The Moon Explorer
2-27-12 Volume 1, Issue 1 By: Alex Tucker And Denisha Tice
Table of Contents Title page……………………….…………1 Table of contents……………….…………2 How the moon was created…….…………3 The phases of the moon ……….…………4 Composition of the moon ………….……..5 Moon crossword ……………………….…6 How the moon Effect’s the earth?….…..…7 What’s the orbit of the moon?.....................8 The size and distance of the moon….….….9 What’s the orbit of the moon?....................10 Timeline of missions to the moon…….….11
How the moon was created!! The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth–Moon system formed as a result of a giant impact: a Mars-sized body hitting the newly formed proto-Earth, blasting material into orbit around it, which accreted to form the Moon. Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations modeling a giant impact are consistent with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth– Moon system, and the small size of the lunar core; they also show that most of the Moon came from the impact or, not from the proto-Earth. More recent tests suggest more of the Moon coalesced from the Earth and not the impact on. Meteorites show that other inner Solar System bodies such as Mars and Vesta have very different oxygen and tungsten isotopic compositions to the Earth, while the Earth and Moon have near-identical isotopic compositions. Post-impact mixing of the vaporized material between the forming Earth and Moon could have equalized their isotopic compositions although this is debated. The large amount of energy released in the giant impact event and the subsequent recreation of material in Earth orbit would have melted the outer shell of the Earth, forming a magma ocean. The newly formed Moon would also have had its own lunar magma ocean; estimates for its depth range from about 500 km to the entire radius of the Moon
The Phases of the Moon
There are 8 different phases of the moon. The phases of the moon are first quarter, waxing crescent, new moon, waning crescent, third quarter, waning gibbous, full moon, waxing gibbous. Waxing is when it is getting bigger and waning is when it is getting smaller.
Composition of the moon or(what it’s made of)
Compound silica alumina lime iron(II) oxide magnesia titanium dioxide sodium oxide Total
Formula
Composition (wt %) Maria
Highlands
SiO2 Al2O3 CaO FeO MgO TiO2
45.4% 14.9% 11.8% 14.1% 9.2% 3.9%
45.5% 24.0% 15.9% 5.9% 7.5% 0.6%
Na2O 99.9%
0.6%
0.6% 100.0%
The moon has a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and core. The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius of 240 kilometers and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron with a radius of roughly 300 kilometers. Around the core is a partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500 kilometers. This structure is thought to have developed through the fractional crystallization of a global magma ocean shortly after the Moon's formation 4.5 billion years ago
The moon Try to solve this puzzle
Across 2. what the moon is made most of 7. what it’s made of Down 1. the moons effect on water 3. what the moon is made most of 4. getting smaller 5. getting bigger 6. a natural satellite of earth 7. the outer layer of the moon
How the moon Effect’s the earth? The moon effects earth many ways the first and most important is that it creates tides and without the moon we would have very little variety in our tides . another way it would effect earth is the feeding cycles of the planets animals. finally it constantly effects the earth’s rate of spin .
What’s the orbit of the moon? The Moon completes its orbit around the Earth in approximately 27.3 days (a sidereal month). The Earth and Moon orbit about their barycentre (common centre of mass), which lies about 4700 km from Earth's centre (about three quarters of the Earth's radius). On average, the Moon is at a distance of about 385000 km from the centre of the Earth, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital velocity of 1,023 m/s, the Moon moves relative to the stars each hour by an amount roughly equal to its angular diameter, or by about 0.5°. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic, and not to the Earth's equatorial plane. The lunar orbit plane is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5.1°, whereas the Moon's spin axis is inclined by only 1.5°
The size and distance of the moon Earth 12,742 km 1.08321 x 1012 km3 5.9736 x 1024 kg 5.515 9.78 m/s2 11.2 km/s 0.367 -3.86
Mean diameter Volume Mass Mean density Surface gravity Escape velocity Visual albedo Visual magnitude
1 pixel- 600 kilometer
Moon shoes
Moon 3,476 km 2.199 x 1010 km3 7.349 x 1022 kg 3.342 1.62 m/s2 2.38 km/s 0.12 +0.21
Timeline of missions to the moon Manned and unmanned Timeline of Moon exploration Mission (1950– Launch 1959) 17 August Pioneer 0 1958 23 Luna E-1 September No.1 1958 11 October Pioneer 1 1958 11 October Luna E-1 1958 No.2 8 Pioneer 2 November 1958 4 Luna E-1 December No.3 1958 6 Pioneer 3 December 1958 2 January Luna 1 1959 3 March Pioneer 4 1959 18 June Luna E-1A 1959 No.1 12 Luna 2 September 1959
Arrival at Moon
4 January 1959 4 March 1959
13 September 1959
Termination
Objective
17 August 1958 23 September 1958 13 October 1958 11 October 1958 8 November 1958
Orbiter
Launch failure
Impactor
Launch failure
Orbiter
Launch failure
Impactor
Launch failure
Orbiter
Launch failure
4 December 1958
Impactor
Launch failure
7 December 1959
Flyby
Launch failure
Impactor
Partial success (first successful flyby 5,995 km) Partial success (flyby 60,000 km) Launch failure
7 March 1959
Flyby
18 June 1959
Impactor Impactor
Result
Success (first spacecraft reaching the moon surface, impacted east of Mare Serenitatis, discovered time variations in the electron flux
Pioneer P-1 Luna 3 Pioneer P3 Mission (1960– 1969) Luna E-3 No.1 Luna E-3 No.2 Pioneer P30 Pioneer P31 Ranger 3 Ranger 4 Ranger 5 Luna E-6 No.2 Luna E-6 No.3 Luna 4 Ranger 6 Luna E-6 No.6 Luna E-6 No.5 Ranger 7 Ranger 8 Cosmos 60 Ranger 9
24 September 1959 4 October 1959 26 November 1959 Launch 15 April 1960 16 April 1960 25 September 1960 15 December 1960 26 January 1962 23 April 1962 18 October 1962 4 January 1963 3 February 1963 2 April 1963 30 January 1964 21 March 1964 20 April 1964 28 July 1964 17 February 1965 12 March 1965 21 March
24 September 1959 6 October 1959
Arrival at Moon
28 January 1962 26 April 1962
Flyby Orbiter
Termination
Objective
15 April 1960
Flyby
Launch failure
16 April 1960
Flyby
Launch failure
25 September 1960 15 December 1960
Orbiter
Launch failure
Orbiter
Launch failure
Impactor
Failure (flyby)
Impactor Impactor
Failure (no mid-course correction, crashed at Moon farside) Failure (flyby)
Lander
Launched into wrong orbit
Lander
Launch failure
Lander
Failure (flyby)
Impactor Lander
Failure (TV camera, only instrument, did not work) Launch failure
Lander
Launch failure
Impactor
Success
Impactor
Success
Lander
Failed to leave Earth orbit
Impactor
Success
26 April 1962
11 January 1963 3 February 1963
31 July 1964 20 February 1965 24 March
Success (first pictures of Moon far side) Launch failure
26 November 1959
21 October 1962
>6 April 1963 2 February 1964
Orbiter
and energy spectrum in the Van Allen radiation belt) Launch failure
2 February 1964 21 March 1964 20 April 1964
Result
Luna E-6 No.8 Luna 5 Luna 6 Zond 3 Luna 7 Luna 8 Luna 9
1965 10 April 1965 9 May 1965
1965
8 June 1965 18 July 1965 4 October 1965 3 December 1965 31 January 1966
10 April 1965
Lander
Launch failure
12 May 1965
Lander
11 June 1965 20 July 1965 7 October 1965 6 December 1965 3 February 1966
Lander
Failure (crashed at Sea of Clouds) Failure (flyby)
Flyby
Success
Lander
Failure (crashed at Oceanus Procellarum) Failure (crashed at Oceanus Procellarum)
Lander 6 February 1966
Lander
3 March 1966
Orbiter
Success (first pictures from Moon surface, landed at Oceanus Procellarum) Launched into wrong orbit
1 March 1966 31 March 1966 30 May 1966 10 August 1966 24 August 1966 20 September 1966 22 October 1966 6 November 1966 21 December 1966 5 February 1967 17 April 1967
3 April 1966 2 June 1966 14 June 1966 27 August 1966 23 September 1966 25 October 1966 10 November 1966 24 December 1966 8 February 1967 20 April 1967
30 May 1966
Orbiter
Success (first lunar orbiter)
7 January 1967 29 October 1967 1 October 1966 23 September 1966 19 January 1967 11 October 1967
Lander Orbiter
Success (landed at Oceanus Procellarum) Success
Orbiter
Success
Lander
Failure (crashed near Copernicus crater)
Orbiter
Success
Orbiter
Success
28 December 1966
Lander
Success (landed at Oceanus Procellarum)
9 October 1967 3 May 1967
Orbiter
Lunar Orbiter 4 Surveyor 4
4 May 1967
8 May 1967
Orbiter
14 July 1967
17 July 1967
<31 October 1967 17 July 1967
Lunar Orbiter 5
1 August 1967
5 August 1967
31 January 1968
Orbiter
Partial success (picture acquisition cut short) Success (portions subsequently retrieved by Apollo 12 astronauts) Partial success (picture acquisition cut short) Failure (may have exploded before reaching surface) Success
Cosmos 111 Luna 10 Surveyor 1 Lunar Orbiter 1 Luna 11 Surveyor 2 Luna 12 Lunar Orbiter 2 Luna 13
Lunar Orbiter 3 Surveyor 3
Lander
Lander
Surveyor 5 Surveyor 6 Surveyor 7 Luna E-6LS No.112 Luna 14 Zond 5 Zond 6
Apollo 8 Luna E-8 No.201 Apollo 10 Luna E-8-5 No.402 Luna 15 Apollo 11
Zond 7 Cosmos 300 Cosmos 305 Apollo 12
Mission (1970â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1979)
8 September 1967 7 November 1967 7 January 1968 7 February 1968 7 April 1968 15 September 1968 10 November 1968 21 December 1968 19 February 1969 18 May 1969 14 June 1969 13 July 1969 16 July 1969
7 August 1969 23 September 1969 22 October 1969 14 November 1969
Launch
11 September 1967 10 November 1967 10 January 1968
10 April 1968 18 September 1968 14 November 1968 24 December 1968
21 May 1969
17 December 1967
Lander
Success
14 December 1967
Lander
Success
20 February 1968 7 February 1968
Lander
Success
Lander
Launch failure
Orbiter
Success
21 September 1968
Flyby
17 November 1968
Flyby
27 December 1968
Orbiter
Success (first spacecraft and living beings to return to Earth from lunar flyby) Partial success (depressurisation lead to biologicals death, crashed due to failure in parachute) Success (first manned lunar orbiter)
19 February 1969 26 May 1969
Rover
Launch failure
Orbiter
14 June 1969
Sample return Sample return Orbiter
Success (lander test in Moon orbit) Launch failure
21 July 1969 19 July 1969 20 July 1969
24 July 1969 21 July 1969
Sample return
11 August 1969
14 August 1969 23 September 1969 22 October 1969 24 November 1969
Flyby
17 November 1969 19 November 1969 Arrival at Moon
Failure (crashed at Mare Crisium) Success Success (21.5 kg of lunar rocks retrieved, first humans on the Moon surface) Success
Sample return
Launched into wrong orbit
Sample return Orbiter
Launched into wrong orbit
20 November 1969
Sample return
Termination
Objective
Success (First precise landing, recovered parts from Surveyor 3) Result
Success
Apollo 13
11 April 1970
S-IV Luna E-8-5 No.405 Luna 16 Zond 8 Luna 17 Lunokhod 1 Apollo 14
Apollo 15
6 February 1970 12 September 1970 20 October 1970 10 November 1970 31 January 1971
26 July 1971
PFS-1 Luna 18 Luna 19 Luna 20 Apollo 16
2 September 1971 28 September 1971 14 February 1972 16 April 1972
PFS-2 Apollo 17
Luna 21 Lunokhod 2
7 December 1972
8 January 1973
15 April 1970 14 April 1970
20 September 1970 24 October 1970 17 November 1970
17 April 1970 14 April 1970 6 February 1970 24 September 1970 27 October 1970 17 November 1970 14 September 1971 9 February 1971 6 February 1971 7 August 1971 2 August 1971
Sample return Impactor Sample return Sample return
Failure (flyby, crew returned to Earth) Success (provided signal for the Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment) Launch failure Success (first robotic lunar sample return, 101 g)
Flyby
Success
Lander Rover
Success (soft-landed the Lunokhod 1) Success (First lunar rover)
Orbiter
Success Success
January 1973
Sample return Orbiter Sample return Orbiter
11 September 1971 3 October 1971
11 September 1971
Sample return
Success Success (first manned Lunar Roving Vehicle) Success (measured plasma, energetic particle intensities and lunar magnetic fields) Failure (crashed near the edge of the Sea of Fertility)
3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;20 October 1972
Orbiter
Success
21 February 1972 19 April 1972 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 10 December 1972 11 December 1972 15 January 1973
25 February 1972 27 April 1972
Sample return Orbiter
Success
23 April 1972
Sample return Orbiter
Success
4 February 1971 5 February 1971 29 July 1971 30 July 1971 4 August 1971
29 May 1972
Success
19 December 1972
Orbiter
Partial success (orbit decayed earlier than anticipated) Success
15 December 1972
Sample return
Success (first geologist on the Moon)
15 January 1973 3 June 1973
Lander
Success (soft-landed the Lunokhod 2) Success
Rover
Luna 22
29 May 1974
2 June 1974
Luna 23
28 October 1974
Luna 24
9 August 1976 Launch
6 November 1974 18 August 1976 Arrival at Moon 19 March 1990
Mission (1990– 1999) Hiten
24 January 1990
Clementine
25 January 1994 7 January 1998 Launch
Lunar Prospector Mission (2000– 2009) SMART-1
SELENE (Kaguya) Chang'e 1
Chandrayaan-1
27 September 2003 14 September 2007 24 October 2007 22 October 2008
Moon Impact Probe Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Shepherding spacecraft (LCROSS) Centaur upper stage (LCROSS) Mission (2010– Present) Chang'e 2 Gravity
18 June 2009
Launch 1 October 2010 10
early November 1975 9 November 1975
Orbiter
Success
Sample return
Partial success (sample drilling failed)
22 August 1976 Termination
Sample return Objective
Success
10 April 1993
Orbiter
19 February 1994 11 January 1998 Arrival at Moon 15 November 2004 3 October 2007
June 1994
Orbiter
Success (first aerobraking maneuver by a deep space probe) Success
31 July 1999
Orbiter
Success
Termination
Objective
3 September 2006
Orbiter
Success (first use of an ion engine to reach the Moon)
10 June 2009
Orbiter
Success
5 November 2007 12 November 2008 14 November 2008 23 June 2009
1 March 2009
Orbiter
Success
29 August 2009
Orbiter
Success (discovery of water on the moon)
14 November 2008
Impactor
Success (first Asian object on the surface of the moon)
ongoing
Orbiter
Success
9 October 2009
9 October 2009
Impactor
Success (near observation of Centaur impact)
9 October 2009
9 October 2009
Impactor
Success
Arrival at Moon 5 October 2010 1 January
Termination
Objective
9 June 2011
Orbiter
Success
ongoing
Two
Success
Result
Result
Result
Recovery and Interior Laboratory
September 2011
2011
orbiters