n//m//]k+n/ ke+ il/A pµé/\m/* Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ wl/Ekq/erl/ k+m/Ix/n/ - A w* s/I) ke+ k+/y//*l/y//e], z/k+G/r/e] a/Er A w* s/I k+I v/eb/s//w*q p/r Wp/l/bD/ hE] =

s/B/I y//egy/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+/e] ke+ il/A n//m//]k+n/ k+rv//n// a/Er v//eq den// ain/v//y/* hE = h/l//\]ik+ v//eq n/ den/e p/r idy// j//n/e v//l// j/um//*n// T//ezµ/ hI hE, a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] m/t/d/t//a/e] ke+ c/un//v/ m/e] B//g/ l/en/e k+I dr iv/xv/ k+I aiD/k+t/m/ dr/e] m/e] s/e Ak+ hE; c/un//v/ p/>ik>+y// m/e] 90 p/>it/x/t/ s/e

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

y/id k+/ew* a/\sqMeil/y/n/ vy/ifé ik+s/I any/ dex/ m/e] rhn/e l/g/t// hE t//e pµéEzrl/ c/un//v//e] m/e] m/t/d/n/ ke+ il/A n//m//]k+n/ k+/e j//rI rK/n/e ke+ il/A Ws/e a/\sqMeil/y// s/e j//n/e ke+ t/In/ v/{//e*] ke+ a]dr iv/dex/I m/t/d/t// ke+ Op/ m/e] ap/n// p/]j/Ik+r[/ k+rv//n// h/eg// = p/]j/Ik+r[/ s/e Wn/k+/ n//m/ Ch v/{//e*] t/k+ m/t/d/t// s/Uc/I m/e] rh s/k+t// hE = y/id v/e ws/ke+ b//d ap/n/e ws/ aiD/k+/r k+/e j//rI rK/n// c//ht/e hE] t//e Wnhe] Ak+-Ak+ v/{/* ke+ il/A A w* s/I k+/e a/v/edn/ den// h/eg// =

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aiD/k+ m/t/d/t// B//g/ l/et/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ t/In/ st/r/e] p/r s/rk+/r m/e] p/>it/in/iD/y//e] k+/e c/un/n/e ke+ il/A v//eq det/e hE] - k+/\m/n/v/elT/, r/jy/ aT/v// r/jy/-`/eF/ a/Er sT//n/Iy/ = n//m//]ik+t/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ vy/ifé iv/dex/ m/e] h/en/e p/r B/I pµéEzrl/ c/un//v//e] m/e] m/t/d/n/ de s/k+t/e hE], aT/v// y/id a/r]iB/k+ m/t/d/n/ x/uo h/e c/uk+/ hE t//e v/e j//n/e s/e p/hl/e v//eq de s/k+t/e hE] = pµéEzrl/ c/un//v/ p/>ik+y// ke+ il/A dex/ k+/e wl/Ekq/ereq/e] (in/v//*c/n/ m/]zl//e]) m/e] b//\]q/ g/y// hE = h/Ws/ a/\pµé irp/>Ejµ/enqeiqv/s/< ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ m/t/d/t// sT//n/Iy/ wl/Ekq/ereq ke+ il/A c/un//v/ l/zµn/e v//l/e p/>ty//ix/y//e] m/e] s/e c/un//v/ k+rt/e hE] = y/id ik+s/I B/I Wmm/Idv//r k+/e p/hl/I p/>/T/im/k+t// ke+ a/D//r p/r 50 p/>it/x/t/ s/e aiD/k+ m/t/ p/>/pt/ n/hI] h/et/e t//e s/b/s/e k+m/ m/t/ p//n/e v//l/e p/>ty//x/I ke+ v//eq m/t/d/t//a/e] è/r/ Wn/ke+ m/t/p/F/ p/r dI g/w* dUs/rI p/>/T/im/k+t// ke+ a/D//r p/r any/ p/>ty//ix/y//e] m/e] b//\]q idA j//t/e hE] = y/h p/>ik>+y// t/b/ t/k+ j//rI rht/I hE j/b/ t/k+ ik+s/I Ak+ Wmm/Idv//r k+/e 50 p/>it/x/t/ s/e aiD/k+ m/t/ p/>/pt/ n/hI] h/e j//t/e = s/In/eq ke+ c/un//v//e] m/e] B/I p/>/T/im/k+t//a/e] k+/ wst/em//l/ ik+y// j//t// hE a/Er Wmm/Idv//r/e] k+/e ij/s/ r/jy/ aT/v// r/jy/-`/eF/ s/e v/e c/un//v/ l/zµ rhe hE] Ws/ke+ v//eq/e] k+/ in/D//*irt/ ‘ k+/eq/ ’ (p/>it/x/t/) p/>/pt/ k+rn// h/et// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ aiD/k+/\]x/ s/dsy/ r/j/n/Iit/k+ p//iq*y//e] ke+ s/dsy/ h/et/e hE] = y/e p//iq*y//\] Aes/e l//eg//e] k+/ Ak+ s/m/Uh h/et/I hE] j//e dex/ k+/e c/l//A j//n/e ke+ b//re m/e] s/m//n/ a/dx//e*] a/Er is/à/]t//e] m/e] iv/xv//s/ rK/t/e hE]) = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+/ew* B/I vy/ifé ik+s/I B/I r/j/n/Iit/k+ p//qI* k+/ s/dsy/ b/n/ s/k+t// hE a/Er l/`y//e] k+/e in/D//*irt/ k+rn/e, p//qI* k+I n/Iit/y//\] b/n//n/ee t/T// p//qI* ke+ Wmm/Idv//r/e] k+/e Wn/ke+ c/un//v/ aiB/y//n/ m/e] s/h/y/t// den/e m/e] y//eg/d/n/ de s/k+t// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ il/A c/un//v/ l/zµn/e ke+ il/A y/h a/v/xy/k+ hE ik+ Wmm/Idv//r a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ n//g/irk+ h/e] a/Er Wnh/e]n/e any/ ik+s/I B/I n//g/irk+t// k+/e ty//g/n/e ke+ il/A s/B/I s/]B/v/ k+dm/ WQ/A h/e] =

r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I s/rk+/re] hr r/jy/ k+I ap/n/I p//il/*y//m/e]q hE j//e Ws/ r/jy/ k+I s/rk+/r k+/ in/[/*y/ l/en/e v//l// in/k+/y/ hE = kv/In/s/<l/E]z p//il/*y//m/E]q ke+ al//v// s/B/I r/jy//e] k+I p//il/*y//m/e]q m/e] d/e s/dn/ hE] = r/jy//e] k+I p//il/*y//m/e]q/e] ke+ s/dsy//e] k+/e a/m/ t//Er p/r m/Emb/r (s/dsy/) k+h/ j//t// hE - m/Emb/rs/< a/\pµé id l/Eij/sl/eiqv/ as/E]b/l/I Legislative Assembly (Am/ Al/ A) aT/v// m/Emb/rs/< a/\pµé id h/Ws/ a/\pµé as/E]b/l/I House of Assembly (Am/ Ac/ A) aT/v// m/Emb/rs/< a/\pµé id l/Eij/sl/eiqv/ k+/E]is/l/ Legislative Council (Am/ Al/ s/I) = r/jy/ s/rk+/r k+/ m/uiK/y// Premier (p/>Iim/y/r) k+hl//t// hE = n//\d*n/ qEirqrI a/Er a/\sqMeil/y/n/ kE+ip/ql/ qEirqrI k+I vy/v/sT// iv/iB/» hE = hr r/jy/-`/eF/ k+I p//il/*y//m/e]q m/e] Ak+ s/dn/ hE ij/s/e Legislative Assembly l/Eij/sl/eiqv/ as/E]b/l/I k+ht/e hE] = hr r/jy/-`/eF/ k+I s/rk+/r k+/ m/uiK/y// Chief Minister (c/Ipµé im/in/sqr) k+hl//t// hE = r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I s/rk+/r/e] k+I ij/mm/ed/iry//e] m/e] k+/n/Un/ a/Er vy/v/sT//, Wp/B//efé/a/e] s/]b/]D/I m//m/l/e, sv//sTy/, ix/`//, v/in/k+I, s//v/*j/in/k+ y//t//y//t/ a/Er m/uKy/ s/zµke+] x//im/l/ hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

24

sT//n/Iy/ s/rk+/r sT//n/Iy/ s/rk+/r ke+ in/[/*y/ l/en/e v//l/e in/k+/y/ k+/e city (is/qI) aT/v// shire council (x//y/r k+/E]is/l/) k+ht/e hE] = r/jy/ s/rk+/r/e] è/r/ ik+s/I is/qI aT/v// sT//n/Iy/ s/m/ud/y/ k+I iv/ix/{q a/v/xy/k+t//a/e] k+I deK/-B//l/ ke+ il/A k+/E]is/l//e] k+I sT//p/n// k+I g/w* hE = j//e vy/ifé k+/E]is/l//e] m/e] j/n/t// k+/ p/>it/in/iD/tv/ k+rt/e hE] Wnhe] Alzrm/En/ aT/v// k+/E]s/l/r k+ht/e hE] = k+/E]is/l/ k+/ m/uiK/y// Mayor (m/ey/r) aT/v// Shire President (x//y/r p/>Eijµ/zE]q) h/et// hE = sT//n/Iy/ s/rk+/r k+I ij/mm/ed/iry//e] m/e] sT//n/Iy/ s/zµk+/e] k+I deK/-B//l/, kU+zµe k+/e Ak+F/ k+rke+ r/h l/g//n//, B/v/n//e] k+/ in/y/m/n/ t/T// B/Uim/ k+/ K/]z/e] m/e] iv/B//j/n/, s//v/*j/in/k+ sv//sTy/, a/Er m/n//er]j/n/ k+I s/uiv/D//A] j/Es/e ik+ t/r[/ t//l/ x//im/l/ hE] =

s/]v/ED//in/k+ r/j/t/]F/ a/\sqMeil/y// Ak+ sv/t/]F/ r/{qM hE l/eik+n/ Ws/ke+ ib/>eqen/ k+I m/h/r/n/I Ail/jµ//b/eT/ ièt/Iy/ s/e s/]v/ED//in/k+ s/]b/]D/ hE] j//e a/\sqMeil/y// k+I m/h/r/n/I h]E = m/h/r/n/I p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr k+I s/l//h s/e Governor-General g/v/n/*r j/n/rl/ k+/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ap/n// p/>it/in/iD/ in/y/ufé k+rt/I hE] = g/v/n/*r j/n/rl/ p/>/w*m/ im/in/sqr k+I s/l//h p/r im/in/sqr/e] (m/]iF/y//e]) k+I in/y/uifé k+rt/e hE] a/Er v/st/ut/: v/h s/B/I m//m/l//e] m/e] p//r]p/irk+ Op/ s/e ke+v/l/ im/in/sqr/e] k+I s/l//h ke+ an/us//r hI k+/r*v//w* k+rt/e hE] =

pµéEzrl/ ny//y/ t/]F/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ ny//y/ t/]F/ ny//y/s/]g/t/ p/>ik>+y//a/e] a/Er k+/n/Un/ k+I in/g//h m/e] s/b/ke+ il/A b/r/b/rI ke+ m/Ul/ is/à/]t//e] k+/e dx//*t// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ny//y/p//il/k+/ k+/n/Un//e] k+I vy//Ky// k+rn/e a/Er Wn/ke+ l//g/U ik+A j//n/e ke+ il/A Wf/rd/y/I hE = ny//y//D/Ix/ ib/n// ik+s/I s/rk+/rI hst/`/ep/ ke+ ws/ d/iy/tv/ k+/e p/Ur/ k+rt/e hE] = High Court of Australia (h/w* k+/eq* a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y//) k+/n/Un/I J/g/zµ/e] m/e] ap/Il/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A a]it/m/ ny//y//l/y/ hE = h/w* k+/eq* ke+ m/uKy/

d/iy/tv//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ hE a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/]iv/D//n/ k+I vy//Ky// = h/w* k+/eq* ik+s/I k+/n/Un/ k+/e as/]v/ED//in/k+ G//ei{/t/ k+r s/k+t/I hE - aT//*t/< v/h p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ aiD/k+/r-`/eF/ ke+ b//hr hE - ws/il/A Ws/e l//g/U n/hI] ik+y// j// s/k+t// =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • p//il/*y//m/e]q a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y// www.aph.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ wl/Ekq/erl/ k+m/Ix/n/ www.aec.gov.au • h/w* k+/eq* a/\pµé a/\sqMeil/y// www.hcourt.gov.au

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | r/{qM a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg/

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a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ a/j/k+l/ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+/e p/irB//i{/t/ k+rn/e v//l/I iv/x/ee{/t//a/e] m/e] ws/ke+ in/v//is/y//e] k+I s//]sk&+it/k+ iv/iv/D/t// a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ p/>it/ Wn/k+I s/v//e*cc/ a/Er Ak+Ik&+t/ k+rn/e v//l/I v/c/n/b/àt// hE = p/irB//i{/t/ k+rn/e v//l/I iv/x/ee{/t//a/e] m/e] Ak+ a/Er hE a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ m/e] s/m/t//v//d k+I B//v/n// = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h n/hI] hE ik+ s/b/ b/r/b/r hE] aT/v// s/b/k+/e s/m//n/ v/EB/v/ a/Er s/]p/if/ im/l/e = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h B/I hE ik+ m/ehn/t/ a/Er l/g/n/ s/e v/e l//eg/ B/I s/pµél/ h/e s/k+t/e hE] ij/n/k+I @\]c/I p/h\]uc/ n/hI] hE aT/v// ij/n/k+/ k+/ew* p/>B//v/I s/r]`/k+ n/hI] hE = s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] k+/e ap/n/I s/]sk&+it/ a/Er m//ny/t//a/e] k+/e vy/fé k+rn/e a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ r/{qMIy/ j/Iv/n/ m/e] p/U[/* Op/ s/e B//g/ l/en/e k+/ aiD/k+/r hE b/x/t/e* ik+ v/h k+/n/Un/ ke+ d/y/re m/e] h/e = a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ y/h d&Zµ iv/xv//s/ hE ik+ ik+s/I B/I vy/ifé k+/e Ws/ke+ j/nm/ ke+ dex/, s//]sk&+it/k+ iv/r/s/t/, B//{//, il/]g/ aT/v// D//im/*k+ D//r[//a/e] ke+ a/D//r p/r h/in/ n/ h/e = Ak+ isT/r. x//\]t/ a/Er s/m/&à s/m//j/ b/n//A rK/n/e ke+ il/A s/B/I a/sqMeil/y/n//e] s/e, c//he Wn/k+I p/&{QB/Uim/ kE+s/I B/I h/e, y/h ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE ik+ v/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ ke+ m/Ul/B/Ut/ s//J/e is/à/]t//e] a/Er j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ a/dr k+re]g/e = p/&{Q 4 p/r a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly/ a/Er is/à/]t/ deK/e] =

k+/n/Un/ a/Er s//m//ij/k+ p/>T//A] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ m/e] s//m/ud/iy/k+ vy/v/h/r a/Ep/c//irk+ k+/n/Un//e] a/Er an//Ep/c//irk+ s//m//ij/k+ p/>T//a/e], d/en//e] p/r a/D//irt/ hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s/B/I l//eg//e] ke+ il/A dex/ ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn// ain/v//y/* hE any/T// Wn/ p/r pµé/Ej/d/rI aT/v// dIv//n/I m/uk+dm// c/l//y// j// s/k+t// hE = l//eg//e] s/e y/h B/I ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE ik+ a/m/ t//Er p/r v/e s//m//ij/k+ p/>T//a/e], a/dt//e] a/Er p/>[//il/y//e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+re]g/e h/l//\]ik+ a/m/ t//Er p/r y/e k+/n/Un/I d&i{q s/e b//Dy/ n/hI] hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ k+/n/Un/ a/\sqMeil/y// k+I k+/\m/n/v/elT/, r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I p//il/*y//m/e]q/e] è/r/ b/n//A j//t/e hE] = p/uil/s/ k+/ k+/m/ s/m//j/ m/e] x//\]it/ a/Er vy/v/sT// b/n//A rK/n// a/Er Wn/k+I n/j/r m/e] ij/n/ l//eg//e] n/e k+/n/Un/ k+/e t//ezµ/ hE, Wnhe] ny//y//l/y//e] m/e] p/>st/ut/ k+rn// hE = l//eg/ ap/n/e sT//n/Iy/ s/m/ud/y/ a/Er p/zµ/es/ m/e] B/I ik+s/I s/]k+q ke+ s/m/y/ Ak+ dUs/re k+I s/h/y/t// k+rt/e hE] a/Er ik+s/I as//m//ny/ aT/v// s/]idgD/ b//t/ ke+ b//re m/e] sT//n/Iy/ p/uil/s/ sqex/n/ k+/e s/Uic/t/ k+rt/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] Ak+ r/{qMIy/ p/uil/s/ b/l/ hE ij/s/e Australian Federal Police (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ pµéEzrl/ p/uil/s/) k+ht/e hE] a/Er j//e pµéEzrl/ k+/n/Un//e] ke+ t//ezµe j//n/e s/]b/]D/I ap/r/D//e] k+I C/n/-b/In/ k+rt// hE ij/n/m/e] n/x/Il/e p/d/T//e*] k+/ D/]D// k+rn//, g/Er-k+/n/Un/I a/p/>v//s/n/, r/{qMIy/ s/ur`// ke+ p/>it/ ap/r/D/ a/Er p/y//*v/r[/ ke+ p/>it/ ap/r/D/ x//im/l/ hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/B/I r/jy//e] a/Er n//\d*n/ qEirqrI ke+ ap/n/e p/uil/s/ b/l/ hE] j//e r/jy//e] a/Er qEirqrI ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/e B/]g/ k+rn/e v//l/e ap/r/D//e] s/e in/p/qt/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ kE+ip/ql/ qEirqrI m/]e p/uil/s/ k+/ k+/m/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ pµéEzrl/ p/uil/s/ k+rt/I hE =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

26

y/êip/ p/uil/s/ aiD/k+/rI l//eg//e] k+/e b/]dI b/n// s/k+t/e hE] a/Er ad/l/t/ m/e] s//`/I de s/k+t/e hE], v/e ws/ b//t/ p/r a]it/m/ in/[/*y/ n/hI] l/ee s/k+t/e ik+ k+/ew* vy/ifé ik+s/I ap/r/D/ ke+ il/A d/e{/I hE aT/v// n/hI] = y/h in/[/*y/ ny//y//l/y/ è/r/ il/y// j//t// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p/uil/s/ a/Er s/m/ud/y/ ke+ l//eg//e] m/e] acCe s/]b/]D/ hE] = a/p/ ap/r/D/ k+I s/Uc/n// de s/k+t/e hE] a/Er p/uil/s/ s/e s/h/y/t// m//\]g/ s/k+t/e hE] = y/id p/uil/s/ a/p/s/e k+/ew* s/v//l/ p/UCt/I hE t//e x//\]t/ rhe], ix/{q B//{// m/e] b//t/ k+re] a/Er Wnhe] s/hy//eg/ de] =

ny//y//l/y/ a/Er k+/n/Un/ ny//y/ k+rn// ad/l/t//e] k+/ d/iy/tv/ hE = v/e y/h in/[/*y/ l/et/I hE] ik+ ik+s/I vy/ifé n/e k+/n/Un/ t//ezµ/ hE aT/v// n/hI] a/Er j//e l//eg/ j/um/* k+rn/e ke+ d/e{/I p//A g/A hE] Wn/k+/ ky// ik+y// j//A =

ku+C m//m/l//e] m/e] Ak+ m/ij/sqMeq è/r/ ke+s/ (m//m/l/e) k+I s/un/v//w* h/et/I hE j//e Ws/ p/r in/[/*y/ det// hE = any/ m//m/l//e] m/e] n//g/irk+/e] k+I Ak+ j/UrI ny//y//D/Ix/ ke+ m//g/*dx/*n/ m/e]e in/[/*y/ l/et/I hE = s/B/I m//m/l//e] m/e] j/b/ t/k+ ib/n// ik+s/I Wic/t/ s/]deh ke+ y/h is/à n/ h/e j//A ik+ p/>it/v//dI ap/r/D/I hE, Ws/e in/rp/r/D/ m//n// j//t// hE = p/>it/v//idy//e] k+/e ap/n/e v/k+Il/ ke+ è/r/ p/>it/in/iD/tv/ k+/ aiD/k+/r B/I h/et// hE = ku+C m//m/l//e] m/e] j//e l//eg/ v/k+Il//e] è/r/ p/>it/in/iD/tv/ k+/ K/c/* v/hn/ n/hI] k+r s/k+t/e Wnhe] in/:x/ulk+ k+/n/Un/I s/h/y/t// dI j//t/I hE = ku+C qEmp/rerI v/Ijµ// p/r a/n/e v//l/e l//eg//e] k+/e y/h s/uin/ixc/t/ k+r l/en// c//ihA ik+ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] Wn/ke+ l/g//t//r rhn/e p/r ap/r/D/I h/en/e ke+ in/[/*y/ s/e ky// p/>B//v/ p/zµ s/k+t// hE =

ap/r/D/ g/]B/Ir ap/r/D//e] m/e] hty//, hm/l//, y//En/ hm/l//, b/cc//e] s/]b/]D/I y//En/ s/]b/D/, vy/iféy//e] aT/v// s/]p/if/ ke+ p/>it/ ih]s//, s/x/sF/ l/Uq aT/v// c//erI, m//eqr g//zµI k+/e K/t/rn//k+ t/rIke+ s/e c/l//n//, av/ED/ n/x/Il/I dv//a/e] k+/e rK/n// a/Er Wn/k+/ wst/em//l/, D//eK//D/zµI aT/v// j//e l//eg/ k+/n/Un/ ke+ a]t/g/t/* ap/n/I s/hm/it/ den/e k+I Wm/> (y/h a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ iv/iB/» r/jy//e] m/e] al/g/-al/g/ hE) s/e k+m/ a/y/u ke+ hE] Wn/s/e y//En/ s/]b/]D/ x//im/l/ hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// s//]sk&+it/k+ iv/iv/D/t// k+/e m/hfv/ det// hE = l/eik+n/ y/h a/v/xy/k+ hE ik+ s/B/I D//im/*k+ a/Er s//]sk&+it/k+ p/>T//A] v/t/*m//n/ k+/n/Un//e] ke+ an/us//r h/e] = Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] ke+ k+/n/Un//e] ke+ a]t/g/*t/ j/n/n//]g//e] k+/e iv/k&+t/ k+rn/e a/Er G/rel/U ih]s// k+I p/>T//a/e] p/r p/>it/b/]D/ l//g/U hE] =

G/rel/U ih]s// any/ dex//e] k+I t/rh a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] B/I ik+s/I any/ vy/ifé ke+ p/>it/ ih]s// av/ED/ hE a/Er ws/e b/hut/ g/]B/Ir m//n// j//t// hE = ws/m/e] G/r k+I c//rdIv//rI a/Er iv/v//h ke+ d/y/re m/e] ih]s//, ij/s/e G/rel/U aT/v// p//irv//irk+ ih]s// k+ht/e hE], x//im/l/ hE = ik+s/I B/I vy/ifé è/r/ Aes// k+/ew* k+/y/* G/rel/U ih]s// h/eg// ij/s/s/e p/Iizµt/ vy/ifé ke+ s//T/ x//rIirk+, y//En/ aT/v// m//n/is/k+ duvy/*v/h/r h/e y// Ws/k+I `/it/ h/e aT/v// Aes// h/en/e k+/ zr p/Ed/ h/e, j/b/d*st/I y//En/ s/]b/]D//e] k+I sT//p/n//, j/b/d*st/I al/g/ rK// j//n// aT/v// a/iT/*k+ Op/ s/e p/rex//n/ k+rn// =

n/x/Il/e p/d/T/*, D/Um/>p//n/ a/Er m/idr/ p//n/ av/ED//g/Er-k+/n/Un/I/in/i{/à n/x/Il/I dv//a/e] k+/e dUs/r/e] k+/e den/e aT/v// rK/n/e p/r B//rI d]z idy// j// s/k+t// hE = wnhe] b/n//n/e, dUs/r/e] k+/e den/e a/Er b/ec/n/e k+e il/A a/Er B/I aiD/k+ d]z l//g/U h/et// hE = t/]b//kU+ s/e D/Um/>p//n/ a/Er x/r/b/ p/In// av/ED/ n/hI] hE p/r]t/u wn/ke+ s//v/*j/in/k+ wst/em//l/ p/r an/ek+ in/y/]F/[/ l//g/U hE] = D/Ire-D/Ire an/ek+ sT//n//e] p/r t/]b//kU+ s/e D/Um/>p//n/ p/r p/>it/b/]D/ l/g/ rhe hE] ij/n/m/e] aiD/k+/\]x/ s/rk+/rI k+/y//*l/y/, sv//sTy/ ic/ik+ts//l/y/ a/Er k+/y/*sT/l/ x//im/l/ hE] = aiD/k+/\]x/ r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] c//rdIv//rI m/e] b/à s//v/*j/in/k+ sT//n//e] j/Es/e ik+ rest/r/\]a/e], n//w*qkl/b//e], m/idr/l/y//e], iv/ê/l/y//e] a/Er x//\ip/]g/ s/e]qr/e] m/e] D/Um/>p//n/ k+rn// m/n// hE = ku+C r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] ku+C K/ul/e s//v/*j/in/k+ sT//n//e] m/e] B/I D/Um/>p//n/ k+rn// m/n// hE = ik+s/I B/I p/rc/Un/ iv/k>e+t// è/r/ 18 v/{/* s/e k+m/ a/y/u ke+ vy/ifé k+/e t/]b//kU+ v//l/e p/d/T/* b/ec/n// j/um/* hE =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • www.alcohol.gov.au

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] m/idr/ p//n/ v/ED/ hE p/r]t/u Aes// ku+C sT//n//e] a/Er ku+C s/m/y//e] m/e] hI ik+y// j// s/k+t// hE = ik+s/I B/I vy/ifé è/r/ 18 v/{/* s/e k+m/ a/y/u ke+ vy/ifé k+/e m/idr/ b/ec/n// aT/v// den// g/Er-k+/n/Un/I hE = 18 v/{/* s/e k+m/ a/y/u ke+ vy/ifé è/r/ in/j/I s/]p/if/, j/Es/e ik+ G/r ke+ al//v// ik+s/I any/ sT//n/ p/r m/idr/ p/In// g/Er-k+/n/Un/I hE = sv//sTy/ p/r m/idr/ s/ev/n/ ke+ p/>B//v//e] ke+ b//re m/e] a/Er j//n/k+/rI p/>/pt/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ Alk+/ehl/ g//w*zl//w*n/s/< s/e s/]p/k*+ k+re] =

27

y//t//y//t/ ke+ in/y/m/ m//eqr g//zµI c/l//n/e ke+ in/y/m/ r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I s/rk+/re] b/n//t/I hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+/r c/l//n/e ke+ il/A in/v//is/y//e] ke+ p//s/ Ak+ sT//n/Iy/ zM/w*v/r l//w*s/e]s/ k+/ h/en// ain/v//y/* hE a/Er g//zµI B/I p/]j/Ik&+t/ h/en/I c//ihA = y//t//y//t/ ke+ in/y/m//e] k+/ p//l/n/ n/ k+rn/e aT/v// Wn/k+/e B/]g/ k+rn/e p/r B//rI j/um//*n// h/e s/k+t// hE, zM/w*v/r l//w*s/e]s/ rä ik+y// j// s/k+t// hE aT/v// j/el/ B/I h/e s/k+t/I hE = k+/r m/e] y//F// k+rn/e v//l/e s/B/I vy/iféy//e] ke+ il/A s/Iq b/Elq l/g//n// ain/v//y/* hE (aT/v// C/eqe b/cc//e] a/Er n/nhe-m/u»/e] ke+ il/A, aiD/k&+t/ in/y/]F/[/) = p/&{Q 42 p/r zM/w*v/rs/< l//w*s/e]is/jµ/ deK/e] g/it/ s/Im// a/Er m/idr/ p//n/ k+rke+ g//zµI c/l//n/e s/]b/]D/I y//t//y//t/ k+/n/Un/ iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e s/Kt/ hE] = g//zµI c/l//t/e s/m/y/ h/T/ m/e] p/k+zµe j//n/e v//l/e m//eb//w*l/ pµé/en/ p/r b//t/c/It/ k+rn// B/I av/ED/ hE =

j//n/v/r/e] ke+ s//T/ dy// k+/ b/t//*v/ ik+s/I j//n/v/r ke+ s//T/ duvy/*v/h/r aT/v// Ws/k+I Wp/e`// k+rn// g/Er-k+/n/Un/I hE = l//eg//e] s/e y/h ap/e`// k+I j//t/I hE ik+ v/e s/B/I j//n/v/r/e] ke+ s//T/ dy// k+/ b/t//*v/ k+re]g/e, c//he v/e p//l/t/U p/x/u h/e] y// v/ny/ p/x/u = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ an/ek+ dex/j/ p/x/u s/]ri`/t/ hE] a/Er ix/k+/r p/r s/Kt/ in/y/m/ l//g/U h/et/e hE] = dUs/re l//eg//e] k+I s/]p/if/ p/r j//n/v/r/e] k+I j//n/ l/en// in/i{/à hE a/Er a/m/ t//Er p/r G/r m/e] ik+s/ t/rh ke+ p//l/t/U p/x/u rK/e j// s/k+t/e hE] ws/ke+ b//re m/e] sT//n/Iy/ k+/n/Un/ l//g/U h/et/e hE] = an/ek+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ap/n/e G/r ke+ ip/Cv//zµe m/e] (ws/e Wn/k+/ b/Ek+y//z* k+ht/e hE]) ik+s/I ku+f/e, ib/ll/I y// p/`/I k+/e p//l/t/e hE] =

b/]dUke+] a/Er any/ x/sF/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] c//kU+ j/Es/e hiT/y//r/e] aT/v// agn/ey/ asF//e] k+/e ap/n/e p//s/ rK/n// g/Er-k+/n/Un/I hE = y/id k+/ew* vy/ifé ix/k+/r, x/Uiq]g/ ke+ K/el/, aT/v// K/et//e] m/e] wst/em//l/ ke+ il/A b/]dUk+ rK/n// c//ht// hE t//e Ws/e l//w*s/e]s/ l/en// h/eg// = l//w*s/e]s/ ke+ ib/n// asF/ rK/n// aT/v// ib/n// l//w*s/e]s/ k+I b/]dUk+ rK/n// av/ED/ hE =

any/ k+/n/Un/ kU+zµ/ PE+l//n/e, p/>dU{/[/ PE+l//n/e aT/v// ib/n// an/um/it/ kee+ ap/ix/{q k+/e r/h l/g//n/e aT/v// aty/iD/k+ x//er p/Ed/ k+rn/e ke+ iv/oà B/I k+/n/Un/ hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] m/&ty/u d]z l//g/U n/hI] h/et// =

s//m//ij/k+ p/>T//A] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] Aes/I b/hut/ k+m/ p/>T//A] hE] j//e ke+v/l/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] l//g/U h/et/I hE] = l/eik+n/ ku+C m//m/l//e] m/e], Wn/ p/r ik+t/n// j//er idy// j//t// hE, aT/v// Wn/k+I iv/iD/ m/e]. any/ dex//e] ke+ m/uk+/b/l/e a]t/r hE = y/id wn/ke+ b//re m/e] k+/ew* s/]deh hE t//e ik+s/I im/F/, p/zµ/es/I aT/v// k+/y/*sT/l/ ke+ s/hp//QI s/e ws/ke+ b//re m/e] s/l//h l/en// b/eht/r h/eg// = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

28

Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A aiD/k+/\]x/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ap/n/I j//n/-p/hc//n/ v//l//e] a/Er k+/y/*sT/l/ ke+ s/hp//iQy//e] ke+ s//T/ a/p/ei`/k+ Op/ s/e aiD/k+ an//Ep/c//irk+ rht/e hE] = k+/y/*sT/l/ p/r a/Er im/F//e] ke+ b/Ic/ aiD/k+/\]x/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ Ak+-dUs/re k+/e Wn/ke+ p/hl/e n//m/ s/e b/ul//t/e hE] = l/eik+n/ y/h a/Ep/c//irk+t// x//rIirk+ s/]p/k*+ p/r l//g/U n/hI] h/et/I = ik+s/I vy/ifé s/e p/hl/I b//r im/l/t/e s/m/y/ a/m/ t//Er p/r Ws/ke+ d/ihn/e h/T/ k+/e ap/n/e d/ihn/e h/T/ s/e im/l//t/e hE] = j//e l//eg/ Ak+ dUs/re k+/e n/hI] j//n/t/e v/e s//m//ny/t/: im/l/t/e s/m/y/ c/Um/t/e n/hI] hE] a/Er n/ hI a/il/]g/n/ k+rt/e hE] =

n/m/> vy/v/h/r dUs/r/e] s/e vy/v/h/r k+rt/e s/m/y/ a/Er s//m//n/ t/T// s/ev//A] l/et/e s/m/y/ ‘Please’ (pl/Ijµ/) a/Er ‘thank you’ (T/E]k+ y/u) x/bd b/hut/ s/h/y/k+ h/et/e hE] = j/b/ a/p/s/e k+/ew* p/UCt// hE ik+ ky// a/p/ ku+C l/en// p/s/]d k+re]g/e, j/Es/e c//y/ k+/ py//l//, t//e y/id a/p/ l/en// c//he] t//e ‘y/Es/ pl/Ijµ/’ aT/v// ke+v/l/ ‘pl/Ijµ/’ a/Er y/id n/ l/en// c//he] t//e ‘ n//e T/E]k+ y/u ’ k+hn// n/m/>t// hE = j/b/ a/p/k+/e ku+C idy// j//t// hE t//e den/e v//l/e vy/ifé k+/e ‘T/E]k+ y/u’ k+h k+r D/ny/v//d den// n/m/>t// hE = ik+s/I vy/ifé k+/ Dy//n/ a/k+i{/*t/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ aks/r ‘excuse me’ (Aks/ky/Ujµ/ m/I) k+ht/e hE] a/Er ik+s/I s/e qk+r/ j//n/e p/r ‘sorry’ (s//\rI) k+ht/e hE] = y/id v/e s//v/*j/in/k+ sT//n//e] m/e] aT/v// ik+s/I ke+ G/r m/e] zk+/r l/et/e hE] t//e Aks/ky/Ujµ/ m/I aT/v// ‘pardon me’ (p//rzn/ m/I) k+ht/e hE] = ik+s/I duk+/n/, b/E]k+, s/rk+/rI iv/B//g/, is/n/em// aT/v// ik+s/I B/I Aes/e sT//n/ p/r j/h/\] ku+C l//eg/ ik+s/I s/ev// k+/ Wp/y//eg/ Ak+ hI s/m/y/ p/r k+rn// c//ht/e hE], a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ p/]ifé b//\]D/ k+r K/zµe h/et/e hE] = s//D//r[/t/y// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s/ev// k+/ l//B/ WQ/n/e ke+ il/A ap/n/I b//rI ke+ a/n/e k+I p/>t/I`// k+rt/e hE] = y/h dUs/r/e] ke+ p/>it/ a/dr k+/e dx//*t// hE a/Er s/b/k+/e j//e ku+C c//ihA Ws/e p/>/pt/ k+rn/e k+I s/v//e*ic/t/ iv/iD/ hE = m/Iiq]g//e] a/Er any/ k+hI] j//n/e ke+ il/A s/m/y/ p/r p/hu\]c/n// m/hfv/p/U[/* hE = y/id a/p/ s/m/J/t/e hE] ik+ a/p/k+/e derI h/e s/k+t/I hE t//e dUs/re vy/ifé s/e s/]p/k*+ k+rke+ Ws/e b/t//n/e k+/ p/>y/tn/ k+re] = vy//v/s//iy/k+/]e, j/Es/e ik+ ic/ik+ts/k+ s/e im/l/n/e j//n/e ke+ m//m/l//e] m/e] y/h a/Er B/I aiD/k+ m/hfv/p/U[/* hE ky//e]ik+ ib/n// b/t//A derI s/e p/hu\]c/n/e aT/v// in/y/ufé m/ul//k+/t/ ke+ il/A n/ j//n/e p/r a/p/k+/e p/Es/e den/e p/zµ s/k+t/e hE] = aiD/k+/\]x/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ap/n/I n//k+ s//P+ k+rn/e ke+ il/A Om//l/ aT/v// iqx/u k+/ wst/em//l/ k+rt/e hE] n/ ik+ Pu+qp//T/ k+/ = y/hI b//t/ T/Uk+n/e p/r B/I l//g/U h/et/I hE = j/b/ a/p/k+/e CI]k+ a/t/I hE t//e aiD/k+/\]x/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ‘bless you’ (bl/Es/ y/u) B/I k+he]g/e = ws/ v//ky//]x/ k+/ k+/ew* D//im/*k+ a/x/y/ n/hI] hE =

in/j/I sv/cCt// sv/y/] k+/e a/Er ap/n/e p/irv//r t/T// any/ l//eg//e] k+/e b/Im//iry//e] a/Er r/eg//e] s/e b/c//n/e k+/ s/b/s/e Wtk&+{q t/rIk+/ acCI in/j/I sv/cCt// hE = aiD/k+/\]x/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ K//n// b/n//n/e s/e p/hl/e, K//n// K//n/e s/e p/hl/e, K//\]s/I aT/v// CI]k+ a/n/e ke+ b//d, x//Ec//l/y/ j//n/e ke+ b//d, p/x/ua/e] ke+ s/]p/k*+ m/e] a/n/e ke+ b//d aT/v// ik+s/I B/I Aes/I g/it/iv/iD/ ke+ p/hl/e a/Er b//d m/e] ij/s/s/e j/Iv//[/ua/e] ke+ ik+s/I vy/ifé p/r sT//n//]t/r[/ ke+ k+/r[/ Wn/ke+ aT/v// ik+s/I any/ vy/ifé ke+ sv//sTy/ k+/e K/t/r/ h/e s/k+t// hE, ap/n/e h/T/ D//e l/et/e hE] = ik+s/I any/ vy/ifé ke+ s//T/ im/l/ k+r B//ej/n/ k+rt/e s/m/y/ j/Iv//[/ua/e] k+/e PE+l/n/e s/e r/ek+n/e ke+ il/A a/m/ t//Er p/r Wp/l/bD/ b/t/*n//e] ke+ è/r/ hI B//ej/n/ k+/e WQ/y// j//t// hE = y/h b/t/*n/ q/\g/s/<, c/mm/c/ y// k+/\]q/, c//\p/isqk+s/< aT/v// s/l//d p/r/es/n/e k+/ c/mm/c/ h/e s/k+t// hE =

k+p/zµe

k+/y/*sT/l/ s/e p/re k+p/zµe vy/ifé k+I wcC/ p/r in/B/*r hE] - an/ek+ l//eg/ a/r/m/ ke+ il/A, s//m//ij/k+ av/s/r ke+ an/us//r aT/v// m//Es/m/ ke+ an/us//r k+p/zµe p/hn/t/e hE] = kl/b//e], is/n/em//G/r/e] v/ any/ sT//n//e] m/e] y/e in/y/m/ h/et/e hE] ik+ a/p/ sv/cC, s/l/Ike+d/r k+p/zµe a/Er Wp/y/ufé j/Ut/e p/hn/e] = an/ek+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m/ud> t/q a/Er s/m/ud> ke+ n/j/dIk+ rht/e hE] = g/m/* idn//e] m/e] s/m/ud> t/q a/Er Ws/ke+ a/s/-p//s/ ke+ `/eF/ m/e] v/e t/Er/k+I k+I p//ex//k+ aT/v// b/hut/ k+m/ k+p/zµe p/hn/ s/k+t/e hE] = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h n/hI] hE ik+ j//e l//eg/ s/m/ud> t/q p/r j//n/e ke+ aT/v// t/Er/k+I ke+ k+p/zµe p/hn/t/e hE] Wn/ke+ n/Eit/k+ m//p/d]z in/mn/ hE] = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s/m/ud> t/q a/Er Ws/ke+ a/s/-p//s/ ws/ t/rh k+I p//ex//k+ k+/e sv/Ik+/r

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

l//eg/ j//e k+p/zµe p/hn/t/e hE] v/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+I iv/iv/D/t// ke+ B/I Wt/n/e hI p/>t/Ik+ h]E ij/t/n/e y/h/\] k+I j/l/v//y/u m/e] h/en/e v//l/e p/irv/t/*n//e] ke+ = k+p/zµ/e] ke+ b//re m/e] k+/ew* k+/n/Un/ aT/v// in/y/m/ n/hI] hE p/r]t/u ap/n/e k+/y/* k+I isT/it/ ke+ an/us//r a/p/k+/e k+p/zµe p/hn/n/e c//ihA] - aiD/k+/\]x/ k+/y/*sT/l//e] m/e] p/hn//v/e ke+ ku+C m//p/d]z hE] =

29

k+rt/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ ku+C r/jy//e] m/e] T//ezµe s/e s/m/ud> t/q/e] k+/e ‘ny/Uizsq’ (n/gn/) s/m/ud> t/q in/D//*irt/ ik+y// g/y// hE j/h/\] l//eg/ ib/n// k+/ew* k+p/zµe aT/v// p//ex//k+ p/hn/e t/Er s/k+t/e hE] = any/ dex//e] ke+ l//eg/ s//]sk&+it/k+ Op/ s/e Wic/t/ k+p/zµe p/hn/n/e k+/ c/un//v/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] =

in/m/]F/[/ y/id k+/ew* a/p/k+/e k+/ew* d/ep/hr ke+ K//n/e, r/t/ ke+ K//n/e, b//rb/Iky/U, p//qI*, iv/v//h, j/nm/idv/s/, aT/v// ik+s/I any/ av/s/r p/r ny//Et// det// hE t//e a/p/k+/e a/m/ t//Er p/r ap/n// j/v//b/ Ws/I s/m/y/, b//d m/e] p/F/ è/r/, pµé/en/ è/r/ aT/v// w*-m/el/ è/r/ de den// c//ihA = d/ep/hr ke+ B//ej/n/ k+/e lunch (l/]c/), a/Er s//\]y/k+/l/ ke+ B//ej/n/ k+/e aks/r dinner (izn/r) k+ht/e hE] = ku+C a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s//\]y/k+/l/ ke+ B//ej/n/ k+/e tea (qI) B/I k+ht/e hE], a/Er ws/s/e Wn/k+/ t//tp/y/* izn/r h/e s/k+t// hE aT/v// ws/k+/ v//st/iv/k+ aT/*, c//y/ k+/ py//l// y// ‘cuppa’ (k+p//) B/I h/e s/k+t// hE = y/id a/p/k+/e k+/ew* qI ke+ il/A b/ul//t// hE t//e b/ul//A j//n/e ke+ s/m/y/ s/e a/p/ j//n/ s/k+t/e hE] ik+ m/ej/b//n/ n/e a/p/k+/e B//ej/n/ ke+ il/A a/m/]iF/t/ ik+y// hE aT/v// c//y/ ke+ il/A = s//y/] 6 b/j/e (1800 b/j/e) ke+ b//d qI ke+ in/m/]F/[/ k+/ aT/* aks/r B//ej/n/ h/et// hE = j/b/ a/p/ B//ej/n/ k+/ in/m/]F/[/ sv/Ik+/r k+rt/e hE] t//e m/ej/b//n/ k+/e y/h b/t// den// a/m/ b//t/ hE ik+ a/p/ ky// n/hI] K// s/k+t/e = a/p/s/e y/h p/UC/ j// s/k+t// hE ik+ B//ej/n/ s/]b/]D/I a/p/k+I k+/ew* iv/x/e{/ a/v/xy/k+t// hE aT/v// B//ej/n/ p/r ik+s/I p/>k+/r ke+ p/>it/b/]D/ hE] = y/h k+hn// s/hI h/eg// ik+ a/p/ v/Eij/qeiry/n/ (x//k+/h/rI) hE] a/Er m//\]s/ n/hI] K//t/e aT/v// a/p/ m/us/l/m//n/ y// y/hUdI hE] a/Er s/Uar k+/ m//\]s/ n/hI] K//t/e = y/id a/p/ m/idr/ n/hI] p/In// c//ht/e t//e a/p/s/e m/idr/ p//n/ k+I ap/e`// n/hI] k+I j// s/k+t/I c//he a/p/ke+ m/ej/b//n/ m/idr/ k+/ s/ev/n/ k+r rhe h/e] =

p/irv//r/e] k+I b/dl/t/I B/Uim/k+/ p//r]p/irk+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p/irv//r m/e] Ak+ ip/t//, Ak+ m//t// a/Er b/cc/e h/et/e hE] = dUs/re p/irv//r iv/iB/» p/>k+/r ke+ a/Er b/zµe aT/v// C/eqe h/e s/k+t/e hE] = wn/m/e] x//im/l/ hE], an/ek+ Ak+ m//t// y// ip/t// v//l/e p/irv//r, s//Et/el/e a/Er im/l/e-j/ul/e p/irv//r, s/m/il/]g/Iy/ j//ezµe a/Er Aes/e j//ezµe j//e a/Ep/c//irk+ Op/ s/e iv/v//h ik+A ib/n// Ak+ s//T/ rh rhe hE] (zI-PE+kq/e s/]b/]D/) = zI-PE+kq/e s/]b/]D//e] k+/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+/n/Un/I m//ny/t// p/>/pt/ hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p/irv//r/e] ke+ a]dr k+I B/Uim/k+/A] iB/»-iB/» h/e s/k+t/I hE] = ku+C p/irv//r/e] m/e] ke+v/l/ m//t// hI p/irv//r ke+ il/A a/y/ k+m//n/e v//l/I h/e s/k+t/I hE a/Er ip/t// G/r m/e] rh k+r b/cc//e] k+I deK/-B//l/ k+r s/k+t// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] iv/v//h ke+v/l/ d/en//e] p/`//e] k+I s/hm/it/ s/e h/e s/k+t// hE = iv/v//h ke+ il/A ny/Un/t/m/ a/y/u 18 v/{/* hE = l/eik+n/ iv/x/e{/ p/irisT/it/y//e] m/e] y/id iv/v//h k+rn/e v//l//e] m/e] Ak+ k+I a/y/u 16 aT/v// 17 v/{/* hE t//e ad/l/t/ iv/v//h k+/e sv/Ik&+it/ de s/k+t/I hE = Ak+ hI s/m/y/ p/r Ak+ s/e aiD/k+ p/it/ aT/v// p/tn/I rK/n// av/ED/ hE =

ky// a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] k+/ k+/ew* iv/ix/{q p/>/Op/ hE h/l/ hI ke+ v/{//e*] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+I p/hc//n/ a/Er ky// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/ k+/ew* iv/ix/{q p/>/Op/ hE ij/s/ke+ ku+C s//D//r[/ l/`/[/ aT/v// K/Uib/y//\] hE], wn/ iv/{/y//e] p/r aty/iD/k+ c/c//* huw* hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

30

l//ek+ip/>y/ p/>/Op//e] k+I k+/ew* k+m/I n/hI] hE a/Er iv/{/y/ k+/e a/Er k+iQn/ b/n//n/e ke+ il/A, k+B/I-k+B/I p/>/Op/ Ak+ dUs/re s/e Wlqe h/e s/k+t/e hE] = Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A: • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s/m/t//v//dI, dUs/r/e] k+I Wp/e`// k+rn/e v//l/e a/Er s/f// p/r g/hr/ s/]deh k+rn/e v//l/e h/et/e hE] - iP+r B/I v/e aks/r k+/n/Un/ k+/

p//l/n/ k+rn/e v//l/e a/Er p/r]p/r/a/e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+rn/e v//l/e h/et/e hE =

• a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ im/t/B//{/I h/et/e hE] a/Er m/uKy/ Op/ s/e g/>/m/I[/ wl//k+/e] aT/v// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ b/ux/ m/e] rht/e hE] - l/eik+n/ aiD/k+/\x/ x/hr/e] m/e]

iv/iv/D/t// B/r/ j/Iv/n/ j/It/e hE] = • c//he a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ x/hr m/e] rhe] aT/v// dUr-dr/jµ/ ke+ `/eF//e] (b/ux/) m/e], v/e d/e qUk+ a/Er s/ID/I b//t/ k+rt/e hE] a/Er v/e j//e k+ht/e hE] Ws/k+/

k+/ew* iCp// hua/ m/t/l/b/ n/hI] h/et// = • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ s/b/ l//eg//e] k+/e fair go (pµéey/r g//e - s/m//n/ av/s/r idA j//n/e) ke+ is/à/\]t/ m/e] iv/xv//s/ rK/t/e hE] (pµéey/r g//e k+/ aT/* ‘Australian English’ (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ w]g/il/x/) K/]z m/e] deK// j// s/k+t// hE) = p/&{Q 33 deK/e] = • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ ap/n/e m/eqs/< (im/F//e]), j//e k+iQn//w* m/e] hE a/Er j//e a]zrz/\g/ hE Wn/k+/ s//T/ det/e hE] = a]zrz/\g/ k+/ aT/* hE v/h p/>it/sp/D/I*

aT/v// p/>it/è]dI ij/s/ke+ ik+s/I K/el/ aT/v// m/uk+/b/l/e m/e] j/It/n/e k+I a/x// b/hut/ k+m/ h/e = • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ K/el//e] s/e b/hut/ p/>em/ k+rt/e hE] c//he v/h K/el/ deK/n// h/e aT/v// Wn/m/e] B//g/ l/en// =

ws/ iv/{/y/ p/r B/I m/t/B/ed hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] p/r ap/n/I ib/>iqx/ iv/r/s/t/ k+/, aT/v// h/l/ hI ke+ v/{//e*] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ am/eirk+/ s/e g/hre s/]b/]D//e] k+/, aT/v// iv/xv/ y/uà ke+ b//d ke+ y/ug/ m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e v//l/e l//K//e] a/p/>v//is/y//e] k+/ ik+s/ hd t/k+ p/>B//v/ p/zµ/ hE = k+B/I-k+B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/e Wn/ y/Ur/eip/y/n//e] k+I t/rh deK// j//t// hE j//e Wn/ke+ B//Eg//eil/k+ Op/ s/e Aix/y// p/Eis/iP+k+ `/eF/ m/e] h/en/e k+I v//st/iv/k+t// k+/ s//m/n// k+rn/e k+I c/e{q/ k+r rhe hE] = s//T/ hI a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e aks/r ws/k+I B//Eg//eil/k+ isT/it/ a/Er b/zµI s/]Ky// m/e] ws/ke+ in/v//is/y//e] k+I Aix/y/n/ B//{//A] b//el/ s/k+n/e k+I `/m/t// ke+ k+/r[/ Aix/y// ke+ g/eqv/e (a]dr j//n/e k+/ è/r) ke+ Op/ m/e] B/I deK// j//t// hE = s/c/ t//e y/h hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/e ik+s/I B/I any/ sT//n/ ke+ l//eg//e] k+I t/rh Ak+ p/>/Op/ m/e] Z/l/n// a/s//n/ n/hI] hE = an/ek+ l//ek+ip/>y/ p/>/Op//e] m/e] ku+C s/cc//w* hE a/Er aiD/k+/\]x/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ wn/m/e] s/e ku+C p/>/Op//e] s/e m/el/ K//t/e hE] = l/eik+n/ ik+s/ p/>/Op/ s/e a/Er ik+s/ hd t/k+, y/h vy/ifé iv/x/e{/ p/r in/B/*r k+rt// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] s/e j/uzµI ku+C iv/x/e{/t//A], j/Es/e ik+ m/eqix/p/ (im/F/t//) a/Er pµéey/r g//e Aes/e l/`/[/ hE] ij/n/m/e] iv/xv/ B/r ke+ an/ek+ l//eg/ s/hB//g/I hE] a/Er ij/n/k+I v/e k+d> k+rt/e hE] = y/h t//e sp/{q hI hE ik+ dy//. ny//y/ a/Er im/F//e] ke+ p/>it/ v/pµé/d/rI ke+v/l/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ g/u[/ n/hI] hE] = wn/ x/bd/e] ke+ b//re m/e] j//e b//t/ ib/lku+l/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ hE v/h y/h hE ik+ y/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ wit/h/s/ a/Er a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ s//ec/n/e ke+ t/rIke+ m/e] g/hr/w* s/e s/m// c/uke+ hE] = m/eqix/p/ a/Er pµéey/r g//e ke+ is/à/]t//e] k+I n/I]v/ aks/r a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ a/r]iB/k+ b/s/n/e v//l//e] ke+ Ak+ ap/iric/t/, k+iQn/ a/Er p/>it/kU+l/ v//t//v/r[/ m/e] j/In/e k+I k+iQn/ l/zµ/w* s/e b/n/I; a/\sqMeil/y/n/ b/ux/ m/e] rhn/e v//l/I b//d k+I an/ek+ p/IiZµy//e] ke+ p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] n/e, j//e b//Zµ, a/g/ a/Er s/UK/e ke+ s/m/y//e] m/e] Ak+-dUs/re p/r in/B/*r rhe a/Er ij/nh/e]n/e Ak+-dUs/re k+I s/h/y/t// k+I, wn/ is/à/]t//e] k+/e a/Er m/j/b/Ut/ ik+y// =

p/hl/e iv/xv/ y/uà m/e], ij/s/e k+B/I-k+B/I m/h/n/ y/uà B/I k+h/ j//t// hE, a/Er A]j/Ek+ is/p//ihy//e] è/r/ g/El/Ip//el/I ke+ y/uà m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ an/uB/v/ n/e, m/eqix/p/ a/Er v/pµé/d/rI ke+ g/u[//e] k+/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ s//ec/n/e ke+ t/rIke+ m/e] a/Er B/I g/hr/w* s/e ib/Q/ idy// = y/e a/Er a/r]iB/k+ a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] s/e j/uzµe any/ g/u[/ y/Ur/ep/, am/eirk+/, Aix/y//, aP>+Ik+/ a/Er m/Dy/-p/Uv/I* dex//e] s/e b//d m/e] a/ k+r b/s/n/e v//l/e l//K//e] l//eg//e] è/r/ m/j/b/Ut/ a/Er s/m/&à h/e k+r a/j/ B/I j/Iiv/t/ hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

hen/rI l//\s/n/ ij/n/k+/ j/nm/ 1867 m/e] g/>En/PE+l/ g//elzP+Ilzs/< m/e] ny/U s//WT/ v/els/< m/e] hua/ T//, x//y/d Ws/ s/m/y/ ke+ s/b/s/e b/zµe a/\sqMeil/y/n/ wit/h/s/k+/r T/e, ij/nh/e]n/e m/eqix/p/, m//n/v/ ke+ g//Erv/ a/Er a/\sqMeil/y/n/ b/ux/ m/e] rhn/e v//l/e p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//e] ke+ b//re m/e] a/m/ B//{// m/e] a/Er s/h/n/uB/Uit/ p/Uv/*k+ il/K// =

31

h/l/ hI m/e] a/n/e v//l/e in/v//is/y//e] n/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s/]sk&+it/ a/Er sv/op/ k+/e s/m/&à ik+y// hE a/Er n/A d&i{qk+/e[/ a/Er p/r]p/r/A] b/n//n/e m/e] y//eg/d/n/ idy// hE = Wn/ke+ as/Im/ y//eg/d/n/ n/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ j/Iv/n/ ke+ l/g/B/g/ hr p/hl/U, vy//p//r s/e k+l// t/k+, p//k+x//sF/ s/e iv/n//edx//sF/ t/k+ k+/e s/m/&à b/n//y// hE =

sv/y/]s/ev// - m/eqix/p/ k+/ v//st/iv/k+ Wd/hr[/ y/h s/v/*-iv/idt/ hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ sv/ecC/ s/e av/Et/in/k+ s//m//ij/k+ a/Er s//m/ud/iy/k+ k+/m/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A t/tp/r rht/e hE] = aQ/rh v/{/* s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ s//Q l//K/ s/e aiD/k+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/ik>+y/ sv/y/]s/ev/k+ hE], j//e a/p//t/< s/ev//a/e], k+ly//[/ k+/y/*k>+m//e], p/y//*v/r[/ a/Er s/r]`/[/, D/n/ j/uq/n/e, p/>b/]D/n/, ix/`/[/ a/Er p/>x//s/n/ s/iht/ iv/st/&t/ `/eF//e] m/e] s/h/y/t// de rhe hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ v/n//e] m/e] l/g/n/e v//l/I a/g/ s/e j/UJ/n/e v//l/e a/Er a/p//t/k+/l/In/ s/ev//a/e] ke+ an/ek+ aiD/k+/rI sv/y/]s/ev/k+ hE] = Ak+ s/v/e*`/[/ ke+ an/us//r sv/y/]s/ev// ke+ k+/r[//e] ke+ b//re m/e] 47 p/>it/x/t/ l//eg//e] n/e k+h/ ik+ v/e s/m/ud/y/ k+I ik+s/I t/rh s/e s/ev// k+rn// c//ht/e hE] = dUs/re 43 p/>it/x/t/ l//eg/ Aes// ws/il/A k+rt/e hE] ky//e]ik+ Wnhe] ws/s/e in/j/I s/]t/ui{q p/>/pt/ h/et/I hE =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • v//\l/]iqy/ir]g/ a/\sqMeil/y// www.volunteeringaustralia.org

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ w]g/il/x/ v/Es/e t//e a/\sqMeil/y// k+I r/{qMIy/ B//{// w]g/il/x/ hE, p/r]t/u ku+C x/bd a/Er v//ky//]\x/ Aes/e hE] j//e a/m/ wst/em//l/ ke+ k+/r[/ aièt/Iy/ Op/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m/J/e j//t/e hE], a/Er wn/m/e] s/e k+w* n/A a/n/e v//l//e] k+/e ap/iric/t/ l/g/ s/k+t/e hE] aT/v// B/>m/ m/e] z/l/ s/k+t/e hE] = a/m/ b//el/c//l/ a/Er dex/sT/ B//{// ke+ wn/ x/bd/e] ke+ an/ek+ al/g/ al/g/ Wd<B/v/ hE] = ku+C l/]b/e x/bd/e] k+/ C/eq/ Op//]t/r[/ hE] = an/ek+ v//ky//]x/ Wf/rI w]g/l/E]z s/e a/n/e v//l/e a/p/>v//is/y//e] è/r/ p/hl/e s/e wst/em//l/ ik+A j//t/e T/e p/r Wnhe] ab/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ x/bd/e] ke+ Op/ m/e] ap/n// il/y// g/y// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ aks/r x/bd/e] k+/e C/eq/ B/I k+r det/e hE], j/Es/e Pu+qb//\l/ ‘footy’ (Pu+qI) b/n/ j//t// hE,qel/Iv/Ijµ/n/ ‘telly’ (qEl/I) b/n/ j//t// hE a/Er b//rb/Iky/U ‘barbie’ (b//b/I*) b/n/ j//t// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] ke+ iv/n//eed k+rn/e k+/ a/x/y/, j//e vy/]gy/ a/Er ap/m//n/ k+/ im/X[/ hE, Ws/ke+ s//T/ wn/ x/bd/e] ke+ wst/em//l/ s/e k+B/I-k+B/I B/>m/ Wtp/» k+r s/k+t// hE = y/id a/p/ s/uin/ixc/t/ Op/ s/e n/hI] j//n/t/e ik+ iv/+s/I v//ky//]\x/ k+/ ky// t//tp/y/* hE t//e Ws/k+/ wst/em//l/ k+rn/e v//l/e s/e ws/k+/ m/t/l/b/ s/m/J//n/e k+/e k+hn// k+/ew* g/l/t/ b//t/ n/hI] hE = s/m/y/-s/m/y/ p/r ku+C a/m/ v//ky//]\x/ j//e a/p/ke+ s/un/n/e m/e] a/ s/k+t/e hE] v/e ws/ p/>k+/r hE]: a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

32

Arvo: (a/v//e*) y/h d/ep/hr (afternoon) k+/ s/]i`/pt/ Op/ hE– ‘drop by this arvo’, k+/ aT/* hE –k&+p/y// a/j/ d/ep/hr k+/e im/l/n/e a/A] = Barbecue, BBQ, Barbie: (b//b/I*ky/U, b//b/I*) a/m/ t//Er p/r g/Es/ aT/v// k+/ey/l/e k+I a/\]c/ p/r m//\]s/ k+/e ig/>l/ aT/v// h/\qpl/eq p/r G/r ke+

b//hr K/ul/e m/e] p/k+/n// = m/ej/b//n/ m//\]s/ k+/e s/l//d a/Er b/el/n/ k+I a/k&+it/ k+I zb/l/r/eqI ke+ s//T/ p/r/es/t// hE = j/b/ m/ehm//n//e] k+/e b//b/I*ky/U k+/ ny//Et// idy// j//t// hE t//e y/h p/UC l/en// a/m/ b//t/ hE ik+ ky// Wnhe] ku+C s//T/ l//n// h/eg// = k+cc/e m/Iq k+I b/n/I s//\s/ejµ/ k+/e ij/s/e aks/r b//b/I*ky/U m/e] p/k+/y// j//t// hE snag (sn/Eg/) k+ht/e hE] = y/h s/Uar, g//y/, m/ug/e* ke+ m//\]s/, s/ibj/y//e] aT/v// an//j/ s/e b/n/I h/e s/k+t/I hE] = Barrack for: (b/Erk+ P+/\r) s/m/T/*n/ k+rn// aT/v// h/Es/l// b/Zµ/n// (a/m/ t//Er p/r ik+s/I iv/ix/{q K/el/ k+I qIm/ k+/) =

Bloke: a/dm/I = a/m/ t//Er p/r y/id a/p/ s/h/y/t// m//\]g/t/e hE] t//e a/p/k+/e y/h j/v//b/ im/l/ s/k+t// hE ‘see that bloke over there’ ws/k+/

aT/* hE v/h/] Ws/ a/dm/I s/e p/UCe] = Bring a plate: (ib/>]g/ A pl/eq) y/id a/p/k+/e ik+s/I p//qI* aT/v// Wts/v/ m/e] b/ul//y// j//t// hE a/Er a/p/s/e k+h/ j//t// hE ‘bring a plate’ t//e

ws/k+/ aT/* hE K//n/e s/e B/rI Ak+ t/xt/rI l//A] j//e a/p/ m/ej/b//n/ a/Er any/ m/ehm//n//e] m/e] b//\]q s/ke+] = s//m/ud/iy/k+ m/el/-j//el/ ke+ av/s/r/e], j/Es/e iv/ê/l/y/, k+/y/*sT/l/ aT/v// kl/b/ m/e] y/h a/m/ b//t/ hE = y/id a/p/ ws/ duiv/D// m/e] hE] ik+ ky// l//y// j//A t//e in/m/]F/[/ den/e v//l/e vy/ifé s/e p/UC l/e] = BYO: (b/I v//w* a/e) y/id a/p/k+/e Ak+ Aes// in/m/]F/[/ im/l/t// hE ij/s/m/e] il/K// hE ‘BYO’ t//e ws/k+/ aT/* hE ap/n/e p/ey/ s//T/ l//A] = y/id a/p/

m/idr/p//n/ n/hI] k+rt/e t//e j/Us/, m/IQe p/ey/, s//ez/ aT/v// p//n/I l/e j//n// B/I Wic/t/ hE = ku+C rest/r/\] B/I b/I v//w* a/e h/et/e hE] = a/p/ v/h/\] ap/n/I m/idr/ k+I b//et/l/e] l/e j// s/k+t/e hE] p/r]t/u a/m/ t//Er p/r b//et/l//e] k+/e K//el/n/e, p/r/es/n/e, ig/l//s/ den/e a/Er Wnhe] s//P+ k+rn/e ke+ il/A a/p/k+/e ‘corkage’ k+/\ke*+j/ (ws/k+/ pµéIs/) den/I h/eg/I = Cuppa: (k+pp//) c//y/ aT/v// k+/\pµéI k+/ py//l// ‘Drop by this arvo for a cuppa’ k+/ aT/* hE –k&+p/y// a/j/ d/ep/hr k+/e im/l/n/e a/A]

a/Er hm//re s//T/ c//y/ aT/v// k+/\pµéI ip/A] = Digger: (izgg/r) a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/Ein/k+ = Go for your life: (g//e pµé/\r y//er l//wpµé) h/\] Aes// hI k+r/e = G’day: (g/uz-ze) hEl//e, a/p/ kE+s/e hE] ?

Fair go: (pµéey/r g//e) b/r/b/rI k+/ vy/v/h/r = ws/k+/ aT/* y/h hE ik+ j/Iv/n/ m/e] ik+s/I vy/ifé k+I Wp/l/ibD/y//\] Ws/k+I y//egy/t//a/e], k+/m/ a/Er

p/>y/tn/ p/r a/D//irt/ h/e] n/ ik+ j/nm/ ke+ G/iqt/ h/en/e aT/v// p/`/p//t/ ke+ a/D//r p/r = Fortnight: (P+/eq*n//w*q) Ak+ p/K/v//zµ/ = No worries: (n//e v/rIjµ/) k+/ew* p/rex//n/I n/hI] = k+/m/ aT/v// in/v/edn/ ib/n// ik+s/I k+{q aT/v// a/z]b/r ke+ p/Ur/ h/e j//Ag// = Ocker: (a/\k+r) Ak+ aB/d>, aix/{q, as/]y/im/t/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ aT/v// ws/k+/ Ak+ a/Er m/t/l/b/ B/I hE, a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ iv/ix/{q g/u[//e] k+/e

p/>dix/*t/ k+rn/e v//l//, j/Es/e iv/n//edx/Il/, s/h/y/t// k+rn/e v//l// a/Er y/uifés/]p/» = Shout: (x//@q) ik+s/I ke+ il/A m/idr/ k+/ py//l// K/rIdn// = ik+s/I m/idr/l/y/ m/e] j/b/ im/F//e] k+/ k+/ew* s/m/Uh Ak+F/ h/et// hE t//e hr vy/ifé ke+

il/A Aes// k+rn// a/m/ b//t/ hE = ‘shout a round’ aT//*t/< s/b/ke+ p/In/e ke+ il/A m/idr/ k+/ Ak+-Ak+ py//l// K/rIdn// = hr vy/ifé b//rI-b//rI Ak+ ‘round’ K/rIdt// hE = To be crook: (qu b/I k>u+k+) b/Im//r aT/v// r/eg/-g/>st/ h/en// =

a/\sqMeil/y// k+I a/m/ b//el/c//l/ a/Er dex/sT/ B//{// p/r an/ek+ p/ust/ke+] hE] ij/n/m/e] Macquarie Dictionary Book of Slang (m/Ekv//rI izkx/n/rI b/uk+ a/\pµé sl/E]g/) x//im/l/ hE =

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ hr v/{/* ke+ ku+C idn/ ik+s/I iv/x/e{/ a/x/y/ s/e aT/v// r/{qMIy/ m/hfv/ ke+ sm/r[//ets/v/ ke+ Op/ m/e] m/n//t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] aiD/k+/\]x/ Xim/k+/e] k+/e p/Ure v/{/* ke+ d/Er/n/ v//i{/*k+ Cuiùy//e] ke+ al//v// 12 r/{qMIy/ a/Er r/jy//r/jy/-`/eF/ ke+ s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ ke+ idn/ im/l/t/e hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

s/m//r/eh a/Er av/k+/x/ ke+ idn/

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wn/m/e] s/e ku+C idn/ s/b/k+I CuùI h/et/I hE a/Er y/e s/B/I r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] Ak+ hI idn/ m/n//A j//t/e hE] = k+w* b//r y/e iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e a/y//eij/t/ G/qn//a/e] ke+ è/r/ r/{qMIy/ st/r p/r m/n//A j//t/e hE] = ku+C sT//n/Iy/ av/k+/x/ ke+ idn/ ku+C r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] hI m/n//A j//t/e hE] = ik>+s/m/s/ a/Er w*sqr, w*s//wy//e] ke+ kE+l/]zr ke+ d/e s/b/s/e m/hfv/p/U[/* idn/ hE] j/b/ s//re a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE = ik>+s/m/s/ k+/ idn/ hr v/{/* 25 ids/]b/r k+/e h/et// hE j/b/ik+ w*sqr m//c/* ke+ a]t/ m/e] aT/v// ap/>El/ ke+ a/r]B/ m/e] h/e s/k+t// hE = b//\iks/]g/ ze b//\iks/]g/ ze 26 ids/mb/r k+/e h/et// hE a/Er ws/ idn/ s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE = ku+C l//eg//e] k+/ m/t/ hE ik+ ws/ idn/ b//\iks/]g/ m/Ec/ (m/ukke+b//j/I k+I p/>it/y//eig/t//A]) hua/ k+rt/e T/e; aT/v// b/ks//e] (izbb//e]) m/e] Wp/h/r idA j//t/e T/e = b//\iks/]g/ ze k+/e ik>+s/m/s/ ke+ Wts/v/ k+/ hI Ak+ ihss// m//n// j//t// hE = ny/U w*y/rs/< ze (n/v/ v/{/* idv/s/) hr v/{/* 1 j/n/v/rI k+/e h/et// hE a/Er ws/ idn/ s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] aiD/k+/\]x/ l//eg//e] ke+ il/A v//i{/*k+ av/k+/x/ l/en/e k+/ s/m/y/ ids/]b/r ke+ m/Dy/ s/e j/n/v/rI ke+ a]t/ t/k+ h/et// hE = ku+C any/ m/hfv/p/U[/* r/{qMIy/ it/iT/y//\] ws/ p/>k+/r hE]: a/\sqMeil/y// ze (a/\sqMeil/y// idv/s/) a/\sqMeil/y// ze 26 j/n/v/rI k+/e h/et// hE a/Er ws/ idn/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ im/l/-j/ul/ k+r 1788 m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p/hl/I y/Ur/eip/y/n/ k+/\l//en/I k+I sT//p/n// k+/ sm/r[//ets/v/ m/n//t/e hE] = ws/ idn/ r/{qMIy/ st/r p/r s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] n/A a/n/e v//l//e] k+/e iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y// ze ke+ s/m//r/eh/e] m/e] B//g/ l/en/e a/Er any/ a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] s/e im/l/n/e ke+ il/A a/m/]iF/t/ ik+y// j//t// hE = A]jµ/Ek+ ze (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ a/Er ny/Ujµ/Il/E]z s/en// k+/er idv/s/) A]jµ/Ek+ ze 25 ap/>El/ v/h idn/ hE j/b/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ A]z ny/Ujµ/Il/E]z a/m/I* k+/er (A]j/Ek+) ke+ s/Ein/k+ p/hl/e iv/xv/ y/uà ke+ d/Er/n/ 1915 m/e] g/El/Ip//el/I m/e] Wt/re = y/h idn/ Wn/ l//eg//e] k+/ sm/r[//ets/v/ hE ij/nh/e]n/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ il/A y/uà ik+y// a/Er y/uà m/e] x/hId h/e g/A = ws/ idn/ r/{qMIy/ st/r p/r s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE a/Er ws/e j/v//n//e] k+/e p/u{p//\]j/l/I dek+r a/Er s/en// k+I p/rez ke+ Wts/v//e] s/e m/n//y// j//t// hE = m/h/r/n/I k+/ j/nm/idv/s/ v/Esqn/* a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e C/ezµ k+r b//k+I s/B/I r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] m/h/r/n/I k+/ j/nm/ idv/s/ hr v/{/* j/Un/ ke+ dUs/re s//em/v//r k+/e m/n//y// j//t// hE a/Er ws/ idn/ s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE = v/Esqn/* a/\sqMeil/y// ws/e is/t/]b/r aT/v// akt/Ub/r m/e] m/n//t// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ is/qIj/n/ix/p/ ze (n//g/irk+t// idv/s/)

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

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a/\sqMeil/y/n/ is/qIj/n/ix/p/ ze 17 is/t/]b/r 2001 k+/e m/n//y// g/y// a/Er y/h Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 (n/Ex/n/Eil/qI A]z is/qIj/n/ix/p/ Akq 1948) k+/ n//m/ 1973 m/e] Australian Citizenship Act (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ is/qIj/n/ix/p/ Akq) rK/e j//n/e k+I s//l/ig/rh ke+ Op/ m/e] m/n//y// j//t// hE = y/h s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// ke+ aT/* a/Er m/hfv/ p/r iv/c//r k+rn/e a/Er Wn/ j/Iv/n/ m/Uly//e] k+/ m/h/ets/v/ m/n//n/e k+/ av/s/r hE j//e hm/e] Ak+Ik&+t/ k+rt/e hE] = l/eik+n/ ws/ idn/ s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ n/hI] h/et// = m/elb/n/* k+p/ ze m/elb/n/* k+p/ ze hr v/{/* n/v/]b/r ke+ p/hl/e m/]g/l/v//r k+/e h/et// hE = m/elb/n/* k+p/ Ak+ iv/xv/-iv/Ky//t/ G/uzµd/Ezµ hE = aiD/k+/\]x/ l//eg/, c//he v/e k+/m/ p/r h/e], iv/ê/l/y/ m/e] aT/v// G/r m/e], qel/Iv/Ijµ/n/ p/r res/ deK/n/e ke+ il/A ok+ j//t/e hE] = m/elb/n/* m/h/n/g/r m/e] ws/ idn/ s//v/*j/in/k+ av/k+/x/ h/et// hE = b//k+I sT//n//e] p/r a/Er iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e k+/y/*sT/l//e] m/e] an/ek+ l//eg/ m/elb/n/* k+p/ k+/ Wts/v/ d/ep/hr ke+ K//n/e aT/v// p//qI* ke+ è/r/ m/n//t/e hE] =

K/el/, m/n//er]j/n/ a/Er k+l// an/ek+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ K/el//e] s/e p/>em/ k+rt/e hE] a/Er an/ek+ Wcc/ st/r p/r B/vy/ Wp/l/ibD/y//\] p/>/pt/ ik+A huA hE] = v/{/* 2004 ke+ AT/e]s/ a/el/]ip/k+ K/el//e] m/e] ku+l/ p/dk+/e] ke+ a/D//r p/r a/\sqMeil/y// c//ET/e n/]b/r p/r rh/ aT//*t/ am/eirk+/, c/In/ a/Er Os/ ke+ p/ICe = v/{/* 2006 ke+ Pu+qb//l/ v/lz* k+p/ m/e] a/\sqMeil/y// P+/w*n/l/ k+I 16 qIm//e] m/e] rh/ = l/eik+n/ Aes// n/hI] hE ik+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ ke+v/l/ Wcc/t/m/ st/r p/r hI K/el//e] k+/ a/n/]d l/et/e hE] = h/l/ hI m/e] ik+A g/A Ak+ r/{qMIy/ s/v/e*`/[/ s/e p/t// c/l// hE ik+ 15 v/{/* aT/v// ws/s/e aiD/k+ a/y/u ke+ 1.1 k+r/ezµ s/e aiD/k+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/pt//h m/e] k+m/ s/e k+m/ Ak+ b//r vy//y//m/, m/n//er]j/n/ aT/v// K/el//e] ke+ Op/ m/e] x//rIirk+ g/it/iv/iD/y//e] m/e] B//g/ l/et/e hE] - y//in/ ik+ l/g/B/g/ 70 p/>it/x/t/ l//eg/ ws/m/e] B//g/ l/et/e hE] = s/b/s/e aiD/k+ l//ek+ip/>y/ 10 x//rIirk+ g/it/iv/iD/y//e] m/e] x//im/l/ hE] p/Edl/ c/l/n//, t/]dost/I ke+ il/A Aer/eib/k+, t/Er/k+I, s//w*ik+l/ c/l//n//, qein/s/, g//elpµé, d/Ezµ l/g//n//, v/n/ m/e] p/Edl/ c/l/n//, s//\k+r a/Er n/Eqb//\l/ K/el/n// = any/ l//ek+ip/>y/ K/el//e] m/e ik>+ke+q, h/\k+I a/Er sk+Iw*]g/ x//im/l/ hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ rgb/I l/Ig/, rgb/I y/Uin/y/n/ a/Er Australian Rules Football (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ Oljµ/ Pu+qb//\l/), Ak+ an/UQ/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ K/el/ ij/s/k+/ Wd<g/m/ p/ur/t/n/ rgb/I a/Er kE+lq j//it/ k+I Pu+qb//\l/ s/e hua/, K/el/n// a/Er deK/n// p/s/]d k+rt/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y// K/ul/e m/Ed/n/ m/e] h/en/e v//l/I g/it/iv/iD/y//e] ke+ il/A B/l/I-B//\]it/ Wp/y/ufé hE l/eik+n/ s/ur`// ke+ ku+C in/y/m/ y//d rK/n// a/v/xy/k+ hE: • s/m/ud> t/q p/r ke+v/l/ Ws/I `/eF/ m/e] t/Ere] j/h/\] s/pµé* l//w*pµés/ev/r in/g/r/n/I k+rt/e hE] = s/d/ J/]izy//e] ke+ b/Ic/ m/e] t/Ere] a/Er y//d rK/e] ik+ l//w*pµés/ev/r

s/B/I s/m/ud> t/q/e] k+I in/g/r/n/I n/hI] k+rt/e = • j/h/\] t/k+ s/]B/v/ h/e ake+l/e n/ t/Ere], n/ ake+l/e m/Cl/I p/k+zµe], iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e s/un/s//n/ sT//n//e] m/e] = • q/ep/I p/hn/e], D/Up/ k+/ c/xm// p/hn/e], tv/c// ke+ b/c//v/ ke+ il/A k+p/zµe (j/Es/e k+m/Ij/) p/hn/e], C/y// m/e] rhn/e k+I k+/eix/x/ k+re] a/Er t/ej/ D/Up/ v//l/e

idn//e] m/e] s/r]`/k+ s/n/sk>+In/ k+/ wst/em//l/ k+rke+ ap/n/I tv/c// k+/e s/Uy/* k+I D/Up/ m/e] j/l/n/e a/Er tv/c// ke+ kE]+s/r s/e b/c//A] = • y//d rhe ik+ ij/n/ idn//e] a/g/ j/l//n/e k+I ib/lku+l/ m/n//hI h/e, Wn/ idn//e] m/e] K/ul/I a/g/ a/Er b//rb/Iky/U j/l//n// m/n// hE =

k+l// k+/ sp/]dn/x/Il/ v//t//v/r[/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+l// k+/ sp/]dn/x/Il/ v//t//v/r[/ hE j//e dex/ ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] k+I s//]sk&+it/k+ p/r]p/r/a/e] a/Er a/p/>v//s/I s/]sk&+it/y//e] ke+ s/m/&à r]g/, d/en//e] k+/e dx//*t// hE = hr p/>k+/r k+I ic/F/Iy/ k+l// a/Er aiB/n/y/ k+l// ke+ an/ek+ c//hn/e v//l/e hE] ij/n/m/e] iP+lm/e], k+l//, n//Eq]k+I a/Er s/]g/It/ x//im/l/ hE] = Ak+ s/v/e*`/[/ ke+ an/us//r l/g/B/g/ 1.3 k+r/ezµ aT//*t/ l/g/B/g/ 88 p/>it/x/t/ v/y/sk+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ v/{/* m/e] Ak+ b//r ik+s/I s//]sk&+it/k+ k+/y/*k>+m/ aT/v// n//qk+Iy/ a/y//ej/n/ m/e] x//im/l/ h/et/e hE] =

Ak+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n/e s//ihty/ m/e] n//eb/l/ p/ursk+/r p/>/pt/ ik+y// hE j//e 1973 m/e] Wp/ny//s/k+/r p/EiqMk+ v//w*q k+/e im/l// T// = b/Is/v/I] s/dI ke+ any/ l//ek+ip/>y/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ Wp/ny//s/k+/r/e] m/e] p/Iqr ke+y/rI, b/>/w*s/ k+qI*n/e, k+/el/In/ m/Ek+ll//e, m//eirs/ v/Esq a/Er iqm/ iv/]qn/ x//im/l/ hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

a/\sqMeil/y// k+I t/Iv/> s//ihity/k+ p/r]p/r/ y/h/\] ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//is/y//e] è/r/ k+h/n/I s/un//n/e ke+ m//Dy/m/ s/e a/r]B/ huw* j//e 18 v/I] s/dI ke+ ant/ m/e] a/n/e v//l/e ap/r/iD/y//e] è/r/ s/un//w* j//n/e v//l/I k+h/in/y//e] ke+ m//Dy/m/ s/e a/g/e b/ZµI =

35

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé k+my/uin/ke+x/n/s/<, wnP+/\m/e*x/n/ qEkn//el//ej/I A]z dI a/q*s/< www.dcita.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y// k+/E]is/l/ www.ozco.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ sp//eq*s/< k+m/Ix/n/ www.ausport.gov.au

iv/~/n/ ke+ `/eF/ m/e] Wp/l/ibD/y//\] p//n/e a/Er n/v/In/t// l//n/e v//l/e l//eg/ iv/~/n/ ke+ `/eF/ m/e] Wp/l/ibD/y//\] p//n/e a/Er n/v/In/t// l//n/e m/e] B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] k+/ s/x/fé irk+/\z* rh/ hE, iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e ic/ik+ts// iv/~/n/, t/k+n/Ik+I, k&+i{/. K/n/n/ a/Er a/Eê/eig/k+ in/m//*[/ ke+ `/eF//e] m/e] = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p/hl/e-p/hl/ n/v/In/t// l//n/e v//l/e l//eg/ T/e a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ m/Ul/ in/v//s/I ij/nh/e]n/e iv/xv/ ke+ s/b/s/e p/hl/e p/tT/r ke+ a/Ej//r/e] m/e] s/e ku+C k+/, b/Um/rE]g/ (Ak+ iv/x/e{/ a/k&+it/ k+I l/k+zµI j//e s/hI Z]g/ s/e PE+]ke+ j//n/e p/r v//p/s/ PE+]k+n/e v//l/e ke+ p//s/ l//Eq a/t/I hE) a/Er v/Um/r/ (B//l// PE+]k+n/e k+/ a/Ej//r) k+/ in/m//*[/ ik+y// = n/v/In/t// l//n/e ke+ h/l/ hI ke+ Wd/hr[//e] m/e] x//im/l/ hE] p//el/Im/r ke+ b/n/e k+re]s/I n//eq/e] k+/ iv/k+/s/ ij/n/m/e] iv/ix/{q s/ur`// ke+ a/y//m/ in/iht/ hE] a/Er j//e a/m/ n//eq/e] s/e c//r g/un// aiD/k+ s/m/y/ t/k+ c/l/t/e hE], t/T// p//ED//e] ke+ Ak+ Aes/e j/In/ k+I K//ej/ j//e iv/xv/ k+I P+s/l/ k+I Wp/j/ b/Zµ/ s/k+t/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg/ ic/ik+ts// iv/~/n/ ke+ `/eF/ m/e] Wp/l/ibD/y//\] p/>/pt/ k+rn/e a/Er iv/sP+/eiqt/ n/ huA g//el//-b//Od a/Er j/m/In/ m/e] g/zµI b//OdI s/ur]g//e] k+/ p/t// l/g//n/e k+I p/>/Eê/eig/k+I ke+ iv/k+/s/ m/e] B/I ag/>[/I hE] = h/l/ hI k+I ic/ik+ts// iv/~/n/ k+I Wp/l/ibD/y//e] m/e] irl/enj//, iv/xv/ k+I p/hl/I wnP+l/uA]j// r/eD/k+ dv// k+/ iv/k+/s/, skE+in/]g/ è/r/ kE+]s/r den/e v//l/e s/Urj/ ke+ D/bb//e] k+/ p/t// l/g//n// a/Er g/B//*x/y/-g/>Iv// ke+ kE]+s/r k+/ qIk+/ x//im/l/ hE] = v/E~/in/k+ a/Er ic/ik+ts//-x//sF/ k+I Wp/l/ibD/y//e] ke+ il/A n//E a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//eb/l/ p/ursk+/r p/>/pt/ k+r c/uke+ hE] = h/l/ hI m/e] p/>/epµéEs/r b/ErI m//x/*l/ a/Er z/\kqr r/\ib/n/ v//rn/ k+/e p/eq m/e] n//s/Ur (als/r) a/Er j/Qrx//eT/ p/Ed/ k+rn/e v//l/e j/Iv//[/ua/]e k+I K//ej/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A 2005 k+/ n//eb/l/ p/ursk+/r idy// g/y// = s/n/< 1996 m/e] y/h p/ursk+/r p/Iqr z/ehqI* k+/e Wn/ke+ p/>it/r`/[/ iv/~/n/ ke+ `/eF/ m/e] ik+A g/A k+/y/* ke+ il/A im/l// T// = hr v/{/* a/\sqMeil/y// idv/s/ p/r Ak+ vy/ifé k+/e ‘a/\sqMeil/y/n/ a/|pµé dI w*y/r’ G//ei{/t/ ik+y// j//t// hE = v/{/* 2005, 2006 a/Er 2007 ke+ s/B/I ‘a/\sqMeil/y/n/ a/|pµé dI w*y/r’ v/E~/in/k+ T/e = v/{/* 2005 ke+ il/A y/h p/ursk+/r z/\kqr iP+y//en// v/uz k+/e idy// g/y// ij/nh/e]n/e j/l/ g/A vy/iféy//e] ke+ il/A Ak+ an/UQI iCzµk+I j// s/k+n/e v//l/I tv/c// k+/ iv/k+/s/ ik+y// = v/{/* 2006 ke+ il/A y/h p/ursk+/r p/>/epµéEs/r wy/n/ P>e+jµ/r k+/e idy// g/y// ij/nh/e]n/e g/B//*x/y/-g/>Iv// ke+ kE]+s/r ke+ qIke+ k+/ iv/k+/s/ ik+y// T// a/Er 2007 m/e] y/h p/ursk+/r s/uiv/Ky//t/ p/y//*v/r[/ v/E~/in/k+ p/>/epµéEs/r iqm/ Pl/En/rI k+/e idy// g/y// = z/\kqr v/uz a/Er p/>/epµéEs/r P>e+jµ/r d/en//e] ib/>qen/ s/e a/A huA a/p/>v//s/I hE] = p/>/epµéEs/r P>e+jµ/r ke+ s//T/I a/iv/{k+/rk+ sv/g/I*y/ z/\kqr ij/y//n/ J//@ T/e j//e ap/n/I m/&ty/u s/e p/hl/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/ g/A T/e = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/j/k+l/ k+/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/

36

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé Aj/uke+x/n/, s//w*]s/ A]z qMein/]g/ www.dest.gov.au • b/Eik+]g/ a/\sqMeil/y//jµ/ Aib/il/qI www.innovation.gov.au • k+/\m/n/v/elT/ s//w*]iqiP+k+ A]z w]zisqMy/l/ irs/c/* a/eg/e*n//w*jµ/ex/n/ www.csiro.au

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/ r/ejµ/g//r a/Er k+/m/ k+rn/e k+/ v//t//v/r[/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ Xm/ b//j//r m/e] aty/iD/k+ p/>it/sp/D//* h/e s/k+t/I hE = n/A a/n/e v//l//e] k+/e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ik+t/n/I j/ldI k+/m/ im/l/eg// y/h a/iT/*k+ G/qk+/e], Wn/k+I y//egy/t//a/e] a/Er ku+x/l/t//a/e], v/e ik+s/ p/>k+/r k+/ k+/m/ ZU\]Z rhe hE] a/Er dex/ ke+ iv/iB/» B//g//e] m/e] ku+C p/>k+/r ke+ k+/m/ k+I Wp/l/bD/t// p/r p/>B//v/ z/l/n/e v//l/I iv/x/e{/ p/irisT/it/y//e] p/r in/B/*r k+rt// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ il/A p/>sT//n/ k+rn/e s/e p/hl/e a/p/>v//is/y//e] k+/e k+/m/ p/>/pt/ k+rn/e k+I s/]B//v/n//a/e] ke+ b//re m/e] p/t// k+r l/en// c//ihA a/Er ij/s/ t/rh k+/ k+/m/ v/e k+rn// c//ht/e hE] Ws/ke+ il/A k+/ew* iv/x/e{/ x/t/e*] aT/v// ap/e`//A] t//e l//g/U n/hI] h/et/I = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] an/ek+ r/ejµ/g//r/e] ke+ il/A a/v/edk+ k+/ r/jy/ aT/v// r/jy/-`/eF/ ke+ p/>/iD/k+r[/ è/r/ p/]j/Ik+r[/ aT/v// l//w*s/e]s/ p/>/pt/ k+rn/e k+I y//egy/t// p/UrI k+rn// a/v/xy/k+ hE a/Er/y// vy/v/s//iy/k+ aT/v// a/Eê/eig/k+ s/]g/Qn/ k+I s/dsy/t// k+/ p//F/ h/en// a/v/xy/k+ hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+/m/g//r/e] ke+ v/et/n/ a/Er k+/y/* k+rn/e k+I x/t/e*] in/mn/il/iK/t/ iv/iD/y//e] è/r/ t/y/ k+I j// s/k+t/I hE]: • ik+s/I Av//z* ke+ è/r/ • ik+s/I k+/n/Un/I s/m/J//Et/e ke+ è/r/ (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ v/k*+-pl/es/ Ag/>Im/E]q aT/v// k+l/Eikqv/ Ag/>Im/E]q) aT/v// • p/r]p/r/g/t/ s/m/J//Et/e ke+ è/r/ (k+/\m/n/ l// Ag/>Im/E]q)

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] s/B/I n//Ek+iry//\] a/Er p/ex/e p/uo{//e] a/Er isF/y//ee] ke+ il/A Wp/l/bD/ hE] = k+/m/g//r/e] k+/e il/]g/, n/sl/, ax/kt/t//, D/m/* a/Er y//En/ s/]b/]D/I oic/y//e] ke+ a/D//r p/r an/uic/t/ b/t//*v/ a/Er B/ed-B//v/ s/e b/c//n/e ke+ il/A k+/n/Un/ l//g/U hE] = w*kv/l/ A]pl//\y/m/e]q a/epp//ercy/Uin/qIjµ/ (r/ejµ/g//r ke+ s/m//n/ av/s/r) k+/n/Un/ ke+ a]t/g/*t/ y/h a/v/xy/k+ hE ik+ k+/y/*sT/l//e] m/e] acC/ p/d p/>/pt/ k+rn/e, p/d/e»it/ a/Er p/>ix/`/[/ ke+ av/s/r vy/ifé k+I y//egy/t//, ku+x/l/t//a/e], a/Er an/uB/v/ ke+ a/D//r p/r a/D//irt/ h/e] n/ ik+ ik+s/I k+/e p/>/T/im/k+t// den/e aT/v// B/ed-B//v/ ke+ a/D//r p/r = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/n/Un/ ke+ a]t/g/*t/ k+/m/g//r ik+s/I qMez y/Uin/y/n/ m/e] x//im/l/ h/en/e (aT/v// x//im/l/ n/ h/en/e) k+/ c/un//v/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] = y/id a/p/ iv/dex/ m/e] p/>ix/`/[/ p/>/pt/ iv/x/e{/~ a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ sT//y/I in/v//s/I hE] t//e n/Ex/n/l/ a/\ipµés/ a/\pµé a/ev/rs/Ijµ/ isk+l/ irk+/eign/x/n/ (n/Ujµ/r) a/p/k+I s/h/y/t// k+r s/k+t// hE = r/ejµ/g//r a/Er ku+x/l/t//a/e] k+I m//ny/t// s/]b/]D/I iv/ix/{q j//n/k+/rI in/mn/il/iK/t/ v/eb/s//w*q/e] p/r Wp/l/bD/ hE: • r/ejµ/g//r p/>/ipt/ k+I s/]B//v/n//A], a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ik+n/ k+im/*y//e] k+I k+m/I hE a/Er a/p/ ky// k+r s/k+t/e hE] www.jobsearch.gov.au • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/y/*sT/l/ www.workplace.gov.au • in/p/u[/ k+im/*y//e] ke+ il/A a/p/>v//s/n/ www.skilledmigrant.gov.au • p/ex/ev/r y//egy/t//a/e] k+I m//ny/t// www.workplace.gov.au/tra • A w* a/w*-n/Ujµ/r www.aei.dest.gov.au.

s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n//e] k+/e ap/n/I a/y/ p/r k+r den// p/zµt// hE j/b/ Wn/k+I v//i{/*k+ a/y/ Ak+ in/D//*irt/ r/ix/ s/e aiD/k+ h/et/I hE = k+r y//egy/ a/y/ m/e] v/et/n/, vy//p//r k+I k+m//w*, b/E]k+ m/e] j/m// r/ix/ aT/v// any/ p/U\]j/I in/v/ex/ p/r p/>/pt/ h/en/e v//l// by//j/ x//im/l/ hE = aiD/k+/\]x/ v/st/ua/e] a/Er s/ev//a/e] k+I j//e k+Im/t/ a/p/ det/e hE] Ws/m/e] T//ezµ/ s// k+r x//im/l/ h/et// hE = ws/e Goods and Services Tax (g/uzs/< A]z s/iv/*is/jµ/ qEks/ - j/I As/ qI) k+ht/e hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

k+r den//

37

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r è/r/ Ak+F/ ik+A g/A k+r/e] k+/ wst/em//l/ k+ly//[/ s/ev//A], sv//sTy/ s/ev//A], s/ur`// s/en//a/e] a/Er a/D//rt/]F/, j/Es/e ik+ m/uKy/ s/zµk+e] p/>d/n/ k+rn/e ke+ il/A ik+y// j//t// hE = r/jy/ a/Er r/jy/-`/eF/ B/I ku+C l/en/-den/ k+I k+/r*v//w*y//e] a/Er s/ev//a/e] p/r k+r Ak+F/ k+rt/e hE] (wnhe] stamp duties sqEmp/ z<y/UqIjµ/ k+ht/e hE]) = y/h r/ix/ r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] è/r/ p/>d/n/ k+I j//n/e v//l/I s/ev//a/e] a/Er a/D//rt/]F/, j/Es/e ik+ p/uil/s/ b/l/, asp/t//l/ a/Er r/jy//e] k+I t/T// sT//n/Iy/ s/zµk+/e] p/r K/c/* k+I j//t/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+r k+/ v/{/* 1 j/ul//w* s/e 30 j/Un/ t/k+ h/et// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/n/Un/ ke+ a]t/g/*t/ aiD/k+/\]x/ l//eg//e] k+/e hr v/{/* Ak+ k+r c//l//n/ d/iK/l/ k+rn// h/et// hE ij/s/m/e] s/B/I s/>/et//e] s/e p/>/pt/ huw* s//rI a/y/ a/Er idA g/A k+r k+I j//n/k+/rI den/I h/et/I hE = aiD/k+/\]x/ m//m/l//e] m/e] in/y//efé/a/e] è/r/ v/et/n/ ke+ hr B/ug/t//n/ m/e] s/e k+r k+I r/ix/ k+/q k+r Australian Taxation Office (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ qEks/ex/n/ a/\ipµés/ A qI a/e) m/e] j/m// k+r dI j//t/I hE =

B/iv/{y/in/iD/ (s/up/rAn/uAx/n/) s/up/rAn/uAx/n/ b/c/t/ k+rn/e k+/ Ak+ k+/y/*k>+m/ hE j//e k+/m/g//r/e] k+/e s/ev//in/v/&if/ ke+ b//d ke+ j/Iv/n/ ke+ il/A D/n/ j/uq/n/e m/e] s/h/y/t// det// hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+/y/*rt/ l/g/B/g/ s/B/I vy/iféy//e] k+/e ik+s/I s/up/rAn/uAx/n/ pµé]z k+/ s/dsy/ b/n/n// p/zµt// hE a/Er k+/n/Un/ ke+ a]t/g/*t/ in/y//efé/a/e] k+/e ap/n/e k+m/*c//iry//e] ke+ s/up/rAn/uAx/n/ pµé]z m/e] y//eg/d/n/ den// p/zµt// hE = ws/e Employer Superannuation Guarantee (Amp/l//\y/r s/up/rAn/uAx/n/ g//r]qI) y//eg/d/n/ k+ht/e hE] = s/up/rAn/uAx/n/ a/Er k+r den/e ke+ b//re m/e] aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI a/\sqMeil/y/n/ qEks/ex/n/ a/\ipµés/ s/e Wp/l/bD/ hE = qel/Ipµé/en/ :

132 861

w]qrn/eq p/r :

www.ato.gov.au

a/v//s/ k+hI] B/I sT//n//]t/r[/ k+I l//g/t/ s/d/ aiD/k+ h/et/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e, ap/n/e G/r k+/ s//m//n/ l//n/e a/Er n/y// G/r b/s//n/e k+I l//g/t/ b/hut/ jµy//d/ hE = m/k+/n//e] a/Er Ap//q*m/E]q/e] (a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] wnhe] aks/r y/Uin/q aT/v// Pl/Eq k+h/ j//t// hE) k+I l//g/t/ a/p/ei`/k+ Op/ s/e aiD/k+ hE, iv/x/e{/ Op/ s/e is/zn/I, p/T/*, m/elb/n/* a/Er kE+n/b/r/ m/e] = a/m/ t//Er p/r m/k+/n/ aT/v// Ap//q*m/E]q k+I K/rId aT/v// Wnhe] ik+r/A p/r l/en// l//w*s/e]s/ p/>/pt/ rIal/ wsqeq Aj/e]q ke+ m//Dy/m/ s/e h/et// hE = h/l//\]ik+ s/]p/if/ in/j/I t//Er p/r B/I K/rIdI, b/ec/I aT/v// ik+r/A p/r l/I j// s/k+t/I hE, p/r]t/u Aes// k+rn/e s/e p/hl/e v/k+Il/ k+I s/l//h l/en// s/m/J/d/rI h/eg// =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

38

ib/k+/@ a/Er ik+r/A p/r Wp/l/bD/ s/]p/if/ ke+ iv/~/p/n/ dEin/k+ s/m//c//r-p/F//e] m/e] a/m/ t//Er p/r x/in/v//r k+/e Cp/t/e hE] a/Er y/e an/ek+ w]qrn/eq v/eb/s//w*q/e] aT/v// wsqeq Aj/e]q/e] ke+ è/r/ B/I Wp/l/bD/ h/et/e hE] = a/m/ t//Er p/r ik+r/A p/r m/k+/n/ l/en/e ke+ il/A Ak+ m/hIn/e ke+ ik+r/A k+I r/ix/ b//\]z ke+ Op/ m/e] a/Er Ak+ m/hIn/e k+/ ik+r/y// p/ex/g/I den// h/et// hE = j/b/ ik+r/Ad/r m/k+/n/ K//l/I k+rt// hE t//e aks/r b//\]z k+I r/ix/ a/v/xy/k+t//n/us//r Ws/m/e] s/e m/rmm/t/ a/Er s/pµé/w* k+I k+Im/t/ k+/q k+r v//p/s/ k+r dI j//t/I hE =

s//m//ij/k+ s/ur`// Centrelink s/e]qril/]k+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r k+/ Ak+ in/k+/y/ hE j//e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m/ud/y/ k+/e k+w* t/rh k+I s/ev//A] a/Er B/ug/t//n/ p/>d/n/ k+rt//

hE = wn/m/e] k+m/ a/y/ v//l/e l//eg//e], s/ev//-in/v/&f/ l//eg//e], iv/k+l//]g//e], r/ejµ/g//r ZU\]Z rhe l//eg//e], ake+l/e aiB/B//v/k+/]e, dUs/r/e] k+I deK/-B//l/ k+rn/e v//l//e] t/T// any/ an/ek+ l//eg//e] k+I s/h/y/t// k+rn// x//im/l/ hE = k+/ew* g/>/hk+ ik+n/ B/ug/t//n//e] a/Er s/ev//a/e] k+/e p//n/e k+/ p//F/ hE, y/h Ws/k+I vy/ifég/t/ p/irisT/it/y//e] p/r in/B/*r k+rt// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r k+/ y/h m//n/n// hE ik+ s/h/y/t// k+/ s/b/s/e Wtk&+{q t/rIk+/ v/Et/in/k+ k+/m/ k+/ idy// j//n// hE = s/e]qril/]k+ l//eg//e] k+/ Wn/ s/hy//eg/I s/ev//a/e] s/e s/]p/k*+ k+rv// det// hE j//e Wnhe] k+/m/ ZU\]Zn/e m/e] s/h/y/t// de s/k+t/I hE] a/Er j//e l//eg/ ap/n/I iv/x/e{/ p/irisT/it/y//e] ke+ k+/r[/ k+/m/ k+rn/e m/e] as/m/T/* hE], Wnhe] a/iT/*k+ s/h/y/t// p/>d/n/ k+rt// hE = s/e]qril/]k+ s/e B/ug/t//n/ p/>/pt/ k+rn/e v//l/e s/`/m/ l//eg//e] ke+ il/A k+/m/ ZU\]Zn// aT/v// B/iv/{y/ m/e] k+/m/ p/>/pt/ k+rn/e ke+ Wäexy/ s/e ap/n/e k+/Ex/l/ b/Zµ/n// a/v/xy/k+ h/e s/k+t// hE = x/r[//T/I* a/Er m//n/v/Iy/ a/D//r p/r a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e v//l/e l//eg/ a/m/ t//Er p/r s/e]qril/]k+ k+I s/B/I s/ev//a/e] a/Er k+/y/*k>+m//e] k+/ l//B/ p/>/pt/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] = s//m//ny/t/y// any/ n/A b/s/n/e v//l/e l//eg//e] ke+ il/A s/e]qril/]k+ k+I aiD/k+/\]x/ s/h/y/t//a/e] k+/e p//n/e ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] sT//y/I in/v//s/I v/Ijµ// p/r d/e v/{/* t/k+ rhn// a/v/xy/k+ hE = Wnhe] y/h s/uin/ixc/t/ k+rn// h/eg// ik+ Wn/ke+ p//s/ wt/n/e s/m/y/ t/k+ ap/n/e a/Er ap/n/e @p/r a/iXt/ l//eg//e] ke+ j/Iv/n/ y//p/n/ ke+ il/A p/y//*pt/ D/n/ hE = p/>t/I`// k+/ s/m/y/ a/v/xy/k+ s/h/y/t// a/Er Wn/k+I iv/x/e{/ p/irisT/it/y//e] ke+ an/us//r k+m/ aT/v// aiD/k+ h/e s/k+t// hE = ku+C n/A a/p/>v//is/y//e] k+/e s/Iim/t/ s/h/y/t// Wp/l/bD/ h/e s/k+t/I hE j/Es/e ik+ n//Ek+rI ZU\]Zn/e m/e] s/h/y/t// a/Er b/cc//e] k+/e p//l/n/e m/e] m/dd den/e ke+ il/A pµéEim/l/I ais/sqe]s/ p/em/E]q (p//irv//irk+ s/h/y/t// ke+ il/A B/ug/t//n/) = p/irv//r/e] k+I s/h/y/t// ke+ b//re m/e] aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r ke+ Family Assistance Office (pµéEim/l/I ais/sqe]s/ a/\ipµés/) s/e Wp/l/bD/ hE = n/A a/p/>v//is/y//e] k+/e ap/n/I s/]B//iv/t/ hk+d/rI a/Er Wp/l/bD/ s/h/y/t//, j/Es/e ik+ n//Ek+rI ZU\]Zn/e m/e] s/h/y/t//, ke+ b//re m/e] p/t// l/g//n/e ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] a/n/e ke+ b//d ij/t/n/I j/ldI s/]B/v/ h/e, s/e]qril/]k+ a/Er pµéEim/l/I ais/sqe]s/ a/\ipµés/ s/e s/]p/k*+ k+rn// c//ihA = s/]p/k*+ k+I j//n/k+/rI: s/e]qril/]k+

13 2850

w]qrn/eq p/r :

www.centrelink.gov.au

pµéEim/l/I ais/sqe]s/ a/\ipµés/

13 6150

w]qrn/eq p/r :

www.familyassist.gov.au

any/ B//{//A] (a]g/>ejµ/I ke+ al//v//)

13 1202

asp/t//l/ a/Er ic/ik+ts// ke+ K/c/e*

aiD/k+/\]x/ qEmp/>erI v/Ijµ// D//rk+ m/Eizke+y/r k+/y/*k>+m/ m/e] n//m//]k+n/ ke+ p//F/ n/hI] h/et/e l/eik+n/ ws/ke+ ku+C ap/v//d hE], Wd/hr[/ ke+ il/A ij/n/ qEmp/>erI v/Ijµ// D//rk+/e] n/e sT//y/I v/Ijµ// k+/ a/v/edn/ de idy// hE a/Er j//e a/v/xy/k+ x/t//e*] k+/e p/Ur/ k+rt/e hE] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r asp/t//l/ a/Er ic/ik+ts// ke+ b/uin/y//dI K/c//e*] m/e] Medicare Australia (m/Eizke+y/r a/\sqMeil/y//) n//m/k+ k+/y/*k>+m/ ke+ è/r/ s/h/y/t// p/>d/n/ k+rt/I hE = s/rk+/r Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (P+/m//*sy/UqIk+l/ b/Ein/iP+qs/< sk+Im/ - p/I b/I As/) ke+ ant/g/*t/ m/Eizke+y/r ke+ l//B//iT/*y//e] ke+ il/A aiD/k+/\]x/ dv//a/e] k+I k+Im/t/ m/e] B/I CUq det/I hE = n/A a/p/>v//is/y//e] k+/e m/Eizke+y/r k+/y//*l/y/ m/e] ap/n// p//s/p//eq*, y//F// ke+ k+/g/jµ//t/ a/Er v/Ijµ// k+I j//n/k+/rI l/e j// k+r m/Eizke+y/r k+/y/*k>+m/ m/e] n//m//]k+n/ ke+ il/A ap/n/I p//F/t// j//\]c/ l/en/I c//ihA = m/Eizke+y/r k+I v/eb/s//w*q (n/Ic/e deK/e]) p/r Ak+ s/Uc/n// ik+q k+/ an/uv//d an/ek+ B//{//a/e] m/e Wp/l/bD/ hE =

39

s/]p/k*+ k+I j//n/k+/rI qel/Ipµé/en/ :

13 2011

w]qrn/eq p/r :

www.medicareaustralia.gov.au

ws/ke+ al//v// p/>/w*v/eq sv//sTy/ b/Im// y//ej/n//A] B/I hE] j//e Wn/ ic/ik+ts// s/ev//a/e] k+I k+Im/t/ m/e] s/h/y/t// det/I hE] j//e m/Eizke+y/r m/e] x//im/l/ n/hI] hE] j/Es/e ik+ p/>/w*v/eq asp/t//l/ m/e] ic/ik+ts//, d/\]t//e] aT/v// a/\]K//e] k+I deK/-B//l/ y// A]b/ul/E]s/ k+I s/ev// = p/>/w*v/eq sv//sTy/ b/Im// s/]b/]D/I j//n/k+/rI w*-m/el/ :

privatehealth@health.gov.au

w]qrn/eq p/r :

www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/private-1

w]g/il/x/ B//{// k+I k+`//A] ap/n/e n/A s/m//j/ m/e] s/P+l/t// p/Uv/*k+ b/s/n/e a/Er ap/n/e vy/ifég/t/, s//m//ij/k+ a/Er a/iT/*k+ Wäexy//e] k+/e p/Ur/ k+rn/e k+I idx// m/e] Ak+ n/y// b/s/n/e v//l// vy/ifé j//e k+dm/ WQ/ s/k+t// hE, a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r w]g/il/x/ s/IK/n/e k+/e Wn/ p/hl/e a/Er m/hfv/p/U[/* k+dm//e] m/e] s/e Ak+ m//n/t/I hE = y/id a/p/k+/ w]g/il/x/ k+/ ~/n/ ‘ k+/m/c/l//@ ’ s/e k+m/ hE t//e a/p/ Adult Migrant English Programme (Azlq m//w*g/>e]q w]g/il/x/ p/>/eg/>/m/ - A Am/ w* p/I) ke+ a]t/g/*t/ in/:x/ulk+ w]g/il/x/ k+I k+`//a/e] ke+ p//F/ h/e s/k+t/e hE] = ap/n/I p//F/t// a/Er sT//n/Iy/ A Am/ w* p/I s/ev// p/>d/y/k+ ke+ b//re m/e] aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y// p/hu\]c/n/e p/r izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé wimm/g/>ex/n/ A]z is/iqjµ/n/ix/p/ k+I s/Uc/n// s/ev// k+/e s/]p/k*+ k+re] = k&+p/y// n//eq k+re] ik+ p//F/ h/en/e p/r y/id a/p/ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] hE] t//e a/p/k+/e sT//y/I in/v//s/ p/>/pt/ k+rn/e ke+ t/In/ m//h ke+ a]dr a/Er y/id a/p/ iv/dex/ m/e] hE] t//e a/\sqMeil/y// p/hu\]c/n/e ke+ t/In/ m//h ke+ a]dr w]g/il/x/ k+I k+`//a/e] ke+ il/A p/]j/Ik+r[/ k+rv//n// h/eg// = s/]p/k*+ k+I j//n/k+/rI: qel/Ipµé/en/:

131 881

w]qrn/eq p/r:

www.immi.gov.au/amep.

w]g/il/x/ B//{// is/K//n/e ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r ke+ any/ k+/y/*k>+m/

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

40

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r ke+ w]g/il/x/ B//{// is/K//n/e ke+ t/In/ any/ k+/y/*k>+m/ hE] a/Er y/e s/B/I Department of Education, Science and Training (izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé Aej/uke+x/n/. s//w*]s/ A]z qMein/]g/) è/r/ c/l//A j//t/e hE] = wn/ke+ n//m/ hE] Workplace English Language and Literacy programme (v/k*+pl/es/ w]g/il/x/ l/E]g/uAj/ A]z il/qMes/I p/>/eg/>/m/ - v/El/), j//e l//eg/ n//Ek+rI ZU\]Z rhe hE] Wn/ke+ il/A Language, Literacy and Numeracy Programme (l/E]g/uAj/ il/qMes/I A]z ny/Um/res/I p/>/eg/>/m/ - Al/ Al/ An/ p/I) a/Er iv/ê/l/y/ j//n/e k+I Wm/> ke+ b/cc//e] ke+ il/A English as a second language – New Arrivals (w]g/il/x/ Ajµ/ A s/Ek+]z l/E]g/uAj/ - ny/U Ar/w*v/l/s/<, w* As/ Al/-An/ A) = aiD/k+ j//n/k+/rI ke+ il/A www.dest.gov.au p/r deK/e] =

duB//i{/A a/Er an/uv//d s/]b/]D/I s/h/y/t// duB//i{/A k+I s/h/y/t// Translating and Interpreting Service National (qM/]s/l/eiq]g/ A]z w]qrp/>Eiq]g/ s/iv/*s/ n/Ex/n/l/ - iqs/ n/Ex/n/l/) s/e 131 450 p/r Wp/l/bD/ hE (a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] k+hI] s/e B/I pµé/en/ k+rn/e p/r sT//n/Iy/ k+/\l/ k+I k+Im/t/) = iqs/ n/Ex/n/l/ ap/n/I duB//i{/y// s/ev// s/pt//h ke+ hr idn/ 24 G/]qe p/>d/n/ k+rt/I hE = j//e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ in/v//s/I a/Er n//g/irk+ ws/ke+ p//F/ hE], Wnhe] a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] b/s/n/e s/]b/]D/I in/j/I dst//v/ejµ//e] k+/ w]g/il/x/ B//{// m/e] an/uv//idt/ s//r B/I in/:x/ulk+ Wp/l/bD/ hE =

w]qrn/eq p/r j//n/k+/rI • www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/help-with-english/learn-english/client/translation_help.htm

ix/`// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/n/Un/ ke+ a]t/g/t/* a/m/ t//Er p/r p//\]c/ s/e 15 v/{/* ke+ b/cc//e] ke+ il/A iv/ê/l/y/ j//n// ain/v//y/* hE, l/eik+n/ ku+C r/jy//e] aT/v// r/jy/-`/eF//e] m/e] y/h a/y/u T//ezµI iB/» h/e s/k+t/I hE = s/rk+/rI iv/ê/l/y//e] m/e] s/rk+/r in/:x/ulk+ ix/`// p/>d/n/ k+rt/I hE (qEmp/>erI v/Ijµ// D//rk+ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e iv/ê/l/y/ k+I p/UrI pµéIs/ den/I p/zµ s/k+t/I hE) = an/ek+ iv/ê/T/I* c/c/* s/]sT//n//e] a/Er any/ g/uq/e] è/r/ c/l//A j//n/e v//l/e p/>/w*v/eq iv/ê/l/y//e] m/e] B/I j//t/e hE] l/eik+n/ wn/ iv/ê/iT/*y//e] k+/e wn/ iv/ê/l/y//e] k+I pµéIs/ den/I p/zµt/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ ix/`// t/]F/ s/b/ l//eg//e] ke+ il/A Wp/l/bD/ hE = y/h hr Wm/> a/Er y//egy/t// ke+ l//eg//e] k+/e p/Zµn/e k+/ av/s/r p/>d/n/ k+rt// hE = s/rk+/rI iv/ê/l/y/ r/jy//e] / r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I s/rk+/r/e] è/r/ c/l//A j//t/e hE] a/Er Wn/m/e] n//m//]k+n/ k+I j//n/k+/rI r/jy//e] / r/jy/-`/eF//e] ke+ ix/`// iv/B//g//e] aT/v// sT//n/Iy/ n/jµ/dIk+I iv/ê/l/y//e] m/e] Wp/l/bD/ hE = Wcc/ ix/`// ke+ il/A d/e t/rh ke+ k+/y/*k>+m/ hE]: v/e j//e s/]sT//n//e] a/Er Wê/eg/ è/r/ vy/v/s//iy/k+ ix/`// a/Er p/>ix/`/[/ (v/I w* qI) ke+ `/eF/ m/e] Wp/l/bD/ k+rv//A j//t/e hE], a/Er v/e j//e iv/xv/iv/ê/l/y//e] a/Er any/ Wcc/ ix/`// s/]sT//n//e] è/r/ Wp/l/bD/ k+rv//A j//t/e hE] = Wcc/ ix/`// ke+ wn/ k+/y/*k>+m//e] m/e] p/>v/ex/ a/v/edk+ ke+ v/Ijµ// k+I x/t//e*] p/r in/B/*r h/e s/k+t// hE = ku+C m//m/l//e] m/e] a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r Wcc/ ix/`// k+I s/Iq/e] (wnhe} k+/\m/n/v/elT/ s/pp//eiq*z pl/eis/jµ/ k+ht/e hE]) ke+ il/A K/c/e* k+/ aiD/k+/\]x/ B//g/ v/hn/ k+rt/I hE a/Er b//k+I K/c/* iv/ê/T/I* v/hn/ k+rt/e hE] = Wcc/ ix/`// p//n/e v//l/e iv/ê/T/I* j//e k+/\m/n/v/elT/ s/pp//eiq*z pl/eis/jµ/ ke+ p//F/ hE] Higher Education Contributory Scheme (h/y/r Aej/uke+x/n/ k+]qMIby/UqrI sk+Im/-hEks/) aT/v// Higher Education Loan Programme (h/y/r Aej/uke+x/n/ l//en/ p/>/eg/>/m/-hElp/) ke+ il/A B/I a/v/edn/ de s/k+t/e hE] = hEks/-hElp/ l//en/ (#[/) iv/ê/T/I* è/r/ v/hn/ ik+A j//n/e v//l/e K/c/e* k+/e p/U[/*t/y// aT/v// a/\]ix/k+ Op/ s/e p/Ur/ k+rt// hE =

a/Er j//n/k+/rI w]qrn/eq p/r: • g//ew*]g/ qu y/Uin/v/is/*qI www.goingtouni.gov.au

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

• izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé Aj/uke+x/n/, s//w*]s/ A]z qMein/]g/ www.dest.gov.au

41

g//zµI c/l//n/e ke+ l//w*s/Ens/ v//hn/ c//l/k+ l//w*s/Ens/ r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] k+I s/rk+/r/e] è/r/ j//rI ik+A j//t/e hE] a/Er a/m/ t//Er p/r a/v/edk+ k+/e Ak+ ~/n/ k+I p/rI`//, Ak+ v//hn/ c/l//n/e k+I vy/v/h/irk+ p/rI`// a/Er n/eF//e] k+I j//\]c/ k+rv//n/I p/zµt/I hE = k+/ew* B/I vy/ifé v//hn/ c/l//n/e ke+ m//ny/ l//w*s/Ens/ ke+ ib/n// g//zµI n/hI] c/l// s/k+t// = sT//y/I in/v//s/ ke+ v/Ijµ// ke+ D//rk+ a/\sqMeil/y// a/n/e ke+ b//d t/In/ m//h t/k+ g//zµI c/l// s/k+t/e hE] b/x/t/e* ik+ Wn/ke+ p//s/ ik+s/I any/ dex/ k+/ v/ED/ l//w*s/Ens/ w]g/il/x/ m/e] h/e (aT/v// Ws/k+/ aiD/k&+t/ w]g/il/x/ an/uv//d s//T/ m/e] h/e) = ws/ke+ b//d Wnhe] Wic/t/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ v//hn/ c//l/k+ l//w*s/Ens/ k+I a/v/xy/k+t// p/zµeg/I =

s/]p/k+* k+I m/hfv/p/U[/* j//n/k+/rI • j/Iv/n/ ke+ s/]k+q k+I a/p//t/< isT/it/ (a/g/, p/uil/s/, A]b/ul/E]s/) – qel/Ipµé/en/ : 000 • qM/]s/l/eiq]g/ A]z w]qrp/>Eiq]g/ s/iv/*s/ n/Ex/n/l/ (iqs/ n/Ex/n/l/)– qel/Ipµé/en/ : 131 450 • izp//q*m/e]q a/\pµé wimm/g/>ex/n/ A]z is/iqjµ/n/ix/p/ (zI a/w* A s/I)– qel/Ipµé/en/ : 131 881 • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ g/v/n/*m/e]q v/eb/s//w*q p//eq*l/ – www.australia.gov.au • ‘ il/iv/]g/ wn/ a/\sqMeil/y// ’ v/eb/ p/&{Q – www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/index.htm • ‘ ib/ig/in/]g/ A l//w*pµé wn/ a/\sqMeil/y// ’ p/uist/k+/A] – www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/beginning-life/index.htm

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/-s/hn/

42

a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n// a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/rk+/r Aes/e s/B/I sT//y/I in/v//is/y//e] k+/e j//e n//g/irk+t// ke+ p//F/ hE], a/\sqMeil/y// k+/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e k+/ a/v/edn/ den/e ke+ il/A B/rp/Ur p/>/ets//hn/ det/I hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e k+/ c/un//v/ k+rke+ a/p/ a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er ws/ke+ l//eg//e] ke+ p/>it/ ap/n/I in/j/I v/pµé/d/rI a/Er v/c/n/b/àt// k+/ p/>dx/*n/ k+rt/e hE] = Ak+ p/>k+/r s/e y/h a/p/>v//s/n/ k+I y//F// a/Er a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] ap/n// G/r b/s//n/e k+/ a]it/m/ k+dm/ hE = h/l//\]ik+ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] rhn/e v//l/e s/B/I sT//y/I in/v//is/y//e] k+/e b/r/b/r av/s/r p/>/pt/ h/et/e hE], a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e s/e a/\sqMeil/y/n/ s/m//j/ k+I p/UrI a/Er a/Ep/c//irk+ s/dsy/t// p/>/pt/ h/et/I hE = ws/s/e l//eg/ l//ek+t//]iF/k+ p/>ik+y// m/e] p/UrI t/rh s/e B//g/ l/en/e, v//eq den/e, p//il/*y//m/e]q ke+ il/A c/un//v/ l/zµn/e a/Er s/rk+/rI p/d/e] m/e] k+/m/ k+rn/e ke+ av/s/r/e] ke+ è/r/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ il/A aiD/k+ p/>B//v/x//l/I y//eg/d/n/ de s/k+t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// Ak+Ik&+t/ k+rn/e v//l// v/h b/l/ hE ij/s/ p/r hm//r/ r/{qM b/n// hE = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// ke+ s//T/ ku+C iv/x/e{//iD/k+/r a/Er ij/mm/ed/iry//\] j/uzµI hE] =

n//g/irk+t// ke+ iv/x/e{//iD/k+/r a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ s/B/I n//g/irk+/e] k+/e in/mn/il/iK/t/ iv/x/e{//iD/k+/r p/>/pt/ hE] : • a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s/rk+/r c/un/n/e ke+ il/A m/t/d/n/ den// • p//il/*y//m/e]q (s/]s/d) ke+ il/A c/un//v/ l/zµn// • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p//s/p//eq* ke+ il/A a/v/edn/ den// a/Er ib/n// r/ek+-q/ek+ ke+ a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p/>v/ex/ k+rn// • iv/dex/ m/e] j/nm/ l/en/e v//l/e b/cc//e] k+/ v/]x/ ke+ a/D//r p/r a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// ke+ il/A p/]j/Ik+r[/ k+rv//n// • iv/dex/ m/e] h/en/e p/r a/\sqMeil/y/n/ dUt//v//s/ ke+ p/>it/in/iD/y//e] s/e p/U[/* dUt//v//s/Iy/ s/h/y/t// p/>/pt/ k+rn// • a/\sqMeil/y/n/ izPe+]s/ P+/es/* (s/ur`// s/en//a/e]) a/Er a/\sqMeil/y/n/ p/ibl/k+ s/iv/*s/ (l//ek+ s/ev//) m/e] s/b/ p/>k+/r k+I n//Ek+iry//e] k+/ av/s/r p/>/pt/

k+rn// =

ij/mm/ed/iry//\] a/\sqMeil/y// k+I n//g/irk+t// s/e in/mn/il/iK/t/ ij/mm/ed/iry//\] j/uzµI hE] : • s/]G/Iy/, r/jy//e] a/Er r/jy/-`/eF//e] ke+ c/un//v//e] a/Er j/n/m/t/-s/]g/>h * m/e] v//eq den// • j/UrI m/e] s/ev// ke+ il/A b/ul//A j//n/e p/r x//im/l/ h/en// • a/v/xy/k+t// p/zµn/e p/r a/\sqMeil/y// k+I s/ur`// k+rn// (WnhI] aiD/k+/r/e] a/Er CUq/e] ke+ ant/g/*t/ j//e a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] p/Ed/ huA n//g/irk+/e] p/r l//g/U

*j/n/m/t/-s/]g/>h k+/ aT/* hE ik+ s/]iv/D//n/ m/e] p/>st//iv/t/ s/]x//eD/n/ s/]b/]D/I k+/n/Un/ ke+ il/A m/t/d/t//a/e] k+I sv/Ik&+it/

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n//

h/et/e hE]) =

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aiD/k+/\]x/ sT//y/I in/v//is/y//e] ke+ il/A a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e ke+ il/A p/hl// k+dm/ hE a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// k+I p/rI`// Wf/I[/* k+rn// = p/rI`// k+I t/Ey//rI k+rn/e ke+ il/A aBy/iT/*y//e] k+/e n//g/irk+t// ke+ il/A s/]s//D/n/ p/uist/k+/ Becoming an Australian citizen (a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n//) p/Zµn/I c//ihA j//e n/Ic/e dI g/w* v/eb/s//w*q p/r Wp/l/bD/ hE = j/b/ v/e p/rI`// Wf/I[/* k+r l/et/e hE] a/Er Wn/k+/ n//g/irk+t// k+/ a/v/edn/ m/]j/Ur h/e j//t// hE t//e Wnhe] n//g/irk+t// ke+ Ak+ s//v/*j/in/k+ s/m//r/eh m/e] in/{Q/ k+I y/h x/p/T/ l/en/I h/et/I hE : ‘From this time forward, under God,* I pledge my loyalty to Australia and its people Whose democratic beliefs I share, Whose rights and liberties I respect, and Whose laws I will uphold and obey’.

‘ p/rm//tm// k+/e Wp/isT/t/ s/m/J/ k+r* v/t/*m//n/ s/m/y/ s/e m/E] a/\sqMeil/y// a/Er ws/ke+ in/v//is/y//e] ke+ p/>it/ ap/n/I in/{Q/ k+I x/p/T/ l/et// / l/et/I hU\] ij/s/k+I p/>j//t//]iF/k+ m//ny/t//a/e] m/e] m/E] s/hB//g/I hU\], ij/s/ke+ aiD/k+/r/e] a/Er sv/cC]dt//a/e] k+/ m/E] a/dr k+rt// / k+rt/I hU\] a/Er ij/s/ke+ k+/n/Un//e] k+/ m/E] an/um//edn/ a/Er p//l/n/ k+o\]g// / k+o\]g/I ’ =

*People may choose whether or not to use the

* l//eg/ ‘p/rm//tm// k+/e Wp/isT/t/ s/m/J/ k+r’ x/bd/e] ke+ wst/em//l/ k+rn/e aT/v//

words ‘under God’.

n/ k+rn/e k+/ c/un//v/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] =

s/B/I s/]sk&+it/y//e] a/Er D/m//e*] ke+ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ k+/n/Un/ ke+ d/y/re m/e] a/Er s/m//j/ m/e] Ak+j/uq rht/e huA ap/n/I p/r]p/r/a/e] a/Er D//r[//a/e] k+/ p//l/n/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n/e k+/ aT/* hE ap/n/I in/{Q/ a/\sqMeil/y// ke+ p/>it/ s/m/ip/*t/ k+rn//, any/ s/B/I a/\sqMeil/y/n/ l//eg//e] ke+ s//T/ im/l/ k+r Ak+ m/j/b/Ut/, Ak+Ik&+t/ a/Er s/us/]g/t/ s/m//j/ k+I rc/n// k+rn// a/Er s//T/ hI ap/n/I s/]sk&+it/ s/e a/\sqMeil/y// k+/e s/m/&à b/n//n// = a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ kE+s/e b/n/e] ws/ke+ b//re m/e] a/Er j//n/k+/rI a/p/ a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+t// k+I v/eb/s//w*q s/e aT/v// is/iqjµ/n/ix/p/ s/Uc/n// s/ev// s/e p/>/pt/ k+r s/k+t/e hE] =

a/Er j//n/k+/rI w]qrn/eq p/r • www.citizenship.gov.au p/r deK/e] aT/v// 131 880 p/r pµé/en/ k+re] =

a/\sqMeil/y// m/e] j/Iv/n/ | a/\sqMeil/y/n/ n//g/irk+ b/n/n//

44