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Table of Contents Missions to the Moon…………….page 2 How the Moon was created……page 3 Phases of the Moon & Orbit………………page 4 Effects on Earth……..page 5 Size of the Moon…….……page 5 Composition….……..page 6
Apollo Mission Timeline The Apollo program was meant to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions Apollo’s 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 did land on the moon and make it back to earth. Apollo’s 7 and 9 were Earth orbiting missions to test Lunar Modules, and did not return lunar data. Apollo’s 8 and 10 tested various components while orbiting the Moon, and returned pictures of the moon’s surface. Apollo 13 did not land on the Moon due to a malfunction, but also returned pictures. The six missions that landed on the Moon returned a wealth of scientific data and almost 400 kilograms of lunar samples. Experiments included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind experiments.
How was it made??? There are several different theories on how the moon was formed here are a few. •IMPACT: One theory is that it was formed from the Earth's crust, following the impact of a large asteroid about the size of mars. A long string of rocky fragments were blown out from the Earth in the form of a trail, which coalesced into the Moon. Supporting this, the Earth has a large iron core but the Moon does not: the Earth's iron would have already sunken into the core by the time the giant impact happened. •FISSION: The fission theory states that the Moon long ago split off from a fast-rotating Earth, like mud flung from a spinning bicycle wheel. The present Pacific Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth from which the Moon may have come. This is not supported by evidence of higher rotational speed in the past.
Phases of the Moon & Orbit The Moon is a sphere which is always half illuminated by the Sun, but as the Moon orbits the Earth we get to see more or less of the illuminated half. During each lunar orbit (a lunar month), we see the Moon's appearance change from not visibly illuminated through partially illuminated to fully illuminated, then back through partially illuminated to not illuminated again. Although this cycle is a continuous process, there are eight distinct, traditionally recognized stages, called phases. The phases designate both the degree to which the Moon is illuminated and the geometric appearance of the illuminated part.
The Effects on Earth The Earth is unique amongst the terrestrial planets in having a large satellite, the Moon, which, relative to the Earth, has the largest mass of any satellite - parent system. Numerous lines of evidence indicate that the Moon was derived from the Earth as the result of a singular impact event soon after the initial formation of the Earth. As a result the subsequent evolution of the Earth and the emergence and development of life has been strongly influenced by the presence of the Moon. Perhaps the most obvious manifestation of the influence of the Moon on the Earth are the ocean tides, particularly the spring tides where the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon combine to give the greatest effect. The regular rise and fall of sea level creates a unique environment in the Solar System, where life is exposed to both immersions in water and exposure to air in the space of a few hours. This interface between two distinct ecological niches is thought by many to be crucial in evolutionary terms.
Composition There are light areas and dark areas. The dark areas are called seas, but they do not contain water. The seas are flat regions, whereas the light areas are rugged and are higher on average. For this reason, they are also called highlands. Across the whole surface, craters caused by meteoric impacts are evident. The craters are much more enhanced and frequent within the light areas. In the years from 1969 to 1972 the Moon has been explored by man. Astronauts brought back to Earth some samples of lunar soil, so it has been possible to analyze and date those rocks. It has been found that the younger lunar rocks are the dark ones, those of the seas, and that they are 3.2 billion years old. The older ones are the light rocks of the highlands, and they are 4.6 billion years old.