Go West! Reclaiming the Public in the Realm of Kensington and Chelsea UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER Public Realm: Significance, Design, Experience CW2 | Nora-Andreea Constantinescu + Simone Gobber | 1 April 2015
list of contents:
Go West! Reclaiming the Public in the Realm of Kensington and Chelsea
3
introduction: What
7
part one: The
is Public Realm?
Westway
15
part two:
Underneath and Around
22
part three: Opportunities
30
part four:
34
part five: Interventions
59
part six: References
and Constraints
Action Strategies
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER Public Realm: Significance, Design, Experience CW2 | Nora-Andreea Constantinescu + Simone Gobber | 1 April 2015 2
introduction:
What is Public Realm?
3
Public: Of or relating to the people as a whole; that belongs to, affects, or concerns the community or the nation.
Realm: A region, a territory; the sphere which something affects or controls. Also fig. (Oxford English Dictionary, 2015)
4
The public realm is the full threedimensional space of streets and parks, and how they connect together and contribute to making our neighbourhoods and centres distinctive and memorable. (Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 2013)
Kensington Aldridge Academy, 2015
The space between buildings The most common interpretation of what Public Realm is
Often perceived in the planning and design practice as a side
refers to what Jan Gehl defined in his most famous book as
aspect of the construction process (with often very limited
“the space between buildings�. Squares, streets, gardens, but
allocated budget resources), Public Realm is in fact a strategic
not only: all the places in a city where the public sphere of
component in defining the success of a project, the overall
people life take action. No matter if publicly or privately
urban quality and its cultural, social and economical value.
owned, one of the necessary condition for a place to be defined as Public Realm is being publicly accessible.
5
The public realm [is] a site for politics to those who cannot command significant private space. [...] Public Realm is a natural stage and a powerful medium of communication. If the space chosen also happens to be one that is routinely heavily used, then it is guaranteed that spectators to the activity will be present. (Lofland 2009, p. 124)
Notting Hill Riots, 1976
A political matter Public Realm does not only define a physical space. In its
Cities have always been privileged stages for ideological and
broader meaning, it refers to everything that concerns and
physical confrontations between people, hosting conflicts as
affects the life of people as citizens of an urban environment.
well as allowing positive synergies between different groups
Cities are much more than just big conglomerations of
and different perspectives.
different buildings: they are made by people, history, stories, activities, images, conflicts, energy.
6
part one:
The Westway
7
Aerial view from the early seventies
A history of radical changes The westway was built in the sixties as part of a massive
Contemporary to the motorway construction, the area was
program of new infrastructures that radically redefined the
also radically transformed by the demolition of entire urban
layout of the city of London, in line with the twentieth century
blocks in order to make space for big modern housing estates.
planning obsession of adapting cities to allow the rapid
These estates provided a home to the many people displaced
movement of cars. While improving the connectivity of the
by the motorway, with significative improvements in the
city center with the outside areas, it caused a severe
housing standards. Nevertheless, they had a big impact in
disruption in the physical and social patterns of the Borough
transforming the character of the area, originating conflicts
of Kensington and Chelsea.
that have not been solved yet. 8
Views from the motorway
A contemporary landscape Half a century after its construction, the motorway has become a constitutive element defining the character of the area. In terms of the image of the city, it represent a completely
different
way
of
experiencing
the
urban
environment, mainly related to the different point of view that provides, combined to the speed at which the city is perceived.
9
Kensington and Chelsea has the most polluted air in the United Kingdom, with more than one in 12 of all deaths in the London borough attributable to tiny particles of soot largely emitted by diesel engines. http://www.theguardian. com/environment/2014/apr/10/kesington-chelsea-mostpolluted-air-uk-public-health-england-report
10
http://www.mappingforchange.org.uk/portfolio/citizen-scienceused-to-monitor-local-air-quality-in-communities-across-london/
http://www.theguardian. com/environment/2014/apr/10/kesington-chelsea-mostpolluted-air-uk-public-health-england-report
A common problem One of the big issues related to car traffic is the impact that air pollution has on public health. Statistics show how the borough of Kensington and Chelsea has the most polluted air in the country, with dangerous peaks right next to the westway. The phenomenon is constantly monitored both by the council and by activists groups, the latter accusing the authorities of not doing enough for addressing the problem.
11
The A40 Westway from Perryn Road to west of Wood Lane is classified as a First Priority Location within an Important Area, but this area is mostly residential and TfL does not consider that acoustic panels would be appropriate here. It is difficult to locate acoustic panels in residential streets as they can cause severance and be visually intrusive as they may need to be high, continuous and sited close to dwellings to be effective. Mayor answers to London Noise problems on Westway Question number 0124/2013 Meeting date 30/01/2013 http://mqt.london.gov.uk/mqt/public/question.do?id=44930
12
http://www.greaterlondonnationalpark.org.uk/green-londons-flyovers/
A problematic mitigation Together with the exhaust fumes, the motorway is also carrier of remarkable noise pollution. Several enquiries from local residents asking for the introduction of barriers on the elevated road were rejected by the competent authority, in virtue of the negative visual impact that the barrier would have,
despite
such
structures
being
widely
adopted
worldwide in similar contexts, often as a specific requirement of public health regulations. 13
Artist’s impression of the Cycle Superhighway that might take place on the motorway
Ideas for the future despite the reluctance in introducing sound barriers on the motorway, the Mayor is aware of its negative effect on the area, and in an attempt of mitigating its impact it was proposed to introduce a cycle route as part of the Superhighway network, by dedicating one of the lanes to cyclists. In the Mayor’s intention the intervention would reduce the impact of cars by restricting their access and speed, as well as promoting cycling as an alternative way of commuting.
14
part two:
Underneath and around
15
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/republic-of-frestonia-tony-sleep-032
A history of informality The westway came together with, and partially influenced, a series of radical experiences that made the area around Portobello market one of the hotspots of London counterculture. having in the Free Republic of Frestonia one of its most significative examples, the area was and is still the home of several informal actions, activities, projects, that contribute in defining its character and has a relevant role in attracting visitors. 16
All across the town, all across the night Everybody’s driving with full headlights Black or white turn it on, face the new religion Everybody’s sitting ‘round watching television!
London’s burning with boredom now London’s burning dial 999
I’m up and down the Westway, in an’ out the lights What a great traffic system - it’s so bright I can’t think of a better way to spend the night Then speeding around underneath the yellow lights
London’s burning with boredom now London’s burning dial 999
Now I’m in the subway and I’m looking for the flat This one leads to this block, this one leads to that The wind howls through the empty blocks looking for a home
http://www.addictedtolondon.co.uk/product/12/the-clash
I run through the empty stone because I’m all alone
A place of conflict In a tight promiscuity with the glamour of Notting Hill and the
London’s burning with boredom now... London’s burning dial 999
tourists wandering among the stalls of Portobello market, the area was the stage in the recent past of violent clashes between the establishment - the authority - and members of the most vulnerable layers of the society. Even if these
The Clash - London’s Burning
conflicts might seem to be over, they are embedded in the local culture and might arise again as new issues are coming, related to gentrification and social disruption. 17
Up on the Westway Where I stood watching comets lonesome trails Shining up above me the jet fuel it fell Down to earth where the money always comes first And the sirens sing Bring us the day they switch off the machines Cos men in yellow jackets putting adverts inside my dreams An automated song and the whole world gone Fallen under the spell of The distance between us when we communicate Still picking up shortwave, somewhere they’re out in space It depends how you’re wired when the night’s on fire Under the Westway Now it’s magic arrows hitting the bull Doing one eighty still standing at last call When the flags coming down and the Last Post sounds Just like a love song For the way I feel about you Paradise’s not lost, it’s in you
http://www.ashleymccormickprojects.co.uk/project.php?id=36
On a permanent basis I apologise But I am going to sing
A common place
Hallelujah
Despite its violent history and its awkward relationship with
Sing it out loud and sing it to you
the surroundings, the space underneath the westway has
Am I lost out at sea ‘Til a tide wash me up off the Westway
become a recognised space for the community living around it, hosting all sorts of different activities and being a fundamental element in defining the identity of the area, having an image that through songs and movies has become
Blur - Under The Westway
part of the popular culture.
18
http://www.chelseafringe.com/
http://www.mystreetfilms.com/
http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/subsites/intransit.aspx
http://www.ashleymccormickprojects.co.uk/project.php?id=36
Different networks, different people Underneath and around the Westway is a vibrant system of diverse groups, organizations, people that created and promoted all sort of different activities. They contribute every day not only to the economic sphere of the area, but also in reinventing constantly the character and the image of the place, in a multifaceted and multilayered portrait made by projects, experiences, stories.
19
http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/subsites/intransit.aspx
The Maxilla Centre and the area around it One of the first intervention that has been carried on by the Council as a compensation to the community for the disruption caused by the motorway construction, is the creation of a nursery right underneath the Westway. Despite the good quality of service that this facility provides to the neighbourhood, the low quality of the building and its exposure to toxic pollutants have finally convinced the Council to dismantle the structure. 20
Relocation of Maxilla Children’s Centre to Golborne Children’s Centre The nursery will be closed and the activities will be relocated in another already existing centre in the neighbourhood. This decision has upset the residents, that perceived it as a deprivation of a consolidated quality service. It is now very difficult for the Council to fully motivate the decision, without making it clear that for years the nursery kids have been playing in an environment that is hazardous for their health.
21
part three:
Opportunities and Constraints
22
The Westway: a North-South issue
The Westway in its context
Issues in context The westway is often perceived as a strong physical and psychological barrier between the North and the South of the Borough, creating at the same time a series of problematic left over spaces on the ground underneath the infrastructure. In its wider context, the future of the area will be affected by the regeneration of the White city area, the ongoing regeneration of the big residential estates and a necessary redefinition of London transport strategies. 23
We want Westway to be transformed into a premier destination – a vibrant London hub known for sports, culture and enterprise. (Westway Trust 2014)
Westway Trust, 2015
A beacon of urban regeneration As a response of the disruptions and clashes provoked by the motorway, the program carried on in the recent years by the Westway Trust represents a beacon of
a regeneration
strategy for such a conflictual place. Despite the challenges related to the spatial, economic and social aspects of the neighbourhood, the Trust managed to promote a viable combination of businesses and community activities that permitted to reinvent the redundant space underneath the road.
24
Lancaster West Regeneration Project, 2010
A constantly improving living space
The area can be transformed into a residential quarter that is a attractive, sustainable and inclusive. [...] lot of benefits and a significant improvement to the quality of life of existing and future residents. (Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 2013)
Aware of the issues related to the ageing of the modernist estates, both in terms of structure and ideas of society that supported them, the council is constantly active in the process of transforming the area according to newer standards, trying at the same time not to compromise the social structure of the communities that inhabit them.
25
Kensington and Chelsea has the most polluted air in the United Kingdom, with more than one in 12 of all deaths in the London borough attributable to tiny particles of soot largely emitted by diesel engines.
Toxic Notting Hil, Photomontage, 2015
(The Guardian 2014)
A health problem, an ethical issue Having managed to reinvent the space underneath the motorway does not allow to ignore the risks related to spending a lot of time under such a high exposure to toxic pollutants. This is of course a very general issue that effects the entire world, and the city of London as a whole. Nevertheless, promoting activities in such a proximity to the motorway has health implications that must be taken into account. 26
The Council's consultations are proposing to destroy the very community that residents have built. We strongly disagree with proposals for redevelopment: we like our homes and resent that opinions on how the estates might be improved have been twisted to justify "estate regeneration" - the euphemism for demolition.
March for Homes, 2015
Regeneration or destruction? The area is not new to radical changes that resulted in traumatic demolitions. This is a thread that is still present, especially when the chronic need for new and affordable housing in London is used as an excuse to displace residents,
(Planning Consultation 2009)
demolishing buildings and the communities living in them, replacing them with a new development tailored on the needs and budget of a different type of resident.
27
Different ownership of the sites underneath the motorway
RBKC 2012 Westway SPD - Local Development Document
A matter of ownership
A matter of character
Any development proposal needs to consider the ownership
The land underneath the Westway is very different in terms
of the land and meet the owners vision.
of appearance and land use, affected by specific issues. In order to easily address them, the Council has broken down
The majority of the land is leased by the Trust, while few
the area into five distinct zones or character areas.
distinct sites are managed by the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. TfL retains covenants on all the land to enable access to the Westway Flyover for repairs and emergencies. 28
RBKC 2012 Westway SPD - Local Development Document
Opportunities and Constraints Opportunities Land use: -new/enhance/rationalise/relocate existing uses and facilities to more appropriate locations and/or redevelopment of existing sites and buildings in order to better serve the needs of Borough residents. -replace poor quality, redundant buildings with new, robust and adaptable buildings with higher architectural quality in order to improve the quality of the built environment
Constraints -upgrade the existing and create new spaces and routes for people to use and enjoy -the environment permits bold designs with colour, lighting, planting and public art in order to make the area comfortable
Land use: -the existing land uses and functions due to their location and proximity to other uses are not fulfilling their potential
Open spaces and places: Access:
-north/south movement complicated due to uses and activities not well integrated into their surroundings
-resistant to all forms of advertising clutter
-clarify the key access routes by introduce signage and improved lighting to and from existing stations and bus stops.
-poor quality and unexciting built environment
Open spaces and places:
-existing land uses can be reorganised to improve access and servicing arrangements in order to overcome problems of vehicular and pedestrian conflict
-potential for more pedestrian and cycle movement east/west and north/south -enhance the quality, safety and legibility of the environment for pedestrian and cyclist
Access: -whilst well served by public transport, there is not a straightforward and wayfinding is current difficult. -vehicular access problematic -funding
29
part four:
Action Strategies
30
Top Down vs Bottom Up
Top Down and Bottom Up
Formality and informality Top-down
interventions
and
bottom-up
actions
have
sometimes been perceived as conflictual approaches to the regeneration of the urban environment. Nevertheless, they often complement each other, suggesting an integrated approach that guarantees the planning authority and the financial support of the institutions, allowing at the same time organizations and private citizens to take part in the ideation, implementation and maintenance of the projects. 31
Restriction on diesel cars
Communication programs about public-related issues
Creation of a network of proper cycling lanes
Top-down approaches
Promotion of electric car-sharing schemes
Adoption of sound and air pollution barriers
Promotion of ride-to-school programs
Institutional interventions do not have to be necessarily
Constant monitoring and diffusion of pollution data
Sensibilization about the pollution issue through public events
Temporary closures of the motorway for public festivals
conventional and not creative. As a matter of fact, all the most radical and subversive transformation, in order to be successful,
have
to
be
supported
by
the
institutions
guaranteeing the legal, financial and planning means that make such measures possible. In this perspective, informal ideas might require a very formal framework to be viable, while formal solutions sometimes need informal way of thinking.
32
Competition reinventing the concept of ‘Commons’
Reusing the existing
Discovering the public space through active reflection
Bottom-up responses
Leftover spaces reinvigorated with leisure facilities into urban gardens
Green, clean and animated amenity space for a higher standard of living
Artistic movements and shows embrace the public space
The involvement of the residents in community projects is
Community workshops
Informal activities will reinforce the area (parkour, graffiti)
Relying on the local network of informal actvities
well desired by the council and embraced by the locals. A thinner boundary between formal and informal action or/and development, can easily adapt with different forms and will respond better to people’s needs. The informal community involvement combined with formal interventions will always lead to best response.
33
part five:
Interventions
34
The elephant in the room In time, the Westway Trust managed to promote a vibrant mix of activities underneath the motorway, creating a space for the local community, with a strong commitment in education and promotion of social activities. The main challenge now is to promote the Westway as a destination for the entire city, but the nature of the place as a highly polluted site represent a significative constraints.
35
Raising awareness It is important to address the pollution as the main problem of the area. This has to become the main topic of a public debate that while trying to find a condivise solution for the problem, will allow the reconsideration of the motorway itself as a component of the city and its public life.
36
Reclaiming the infrastructure As designers, it is important to take care of leftover space, as much as it is important to have a wider perspective on the city as a whole. The creativity that supports the design process allows to reconsider relationships and roles between the elements of the city, breaking the limits imposed by habits and regulations and reimaging, reclaiming the space for the public.
37
Sharing experiences At the same time, it is fundamental to confront with what has been done, and what will be done in similar contexts elsewhere. The example of Paris gives interesting inputs about how to combine different approaches: not only by using barriers - as many other european cities do - to mitigate the impact of motorways in the urban environment, but also promoting electric car sharing schemes, and considering banning diesel cars from the city center in the next future. 38
Working in time Radical changes requires different steps in time. the presented strategy starts from short term interventions, actions that can be taken immediately by being rapidly implementable,
not
requiring
lots
of
resources
nor
complicated planning approval processes. This allows to have time to consider and test different medium term options, having in mind a bold condivise vision for what the future of the city shall be. 39
Short term interventions The first step aims to raise awareness about the pollution problem and the different options available to address it. The westway is of course not the only place affected by exhaust fumes, but thanking to the high visibility due to all the people passing on it every day, and the strong legacy that the Trust managed to create, it can become a beacon in lobbying through campaigns and special events for the promotion of a more sustainable mobility in London. 40
OPTION 2
OPTION 1
OPTION 3
Testing options Embracing the proposal of the Mayor to host a cycle path on
Three options have been considered. In the first one, the
the motorway, it is important to consider the implication of
elevated cycle path is separated by a barrier to the vehicular
such a project, assessing how it will relate to the vehicular
traffic, while on ground a new community park takes the
traffic and more importantly how it will relate to the
place of the dismantled nursery, connecting other residual
underneath spaces and surrounding areas, so that the new
green areas. In the second option, the cycling path is on the
intervention rather than just being an infrastructural gesture
ground. In the third and last option, the two levels are
can contribute in transforming the area as a whole.
integrated in a interconnected bottom-up top-down system.
41
Long term visions By reducing the pollution level and promoting an integrated
On the ground, an improved network of open spaces and new
system of green transports, the motorway changes from being
activities interacts with the patterns of pedestrian, cycle, cars
an off-limits piece of infrastructure to being an integrated
and public transport movement, redefining the image of the
component of the public realm. The cycling lane is not only a
area and improving permeability and legibility.
connection, but also a place with the introduction of resting areas by enlarging the road at certain points. The vertical connection becomes a new landmark and contributes to activate the lower ground. 42
Amsterdam
The barrier Whenever a motorway comes into a city and starts interacting with the surrounding buildings and open spaces, it stops being a merely infrastructure and becomes a public realm issue. In many countries the current legislation requires the introduction of barriers as a way to mitigate the noise pollution and the visual impact caused by the motorway traffic. if designed in specific ways, they can also contribute in reducing the nocive effect of air pollutants. 43
Milan
Paris
Frankfurt
Rome
Stockholm
Madrid
Copenhagen
Zurich
Different cities, different solutions Introducing barriers in a urban environment requires an attent design in order to filter the view and reduce the noise and eventually air pollution, while at the same time not to overshadow
the
buildings
next
to
the
motorway, and positively contribute to the image of the city for who drives on the motorway and who looks at it from aside. 44
Not just a barrier The suggested mid term intervention sees the combined
Along the way several elements are introduced providing
introduction on the motorway of two sets of barriers (one at
resting facilities, vertical connection and becoming new
each side, in proximity to residential buildings and sport
landmarks
facilities) and the creation of the cycle lane on the North side.
implemented by an integrated system of local cycle byways,
Placing the barrier in between motorists and cyclist protects
as well as electric car sharing points.
in
the
area.
On
ground,
the
scheme
is
the latter from the traffic, and at the same time mitigates the impact of the barrier on the surrounding buildings, by increasing its distance from them. 45
Short term interventions Changing the way we perceive the environment around us is the first and often one of the more complicated components of a regeneration process.
The westway on top of the Latimer triangle
46
Testing options The barrier in between cyclist and motorists is a filter, a protection and at the same time contributes in reshaping the image of the motorway and the city as a whole.
The westway on top of Ladbroke Road
47
Long term visions As a long term vision from the project, the motorway is not anymore a merely infrastructure, but is entirely reclaimed as a component of the city and its public realm.
The westway on top of Westbourne Park
48
MAXILLA NURSERY
NURSERY GARDEN K&C COLLEGE (RBKC)
MAXILLA GARDENS
BRAMLEY’S BIG ADVENTURE
RBKC SHOPS
REDUNDANT SPACES
Existing situation The Maxilla Walk character area is populated by several different land uses. Some of them might not be adequate for this location whilst some others should be further developed
BIKEWORKS
POOR DARK AND UNSAFE ENVIRONMENT
TEMPORARY ART INSTALLATION
INDIRECT PEDESTRIAN CYCLE ROUTE
and encouraged. Underneath the Westway there is a lot of redundant space which represent a poor, dark and unsafe environment. The green spaces around the neighbouring residential units are considered redundant, as they do not contribute at all to the enhancement of the area. 49
INFORMAL GARDEN
GARDEN SHOP/BAR
WORKSHOP GARDEN
SPORTS GARDEN
GARDEN WALK
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
Proposed land use The space underneath the Westway can be well developed by
The old nursery garden will be rearranged to serve different
introducing new activities and uses.
gardening activities and also the ‘Garden Shop/Bar’ linked
It is proposed a community centre with workshop activities,
with the current RBKC shops.
‘Workshop Garden’, like painting, sculpture, gardening, art
Maxilla Walk park will provide a nice environment for walks
and acting, which opens into the garden and Maxilla Walk
and leisure activities combined with gardening allotments.
park.
The current green spaces surrounding the neighbouring
The actual Bikeworks will be relocated within the ‘Sports
residential units will be redeveloped in order to sustain
Garden’ where different sports facilities will be introduced.
gardening, sports and bar/shop activities. 50
INFORMAL GARDEN
GARDEN SHOP/BAR
Land use representation A series of representations which reflect possible appearance of the proposed land uses.
WORKSHOP GARDEN
SPORTS GARDEN
GARDEN WALK
HIGHWAY CYCLE LANE
BYWAY CYCLE LANE
Option2 The Highway cycle line continues on the Westway and in the meanwhile the independent byway cycle lines are spreading around the existing street layout and built environment.
On the corner with St Marks Road is proposed a bike facilities centre as well as on the corner with St Helens Gardens, which serve the Highway and Byway cycle lines.
52
HIGHWAY CYCLE LANE
BIKE FACILITIES
BYWAY CYCLE LANE
Option1 The Highway cycle line descends on a slope to the ground meeting the Byway cycle lines, surrounded by proposed activities which will serve the cyclists as well as the residents. On the corner with St Marks Road is proposed a bike facilities centre as well as on the corner with St Helens Gardens, which serve the Highway and Byway cycle lines.
53
VERTICAL CONNECTION BIKE ELEVATOR
BIKE FACILITIES
HIGHWAY CYCLE LANE
BYWAY CYCLE LANE
Option3 The Highway cycle line is linked with the ground underneath and around the Westway by a vertical connection, Bike Elevator, which has the potential to become a new landmark. This connection will contribute to the reactivation of the surrounding area by being linked with the proposed activities. The whole area will
54
After
Informal Garden in redundant spaces Proposed gardening areas will animate the area and contribute to a better use of the urban space, and will engage the community into different and diverse activities.
Before
55
After
Informal Garden in redundant spaces The insertion of gardens with sitting areas and places where families can came with their children have a lovely time in a green and animated environment.
Before
56
After
Developing garden areas in redundant spaces The insertion of gardens with sitting areas and places where families can came with their children have a lovely time in a green and animated environment.
Before
57
After
Developing Shop/Bar Garden underneath the Westway Garden Shop/Bar enhances the area with lit recreational sitting areas, which expands in a network of open green spaces.
Before
58
part six:
References
59
Bjark Ingels Group: LOOP CITY Even though it relates to a train based transportation system, this project for the city of Copenhagen is an interesting example of reinterpreting an infrastructure as a component of the city public space, a generator of activities and the place for different functions.
60
Global arquitectura Paisagista: LISBON BICYCLE PATH A great example of using the introduction of cycle paths as a chance to reinvent part of a city, redefining its character and creating new relationships.
61
Kas Oosterhuis: THE COCKPIT Even though the scale of the intervention is much bigger than anything that might be proposed for the Westway, this project in Utrecht is a great example of reinventing the barrier not only as a quality architectural intervention, but also as a living place where to insert activities.
62
7n Architects: PHOENIX FLOWERS A brilliant project in Glasgow radically transforming the environment promoting
around
cycling
and
and
underneath
walking
(also
the at
motorway, night)
and
transforming the image of the place.
63
NL Architects: A8ERNA A multi awarded project in the dutch city of Zaanstad, where a comprehensive program of different activities is hosted underneath the local motorway in a stunning high quality design environment.
64
Foster and Partners: SKYCYCLE NETWORK Views from the SkyCycle concept project commissioned to Foster and Partners by the Mayor of London, visioning elevated
high
speed
cycle
paths
promoting
cycling
transportation.
65
references
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RBKC (2013). An Engaging Public Realm. In: RBKC Partial Review of the Core Strategy: Conservation and Design. London, RBKC. [online] Available from: <https://planningconsult.rbkc.gov.uk/consult.ti/conservationdesignpolicy/viewCompoundDoc?docid=3403764&partid=3416148> [Accessed 5 March 2015].
RBKC (2013). Latimer Area Feasibility Study. London: RBKC. [online] Available from: <http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/pdf/Latimer%20Feasibility%20Study%20summary%20boards. pdf> [Accessed 5 March 2015].
Vidal, J. (2014). Kensington and Chelsea is borough with most polluted air in UK. The Guardian.
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