Australia China Business Review :: Issue 01

OCTOBER 2017 • ISSUE 01 • $11.00

2017年十月 。 第1期

State capacity WA skills the key for closer Asian links Page 6

州能力 西澳特有技术是与亚洲紧 密合作的关键

Energy demand China’s rising appetite for LNG an Australian opportunity Page 8

能源需求 中国持续上涨的液化天然 气需求量对澳大利亚是绝 佳的商机。

Tourism investment

Game changer

East coast focus for Chinese buyers Page 28 旅游投资 东海岸非常重视中国买家

The deal that helped create WA’s largest export industry turns 30 成就西澳最大出口产业的协议迈入而立之年

Sinosteel Australia managing director David Sun. Photo: Michael Bain 中钢澳大利亚公司总经理孙晓轩 照片：Michael Bain

CONTENTS | 目录

contents 目录

8 6 From the editor’s desk | 主编的话 5

Welcome to Australia China Business Review

欢迎来到澳中商讯

Cover story | 封面故事

18 Game changer – The deal that helped create WA’s largest export industry turns 30

成就西澳最大出口产业的协议迈入而立之年

News | 新闻 6

WA skills the key for closer Asian links

西澳特有技术是与亚洲紧密合作的关键

8

China’s rising appetite for LNG an Australian opportunity

中国持续上涨的液化天然气需求量对澳大利 亚是绝佳的商机。

14 Supply chain scrutiny to stop modern slavery

加强供应链审查 打击现代奴隶制

42 Lei over McGowan in ping pong classic

2

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

雷克中领事赢取与州长麦高文的乒乓球赛

目录

18

| CONTENTS

28

Tourism | 旅游

Opinion | 教育

12 Luxury hotel influx to help sell Perth

34 Opportunities, risks in exporting education

Resources | 能源

36 China’s grand energy plan has WA implications

豪华酒店品牌大规模入驻 助力珀斯城市推广

24 Magnetite a mounting challenge for miners

磁铁矿为矿业带来重重考验

26 Startup empowers small buyers 小型企业的新希望-科技初创公司

要把困难当做机遇

22 30 years of Channar

28 East coast focus for Chinese buyers 东海岸非常重视中国买家

恰那三十年

40 China National Day Celebrations Hosted by the Consulate General of People’s Republic of China in Perth

Education | 教育

32 Fresh campaign to sell Perth university life

中国能源战略决策对西澳大利亚的影响

Picture story | 图画故事

Property | 地产

国际教育产业 机会与风险同在

38 Turning problems into opportunities

Innovation | 科技

全新推广珀斯大学活动

驻珀斯总领馆举行庆祝中华人民共和国国庆节招待会

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

3

Publisher DDK IN THE ZONE PTY LTD trading as Australia China Business Review Editor in chief Dan Wilkie 主编: 丹•威尔基 E: dan.wilkie@acbr.com.au

from the

Managing director Ken Meng 董事总经理: 孟敬亭 E: ken.meng@acbr.com.au Graphic design GRAFFIK www.graffik.com.au Photography Philip Gostelow Michael Bain Ryan Benson AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW 澳中商讯 PH: (08) 6216 9899 www.acbr.com.au

Postal Address Level 1, 330 Churchill Avenue Subiaco, WA 6008

Disclaimer While all care has been taken to ensure the information included in this publication is accurate and has come from sources deemed to be reliable, Australia China Business Review takes no responsibility, unless expressly indicated, for any inaccuracies. Inclusion of opinions, statements and comments does not constitute endorsement by Australia China Business Review.

Content within this publication is protected by Australian copyright law and may not be reproduced without express written permission by Australia China Business Review. 免责声明: Australia China Business Review已经采取所有措施来确保本刊 物所包含的信息是准确的，而且是来自 确认可靠的消息来源，除非明确指出，对 于任何不准确的信息Australia China Business Review 不负任何责任。刊物 中意见、声明和评论不代表 Australia China Business Review 立场。本刊 物的内容受澳大利亚版权法保护，未经 Australia China Business Review 的 书面许可，不得转载 4

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

DAN WILKIE | 作者

欢迎来到澳 Welcome to IT seems appropriate to launch a magazine aimed at promoting closer business, tourism and cultural ties between Western Australia and China in such a significant year for the trading relationship.

Known as the China-Australia Year of Tourism, 2017 marks several important milestones for the long-running economic cooperation between the two countries.

It has been 45 years since the first diplomatic relations between China and Australia, and 30 years since one of the biggest deals for the development of WA’s iron ore mining industry was struck.

That deal, the Channar joint venture between Rio Tinto and Sinosteel, is the basis of our first cover story at Australia China Business Review, and remains in place as one of the more high-profile examples of mutually beneficial Sino-Australian business relations (see page 18).

In 2017, it will also mark 10 years since China emerged as Australia’s largest trading partner, driven in no small part by the vast amounts of mineral and energy resources exports coming out of WA. The total value of WA exports to China was $51.3 billion in 2016, accounting for nearly half of the state’s total merchandise exports last year.

Iron ore accounted for 83.8 per cent of those exports in 2016, valued at more than $42 billion.

China is also the state’s largest market for agricultural products, accounting for 22 per cent of its total farm exports, including barley, wool and oats.

Those figures make it clear China is crucially important to WA’s economy, and will remain so.

But the challenge going forward for the state is demonstrating it can provide more to China than simply being a provider of raw commodities.

主编的话

| FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

editor’s desk 主编的话

中商讯 Australia China Business Review That’s not to say that mineral and energy resources won’t remain a cornerstone of trade between WA and China, especially considering emerging new metals industries like rare earths and lithium, as well as expected increased demand for liquefied natural gas.

China will also remain an important source of foreign investment, with $1.38 billion in Chinese funds flowing into the state in 2016, primarily into mining, agribusiness and commercial real estate.

But WA has much to offer China in the tourism and technology sectors, in healthcare and aged care and, of course, in education.

While the state will always face stiff competition from Australia’s better-known east coast cities, WA has its own unique characteristics which appeal to Chinese travellers, investors, businesses and students, not the least of which is its location within the world’s most populous time zone.

Leveraging that location, as well as WA’s skills and capacities, will be a key challenge for Premier Mark McGowan’s Labor government, which features the state’s first Asian Engagement Minister as a senior member of cabinet.

But early returns indicate the WA government is up for the job – Mr McGowan’s first official overseas trip will be to China later this year, a clear indication that aligning the state closely with the world’s second largest economy is indeed a top priority.

That priority is also the aim of Australia China Business Review.

By uncovering the success stories and providing unbiased analysis of current events, Australia China Business Review aims to provide a blueprint for more successful collaborations between Australian and Chinese business, and help pave the way for many more years of strong diplomatic relations.

在澳中合作如此关键且重要的一年中，推出 一本旨在促进西澳大利亚州与中国商业、 旅游业和农业密切联系的期刊是恰到好处 的。2017年被称之为“澳中旅游年”，这一年 里，两国长期成功经济合作留下了许多里程 碑式的突破。 澳中建交45周年，距离关于澳中合作铁矿 石开采的最大规模的协议已过去了三十周 年。这项协议是关于由力拓集团与中钢集团 创办的恰那铁矿合营项目；也是澳中商讯的 首个封面故事的基本内容，更是促进澳中经 贸互惠互利关系的最好证明之一（详情见18 页）。 2017年，同样也标志着中国成为澳大利亚最 大的贸易合作伙伴十年之久，西澳大利亚州 大量出口矿产和能源在这推动过程中居功 至伟。

在2016年，西澳大利亚州对中国的总出口 额为513亿澳元，占去年约一半的澳大利亚 总出口额。这其中铁矿石的总出口量高达 83.8%，总价值超过420亿澳元。

中国同样也占有西澳大利亚州最大的农产 品出口市场，占其农产品出口总额的22%， 其中包括大麦，羊毛和燕麦。这些数据都很 清晰地表明了中国在西澳大利亚州的经济 中占有举足轻重的地位，而且会保持强劲的 增长势头。 但是西澳大利亚州目前面临的挑战是，它可 以向中国提供更多的资源，而不仅仅局限于 原生材料。

西澳大利亚州与中国的贸易基石仍将围绕 矿产能源行业，尤其是未来促进新兴的矿物 产业，比如稀土矿和锂矿，以及预料中对液 化天然气需求的增加。

中国也仍将是海外投资的重要来源，2016年 共有13.8亿澳元中国投资基金流入西澳大 利亚州，主要集中投资于矿业，农业还有商 业地产领域。同时西澳大利亚州更希望中国 投资于当地旅游和科技领域，医疗保健和老 年护理方面，当然教育业也是必不可少的方 向之一。 尽管西澳大利亚州总是需要面对来自澳洲 东部沿海城市的激烈竞争，但西澳大利亚州 凭借其独到之处吸引着中国的游客、投资 者、企业和留学生前来，自然也并不仅是因 为西澳大利亚州与中国同处于世界上人口 密度最大的时区。

如何利用其地理位置优势，以及西澳大利亚 特有的技术和能力，这将是州长马克·麦高文 （McGowan）领导的工党政府面临的一个 重大挑战。而政府的独到之处在于设立了第 一位亚洲合作部长，其也是内阁成员之一。 根据早期回报显示，西澳大利亚州政府正在 为这项工作而做准备-麦高文州长首次访华 之旅预计在今年下半年；这一明确迹象表明 西澳大利亚州与世界第二大经济体系密切 合作是当前首要任务。 这同样也是澳中商讯（ACBR）密切关注的 目标。推进在澳中资企业和即将投资 于澳的商业人士深入了解澳大利亚商业文 化，协理澳大利亚本土企业及跨国企业解析

中资企业和中方市场。消除双方误解，改进 实物运作，对管理者和所属机构产生积极

的推动作用。旨在为澳中企业更优合作关系 绘制蓝图，为多年稳定的外交关系延展道 路。

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

5

NEWS | 新闻

在亚太合作中优先发挥西澳的技术和科技优势

WA’s skills, tech top priority in Asia Pacific links 作者 : Dan Wilkie DEMONSTRATING Western Australia’s technological, industrial and research capacity outside of exporting raw commodities and energy resources is looming as the top priority for the state’s first Minister for Asian Engagement.

Speaking exclusively with Australia China Business Review, Asian Engagement Minister Bill Johnston said a key focus of Labor’s whole-of-government approach to fostering new business and trade links in the world’s most populous region – the Asia Pacific – would be addressing WA’s long-standing reputation as China’s quarry.

“We need to work hard to market our capacities and our skills, because that’s our real strength,” Mr Johnston said.

“There are many places in the world that have bountiful natural resources endowments, but what separates us from those places is our capacity to get that endowment out of the ground and use it.

“That’s the skill, so marketing those skills, 6

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

not just in the mining sector, but beyond the mining sector, is crucial.

“It can’t be just a we sell, you buy relationship, it must be much broader.”

To strengthen WA business links with the Asia-Pacific region, Mr Johnston said the state government would seek to not only promote the state’s tourism capacity, which had been bolstered by a $425 million destination and events marketing commitment over the next five years, but to also encourage and attract foreign investment in a wide range of industry sectors.

The state government’s Asian Engagement Strategy would largely be aimed at six countries – China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, India and Vietnam – with China considered to be “first amongst equals” of that bunch, he said.

Premier Mark McGowan’s first overseas mission will take place later this year, with Tourism Minister Paul Papalia, Education Minister Sue Ellery and Mr Johnston to join Mr McGowan on a delegation to China.

“We are very excited about our opportunity to travel to China, the plan is to highlight

the opportunities to deepen the relationship, particularly around international students, research capacity and tourism,” Mr Johnston said.

“While there may be some controversies around state-owned enterprises investing in Australia, we are a country that is built on foreign investment and we welcome foreign investment.

“We allow 100 per cent foreign ownership of projects in Australia, not just talking about mining projects but other businesses.

“We don’t require them to sell down at some future date, we allow, subject to tax laws, profits to be repatriated and there are no restrictions on dividends, so we are an attractive place for foreign investment, and we also have a stable regulatory environment.

“We have a strong and long-established practice for resolving contractual disputes … these are all reasons that Chinese foreign investors should see Australia as a great place to invest.”

Specific industries where WA had a competitive advantage included transport and logistics, Mr Johnston said, as well as new

新闻

| NEWS

BROADER FOCUS Bill Johnston says WA’s real strength is in its capacities and skills, not just resources. Photo: Philip Gostelow 比尔 约翰斯顿（Bill Johnston）说，西澳的 真正优势不仅仅局限于自然资源，更在于 它所拥有的技术和潜力 。

We need to translate the technology that we have in Perth into a business opportunity in the Asian region – Bill Johnston

我们需要把珀斯拥有的科技转化为我们在亚洲地区的商机。 – 比尔·约翰斯顿（Bill Johnston）

energy technologies and mineral engineering technical services.

“Just as an example, Oxfam has published a report saying that there are 1.3 billion people without access to reliable electricity,” he said.

“Those people are going to get access to electricity in the next 30 or 40 years through the World Bank or the Asian Development Bank, and we have the technology to provide that opportunity.

“The disaggregated generation profile of our remote communities is a real strength for us, so this is a real business opportunity.

“We need to translate the technology that we have in Perth into a business opportunity in the Asian region.”

Mr Johnston said one of Labor’s strategies, which was still in the embryonic stage, would be to leverage off existing strengths in the education sector and focus on alumni from Western Australian universities.

“The best and the brightest are coming to our universities, and after 10 years they are going to be in middle management and after 20 years they are going to be in leadership positions,” he said.

“Students get such a rich experience, not just the learning that they do at the university but the personal growth they get in their years in Perth.

“So how can we take advantage of that connection?”

西澳州长马克·麦高文（Mark McGowan） “以Oxfam发表的一个报告作为例子，报 告提到，全球有13亿人无法获得稳定的电力 将会在今年下半年进行首次海外访问 。旅 供应，”他说， “在未来的30或者40年中，这些 游部长保罗帕利亚（Paul Papalia）、教育部 人还将继续通过世界银行（World Bank） 长苏埃勒里 或者亚洲发展银行（Asian Development 亚 洲 交 流 部 长 比 尔 · 约 翰 斯 顿（ B i l l （Sue Ellery）和约翰斯顿（Johnston） 先 Bank）的支持获得电力。然而我们有这个技 Johnston）在接受Australia China 生将会随马克·麦高文（Mark McGowan） 术去解决这个问题。 ” Business Review独家采访时表示，建立和 代表团一同前往中国。 “我们独立的偏远社区，是我们的优势，对 培养与全世界人口最多的区域——亚太地 ” 区的新型商业和贸易伙伴关系，是工党整体 “能有机会访问中国，我们感到非常激动。 我们来说提供了真正意义上的商机。 我们将在访问过程中强调和加深与中国在 政府方针的重点。 此举将会改善长期以来 同时，我们需要把珀斯拥有的科技转化为我 国际学生、科研能力和旅游观光方面的交流 西澳作为‘中国采石场’的声誉。 们在亚洲地区的商机。 合作机会，”约翰斯顿（Johnston）先生说， “ “我们需要让更多的人了解我们真正 虽然对于国企在澳大利亚投资可能存在争 约翰斯顿（Johnston）先生说， 利用西澳现 的——能力和技术，”约翰斯顿（Johnston） 有的教育优势和西澳大学的校友资源是工 议，但是我们作为一个建立在外商投资的国 先生说， “世界上有很多地方蕴藏着着丰富 党正在酝酿当中的策略之一。 家，对于外商投资十分欢迎。 ” 的自然资源， 然而，能让我们真正和这些地 区分开来的地方是，我们可以更好地开采和 “在澳大利亚，我们允许外商独资项目，且 “来到我们的大学读书的都是优秀且有才 华的学生，所以，十年之后，他们很可能进 利用这些资源” 不仅仅局限在在矿业领域。 ” 入管理层，二十年后，他们很可能进入领导 “我们需要让更多人知道，西澳拥有很多矿 “在澳大利亚投资的外商不会担心在未来 层，”他说。 业领域之外的技术。 ” 的某一天，被要求对于股权进行抛售。受到 澳大利亚税法的约束，外商可以将盈利所得 “大学的在校学习经历和在珀斯的生活成 “这种关系并不仅仅局限于单纯的买卖关 长经验，丰富了这些学生的人生道路。 ” 汇回他们的国家，且海外公司收到的汇回股 系，而应当存在于更广泛的范畴。 ” 息将不受限制 。因此，澳大利亚对于外商的 “所以，如何更好地利用这层联系是非常值 西澳正在努力地加强与亚太地区的商业 投资很有吸引力，也有着稳定的监管环境 得思考的。 ” 合作， “在未来五年内，州政府将投入4.25 。 ” 亿澳币， 用于景点的建设和活动的营销， 以提升西澳州的旅游观光能力，同时鼓励 “我们对于处理合同纠纷有着成熟有力的 实践经验。以上都是澳大利亚作为中国投资 和吸引外商在各个领域的投资。 ” 约翰斯顿 者的理想投资地点的重要原因。 ” （Johnston）先生说， 西澳州第一任亚洲交流部长的首要任务是 展示西澳在科技、工业和科学研究方面的能 力。这些都是西澳州在出口商品原材料和自 然资源之外的实力。

西澳州政府的“亚洲合作战略”将会面向六 个国家——中国、印度尼西亚、日本、韩国、 印度和越南。中国的重要性被排在这六个国 家中的首位 。

西澳的交通和物流产业有着很强的竞争优 势，约翰斯顿（Johnston）先生说，除此之 外，新能源科技和矿业工程技术服务领域也 是西澳的强势领域。

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

7

RESOURCES | 能源

中国液化天然气需求增加 澳大 利亚将面临严峻挑战

Challenge to meet China rise in LNG demand 本刊记者 : Staff reporter WESTERN Australia’s liquefied natural gas producers are poised to benefit from rising demand from China, but must overcome cost challenges and intensifying competition from other large-scale gas producing countries, including Qatar and the United States.

It has only been 11 years since the first shipment of LNG from the North West Shelf joint venture was delivered to China’s first LNG receival terminal in Guangdong, and around 15 years since the first sales and purchase agreement for the supply of LNG from an Australian gas field was reached.

But LNG is set to become a major energy source in China, as the country moves to a comprehensive clean power agenda and reduces its reliance on coal-generated electricity.

LNG currently makes up about 6.3 per cent of total energy consumption in China, according to Chinese Overseas Development Association president Hu Weiping, who was in Perth recently to present a paper at the Western Aus8

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

tralia China Petroleum Association’s inaugural Australia and China LNG Forum.

Mr Hu said forecasts showed LNG consumption would grow to around 10 per cent of China’s energy mix by 2020, and to 15 per cent by 2030.

Last year, China imported 26.15 million tonnes of LNG, up by 33 per cent compared with 2015.

Nearly half of that gas came from Australian operations, accounting for 47 per cent of China’s LNG imports.

By 2020, China is expected to consume 60 million tonnes of LNG per annum, rising to 100mtpa by 2030, while Mr Hu said he expected consumption would increase to between 300mtpa and 500mtpa over the next 30 to 50 years.

To take advantage of that rising demand, Mr Hu urged Australian gas producers to gain more understanding of Chinese LNG policies, and to deepen their dialogue with Chinese LNG importers through collaborative research.

Economic and commercial consul to the Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in Perth, Wei Liang, told the forum the

Chinese government was committed to cleaner energy production.

“Green, low carbon and sustainable development is a global trend and the revolution of new energy is just around the corner,” Mr Wei said.

“During this transition, it is believed that LNG, being the most reliable, efficient, clean and convenient conventional energy, will still play a pivotal role in terms of cutting carbon emissions and contributing to the abatement of climate change.

“Over the years, China has been sparing no effort in tackling its own pollution issues.

“And in the global context China is committed to being a responsible member of the Paris Accord and an active player in climate change governance.

“To this end, on both a commercial and a political level, China is expected to have a growing need for Australian LNG, and I must say it is in both sides’ interests that we carry out further cooperation on LNG, under the auspices of our 45-year diplomatic relationship.”

However, Poton & Partners LNG adviser Daryl Houghton told the WACPA forum Aus-

能源

| RESOURCES

LONG RUNNING More than 200 shipments of LNG are made from the North West Shelf joint venture each year. Photo: Woodside Energy 长期输出 西北部大陆架合资项目输送超过 200艘液化天然气运输船。照片：伍德塞德 能源公司 中国对于液化天然气的需求与日俱增，这对 于西澳液化天然气生产商是一个利好消息。 事实上，想从中获益却绝非易事，成本问题 和与其他天然气生产大国（如卡塔尔和美 国）的竞争，都不容忽视 。 15年前，中澳签署了第一个液化天然气供应 的购销协议。11年前，西北大陆架合资公司 (North West Shelf Joint Venture)首次将 液化天然气送至广东。 中国正在积极采取行动，以减少对于燃煤发 电的依赖，同时全面推动向清洁能源转型的 进程。因此，液化天然气将会成为中国的主 要能源类型。

2015年增长了33%。其中，有百分之47%的 进口天然气来自澳大利亚。 预计，中国对于液化天然气的年消耗量在 2020年将达到6000万吨，在2030年将达到1 亿吨。胡先生还表示，希望在接下来的30至 50年间，天然气的年消耗量能达到3亿至5亿 吨。 为了抓住中国天然气需求上涨的商机，胡先 生敦促澳大利亚各大天然气生产商：多方面 地了解中国的液化天然气的相关政策，并通 过合作研究加深与中国液化天然气进口商 的对话。

中华人民共和国驻珀斯总领事馆经济商务 领事魏亮在论坛上表示，中国正在积极地致 中 国 产 业 海 外 发 展 协 会（ C h i n e s e Overseas Development Association） 力于清洁能源的生产。 会 长 胡 卫 平 ，近 期 在 珀 斯 出 席 由 西 澳 中 “绿色，低碳和可持续发展是全球趋势，新 国石油协会（Western Australia China 能源的变革已经蓄势待发。”魏先生说， “在 Petroleum Association）举办的首届中澳 转型阶段，液化天然气被视为最可靠、最充 液化天然气论坛时指出，目前液化天然气占 足、最清洁和最方便的传统能源。液化天然 中国能源总消费量的6.3%左右。 气将会在减少碳排放和减缓气候变化方面 发挥关键作用。 ” 胡先生表示，预计此数据在2020年将达到 10%，在2030年将达到15%。 “近些年来，中国正在不遗余力地治理本国 的污染问题。 ” 去年，中国进口了2615万吨液化天然气，比

“在全球范围内，中国努力履行巴黎协定成 员国的使命，并积极采取应对气候变化的行 动”

为此，无论是基于商业层面还是在政治层 面，中国对于澳大利亚进口天然气的需求将 会持续增长。毫无疑问的是，有中澳45年的 外交关系作为支持，我们在液化天然气方面 展开的进一步合作，一定会符合我们双方的 利益。 然而，Poton & Partners液化天然气分析师 达利尔霍顿（Daryl Houghton）在参加西澳 中国石油协会（WACPA）举办的中澳液化天 然气论坛时表示，因为液化天然气开发项目 的成本很高，所以澳大利亚将面临能否充分 地满足石油天然气的需求所带来的考验。

霍顿（Houghton）先生说， “过去十年中，澳 大利亚液化天然气项目的发展状况并不乐 观。 ”

“由于成本上涨，导致天然气项目预算严重 超支。Pluto 和Gorgon是两个十分有代表 性的项目。其中Pluto项目超出了50%的预 算，Gorgon项目超出了初始预算的40%。 ”

“成本方面的问题是澳大利亚的液化天然 2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

9

RESOURCES | 能源 NEW MARKET Wei Liang says China’s clean energy policy will open up opportunities for Western Australian LNG. Photo: Ian Geraint Jones 新市场 魏亮领事指出中国清洁能源政策将 为西澳大利亚液化天然气市场开辟新机遇。 照片：Ian Geraint Jones

PRODUCTION The Karratha Gas Plant has an annual LNG export capacity of 16.9 million tonnes. Photo: Woodside Energy 生产 Karratha Gas Plant年出口能力达到 1690万吨。照片：伍德塞德能源公司 tralia would likely face stiff competition in satisfying that demand, primarily because of the high costs of developing LNG projects.

“The development of LNG projects in Australia in the last decade has not gone well,” Mr Houghton said.

“The cost overruns on projects has usually been pretty substantial and the two that stand out are the Pluto project, which ran over by about 50 per cent on its budget, and the Gorgon project, which ran over by about 40 per cent on its initial budgets.

“There are definitely real issues around developing LNG projects in Australia that are cost-based.

“Cost is not the only issue but it is certainly one that makes it a little more challenging to develop projects in Australia.”

Mr Houghton, who has worked in the LNG 10

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

industry for more than 35 years, said the fiercest competition to cater for China’s increased demand would likely come from Qatar.

“There’s been a sleeping giant in Qatar that’s not been too interested in expanding its LNG industry for the last decade, but they seem to have finally awoken from that slumber,” he said.

“Having lifted a moratorium on increasing production from the north field, there are certainly now plans on the table that they will increase their production by anything up to 25mtpa.”

Mr Houghton said US-based producers were also looking to increase production, with government regulations and approvals processes seemingly being relaxed, stoking a new wave of LNG development.

In the longer term, Mr Houghton said Mo-

zambique and other east African countries would become major players in the LNG supply world by 2022 or 2023, with a similar phase of activity ramping up.

Australia’s comparative advantage in supplying China, however, comes from having a long-established relationship with Chinese state-owned enterprise China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC).

CNOOC was responsible for the first LNG shipments from the North West Shelf to China, and in 2002 signed an agreement that entitles it to around 5.3 per cent of North West Shelf joint venture reserves and titles.

Other participants in the North West Shelf joint venture include BHP, BP, Chevron, Japan Australia LNG, Shell Australia and Woodside Energy.

CNOOC has five subsidiaries based in Australia, three of them in WA and two in Brisbane, employing 42 staff across those operations.

CNOOC Australia managing director Lu Yongfeng told the WACPA forum the company accounted for 65 per cent of total LNG imports to China.

As well as gas sales arrangements at the North West Shelf and Gladstone LNG in Queensland, Mr Lu said CNOOC had fabricated modules for Chevron’s Gorgon LNG project in WA and INPEX’s Ichthys project off the Northern Territory coast.

In April 2010, CNOOC signed one of Australia’s biggest ever gas deals, to buy 3.6mtpa of coal seam gas from BG Group, an arrangement that analysts estimated to be worth between $60 billion and $70 billion.

In total, CNOOC has invested more than $US8 billion into Australian LNG projects.

Mr Lu told the WACPA forum that CNOOC would continue to play an important role in the development of Australian LNG projects, as it sought to expand and lead the Chinese LNG market.

“Australia is rich in natural resources; its capacity is increasing and Australia’s energy market is getting more flexible,” Mr Lu said.

“Australia is politically stable, and geographically it is advantageous to our market.

“We have established good business relationships.

“We are quite sure we understand it very well, technically we know the industry more deeply than when we first came, and also, Australian suppliers know the Chinese market.

“By coupling our efforts and our passion and energy, we will achieve more cooperation on the horizon.”

能源

| RESOURCES

China is expected to have a growing need for Australian LNG – Wei Liang

中国对澳大利亚液化天然气的需求与日俱增。 ——魏亮

气项目面临的最大挑战。 ”

“虽然成本不是唯一的问题，但是不能否 认，它确实增加了在澳大利亚开发天然气项 目的难度。 ”

霍顿（Houghton）先生在液化天然气领域 已经有了35年的工作经验。他表示，在对中 国的液化天然气供应上，澳大利亚最大的竞 争对手可能是卡塔尔。

“在过去的十年中，卡塔尔在液化天然气领 域方面的扩张并不积极，但是种种迹象表明 他们已经开始改变这种状态。 ”他说。

（CNOOC）负责的。在2002年，中国海洋石 油总公司（CNOOC）收购了西北大陆架项 目5.3%的股份。 西北大陆架项目由六家公司合资组成，他们 是：BHP、BP、Chevron、Japan Australia LNG、Shell Australia 和Woodside Energy。

中国海洋石油总公司（CNOOC）在澳大利 亚有五家子公司，其中有三家在西澳，有两 家在布里斯班，总共有42名员工。

的中澳液化天然气论坛上表示，中国海洋石 油总公司（CNOOC）将持续在澳大利亚液化 天然气项目上发挥重要作用，积极扩展和引 领中国液化天然气市场。

“澳大利亚不但拥有丰富的自然资源，还有 不断增长的生产力和更加灵活的市场。”吕 先生说， “澳大利亚的政治状况稳定，澳大利 亚的地理位置对于中国市场来讲，也是十分 有利的条件。 ”

“目前，我们对于澳大利亚市场有着充分的 了解。严格意义来讲，相比于刚进入澳大利 在西澳中国石油协会（WACPA）举办的中 亚市场的阶段，我们对于这个行业有了更深 澳液化天然气论坛上，中国海洋石油总公司 “北方气田（North Field）宣布提高产量， （CNOOC）澳大利亚区总经理吕永丰表示， 层次的了解，同时，澳大利亚的供应商也更 加了解中国市场。 ” 计划天然气年产量最多可增加2500万吨。 ” 通过该公司进口的液化天然气占中国液化 气进口总量的65%。 “通过聚合我们的努力、激情和能量，来实 霍顿（Houghton）先生表示，美国的生产商 现我们在这个领域的进一步合作。 ” 也正在努力增加产量。相对宽松的政府条例 吕先生表示，除了收购了North West 和审批流程促成了液化天然气新一轮的发 Shelf 和 Gladstone LNG的股权以外，中 展。 海油还为位于西澳的Chevron’s Gorgon 液化天然气项目和位于北领地的Inpex’s 霍顿（Houghton）先生指出，从长远角度来 Ichthys液化天然气项目提供模块的建造 看，到2022年或者2023年时，由于有着相似 INTEGRATED The North West Shelf’s 的快速发展阶段，莫桑比克和其他东非国家 （fabricated modules）。 North Rankin Complex has a daily capacity 将有机会成为液化天然气的主要供应国。 2 0 1 0 年 四 月 ，中 国 海 洋 石 油 总 公 司 of 66,000 tonnes of dry gas and 6,000 （CNOOC）与澳大利亚BG集团签订了每年 tonnes of condensate. Photo: Woodside 澳大利亚与中国国有企业——中国海洋石 360万吨的天然气购销协议。这份购销协议 Energy 油总公司（CNOOC）有着长期稳定的合作 价值约在600亿澳币和700亿澳币之间。 关系，这也是澳大利亚相较于其他竞争国家 一体化 西北大陆架项目中North Rankin 的优势。 中国海洋石油总公司（CNOOC）总共投资 Complex（NRC）综合生产设施日产能为 80亿美元用于澳大利亚液化天然气项目。 从西北大陆架至中国的首次石油天然 66,000吨干气和6,000吨凝析天然气。照片： 气运送任务是由中国海洋石油总公司 伍德塞德能源公司 吕先生在西澳中国石油协会（WACPA）举办

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

11

TOURISM | 旅游

豪华酒店品牌大规模入 驻 助力珀斯城市推广

Luxury hotel influx to help sell Perth

You’re talking about global brands that are talking to global travellers about the City of Perth – Chris Hallett

国际连锁品牌的入驻对于吸引更多的国际游客来到珀斯旅游 起到了关键性的作用——克里斯·哈里特（Chris Hallett）

12

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

旅游

本刊记者 : Staff reporter THE opening of InterContinental Perth City Centre will usher in a new era for Perth’s hotels sector, with the world’s biggest luxury hotel brands lining up to help sell the city to more affluent tourists, including high-net-worth travellers from China.

Interest in Perth properties from the world’s largest hotel chains has never been higher, with Marriott gearing up to open Westin Perth by midway through next year, as well as a luxury Ritz-Carlton hotel at Elizabeth Quay by 2019.

Hilton Worldwide is also increasingly active in the Western Australian capital, with two DoubleTree by Hilton hotels under construction, and a third in the planning process in Fremantle.

However, it is the 240-room InterContinental, owned by Hong Kong-based UNIR Group, which will have the honour as being the first of the new wave of major international luxury brands to open, with a gala ceremony scheduled for October 15.

UNIR Australia chief executive Michael Xanthis said there was significant interest when the group went to market to replace Rydges as the operator of UNIR’s Hay Street hotel.

“The group has owned the property since the mid-90s, it was an old office which was then converted into a hotel, which was the Rydges,” Mr Xanthis said.

“The Rydges management agreement came to an end, then it was a case of looking at that particular asset, and deciding whether to reposition it to a new segment.

“We went to market and got a pipeline of 10 brands, which all pitched what they would bring to that site, and then that 10 was narrowed to three, and InterContinental Hotel Group through the Intercontinental Brand won out.

“From a business or corporate traveller’s perspective, that particular site is in the best location in the CBD.” InterContinental Perth City Centre director of sales and marketing Chris Hallett said the hotel was coming online at a time when there was considerable pressure on room rates, not only because of reduced demand from corporate travellers in the resources sector, but also because of the influx of new hotels across the city.

Since 2012, more than 1,600 hotel rooms have been added to the Perth market, while there are more than 1,800 additional rooms expected to be delivered by 2020.

However, Mr Hallett said he was confident the Intercontinental would have no issues in filling rooms, largely because of comprehensive international sales channels and IHG’s 100 million-plus rewards club members.

Mr Hallett said IHG would also leverage off a brand established specifically to cater for Chinese travellers, known as Hualuxe.

“Perth is a reasonably tough market, the market is down about 12 per cent year on year, and you really see the global channels kicking in when you’re in a tough market,” Mr Hallett said.

“We have sales offices across the globe, in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, all around the world, who are talking about Perth Intercontinental Perth City Centre as a new opening.

“There is a greater global machine at play. That’s a great thing for Perth too, and similarly we see the competitors coming in as a benefit.

“You’re talking about global brands that are talking to global travellers about the City of Perth.

“Competition is competition, but those global brands are really important for the city.

| TOURISM

珀斯洲际酒店（InterContinental）的开业将开启珀斯酒店行业的新 纪元。世界顶级豪华酒店品牌的纷纷入驻，将为珀斯吸引更多来自世 界各地的高收入游客。

世界大型连锁酒店品牌在珀斯的投资热情空前高涨。万豪集团 （Marriott）旗下的威斯汀（Westin）酒店预计在明年年中开始营业， 位于伊丽莎白港（Elizabeth Quay）的丽思卡尔顿（Ritz-Carlton）酒 店将在2019年开始运营。

希尔顿集团（Hilton）也正在积极拓展珀斯市场，随着两家希尔顿逸 林酒店（DoubleTree）进入施工阶段，位于弗里曼特尔（Fremantle） 的第三家店也进入了筹备阶段。 洲际酒店珀斯市中心店归UNIR Group所有，一共有240间客房。作 为珀斯豪华酒店入驻热潮中开业的第一家，洲际酒店定于10月15日 举行盛大开业庆典仪式。

UNIR Group澳大利亚首席执行官迈克尔·谢蒂斯（Michael Xanthis）表示，在对Rydges酒店Hay Street店的位置进行市场招标 时，很多公司都对成为新的运营商持有兴趣。

“这处房产自上个世纪九十年代中期开始归UNIR Group所有，起 初作为办公楼使用，随后改造成为Rydges酒店。 ” 谢蒂斯（Xanthis） 先生说。 “与Rydges酒店的管理协议到期之后，集团开始重新考虑这栋楼的 定位。 ”

“一共有10个品牌参与了竞标，随后范围缩小到3个品牌，洲际酒店 集团（InterContinental Hotel Group）的洲际（Intercontinental） 品牌最终胜出。 ” “由于优越的地理位置，洲际酒店珀斯CBD店绝对是商旅人士的首 选。 ”

洲际酒店珀斯市中心店销售经理和市场总监克里斯·哈里特（Chris Hallett）表示，酒店的预定将在线上同时进行。酒店定价的问题上面 临的很大的压力，不仅是来自于能源产业商旅人士数量的下降，还有 来自珀斯即将陆续开业的一系列豪华酒店品牌的竞争压力 。 2012年以来，珀斯新增酒店客房数量为1600间，预计到2020年，还会 增加超过1800间酒店客房。

哈里特（Hallett）先生还表示，对于洲际酒店的入住率他充满了信心。 这很大程度上取决于它们国际化的综合销售渠道和一亿多名会员基 础。 洲际酒店还将同时利用旗下主要面向华人群体的华邑（Hualuxe）品 牌带来的优势进行推广 。

“在珀斯发展并非易事，珀斯市场份额同比下降了12%，在这种情况 下，国际化的营销策略就显得尤为必要。 ”哈里特（Hallett）先生说。 “我们集团的销售办事处分布在世界各地，都在密切关注珀斯新店 的开业。 ” “全球化正在发挥着重要的作用，竞争者的涌入对于珀斯也有着积 极的影响。 ” “国际连锁品牌的入驻对于吸引更多的国际游客来到珀斯旅游起着 关键性的作用。 ”

“竞争归竞争，国际连锁品牌的入驻，对珀斯来讲还是有着积极地推 动意义。 ”

IN DEMAND Michael Xanthis says there was massive interest when UNIR Group went to market to find a global luxury operator to take over its Hay Street Hotel. Photo: Philip Gostelow 迈克尔 谢蒂斯（Michael Xanthis）表示，UNIR Group在对Hay Street项目上进行招标时，多家公司纷纷表现出浓厚的兴趣 。

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

13

NEWS | 新闻

加强供应链审查 打击现代奴隶制

Supply chain scrutiny to stop modern slavery 14

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

新闻

| NEWS

作者 : Dan Wilkie SUPPLY chains throughout the Asia Pacific will come under intense scrutiny in coming years, with more than 40 countries in the region preparing legislation to eradicate modern slavery, a practice Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop says simply should not exist in 2017.

A late August gathering of business and government leaders from 45 countries across the region, known as the Bali Process, was told there were more than 45 million people enslaved worldwide, with two thirds of those in the Asia-Pacific region.

Perhaps even more shocking is the fact that forced labour generates annual profits of more than $150 billion, according to the International Labour Organisation.

As a first step towards eliminating the practice, Ms Bishop said the Australian government would introduce legislation similar to the United Kingdom’s Modern Slavery Act, which was put in place in 2015.

The Australian legislation will require businesses with turnover of more than $100 million to provide proof on an annual basis that they are committed to eliminating human trafficking, debt bondage and forced labour from their supply chains.

It will also require companies to demonstrate ethical recruitment practices to protect workers that are at risk.

“Everyone is affected by this insidious criminal practice of the abuse of people’s human rights in supply chains,” Ms Bishop told reporters following a forum held by Perth USAsia Centre.

“We are all consumers and we are all taking part in the global economy.

“There are dark corners in global supply chains where people’s human rights are trampled, where there are appalling labour practices, and we are working with government and business together to eradicate modern slavery.”

Each of the member countries of the Bali Process committed to follow Australia’s lead on supply chain scrutiny, with ‘Indo Pacific Modern Slavery Acts’ proposed to be rolled out in 45 countries throughout the region.

Global businesses that operate across different jurisdictions would be required to report once, with a standard reporting framework to be developed.

澳大利亚外交部长毕晓普（Julie Bishop） 表示，现代奴隶制在2017年根本不应该存 在。该地区有超过四十个国家正在立法打击 现代奴隶制。在未来几年，亚太地区的供应 链将会接受严格的审查。

法律还规定公司必须证明，他们为员工的人 身安全提供了保障。

数据显示：奴役劳动力每年创造超过1500亿 澳币的年利润。

出席巴厘论坛（Bali Forum）的每一个成 员国都将积极打击现代奴隶制。作为供应 链审查的第一步， ‘Indo Pacific Modern Slavery Acts’拟在亚太地区的45个国家全 面展开。

毕晓普（Bishop）女士参加了在珀斯Perth USAsia Centre举行的论坛。她在接受记者 的采访时表示： “现代奴隶这种践踏人权的 行为，潜在地影响着我们每一个人。因为我 们都是消费者，我们都在参与经济全球化。 ”

八 月 下 旬 的 召 开 的“ 巴 厘 进 程 ” （Bali Process）会议上，汇集了来自亚太地区45 个国家的商业和政府领导人。会议指出，全 “在全球范围内，很多劳工被强迫在十分恶 世界范围内有超过4500多万人正在被奴役， 劣的环境下工作，人权受到肆意的践踏。对 其中，亚太地区占了三分之二。 此，我们正在与政府和商业领域一同合作， 努力打击现代奴隶制。 更令人震惊的是，根据国际劳工组织提供的 毕晓普（Bishop）女士说，澳大利亚政府将 制定与2015年英国实施的“现代奴隶法案” 相似的法案，作为打击现代奴隶制采取的第 一步。 澳大利亚法律规定，营业额超过一亿的企业 每年需提交相关证明，以证明他们的产业链 中不存在人口贩卖，债务奴役和强迫劳动的 现象。

其中规定，在不同国家和地区经营的跨国企 业，只需按照制定的标准申报框架申报一次 。

这项新的法案有可能对于中澳之间的 贸易路线产生重大影响。 “Walk Free

We are all consumers and we are all taking part in the global economy – Julie Bishop 我们都是消费者，我们都在参与经济全球化。 ——毕晓普（Julie Bishop）

WORKSAFE Julie Bishop and Andrew Forrest are leading a region-wide effort to eliminate modern slavery. Photos: Trevor Collens

SHOCKING Walk Free Foundation estimates there are 45.8 million people considered to be enslaved globally.

毕晓普（Julie Bishop）和安德鲁·弗里斯特 （Andrew Forrest）正带领全区域打击现 代奴隶制。

震惊 Walk Free Foundation估计：全球仍 有4580万人被奴役。

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

15

NEWS | 新闻

The new laws have the potential to have a significant impact on trade routes between China and Australia, with the Walk Free Foundation’s Global Slavery Index estimating there are more than 3.3 million people enslaved in China, equating to 0.2 per cent of the country’s population.

Elsewhere along the trade routes, there more than 18 million people estimated to be enslaved in India, 2.1 million in Pakistan and 1.5 million in Bangladesh.

However, China’s Belt and Road initiative, the trillion-dollar planned upgrade of roads, ports and rail infrastructure along the old Silk Road path linking Asia with Europe, could provide opportunities to eliminate slavery from supply chains.

“The One Belt One Road initiative is new, it is about infrastructure support for our region, and at the same time that we are raising awareness about this debate, I feel confident that those that are engaging in these initiatives will be very conscious about the need to ensure integrity and ethical behaviour in these supply chains,” Ms Bishop said.

“China is one country that is focusing on this issue, we had a Chinese business leader address the forum this morning about the efforts that they are taking to ensure that there is integrity in their supply chains.

“But there are many countries in the region where this issue is rife, in fact no country is immune.”

One of the Chinese business leaders participating in the forum was JD.com international president Winston Cheng, who said he would apply learnings from the discussions to guide an ethical expansion of the online marketplace’s operations out of China into South-East Asia.

Mr Cheng said JD.com would ensure its supply chains were operated in an ethical manner by utilising a similar strategy to its existing growth plan.

“How JD.com has been able to grow faster than our industry is we only sell authentic products,” Mr Cheng said.

“By working directly with brands and companies that are fully set up along the supply chain, then we would hope that we can combat this practice.”

However, the testimony of Fortescue Metals Group chairman Andrew Forrest showed that ensuring a supply chain is free from corruption is not an easy task.

Mr Forrest, who is also head of Walk Free Foundation, said he discovered slavery in one of the iron ore miner’s supply chains in the Middle East and witnessed atrocious conditions being endured by workers first hand.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

However, when Mr Forrest confronted his trading partner with the findings, he was assured the practice was not occurring.

“I explained to him what I’d seen and what I’d heard, and he gave to me the second most telling comment that I remember in my march against human slavery,” Mr Forrest said.

“He said ‘Andrew, I’m sure there is no slavery in my supply chains. There was when I bought this large business, I can’t think that it’s grown back’.

“I said ‘it’s there, and I want you to do something about it at once’.”

Mr Forrest said 32 minutes later, his partner had outlined the exact steps the company would undertake to eliminate any instances of human rights violations, which included the surrender of passports, middle-men controlling pay packets and appalling living conditions.

Thai Union group director of sustainable development, Darian McBain, recalled a similar discovery at one of its supply chains.

Dr McBain said modern slavery came to the attention of Thai Union, which was founded in 1977 by Chinese-born businessman Kraisorn Chansiri, after a 2014 expose by The Guardian

newspaper revealed some of the seafood producer’s outsourced processing workers were part of a people trafficking operation off the coast of Thailand.

“It was a seminal moment for the seafood industry, that slavery really was happening in our supply chains,” Dr McBain said.

“Then Thai Union started to think ‘what is our role in all of this’?”

Dr McBain said Thai Union moved to eliminate the practice by bringing its processing workers in-house, ensuring those workers had appropriate documents and access to healthcare, while also receiving fair remuneration.

“That set off a chain of processes where the Thai Frozen Foods Association said that all of their members must also do a similar thing,” Dr McBain said.

“Leadership really has knock-on effects, but we absolutely cannot take on these issues on our own.

“Thai Union is large in the seafood space, but in the global space, we aren’t such a big company. We absolutely must work with others.”

新闻

| NEWS

GENUINE Winston Cheng says online marketplace JD.com’s commitment to authenticity would help it combat slavery in its supply chains. Photo: Minderoo Foundation 真诚 Winston Cheng 表示,线上市场 JD.com毫不妥协的真实性承诺将有助于打 击其供应链本中不该存在的奴隶制

Foundation”提供的全球奴隶指数指出，中 国大约有超过330万人正在被奴役——相当 于全国人口的0.2%。 现代奴隶制在这条贸易路线上的其他地区 同样存在。在印度有超过1800万人正在被 奴役，在巴基斯坦有210万人，在孟加拉国有 150万人。

中国的“一带一路”倡议计划投入万亿澳币 的资金，用于链接亚欧大陆的古代丝绸之 路沿线的公路、港口、铁路和基础设施的升 级。 “一带一路”倡议可能会为打击现代奴隶 制提供机会。

原因是，我们只销售正品，”郑（Cheng）先生 说， “我们希望通过与发展成熟的品牌和公 司直接进行合作，联合打击现代奴隶制。 ”

然而，根据Fortescue Metals Group董事 长兼Walk Free 基金首领，安德鲁·弗里斯特 （Andrew Forrest）的亲身经历，完全根除 现代奴隶制并非易事。他表示曾经亲眼目睹 了中东地区的铁矿石产业上，矿工被迫在恶 劣的工作环境下工作的情况。 当弗里斯特（Forrest）先生向贸易伙伴提到 他的发现的时候，对方直接否定了他。

了，一些海产品生产商的外包加工工人是通 过人口贩卖进入泰国。

“这对于海产品产业有着严重的影响，从此 我们认识到，奴役现象在我们的供应链上切 实存在。 ”麦克比恩（McBain）女士说。

“接下来Thai Union开始考虑‘我们在这 所发生的一切中，究竟扮演着什么角色？’ ”

麦克比恩（McBain）女士表示，为了消除这 个情况，Thai Union做了以下努力：把加工 模式改为内部加工、确保这些工人拥有合法 的证件、确保员工可以获得医疗保健服务、 保证员工获得公平的报酬。

“我对他描述了我的所见所闻，对方却振振 有词地否定了我。”弗里斯特（Forrest）先生 “‘一带一路’是一个全新的倡议，它将对我 麦克比恩（McBain）女士表示： “这个举动 说。 “他说‘安德鲁（Andrew），我确定，我的 们地区的基础设施建设提供支持，并有助于 推动了接下来的一系列进程，泰国冷冻协会 产业上不可能存在奴役现象。在我接手这家 提高打击现代奴隶制的意识。 我对于这个 公司的时候，这种情况确实存在，但是现在， （Thai Frozen Foods Association）表示， 倡议的参与者充满信心，相信整个项目中都 所有成员都必须采取同样的行动。 ” ” 不会存在不道德的行为。”毕晓普（Bishop） 我确定已经不存在了。’ 女士说， “中国也正在持续关注现代奴隶的 “带头行为确实会起到好的带头作用，但 “我说，我希望你必须马上采取行动。 ” 问题。中国的一名商业领袖今早在论坛上发 是，仅仅通过我们一个企业的努力来完全解 表了演讲，表明了他们努力确保他们从事的 弗里斯特（Forrest）先生说，32分钟后，他的 决这些问题，是不现实的。 ” 商业活动尊重人权且采取了道德的行为。 ” 合作伙伴保证了他们将采取具体行动，解决 对于包括没收护照、中间人控制工资和雇员 “虽然Thai Union在海产品领域有着很大 “ 但 是 ，现 代 奴 隶 问 题 普 遍 存 在 于 很 多 恶劣的生活条件在内的侵犯人权的问题。 的影响力，但是，从全球范围内来讲，我们的 国家，实际上，没有任何一个国家幸免。” 力量还很薄弱，因此，我们必须通过与别人 郑孝明（Winston Cheng）是京东商城（JD. Thai Union集团的可持续发展主管，达里 合作来共同解决现代奴隶制的问题。 ” com）的国际业务总裁。作为参加这个论坛 安麦克比恩（Darian McBain）回忆起在他 的中国商业领袖之一，他表示，这次论坛的 们发现在他们的供应链中也存在相似的情 内容将会作为他们扩展东南亚市场的指导 况。 方针。 麦克比恩（McBain）女士说，Thai Union 郑（Cheng）先生表示，京东商城（JD.com） 集 团 是 由 在 中 国 出 生 的 商 人 K r a i s o r n 将基于现有的发展战略作出轻微调整，确保 Chansiri在1977年创立的。Thai Union开 他们的供应链严格符合道德规范， “在同行 始关注现代奴隶是源于2014年卫报（The 业中，京东商城（JD.com）中发展得更快的 Guardian newspaper）的报导。报导披露

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

17

COVER STORY | 封面故事 COURAGEOUS David Sun says the Channar agreement was a brave joint venture when it was first signed in 1987.

Photo: Michael Bain 孙晓轩（David Sun）说“自1987年开始 恰那合营项目是一个伟大的壮举。 ”

Game changer

The deal that helped create WA’s largest export industry turns 30

成就西澳最大出口产业的协议迈入而立之年 作者 : Dan Wilkie IN the context of 2017, where the world’s biggest miners transport small mountains from the Pilbara halfway across the globe each day, an agreement to buy 10 million tonnes of iron ore each year is not considered to be an especially significant deal.

However, when Rio Tinto, then known as Hamersley Iron, signed a deal for that amount of ore in 1987, it was an industry changing arrangement.

Throughout the mid-1980s, Hamersley Iron was shipping around 40 million tonnes of ore annually from its Pilbara operations, which consisted of two mines – Mount Tom Price and Paraburdoo.

And while a deal for 10 million tonnes of that production was certainly very significant, what made it remarkable was not just the tonnage, it was the miner’s trading partner.

On November 16, 30 years will have passed since China Metallurgical Import and Export Company, now known as iron ore trading house Sinosteel Corporation, finalised its 20year agreement with Hamersley Iron.

Over that time, more than 250 million tonnes of iron ore have been mined from the Pilbara 18

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

sites and shipped to ports in China, with the deal subject to two separate extensions.

The arrangement, known as the Channar Joint Venture, is now considered to be one of the cornerstones of the China-Australia trade relationship, being the first largescale mining initiative between a Chinese state-owned enterprise and an Australian miner.

Initially for a total of 200 million tonnes of ore, the agreement was the result of five years of intense negotiation and was reached with strong support from both the Australian and Chinese governments.

The agreement has also been extended twice, initially when the 200 million tonne threshold was approaching in 2010, and again midway through last year.

Sinosteel Australia managing director David Sun described Channar as a “brave joint venture” and said if it were not for the arrangement, Western Australia’s largest export industry could look drastically different than what it does today.

“At that time, it was huge,” Dr Sun told Australia China Business Review.

“The project opened the door to the Chinese iron ore market.

皮尔巴拉矿区(Pilbara)矿产资源丰富。每 天，由这里出口的铁矿石占全球铁矿石供 应量的一半，是目前世界范围内产量最大的 铁矿。在今天看来，每年供应1000万吨的订 单，对于皮尔巴拉矿区(Pilbara)来讲并不 算什么。然而，在上个世纪八十年代中期，哈 默斯利铁矿（Hamersley Iron）依靠皮尔 巴拉矿区(Pilbara) 两座矿山——Mount Tom Price 和Paraburdoo，每年对外输出 合计4000万吨左右的铁矿石。以当时的产 量来看，1000万吨显然是个不小的数字。哈 默斯利铁矿公司（Hamersley Iron）是力拓 集团（Rio Tinto）的前身，在1987年同中钢 集团签署了一份引发整个行业革命性变革 的协议。这个协议签署的意义不止在于产量 的增加，更在于贸易伙伴关系的建立。 今 年 1 1 月 1 6 日 ，中 钢 集 团（ S i n o s t e e l Corporation）和力拓集团的恰那铁矿合 营项目（Channar Joint Venture）已满30 周年。在此期间，项目累计超过2.5亿吨的 铁矿石通过皮尔巴拉矿区(Pilbara)出口 中国 。恰那铁矿合营项目（Channar Joint Venture）是中澳贸易关系的奠基石，也是 中国首个中央企业与澳大利亚矿业公司合 作的大型项目。这个项目经历了五年的密切 协商，首次签署了2亿吨的供应协议，并得到 了中澳双方政府的大力支持。

封面故事

| COVER STORY

It’s a metaphor of sorts, for our 30-year plus relationship with Sinosteel and with China – robust, long, moving forward – Rio’s Chris Salisbury

这也象征着我们与中钢集团、与中国30多年的合作关系源 远流长，定将越走越远 。——邵立波（Chris Salisbury）

LARGE SCALE More than 250 million tonnes of iron ore have been mined under the Channar joint venture over the past 30 years. Photo: Rio Tinto/Sinosteel. 大型规模 在过去30年中，恰那项目已经开 采了超过2.5亿吨铁矿石。

“Production at Chinese steel mills was not at its highest level and the Chinese government thought domestic supplies were enough, so there was no importing of iron ore.

“People didn’t know whether a Chinese company would fulfil their obligations under the agreement, or whether the Chinese government would just stop trading because they already produce ore.

“These kinds of risks nobody could predict at the time.”

Opening an export avenue created a monster in the Pilbara, with WA now the largest producer and exporter of iron ore in the world, accounting for 38 per cent of global production and 53 per cent of global seaborne exports in 2016.

China accounted for 82 per cent of WA’s 797 million tonnes of iron ore produced in 2016-17, while recent increased demand for steelmaking ingredients in China drove a 35 per cent rise in annual average prices to $US70 per tonne.

Change in China

But it was not only in WA that the Channar joint venture had a transformative effect; the agreement also drove significant change in China’s steelmaking sector, Dr Sun said.

“For the Chinese steel mills, in the past they used local ore, which averaged around 30 per cent ferrous before it was processed to around 60 or 65 per cent,” he said.

“In Australia, the grade is around 62 per cent, with higher alumina content.

“Because their steel mills were built to process local ore not familiar with Australian ore, all of the major steelmakers had to do renovations of their blending system and equipment – they needed to make adjustments to fine tune the system.

“That was a good thing for the Chinese steel milling industry, they adjusted the system to use the Australian ore and found out it was more reliable in terms of quality and quantity.”

At a ceremony celebrating the joint venture’s anniversary earlier this year, Rio Tinto iron ore chief executive Chris Salisbury said the project’s success made it easy to overlook how significant, and risky, Channar was in 1987.

其后协议经历了两次延期：2010年原协议到 期后双方经协商达成了第一次延期，第二次 延期于去年年中达成。

中钢澳大利亚公司总经理孙晓轩博 士（David Sun）把恰那铁矿合营项目 （Channar Joint Venture）称为“勇敢的 合营项目”，如果没有这个项目，西澳大利亚 的铁矿石出口产业将会是另外一番景象。

“以当时的情况来看，恰那合营项目是个很 大的项目。这个项目打开了中国铁矿石市 场。 ” 孙博士对澳中商讯（ACBR）说， “在此 之前，中国的钢铁产量方兴未艾，同时，中国 政府认为国内的铁矿石供应已经可以满足 市场需求，因此进口铁矿石量微乎其微。 ” “在当时，中国公司能否履行合约义务，以 及中国政府是否会随时终止铁矿石贸易，这 些风险都是不可预知的。 ”孙博士说。 强劲的中国需求使西澳大利亚成为了目前 世界上最大的铁矿石生产和出口地区。2016 年，西澳铁矿石产量占全世界铁矿石产量的 38%，同时，有53%的海运出口铁矿石来自 西澳大利亚。

2016-2017年间，西澳大利亚铁矿石总产量 为7.97亿吨，其中82%供应中国市场。与此 同时，中国市场铁矿需求以每年38%的速度

上涨，平均价格达到了每吨70美元。 对中国的影响

孙博士表示，恰那合营项目不仅对西澳有着 深远的影响，对于中国钢铁行业也有举足轻 重的意义。

“中国钢铁行业过去使用的本地铁矿石含 铁量大约为30%，经过加工后含量大约在 60%至70%之间，”他说， “澳大利亚的铁矿 石品位可以达到62%，但是铝含量较高。 ”

“由于很多大型钢厂的设备只适用于本地 铁矿石的加工 ，为了适应澳大利亚铁矿石， 他们必须对于生产设备和系统进行调整。” 孙博士说， “这对于中国钢厂来说是件好事， 他们经过系统的调整后发现，澳大利亚铁矿 石在质量和数量上都更有保障。 ” 今年年初，在恰那合营项目成立30周年庆典 仪式上，力拓集团首席执行官邵立波（Chris Salisbury）表示，自1987年以来，恰那项目 取得的成功有目共睹。 出席庆祝活动的贵宾还包括中国驻珀斯总 领事雷克中（Lei Kezhong）、中钢集团总经 理刘安栋（Liu Andong）、澳大利亚前总理 鲍勃•霍克（Bob Hawke）和西澳州州长马 克•麦高文（Mark McGowan）。 2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

19

COVER STORY | 封面故事

Channar by the numbers January 1 1990 - first production 2021 - year joint venture extended to 250 million-plus - tonnes of ore exported to China 9.7 million - tonnes of ore produced in 2016 142 - direct employees 19 - indigenous workers

Dignitaries who attended the celebration included Chinese Consul General Lei Kezhong and Sinosteel Corporation president Liu Andong, as well as former Australian prime minister Bob Hawke and WA Premier Mark McGowan.

Mr Salisbury noted there was no precedent for such a significant investment by a Chinese company outside of the country’s borders, while he said the 10 million tonnes per year would have been the equivalent of Rio Tinto announcing a new joint venture to export 100 million tonnes annually to an emerging company with limited international exposure.

He said the most distinctive piece of infrastructure at Channar was a 20-kilometre conveyor belt linking the mine’s ore deposits across several crests and valleys, which was revolutionary at the time due to its curved design.

“It’s a metaphor of sorts, for our 30-year plus relationship with Sinosteel and with China – robust, long, moving forward,” Mr Salisbury said at the ceremony.

“Which is exactly what Rio Tinto and Sinosteel have done.

“Rio Tinto went on to develop its integrated Pilbara system of more than a dozen mines and create the Pilbara blend – now the world’s largest traded iron ore product and the benchmark by which others are measured.”

As well as being a catalyst for Sino-Australian trade, the Channar joint venture has become something of a model for other companies to follow.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

In 2001, Rio Tinto signed another landmark agreement to form an iron ore joint venture operation in WA, this time with China’s largest steelmaker, Baosteel.

The agreement’s structure was remarkably like the Channar joint venture – 200 million tonnes in total, averaging 10 million tonnes of ore per year over the 20-year life of the deal.

At Channar, CMIEC took a 40 per cent stake in the project, with Hamersley Iron retaining the remaining 60 per cent.

The 2001 Baosteel-Rio joint venture was a 54:46 equity share, with Rio holding the larger proportion.

Dr Sun said the similarities did not end there, with Baosteel emulating a highly successful Sinosteel employee training program and incorporating it into its joint venture with Rio. “Each year we have five trainees from China, two from Sinosteel and three from the steel mills which use the ore,” Dr Sun said.

“Baosteel emulated that program, and the joint venture between Woodside and CNOOC also emulated it.

“They think it is a good structure. We are very proud of that because it proved to be successful for us, and they learned from us and it proved to be successful again.

“That’s why sometimes with Chinese investment here, if it’s not going well we feel that it’s a pity, because you can just learn from what we have done for the past 30 years.”

Dr Sun said the one of the reasons his com-

pany had succeeded in an industry where others had faced significant challenges was thanks to a conservative approach and a highly selective partner vetting process.

“For a good project, firstly you have to have the right partner, you have to choose the right time and you have to have the right structure,” Dr Sun said.

“A lot of Chinese companies come here to invest, but falling in love with a project at first sight is very dangerous.

“One of the reasons for the success of Channar is a lot of experts from China did two years of research and due diligence before they made a decision.

“Nowadays, people will come here and make a decision within one week, and then they will solve their problems later.”

Dr Sun said investing in Australia, particularly in major mining operations, was vastly different to any other jurisdiction globally.

“You have to do a lot of homework before you spend your money here, before you sign an agreement,” Dr Sun said.

“Some Chinese companies just double the labour costs in China, and they think that’s enough.

“It’s probably even six or 10 times different, then there are also environmental approvals, native title, there are all of these issues.

“In China, it’s not a big issue, they always can find a way to avoid it.

“But here, you have to overcome it by spending money and spending time.”

封面故事

| COVER STORY

EXPANSIVE The Channar mine spans several ore deposits which are linked by conveyor belt. Photo: Rio Tinto/Sinosteel. 扩张 恰那铁矿的矿山传送带贯穿跨越数个 矿床 NEW DEAL Rio Tinto’s Chris Salisbury and Sinosteel vice president Liu Andong signing last year’s extension of the Channar mining joint venture. Photo: Rio Tinto/Sinosteel. 新合作 去年，力拓集团的Chris Salisbury 和中钢集团的副总裁刘安栋签署了恰那铁 矿延期框架协议。

邵立波先生指出，恰那合营项目是中国首个 在境外投资的大型资源项目。在当时，每年 1000万吨的供应量相当于：现在向一家没有 国际影响力的初创公司每年供应一亿吨的 铁矿石一样。

孙博士说： “相似之处远非如此，宝钢借鉴中 钢集团成功的员工培训模式，并将其引进到 与力拓的联营项目当中去。 ”

“每年，会有2名来自中钢集团的员工，和 3名来自铁矿石加工企业的员工，从中国到 澳大利亚进行培训。 ” ：孙博士说，宝钢借 他说，恰那矿区中，各个矿床由长达20公里 鉴了这个模式，同时，中国海洋石油总公司 的传送带连接，这是这个项目中最突出的和 最有创造性的设施，解决了曲线运输的技术 （CNOOC）与伍德赛德（Woodside）的合 营项目中也采用了这个模式。我们对此十分 难题。 自豪，因为经过实践证明，这个模式取得了 邵先生在仪式上发言时还表示“这也象征着 成功，其他企业的借鉴，进一步地证明了这 我们与中钢集团、与中国30多年合作关系， 个模式的成功之处。”孙博士说， “如果中国 源远流长，定将越走越远。这也是力拓集团 企业在这里的投资没有取得很好的回报，我 和中钢集团也一直遵从的原则。 ” 们会感到很遗憾，因为我们过去30年的发展 ” “力拓集团将持续开发皮尔巴拉混矿产品， 经历足以为后来的企业提供了先例。 目前有十余座矿山正在此地区运营——是 中钢集团的孙博士表示，中钢能在这个产业 目前世界最大的铁矿石产品生产地。 多个失败案例中幸免于难，并取得成功，得 益于保守的策略，和对合作伙伴严格的考察 作为中澳贸易的奠基者，恰那合营项目的经 过程。 营模式被很多公司争相借鉴。 2001年，力拓公司与中国最大的钢铁生产企 业——宝山钢铁集团（Baosteel，以下简称 宝钢集团）签署了在西澳联合运营铁矿石项 目的协议。这成为另一个具有重要意义的协 议。

“在一个好的项目中，首先，要有一个对的 合作伙伴，然后，保证正确的时机，和正确的 方案。”孙博士说， “很多中国公司来澳大利 亚投资，如果单凭第一印象就作出决定，是 存在很大风险的。 ”

这与恰那项目中，中钢（CMIEC）持有40% 的股份，力拓持有剩余60%的情况类似。

孙博士表示，在澳大利亚投资，尤其是在矿

这项协议的结构与恰那合营项目十分相 似——为期20年，共计2亿吨，大约平均每年 1000万吨的铁矿石供应。孙博士说： “相似之 处远非如此，宝钢还借鉴中钢集团成功的员 工培训模式，并将其引进到与力拓的合营项 目当中去。 ”

业产业，与全球其他地区有很大的差别。

“在决定投资和签订协议之前，一定要做足 功课。”孙博士说， “很多中国公司仅仅把劳 工成本预算加倍，是远远不够的。其中，还可 能涉及到环境许可、原住民遗迹保护等多方 面因素，都会使困难大大增加。 “在中国，这些问题可能并不严重，总能找 到办法去避免。但是，在澳大利亚，你必须投 入大量的时间和金钱去解决这些问题。 ”

“恰那项目取得成功，最关键的原因之一 是，在确定项目之前，专家团从中国来到澳 洲，对这个项目进行了为期两年的考察和研 究。 ”孙博士说， “目前，很多人来澳大利亚投 资，有的人一周之内就选定了投资项目 。但 是，在随后的日子里，他们不得不花费更多 的时间，来解决面临的各种麻烦。 ”

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

21

PICTURE STORY | 图画故事 1

30 years of Channar 1 MILESTONE The last shipment of ore under the joint venture’s initial 200 million tonne agreement. 里程碑 最后一艘货轮顺利 装船，具有里程碑意义的2亿 吨矿石完成交付。 2 DIGGING Mining operations at Channar are spread over several distinct deposits. 采掘 恰那铁矿同时在数个 不同的矿床上进行作业。 3 PROFILE Communist party general secretary Hu Yaobang and then-prime minister Bob Hawke meet at Channar in 1985. 概括 1985年，澳大利亚前总 理霍克在恰那铁矿会见时任 中国共产党总书记胡耀邦。 4 CHEERS The potential of a mining joint venture between China and Australia was cause for celebration in 1985. 感谢 1985年，中澳两国提前 庆祝即将签署的合营项目。 22

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

5 BIG DEAL The original Channar agreement being signed in 1987. 大事件 1987年，双方签署恰 那项目首次合作协议。 6 EXPORTS More than 250 million tonnes of ore have been shipped to China under the Channar JV. 出口 恰那铁矿项目已为中 国输送了2.5亿吨铁矿石。

8

恰那三十年

图画故事 2

3

| PICTURE STORY

7 BUILDING Construction activities from 1999. 建立 1999年，项目正式 动工。 8 TECHNOLOGY Channar’s curved conveyor belt system was considered revolutionary at the time it was built. 技术 在当时，恰那矿长距离 曲线带式输送机系统是历史 性重大突破。

4

All photos Rio Tinto/Sinosteel.

6 7

5

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

23

RESOURCES | 能源

磁铁矿为矿业带来重重考验

Magnetite a mounting challenge for miners 作者 : Dan Wilkie UNEXPECTED costs, legal battles and extended timelines of development are threatening to derail Western Australia’s nascent magnetite industry, less than five years after the first magnetite concentrate was produced in the state.

In November 2012, Karara Mining, which is majority-owned by Chinese steelmaker Ansteel, produced the first magnetite concentrate at its $2.5 billion project, located 200km east of Geraldton in the Mid West.

First production was a significant milestone, not only for Ansteel and its Karara Mining partner, Gindalbie Metals, but for the entire iron ore industry in WA. Magnetite differs from the traditional hematite iron ore mined in the north of the state, in that it has a lower percentage of iron and needs to be beneficiated to be suitable for steel production.

Because of the cost of beneficiation, magnetite deposits had previously been thought of to be low value.

However, technological advancements, and commitment by Chinese companies, gave

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

promise that a new sub-sector of WA’s iron ore industry could be a viable proposition.

But producing a high-grade export product has proven to be a significant challenge for Karara, which in the 2015-16 financial year reported an after-tax loss of $1.7 billion, including a $1.2 billion impairment to the value of its assets.

For 2016-17, Karara reported a $400 million operating deficit and, according to documents lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the company has three loans due over financial year 2017-18 totalling more than $1.2 billion.

Against that backdrop, analysts have suggested the project has a bleak future, with Ansteel now having to decide whether to keep investing in a business taking significant losses.

China’s largest conglomerate, CITIC Limited, has also run into significant challenges in developing the Sino Iron magnetite project at Cape Preston, around 100 kilometres southwest of Karratha.

Sino Iron is a fully integrated, pit-to-port mining, processing and export operation and includes the first new port to be built in the Pilbara for more than 40 years.

FULL PACKAGE CITIC Pacific Mining’s Sino Iron is a fully integrated pit-to-port mining operation. Photo: CITIC Pacific. 一站式项目 中信泰富矿业集团的中澳铁矿 项目是一个从矿坑到港口完整作业的项目。

But CITIC’s Australian subsidiary, CITIC Pacific Mining, has faced mounting cost blowouts – now estimated to be more than four times the project’s initial forecast, and ongoing legal battles between the mine’s operator, CITIC Pacific Mining, and Queensland businessman Clive Palmer’s Mineralogy.

Back in 2006, CITIC Pacific, reached a deal with Mineralogy to develop the Cape Preston deposit, to mine 2 billion tonnes of magnetite ore from Cape Preston for $US415 million and ongoing royalty payments on the ore mined as well as the products being exported.

At the time, CITIC Pacific expected it would cost around $2.5 billion and take around five years to get the mine up and running to its capacity of 24 million tonnes per year.

However, six years after it was meant to reach capacity, CITIC Pacific expects to produce 15 million tonnes of magnetite concentrate in 2017, while its final budget is estimated to have blown out to more than $US12 billion.

As well as the huge capital outlay, CITIC Pacific’s efforts in ramping up production to the project’s nameplate capacity have been hampered by a dispute with Mr Palmer over

能源 the Royalty B, the ongoing payments on each tonne of magnetite concentrate produced at the mine.

It was agreed Royalty B was to be based off annual benchmark iron ore prices negotiated between Australian and Brazilian iron ore producers and their customers in Asia.

But that system ceased in 2010, and CITIC Pacific and Mineralogy have not been able to reach an agreement on an arrangement to replace it.

A WA Supreme Court hearing was held on the matter in June, but it is not clear when the court will hand down its decision.

CITIC Pacific and Mineralogy are also at loggerheads over the need to expand the mine’s waste and tailings storage facilities, with CITIC saying Mr Palmer’s company has refused to assist it in obtaining environmental and other government approvals.

In the company’s latest financial accounts, lodged with the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in September, CITIC chairman Chang Zhengming said there was a real risk the mine could be shut down if a favourable resolution was not reached on both matters.

“There’s a misconception that companies with a state-owned background or ownership

are not commercially driven and our resources are assumed to be unlimited,” Mr Chang said.

“This is not true. Chinese companies all have individual characteristics.

“I can assure you that CITIC is very much its own corporate commercial entity, with its own approach and very cle ar commercial objectives and constraints.

“While CITIC has its roots as one of China’s largest state-owned enterprises, we are a listed company accountable to an increasingly diverse shareholder base.

“Any investment we make has to be economically viable and provide our shareholders with a return on their investment.

“For Sino Iron to be sustainable, it must be able to demonstrate long-term commercial viability now.

“This means that we not only need to operate efficiently, but, most importantly, operate profitably.”

Notwithstanding the cost blowouts and the court battles, CITIC Pacific has made a significant contribution to the WA economy by developing the Sino Iron mine.

CITIC Pacific directly employs 1,500 people and there are around 1,100 permanent contractors working on the minesite.

磁铁矿是西澳大利亚矿业的一个新的分支。 磁铁矿项目启动接近五年之后，第一批精矿 产品才最终出产。在此期间，该项目经历了 预算的严重超支、法律纠纷和项目延期等一 系列问题。

与Karara项目类似，由中国国有大型综合 性跨国企业集团之一——中信集团，运营的 中澳铁矿项目也面临着诸多挑战。该项目位 于距卡拉沙（Karratha）西南大约100公里 的普雷斯顿角（Cape Preston）。

Karara 矿区项目位于澳大利亚中西部 Geraldton以东200公里处。该项目由中国 鞍山钢铁集团（Ansteel，以下简称鞍钢）主 要持股，项目价值25亿。 2012年11月，此项 目出产了首批磁铁矿精矿产品。

第一批磁铁矿精矿产品的出产，不仅仅对鞍 钢和其项目合作伙伴Gindalbie Metals意 义重大，还对整个西澳大利亚铁矿石产业具 有里程碑式的意义。 西澳大利亚磁铁矿与北部传统的赤铁矿不 同。磁铁矿铁含量较低，并需要通过高选矿 技术以适应钢铁产品的冶炼标准。

由于选矿过程涉及成本问题，所以，在过去， 磁铁矿的商业价值一直不被认可。 科技的不断发展和中国公司的投入，为西澳 大利亚矿业新分支的发展带来了希望。 但 是 ，K a r a r a 项 目 的 运 营 并 不 顺 利 ，高 品位出口矿产品项目存在着多方面的困 难。2015-2016财年，Karara项目税后亏损 17亿，其中包括12亿的资产减值。 2016-2017年间，Karara的经营赤字达到了 4亿。同时，根据karara向澳大利亚证券投资 委员会的文件显示，公司在2017-2018财年 有三笔贷款将会到期，总值超过12亿。

基于目前的形势，分析师表示：Karara项目 亏损情况严重，前景十分暗淡，因此，鞍钢必 须尽快作出是否对此项目进行继续投资的 决定。

中澳铁矿项目，是一个从矿坑到港口完整作 业的项目，有独立的生产和出口能力。 还拥 有皮尔巴拉矿区(Pilbara)第一个港口，这个 港口已经运营了40年。

| RESOURCES

SHIPPING Magnetite concentrate being loaded onto a barge at Cape Preston, destined for a port in China. Photo: CITIC Pacific. 运输 运输船从普雷斯顿角运载磁铁矿精矿 到中国指定港口。 要扩建废料和尾矿储存设施的问题上僵持 不下。中信泰富表示，Palmer的公司拒绝为 项目获得环境和政府部门的相关许可提供 帮助。

中信董事长常振明表示，根据中信泰富在九 月向香港股票交易所提交的最新公司财务 账目，如果在这两个问题上不能达成满意的 解决方案，将有可能会面临项目终止的风 险。

但是，中信集团附属的中信泰富矿业集团， “很多人有着这样一个误解，认为国有公司 面临着成本严重超出预期的问题—预算，最 不以盈利为目的，而且掌握着无限的资源。 ” 终成本将会达到最初预期成本的四倍。除此 常先生说， “这完全是谬论，中国每一家公司 之外，中信泰富与昆士兰商人克莱夫•帕尔 都有自己的独立性。 ” 默（Clive Palmer）的Mineralogy公司还存 在多起法律纠纷。 “我可以肯定地说，中信集团是一个独立的 集团，有着明确的商业目标和约束。 ” 最初，中信泰富计划在5年之内，投入25亿 资金完成对矿区的建设，预期可以达到每年 “中信集团是中国最大的国有企业之一，同 2400万吨的产量。 时，我们也是一家上市公司，需要满足股东 多方面的需求。 ” 距离原定的投产日期已经过去了6年，中信 泰富预计在2017年出产1500万吨磁铁矿精 矿，最终的投资可能会超过120亿美元。

除 了 巨 额 的 基 建 投 资 之 外 ，中 信 泰 富 与 Palmer先生之间，有关矿区开采精矿所产 生的Royalty B费用存在纠纷，这使得整个 项目雪上加霜。 Royalty B原本是一个由巴西铁矿石供应商 和澳大利亚铁矿石供应商针对中国客户，根 据年度铁矿石基准价制定的开采使用费。但 是，该标准在2010年开始已被废除。对此，中 信泰富和Mineralogy无法达成一致。

最高法院在六月份对这起事件进行了审理， 但是宣判时间仍未公布。

“我们所做的任何投资都要有经济上的可 行性，并可以为我们股东的投资提供回报。 ” 常先生说， “如果想让中澳铁矿项目持续开展，除非证 明这个项目在长期发展上有商业可行性。 ” 尽管出现了预算严重超支的问题，以及一系 列的法律纠纷，中信泰富的中澳钢铁项目仍 然对西澳经济和就业作出了重大贡献。

中信泰富员工总数为1500人，其中1100名 左右的长期合同职工在矿区工作。

中信泰富和Mineralogy公司还在：是否需

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

25

INNOVATION | 科技

小型企业的新希望科技初创公司

Startup empowers small buyers

It’s the idea of empowering the smaller guy, because the smaller guy is actually the big guy – Ami Barda 这是个为‘小人物’创造机会的理念，因为‘小人物’才是真 正意义上的‘大人物’ 。——阿米巴尔达（Ami Barda）

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

科技

本刊记者 : Staff reporter PERTH-BASED technology startup iiSnap is bringing China’s manufacturers closer to the world, establishing an online business-to-business marketplace to aggregate retailer demand, giving them access to higher sales margins and new cutting-edge products.

The iiSnap platform directly connects manufacturing companies with retailers across the globe, minimising the need for distributors or other middlemen.

Chief executive Ami Barda said iiSnap’s technology automated the long and complicated process of sourcing new products and networking with suppliers, while it also removed one of the biggest barriers to retail growth, particularly for smaller companies – minimum order quantities (MOQ).

“In every production line, you are running an MOQ to make a production line efficient,” Mr Barda told Australia China Business Review.

“When a person approaches a factory or supplier, usually an MOQ doesn’t make sense, because they are looking to diversify their offering and essentially sell multiple products but in smaller quantities.

“As a retailer, you have HR costs which are fixed, you have rents which are fixed, the only thing you can really save on is your cost of goods.

“But obviously with a limited cash flow it is very hard to commit to high quantities and it doesn’t always commercially make sense.

“The way that we solve this problem is we have software that consolidates and groups demand from multiple buyers across the globe for one specific product in any given time.

“Once we are able to group enough orders for the one product, we then realise the order, collect the funds and send the order to the supplier.”

Mr Barda said by removing distributors from the equation and aggregating demand to realise lower prices from suppliers, retailers could save up to 70 per cent on the cost of their goods.

The iiSnap portal will be officially launched in coming weeks, however, Mr Barda said development of the platform had been ongoing for the past two years.

In the past two months, Mr Barda said around 500 suppliers had been added to the network, with the platform focusing on consumer electronics and ‘independent’ technology, with its manufacturer base predominantly in China.

Products will be available across a wide range of categories, including lifestyle tech, outdoor technology, wearables, sleep technology, fitness and leisure, as well as audio and entertainment.

Potential suppliers are handpicked by the iiSnap team at the world’s largest trade shows, including CES Asia, CES Las Vegas and Global Sources Hong Kong. iiSnap also works with quality assurance agents and runs a thorough screening process before allowing suppliers on to the platform.

“Our vision is to allow every small trader in the world and every retailer to actually go out and find exciting products, source them directly with ease, shop them with ease and bring them directly on to their shelves to keep the customer excited,” Mr Barda said.

“It’s the idea of empowering the smaller guy, because the smaller guy is actually the big guy.

“Around 80 per cent of the buying force in the market of purchasing is actually small to medium enterprises.”

| INNOVATION

iiSnap是一个总部位于珀斯的科技初创公司，它的成立使中国的 制造商与世界的联系更进一步。iiSnap通过建立商家对商家模式 （B2B模式）的在线电商平台，对于零售商的需求进行整合，从而实 现更高的利润率和高精尖的新产品。

iiSnap平台直接建立起制造公司与全球范围内的零售公司之间的 联系，最大程度地减少了对于分销商和其他中间商的需求。

首席执行官阿米巴尔达（Ami Barda）表示，新产品的采购和与供应 商构建联系的过程复杂而漫长，但iiSnap的技术可以将这个过程自 动完成。与此同时，尤其是对于小型企业来讲，最低起订量（MOQ） 是零售增长的最大障碍之一，iiSnap完美地解决了这个问题。

“执行最低起订量（MOQ）的标准是为了保证生产线进行有效生 产，”巴尔达（Barda）先生在Australia China Business Review 采访时表示， “当个人与工厂或者供应商直接取得联系时，最低起订 量（MOQ）通常就没有意义了，因为他们希望获得更多样的产品类 型，但是数量通常较少 。”

“作为一个零售商，人力资源和租金都是固定成本，真正唯一能减 少的就是产品的成本。”

“但是，由于资金流有限，要达到很高的产量显然是非常困难的。同 时，从商业的角度来看，也很难实现。”

“通过我们的软件可以很好的解决这个问题。我们的软件可以对来 自不同国家和地区的买家，对于某种产品的需求进行汇总和整合。” “对于某种产品的订单一旦达到了足够的数量，我们就会生成订 单、筹集资金，并把订单发送给供应商。”

巴尔达（Barda）先生表示，消除销售过程中经销商的参与，并对于 产品需求进行整合，大大地降低了来自供应商的价格。因此，零售商 可以节省高达百分之七十的产品成本。

iiSnap门户网站将会在未来的几周正式投入运营。巴尔达（Barda） 先生表示，这个平台的筹备阶段已经持续了两年 。

巴尔达（Barda）说，在过去的两个月中，大约有500家供应商入驻。 其平台主要关注在电子消费品和‘自主创新’技术，制造商大多来自 中国。 其平台销售的产品将会涵盖广泛的产品类型，其中包括：生活科技、 户外电子科技、智能穿戴、睡眠科技、健身、休闲以及音频和娱乐等。 iiSnap团队将在亚洲消费电子展(CES Asia)、拉斯维加斯消费 电子展（CES Las Vegas）和环球资源香港展（Global Sources Hongkong）等世界最大的贸易展览会上甄选潜在的供应商。 iiSnap 还与质量保证机构进行合作，供应商在获得平台入驻许可 之前，需要通过全面的审查程序。

“我们希望，世界上每一个小的经销商和每一个零售商，都能够找 到令他们惊喜的产品。采购和销售的整个过程轻松而直接，把每一 件让顾客惊喜的产品带到货架上。”巴尔达（Barda）先生说。

“这是个为‘小人物’创造机会的理念，因为‘小人物’才是真正意义 上的‘大人物’。” “在市场中，大约有百分之八十的购买力实际上来自于中小型企 业。”

INNOVATORS Ami Barda and iiSnap software engineer Riccardo Trebbi plan to disrupt global retail distribution. 创新者 Ami Barda和iiSnap的软件工程师Riccardo Trebbi计划 颠覆全球零售业。

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

27

PROPERTY | 地产

珀斯与中国酒店投资失之交臂

Perth misses out on China hotel funds 本刊记者 : Staff reporter TIGHTENING of Chinese government restrictions on outbound investment into tourism-related projects or assets is emerging as the newest challenge for Australia’s hotels sector, which in WA is midway through a record phase of development that has had little involvement to date from Chinese investors.

Halfway through August, the Chinese government announced outbound direct investment in real estate assets, including hotels, would be restricted unless the spending was aligned with China’s national development, macroeconomic and foreign policies.

That restriction has the potential to slow what has become a torrent of Chinese funds into Australia’s hotels sector, with research by Colliers International showing more than $8 billion of investment has occurred since 2013.

The announcement builds on restrictions on Chinese capital outflow first announced late last year.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

Following the August changes, China’s largest hotels conglomerate, Dalian Wanda Group, began preparing to sell off parts of its $2 billion Australian operation, including large-scale development projects in Sydney and on the Gold Coast.

Dalian Wanda also dropped a £470 million ($798 million) plan to buy a strategic development site in London because of the increased pressure to cut back on large offshore acquisitions.

For WA’s hotels sector, the announcement of more investment scrutiny comes after the state largely missed out on a wide range of China-backed investments into Australian hotels.

Colliers said Chinese investors spent more than $1.12 billion on Australian hotels in the 2016-17 financial year, however, none of those acquisitions occurred in Perth.

Like in the residential property market, Sydney was the dominant city for Chinese buyers, alongside key resort markets in Queensland.

It was a similar story for development deals

中国政府收紧对旅游相关项目资产的境外 投资限制， 这将成为澳大利亚酒店业面临 的最新挑战。目前，澳大利亚的酒店业正处 于发展的中途阶段，迄今为止几乎没有中国 投资者的参与。 8月中旬，中国政府宣布限制对包括酒店在 内的房地产资产的海外直接投资，除非这些 投资与中国的国家发展、宏观经济和外交政 策保持一致。

这一限制极有可能削弱大量中国资本流入 澳大利亚酒店业的势头。高力国际(Colliers International)的研究显示，自2013年以 来，中国在澳洲酒店行业投资总额已超过80 亿澳元。这一动作与去年年底首次宣布的对 中国资本外流的限制声明相呼应。

随着八月政策变动，中国最大的酒店集团大 连万达集团便开始准备出售其约20亿澳元 的澳大利亚部分业务，包括在悉尼和黄金海 岸的大型开发项目。由于持续增加的大型海 外收购项目的压力，大连万达集团同时也放 弃了其4.7亿欧元收购位于伦敦的战略发展 区域的计划。

地产 as Chinese groups grew more comfortable with the Australian market, but mostly on the east coast.

Colliers International hotels Asia Pacific director of transaction services Karen Wales told Australia China Business Review there had been considerable Chinese investment in WA in the resources sector, but hotels and resorts had not had the same attraction.

“Historically, WA has just struggled to attract capital or get on the radar from a tourism point of view, because it is such an isolated city,” Ms Wales said.

“The main driver for a lot of hotel development we have seen in the east has been mixed-use developments and selling residential apartments, and in that regard Sydney and Melbourne are more well-known and easier to sell into the Asian market.”

Ms Wales also said Perth’s burgeoning pipeline of hotel development, occurring at the same time average occupancies had fallen from more than 90 per cent to around 75 per cent, had also been a contributing factor to WA not attracting Chinese investment.

In Perth, construction of a development pipeline of more than 4,000 rooms worth more than $3 billion is well under way, highlighted by the ultra-luxury Westin Perth and Ritz-Carlton hotels being built in the centre of the city.

The development boom was generated through a state government-led initiative, with the former Liberal government in 2011 providing incentives to facilitate new hotel projects on state-owned land.

“There was a lot of attraction activity done during the mining boom, and trading has just now fallen, so you will struggle to attract investment other than what’s already in the pipeline, just because it doesn’t make sense necessarily to invest in Perth now,” Ms Wales said.

“There is a strong forward pipeline of rooms and you’ve got a market that’s experienced a shift in the demand floor and the price of rooms as it evolves from being a high-demand corporate market and is now having to reposition itself.

“The capital that’s already committed will come through, but I’m not sure you will see much more, from a development point of view.

“We need to wait for what’s in the pipeline to come out of the ground and start trading, and then go again.”

Research by Australia China Business Review found there were just two existing Perth hotels owned by mainland Chinese companies – Narada Hotel Group’s Pagoda Resort and Spa in Como and Hotel Northbridge, which is owned by the WA-based arm of the Metallurgical Corporation of China.

There is one hotel project in the development pipeline in Perth being planned by a Chinese group, with 3 Oceans Property’s Iconic Scarborough proposal including a 161room, four-star hotel.

CHECK-IN Hong Kong’s Far East Consortium is investing heavily in Perth with its Ritz-Carlton development, but mainland Chinese groups are yet to move on the WA capital en masse. Photo: Probuild 香港远东财团正通过其丽嘉酒店开发项目 在珀斯大力投资，但中国内地的集团尚未在 西澳资本市场上有大动作。

对于西澳的酒店业来讲，与中国酒店投资失 之交臂之后，紧接着又出台了投资审查声 明。Colliers称，在2016-17财年，虽然中国 投资者在澳大利亚酒店业投资了超过12亿 澳元，但没有一项投资与珀斯相关。 在住宅房地产市场上，悉尼是中国买家的首 选城市，而昆士兰则是度假酒店市场的首选 城市。从项目开发的角度来说也类似，中国 企业对澳大利亚市场投资越来越熟悉，但东 海岸仍是首选。

高力国际酒店亚太区事务总监Karen Wales对 澳中商讯（ACBR）表示，中国对西 澳在资源领域的投资相当可观，但对酒店和 度假村却未持有同样的关注度。 Wales说:“ 从历史上看，因为西澳是一个 与世隔绝的城市， 所以西澳一直在努力吸 引资本或者尝试从发展旅游业的角度切 入。 ”’’

“东部的酒店发展的主要动力是开发商住 两用项目和销售住宅公寓，在这方面，悉尼 和墨尔本市场更被亚洲买家所熟知，且更容 易销售。 ”

| PROPERTY

PLAN Monica Chetty says more needs to be done to attract investment from the world’s largest hotel groups. Photo: Philip Gostelow 莫妮卡·启迪（Monica Chetty）说，要想吸 引世界上最大的酒店集团投资，我们还有很 多要做。

Wales还表示，虽然珀斯酒店的投资储备正 迅速发展，然而同时，平均入住率却已从超 过90%降至75%左右，这也是西澳难以吸引 中国投资的一个重要因素。

在珀斯，一个价值超过30亿澳元的，包括 4000多间客房的地产投资储备正在紧罗密 布地开发中，此项目的最大亮点正是市中心 建造的超豪华 Westin Perth和丽思卡尔顿 酒店(ritz - carlton hotels)。 2011年，前自由党政府鼓励在国有土地大力 开发新酒店建设，国家政府推出并主导了其 项目热潮。

Wales说:“在矿业繁荣时期，曾有很多的招 商活动，然而目前贸易热度已经降温，所以 除了现有储备中的投资，很难吸引到新的投 资，因为确实没有任何投资珀斯的理由。 ”

“目前市场上已经存在大量的房源储备，需 求层面和价格定位都在合理转变，而不再是 单一的高需求市场，所以它必须被重新定 位。 ” “已经承诺的资本肯定会注入，但是从发展 2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

29

PROPERTY | 地产 PRIME One of China’s top 10 hotel chains, Narada Hotel Group, bought Como’s Pagoda Resort & Spa in 2013 for $31 million.

PRIME 中国十大连锁酒店之一，纳拉达酒 店集团于2013年以3100万美元的价格收购 了Como Pagoda度假村。

Two Hong Kong-based groups are active in WA, with Far East Consortium developing the $500 million Ritz-Carlton at Elizabeth Quay and a $220 million Dorsett Hotel near Perth Arena, while UNIR has spent $70 million refurbishing and rebranding its CBD hotel as an InterContinental.

Singaporean and Malaysian investment groups are also considerably more active than their Chinese counterparts.

Singaporean giant Fragrance Group has three large-scale mixed-use developments in the planning pipeline in Perth with significant hotel components, collectively estimated to have an end value of more than $1.5 billion.

Malaysian investors’ moves into Perth have been spearheaded by Victor Goh, the developer behind the $500 million Capital Square, which is proposed to include an apartment tower and a luxury hotel next to Woodside Energy’s new corporate headquarters.

Mr Goh is also planning two hotel joint ventures with one of Perth’s most prominent developers, Adrian Fini, at Elizabeth Quay, with those projects expected to be collectively worth up to $750 million.

The Perth-based arm of Malaysia’s MB Group, SKS Group, has three DoubleTree

by Hilton properties in its portfolio, two of which are under construction at Barrack

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

Square and in Northbridge.

A third DoubleTree property, in Fremantle, remains in the planning phase.

Magenta Capital managing director Monica Chetty, who has spent more than 20 years in both the government and private sectors facilitating international tourism investment, said Perth simply was not a consideration for large mainland Chinese investment groups.

However, Ms Chetty said it would take just one big investor to stimulate further Chinese interest in WA, pointing to Dalian Wanda Group’s $1 billion Jewel development on the Gold Coast as an example of the catalytic effect of investment by one of the world’s largest hotel and resort developers.

“When they went there, others wanted to know why they were there,” Ms Chetty told Australia China Business Review.

“The attraction is still Sydney and Melbourne, and now Gold Coast, because of everything that’s happening.”

Speaking prior to the September state budget, Ms Chetty said the state government needed to adjust its marketing strategy by providing more funding to attract investment groups or stimulate conference travel, rather than continue attempts to lure leisure travellers through campaigns like ‘Just an-

other day in WA’.

Treasurer Ben Wyatt announced in September that the Labor government would commit to a record destination marketing and event tourism spend of $425 million to boost the tourism sector.

However, it was not yet clear how much of this money had been earmarked to attract overseas investment into WA tourism, which Ms Chetty said needed to be a stronger focus.

“We have access to a number of landowners who have land with huge, attractive, trophy-like potential to the right investor, if only they knew it was available,” Ms Chetty said.

“We had the opportunity late last year to do an event whereby local governments and businesses could sponsor a small amount of money to meet qualified Sydney-based investors who had already made the leap into Australia.

“We approached many government organisations here in Perth, and a long-story short, most of them were disinterested, and not ready to even provide less than $10,000 to take part.

“This epitomises the issue that we’re not spending. We aren’t going to have people land here tomorrow and say ‘this is a great place, I’m going to invest’.”

Ms Chetty said big opportunity for longterm tourism growth was apparent in regional WA, particularly the South West.

Colliers’ research showed Chinese investors were also willing to take on regional investments, with 24 of the 41 hotel sales to China-linked firms in Australia in FY2017 occurring outside of capital cities.

However, because many potential investors still characterise Perth as an outback resources town, Ms Chetty said, going to the South West of the state was hardly a consideration.

“The potential is in the regions, sites are there, but you need to bring parties to the South West or the north,” Ms Chetty said.

“You can’t expect you are going to portray it to them via email or a presentation or a teleconference.”

地产

| PROPERTY

We need to wait for what’s in the pipeline to come out of the ground and start trading, and then go again – Karen Wales 我们需要等待所有的管道破土而出，然后我们再进入市场。 — Karen Wales

的角度来看，我不确定会有更多新的投资。

“我们需要等待目前投资的项目完成并开 始交易，然后想办法重新引资。”

澳中商讯（ACBR）的研究发现，目前珀斯只 有两家中国内地公司投资的酒店-Narad酒 店集团的位于Como区的Pagoda度假村和 水疗中心，和由中国冶金集团西澳分公司投 资的北桥酒店。 来自中国的三洋地产公司正在积极参与 珀斯的新酒店项目开发，其规划的Iconic Scarborough项目中包括161间客房的四 星级酒店。

目前在西澳市场上有两家香港集团动作很 大，其中远东财团在伊丽莎白码头开发的 价值5亿澳元的丽思卡尔顿酒店，以及珀斯 Arena附近的一家价值2.2亿澳元的多塞特 酒店.。UNIR也已经斥资7千万澳元翻新其 位于CBD的酒店，并重新定位为“高端洲际 酒店（Intercontinental）”。

相比中国的投资集团，新加坡和马来西亚的 投资集团更加活跃。

新加坡giant Fragrance集团在珀斯的规 划投资储备中有三个大型的商住两用地产 开发项目，这些项目中酒店占了绝大比率， 总估价超过15亿澳元。 马来西亚开发商Victor Goh作为开拓珀 斯市场的先锋投资人。他开发的价值五亿 Capital Square广场项目位于伍德赛德石 油公司(Woodside Energy)的新总部大楼 附近，该项目规划包括一座公寓大楼和一家 豪华酒店。 G oh 还 计 划 与 珀 斯 最 著 名 的 开 发 商 之 一 Adrian Fini合作开发位于伊丽莎白码头 (Elizabeth Quay)的两家酒店，预计这些项 目的总价值将达到7.5亿澳元。

马来西亚MB集团珀斯分公司SKS Group， 在其投资组合中有三个希尔顿逸林酒 店项目，其中位于Barrack Square和 Northbridge的两个项目正在建设中。第三 个在Fremantle的逸林酒店项目仍处于规 划阶段。 马品塔资本(Magenta Capital)董事总经 理Monica Chetty拥有在政府和个人国际 旅游业投资20多年经验，她说中国内地的 大型投资集团根本对投资珀斯不感兴趣。

然而，Chetty表示，只需要一个大投资商就 能激发其余中国投资商对西澳的兴趣，比如 全球最大的酒店和度假村开发商之一大连 万达集团在黄金海岸投资10亿澳元的“珠 宝三塔”开发项目，其引发的催化效应就是 一个绝佳案例。 Chetty女士告诉澳中商讯（ACBR）： “当他 们选择黄金海岸的时候，其他人当然想知道 他们为什么选择黄金海岸，”

“悉尼和墨尔本仍然是投资首选，而正是因 为万达集团的项目，现在黄金海岸也位列其 中了。”

Chetty女士在9月份的国家预算出炉前说， 州政府需要调整其营销策略，投入更多的资 金来吸引投资集团或刺激商务旅行，而不 是继续试图通过像“西澳平淡的一天（Just another day in WA）”这样的活动来吸引 休闲旅行者。 澳大利亚财政部长本·怀亚特(Ben Wyatt) 在9月份宣布，工党政府将支出创纪录的 4.25亿澳元致力于精确定位营销和节庆旅 游宣传，从而推动旅游业。

然而，目前尚不清楚这笔资金中预留出了 多少用于吸引海外资本投资至西澳旅游业。 Chetty女士说:“我们可以接触到众多土地 所有者，对于投资商来说，这些都是极具强 大吸引力和无限潜力的土地。而我们只需让 投资者知道这些土地的存在。

去年年底，我们有机会依靠地方政府和企业 提供少量赞助去支持法定人数增加，来与那 些已经进入澳大利亚的悉尼投资者进行商 谈。

“我们在珀斯与数个政府部门和机构进 行沟通，长话短说，他们大多数都不感兴 趣，甚至连低于1万澳元的参与费都不愿意 出。 “ 这是我们不愿花费的一个缩影。按现 在这种情况，不可能明天就有人来这里说‘ 这可真是一个好地方，我要投资’。” Chetty女士说，西澳远郊地区旅游业的长 期投资是非常好的机遇，尤其在西南地区。

Colliers的研究显示，中国投资者也愿意做 远郊地区投资，2017财年，在澳洲市场上现 存与中国企业有关的41家酒店交易中，有 24家是在非省会城市。

然而，Chetty女士说，由于许多潜在投资者 仍视珀斯市为一个内地能源区域，所以西澳 的西南地区几乎不予考虑。 Chetty女士说:“ 远郊地区有潜力也有资 源，但我们需要考虑如何把投资商带到西南 地区。”

“期望只通过电子邮件、演讲或电话会议来 向投资商展示这些地方的蓝图是远远不够 的。” ASSET MCC Mining has owned Hotel Northbridge on Lake Street since 2007. 资产 自2007年以来，MCC矿业集团收购了 位于Lake Street的北桥酒店

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

31

EDUCATION | 教育 MESSAGE Iain Langridge is working to promote WA universities to Chinese students. Photo: St Stephen’s. 标题 Iain Langridge正积极向中国学生推 广西澳利亚州的大学。

全新推广珀斯大学活动

Fresh campaign to sell Perth university life 本刊记者 : Staff reporter MAKING the decision to move to Perth can be a daunting proposition for many Chinese students, with Western Australia still largely unknown despite its relative proximity to their homes.

Instead, Chinese students earn degrees in much greater numbers at universities in the better-known states of New South Wales, Victoria or Queensland.

The latest data from the federal government’s Department of Education and Training also showed South Australia and the ACT eclipsed WA in terms of Chinese student enrolments.

However, a Perth-based school has established a new initiative in an effort to reverse the trend of declining Chinese student numbers in WA. St Stephen’s College, part of one of the largest independent schools in WA, recently launched a bespoke certificate program to help prospective international students prepare for life in Perth.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

The college has partnered with two Chinese schools, in Shanghai and Luoyang, to offer an International Education Pathway course, which was launched in September.

A second phase of the program will be launched in 2018, with St Stephen’s College seeking formal arrangements with additional schools in Dalian, Shanghai, Luoyang, Deyang and Shenzhen.

St Stephen’s College managing director Iain Langridge said the program was developed through engagement with universities in China, as well as Curtin University, the University of Western Australia, Edith Cowan University and Murdoch University.

“In our classrooms in China we will have imagery from WA and the WA universities will have the opportunity to talk to students about life in Perth,” Mr Langridge said.

“And in terms of the state government and organisations like StudyPerth, we’ll be working with them to promote Perth as a wonderful destination for students.

“We’ve got the environment, we’ve got ease of access, we have world-class universities, we’ve got world-class living standards, we’ve got everything going for us here in Perth, we need to tell the story more and promote Perth as a destination for international students.”

Mr Langridge said while there was surging interest from international students to study in Australia, much of the growth in student numbers in recent years had occurred in other states.

The latest data from the DET showed there were 583,243 international students enrolled in high schools, universities or vocational education and training providers at the end of June.

Chinese students made up the lion’s share of enrolments, with 170,547 enrolled across Australia.

However, just 5,731 of those Chinese students were enrolled at institutions in Perth.

In comparison, there were around 65,000 Chinese students enrolled in courses in NSW, and just less than 60,000 in Victoria.

Mr Langridge said the statistics were the latest in a series of reports over the past 18 months, which indicated a decline in the number of international students coming to Perth.

“The mining and construction boom in Perth made us a bit complacent, and attracting international students is not something that we have focused on unfortunately,” Mr Langridge told Australia China Business Review.

“But that opportunity exists now, international education is Australia’s third largest export earner, at $24 billion in the last 12 months, and there is a really good opportunity for WA to take full advantage of that.

“There is no time like the present, and from a WA economy point of view, it’s really important that we foster industries that are part of a transition.

“Mining will always be a part of the Western Australian landscape but I think what we’ve learned in the wind down from the last boom is that we need to make more of industries that have longer-term incremental growth and can do some of the heavy lifting as mining goes up and down.

“Industries like international education can run along and really do their bit for the economy, and I think there is opportunity to do more.”

教育

| EDUCATION

FOCUS The St Stephen’s program will be tailored for Chinese students aged between 15 and 17. 聚焦 St Stephen项目的受众为15至17岁的 中国学生。

We’ve got everything going for us here in Perth, we need to tell the story more and promote Perth as a destination for international students – Iain Langridge

我们已经准备好了一切， 我们需要做的是讲述珀斯的故事，以国 际学生的留学首选城市来宣传珀斯。 —Iain Langridge

对许多中国学生来说，决定搬到珀斯是令人 怯步的，尽管相对来说，西澳大利亚州更接 近中国，但是还有很多人从来没有听说过珀 斯。 相反，更多的中国学生会选择大家较为熟知 的新南威尔士州、维多利亚州或昆士兰州的 大学。联邦政府教育和培训部门的最新数据 也显示了在南澳留学的中国学生人数亦已 超过了西澳。尽管如此，一所西澳大利亚州 本土学校首创了一个致力于扭转西澳大利 亚州中国留学生人数下降趋势的项目。

学、西澳大学、艾迪斯科文大学和默多克大 学共同探讨开发的。

Iain Langridge表示:“在我们中国的教室 里，我们将看到来自西澳大利亚州的影像， 借此西澳大利亚州的大学将有机会与中国 学生们谈论珀斯生活。 ”

“我们将会与州政府和像StudyPerth这样 的组织合作，把珀斯作为一个留学目的地来 推广。 ”

65,000人，而维多利亚州也有近60,000人。

Iain Langridge表示，在过去18个月的一系 列报告中的最新统计数字表明，赴珀斯留学 的国际学生人数有所下降。

Iain Langridge在接受澳中商讯（ACBR）采 访时表示:“不幸的是，珀斯矿业和建筑业热 潮让我们有些自满，从而导致我们认为吸引 国际学生并不是我们所应侧重的。然而，机 会摆在面前，国际教育是澳大利亚第三大收 入来源，在过去的12个月里达到了240亿澳 元，西澳大利亚州应充分利用这个好机会。 ”

“我们有良好的环境，便利的条件，世界一 流的大学，顶级的生活水平，珀斯万事俱备， 圣斯蒂芬学院(St Stephen‘ s College)，西 我们只需要让更多人了解珀斯，把珀斯作为 “没有比现在更合适的时间来做这件事情 澳大利亚州最大的私立学校之一，最近推出 了，而且从西澳大利亚州的经济角度来看， 留学目的地来推广。 ” 了一项定制证书课程，以帮助未来的国际学 培育一些构成经济转型阶段的行业至关重 Iain Langridge表示，尽管国际学生对留学 生准备如何在珀斯生活。 要。 澳大利亚兴趣高涨，但近年来学生人数的增 该学院与上海和洛阳的两所中国学校合作， 长仍然主要呈现在其他几个州。来自DET的 “虽然矿业将永远是一个西澳大利亚州的 开设了国际留学桥梁课程，该课程于今年9 最新数据显示，截至6月底，在澳洲的高中、 特色,但我认为我们已经从上一次矿业繁荣 月推出。并将于2018年启动该项目的第二阶 的逐渐衰退中学到，我们需要创造更长久并 大学、职业教育和培训机构就读的国际学 段，届时St Stephens将与大连、上海、洛阳、 生有583,243名。其中有170,547名中国留 持续增长的行业,从而弥补矿业的不稳定。 德阳和深圳的学校寻求正式的合作。 学生注册在读，占了巨大的比例。然而，这些 他说:“像国际教育这样的行业可以持续发 St Stephens的校长Iain Langridge说，这 中国学生中只有5,731人在珀斯就读。相比 展，也能真正地为经济做贡献，我认为还有 个项目是通过与中国的大学，以及与科廷大 机会做到更多。 ” 之下，在新南威尔士州就读的中国学生约为

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

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OPINION | 观点 Associate Professor Hadrian G. Djajadikerta Associate Dean Research School of Business and Law Edith Cowan University

700 words

Hadrian G. Djajadikerta 副教授 学术副院长

HADRIAN G. DJAJADIKERTA* | 作者

国际教育产业 机会与 风险同在

Opportunities, risks in exporting education SINCE the end of the mining boom, much attention has focused on Australia’s services sector to take up the slack in the economy.

One of the obvious service exports the country has relied on is international education.

The relationship with our Asian neighbours in terms of education export is currently very healthy. The latest 2016 export data indicate international education has performed tremendously well, with current figures being the highest since 2010.

The latest data from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade show the value of Australia’s trade in services in 2016 was $146.8 billion, an increase of 3.3 per cent from that in 2015.

This accounts for 21.8 per cent of Australia’s total trade in goods and services, an increase of 0.5 per cent from 2015.

Obviously, exports are crucial for our overall economic performance, and education is one of the most important.

Australia’s 2016 exports of services rose 9.2 per cent to $71.2 billion, with an increase of 17 per cent in education exports to $22.5 billion, of which education-related travel services (including international student expenditure on tuition fees and living expenses) was the largest component, valued at $22 billion.

China was the largest source of education-related travel services income, contributing $6.1 billion, followed by India ($2.6 billion) and Vietnam ($1.1 billion).

The largest contributing sector was higher education valued at $15.1 billion, followed by vo34

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cational education and training ($3.7 billion) and English language intensive courses ($1.1 billion).

In 2016, the $22 billion of education-related travel services was the third largest goods and services exported from Australia, accounting for 6.6 per cent of the total $330 billion (behind iron ore and concentrates (the highest at $53.8 billion), and coal (second highest at $42.3 billion).

It is obvious Australia’s education export sector, and its relationship with Asia, is a large and vital part of the economy.

With regards to the actual numbers of international students in Australia, the July 2017 data from the Department of Education and Training show a total of 564,869 international students in the country, an increase of 15 per cent from July 2016.

More than half of these came from China (29 per cent), India (11 per cent), Nepal (4 per cent), Malaysia (4 per cent), and Vietnam (4 per cent).

Since students can study more than one course in a calendar year, the report shows 685,499 enrolments in July 2017, 49 per cent of which were in the higher education sector.

There are a number of factors that may contribute to the good number and proportion of international students from Asia. These are Australia’s proximity to Asia, a growing Australian reputation for high-quality education, and most likely a lower Australian dollar.

A recent international student and alumni satisfaction survey, conducted by the International Alumni Job Network and Nielsen, also indicates Asian students who studied at Aus-

tralian universities are largely happy with their experience.

Ensuring these factors remain in place could be helpful in supporting the sector in years to come.

Consistent with the strong education export story, other service industries such as tourism are becoming increasingly integrated with Asian markets.

The good news is that tourism exports (international tourism consumption in Australia) increased by 11.1 per cent to $34.2 billion in 2016, with short-term visitor arrivals of 8.3 million visitors in 2016, an increase of 11 per cent compared with that in 2015. China was the second largest source of international visitors, with 1.2 million movements, behind New Zealand, with 1.35 million movements.

It is worthwhile noting that international education can also contribute to other sectors of the Australian economy, including tourism.

For example, it is not difficult to understand that the increase of education exports leads to an increase in tourism and investment expenditures from visiting friends and relatives, who come to Australia to visit an international student.

There are also potential economic and social benefits from knowledge exchange and collaboration, trade and investment links, improved cultural literacy and capital.

As Asia’s middle class grows, it is likely the demand for Australian services will continue to expand.

Australia, however, cannot be slack in its efforts to capitalise on this opportunity, which will likely not be available forever. China, India, Korea and some of the South-East Asian nations have continued to invest heavily in building their own world-class universities.

China, for example, has clearly had continuous plans to achieve this goal over the past few decades. These include Project 211 and Project 985, which aimed to strengthen their universities and to establish world-class universities in the 21st century.

Just recently, they have started the “dou-

观点

| OPINION

CATALYST There are clear economic and social benefits from attracting international students. Photo: ECU 催化剂 吸引国际留学生对当地有明显的经 济及社会效益。照片：ECU ble-first class” initiative, which aims to eventually build a number of world-class universities and disciplines by the end of 2050. The rise of these universities raises the prospect that Australian universities may have much more competition in the region in decades to come.

Consequently, while a strong opportunity for education export still exists right now, all stakeholders, including the government, the universities, and the industries, should keep focusing on improving Australia’s high-quality education, ensuring a first-rate travel experience and enhancing the student experience by providing more extensive workplace-based internships and programs.

For Australian universities themselves, as much as this current growth in international education is financially good, there is a financial risk if the intake of international students falls – since a significant portion of university revenue comes from international student fees.

In the longer-term, a collaborative strategic and balanced approach in managing international education is thus needed. 伴随着矿业繁荣时期终结，澳大利亚经济的 正逐步向服务业转型，以改善疲软的经济形 势。国际教育是澳大利亚的一大重要出口产 业。长期以来，澳大利亚与亚洲国家在国际 教育上保持着健康良好的合作关系。2016年 的最新数据显示，国际教育产业保持着良好 的发展态势，达到了自2010年以来的最高水 平。

来自澳大利亚外交贸易部（Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade）的最新数据显 示，2016年澳大利亚在服务行业的贸易额达 到了1468亿澳币，相比2015年增加了3.3% ，占澳大利亚在商品和服务出口贸易总额 的21.8%，相比2015年增加了0.5%。我们可 以很明显地看到，出口贸易对于经济形势有 着关键的影响，教育业在其中的地位不容小 觑。

2016年，澳大利亚服务业出口额达到了712 亿澳币，增长了9.2%，其中，教育出口额增长 了17%，达到了225亿澳币，有220亿澳币来 自教育相关的旅游服务（包括来自留学生学 费和生活费），是教育出口额的主要组成部 分。澳大利亚教育相关旅游服务收入主要来 自中国（ 61亿澳币） ，印度（26亿澳币）位列第 二，越南（11亿澳币）排在第三。 其中，151亿澳币来自高等教育，位列各个教 育行业中的首位，职业教育（37亿澳币）、英 语短期培训课程（11亿澳币）紧随其后。

2016年，教育相关的旅游行业成为排在铁矿 石精矿（538亿澳币）和煤（423亿澳币）之后 的第三大出口产品。

A collaborative strategic and balanced approach in managing international education is thus needed.

国际教育产业管理需要采取合作的发展战略和均衡的 发展手段。 不难发现，教育出口产业和澳大利亚与亚洲 的关系，是两个对澳大利亚的经济有着重要 影响的因素 。

澳大利亚教育部（Department of Education and Training）提供的统计数 据显示，截至2017年7月，共有564,869名国 际留学生在澳学习，与2016年7月相比，增长 了15%。

其中，来自中国（29%）、印度（11%）、尼泊尔 （4%）、马来西亚（4%）和越南（4%）的留学 生超过留学生总人数的一半。报告显示，截 至2017年七月，685,499的课程由留学生注 册（由于学生每年可以注册一门或一门以上 的课程） ，其中有49%来自高等教育部门。 澳大利亚邻近亚洲，高质量的教育水平和 澳元持续贬值都是亚洲学生选来澳留学 原因。近期，由International Alumni Job Network and Nielsen进行的国际学生和 毕业生的满意度调查显示，绝大多数亚洲留 学生对于在澳的留学经历表示满意。

这些因素将对于澳大利亚教育行业提供了 持续的支持。除了在教育出口方面取得的成 功，澳大利亚在包括旅游产业在内的其他服 务行业领域与亚洲展开的合作也佳报频传。 在2016年，旅游出口额（国际游客在澳的消 费）达到了342亿澳币，增长了11.1%，，游客 人数达到了830万人次，相比于2015年增长 了11%。其中，来自新西兰的游客人数以135 万人次位居首位，中国以120万人次的游客 数量紧随其后。值得关注的是，留学产业也 同时带动了澳大利亚其他方面的经济增长 。举例来讲，由于留学产业的发展，会有更多

的旅客来澳走亲访友，此举必会带动旅游观 光和投资方面的消费。

此外，学术的合作交流、贸易投资联系、文化 素养和资本方面的提高都会对澳大利亚带 来潜在的社会经济效益。随着亚洲中产阶级 的崛起，对于澳大利亚服务领域的需求势必 会持续增加。 澳大利亚必须把握住这个时机，否则这个机 会可能会一去不复返。因为中国、印度、韩国 和很多东南亚国家都投入大量资金，全力打 造世界一流大学。

以中国为例，在过去的几十年中，中国制定 了明确的计划，来实现在21世纪打造世界一 流大学的目标。 “211工程”和“985工程”就是 其中的两个重点项目。最近提出的 ‘双一流’ 倡议，目标到2050年，完成一批世界一流大 学和学科的建设。未来十年中，这些大学的 发展将会对澳大利亚的大学带来新的挑战。 因此，尽管澳大利亚留学产业还有很多的发 展机会，政府、大学、教育行业等相关机构仍 需要作出以下努力：提高澳大利亚的教育水 平，使之保持在高水平的状态、保证一流的 旅游观光体验、为留学生提供更多的实习机 会以保证更好的留学体验。 对于澳大利亚的大学来说，虽然目前留学产 业的发展带来了可观的收入，但是留学生数 量一旦下降就会带来很大的金融风险—— 原因为大学的收入很大一份部分来自国际 学生。 从长远的角度来看，国际教育产业管理需要 采取合作的发展战略和均衡的发展手段。 2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

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OPINION | 观点 Andrew Pickford is a strategist and economic policy specialist at Perth USAsia Centre.

700 words

Andrew Pickford 珀斯美亚中心（Perth USAsia Centre） 分析师，经济政策专家 This column has been adapted from a research paper produced by Perth USAsia Centre, China’s Grand Strategy and Energy.

ANDREW PICKFORD | 作者

中国能源战略决策对西澳 大利亚的影响

China’s grand energy plan has WA implications AS China secures international sources of energy and its economic and security concerns expand, it will devise energy security policies that safeguard its interests, but also provide opportunities for Western Australian producers.

With its strong economic growth and industrialisation over the past decades, China’s energy demand and supply patterns have changed substantially.

China’s energy policy most visibly impacted on Australia after 2003, when its energy demand departed from historical norms and a supply side shock reverberated in worldwide commodity markets.

Increased Australian export volumes of thermal coal and natural gas to China were part of this trend. With greater exposure to China’s economy, fluctuations in growth influenced the price of Australian seaborne coal as well as the spot price of LNG sent to East Asia.

Around this time, China’s economic and market indicators were reported in mainstream nightly news reports. Most Australians are now aware of China’s economic growth and energy demand.

However, China did more than passively buy energy products through world markets. To mitigate supply disruption, Chinese companies have secured equity stakes in natural gas fields and coal mines.

This also occurred in Australia. Beyond energy and energy resources, China’s acquisition of Australian electricity transmission assets was uncontroversial until China’s State Grid 36

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

attempt to purchase a controlling stake in the country’s largest electricity network, Ausgrid located in New South Wales, was blocked by Treasurer Scott Morrison.

By the time of the proposed acquisition of Ausgrid, State Grid already had interests in Victoria’s SP AusNet and South Australia’s ElectraNet. An early 2017 proposal from Powerchina (Power Construction Corporation of China) to build a 250-megawatt natural gas-fired generator in South Australia is part of the trend of exporting capital, technology and energy services.

At a reported cost of $350 million, and potentially operating by mid-2018, formal details are yet to be released. However, the timing of information reaching the public realm may indicate a greater level of sophistication in public relations of Chinese SOEs. Released early in 2017 after minor blackouts in the state, and following a system-wide collapse in late 2016, indicates an intention to minimise public backlash or concerns.

Despite the significant changes to China’s domestic energy production profile, Australian interest in this topic tends to peak when there is proposed acquisition which captures public attention or is thought to impact on national security.

A similar observation can be made about the agriculture and mining sectors, which also reflect Beijing’s attempt to lock in raw material supply chains to the source of production.

The implications of China’s energy strategy

本栏消息来源于Perth USAsia Centre 的 《中国大战略与能源策略》 研究成果 （China’ s Grand Strategy and Energy）。 随着中国经济的发展，和能源安全意识的加 强，作为世界能源大国，中国将会调整能源 安全政策，使之更符合国内发展利益。这对 于西澳大利亚能源生产商来讲，也是重大利 好消息。 过去十年中，中国经济飞速发展，工业化进 程不断推进，因此，中国能源需求和供应模 式也在不断变化。

2003年之后，中国能源需求标准的改变，以 及供给冲击，都给世界商品市场带来了重大 影响。同时，中国能源政策对澳大利亚的影 响也日益突出。 澳大利亚对中国动力煤和天然气出口量不 断上涨是非常明显地信号，也是未来的大势 所向。随着与中国合作的不断加深，澳大利 亚矿石海运价格和输送至东亚的天然气现 货价格都大幅上涨。 在此期间，主流媒体不断大幅报道中国的经 济和市场指数。因此，越来越多的澳大利亚 人逐渐意识到，中国持续上涨的经济和能源 需求 。

然而，中国并不会过度依赖进口渠道购买能 源产品。为了减轻进口能源对中国本土能源 企业的冲击，中国能源企业在天然气和煤炭 方面一直持有稳定的股权。 这种情况在澳大利亚同样存在，澳大利亚 财政部长斯科特·莫里森(Scott Morrison) 拒绝了中国国家电网公司（China’s State Grid）对位于新南威尔士州，澳大利亚最大 的电网公司——Ausgrid公司控制权的收 购请求。

此前，中国国家电网公司还曾对位于维多利 亚州的SP AusNet公司，和位于南澳大利亚 州的ElectraNet公司有过投资意向。

当前，资本、科技和能源服务的出口贸易 是 澳 大 利 亚 的 新 趋 势 。2 0 1 7 年 年 初 ，中 国电力建设集团（Power Construction Corporation of China）计划在南澳大利亚 建造250兆瓦发电厂，正是顺应了此次浪潮。

据称，此项目总投资3.5亿澳元，预计2018 年年中投入运营，但具体细节还尚未公布。 透过官方迟迟未发布消息时间，其实也可能 在某种程度上暗示着此次公共关系的复杂 程度，及其对中国国有企业带来的巨大影

观点

DEMAND China’s changing energy policies will be welcomed by LNG exporters active off Australia’s north west coast. Photo: Shell Global

for WA vary to those for the east coast. The lack of a major coal export sector is one notable difference. Based on discussions with security analysts and industry participants, there are four key areas which deserve attention: 1. LNG export markets: WA’s LNG industry has been largely focused on East Asian export markets. As Japanese and Korean markets mature, China’s demand for natural gas remains an important variable. This is exacerbated by efforts to shift to spot pricing and a depressed price outlook to the early 2020s.

Decisions by China over its energy and industrial policy will be an important driver for demand of WA’s natural gas. In the longer term, this will influence brownfield expansion and the next wave of LNG investments.

2. Natural gas reserves: Linked to natural gas demand are efforts by China to directly secure energy reserves. Acquisition of part ownership of WA gas fields is largely uncontroversial. However, should depressed prices change asset valuations, this could change. The prospect of China seeking to buy smaller gas-related companies and gas fields in the state is a distinct possibility.

When linked to the politically sensitive issue of domestic gas supply and pricing, there is potential for such deals to become subject to greater debate.

1. State electricity assets: In 2016 the the Barnett-led state government proposed the sale of the government-owned electricity transmission and distribution entity Western Power. The sales process will not proceed due to the result of the March 2017 election. However, with significant levels of state debt, privatisation of WA electricity utilities, including generation and retail assets, remain an option. Despite being relatively small companies, an open sales process for these utilities could draw attention from Chinese buyers. As with Powerchina in South Australia, acquisition of gas power generation assets (and greenfield expansions) may be timed after an energy crisis or incident, making popular acceptance more palatable.

2. Energy products and services: It is likely China’s efforts to export energy products and services will accelerate, especially if its domestic economy slows. The proliferation of cheap household photovoltaic panels and equipment across Perth buildings is the first phase of this trend. Greater levels of Chinese electricity equipment, consumer goods and smart grid technology will be attractive to WA companies and individuals. This will not necessarily trigger a decision like the government ban on Huawei the Chinese telecom giant, participating in the National Broadband Network. However, should WA’s critical infrastructure or systems become dependent on Chinese energy technologies there may be an eventual push back or restrictions imposed.

| OPINION

需求 澳大利亚西北海岸的液化天然气项目 积极配合中国调整后的能源政策。照片：壳 牌国际

响。2016年，南澳大利亚州经历了大规模电 力系统瘫痪，在2017年年初，再次遭遇局部 停电事故。在此情况下将该项目对外公布， 可以稳定民众情绪，减少民众担忧。 尽管中国国内能源生产形势发生了很大变 化，中国的收购行为依然吸引了越来越多澳 大利亚民众的关注，很多民众担心：中国的 收购行为是否会对澳大利亚国家安全产生 影响？ 除此之外，在农业和矿业领域也有着相似的 情况，这也反映了中国在锁定上游原材料供 应上的尝试。

西澳大利亚与东海岸最大差异之一便是主 要煤炭出口总量不足。因此，中国的能源战 略，对西澳大利亚和对澳大利亚东海岸，有 着不同的影响。根据证券分析师和行业知情 人士提供的信息，以下四个主要领域值得关 注。

液化天然气出口市场：东亚地区，是西澳大 利亚液化天然气出口的主要市场。在这个区 域内，日本市场和韩国市场已经日趋成熟。 但是，中国市场的天然气需求还存在很多变 数。现货定价，和对2020年左右不理想的价 格预期，都使中国市场的情况变得更加不明 朗。中国的能源和工业政策，在很大程度上 影响着中国市场对西澳大利亚进口天然气 的需求。从长期角度来看，还会对液化天然 气扩建项目，和随后的液化天然气投资产生 影响。 天然气储备：由于天然气需求的增加，中国 通过收购西澳大利亚天然气气田的股权，来

直接获得天然气资源。未来，中国在西澳大 利亚收购小型天然气公司和气田的可能性 非常大。但是，由于其中涉及：本土天然气供 应和定价等敏感因素，相关交易在未来可能 会饱受争议。

西 澳 州 电 力 资 产 ：2 0 1 6 年 ，巴 内 特 （Barnett）领导的州政府，拟出售政府所 有的输电配电公司——西部电力（Western Power）。2017年三月的，州选举结果公布之 后，销售过程随即停止。然而，由于西澳大利 亚州高水平的政府负债，西澳大利亚小型私 有电力公司（包括发电和电力销售）仍可以 作为收购的选择。虽然公司规模较小，但是 通过公开销售，仍会吸引中国买家的关注。 以中国电力建设集团南澳大利亚的项目为 例，在能源危机或者突发事件之后，对发电 公司进行收购可能是个很好的时机，也会让 民众更好地接受。 能源产品与服务：中国出口能源产品和服务 的步伐将会加快，如果本土市场的发展节奏 放缓，这个现象可能会更加明显。这个趋势 的第一个阶段体现在：珀斯家用光伏发电板 和相关设备的使用量激增 。中国在电力设 施、生活消费品和智能电网技术等方面发展 水平较高，这将会吸引很多来自西澳大利亚 的公司和个人。 澳大利亚政府禁止中国电 信巨头——华为（Huawei）参与国家宽带系 统，但是，以目前情况来看，澳大利亚政府， 暂时不会对中国能源产品与服务出口领域 进行类似的限制。但是，如果将来西澳大利 亚的重点基础设施和体系，开始依赖中国能 源科技，届时，政府可能会采取相关措施以 减轻对本土市场的影响。 2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

37

OPINION | 观点 Esther Oh AusAsia Resources

700 words

ESTHER OH | 作者

要把困难当做机遇

Turning problems into opportunities I HAD an interesting conversation with a client who wanted to expand his business into Asia.

John lamented how difficult it was to penetrate new markets where the language, culture, legal systems and business practices were different to those in Australia.

With his business declining in Perth, he looked to tap into Asia’s growing affluence in a bid to grow his company.

The difficulties he experienced seemed insurmountable and he had no idea how and where to start.

He sought professional help rather than battle the maze himself.

As a starting point to help John, I quoted from Forbes School of Business Professor Reed Markham: “Successful leaders see the opportunities in every difficulty rather than the difficulty in every opportunity.”

In fact, the two Chinese characters for crisis (危机 pronounced as wei ji) translated stand for danger and opportunity.

In every challenge, there are dangers and risks you need to consider carefully, but hidden in these pockets are opportunities to tap into, learn and grow in your knowledge, skills and experience.

But to spot these opportunities, you first need to change your perceptions, review what you have done right or wrong, and reflect on how you can effectively move forward with the right connections and resources to turn difficulties into opportunities.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

Indeed, there is a Chinese saying 乱世出英 雄 (pronounced luan shi cu ying xiong), which means it is only in difficult, chaotic times heroes emerge.

Only in times of crisis, when you have to think outside the box to overcome difficult circumstances, will you see your true self and test your authenticity, leadership, patience, resilience and perseverance.

It is often only in challenging times smart entrepreneurs innovate and transform difficulties into opportunities to stand out from the crowd, and be seen as the leader of their industry.

Steve Jobs, founder of Apple, and Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, are great examples of leaders who seized golden opportunities in the middle of various difficulties when most doomsayers argued their ideas were crazy and their big dreams were about to crash.

Consider the challenges you are facing today.

For instance, in John’s case, his greatest challenge was he could not speak Mandarin and did not understand the complexities of doing business in China.

Possible solutions could be learning some basic “ice-breaker” conversations in Mandarin, reading up on China-Australia Free Trade Agreement concessions, export-import laws, customs, social etiquette and finding out the who’s who in the market you want to penetrate, and who has the 关系 (guanxi, also

known as relationships) to connect you to the decision makers.

You don’t have to do it alone. Reflect and brainstorm with your team on the options.

Research and list the difficulties, opportunities, risks, costs and benefits for each option objectively.

Consider them in the light of your strengths and weaknesses (do your SWOT analysis) and determine what you need to do, in what order of priority based on your timeframe and resources.

This simple yet effective exercise will give you better clarity and a roadmap to navigate the challenges.

With a clearer view, you will be able to turn your difficulties into opportunities, and determine what you need to do and who you need to get on board to achieve your business objectives.

观点

| OPINION

CULTURE Chinese markets represent significant opportunity for Australian business, but navigating cultural differences and foreign business practices remains a challenge. Photo: Hanny Naibaho 文化 中国市场将是澳大利亚的重大商机， 但文化差异和涉外贸易实务仍是巨大的挑 战。 我和一位想扩展亚洲市场的客户进行过一 段有趣的对话。约翰（John）唉叹道要参透 一个语言，文化背景，法律系统以及商业模 式与澳洲完全不同的新市场是极其困难的。 当他的生意在珀斯逐渐衰退时，他决心跟随 亚洲市场的涨势来发展自己的公司。 可他目前遭遇到看起来似乎不可能被克服 的困难，而且他也完全不知道该如何开始发 展。他转而寻求专业帮助，而不再是独自一 人面对谜团。

在最开始帮助约翰的时候，我引用了来自福 布斯商学院里德·马克姆教授的的名言-“成 功的领导者每一次困境中都会看见机遇， 而不是在每次机遇中只看到困境。 ” 事实上，中文中“危机”二字就指代危险和机 遇。在每一次挑战中，你需要去小心谨慎地 思考应对存在的危难和风险；但伴随而来的 是每一次机遇可以用来去挖掘、学习和增长 你自己的知识、能力以及经验。但是去抓住

这些机遇的过程中， 首先你需要改变你的 看法，回顾一下自己功过是非，相较之下总 结经验找对方向将困境转变为机遇。

当然，有一句中国老话讲“乱世出英雄”，意 指时势造英雄。危机发生时，当你需要去多 方位的思考渡过目前的困境时，你将会遇见 最真实的自己，同时也可检测自己的可靠 性，领导力，耐力，适应力以及毅力。 在遇到 挑战的大多数时候，优秀的企业家会通过革 新和转型将困境转变为机遇，因而从困境中 脱身出来，成为各自行业中的佼佼者。 苹果公司创始人史蒂夫·乔布斯以及阿里巴 巴创始人马云，都是最好的例证。 当末世预 言家们质疑他们想法疯狂，并预言他们会失 败时， 他们作为领导者却在动荡时期抓住 了最宝贵的机遇。 思考一下你目前遇见的挑战。

例如在约翰的这个案例里， 他最大的挑战

就是他不会讲普通话，也并不了解在中国做 生意的复杂程度。可行性的解决方案是他可 以去学一些简单的可化解尴尬的普通话对 话，了解学习《中澳自由贸易协定条例》，进 出口法律，风土人情和人文礼节。因此找出 在这个市场中你想要去了解谁，并且谁有关 系和能力能引导你去认识决策者。你并不需 要单独行动，在面临选择时可以和你的团队 分享并探讨。有针对性的对每一个选项检索 并列举出困难，机遇，风险，代价以及利益。 结合自己的优势和劣势（创建一个自身的四 点分析-优势、劣势、机会、威胁）然后来决定 自己需要做的任务。 可根据自己的时间表 和已掌握的资源来安排事情的优先顺序。 这个简单却有效的练习将会在你遇见困境 时给你一个更好的认知和引导。具有这样一 个清晰的洞察力，你将有机会把你的困境转 变为机遇，并考虑清楚你需要做什么，以及 需要谁来引导你去实现你的生意目标。

Successful leaders see the opportunities in every difficulty, rather than the difficulty in every opportunity - Reed Markham 成功的领导者会在每一次困境中寻求机遇，而不是在机遇中只 看见困境。 -Reed Markham

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

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PICTURE STORY | 图画故事 1

China National Day Celebrations Hosted by the Consulate General of People’s Republic of China in Perth

驻珀斯总领馆举行庆祝中华人民共和国国庆节招待会 9

8

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

7

图画故事 2

| PICTURE STORY

3

4

5

6

1 DELICIOUS Guests at the reception shared the finest in Chinese culinary delights. 珍馐美馔 众人齐欢笑，宾客 满堂绕。接待朋友用真心， 美食美酒爱国情。 2 Xing Chao, Lei Kezhong, Kerry Sanderson and Tang Yanhong.

3 FOCUSED: The WA governor and the Chinese Consul-General take in proceedings. 焦点 西澳大利亚州政府与 中华人民共和国驻珀斯总 领事馆进行会晤。

4 Nan Zhu, Zhou Mei and Chang Zhidan.

8 Wei Liang and Cheng Sijun.

5 TOAST: Lei Kezhong pays tribute to 45 years of SinoAustralian relations. 举杯邀明月 雷克中总领事 盛赞中澳建交45年丰硕成果

9 JOYFUL: The reception was well-attended by hundreds of guests. 欢欣鼓舞 招待会广受好评， 上百宾客赞不绝口

6 Huang Jiangou, Liu Bing, Xuan Liping, Lu Yongfeng, David Sun, Wei Liang, Cheng Sijun, Max Ji and Cai Zheng.

All photos Philip Gostelow

7 ATMOSPHERE Spirits were high at the Chinese Consulate. 气氛 中国驻珀斯领事馆全 场气氛庄重而热烈。

2017年十月 | OCTOBER 2017

41

NEWS | 新闻

雷克中领事赢取与州长麦高文的乒乓球赛

Lei over McGowan in ping pong classic 本刊记者 : Staff reporter WESTERN Australia’s Table Tennis Centre in East Victoria Park recently hosted the highest-profile match in its history, with Chinese Consul-General Lei Kezhong challenging Premier Mark McGowan to a game of ping pong.

The match was one of the highlights of the Australia China Business Association-China Chamber of Commerce Australia’s annual ping pong tournament, running in its third iteration in 2017.

Mr Lei was in control throughout the good-natured match, but was surprised by several deft shots from Mr McGowan, who rallied in the second set to force a decisive game three.

But Mr Lei was too good in the third for the premier, showing off a vast array of drop shots and topspin manoeuvres, as well as a devastating serve.

Mr McGowan admitted after the game he was overmatched, largely because his usual opponents across the ping pong table were his two young children.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

西澳大利亚州East Victoria Park区乒乓球中心近期举办了州史上 最高级别的乒乓球赛，并由中华人民共和国驻珀斯领事馆总领事雷 克中与应邀出席的西澳大利亚州州长马克·麦高文进行了一场乒乓 球友谊赛。

这是中国澳大利亚商会（CCCA）珀斯分会与澳大利亚中国工商业 委员会（ACBC）西澳分会联合举办的2017年第三届乒乓球友谊赛 中最大的亮点。 雷克中总领事很好地控制了整场比赛的节奏，他也对麦高文州长几 板灵活巧妙的回球表示很惊讶。但雷克中总领事在三场比赛中第二 回合中果断地重新接管比赛。

在第三回合中，雷克中总领事游刃有余地展示了他的高超技术，左 右开弓让麦高文州长难以招架。 麦高文州长赛后坦言，他平时更多的时间是陪他的孩子打球，所以 面对成人比赛结果不言而喻。

School of

Promoting healthy and productive work in the workplace of the Business future

& Law

ECU Business Flashlight Promoting healthy and productive work in the workplace of the future Edith Cowan University’s School of Business and Law invite you to the ECU Business Flashlight, a regular forum for researchers and practitioners to engage in collaborative dialogue with industry and government on relevant issues in business and management.

There is considerable evidence that psychosocial risks have negative impacts on employee engagement and productivity due to their influence on mental health and depression, psychological distress and absenteeism. Psychosocial risk factors include aspects of work organisation that are a result of human action and have the potential to cause psychological harm. Changes in the nature of work arising from technological advancement, globalisation, demographic shifts and a 24/7 culture have potential to increase the risk of psychological harm to workers. In this forum, two academics and a psychologist discuss the problem of psychosocial risk, and suggest some ways organisations can develop healthy work through their management approach.

When:

Thursday, 16 November 2017

Where:

The City of Perth Library Auditorium 573 Hay Street, Perth

Time:

17:15 - 17:30 Registrations 17:30 - 18:45 Presentations and Forum 18:45 - 19:30 Networking over refreshments

To register and obtain and obtain your free admission pass for this event, please log on to the Eventbrite website: https://ecubusinessflashlight32017.eventbrite.com.au Kind regards, Associate Professor Hadrian Djajadikerta Associate Dean Research School of Business and Law

This forum will feature the following presenters: Stephen Teo is Professor of Work Performance and Professorial Research Fellow at Edith Cowan University’s School of Business and Law. He also heads the Centre of Work and Organisational Performance. Stephen is recognised as one of the leading scholars in the field of human resource management, publishing extensively in the areas of strategic HRM and public management. His current research examines the impact of organisational change on the well-being and performance of public sector employees. He is also researches on illtreatment at the workplace and psychosocial capital. Stephen has been involved in industry research projects funded by organisations such as Ramsay Health, NSW Department of Environment, New Zealand EEO Trust, New Zealand Tertiary Education Union, and Australian Defence Organisation.

Tim Bentley is Professor of Work and Organisation and Director of Research at the School of Management in Massey University, New Zealand. A widely published and cited author, he is also senior editor of the Journal of Management and Organisation, a Cambridge University Press publication. Tim is the founding member of Massey’s Healthy Work Group and former Director of the New Zealand Work Research Institute. Tim leads government and industry-funded research in three key fields: wellbeing and psychosocial risk (notably workplace bullying), occupational health and safety, and the future of work. He is currently leading the development of the New Zealand Workplace Barometer, a national research programme developed to monitor the extent, cost and nature of psychosocial risk in New Zealand workplaces, and the promotion of healthy work towards improved wellbeing and performance.

Pearl Proud is the Clinical Lead at Headspace, and an Affiliate for the National Trauma Centre. Pearl is an Accredited AHPRA Clinical Supervisor, supervising and coaching individuals, prospective psychologists and multidisciplinary teams. Pearl’s experience in the public sector includes roles as Recruiting Psychologist with the WA Police and in a program supporting neo-natal women with PND at King Edward Memorial Hospital. She is on the Advisory Board of ECU’s School of Business and Law’s Centre for Work and Organisational Performance, and a Director and Chair of ConnectGroups. Pearl also takes part in governance mentorship at the Office of Multicultural Interests, the Chamber of Commerce and the Institute of Management.

She was awarded an Inaugural National Living Legend Award for making a professional and civic contribution as an African-Australian to the broader Australian community.

PHOTO 月照

OF THE MONTH

Little Beach, Albany Photo: Ryan Benson