Grain Business Magazine - December 2012

December 2012

Diversify crop mix

Soil secrets

Heart of the pulse trade

Is bigger better?

Maximise profits

Domestic demand in the Indian sub-continent

Heat on weed spraying Take spray drift seriously

Carbon critical for healthy soils Expanding the family farm

SARDI Sowing Guide 2013 Next season’s best varieties

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CONTENTS Š Copyright. Editorial material published in Grain Business is copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without written permission from the Publisher or Editor.

Print Post Approved: PP 510545/00616 Publisher Produced to add value to Australia’s grain industry by Viterra 124-130 South Tce Adelaide, SA 5000 Phone: (08) 8211 7199 gbm@viterra.com Design & Production Fuller Phone: (08) 8363 6811 37 Fullarton Rd Kent Town, SA 5067 fuller.com.au Advertising Rebecca Long RKL Media Phone: (08) 8843 0059 Mobile: 0417 813 480 rebecca@rklmedia.com.au Cover note: Harvesting at dusk in Balaklava, South Australia PHOTO: Tom Roschi from TRP Photography tom@trp.com.au

At Grain Business, we want to provide useful, insightful, and up to date information in each and every issue. If there are any topics you would like to see featured in future editions or if you have any feedback about Grain Business magazine, please contact us at gbm@viterra.com.

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2012 Harvest edition

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Profit from a diverse crop mix Breaking the continuous cropping cycle is a risk management strategy

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IPM keeps your powder dry

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The heartbeat of the pulse trade

10

In Brief

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Farm profile Cawarra

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Heat on summer weed spraying Take spray drift seriously this summer

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Slow down to reduce drift risk Spraying at the right ground speed can reduce drift and improve spray accuracy

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DNA tests reveal soil secrets

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Pros and cons of disc seeding

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Sowing the good seed Clean up to maximise crop establishment in 2013

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Is bigger better?

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Wanted: Professional agriculturalists

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Special Grain Business Supplement SARDI Sowing Guide

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Wool update Optimise your wool price

Grain Marketing Options • Cash

• Contract • Pools Contact your local Customer Relationship Manager today or call 1800 018 205

Foreword

2012 Harvest edition Welcome to the harvest edition of Viterra’s Grain Business magazine. This edition features a variety of articles designed to help you with a range of elements across your cropping and wool enterprises.

Crop rotations seem to have fallen out of favour recently, however there may be benefits in ensuring your soil has a mix of crops grown over successive years.

This edition of Grain Business explores various methods of crop rotation along with the short and long term benefits involved.

As the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) undertakes a review into the risks of spray drift, this Grain Business edition looks at methods to control your spraying, including droplet size, spraying speed, and understanding weather conditions.

We also have Viterra’s pulse trader’s insight on the Indian sub-continent pulse trade and why pricing pulses in Australia is so complex and 10 practical management tips to influence the quality and price of your wool.

This harvest edition of Grain Business features the 2013 SARDI Sowing Guide. While the information in this guide is based on trials in South Australia, the guide has proven useful for growers across Australia.

With the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) predicting the 2012/13 winter crop will be smaller than the past two record seasons, it is still forecast to be 17% above the five-year average.

As we progress through harvest, we wish you all a safe and successful season.

Dean McQueen Executive Manager Grain

December 2012

01

The Right Rotation

Profit from a diverse crop mix Breaking the continuous cropping cycle is a risk management strategy words/ Graeme Jennings

Rotation - growing crops in ‘order’ so each paddock carries the same sequence - was once standard practice.

In recent years rotations, designed to maintain soil health, avoid disease or pest build-up and often to add nitrogen, have lost favour, with many growers growing only wheat; a decision justified by claims that wheat is the most reliable crop, particularly in low-rainfall districts.

However, with diseases like yellow spot and other stubble-borne diseases building up as a result of ‘continuous wheat’ programs, the pendulum is swinging back, although modern rotations can look quite different from those of even 20 years ago.

In Australia, ‘rotation’ tends to be code for including broad-leafed crops, typically a legume or canola, in a cropping program. These crops are commonly referred to as ‘break’ crops; a revealing terminology that implies they are seen not as an integral part of the cropping program but a ‘break’ from the main game, which is seen as cereal production.

CSIRO Plant Industry Deputy Chief Mark Peoples, who heads the GRDC’s crop sequencing initiative, believes

Australian agriculture, and farmers, would benefit from a more diverse crop mix.

“Most grain-growers recognise they should include broadleaf species in their cropping program to reduce disease incidence for cereals, control weeds and to improve nitrogen fertility,” Dr Peoples said.

“However, the area sown to pulse legume crops or canola declined dramatically between 1999 and 2009 because of the run of late, dry seasons and a wide-spread perception that broad-leafed crops are higher risk and not as profitable as cereals.

“The focus on short-term financial returns, in many cases driven by debt levels and increasing input costs, means many growers have lost sight of the potential longer-term beneficial impacts of broad-leafed crops on the performance of following crops and the resulting financial benefits.

“Growers in southern cropping districts recognise that continuous wheat carries a yield penalty. This reduction is generally considered to be about 15%, but research data indicates an average yield increase of 20 to 50% in wheat crops grown without nitrogen

CSIRO Plant Industry Deputy Chief Mark Peoples: Diverse cereal rotations can lead to bigger profits.

fertiliser but following a legume, and an additional 0.8 t/ha from wheat grown after canola.”

These yield gains may be due to improved weed control, breaking cereal disease cycles, changes in soil structural characteristics or carry-over of residual soil water, he suggests.

“If the broad-leafed crop is a legume, the effects on soil biology and increased availability of nitrogen and other nutrients can also contribute significantly. These benefits often extend to several subsequent cereal crops, not just the crop immediately following the legume.

“On the other hand, growing extended sequences of successive cereal crops leads to a build-up of cereal diseases, pests and grass weeds, resulting in increased fungicide, pesticide and herbicide costs. It also leads to a decline in soil fertility or an unreliable response to fertiliser because of increased incidence of root disease.

“At the end of the day more fertiliser is needed to supply the required nutrients and ultimately wheat yields decline.”

The CSIRO crop sequencing initiative

December 2012

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The Right Rotation

Northern rotations

includes projects to quantify the rotational benefits of broadleaf crops or pastures for cereals and identify more profitable broadleaf cropping sequences for low, medium and high rainfall zones and irrigated systems.

Work is also underway on guidelines and economic data that growers and advisers can use to increase the diversity of species grown in rotation, and identify when broad-leafed crops or pastures are likely to provide the greatest benefits.

Opportunity crop In recent years discussion about rotations has tended to centre on economic issues and frequently

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Getting crop sequences right also pays dividends in northern cropping systems.

Malcolm Ryley, from Agri-Science Queensland, believes crop sequencing can help growers minimise populations of Fusarium fungi species and the main pathogen that causes charcoal rot and sorghum stalk rot.

“Where charcoal rot has been a problem in sorghum serious consideration should be given to growing a series of winter crops in sequence.

“These fungi have a limited host range, so non-host crops such as

winter cereal and broadleaf crops can be beneficial to future sorghum crops.”

Dr Ryley has found that summer crops can harbour fungal diseases that cause major yield losses in subsequent winter crops, with the disease link between sorghum and fusarium head blight in winter cereals a major concern.

“Sorghum can assist the disease organism to survive and sorghum crops should not be planted into or near winter cereal stubble likely to be infected with the pathogen,” he said.

Maize also hosts the fungus, particularly on the Liverpool Plains.

become a comparison of planned rotations and ‘opportunistic’ cropping aimed at maximising returns in the short term.

Many good growers combine these two concepts, starting with a conceptual rotation – or several rotations, if they have a variety of soil types – and making changes within that base structure in response to prices, seasonal conditions and cultural factors such as weed populations.

Risk, often closely linked to debt, can be a major influence on whether or not a grower is inclined to ‘opportunity crop’ or stick more closely to a planned rotation. Accepting more risk, often in the form of outlaying more on cropping

inputs, can bring higher rewards in the form of more income in the short term but also means bigger losses if the season doesn’t pan out or the anticipated prices don’t eventuate.

A grower with low debt and money in the bank can afford to aim for maximum returns – reward – on at least some of their paddocks because the business can survive a loss if things go wrong. A similar result could see someone with high debt and no cash buffer lose their business.

The farming environment is also a factor, with growers in ‘better’ districts having more crop options, giving them more flexibility to capitalise on market opportunities and achieve agronomic

The Right Rotation

objectives including weed, disease and pest management.

“The higher and more reliable the rainfall, and the better the soils, the more options a grower has,” said consultant Mick Faulkner, principal of SA-based Agrilink Agricultural Consultants.

“The lower the rainfall and the poorer the soil the less flexibility he has.”

According to Mike Krause, principal of Applied Economic Solutions, most farmers are not ‘profit maximisers’ but, he points out, opportunistic cropping does not necessarily mean ‘going for broke’. In some circumstances it might mean growing an extra paddock of lentils or canola instead of another paddock of wheat.

How likely a farmer is to adopt a more flexible, opportunistic approach, will be influenced by how comfortable he is with risk, agronomic issues like weeds and diseases and farm viability, Mr Krause said.

A grower with less than 60% equity in his business would probably be well advised to take a more conservative, long-term approach, he suggests.

“For growers considering a higherrisk, opportunistic approach the real question is whether or not they are in a position to take the risk they are considering. Can they cover it if the opportunity goes sour and produces a loss rather than improving returns?”

Count your losses Philip O’Callaghan, principal of Bendigo-based ORM Consulting, says that based on an analysis of 10 years of data from farms across south-eastern Australia, containing losses is the key to profitability.

“In low-income years the size of the business loss is determined by total costs, and in the period we reviewed, below-average income years were more frequent than above-average years,” he said.

“Businesses with higher total costs per hectare require a higher yield to break even financially. When yields are

limited by seasonal factors such as rainfall, high-cost businesses incur financial losses in more years.

“In the late 1990s our sample of Wimmera farms spent less than $400,000 a year on operating costs plus depreciation. Today, 15 years later, the same farms spend more than $800,000 a year. Costs have doubled while the profit remains similar, which means return on business investment has halved.”

This suggests a conservative approach is more sustainable and produces better long-term outcomes, he said.

“Profitable farming businesses diversify to spread the risk, growing a mixture of crops and often having livestock in their farming systems.

“They also take measures to lower their whole-farm costs, which reduces the return needed to cover costs and break even.”

His most profitable clients also aim for optimum, not maximum yields, which is a factor in containing production costs and reduces variation in income levels from season to season, enabling them to budget for profits in ‘average’ income years.

Crop rotation spreads risk and can reduce costs, and evidence is emerging that ‘break’ crops can be at least as profitable as wheat in the right conditions.

In trials run by CSIRO in association with the FarmLink grower group at Junee in southern NSW, as part of the GRDC crop sequencing project, all but three of the break crop options evaluated in 2011 had higher gross margins than barley or wheat. The exceptions were chickpeas, peas and lupins grown for brown manure rather than grain.

Wheat grown by the Birchip Cropping Group (BCG) and CSIRO at Hopetoun in the Victorian southern Mallee in 2011 yielded more where a break crop had been grown in either 2009 or 2010, with sequences involving break crops generating

more profit over three years than continuous wheat.

CSIRO Plant Industry Deputy Chief Mark Peoples believes crop sequences will be most profitable when broadleafed crops are grown to address agronomic issues such as grass weeds, root disease or low soil nitrogen levels.

GRDC-funded trials in the Katanning district of WA have shown that break crops can improve the performance of following wheat crops, with the yield from wheat grown after lupins more than 20% better than wheat after wheat, but over the period of the trial continuous wheat was more profitable than most of the other sequences except those containing oaten hay.

In NSW, however, researchers found that returns from a brown manure crop – sowing then spraying out a crop and leaving it to break down in the paddock to improve the soil – were equal to those from continuous cropping.

According to Rob Patterson, a director of NSW consultancy Rural Management Strategies, “a crop sequence of brown manure field peas followed by canola and two wheat crops can be as profitable at current commodity prices as continuous cropping, or mixed farming involving cropping and Merino sheep.

“A crop production system involving brown manure field peas has less production and financial risk compared to continuous cropping, due to lower input and operating costs.”

He believes such a system is likely to be more sustainable than continuous cropping and similar to mixed farming, requiring less herbicide and fertiliser nitrogen and maintaining higher levels of ground cover.

CSIRO scientist Vadakattu Gupta has recently shown that rotations can also influence rhizoctonia. He has found that levels of the disease are highest after cereals and lowest after canola or mustard, with the levels after noncereal options such as pulses, fallow or grass-free pasture between those two extremes.

December 2012

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Integrated Pest Management

IPM keeps your powder dry Backing off on insecticide sprays will ensure you have the big guns ready when you need them. words/ Graeme Jennings

Many farmers believe in integrated pest management - but how many actually put it into practice?

According to Dr Rohan Rainbow, GRDC Senior Manager, Plant Health the size of Australian cropping enterprises makes IPM a challenge for grain growers.

“It’s an issue of scale for many growers - how do you monitor insect populations in a 500 ha paddock and what does it cost,” Dr Rainbow said.

“Given that tank-mixing an insecticide with a herbicide spray adds only a few cents a hectare to the cost of the spray a lot of farmers thinks it makes good economic sense to add a shot of insecticide when going out to spray weeds in a canola crop, for example, just in case there might be a few insects about.

“But a percentage of those ‘few insects’ are likely to be beneficial predators or parasitoids helping keep pest populations at bay.

“So spraying might actually trigger a pest problem, rather than prevent it. This is a problem which has been reported in southern crops and is well documented in the cotton industry.”

According to Dr Rainbow, entomologists working in the cotton industry have developed an ‘Impacts Table’ that sets out the wider effects of using a variety of insecticides. It lists the target pests and persistence rating of 30 chemicals or chemical groups, their impact on 13 beneficial insects or groups of invertebrates and whether or not they are likely to increase the chances of pests re-establishing at damaging levels.

The bad news is that 12 of the insecticides listed actually increased the chances of pests developing after their use.

But even without the environmental considerations, which include the risk of developing resistance in insect populations, the conventional ‘spray just in case’ approach may not be the most economical, based on preliminary results from trials by cesar in conjunction with Birchip Cropping Group (BCG).

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Profit less protection The researchers found that using the conventional prophylactic or protective approach in a canola crop cost $11/ha compared with a total cost of $1.35/ha for a strategic treatment, in which a spray was applied only when pest numbers were high.

There was no difference in plant assessments or pest damage scores in the two treatments during the season and no significant difference in yield.

“These results suggest a combination of routine monitoring, accurate identification of pest and beneficial species and strategic use of chemicals could be the most viable approach to pest control,” said cesar director Dr Paul Umina.

Dr Rainbow sees prophylactic application of insecticides as a major issue for the grain industry.

“The up-front cost appears low because many growers apply insecticides as a tank mix with a herbicide, so there is no extra time or application cost, only the cost of the chemical.

“However, repeated routine use of the same or similar chemicals is a recipe for resistance and has the potential to leave growers without effective insecticides when they are needed to control high pest populations. It is far better to spray only when it is necessary.”

The industry cannot continue to rely only on chemicals and in many instances the quick fix may not be the best option, Dr Rainbow said.

“Chemicals will always have a role in crop protection but if growers continue to apply insecticides when they are not needed they increase the risk of developing resistant pest populations, which makes the chemicals ineffective.”

Pest resistance “We already have resistant populations of cotton bollworm, diamondback moth, silverleaf whitefly, Western flower thrip, redlegged earth mite and green peach aphid and every extra spray selects for more resistance,” Dr Rainbow said.

Integrated Pest Management

“This is a big challenge that can really be addressed only by growers educating themselves on the issues, and limiting use of insecticides to times when there are major pest problems.

“When a spray is needed it makes sense to use a chemical specific to the pest. Using an aphicide such as pirimicarb, for example, will control aphids but have minimal impact on other insects including beneficials that might be helping keep pest numbers down.

“Growers worried about protecting seedlings should consider using a seed dressing product that targets the specific pest and can provide good protection without the risk of off-target impacts that come with using a foliar spray.

“For some pests a border spray or targeted spot spraying might protect the crop and reduce pest numbers sufficiently for beneficials to keep the pest population low.”

The development of guidelines for integrated pest management in southern cropping systems, expected to be released next year, is expected to re-focus attention on the benefits of IPM and how it might work in southern farming systems.

The guidelines, which are being developed by a national team headed by Queensland entomologist Dr Melina Miles, will bring together all the IPM-related knowledge relevant to southern cropping with the aim of providing growers and their advisers with the information they need to implement

and manage effective IPM programs.

Dr Rainbow believes the guidelines will highlight the potential for good management decisions and better farm hygiene to reduce pest pressure, with insecticides held in reserve as a last resort to deal with serious problems.

“There is much more to IPM than chemicals, which have the potential to throw natural systems out of balance and make problems worse.

“Simple measures like keeping fence lines free of host plants, that can shelter pests over summer or winter, and eliminating ‘green bridge’ vegetation that could serve as nurseries for pest build up ahead of seeding, can go a long way towards reducing pest pressure and the need for insecticides.

“Changing the crop sequence or rotation or adjusting the time of planting can also help avoid or reduce the risk of pest damage in some circumstances.”

Regional or district advice or alerts about pest activity or conditions likely to trigger pest problems could help make IPM more achievable for growers, Dr Rainbow said, with the Pest Facts, Pest Fax and Beatsheetblog services providing this sort of information.

These free email services, which contain pest-related reports from consultants, agronomists, entomologists and growers, are provided as part of the GRDC’s National Invertebrate Pest Initiative (NIPI).

There is much more to IPM than chemicals, which have the potential to throw natural systems out of balance and make problems worse.

To subscribe: PestFacts SA: email Jon Lamb Communications jlcom@chariot.net.au – with ‘Crop Watch request’ in the subject line.

PestFacts South-Eastern: visit cesaraustralia.com, click on Sustainable Agriculture / PestFacts / ‘subscribe’.

PestFax (WA): email PestFax@agric.wa.gov.au and request free subscription.

December 2012

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Grain Marketing

The heartbeat of the pulse trade Pulses are a major part of the diet in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. The sub-continent, which is made up of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, is the world’s largest consumer and importer of pulses. With a growing population and more cereal and oilseed crops being planted and consumed, there remains high domestic demand for the net importing region. words/ Mostyn Gregg, Pulses Trader, Viterra

In India itself, the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) has predicted that if Indian population growth continues at its current rate, India will consume just short of 22 million tonnes of pulses annually by 2015. The demand for pulses in the subcontinent is such that both the Indian and Pakistani governments have banned the export of pulses, apart from the lucrative but illiquid market in kabuli chickpeas.

Given the increasing population and high demand for pulses, it would appear reasonable to expect that India would continue to demand more and pay higher prices to Australian growers for their crops. However this has not proven to be the case.

One of the main reasons has been the depreciation of India’s currency.

The Indian rupee (INR) has depreciated against the United States dollar over the past year from around 44 rupees to the dollar to its present level of 53.

In actual fact it has been as high as 57

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and other currencies of the region, the Bangladeshi taka and the Sri Lankan rupee, have also suffered similar fates.

Australian pulse prices have suffered as a result. While our destination currencies have been punished, our high yielding Australian dollar continues to remain above parity to the US dollar. So what has been the cause? In its simplest terms, it’s all about risk aversion.

Historically the Indian rupee has been depreciating roughly in line with the fall in its purchasing power parity (PPP). However the recent depreciation is a result of Government debt default concerns in the Euro zone. What has eventuated is that long holders of the Euro (EUR) have sold and bought USD, which is the market’s natural risk aversion measure. These holders of EUR also exited their long positions of riskier assets, including the Brazilian real, speculative stocks and Indian rupees.

Ashutosh Raina, head of foreign exchange trading at HDFC Bank, one of

the biggest four Indian banks, has said “the rupee weakness is basically due to the European crisis and has nothing to do with the domestic economy.”1.

This European government debt default concern (particularly in Greece, Spain and Portugal) has also tightened the ability of other governments to access credit. At the same time the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) needs to borrow foreign funds to buy INR to support its currency. The borrowing cost of this has increased, impeding their actions. In addition, the market for international pulses is denominated in US dollars so volatility in the AUD/USD currency pair also affects the prices growers are paid.

Where to from here? The pulse market is strongly influenced by global currencies and the currency market is highly complex. In India, the rupee’s current problems are worsened by the fact that inflation is currently above the RBI’s target of 5% for headline inflation.

As inflation is the natural depreciator

Grain Marketing

Given the increasing population and high demand for pulses, it would appear reasonable to expect that India would continue to demand more and pay higher prices to Australian growers for their crops.

of money, a slowdown of India’s growth due to onerous interest rates and its inflation issue has led to foreign investors avoiding the country. This in turn has led to a weakening of the Indian currency and a further increase in its current account deficit.

The RBI has recently instituted reforms aimed at reducing inflation.

Subir Gokarn, deputy governor of the RBI, said “Continuing reform momentum will have benefits on the economy and inflation too as the rupee strengthens.” 2.

Already we have seen that a reversal of lending illiquidity and risk aversion

through stimulus measures has an impact on the strength of the Indian rupee. After the US government announced a further quantitative easing stimulus measure in mid-September, the INR immediately stabilised and appreciated. If global currencies continue to move in this way, along with the implementation of the Indian government’s own measures to reduce inflation, the chances of a more stable INR look much improved.

The fluctuation of the Indian rupee is just one facet of the complex market that is the international trade in pulses and does not take into account basic

supply and demand pressures on the market. It is something for growers to consider when they look to market their pulses.

When Europe sneezes, India catches a cold. Marketing pulses has many complexities over and above that of other grains due to credit risk, country risk and currency risk, exacerbated by illiquidity and a lack of a futures market. This goes towards explaining why prices are not always published for pulses. One way of increasing liquidity is for Australian growers to work with grain trading companies on their price expectation for pulses.

1. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/india-business/30184199_1_depreciates-dollar-inflows-rupee 2. http://www.nasdaq.com/article/indias-reforms-may-lower-inflation-strengthen-rupee---central-banker-20120925-00820

December 2012

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In Brief

New freight and receival facilities to boost grain exports The Wimmera Intermodal Freight Terminal opened in August, with operations expected to streamline storage and handling of local grain production and enhance the region’s capacity to meet the increased global demand for Australian grains.

The Wimmera is one of the world’s largest grain, pulse and oilseed growing regions and the new facility, located in Dooen, east of Horsham in regional Western Victoria, has the ability to double the processing capacity

of the existing Horsham facility within the next five years.

Viterra has construced a $10 million, 200,000 tonne capacity grain receival facility at Dooen which integrates with the intermodal facility, giving exporters in the region more direct rail access to ports in both South Australia and Victoria, improving speed to port and freight costs.

The 23.5 ha terminal site on the Adelaide to Melbourne train line will reduce the handling costs for local

grain producers and significantly increase the region’s overall productivity by providing improved access to ports and processing plants.

The Victorian Coalition Government, local councils, private enterprises and the Federal Labor Government jointly funded the multi million-dollar facility.

It was one of the largest investments made by the Australian Government in recent times to support the Australian grains sector.

Price pain threshold As grain growers approach the pointy end of the season it is important to closely track your yield outlook against forward selling commitments.

NAB Agribusiness Director of Commodities Tim Glass says the trick for both growers and users is to know where the “pain threshold” lies.

“Updating your yield forecast regularly is essential at this time of year,” Mr Glass says. “If your estimated yield has fallen due to

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seasonal conditions, your percentage hedged may have increased without you making any more sales.

“If the amount forward sold moves above 50 per cent and the market is rallying, then you are going backwards.

“On the flip side, if prices are coming down you may want to lock in more grain at the current prices to ensure you meet that pain threshold.”

Mr Glass acknowledged that every

grower would have varying yields, cost variability and equity levels in land and machinery. All these factors will drive risk appetite and where an individual grower can comfortably manage their price risk.

“We advise that growers actively understand their true cost of production first, and then target a margin above and beyond one that services everything they require, and manage their risk accordingly.”

In Brief

Headspace expands regional reach Youth mental health support service Headspace will open 15 new centres in a number of regional, as well as metropolitan locations, across Australia next year.

These centres will offer assistance to people aged between 12-25 to overcome issues such as anxiety and depression and will provide a range of support services that have previously been limited to urban centres.

Located in regional areas such as Upper Spencer Gulf, Tamworth, Ballarat, Mackay and Bunbury, the decentralisation decision was based on the growth of mental health problems amongst rural youth.

The Australian Government has backed the expansion of youth mental health support services, with $197.3 million worth of funding committed to the project.

Introducing these new centres will bring the total number of Headspace outlets to 55, increasing the overall accessibility to services and developing a stronger support network for Australia’s youth.

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December 2012

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farm profile

Cawarra

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farm profile

Business Owners/Managers Ian (66) and Pamela Peacock Son Brad (31) and wife Cristen - children Kala (10), Bailey (7) and Amelia (2.5) Son Glenn (31) and wife Jen - children Miley (3) and a new baby, born in November.

Property name and location Cawarra, Gairdner, Shire of Jerramungup, Albany Zone South East Coast of Western Australia approximately 500 kilometres from Perth Annual rainfall Approx 450mm per annum Total area/arable land 5000 hectares Cropping area/program Half the property (approximately 2500 ha) is used for cropping rotation of canola, wheat and barley.

Number / type of livestock Half the property provides pasture for 6000 head of sheep and 100 head of mainly Pure Angus cattle. There are two different sheep enterprises: a Merino enterprise and a prime lamb enterprise.

Number of employees The three family members (Ian, Brad and Glenn) are full time and use contractors for jobs such as cutting hay (around 400 rolls a year for cattle), fertiliser spreading and grain and stock cartage.

Photographs in the Farm Profile of the last issue of Grain Business, July 2012 were taken by Tanya Friend Photography, Wagga Wagga.

December 2012

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farm profile

The secret is not to get too down in the mouth when things go wrong - swear at the dog then get over it and get on with it. If you can’t control something there’s no good getting upset and uptight about it. Enjoy the good times.

When was the farming district settled?

Jerramungup was settled in 1954 by eight original families when the government opened up war service land settlement blocks and later Conditional Purchase blocks in the mid 1960s and 1970s. The original settlers were known as the “mad eight” because they were setting out to farm some pretty unforgiving land.

I moved to Gairdner in 1960 with my parents. My father drove a B250 tractor over from Coonamble in NSW with a trailer carrying all our belongings in it. We still have the trailer and I recently bought the tractor back to add to my collection of 22 vintage tractors.

I have been living here for 52 years and have certainly seen some changes in the last five decades.

The main change has been farm build up - buying up the neighbour’s land. While there are only five original families left, quite a lot of us now have four or five of the original Conditional Purchase blocks that were released during the 1960s and 1970s.

Farm build up leads to a raft of other issues like lack of population for football teams, employees to service the town and schools. There were about 114 kids at the Gairdner School in 1961 with one teacher covering seven

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grades. Today there would only be around 30 kids. What’s happened here is no different to what’s happening in farming communities all over Australia.

Jerramungup has been at the forefront of land conservation for many years. We were the third district and the first Shire in WA to be recognised for land conservation.

I was involved in initiating the original Jerramungup Land Conservation District Committee (LCDC) in the early 1980s and it has evolved into a big thing for the area over the last 30 years. A lot of good environmental work has been achieved.

One of the biggest problems in the shire has been the rising of salinity in the water which we’ve now got under control thanks to the LCDC. The salinity comes from the land’s origins being ancient sedimentary seabed. When native vegetation was removed during early settlement it took less than a decade for salt to start appearing. We’ve tackled this using various methods from growing lucerne to surface drainage and revegetation.

It’s been a combination of these and other things that have resolved the issue. I drive around now and see areas completely rejuvenated that were salty areas 20 years ago.

What made you want to run a farming business?

Farming is in the Peacock family, dating right back to

farm profile

the 1600s in Greenwich, England where my great, great grandfather had a market garden.

I was brought up on a farm in Coonamble and then in Gairdner and went to Agricultural School at the age of 14.

I worked in various jobs as a fencing contractor, truck driver and shearer for about a decade before my father died. I then had to make a decision about making a go of the family farm which belonged to my mother. I chose to go back and go shearing at age 22 and have been there ever since.

My boys followed a similar path attending school in Perth and then Agricultural College. They returned to Gairdner about 12 years ago and worked for a local shearing contractor doing most of his crutching - about 80,000 sheep a year.

Six years ago we had an opportunity to buy another farm that adjoined our property and that’s when the boys came into the partnership. The two latest farms we bought are in their names and we now have four farms between the three of us.

The partnership works well - I do the banking and business side of things and they take care of the day-to-day cropping and livestock operations. The agreement when we went into partnership was that I would do the planning and

they would do the work, which suits me fine!

How do you manage your cropping program?

We have always grown wheat, barley and canola. We have a three year rotation of pastures, canola and cereal.

We’ve been using Roundup Ready canola for three years which has yielded up to half a tonne better than our other crops and has created a cost saving of $25 a hectare from cutting back on in-crop chemicals - we haven’t had to do any selective in-crop spraying which has saved us even more on chemicals. The paddocks sown to Roundup Ready canola then go to wheat, then pasture.

The wheat we grow is generally one of the hard wheat varieties (this year it is Mace and Castle Rock) and the barley varieties are Vlamingh (malting) and Dash (feed).

One thing we do differently is use a semi-organic fertiliser.

We trialled this about five years ago when cropping fertiliser prices went through the roof - I couldn’t get the price any lower than $1900 / tonne. After investigating the semiorganic fertilisers, we found them to be cheaper and they seemed to work just as well. An advantage is that we can customise our orders to match our soil tests. If we want more potassium and less nitrogen we can get the blend that suits our needs.

December 2012

15

farm profile

Tell me about your livestock business?

The sheep enterprise is based on a Merino flock of 6000.

The majority of those have made it to Merino ram. The cull hoggets and cast for age ewes end up in a prime lamb flock of about 500. The lambs are Merino base with Poll Dorset sire.

The property we bought four years ago was set up for cattle so we purchased 42 head of Pure Angus and that is now up around 100 head, including 50 calves this year. Not being cattle people previously we are now starting to get the hang of it but that enterprise probably won’t grow much bigger. The property we bought four years ago has about 800 hectares of kikuyu pasture which gives us good green pasture when we get rain during summer.

What does the future look like?

At this stage we have got the split about right for us between livestock and crop. Our philosophy is to have our fingers in more than one pie and to focus on using the time

16

we have to manage our enterprises well. I think we’ve found the balance for the moment.

In the next 10 to 20 years I may slow down a little bit but I don’t like the sound of retirement! Since I’ve left school I have never really done anything that I haven’t enjoyed doing - I really enjoy going to work and get very touchy when I can’t be there. I’m not good at sitting still and while I’m fit and healthy, don’t see why I shouldn’t be involved.

As for the future - I wouldn’t say no to further expansion if you ever say that’s enough you start going backwards. You need to be open to opportunities.

Other than that, this year is this year, last year was last year and next year will be next year. The problems and triumphs and disappointments and satisfactions will be different. The secret is not to get too down in the mouth when things go wrong - swear at the dog then get over it and get on with it. If you can’t control something there’s no good getting upset and uptight about it. Enjoy the good times.

spray drift

Heat on summer weed spraying Take spray drift seriously this summer words/ Graeme Jennings

Failure to reduce spray drift from summer weed spraying could see growers subjected to more restrictions and even be denied access to valuable chemicals following a spray drift risk review being carried out by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), The highly volatile 2,4-D ester 800 formulation is already banned from use between September 1 and April 30 and a suite of translocated chemicals including 2,4-D, Garlon, MCPA, Dicamba and glyphosate are under threat if growers and spray contractors cannot significantly reduce the risk of chemicals drifting off-target and impacting other crops, rural residents, water resources and vegetation.

APVMA officer Ken Young said 2,4-D and MCPA are currently under review as part of the authority’s review of spray drift risk, with the outcomes of that exercise still likely to be 12 months away.

The spray drift risk review, which has already resulted in down-wind no-spray buffer zones and droplet size limitations for some chemicals, is designed to protect human health, the environment and Australia’s trade, Dr Young said.

“The reality is that if you atomise a liquid some may not go where it is intended and the challenge is to limit the risk that poses.

“The APVMA has an obligation to consider the potentially harmful consequences associated with spray drift and

18

determine whether it would be likely to harm human health or the environment or unduly prejudice Australia’s international trade.

“If the Authority, as part of the registration of a product, finds that spray drift associated with a chemical application would be likely to cause harm it cannot allow that product to be used unless a way can be found to prevent that harm from occurring.

“Safety margins are incorporated into any exposure threshold used by the APVMA so the exposure risk is below the threshold and can be considered negligible.”

The spray drift regulations contain provisions for smaller down-wind no-spray zones when using approved Drift Reduction Technologies such as nozzles that produce no driftable droplets or shielded sprayers, but any such decision would be based only on clear research data and no technology had yet been approved, he said.

The agricultural chemical industry and the APVMA are working through the issues around the spray drift regulations with a view to ensuring they are based on science and are realistic and sustainable.

“There has been serious discussion about banning or removing products from sale but no one wants to get to that point, nor do farmers need draconian restrictions on how and when they spray,” said Mick Faulkner, principal of South

spray drift

Australian - based Agrilink Agricultural Consultants.

“Loss of these highly effective chemicals and restricted operating conditions would leave growers with no option but to go back to the plough; something no-one wants to see.”

For Mr Faulkner, spring and summer are the critical periods, with control of droplet size and understanding of weather conditions the big issues.

“There is always some risk of drift whenever a sprayer is used but the issue becomes critical in spring and summer,” he said.

“Particular care needs to be taken from September until April to prevent damage to other crops such as grape vines that are particularly sensitive to herbicide damage in that period.

“Small droplets can travel 50 km or more under a temperature inversion, and last season vines in the Riverland were damaged by herbicide drift.

“Becoming familiar with the signs of inversion conditions is important.”

He advocates that growers spray summer weeds only when there is no inversion layer.

“In summer there is a temperature inversion at some stage most days, so there are limited opportunities to spray in what could be considered low-risk conditions. Generally, vertical mixing of air from about two hours after sunrise

to about two hours before sunset means the safest time to spray is during the day.

“The best option is to spray during the day at moderate speeds, with the boom as low as possible, using very coarse or extremely coarse droplets. In hot, dry conditions these will be considerably smaller by the time they reach the target weeds.

“The risk of drift is increased by spraying at night, when inversion conditions are most likely, and by using speeds and boom heights that increase the rate at which droplets evaporate, so more chemical is suspended in the air instead of deposited on the target.

“However, it is considered safe to spray on nights when there is no inversion layer, usually indicated by full cloud cover and wind speeds of more than 11 km/h.”

Growers should not be concerned about using large droplets, he said.

“Translocated products should reach the target in coarse or larger droplets. Because of the evaporation between the boom and the target the only way to achieve that is to have them leave the nozzles as very coarse or extra coarse, keep the nozzles within 50 cm of the target and operate at a moderate speed.”

He suggests growers pay less attention to Delta T – an indication of evaporation potential - and focus on droplet

December 2012

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spray drift

For Mr Faulkner, spring and summer are the critical periods, with control of droplet size and understanding of weather conditions the big issues.

size, weather conditions, boom height and speed and whether or not there is a temperature inversion.

“With large droplet sizes Delta T is relatively unimportant.

In trial work done last year by the Hart Field Site group, the Mid North High Rainfall Zone group and consultants, very coarse and extremely coarse droplets provided acceptable summer weed control in hot dry conditions with Delta T values of 14 and 15; conditions in which medium droplets would evaporate before they reach the target.

“In the trials we sprayed old heliotrope plants and silverleaf nightshade with translocated herbicides and Spray.

Seed, using big droplets and low water rates in far from ideal conditions with high Delta T values and got acceptable weed control.

“These chemicals do work with large droplets and high Delta T values so there is no need to stop spraying during the day unless it is too windy or there is an inversion layer.”

A code of practice has been developed by Department of Primary Industries and Regions of South Australia (PIRSA) for broad-acre summer spraying in SA, so good information is available, he said.

“Growers need to familiarise themselves with the code, comply with it, install appropriate nozzles and make sure they set up and operate their sprayer so it produces the droplet sizes needed to ensure they stay large enough to reach the target weeds and don’t drift away.

“The bonus when drift is eliminated is that weed control increases and overall herbicide use decreases.”

Weed growth stage is also an important factor.

“Spraying weeds when they are small allows farmers to pick the best conditions and get effective control. Waiting until weeds are large, and likely to be stressed, often results in rash decisions to spray in inappropriate conditions.”

Sensor technology, such as that used by Weed Seeker or Weedit, which enables sprayers to locate and target weeds instead of blanket spraying, has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of chemical used, with weeds on less than 20% of the total area of some paddocks.

This reduction in chemical use lowers herbicide cost for producers and reduces the load of herbicide in the atmosphere.

However, because higher levels of fine, driftable droplets are generated each time a nozzle shuts off, it is still best to use this technology during the day in the absence of inversion conditions, Mr Faulkner said.

Nozzle technology is also an issue.

“The ideal nozzle produces most droplets in the stated size range across a range of pressures but many produce significant ‘tails’ of fine droplets, even under relatively low operating pressures, and most generate smaller droplets at higher pressures.

“For spring and summer spraying growers should use a nozzle that produces very coarse or extra coarse droplets across the full range of operating pressures.”

The code of practice was developed by PIRSA in conjunction with the SA Mid North Spray Drift Committee. For a copy of the code or more information phone Biosecurity SA on 08 8226 0528 or email chemicaltrespass@sa.gov.au.

December 2012

21

spray drift

Spraying at the right ground speed can reduce drift and improve spray accuracy. words/ Graeme Jennings

That ‘right’ speed will vary with the boom set up and target, but will usually be less than 20 km/h, said spray technology consultant Bill Gordon.

“High travel speeds increase the amount of chemical left in the air as the spray is applied, even when spraying with coarser droplets,” Bill said.

“In some circumstances, deposition on larger targets can be improved by using twin nozzles or nozzles angled back from the boom.

“This helps neutralise some of the forward motion of the boom, so droplets are more likely to go downwards toward the target.”

The drift risks posed by spraying at high ground speeds have been highlighted by recent research in Canada that shows the risk of spray drift is affected by a range of factors including boom height, spray

22

quality, wind speed and particularly operating speed.

These findings, by Tom Wolf, a research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, suggest growers and spray operators should slow down in windy conditions, Mr Gordon said.

Dr Wolf found that a boom operating at 23 km/h and 90 cm above ground level generated more ‘initial airborne’ drift five metres from the boom edge and greater ‘downwind deposit’ than the same boom operated at 13 km/h and 60 cm above the ground.

Coarse sprays were needed to reduce drift levels from the high, fast configuration back down to those from the low-boom configuration – a finding that reinforces the Australian requirements to use larger droplet sizes for many herbicides.

Only about 25% of the spray that became airborne drift returned to

the ground, which implied that in inversion conditions about 75% of the drift generated has the potential to be carried off-target onto other crops, native vegetation or waterways.

According to Dr Wolf, spray drift increases linearly with wind speed for any given combination of spray quality, ground speed and boom height.

For example, an 8001 tip applying 50 L/ha will lose about 3% drift at a 10 km/h wind speed, 7% at 20 km/h and 11% at 30 km/h, he said.

Mr Gordon, the GRDC’s spray consultant, advocates that growers and spray operators limit operating speeds to no more than 16 or 18 kph unless boom height control is excellent and their equipment is set up to minimise the risk of drift, which includes use of nozzles and pressures to generate coarse droplets with a low percentage of small, driftable particles.

spray drift

High travel speeds increase the amount of chemical left in the air as the spray is applied, even when spraying with coarser droplets.

December 2012

23

soils

DNA tests reveal soil secrets Cutting-edge DNA technology is finding that carbon is a critical factor in maintaining healthy soils full of hard working micro-organisms. words/ Graeme Jennings

Researchers are using DNA profiling to identify groups of soil organisms on the basis of their function and determine the main influences on their abundance and activity.

Part of a GRDC Soils Biology Initiative headed up by Pauline Mele, Associate Professor and Principal Research Scientist in the BioSciences Research Division of the Victorian Department of Primary Industries (DPI), the project will eventually develop a comprehensive health monitoring program for Australian cropping soils.

The information will help growers manage their soils to enhance beneficial functions such as disease suppression and nitrogen fixation, but it is already highlighting the importance of soil carbon as a major driver of microbial populations.

There are also indications that pH, ambient temperature and water levels have a big impact on microbial communities and activity.

These microbial DNA projects are being undertaken in Victoria and Western Australia by teams headed by DPI microbial ecologist Damian Bougoure and University of Western Australia’s Professor Tony O’Donnell. A joint Queensland - South Australian team is also exploring the potential of nematodes as indicators of soil health.

Dr Bougoure said his team uses DNA sequencing techniques that can screen hundreds of samples at a time,

24

targeting billions of genes.

“We amplify DNA from the soil with probes targeting signature genes common across broad microbial groups,” he said. “The more copies of each gene we see the greater the microbe population.

“We are most interested in what the organisms do, so we are using metagenomic shotgun sequencing to identify genes associated with processes like nitrogen cycling, phosphorous cycling, methane cycling, biodegradation and carbon breakdown.

“The hard thing for the bioinformatics people in our team is figuring out how to analyse all the sequence data we generate.”

Powerful pH Water, temperature and pH all affect soil microbes, Dr Bourgoure said.

“We have found that pH is particularly important - get the pH right and your bugs will be far happier.”

Carbon also has a vital role, with the link between carbon and nitrogen proving to be significant.

“Carbon is bug food. The more carbon in the soil, the more bugs you’re going to get and the more functional activity there will be.

“A lot of people are touting that growers can make

soils

money from carbon in the soil but they don’t really take into consideration that you’re going to have to use a lot of nitrogen to break down and store all that carbon.”

Dr Bougoure and his team have recently begun analysing the billions of DNA sequence results and are finding unique gene sequences representing microbial groups and potential functions never previously identified.

“This research is revealing that bugs are involved in jobs within the soil we didn’t know anything about – carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling, phosphorous cycling, bioremediation and production of methane.

“By the end of the project we expect to be able to identify the potential for nutrient and carbon cycling and storage in a soil, taking account of the microbial communities present, the soil type and the management practices used.

“We are also aiming to identify relationships between our soil biology measures and more standard measures of soil quality and relate them to improved management techniques for long-term sustainability.”

Nematode health check The nematode project, headed by South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) scientist Kathy Ophel Keller and Graham Stirling, principal nematologist of Brisbane-based Biological Crop Protection, is exploring the

potential to use soil nematodes as indicators of soil health.

Initial observations suggest the ‘health’ of most Australian cropping soils is quite low, with far larger and more stable nematode populations in non-cropping soils such as those under permanent pastures.

Katherine Linsell, lead researcher on the project, is using classic microscopic identification techniques to explore linkages between groups of nematodes and crops and management regimes in soils from across southern Australia.

The SARDI team is also developing DNA tests that will enable faster identification of nematode groups.

As part of the analytical work Ms Linsell has compared nematode populations in ‘disease-suppressive’ and nonsuppressive soils and found populations in the suppressive soils are dominated by fungus-eating nematodes.

‘Suppressive soils’ have the ability to protect crops from attack by fungus diseases such as those caused by rhizoctonia.

Soil nematodes feed on plant roots and other soil organisms, so the composition of the nematode community reflects the status of the soil food web, which is directly linked to ‘soil health’, Ms Linsell said.

Nematodes are generally grouped into bacterial feeders, fungal feeders, omnivores that have several food sources

December 2012

25

soils

Katherine Linsell, lead researcher from SARDI, is using classic microscopic identification techniques to explore linkages between groups of nematodes, crops and management regimes. and predators that capture and consume nematodes and other small animals. Some nematodes are also plant parasites, a group that includes the three main pests of cereals in Australia: cyst nematodes, lesion nematodes and stunt nematodes.

Soil on the web The Soil Quality web site, soilquality.org.au, is the gateway to the Soil Biology Initiative for farmers.

The site, developed in WA but now national, is co-ordinated

by University of WA researcher Dr Dan Murphy.

Results from the nematode, soil organism and other projects will eventually be built into the website, but its main purpose is to draw together as much soil-related information as possible from farmer sources.

It is structured so farmers and consultants can feed in soil test results and compare their soils, based on those results, with soils in their local district, their state and with similar soil types Australia-wide.

While it is possible to probe the detail, it seems likely many visitors to the site will use the innovative ‘traffic light’ bars it

26

features to obtain a one-glance indication of the status of the soil or group of soils they are interested in.

A test result value that falls into the red zone indicates the issue needs to be investigated urgently. An amber reading indicates moderate risk and a value in the green zone indicates low risk.

The cut-off points for the red, amber and green segments are based on best available science and vary with the characteristic, soil type and climate.

In addition to the comparison tools, the site provides access to a series of computer-based calculators growers can use to calculate the financial impact of turning a paddock of crop into green manure or retaining stubble instead of removing or burning it.

There are also calculators for wheat yield potential, organic matter biomass, lime comparison and lime benefit and gross margin, plus a Controlled Traffic Calculator designed to assess the likely benefits of adopting a controlled traffic farming system.

Farmers are being asked to contribute to the project through the Soil Quality website: soilquality.org.au.

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disc seeding

MORE INFORMATION: Disc seeding in zero till farming systems

by Mike Ashworth, Jack Desbiolles and El Kamil Tola, is available from santfa.com.au Image Courtesy: Farmtech Machinery, 30 Moloney Drive Wodonga VIC 3690

Pros and cons of disc seeding

Growers are increasingly turning to disc seeders as they provide accurate seed placement in thick residue with little soil disturbance, and are a good choice for reducing weeds and conserving moisture. words/ Graeme Jennings

However, disc seeders can be complex so growers considering an equipment change for the 2013 season should consider their individual farm set-up before they invest.

South Australian No-Till Farmers Association Research and Development Manager Greg Butler has some key tips for growers who want to introduce a disc seeder to their business.

“There is as much variation within the disc seeder category, as there is between a knife point seeder and a disc

28

seeder,” Mr Butler said. “Disc seeders require a higher level of management and there are a lot of options, so it really comes down to fine-tuning to achieve your individual requirements.”

The first step is to consider factors which will affect soil penetration, such as soil type, stubble retention, weed burden, chemicals used, controlled or random traffic, and whether livestock are present.

“Disc size also impacts penetration.

Larger and thicker discs are harder to

penetrate; smaller and thinner discs will penetrate easier but may suffer more mechanical wear. With a lot of discs on the market, it is important to balance penetration with durability.”

Mr Butler said attempts to concentrate the weed-seed population on the soil surface should be frontof-mind for growers considering a disc seeding system. Soil disturbance from livestock or tillage can spread the weed-seed burden through the soil profile, increasing staggered

disc seeding

The first step is to consider factors which will affect soil penetration, such as soil type, stubble retention, weed burden, chemicals used, controlled or random traffic, and whether livestock are present.

germination that reduces the ability of knock-down and pre-emergence herbicides to control weed populations.

When choosing between a single or double disc system, growers should assess soil and crop type.

“Single discs generally penetrate soils easier than double discs, but can experience variable sowing depth through different soil types due to the changes in flowability of the soil back

over the seed,” Mr Butler said.

“Double discs are harder to penetrate but allow for more accurate seed placement because the soil is held out while the seed is placed in the furrow.”

Canola and cereals can be sown shallower than lentils, faba beans or other deep-sowing species.

Disc seeders can also incorporate coulters to part the soil and form the

furrow, closing devices to push soil back over the seed or gauge wheels to control penetration depth.

Mr Butler says drawbacks of a disc system include the potential for “hairpinning” if discs are too shallow or “bull-nosing” if they are too deep.

“Stubble and soil cutting performance is maximised when the cutting blade of the disc is at 45o to the soil surface.”

December 2012

29

Seed quality

Sowing the good seed Clean up to maximise crop establishment in 2013 words/ Rebecca Leigh

A good run of harvest weather prior to 2010 allowed many growers to relax their seed quality testing practices.

But Viterra senior agronomist Grant Roberts says that after several years of poor crop establishment, now is the time to refocus on-farm efforts to maintain seed quality through strategic selection and storage.

“A combination of reduced germination percentages and poor vigour coupled with herbicide damage and non-ideal soil conditions at time of sowing, can lead to poor establishment,” Dr Roberts said.

“Over the last two years we have seen some establishment issues – particularly in pulse crops – which can often be traced back to poor crop topping timing, seed harvest conditions and on-farm seed storage transfer.”

As growers complete their final herbicide spray before harvest, it is a good time to think about which paddock to use for seeds in 2013.

“Seed selection should not be an after-thought,” Dr Roberts said.

“Identify the best parts of the best paddocks where there are less weeds and high nutrition. Reap these

30

areas first while temperature and conditions are optimal to reduce seed contamination and maintain viability.”

Pulses are most susceptible to damage from sub-optimal conditions, such as too much moisture or cracking from over-thrashing, however Dr Roberts encourages growers to incorporate the following key steps across their entire cropping enterprise, regardless of variety.

Harvest conditions The relationship between grain moisture at harvest time and storage bin temperature is critical, as figure 1 shows.

Testing It is important to test seeds before planting. Growers can self-test on farm; have it done by their seed grader; or send samples for professional testing such as at government Seed Service Labs offered in each state.

Hygienic storage Clean silos are critical for seed quality. Silos should be completely cleaned and debris should be removed

from the farm system to avoid contamination. Treatment for grain storage insect pests will reduce in-silo damage. Cleaning augers and other transfer equipment can avoid seed pickle contamination if going to end users at harvest but also avoids varietal purity contamination for the future.

Seed selection Growers should already be sourcing new seed for next year. Forward seed orders should be placed by October at the latest, so seed companies can plan their harvest and cleaning schedule.

Viterra has several new varieties being released for next season [see breakout box]. If growers choose to source seeds from within their local area, Dr Roberts said it is important to identify any weed problems which could impact seed purity and contaminate paddocks.

Finally, when it comes to selecting which seeds to keep, Dr Roberts said the key factors are grain size – keep the largest and highest quality seeds; and harvest condition. Low temperature and low moisture are optimal conditions for reaping to minimise seed damage and insects into the future.

Seed quality

Image: Rana Faba Beans FIGURE 1 - SEED SURVIVAL 100 10% M/C

SEED GERMINATION %

80 60 13% M/C

40 20

12% M/C

14% M/C

0 4

8

12

16

STORAGE TIME - WEEKS M/C = MOISTURE CONTENT

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

NOTE: This figure shows the seed survival curves for barley stored at 350C and at a range of moisture contents. CSIRO stored Grain Research Laboratory.

New releases PBA Warda Faba Bean: suited to production in NSW PBA Warda is the third faba bean variety to be commercialised by Viterra.

PBA Warda has come out of the NSW DPI and Sydney University Pulse Breeding program. The targeted growing region is northern NSW and southern Qld, where it will be marketed as a replacement for Doza faba bean.

Navigator Barley: to be released in NSW, Victoria and SA Navigator barley is a domestic malting barley type that is suited to medium to high rainfall growing regions throughout Australia.

Navigator barley is a highly sought after, high yielding variety that has a shorter plant height than Commander barley.

Wombat Oats: released nationally Wombat milling oats is the second variety to be released

by Viterra, and has come out of the SARDI national oat breeding program. Wombat is a high yielding variety that has

a short to medium plant height.

These varieties are additional to the recently released Gauntlet wheat and PBA Rana faba bean.

Gauntlet wheat is an adaptable high yielding variety suited to NSW. It is a longer season variety and is an alternative to EGA Gregory, which out-yields other mid-long season varieties such as Janz, Lang and Sunvale.

LRPB Gauntlet has a final AH classification in NSW. It is suited to main season planting windows, with mid to late season maturity.

PBA Rana faba bean represents a new grain quality category for faba bean production in Australia. Its seed is larger than current faba bean varieties, and is considered to be of high quality by the major Egyptian market.

PBA Rana is suited to high rainfall areas and has an excellent disease package allowing producers to reduce spray applications.

December 2012

31

Business Management

Is bigger better?

Thinking about expanding your farm?

Grain Business examines the options. words/ Rebecca Leigh

Australian agriculture has undergone a structural change in recent years – the number of farming families has steadily decreased and broadacre farms are becoming larger, more capital-intensive enterprises.

Purchasing land is often seen as the only way to grow an enterprise and increase profits, but according to agricultural consultant John Francis of Holmes Sackett, there are other options for expanding your farm business.

“There are many reasons why farm businesses look to expand, such as to create wealth, boost profitability, for succession planning or to increase labour and machinery efficiency,” Mr Francis said.

“A decision to increase scale is an investment decision, so like any investment decision it should show the return on investment, consider the risks and compare options,” Mr Francis said. “And there are many other options available to improve farm profits from existing land.”

Options for farm expansion can be separated into two categories: • Expansion by increasing the area under management such as purchasing, leasing or sharefarming.

• Expansion by increasing the amount of production from the existing area, to get ‘better not bigger’.

“Scale is only part of the path to improved profitability, and the major focus should still be on productivity,” Mr Francis said.

“Matching the overhead cost structure to the scale of the business and generating optimum production is the key to remaining profitable. There may be opportunities in your existing business which will provide better returns than expansion, such as improving the efficiency of labour and machinery.”

There may even be ways of expanding production on the existing area at no cost. For example, improving the timing of management events such as sowing or spraying in a cropping program costs nothing but can lead to significant production and associated profit gains.

32

The power of people Labour accounts for more than 50% of a farm’s overhead expenses, so any gains in labour efficiency will lower the cost of production.

Holmes Sackett assesses farm labour efficiency on the basis that one labour unit is 240 days per year for eight hours per day. A labour unit consists of all labour utilised on farm including family, contractors, salary earners or casual employees.

The benchmark for labour efficiency in southern Australian cropping enterprises is 1500 hectares per labour unit.

If existing labour units are not matched to this benchmark, there are options to optimise labour use: • Maintain your business model but spend only the portion of time necessary to manage the business efficiently; e.g. use half a labour unit to manage 750 hectares of crop.

• Farm the existing area and use surplus labour units by working off farm or using machinery for contracting.

• Expand land area so labour supply matches labour capacity, to spread overheads across a greater production potential.

If expansion is necessary for succession planning, Holmes Sackett suggests that an additional family labour unit earning a living from a farm business should generate another $350,000 in gross profit. If 35% of this is retained as net profit at a target return of 6%, then another $2 million in asset value is required to sustain the labour unit.

Is your machinery working for you?

The rationale behind optimising labour efficiency also applies to machinery, especially in cropping intensive businesses where depreciation is a significant overhead.

“Spreading the machinery plant over the maximum number of hectares keeps the cost of machinery low,” Mr Francis said. “Where there is spare or latent machinery capacity expansion allows for an increase in profit by

Business Management

Before you expand • Understand farm performance • Know your risk profile • Understand the financing limits • Compare with other opportunities • Remember, being small isn’t a constraint to being profitable • Get better before you get bigger Contact John Francis Holmes Sackett 02 6931 7110 john@holmessackett.com.au holmessackett.com.au

spreading machinery overheads over more hectares.”

Purchasing additional plant or upgrading to wider machinery may be necessary when expanding and this will add to the additional capital invested and the overhead costs on each additional hectare.

Leasing and sharefarming do not provide the capital growth opportunities delivered by purchasing, but may offer other opportunities such as optimising labour and machinery efficiencies. These are useful expansion strategies where there is insufficient capital to purchase.

Increase capital growth

Where to from here?

Farm owners who decide to expand by purchasing land have the opportunity to create additional wealth via capital growth. History shows capital growth in agricultural land has been reliable over the long term, but there are barriers to purchasing because it is very capital intensive and operational returns may be inadequate to cover a completely debt funded land purchase.

“Business managers looking at this approach to expansion must have additional funds in reserve to support the afterinterest operating losses of the farm,” Mr Francis advised.

“The time for expansion depends on your motivation for expansion, the proposed expansion method, and your ability to fund the expansion,” Mr Francis said. “If there is no ability to fund the expansion, regardless of the method or motivation, then there is no appropriate time to expand.”

There are risks in undertaking farm expansion as losses can be incurred as a result of poor seasons, or low rates of capital growth, so it is prudent to develop an exit strategy. A farm financial advisor can provide a cost-benefit analysis of farm expansion opportunities.

December 2012

33

Careers

Professional agriculturalists While fewer people want to farm, there have never been more jobs in agriculture in Australia. words/ Olivia Fuller

For Edwina Cornish, living a double life of an “in-theblood” farmer and an urban research scientist, is a way of balancing her intellectual and professional skills with her spiritual need to connect with the land.

This talented scientist, who oversaw the genetic engineering of the world’s first blue carnation in the 1990s, now wears a suit rather than a white lab coat to work every day, and manages the multi-million dollar research portfolio of Monash University.

Yet she feels just as comfortable in Blundstones and jeans on her family’s property, Wando Bridge near Casterton in Victoria’s Western Districts.

Professor Cornish is worried that more and more young people are struggling to see agriculture as a viable career.

Her concerns are supported by declining enrolments and reduced course offerings in key agricultural courses around Australia - and a lack of people to fill agricultural positions.

In fact a recent media report from South Australia’s University of Adelaide, suggested that for every one of its agricultural science students who graduate this year, there will be five jobs for them to choose from.

“We have to face the reality that there will be fewer people farming in the future,” Prof Cornish said. “Farms are becoming larger, family farms are becoming fewer and fewer. Plus there is a general ageing of the workforce and younger people don’t want to do the hard work.

“Yet agriculture is an essential industry for Australia - there will continue to be a need for the profession of agriculture, as world food security grows in importance.

“We must tell young people that there can be rewarding, satisfying careers in agriculture.”

Prof Cornish grew up understanding from her mother Cecily, what a yearning for the land means.

While she was born and raised in suburban Melbourne

34

where her father was an industrial chemist, Prof Cornish’s weekends and school holidays were spent at Wando Bridge, satisfying her Mum’s need to maintain the family farm she grew up on.

“Mum had a very traditional trajectory for a woman of her era.” Prof Cornish said. “She got married and had kids and that’s how she devoted her time. But she was always absolutely driven by her passion for our farm.

“She didn’t pursue any tertiary qualifications in agriculture but was always very interested in genetic improvements of her stock, in pasture systems and productivity, even while she was a suburban mum in Melbourne.”

Even though Prof Cornish had been brought up to love the land, it was her mother’s interest in breeding and genetics which would become her career rather than driving tractors.

She enrolled at the University of Melbourne in a Bachelor of Science degree, graduating with honours in Biochemistry before moving on to a doctorate in Microbiology.

Then she found herself drawn towards the practical application of this pure research and in 1988 left academia to join one of Australia’s first biotechnology companies, Florigene Limited.

Over the next 11 years she played a key role in building it into a global corporation, recognised internationally for its pioneering work manipulating genes to create novel flower colours for the ultra competitive cut-flower market – most famously that blue carnation.

She eventually became managing director – making the shift from research to management – and went on to help Florigene market its products to the world, securing funding and managing an enterprise that contracted growers across the world.

When the company was eventually sold, Prof Cornish decided it was time for a change of direction, re-entering the

Careers Edwina and Cecily Cornish at Wando Bridge

academic world as Deputy Vice Chancellor of Research at The University of Adelaide.

“God knows why I answered the ad. I didn’t even really know what a deputy vice chancellor of research was,” she jokes.

“But it was here that I started to understand the problems of agricultural science as a career for young people.”

She learned about the wheat breeding program at the internationally famous Waite Research Institute, the importance of long term variety selection supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation and was also appointed to the board of CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Research Centre) in Mexico, which aims to provide new wheat and maize varieties for the poor and the developing world.

“This gave me a fabulous overview of the research which underpins the improvement of cereal crops worldwide,” she said. “I quickly came to understand the important role Australia plays in food security.”

Despite this, Prof Cornish also became aware that demand for agricultural courses was poor.

“Part of the issue is that there is a perception amongst students and parents that the high paying jobs are in medicine, law, accounting, finance, and engineering,” she said.

“The agriculture industry doesn’t have a high enough profile in schools as a professional degree.

“Yet the starting salary for students who do agricultural science is relatively high and the pool of jobs is enormous.”

Prof Cornish says that because farms are getting bigger and are using more machinery and less labour, there will inevitably be fewer young people enrolling at practical agricultural colleges. There are also more specialist education providers entering the market to deliver on-thejob training for practical farm skills.

“But the real need is not for practical farmers but the professionals who support them – in agronomy, finance, business planning and of course productivity research.

“Australian farmers are not subsidised in the same way that our competitors are.

“Australian agriculture has always prided itself on its very high level of productivity and we have achieved that through the adoption of new technologies that decrease costs and new varieties that increase yields.

“But agriculture is a more exacting science than it was 50 years ago. There is a critical need for high quality education and that has to be underpinned by world-class research that helps the industry to become increasingly productive in a changing environment.

“I think that is a fantastic opportunity for young people who love the land and who want to make an important contribution to the future of farming.”

After four years in Adelaide, Prof Cornish was appointed to her current role as Deputy Vice Chancellor of Research at Monash in 2004. With 15,000 staff and 62,000 students, Monash has an extensive program embracing 150 fields of study and 100 research centres, as well as campuses in Malaysia and South Africa, a research and teaching centre in Italy and a graduate research school in India.

But the farm will never be far away.

“When I retire I will return to Wando Bridge to pick up the baton with help from my brothers and their children,” she said.

“While I’m alive the farm will definitely stay in our family.

We recognise that it’s increasingly difficult to support multiple families off a small enterprise like ours, but we have agreed to keep it as a family farm.

“I hope the next generation will continue the tradition.”

Prof Cornish and her mother Cecily are profiled in Liz Harfull’s book: Women of the Land.

December 2012

35

Wheat and oats varieties for 2013 Gauntlet

Wheat • An adaptable high yielding variety • Mid-long season variety and is an alternative to EGA Gregory • Suited to main season planting windows • Good early vigour with medium length coleoptiles • Has short to medium plant height at maturity • Large grain size

Bolac

Wombat

Yallara

Wheat • Bolac has been the highest yielding AH wheat variety in NVT long season trials for 2000 – 2008 • Suited to high rainfall environments • Rated APH in southern NSW and AH in Victoria and South Australia • Excellent resistance to stripe rust with the YR4 gene and has acceptable levels of resistance to stem and leaf rusts • Bolac has proven to be a reliable milling wheat with excellent straw strength • Suitable for mildly acidic to alkaline soils

Oats • New milling quality dwarf oat variety • First dwarf variety to combine cereal cyst nematode resistance and tolerance with stem nematode tolerance • Excellent groat percent • Mid season maturity similar to Possum and Echidna • Improved variety with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and bacterial blight resistance • Uncle Tobys approved variety

Oats • Premium milling grain quality oat • Suited to growing in low - medium / high rainfall zones • Resistance to stem and leaf rust • Uncle Tobys approved variety

www.viterra.com.au Contact Jason Scott - National Wholesale Seeds Manager on 0458 009 804 or the Viterra Service Centre on 1800 018 205

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Special Grain Business Supplement

SARDI SOWINGguide2013 Grain Business Special Supplement The SA Crop Variety Sowing Guide has been compiled by Officers with the South Australian Research and Development Institute. It is proudly sponsored by the South Australian Grain Industry Trust in association with the Grains Research and Development Corporation and Primary Industry and Resources SA. The SARDI Sustainable Systems Division Officers acknowledge the sponsorship of this guide by the SA Grain Industry Trust (SAGIT) and the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC).

The contributions of New Variety

Agronomy and Oat Breeding research and Rural Solutions staff in SA, as as well as collaborative research staff in Victoria in producing results published in this edition is also acknowledged.

The use of National Variety Trial (NVT) results and the analysis of individual and long term trial results by officers within the National Statistics Program is also most appreciated. Farmer cooperators are also to be thanked for the use of their land for the trials which have resulted in the data and information contained in this edition of the SA Sowing Guide.

CONTENTS 38

Plant Breeder’s Rights

44

Wheat

50

Barley

55 Lupins 57

Vetch

59

Chickpea

62

Herbicide tolerance

68

Canola

74

Oats

79 Lentil 83

Pea

88

Triticale

Important notice: Although Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) and staff of SARDI’s Crop Improvement Group have taken all reasonable care in preparing fact sheets in this special section of Grain Business, neither PIRSA, SARDI, Viterra, nor their officers, staff or servants involved in the editing and production of this magazine warrant the accuracy of the information contained in Grain Business Magazine or accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

DECEMBER 2012

37

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Plant Breeder’s RightsA information and variety update for 2013

By Rob Wheeler and Peter McCormack, SARDI

inspection report and the seed analysis certificate to make sure you are buying the best available seed.

• When purchasing seed of a PBR Cultivar you should purchase it in the name or names of the entity or entities in which you intend to deliver. You should retain invoices to prove that you have entitlement to that seed and the crop produced.

• If farmers are unsure, they should seek information from the owner, commercial partner/licensee or the selling agent (seed merchant).

This article explains some of the origins, benefits and restrictions associated with PBR.

Key Points • Most new varieties are protected by PBR and growers need to be aware of the implications.

• Seed of varieties with PBR protection can only be bought from the owner, commercial pa APDR1rtner/ licensee or an agent (seed merchant) authorised by the owner.

• Once purchased, growers can maintain seed of a variety with PBR protection to satisfy their seed requirements for the following season.

• Farmers can sell the Plant Breeder’s Rights products of a protected PBR was introduced to variety for commercial use stimulate private investment in as feed or food (e.g. deliver plant breeding by conferring to Viterra, AWB, flourmill or Rob Wheeler ownership rights to varieties sell as animal feed) unless and thereby the potential to market those bound by a ‘closed loop’ contract. rights as part of a commercialisation • Farmers cannot sell, trade or give process. away the variety for seed without The Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 authorization of the owner. as amended act no:148 2002 gives an • Farmer to farmer trading of seed owner of PBR the exclusive right to sell, without authorisation of the owner will produce or reproduce, import, export, make them liable to prosecution. stock or condition the seed of a variety • Commercial marketing arrangements protected by PBR (or license another between the owners and the person or organisation to undertake licensee can vary between crops and these activities). varieties, and farmers must be aware The rights are similar to patents or of the conditions of the marketing copyright, (these record ownership of the arrangements. genetic material) and are administered • Before you take delivery of certified under the Act. seed of a new variety, you are PBR protection can last up to 20 years encouraged to request a copy of for broadacre crops. the paddock inspection report and PBR guarantee ownership of a variety the certificate of analysis report. but do not specify how the variety should It is important that you read the be commercialised or whether or where information contained in the 4 > SARDI Sowing Guide

38

2013

royalties should be charged.

In the absence of a contract stating otherwise, farmers can sell the harvest of a protected variety for direct consumption as food or feed (for example, deliver it for animal feed or to a flour mill) but they are not permitted to sell, trade or give away the variety for seed without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Royalties • The concept generally referred to as ‘end point royalty’ collection gives the licensee the right to collect royalties on harvested grain.

• Increasingly more varieties being grown by farmers use the ‘end point royalty’ method of royalty collection.

• Farmers should carefully read any documentation provided to be fully aware of the conditions when purchasing seed of a variety. While the restrictions in the use of seed under the PBR Act are clearly defined, other contractual arrangements may have been imposed by the licensee following agreement by the owners.

For example, some contracts specify that the harvested grain must be delivered to certain collection agencies; these are commonly called ‘closed loop’ marketing arrangements or that EPR’s are on total grain production of the variety excluding seed saved for the following years production, ‘farmer saved seed’.

• In some instances growers are permitted to trade “farmer to farmer” subject to a three party agreement involving the farmers and the licensee.

This currently applies to Axe, Correll, Espada, Estoc, Gladius, Mace and Scout wheats.

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

WHEAT Variety

Owner

AGT Katana AGT Scythe Axe Barham Bolac Caparoi Chara Clearfield JNZ Corack Correll Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc GBA Ruby Gladius Grenade CL Plus Hyperno Justica CL Plus Kalka Kord CL Plus Kukri Longreach Catalina Longreach Cobra Longreach Guardian Longreach Impala Longreach Lincoln Longreach Phantom Longreach Scout Mace Magenta Peake Preston Pugsley Saintly Shield Tamaroi

AGT AGT AGT AVS AVS NSW DPI AVS Intergrain AGT AGT Nugrain/AGT Intergrain AGT AGT GBA AGT AGT AGT AGT Uni of Adelaide AGT Uni of Adelaide Longreach PB Longreach PB Longreach PB Longreach PB Longreach PB Longreach PB Longreach PB AGT Intergrain Nugrain HRZ Wheats AGT AGT AGT NSW Ag

Year of registration 2009 2004 2007 2007 2006 2008 1999 2011 2006 2006 2011 2008 2010 2003 2006 2012 2009 2011 2003 2011 1999 2006 2011 2006 2011 2006 2012 2007 2007 2007 2007 2009 2002 2009 2012 1997

Commercial partner/ licensee AGT AGT AGT # Viterra Viterra SeedNet SeedNet Free to trade AGT # AGT # Seedcell.

Intergrain AGT # AGT# Heritage seeds AGT # AGT AGT/DGA AGT Durum Growers Assoc AGT SeedNet SeedNet Pacific Seeds SeedNet Pacific Seeds Pacific Seeds Pacific Seeds Pacific Seeds# AGT Intergrain Seedcell SeedNet PlantTech/Viterra/AGT AGT/DGA AGT Durum Growers Assoc

Royalty Type ($/tonne ex.GST) EPR $3.00 EPR $1.50 EPR $2.50 EPR $2.00 EPR $2.10 EPR $2.60 EPR $1.00 EPR $1.12 EPR $3.00 EPR $2.00 EPR $2.95 EPR $3.50 EPR $2.50 EPR $3.00 EPR $3.00 EPR $2.50 EPR $3.80 EPR $3.00 EPR $3.55 EPR $1.50 EPR $3.55 EPR $1.00 EPR $2.50 EPR $3.50 EPR $2.50 EPR $3.50 EPR $2.50 EPR $3.80 EPR $2.80 EPR $3.00 EPR $3.00 EPR $2.95 EPR $3.50 EPR $1.50 EPR $3.00 EPR S3.25 Seed

Maximum quality in SA AH APW AH Soft AH APDR1 AH AH APW (2013) AH AH AH APW APW ASW AH AH APDR1 APW APDR1 AH (2013) AH AH APW APW ASFT AH AH APW AH ASW AH APW (prelim.)

APW APDR1 AH APDR1

Comments Tested as RAC1423 Tested as RAC1055 Tested as RAC1192 Tested as VO2697R Tested as VQ2621 Tested as TD60F Tested as VI341 Tested as VW2316 Tested as WI23322 Tested as NGSP005 Tested as IGW3167 Tested as RAC1263 Tested as RAC1412 Tested as GB 99-099 Tested as RAC1262 Tested as RAC1689R Tested as WID22209 Tested as RAC1683 Tested as RAC 1669R Tested as RAC820 Tested as LRPB0268 Tested as LPB07-0956 Tested as LRPB0617 Tested as C51021 Tested as LRPB0545 Tested as LPB06-1040 Tested as LPB05-1164 Tested as RAC 1372 Tested as WAWHT2726 Tested as NGSP006

Tested as WI 99069 Tested as WID22279 Tested as RAC1718 ‘Over the fence’ trading permitted Tjilkuri Uni of Adelaide 2010 Durum Growers Assoc Seed APDR1 Tested as WID801 Mackellar CSIRO 2001 SeedNet EPR $1.00 AWW/FEED *See note below Wyalkatchem Intergrain 2001 Heritage seeds EPR $1.92 APW Tested as WAWHT2212 Yawa Uni of Adelaide 2012 Durum Growers Assoc Seed APDR1 Tested as WID803 Yitpi Uni of Adelaide 1999 SeedNet EPR $1.00 AH Tested as WI96080 All the varieties (with the exception of Tamaroi) listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. · These varieties may have ‘End Point’ (EP) royalty or ‘grazing fee’ depending on the ‘end use’ of the crop.

Growers purchasing seed of any of these varieties should seek information from the agent (seed merchant), or licensee regarding the type of royalty payment to be made. · # Farmer to Farmer trading of Axe, Espada, Estoc, Gladius, Correll, Corack, Mace and Scout is allowed subject to an agreement with the licensee where the original seed was purchased through a recognized retailer.

LuPInS Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial partner/ licensee Coromup WA 2006 Coorow Seeds Jenabillup WA 2007 Viterra Jindalee NSW 2000 SeedNet Mandelup WA 2005 Viterra PBA Gunyidi WA 2011 SeedNet Wonga NSW 1995 Heritage Seeds All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Royalty (ex. GST)

Comments

EPR $1.67 Tested as WALAN2173M EPR $2.40 Tested as WALAN2224 EPR $1.38 Tested as WL318 EPR $2.30 EPR $2.75 Tested as WALAN2289 Seed given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the

2013

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SARDI Sowing Guide < 5

39

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

BARLEY Variety

Owner

Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty Type Maximum quality Comments registration licensee ($/tonne ex.GST) in SA Bass Intergrain 2011 Intergrain EPR $3.50 Malting Tested as WABAR2315 Baudin DAFWA 2002 SeedNet EPR $3.00 Malting Tested as WABAR2080 Buloke AVS 2005 SeedNet EPR $2.00 Malting Tested as VB0105 Commander UofA 2008 Viterra EPR $3.80 Malting Tested as WI3416 Dhow UofA 2002 Viterra/Heritage seeds EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as WI3102 Fathom UofA 2011 Feed Flagship UofA 2005 Viterra/Heritage seeds EPR $1.80 Malting Tested as WI3408 Flinders Intergrain 2012 Intergrain Pending classif Tested as WABAR2537 Fleet UofA 2006 Viterra EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3804 Henley Nickersons 2010 Heritage seeds Pending classif.

Hindmarsh AVS 2006 SeedNet EPR $1.50 Food Tested as VB0324 Lockyer DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2288 Navigator UofA 2011 Malt Tested as WI 4262 Oxford Nickersons 2009 Heritage seeds EPR $2.50 Feed Roe DAFWA 2007 COGGO Seeds EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WABAR2310 Scope AVS 2009 SeedNet EPR $2.70 Pending classif Tested as VB0805 Sloop SA UofA 2002 Viterra/Heritage seeds EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as WI3167 Sloop Vic AVS 2002 Viterra/Heritage seeds EPR $1.70 Malting Tested as VB9953 Torrens UofA 2001 Viterra No royalty Feed Tested as WI3107 Capstan UofA 2002 Viterra EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3385 Maritime UofA 2002 Viterra EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as WI3297 Vlamingh DAFWA 2005 Viterra EPR $3.50 Malting Tested as WABAR2175 Wimmera UofA 2011 Pending classif Tested as VB0432 Westminster Nickersons 2010 Grainsearrch EPR $3.00 Pending classif.

Tested as GS 5033 Yarra AVS 2004 Viterra EPR $1.50 Feed Tested as VB0021 Most of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Some malting quality varieties attract a lower EPR when grain is sold as feed quality. These included Baudin (EPR $1.00 - feed), Flagship (EPR $1.50 – feed), Scope ( EPR $3.50 if upgraded to malting), Vlamingh (EPR $1.50 – feed)A number of new varieties released in 2011 have been listed but appointment of licensee, EPR and classification are pending. These include, Fathom, Navigator, Skipper, Wimmera.

OATS Variety State of origin Year of registration Commercial partner/licensee Royalty (ex. GST) Quality Brusher SA 2002 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00* Hay Forester SA 2011 AGF Seeds Seed Hay Kangaroo SA 2003 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00* Hay Mitika SA 2004 Heritage seeds EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed Mulgara SA 2009 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00* Hay Possum SA 2002 SeedNet EPR $1.70 Milling/Feed Tammar SA 2010 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00 Hay Tungoo SA 2008 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00* Hay Wintaroo SA 2001 AEXCO Pty Ltd EPR $1.00* Hay Wombat SA 2011 Viterra EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed Yallara SA 2008 Viterra EPR $2.00 Milling/Feed All the varieties listed above are covered by PBR and therefore the seed cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. *Notes on hay varieties Growers wanting to purchase seed of Mulgara, Tammar, Tungoo, Wintaroo, Brusher and Kangaroo need to contact one of the AEXCO Export Hay Processors. Growers will be asked to declare ‘end use’ (ie export hay or on farm feed) at the point of sale so as to determine the royalty type. Hay sold through an AEXCO export hay processor will incur an ‘end point’ royalty while hay for ‘domestic sale’ or ‘on farm use’ will incur a seed royalty.This endpoint royalty will increase to $2.00 from October 2013.

6 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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2013

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

CAnOLA Variety Year of registration Commercial partner/licensee Royalty CB TM Tanami 2007 Canola Breeders EPR $5.00 CB TM Telfer 2010 Canola Breeders EPR $5.00 CB TM Scadden 2010 Canola Breeders EPR $5.00 CB Henty HT 2013 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Jardee HT 2010 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Mallee HT 2010 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Tango C 2013 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Tumby HT 2010 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Agamax 2011 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Taurus 2011 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) CB Junee HT 2011 Canola Breeders Seed (hybrid) Victory V3001 2009 Cargill Seed (hybrid)(closed loop with premium) Victory V3002 2012 Cargill Seed (hybrid) )(closed loop with premium) Victory V3003 2012 Cargill Seed (hybrid) )(closed loop with premium) ATR Cobbler 2008 Nuseed Seed ATR Snapper 2011 Nuseed Seed ATR Stingray 2011 Nuseed Seed ATR Gem 2012 Nuseed Seed AV Garnet 2007 Nuseed Seed Monola 76TT 2008 Nuseed Crop Network Seed Monola 77TT 2008 Nuseed Crop Network Seed Monola 506TT 2012 Nuseed Crop Network Seed (closed loop with premium) Monola 605TT 2012 Nuseed Crop Network Seed)(closed loop with premium) Monola 707TT 2012 Nuseed Crop Network Seed)(closed loop with premium) Hyola 433 2010 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 751TT 2010 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 50 2007 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) CrusherTT 2011 Pacific Seeds Seed Thumper TT 2011 Pacific Seeds Seed Fighter TT 2011 Pacific Seeds Seed Jackpot TT 2012 Pacific Seeds Seed Bonanza TT 2012 Pacific Seeds Seed Hurricane TT 2007 Pacific Seeds Seed Hyola 444 TT 2011 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 555 TT 2011 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 559 TT 2013 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 656TT 2013 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 575CL 2011 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 474CL 2012 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 930 2013 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) Hyola 971CL 2013 Pacific Seeds Seed (hybrid) 45Y82 2010 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed (hybrid) 44C79 2008 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed 43C80 2009 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed 44Y84 2011 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed (hybrid) 43Y85 2012 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed (hybrid) 46Y83 2011 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed (hybrid) 45Y86 2013 Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia Seed (hybrid) Archer 2013 Heritage Seeds Seed (hybrid) Carbine 2013 Heritage Seeds Seed (hybrid) Oasis CL (Juncea) 2007 Viterra EPR $5.00 All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.This is NOT a complete list of PBR’s Canola varieties but a selection of recently released varieties. Space prevents us from listing all varieties.If growers intend sowing seed of varieties other than those listed above they will need to check the PBR status of those varieties.

2013

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SARDI sowing guide 2013

Sowing Guide 2013 FIELD PEAS Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial partner/ licensee Bundi Vic 2005 Premier Seeds Kaspa Vic 2001 SeedNet Maki NSW 2008 AGT Morgan VIC/NSW 1998 Hart Bros Seed Parafield SA 1999 PlantTech Pty Ltd PBA Gunyah PBA 2010 SeedNet PBA Hayman PBA 2012 SeedNet PBA Pearl PBA 2012 SeedNet PBA Percy PBA 2011 SeedNet PBA Oura PBA 2011 SeedNet PBA Twilight PBA 2010 SeedNet Sturt Vic 2003 Premier Seeds SW Celine introduction 2006 Nuseed.

Yarrum NSW 2004 AGT All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties, except Parafield, and Bundi and therefore seed of these varieties over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. # contact DPI Victoria for seed.

Royalty (ex. GST)

Comments

No EPR EPR $2.00 EPR $4.00

No PBR –white seed

Blue field pea ‘Forage’ use also Seed No PBR EPR $2.50 ‘Kaspa’ seed type Seed Forage type EPR $2.70 White seed EPR $2.50 Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type EPR $2.50 Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type EPR $2.50 ‘Kaspa’ seed type Seed White seed EPR $3.00 White seed EPR $4.00 Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded

TRITICALE Variety

Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST) Comments licensee Berkshire NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Bogong UNE/NSW Viterra EPR $2.20 Canobolas UNE/NSW 2008 Viterra EPR $2.20 Chopper SA 2010 AGT EPR $3.00 Endeavour NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Area based Royalty Tested as AT528 Fusion SA 2012 AGT EPR $3.00 Tested as TSA 291 Hawkeye SA 2007 AGT EPR $2.50 Jackie NSW 2001 Waratah Seeds Co. Seed Dual purpose/grazing Jaywick SA 2007 AGT EPR $2.50 Kosciusko NSW 2003 Wilson Bros.

Seed Tobruk NSW Waratah Seeds Co. Area based Royalty Tested as AT574 Tuckerbox SA 2010 Cooper/Elleway No PBR or royalty Speedee SA 2003 Seed Distributors No PBR or royalty Yowie SA 2010 Cooper/Elleway Seed Some of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Credit, Rufus, Speedee, Tickit, Tahara, Tuckerbox, Treat and Yukuri are no longer covered by PBR and can be traded ‘over the fence’.

42 8 > SARDI Sowing Guide

State of origin

2013

Year of registration

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Sowing Guide 2013 BEAnS Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial partner/ Royalty Maximum quality Comments licensee Cairo NSW 2003 Viterra EPR $3.00 Doza NSW 2007 Viterra EPR $3.30 Farah SA 2003 Heritgae Seeds EPR $3.00 Fie grade 1 Tested as 483/3 Fiesta VF SA 1998 Heritage Seeds No PBR or royalty Fie grade 1 Nura SA 2005 SeedNet EPR $3.00 Fie grade 1 PBA Kareema SA 2009 PGG Wrightson EPR $4.00 Broad bean PBA Rana SA 2011 Viterra EPR $3.85 New category Tested as 974*(611*974)/15-1 All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

CHICKPEAS Variety

State of origin

Year of Commercial partner/ Royalty Maximum quality Comments registration licensee (ex GST) Almaz CLIMA 2005 SeedNet EPR $6.50 Kabuli type Med-large size Ambar WA 2012 Heritage Seeds EPR $ 4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption Genesis™508 Vic 2004 AACT EPR $5.00 Desi type ‘splitting’ enduse Gensis™509 Vic 2005 AACT EPR $5.00 Desi type ‘splitting’ enduse Genesis™079 Vic 2007 AACT Kabuli type Small size 6-7mm Genesis™090 Vic 2004 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Small size 7-8mm Genesis™114 Vic 2007 AACT Kabuli type Med-large size Kalkee Vic 2011 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Large size Genesis™425 Vic 2007 AACT EPR $5.00 Kabuli type Small size 7-8mm Nafice CLIMA 2005 SeedNet EPR $6.50 Kabuli type Med-large size Neelam WA 2012 Heritage Seeds EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Boundary PBA 2011 SeedNet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA HatTrick PBA 2009 SeedNet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Pistol PBA 2011 SeedNet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Slasher PBA 2009 SeedNet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption PBA Striker PBA 2012 SeedNet EPR $4.00 Desi type Splitting and direct consumption All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee

LEnTILS Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial Royalty Market restrictions partner/licensee (ex. GST) Aldinga SA 1994 AFCA None None Boomer CIPAL 2005 SeedNet EPR $5.00 Delivery to nominated receivers Nipper CIPAL 2005 SeedNet EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders Northfield SA 1996 AFCA No royalty Open marketing to authorised traders Nugget CIPAL 1999 Heritage seeds EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Ace PBA 2012 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Bolt PBA 2012 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Bounty PBA 2009 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Flash PBA 2009 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Herald XT PBA 2011 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Jumbo PBA 2010 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders PBA Blitz PBA 2010 PB Seeds Pty Ltd EPR $5.00 Open marketing to authorised traders Tiara CIPAL 2006 SeedNet EPR $8.00 Under contract, AWB Seeds All the varieties listed above, except Aldinga, Northfield and Digger, are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee

VETCH Variety

State of origin

Year of registration

Commercial Royalty Comments partner/licensee Capello SA 1999 Heritage seeds Seed Namoi alternative Haymaker Plus SA 1999 Heritage seeds Seed High level hard seed Morava SA 1999 Heritage seeds Seed Forage use Rasina SA 2006 Heritage seeds Seed Tested as SA34719 All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.

Explanation of abbreviations ABB Barley Board,Board, AEXCOAEXCO = Australian Exporters Company, AFCA = Australian Field=Crop Association, AVS= AgVic Services, AWB = Australian Wheat Board, SAGIT = South Australian Industry Trust, ABB==Australian Australian Barley = Australian Exporters Company, AFCA Australian Field Crop Association, AVS= AgVic Services, AWB = Australian WheatGrains Board, AGT = Australian Grain Technologies, AAC = Australian Agricultural Commodities, CBWA = Western Australian Canola Breeders, COGGO = Council of Grain Grower Organisations, DAFWA= Dept Agriculture and Food SAGIT = South Australian Grains Industry Trust, AGT = Australian Grain Technologies, AAC = Australian Agricultural Commodities, CBWA = Western Australian Canola Breeders, Western Australia, DGA = Durum Growers Association, EGA = Enterprise Grains Australia, GBA = Grain Biotech Australia, PBA = Pulse Breeding Australia, UofA = University of Adelaide

COGGO = Council of Grain Grower Organisations, DAFWA= Dept Agriculture and Food Western Australia, DGA = Durum Growers Association, EGA = Enterprise Grains Australia, GBA = Grain Biotech Australia, PBA = Pulse Breeding Australia, UofA = University of Adelaide

DECEMBER 2012 2 0 1 3 SARDI Sowing Guide43 <9

Sowing Guide 2013 SARDI sowing guide 2013

Wheat variety sowing guide 2013

By Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist, new Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI

T

his sowing guide provides data and guidance on hard, soft and durum wheat varieties for sowing in South Australia in 2013.

Since publication of the 2012 sowing guide, six varieties, namely Wallup, G ren a d e CL Plus , L o n g r e a ch C o b r a , Longreach Phantom, Shield and Emu Rock have been commercialised and may have some application in SA. In previous years these may not have been listed, pending evaluation over many seasons, but since they have disease resistances, yield and quality combinations important for the sustainability of SA wheat production, it has been decided they should be listed with comments to assist decision making.

As with all new varieties, extensive state-wide evaluation within SARDI and National Variety Trials (NVT) over many seasons will provide more confidence in their suitability and any specific adaptational requirements. Further yield evaluation is needed for Grenade CL Plus, Cobra, and Shield, as each have currently only been evaluated for one year (2011) within NVT and no yield data is included within this guide.

Meanwhile further data from 2011 NVT has been gathered to support the imidazolinone tolerant varieties KordCL Plus and Justica CL Plus as suitable to be grown in SA, and hence yield and other data for them is now included within this sowing guide.

The older varieties, Clearfield JNZ and Frame, have been removed from the 2013 sowing guide owing to low production and outclassed agronomic characteristics when compared with more recently released varieties.

Growers should note that a number of newer varieties listed in this guide are below acceptable industry standards for rust resistance but offer other important or useful attributes. If grown, these varieties should be accompanied 10 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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by suitable rust preventative MR/MS to yellow leaf spot and strategies. Where varieties do powdery mildew. CBH Grain not meet minimum disease may contract Katana for export resistance standards for rust, as with possible premiums above set by industry, they are listed AH1 passed to growers. Seed is with a cautioning note. available through AGT (Seed Varieties have been listed Sharing between farmers is according to maximum market allowed with conditions). receival quality classification Rob Wheeler and are listed in alphabetical Axe A . Axe (RAC1192) is a order and not in order of preference vigorous growing, very early flowering, or recommendation. (See table on the next AH quality variety. With large grain and page). low screenings losses, it has shown high yield potential in SA under very dry and Selection criteria sharp finishing conditions albeit with Information on the most important more moderate yields under favourable selection criteria, grain yield, quality, spring conditions and is susceptible to maturity and disease resistance for sprouting. Axe has good resistance to each variety can be found in tables 1 all rusts but is susceptible to CCN and and 2. While the varieties listed below yellow leaf spot and S-VS to septoria tritici are considered likely to provide the blotch. Seed is available through AGT best return within each quality grade, (Seed sharing between farmers is allowed farmers need to consider their individual with conditions). farm and paddock situation and make their selection based on all available Bolac A . Bolac (VQ2621) is a long information. season, milling wheat, eligible for AH Where possible, the growing of a single and released by AGT. It is suitable for variety only should be avoided. Climatic, mildly acidic to alkaline soils and could disease and price risks should be spread be an alternative to feed wheats and later by growing at least two or more varieties varieties such as Chara, in the SE of South with varying maturity, disease resistance Australia. Bolac has good rust resistance, and/or quality classification. Average and is later flowering than Chara, but protein content for current wheat earlier than Kellalac. Seed is available varieties is very similar and rarely varies through Viterra. by more than one percent when grown under identical conditions. Perceived CorackA. Corack (VW2316) is an early differences in protein achieving capability maturing APW (2013 harvest) quality between varieties should be given only wheat derived from Wyalkatchem. It has minor emphasis and protein should be CCN resistance and good yellow leaf spot managed through good crop nutrition. resistance but is moderately susceptible to leaf and stripe rust and very susceptible Notes on newer varieties to powdery mildew. Trials, in SA NVT during 2010 and 2011 indicates a high AGT KatanaA. Katana (RAC1423) is an yield potential, particularly in low to medium rainfall situations. Corack has early flowering, premium quality variety only recently been released in Western released for specific export markets.

Australia, with seed available through Derived from Kukri, Katana has good AGT (Seed sharing between farmers is physical grain quality, similar to Yitpi, and allowed with conditions). yields similar to Wyalkatchem on average.

Katana has modest rust resistance and is Correll A . Correll (WI23322), has an moderately susceptible to CCN but rated

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Variety and current max. grade

Suitability and significant features

HARD AGT Katana

Low to medium rainfall districts with potential premium returns under contract to Grain Pool

Axe

Low to medium rainfall districts, particularly areas with sharp dry finish, potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Bolac

High rainfall districts especially South East region and Kangaroo Island

Catalina

Medium to high rainfall districts

Chara

Medium to high rainfall districts especially South East region but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Correll

All districts, avoid low test weight situations and wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility. Below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Derrimut

Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Emu Rock

Low to medium rainfall districts but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Gladius

All districts but avoid areas with potential pre harvest sprouting risk

GrenadeCL Plus

All districts, imidazolinone tolerant

Kord CL Plus

All districts, imidazolinone tolerant but avoid areas with potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Lincoln

All districts but marginal grain size and potential pre harvest sprouting risk, very susceptible to crown rot

Mace

All districts but well below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance, wheat on wheat option

Peake

Medium to high rainfall districts and marginal grain size

Phantom

All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility

Shield

Low to medium rainfall districts

Wallup

Medium to high rainfall districts

Yitpi

All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note well below minimum standards for stem rust resistance

APW Cobra

Low to medium rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Corack

Low to medium rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe and leaf rust resistance

Espada

All districts but avoid areas with a potential pre harvest sprouting risk

Estoc

All districts

Forrest

Medium to high rainfall districts especially the South East region

Guardian

Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance and marginal grain size

Justica CL Plus

All districts, imidazolinone tolerant but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

Pugsley

Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Scout

All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Wyalkatchem

All districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance and now also more susceptible to leaf rust

SOFT Anlace

Soft wheat producing districts, noting that seed must be treated for bunt control

Barham

Soft wheat producing districts and Bowie replacement but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance

Impala

Soft wheat producing districts but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance

DuRuM Caparoi

All durum districts

Kalka

All durum districts including boron toxic soils although generally outclassed

Hyperno

All durum districts

Saintly

All durum districts and potential for hay production

Tamaroi

All durum districts although generally outclassed

Tjilkuri

All durum districts

Yawa

All durum districts but note marginal grain size

AH classification, is derived from Yitpi and has a similar disease resistance profile to Yitpi but improved stem rust resistance. Correll is generally higher in grain yield than Yitpi, but averages around 3 kg/hl lower test weight and is susceptible to sprouting. Correll is 2 to 5 days earlier flowering than Yitpi, and considerably more when sown very early.

Seed is available through AGT (Seed sharing between farmers is allowed with conditions) Emu Rock A . Released by Intergrain and derived from Kukri, Emu Rock (IGW3167) is a high yielding, AH (WA/ SA/Vic) variety for mid to late sowings in a broad range of environments across WA. This early maturing wheat, is susceptible to CCN but has moderate resistance to stem and stripe rust and is MS/S to leaf rust and MS to yellow spot. Across two seasons NVT in SA, Emu Rock has shown high yields aligning with Wyalkatchem.

Espada A . Espada (RAC1263) is a sister line to Gladius, with high yield potential. It is agronomically similar to Gladius and moderately susceptible to CCN, but features improved leaf rust resistance. Espada has APW quality and is susceptible to sprouting like Gladius.

Seed is available through AGT (Seed Sharing between farmers is allowed with conditions).

EstocA. Estoc (RAC1412) was released in late 2010 and is related to Yitpi. It is a mid to late maturing variety like Yitpi, moderately resistant to CCN, S/VS to P. neglectus, with good levels of resistance to all rusts (MR/MS to Yr), slightly better yellow leaf spot (S) resistance and significantly higher grain yields. Estoc is eligible for APW classification, has good physical grain quality like Yitpi and has shown good sprouting tolerance.

Seed is available through AGT (Seed Sharing is allowed between farmers with conditions).

ForrestA. Forrest was released by HRZ wheats in 2011, targeting high rainfall zones, as an APW (SA) quality wheat.

Forrest has late maturity and plump grain coupled with triple rust resistance, MR/ MS to yellow leaf spot, MR to black point and resistance/tolerance to wheat streak mosaic virus. Forrest is susceptible to CCN and S/VS to crown rot. Forrest is commercialised by SeedNet. Gladius A . Gladius (RAC1262) has an AH classification and is broadly adapted, 2013

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Sowing Guide 2013 SARDI sowing guide 2013 very high yielding, and is well adapted to low rainfall environments. It has boron tolerance, and has good resistance to stem rust, MR-MS to stripe rust and MS to leaf rust, CCN and yellow leaf spot.

Gladius has midseason maturity and good grain size like Yitpi albeit with slightly lower test weight, and is susceptible to pre harvest sprouting.

Trials indicate Gladius to have a lower tolerance to Ally® and Hussar®.

Seed is available through AGT (Seed Sharing is allowed between farmers with conditions).

GrenadeCL PlusA .Grenade (RAC1689R) was released in 2012 and is an imidazolinone herbicide tolerant (Clear field type) replacement for JusticaCL Plus.

It is early to mid season flowering with moderate resistance to CCN, useful rust resistance (stem rust – MR, stripe rust (WA-Yr17) – MR/MS and leaf rust - MS/S) and rated susceptible to yellow leaf spot.

It has improved test weight and sprouting tolerance over Justica and an AH classification with seed available for

2013 from AGT Seeds. Grenade has only been tested in 2010 NVT. Justica CL PlusA. Released in early 2011, Justica CL Plus (RAC1683) carries two genes for Clearfield resistance and therefore has improved levels of tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides over Clearfield JNZ and Clearfield STL. It is derived from Gladius and Spear, is slightly later maturing than Gladius and has similar levels of disease resistance although it is now rated MS/S to leaf rust. Justica CL Plus has an APW classification and has

Table 1: Some agronomic characteristics of selected varieties under SA conditions Variety Max. Flower- Coleoptile Boron CCn Sprouting Other features Quality ing length tol. resis. tolerance AGT Katana Axe Barham Bolac Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Forrest Gladius Grenade CL Plus Guardian Impala Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Lincoln Mace Peake Phantom Pugsley Scout Shield Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi

AH AH ASFT AH AH APW APW AH AH AH APW APW APW AH AH APW ASFT AH APW AH AH AH AH APW APW AH AH APW AH

EM E EM L EM EM EM M EM E M ML ML EM EM EM EM EM M EM EM EM ML ML EM EM M EM ML

MS M -

MI MI MI MI

ML -

MT MT

-

MT MT

M

MT

M MS ML ML

MT MT MT MI T MT MT T

M MS M

I MI MT

S S MS S R MR/MS R/MR MR R S MS MR S MS MR R S MR MS S MR/MS R MR/MS MS R/MR MR MR S MR

MI* I / VI I* I* MI / I* I I / VI* MI* I / VI MI I / VI MI I* I I MI I / VI* MI / I MI* MI / I MI / I* MI MI / I* I MI / I

Strong dough properties like Kukri Good early vigour, moderate test weight Bowie plant type Acid soil tolerance “Yitpi like” grain size Below minimum disease standards for stripe rust Below minimum disease standards for stripe rust Potential for low test weight Short stiff straw plump grain like ‘Kukri” moderate test weight Good test weight, susc to P.neglectus tolerant to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus moderate test weight, low tolerance of Hussar® 2 gene Imidolazine tolerant ‘Janz like’ grain size and susceptibility to sprouting some crown rot tolerance, below minimum standards for leaf rust 2 gene Imidolazine tolerant 2 gene Imidolazine tolerant, below minimum standards for leaf rust ‘Janz like’ grain size, susceptible to crown rot Well below minimum disease standards for stripe rust ‘Janz like’ grain size potential early growth yellowing lodging potential Below minimum disease standards for stripe rust moderate test weight Short stiff straw, below minimum disease standards for stripe rust Well below minimum disease standards for stem rust

Durums Caparoi APDR M MS MI / I* plump and high protein achiever Hyperno APDR M MS I* Some high temperature tolerance Kalka APDR EM M MT MS MI / I* Derived from Yallaroi, improved boron tolerance Saintly APDR E MS MI / I* Awnless head Tamaroi APDR M I MS MI / I* Popular and widely adapted Tjilkuri APDR M MS I* Yawa APDR M MS potential for small grain size * indicative rating more data needed Flowering: E= early; EM= early to mid season; M= midseason; ML= mid to late season; L=late Coleoptile: L = long; M = moderate; S = short Boron tolerance: I = intolerant; MI = moderately intolerant; MT = moderately tolerant; T = tolerant - variety yet to be fully evaluated.

CCN tolerance indicates the ability of the variety to grow and yield in the presence of CCN. Resistance refers to the ability of the variety to reduce CCN carryover.

Information on sprouting tolerance was provided by Prof Daryl Mares, University of Adelaide and disease resistances were provided by Dr Hugh Wallwork, SARDI 12 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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2013

Sowing Guide 20132013 SARDI sowing guide pre-harvest sprouting tolerance similar to Yitpi. Evaluated within NVT for the first time in 2010, across two seasons in SA NVT, Justica CL Plus has yielded similarly to Yitpi. Seed is available through AGT. Kord CL PlusA . Released in early 2011, Kord CL Plus (RAC1669R) carries two genes for Clearfield resistance and therefore has improved levels of tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides over Clearfield JNZ and Clearfield STL. It is derived from Gladius with similar maturity and susceptibility to pre harvest sprouting but improved resistance to CCN being MR. Kord CL Plus is has an AH classification.(2013 harvest) Evaluated within NVT for the first time in 2010, across two seasons in SA NVT, Kord CL Plus has yielded around 5% below Gladius.

Seed is available through AGT. Longreach CatalinaA . Catalina (LPB0268) is an AH quality classification, CCN resistant wheat suited to medium to higher rainfall districts across SE Australia. Catalina is several days earlier flowering than Yitpi and has acceptable physical grain quality.

Catalina has good resistance to stem and leaf rust, moderate susceptibility to stripe rust and is MS-S to yellow leaf spot. Widespread SA NVT yield data since 2006, show yield results slightly below Yitpi and it has shown sensitivity to Cadence® at recommended label rate and timing. Catalina is available through SeedNet. Longreach Cobra A . Cobra (LPB070956) was recently released in Western Australia as an early maturing Westonia derivative with APW (pending reclassification Oct 2012) quality and high yield potential although further evaluation in SA is required.

While resistant to CCN and MR/MS to yellow leaf spot, Cobra has moderate susceptibility to stripe (MS/S) and leaf rust. Cobra has good grain size but is moderately susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting. Seed is licensed to Pacific Seeds Longreach LincolnA. Lincoln (LPB030545) was released from Longreach Plant Breeders and is eligible for AH grade in SA and is a moderate yielding (similar or lower than Yitpi), rust resistant variety with mid season maturity. It has excellent resistance to all rusts including both WA and WA+Yr17 stripe rust pathotypes and MS to yellow leaf spot but does not have CCN resistance and is very susceptible to crown rot. Lincoln has grain size similar to Janz and is susceptible to pre-harvest

sprouting. Seed is licensed to Pacific Seeds Longreach PhantomA . Phantom (LRPB07-1040) is a recently released mid to late flowering, moderate yielding milling wheat with an AH classification.

It has resistance to CCN, good resistance to powdery mildew and useful resistance to all rusts (stem rust – MR, stripe rust– MR and MR/MS to leaf rust). Phantom is rated S/VS to yellow leaf spot. Phantom has boron tolerance, low screenings and acceptable test weight. Released from Longreach PB, seed will be available for 2013 and is licensed to Pacific Seeds.

Longreach ScoutA. Scout (LPB05-1164) is an APW quality variety with mid season maturity, derived from Yitpi. It has good resistance to stem and leaf rust and the WA stripe rust pathotypes but carries VPM and is rated MS to the WA+Yr17 pathotype in eastern Australia. Scout is R to CCN and MR/MS to powdery mildew but rated S/VS to yellow leaf spot like Yitpi. Scout has good physical grain quality and similar sprouting tolerance to Yitpi but slight more susceptibility to black point. Seed is licensed to Pacific Seeds and farmer to farmer trading is now permitted subject to conditions.

Mace A . Mace (RAC 1372 is derived from Wyalkatchem, but has an AH classification taller plant height, is MR/ MS to stem rust, MR to leaf rust and is rated MR/MS to CCN. Although Mace has good resistance to the older WA stripe rust race, it is rated as S/VS to the WA+ Yr17 stripe rust strain and if grown, must be carefully monitored and best avoided in districts prone to stripe rust unless a fungicide regime is in place. Mace has been widely tested since 2009 in NVT in SA and is showing wide adaptation coupled with high yield potential with wheat on wheat application. Seed is available through AGT (Seed Sharing between farmers is allowed with conditions).

Magenta A . Magenta was released from DAFWA in 2007 as a mid season flowering, milling wheat with an APW classification in SA. In SA NVT, average yields have been similar to Yitpi, although improved on Eyre Peninsula, but while Magenta has good resistance to stem, leaf rust and yellow leaf spot, it is MS to stripe rust and susceptible to CCN. Magenta has a long coleoptile and seed is licensed to Nuseed.

PeakeA. Peake (NGSP006) released in 2007, is a medium-short strawed, mid

maturing (5-6 days earlier than Yitpi) variety and shows most potential in medium to high rainfall zones. Peake is MR/MS to stem and stripe rust and R to leaf rust. Peake is CCN resistant, boron tolerant and is S to yellow leaf spot. Peake has AH quality and can produce small grain under dry spring conditions. Peake is available through Seedcell.

Shield A . Shield (RAC 1718) is a recently released, early to mid season flowering, moderate yielding milling wheat with AH classification and acid soils tolerance. Shield has resistance to CCN, good resistance to all rusts (stem rust – R/MR, stripe rust (WA-Yr17) – MR and leaf rust – R) and rated S to yellow leaf spot. Shield has good black point resistance (MR/MS), acceptable test weight and a low sprouting risk (MI).

Seed will be available for 2013 from AGT Seeds. Shield has only been tested in 2010 NVT and further evaluation is needed.

Wallup A . Wallup (VV4978-1) was released in 2011 for the Victorian Wimmera and other medium to higher rainfall regions. Wallup has AH quality combined with early to mid season maturity, CCN resistance, moderate stem, stripe and leaf rust resistance, and moderate (MS) levels of yellow leaf spot resistance and good black point resistance. It has useful resistance to root lesion nematodes, excellent straw strength and limited evaluation in NVT shows a moderate yield potential.

Seed is available through AGT (Seed Sharing between farmers is allowed with conditions).

SOFT WHEATS BarhamA. Barham (VO2697R) is closely related to Bowie but has CCN resistance, improved rust resistance albeit MS-S to the WA + Yr17 strain of stripe rust, improved grain yield and quality eligible for the ASFT grade in SA. Barham is a mid season variety with similar maturity and plant type to Bowie and produces large grain with low screenings losses but low test weights like Bowie and is moderately susceptible to black point.

Barham was released by AGT and available through Viterra.

Longreach ImpalaA. Impala is an early to midseason soft biscuit (ASFT) wheat targeted to eastern Australia. Impala has mid season maturity, is susceptible to CCN but has good stem and stripe rust resistance but is susceptible to leaf rust. Impala produces large grain with 2013

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Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013 Table 2: Mean yield (% of trials average) of varieties from SARDI and NVT trials (2005-2011), and reaction to common disorders. (No of trials in italics) Stem Stripe Leaf Septoria Yellow Powdery Black Agricultural district Rust Rust# Rust tritici leaf Mildew point Lower Eyre upper Eyre Murray Mid north Yorke Pen. South East blotch spot Pen Pen Mallee AGT Katana 103 14 103 28 103 26 102 16 102 15 102 13 MS/S MR/MS MS MS MR/MS MR/MS S Axe 99 20 98 39 102 38 103 24 98 21 100 16 MR/MS R/MR MR S/VS S MR/MS S Barham 98 19 97 16 MR MS/S MR/MS MS/S MS/S S MR/MS Catalina 98 17 96 32 97 32 99 24 98 18 99 14 R/MR MS R MS MS/S MS/S S Clearfield Jnz 95 8 87 17 88 15 95 10 96 9 96 8 MR R/MR MS MS MS/S MS/S Cobra R/MR MS/S MS MS MR/MS MS/S MS/S Corack 104 5 102 11 107 10 106 8 104 6 104 5 MR MS MS/S MS/S MR/MS VS MS/S Correll 101 20 101 39 104 38 101 24 102 21 102 16 MR MR/MS MS/S MR/MS S/VS MR/MS MS Derrimut 102 20 97 39 100 38 103 24 102 21 103 16 MR #MS/S^ R MS/S S MS MS/S MR MR/MS MS/S MS S MS/S Grenade CL Plus Emu Rock 100 5 98 11 100 10 102 8 101 6 101 5 MR/MS MR/MS MS/S S MS MS/S MS Espada 103 17 105 32 105 32 102 20 103 18 103 14 R/MR MR/MS R S MS MS/S S Estoc 100 11 100 22 100 21 102 12 102 12 101 11 MR MR/MS MR/MS S S MS MS Forrest 93 6 R/MR R/MR MR MR/MS MR/MS MS MR Gladius 103 20 102 39 107 38 104 24 104 21 103 16 MR MR/MS MS MS/S MS S MS Impala 101 8 101 8 R/MR MR S S MS/S R MR/MS 97 5 94 11 94 10 97 8 97 6 100 5 MR MR/MS MS/S S S S S Justica CL Plus 98 5 95 11 96 10 98 8 96 6 97 5 MR MR/MS MS MS/S MS/S MS/S MR Kord CL Plus Lincoln 100 14 100 28 99 32 100 20 100 18 101 13 MR R MR S MS MR Mace 106 8 110 17 107 15 107 10 105 9 107 8 MR/MS S/VS MR MR/MS MR/MS MS/S MS 21 101 14 R/MR MS MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS S Magenta 101 20 103 39 102 38 100 24 102 Peake 101 20 96 39 100 38 102 24 100 21 102 16 MR/MS MR/MS R S S MS MS/S Phantom 100 5 98 11 98 10 101 8 102 6 101 5 MR MR MR/MS MR/MS S/VS MR/MS MR Scout 107 8 108 17 105 15 108 12 107 12 107 8 MR/MS MS R MS S/VS MR/MS S Shield R/MR MR R MS/S S MR MR/MS Wallup 102 4 103 8 101 6 103 5 R/MR MR/MS MS MS/S MS S MR/MS Wyalkatchem 103 20 103 39 102 38 104 24 104 21 104 16 MR/MS S MS MR MR/MS S/VS MS Yitpi 99 20 99 39 101 38 101 24 101 21 101 16 S MR/MS MS MR/MS S/VS MR/MS MS av trial yield t/ha 3.35 1.67 1.75 3.48 3.46 3.84 Durums Caparoi 99 20 100 18 R/MR MR R R/MR MR MS/S Hyperno 106 20 105 18 R MR R R/MR MS MS Kalka 99 24 99 21 R/MR MR R/MR MR/MS MR S Saintly 106 20 104 18 R/MR MR MR/MS MR/MS MR MS Tamaroi 99 24 100 21 R/MR MR R/MR S MR MS Tjilkuri 104 12 105 12 MR/MS MR MR MR/MS MR MS/S Yawa 117 9 114 9 R/MR R/MR MR/MS R/MR MR MR av yield t/ha 3.32 3.05 - insufficient data R = resistant MR = moderately resistant MS = moderately susceptible S = susceptible VS = very susceptible - = variety yet to be fully evaluated # = ratings for WA Yr17 strain. ^ = some susceptible plants in mix Black Point is not a disease but is a physiological response to certain humid conditions.

Information on disease reaction was provided by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI) and compiled before the full data from 2012 was available. Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382.

improved test weight over Bowie and low screenings losses and is MS to black point. Seed is licensed to Pacific Seeds DURUM WHEATS Caparoi A . Caparoi (TD60F) was developed and recently released by the Tamworth Durum Program and has been widely tested in SA, showing slightly earlier flowering than Tamaroi, similar yields and good semolina colour.

Caparoi has excellent physical grain quality and high grain protein, Seed is being commercialised by AWB Seeds.

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HypernoA. Hyperno (WID22209) has a similar maturity, adaptation and disease resistance profile to Kalka and Tamaroi, but generally offers greater yields, improved semolina colour and better sprouting and black point tolerance.

Hyperno is eligible for APDR grade in SA and is being released from AGT with seed available from the Durum Growers Association.

SaintlyA. Saintly (WID22279) is awnless, earlier flowering than Kalka and Tamaroi, and has performed very well in dry finishing conditions in SA. Saintly

has slightly lower stem and stripe rust resistance compared to Hyperno.

Saintly is being released from AGT with seed available from the Durum Growers Association.

Tjilkuri A . Tjilkuri (WID801) has a similar maturity, adaptation and disease resistance profile to Tamaroi, but generally offers greater yields, like Hyperno together with improved semolina colour.

Tjilkuri is eligible for APDR grade in SA and was released from the University of Adelaide in 2010 with seed available from

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013 the Durum Growers Association.

YawaA . Yawa (WID803) has just been released from the University of Adelaide with seed available from the Durum Growers Association.

Yawa has a similar maturity, adaptation and disease resistance profile to Tamaroi, but offers very high yields, albeit with generally small grain size. Yawa has excellent semolina colour and is eligible for APDR grade in SA WID802. WID802 has just been released from the University of Adelaide with

seed available from the Durum Growers Association.

WID802 is targeted for the SE of SA (Tatiara districts) and has a similar m a t u r i t y, a d a p t a t i o n a n d d i s e a s e resistance profile to Tamaroi, but offers high yields, albeit with sometimes small grain size. WID802 is eligible for APDR grade in SA Domestic Flours Millers Wheat Variety Preferences Most of South Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wheat is exported to the Middle East for flat and

pan bread production, and to a lesser extent noodle production. The domestic flour millers purchase a small proportion of South Australian wheat either from marketers or directly from growers.

The domestic flour millers can have different quality requirements to export markets due to different end products and processes employed.

Table 3 lists the flour millersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; variety quality ratings, which provide growers with an indication of the most highly sought varieties.

For further information, contact Laucke Flour Mills (03 5431 5201).

Extensibility

Max Resistance

Paste Viscosity

VG

VG

G

MED /H&A

3

3

2

1

A G

A A

G VP

A P

A VP

H&A MED&A

G

2

2

G

A

G

G

G

MED&A

G

AH AH AH AH AH

1 3 3 3 1

1 2 1 1 3

G G G G G

A/M G G G M

VP G A A P

H&A MED&A MED&A MED&A MED&A

A G G G G

AH AH

AH AH

1 1

3 3

G

G

M

G

P

P

Lincoln Mace Peake

AH AH AH

AH AH AH

3 3 3

2 1 1

A G G

A/G G A

A/G G A

A/M A G

A A A

MED/H &A MED&A G MED&A

Yitpi

AH

AH

3

2

G

A

A

A

A

Young

AH

AH

2

2

G

A

A

A

AGT Scythe APW APW 2 1 Frame APW APW 3 2 Scout APW APW 2 1 Wyalkatchem APW APW 3 1 new varieties - indicative assessments only Estoc APW APW 2 1

G G G G

A M A A

M G M M

A

A

Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Corack GrenadeCL Plus Cobra

APW APW APW AH APW

APW APW APW AH APW

3 1 3 2 3

1 3 1 2 1

A M A G A

Shield Phantom Wallup

AH AH AH

AH AH AH

3 3 1

1 1 2

A A A

Impala

Soft

SF1

Soft AH

SF1 AH

1

Bolac

AH

AH

Catalina Clearfield JNZ Correll Derrimut Gladius

AH AH AH AH AH

AGT Katana Kukri

Biscuit 2

Cake

Preferred Grade Bowie Axe

A/M A A A A A-M A A/M A A/M

Mixing Time

Water Absorption

A

SF1

Rapid Dough

Flour Colour

G

Soft

Hot plate goods 2

Barham

Artisan breads

3

Plant Bakery

2

Max Class Grade

Milling Quality

Table 3 Domestic Flour Millers Assessment - S.A. Wheat Varieties (updated October 2012) 1 = not sought 2 = some requirement 3 = highly sought VG = very good, G = good, A = acceptable, M = marginal, P = poor, VP = very poor, H = High, PV - MED = Medium Variety End Product Category Quality Parameters Comments

Needs further biscuit test evaluation

G A G

Acceptable Biscuit quality VP Very poor WA with strong inextensible dough, excessive bakery mix time P Has good water absorption and dough strength, but long mix time P Very strong dough with excessive mix time G Acceptable Hard wheat quality A Acceptable AH quality A Appears acceptable for Plant bakery VP Inextensible and bucky doughs with excessive Bakery mix times.

Very strong variety. Closed loop release system.

VP Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix requirement G Suitable Domestic Mill quality M suitable AH quality for Domestic Mills A Good potential for Plant Bakery application - slightly long mix time A Acceptable Hard wheat quality.

G

M

MED/H &A MED&A

P M A G

A A A A

H&A MED/H G A

M VG A G

Marginal AH quality - has strong dough & long mix time.

Requires rapid test bake evaluation A Marginal APW Quality VG Good APW quality - has short extensibility M Suitable as APW for Domestic Mills G Good APW quality - but marginal WA

G

M

A

A

P

P

A A A A M

A A A G M

A A A A G

A M A M A

M M A A P

A A A M A

M P A M A

A A A

A G A

A A A

A A M

A A A

M M P

M M P

P

Marginal APW Quality expect some interest from Domestic Mills Appears suitable for Domestic Mills Strong dough, suit specialist use only Good usable APW. Appears suitable for Domestic Mills Marginal Strong AH. Expect some interest from Dometiv Mills.

Appears suitble for Domestic Mills. Low viscosity & colour a concern Marginal strong AH. Should suit Domestic Mills.

Appears suitableas AH for Domestic Mills Long Mix requirement. Suit specialist segregation. Limited interest Appears suitable for Domestic Mills as soft wheat

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49

SARDI sowing guide 2013 Sowing Guide 2013

Barley variety sowing guide 2013

by Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist, new Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI

T

Variety BassA

Max. Grade malting

Suitability and significant features Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm), new variety with malt markets yet to establish All areas except where leaf rust is a problem. Has low domestic and established export brewing demand All areas, except prone to net form net blotch. Established domestic and increasing export brewing demand All areas, with timely harvest a priority. High export but low domestic brewing demand Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm), now agronomically outclassed South East region but prone to leaf rust, new variety with high domestic brewing demand All areas, and suitable for the Shochu market, moderate but declining industry demand All areas, with timely harvest or windrowing a priority. Avoid areas prone to spot form net blotch. Low industry demand, now agronomically outclassed All areas All areas, except where high risk of leaf scald or net form net blotch Medium to high rainfall areas where very high yields are targeted and test weight is easily achieved.

Specialised variety for on-farm animal feed use in all areas. High powdery mildew risk All areas, particularly for districts with lower rainfall and light soils All areas except deep sandy soils of lower fertility and avoid areas prone to leaf rust Medium to high rainfall areas (>400mm) especially where leaf rust is prevalent All areas except where leaf rust is a problem. Imizadoline tolerant, pending malt accreditation

BulokeA malting his sowing guide provides data and guidance on the most CommanderA malting suitable barley varieties for sowing in South Australia in 2013. During the FlagshipA malting past 12 to 18 months, many new varieties have been registered with potential to be GairdnerA malting grown in SA. A Navigator malting These include, Bass, Fathom, Henley, G r a n g e , S k i p p e r, N a v i g a t o r a n d Schooner malting Wimmera. Most of these varieties are potential malt quality varieties yet to be Sloop SAA malting accredited by industry but some may be available for contracted and limited HindmarshA food production in 2013. National Variety Trial BarqueA feed (NVT) data gathered across seasons for CapstanA feed many of these varieties is limited and due to limited seed release for 2012 they may FinnissA feed - hull-less not have been included in the list below, but are included within notes on new FleetA feed varieties. Due to limited market demand Keel feed and outclassed agronomic characteristics, Baudin, Mundah and Yarra have been OxfordA feed removed from the list.

Net form net blotch remains a ScopeA feed significant disease threat to barley production across South Australia and growers should • malting varietal storage refrain from growing barley on segregations in bulk storage barley, or planting the variety facilities; Maritime, unless a vigilant • disease resistance and fungicide strategy is planned. agronomic considerations Varieties have been listed ( Ta b l e 2 a n d Ta b l e 3 below according to quality respectively). classification grade and in alphabetical order and not in For long term stability in farm order of preference.

Rob Wheeler returns and market supply The decision to grow either and demand, farmers now growing only a malting or feed variety may depend on feed varieties should consider including one or more factors, including; some malting varieties in their cropping.

• the difference in payments between However, it is important that growers malting and feed grades as related to contact their grain marketers of choice yield differences (Table 1). Furthermore, to discuss market demand prior to sowing differential pricing of varieties will a malting variety. Malting barley is grown, continue and growers need to consider stored and sold on a variety-specific basis market premiums and discounts in and it is important to ascertain if the variety addition to agronomic performance to chosen is able to be stored and marketed in maximize profitability; your area.

• the probability of producing a malting Cereal cyst nematode levels should be grade barley; 16 > SARDI Sowing Guide

50

2013

carefully monitored when susceptible varieties such as Schooner, Scope, Sloop, Buloke, Baudin, Oxford and Gairdner are grown.

Seed dressings having activity on powdery mildew should be applied to all varieties susceptible to powdery mildew, particularly when sown before June.

Notes on older varieties Buloke A . Buloke is a high yielding, export quality profile malting variety developed by VicDPI and released in 2005. It is a tall, midseason variety, with a flowering time similar to or slightly later than Schooner. Buloke offers high yield potential, typically exhibiting a 10% yield advantage over Schooner. It has good levels of resistance to net form net blotch, better head retention than Schooner, but is susceptible to CCN and

Barley varieties for 2013 Fathom

Barley • Early maturing feed variety with broad adaptation • Strong disease resistance including CCN • Very low screenings similar to Maritime • High test weight with consistently high grain yield • Taller plant height than Hindmarsh

Navigator

Barley • Semi dwarf variety with very stiff straw and flowering time similar to Gairdner • Suited to medium-high rainfall areas • Good disease resistance profile including CCN, SFNB, NFNB, and strong resistance to scald. Susceptible to leaf rust • Mid season flowering and maturity similar to Gairdner • Good resistance to lodging

Commander

Barley • Barley Australia accredited malting variety • Broadly adapted, high yielding malting barley variety across many regions in SA, Victoria, NSW, southern QLD and WA • Plump grain variety • CCN resistant and moderately resistant to powdery mildew

www.viterra.com.au Contact Jason Scott - National Wholesale Seeds Manager on 0458 009 804 or the Viterra Service Centre on 1800 018 205

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

has shown increased susceptibility to leaf rust. Buloke has averaged similar grain plumpness and screenings but slightly inferior test weight to Schooner and is moderately susceptible to black point.

Buloke has a moderately short coleoptile and moderately slow early growth and seed is available through SeedNet. CommanderA. Commander is a malting quality variety developed by the University of Adelaide and suitable for domestic and some export brewing markets. Commander has mid to late season maturity and across many seasons, demonstrates wide adaptation and very high yield relative to other malting varieties, particularly in seasons with favourable spring finishes. Commander has excellent grain plumpness, but has generally lower test weight relative to Schooner and Flagship. Commander is resistant to CCN but has modest foliar disease resistance, being moderately susceptible to most foliar diseases including net form net blotch and therefore should not be grown on barley stubble and areas prone to net form net blotch. Commander is moderately

resistant to powdery mildew. Seed is available through Viterra.

FlagshipA. Flagship was developed and released from the University of Adelaide Barley Program in 2005 and has an export malt quality profile. Flagship is a tall, midseason maturity variety, similar in plant type to Schooner and Sloop, but typically exhibits a 5% yield advantage over Schooner. Flagship has good early vigour and weed competitiveness, but modest straw strength with lodging resistance similar to Schooner. Flagship can show high levels of soil boron toxicity symptoms which may reduce grain size but otherwise has slightly lower retention and higher screening than ‘Sloop types’.

Flagship is susceptible to sprouting and timely harvest is recommended. Flagship is available through Viterra and Heritage Seeds.

Finniss A . Finniss is a hulless variety released from the University of Adelaide Barley Breeding Program and targeted at food and animal feed markets. Finniss has good straw strength and head retention, and resistance to CCN, leaf

rust and to common strains of leaf scald.

Finniss is susceptible to powdery mildew.

It is a semi dwarf type with mid season maturity like Schooner. Grain yield is similar to Schooner and well above other hulless types such as Torrens. Seed is available through Viterra FleetA. Fleet is a midseason maturing, CCN resistant feed barley, developed by the University of Adelaide as a replacement option for Barque and Mundah. Fleet has a long coleoptile, and combines the plant type of Barque with the yield potential of Keel, and the adaptation to deep sandy soils of Mundah. Fleet exhibits an excellent disease resistance profile, although variable resistance to leaf rust. Fleet has plump grain but slightly lower test weights than other feed types. It’s strong awn can reduce threshability and attention to concave and thresher adjustment is important, especially in maintaining test weight. Seed is available through Viterra.

Hindmarsh A . Hindmarsh is an early maturing (similar to Barque), semi-

Table 1: Yield of barley varieties in South Australian agricultural districts expressed as a percentage of trial site average yield (SARDI and NVT data 2005 - 2011 inclusive, with number of observations in italics).

Region Yorke Peninsula Murray Mallee Mid north Lower Eyre Central Eyre South East Peninsula Peninsula Yield Obs No Yield Obs No Yield Obs No Yield Obs No Yield Obs No Yield Obs No MALTInG (SA) Bass 103 23 98 10 101 15 102 12 98 12 102 11 Baudin 95 32 93 19 95 21 97 20 92 21 96 13 Buloke 102 32 104 19 103 21 103 20 101 25 103 13 Commander 107 32 108 19 106 21 104 20 104 25 107 13 Flagship 99 32 101 19 99 21 99 20 98 25 101 13 Gairdner 96 32 97 13 96 21 95 17 93 9 97 13 Navigator 92 18 95 15 95 6 94 9 Schooner 92 32 90 19 94 21 94 20 90 25 94 13 Sloop SA 95 32 97 19 97 21 96 20 94 25 98 13 FOOD Hindmarsh 111 27 110 16 110 18 109 17 109 21 108 11 FEED Barque 103 32 103 19 101 21 100 18 103 25 102 8 Capstan 107 30 106 21 105 10 108 13 Fathom 110 9 111 6 109 6 109 6 111 8 109 3 Fleet 111 32 110 19 109 21 107 20 111 25 108 13 Keel 103 32 101 19 104 21 101 20 105 23 102 13 Maritime 101 32 98 19 99 21 100 20 97 25 99 12 Oxford 111 17 113 9 108 12 110 10 110 12 109 7 PEnDInG MALT ACCREDITATIOn Scope 100 12 101 9 100 9 99 8 97 12 101 5 Skipper 106 12 106 9 105 9 105 8 105 12 106 5 Henley 107 12 106 9 104 9 105 8 104 12 105 5 Grange 111 9 112 6 108 6 109 6 111 8 109 3 Westminster 101 17 102 13 101 3 102 4 101 7 Wimmera 109 12 107 9 106 6 108 7 region av. yield (t/ha) 2.91 2.08 3.65 3.36 2.24 3.64

2013

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Sowing Guide 2013

dwarf, food quality variety developed by VicDPI, and released in 2006. Hindmarsh offers excellent yield potential, typically similar to Keel, and grain quality at least equivalent to Keel with resistance to CCN, variable resistance to leaf rust and leaf scald and susceptibility to spot form net blotch. Hindmarsh has slow early growth and a short coleoptile and attention to seeding depth is important in stubble systems. Where triadimenol seed dressing and pre-emergent herbicide is used, research has shown shallow sowing to be more advantageous than deeper sowing to avoid potential damage. Seed is available from SeedNet. Keel. Keel, an early flowering, high yielding, feed quality variety was released in 1999 and is now generally outclassed

by Hindmarsh and Fleet in SA. High susceptibility to leaf rust and in recent years, development of susceptibility to net form net blotch, have further detracted from this once very popular variety.

Maritime A . Maritime is a tall, early maturing feed variety with CCN resistance released by the University of Adelaide in 2004. Maritime was developed specifically for manganese deficient soils where it exhibits good adaptation. Maritime has a yield

SARDI sowing guide 2013

potential between Barque and Keel on other soil types, and offered a good disease resistance profile but is now very susceptible to the net form net blotch.

Maritime has excellent physical grain quality and early vigour, and is a good option for lower rainfall environments where tall straw and high test weights are sought but areas of low risk of net form net blotch. Seed is available through Viterra Oxford A .

Oxford is a feed quality variety which has shown very high yield potential in seasons with high spring rainfall. Oxford has late maturity similar, to Franklin, good straw strength and head retention. While Oxford is susceptible to CCN, leaf scald and spot form net blotch, it has good resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew. Oxford is a useful option for SE high rainfall districts and has good black point resistance. Seed is available through Heritage Seeds.

Scope. Scope is a tall, early to mid season maturing, imidazolinone tolerant barley with moderate to high yield potential across a range of medium rainfall environments. Its disease resistance profile is very similar to Buloke with the main concern being susceptibility to some leaf rust strains. It

has been released as a feed variety but also commenced Barley Australia malting accreditation with scheduled completion in March 2013. Scope has registration for use with an appropriate BASF Clearfield herbicide and this herbicide tolerance makes Scope an attractive option for brome and other grass control, particularly in mallee type soils. Seed is available through SeedNet. SloopSA A . SloopSA, once a widely grown malting variety developed by the University of Adelaide, is now generally outclassed by newer varieties, Buloke, Commander and Flagship. Relative to these varieties, SloopSA generally shows at least 5% lower yield and is susceptible to all foliar diseases other than net form net blotch. It is also susceptible to head loss under some conditions and has limited malting and brewing market demand. SloopSA is commercialised by Viterra and Heritage Seeds.

Notes on New Varieties B a s s A ( WA B A R 2 3 1 5 ) h a s b e e n developed and recently released from Intergrain as an export quality barley, which has recently passed Barley Australia malt accreditation. It is a mid to late maturing variety targeted to Baudin

Table 2: Disease reaction of selected barley varieties Variety CCn CCn Powdery Leaf Leaf net blotch net blotch resistance tolerance mildew scald rust (spot form) (net form) Barque R T MR S/VS MR/MS-S R/MR MS/S Bass S T MS MR-S R - MS MS/S MS/S Baudin S T S/VS MS/S MS-S/VS S MS Buloke S T MR MS MS-S/VS MS MR Capstan R T MR MR-S MS MS/S MS Commander R T MR S MS-S MS MS Fathom R T MR MR MR-S/VS MR MS/S Flagship R T MR/MS MS MR/MS-S MR/MS MR Fleet R T MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS-S R/MR MR Gairdner S T MR R-S MS-S S MR/MS Grange T R MS/S MR MS/S MR Henley T R R-S/VS MR-MR/MS MS/S MR Hindmarsh R T MS R-S MR/MS-S S MR Keel R T MR/MS MS VS R/MR MS Maritime R T S MS/S MS-S MR/MS VS Navigator R T R R VS MR MR Oxford S T R MS-S R-MR/MS MS/S MR Schooner VS T S MS/S S/VS MS MR Scope S T MR MS/S MS-S/VS MS MR Skipper R T MR S MS/S-S/VS MR MR Sloop SA R T S S S/VS S/VS MR Wimmera S T MR MS/S R-MR/MS MS MR Yarra R T S S/VS R-S MS MS Disease rating codes: R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; VS = very susceptible; T = tolerant Information on disease reaction was supplied by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI). Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382 18 > SARDI Sowing Guide

Black point S MS MS MS S S MS/S MS MR MS MS MS/S S/VS MS/S MS/S MR MS MS/S MS S MR S/VS

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Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Table 3: Agronomic characteristics of selected barley varieties Variety coleoptile Early Tillering Standing Height Earliness Head Ease of Boron tox Manganese length vigour ability ability to head to flower retention threshing symptoms efficiency Barque 6 9 6 7 6 5 3 6 3 Bass 7 4 4 6 Baudin 4 5 8 6 4 4 7 7 7 Buloke 4 5 7 5 7 5 5 8 3 Capstan 4 9 8 3 3 8 7 6 Commander 6 6 7 5 6 5 5 7 6 Fathom 8 7 6 6 6 4 5 Flagship 5 5 7 5 6 5 7 7 8 Fleet 8 6 8 6 7 6 5 4 5 Gairdner 5 4 9 6 5 4 8 6 7 3 Henley 8 4 Hindmarsh 3 3 8 7 5 6 7 7 8 Keel 6 8 5 6 8 5 6 6 4 Maritime 7 8 7 4 6 6 7 7 8 7 Navigator 6 4 9 7 4 4 7 8 2 Oxford 8 9 8 4 3 8 7 7 Schooner 6 6 7 6 7 5 4 7 7 5 Scope 5 7 5 7 5 4 8 3 Skipper 6 6 7 5 6 6 6 7 3 Sloop SA 6 6 7 5 7 5 3 7 7 6 Wimmera 5 4 9 8 4 3 8 6 7 Yarra 3 8 7 4 5 8 Relative values based on a 0-9 scale, a high figure indicating the variety expresses the character to a high degree. These values are only a guide; growing conditions greatly influence differences. * A high boron toxicity symptom score relates to high presence of leaf symptoms.

production areas in WA. Bass offers variable resistance to scald and leaf rust, resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus but has no CCN resistance and is susceptible to both net and spot form net blotch and not recommended for growing in SA where these diseases occur. Seed is available from Intergrain for the 2013 season.

Fathom A (WI4483) is a feed quality variety developed using wild barley to improve stress tolerance and water use efficiency. Widespread yield data from SA NVT is limited to 2010 and 2011 where Fathom has averaged yields similar to Hindmarsh. Fathom has good levels of resistance to CCN, scald, powdery mildew and spot form net blotch. Fathom has shown susceptibility to NFNB and is not recommended for growing in high risk situations unless an appropriate fungicide strategy is applied. Seed will be available for 2013 from Viterra GrangeA is a high yielding European malting barley licensed to Heritage Seeds under evaluation in Australia. It is mid to late maturing and targeted for areas with more than 400mm rainfall. Grange has good levels of resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust and net form net blotch but susceptibility to spot form net blotch

and leaf scald. Malting accreditation is expected to be completed in 2013.

HenleyA is a European malting barley licensed to Heritage Seeds under evaluation in Australia. It is mid to late maturing and targeted for areas with more than 400mm rainfall. Henley has good levels of resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust and net form net blotch, susceptibility to spot form net blotch and variable scald resistance. Malting accreditation will not be completed before March 2013 NavigatorA (WI4262) has been developed by the University of Adelaide and is a recently released and accredited, domestic malt quality variety. Navigator is mid to late maturing, similar to Gairdner but offering 2-3% higher yield potential, significantly improved physical grain quality and a good disease resistance profile with the exception of extreme susceptibility to leaf rust.

Production will be targeted for the South East region of SA. Seed is available for 2013 and for further information contact Viterra.

SkipperA (WI4446) has been developed by the University of Adelaide as an early maturing, potential malting

quality variety similar in phenology to Hindmarsh and Barque. Data from across NVT in SA since 2009 has shown Skipper to yield similar to Commander. Skipper is expected to complete Barley Australia malt accreditation in 2014.

Skipper has good resistance to both forms of net blotch, powdery mildew and CCN but high susceptibility to some strains of leaf rust and is susceptible to leaf scald.

Seed is expected to be available for commercial production in 2014 from Viterra.

WimmeraA (VB0432) was developed by the Victorian DPI and the University of Adelaide as a potential malting quality, mid to late maturing variety. Wimmera is undergoing malt accreditation trials with completion expected by March 2014.

It has similar plant architecture to Gairdner however it has significantly higher yield potential as shown in SA NVT since 2009.

During the past three seasons Wimmera has averaged more than 10% higher yield than Gairdner. Wimmera has good resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, net form net blotch and black point but is susceptible to leaf scald and CCN. Seed will not be available for commercial production until 2014.

2013

54

SARDI Sowing Guide < 19

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Lupin variety sowing guide 2013

By Andrew Ware, SARDI, Port Lincoln and Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia, naracoorte

O

ne new narrow leafed lupin variety will be available to South Australian growers for the first time in 2013. PBA Gunyidi has been released as a high yielding lupin with considerable improvement in shattering resistance compared to Mandelup and Jenabillup.

Yields of PBA Gunyidi in NVT trials have been similar to Mandelup in most regions across SA, with slight advantages in on Upper Eyre Peninsula and the Mid North, but a penalty in the South-east (see table 3).

Seed is licensed to Seednet with limited availability for planting in 2013. Other high yielding PBA lupin variety releases are expected within the next 12 months.

Narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) are well suited to acid and sandy soils, and continue to be grown in suitable areas as a key component of the farming system.

Poor grain pricing for lupins over the past few seasons has driven the area planted to lupins in SA to be reduced, however recent price increases should see lupins return to favour in areas where they can be grown.

For producers wanting to sell into Victorian and NSW markets they must satisfy anthracnose freedom, market access and transporting protocols.

Anthracnose grain tests are the most common means of identifying anthracnose freedom for marketing.

Paddock inspection for anthracnose freedom is usually the cheaper option per tonne of grain produced, but unfortunately this option is still not available to Eyre Peninsula lupin growers.

To establish eligibility for paddock inspection, sowing seed needs to have been tested for anthracnose.

Grazing of Lupin Stubbles Lupin stubbles can provide a high value 20 > SARDI Sowing Guide

yields the Murray Mallee and feed source to livestock, however South East regions. in recent years a number of growers have lost significant stock Notes on current narrownumbers to lupinosis. leafed lupin varieties This livestock health problem C o ro m u p A . C o r o m u p i s occurs as a result of toxins being produced from the phomopsis unlikely to be formally released fungus that develops in the lupin in South Australia. Coromup Andrew Ware stem as the plant matures. was released as a speciality All current varieties have a reasonable lupin in WA in 2006 for medium and low level of resistance that slows the rainfall zones. development of the phomopsis fungus.

It is a high quality narrow-leafed lupin, However, when significant rain occurs having large and uniform seeds with high while the crop matures and afterwards, protein, hence it has excellent attributes fungal development can still occur. for de-hulling, producing high protein Care must be taken in grazing lupin kernel meal for developing premium stubbles and it may advisable not to graze feed markets. some paddocks at all given wet conditions Coromup is early maturing and has a at and after harvest. good disease resistance profile that Lupin paddocks should be grazed at includes anthracnose and phomopsis the first opportunity after harvest. Stock stem blight. must have access to a good quality water Coromup has good tolerance to supply. Older stock are less affected than metribuzin. In WA it is being promoted young stock. for its high quality (i.e. high protein) Bulky crops and crop topping both aid rather than its yields. the development of the fungus and can In the absence of bonus payments for increase risk of lupinosis occurring. Tight its higher protein, the main role for lupin rotations also increase the risk.

Coromup may be for on-farm feed use.

Coromup averaged 95% of Mandelup in Variety performance long term NVT testing in SA. In 2011 Jenabillup was the highest yielding variety in breeding and NVT Jenabillup A . Jenabillup has been trials across South Australia, eclipsing extensively trailed in SA for six years Mandelup yields by 4%, when averaged with a long term average 1% higher than across all sites.

Mandelup across all South Australian Long term yields show Jenabillup sites. being the highest yielding variety across It typically has an advantage over the Lower Eyre Peninsula, Upper Eyre Mandelup at the longer growing season Peninsula, and Mid North regions, while areas, where its extended flowering Mandelup has the highest long term window can assist with increased yield.

Jenabillup flowers slightly later and for a longer period than Mandelup, making it Table 1. Narrow-leafed lupin variety sowing guide less suitable to crop topping.

2013.

Jenabillup does have resistance to black Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) pod syndrome, although rarely seen in Low Medium High South Australia. Jenabillup does not have tolerance to metribuzin herbicide. It has < 375 mm 375-500 mm > 500 mm a low anthracnose rating (MS).

Mandelup A JenabillupA MandelupA Jenabillup was first available to South JenabillupA JenabillupA MandelupA Australian growers in 2011 and seed is available through Viterra Seeds.

PBA GunyidiA PBA GunyidiA PBA GunyidiA

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Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Table 2. Agronomic features of narrow-leafed lupin varieties.

Variety Flowering Height Early Lodging Pod loss/ Anthracnose Brown leaf vigour (high shatter spot rainfall) Early Tall Med MS R MR MS CoromupA Mid Tall Med MR-MS R MS MR-MS Jenabillup A Late Tall Slow MR R MS MR JindaleeA V early Tall Fast MS MR MR MS Mandelup A Early Med Fast MS R MR/R MS PBA GunyidiA Early-Mid Med Med MR-MS MS R MR-MS Wonga A R = Resistant; MR = Moderately resistant; MS = Moderately susceptible; S = Susceptible.

Jindalee A . Jindalee is the latest flowering and maturing variety currently available.

It particularly suits early sowing in higher rainfall districts where its vernalisation (cold requirement) prevents it from flowering too early. It is well suited to situations of bulky dense canopies that would otherwise lead to poor pod set in other varieties.

Jindalee can also benefit from late spring rains.

Its long-term yield performance is well behind Mandelup across all districts in SA. Jindalee’s anthracnose rating is MS. This level of anthracnose resistance is generally adequate though, if combined with seed testing, paddock monitoring and sound crop hygiene management.

Jindalee is moderately tall and vigorous, is resistant to phomopsis and is moderately resistant to brown leaf spot.

In SA it appears to have improved resistance to root rots and premature wilting that occurs on duplex soils with shallow underlying clay.

Jindalee has speckled seed and medium seed alkaloid levels. Seed is available through Seednet.

MandelupA. Mandelup has established itself as a leading variety in SA (table 3).

It is a tall variety, with good early vigour and very early flowering and maturity, making it well-suited to low to medium

Grey Spot

CMV on seed

R R R R MS R

MR MR MS MR MR/R R

rainfall districts in SA, but still yields well in higher rainfall areas.

Its early maturity makes it suitable for crop topping, with careful attention to correct timing. Mandelup’s wide adaptation has seen it perform well over a range of seasons.

In addition to its yield advantages, Mandelup has moderate anthracnose resistance, slightly less than Wonga. It is moderately resistant to phomopsis stem blight and CMV seed transmission and resistant to aphids.

It is moderately susceptible to brown leaf spot.

It does however suffer from some pod loss with delayed harvest, and seed quality can suffer with a wet harvest.

A possible weakness in higher rainfall districts is its poorer stem strength and potential lodging, although this has not been observed at well grown, wetter sites in recent years.

Seed of Mandelup is available in SA through Seedmark Pty Ltd. PBA Gunyidi A . PBA Gunyidi (tested as WALAN2289) was released in WA in September 2011. Limited seed is available to eastern states growers to plant in 2013.

PBA Gunyidi has been released as a potential Mandelup replacement that improves on Mandelup by having more shatter resistant pods. This will give growers the option of being able to harvest later without incurring significant

Table 3. Predicted yield of lupin varieties is SA by region, as a % Mandelup Variety LOWER EP uPPER EP MID nORTH % of no. % of no. % of no.

Mandelup Trials Mandelup Trials Mandelup Trials Coromup 97 12 97 5 98 7 Jenabillup 102 10 103 4 102 6 Jindalee 82 13 92 5 89 7 Mandelup 100 13 100 5 100 7 PBA Gunyidi 100 6 102 3 101 4 Wonga 92 12 96 5 86 7 Mandelup (t/ha) 1.96 1.96 1.87 Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT. 2005-2011 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.

Phomopsis Phomopsis on stem on pod/seed R MR-MS R R R MR

R R R R R S

MS MR MS MR-MS MS

losses.

PBA Gunyidi is moderately resistant to anthracnose and phomopsis.

It flowers and matures early and is resistant to Metribuzin herbicide, but more susceptible to damage from Eclipse®.

In four years of evaluation in South Australia PBA Gunyidi has yielded 1% lower than Mandelup across the state, with the Upper Eyre Peninsula showing the highest yield advantage.

Seed is available through Seednet.

WongaA. Wonga is an early flowering, moderate yielding lupin released from NSW. It is moderately tall and vigorous and stands erect.

Wonga is resistant to anthracnose, the best of the commercially available varieties (along with Tanjil). It has moderate resistance to phomopsis and is MR-MS to brown leaf spot.

Wonga has speckled seed and medium seed alkaloid levels. It matures slightly slower than Mandelup.

Wonga has moderate resistance to premature wilting on duplex soils with shallow underlying clay.

Wonga is suited to most areas of SA, and remains the best option currently available to SA growers wanting high levels of anthracnose resistance.

Acknowledgements: Bevan Buirchell (DAFWA) & Pulse Breeding Australia national lupin breeding program.

MALLEE % of no.

Mandelup Trials 91 7 98 6 86 7 100 7 98 4 89 7 1.62

SOuTH EAST % of no.

Mandelup Trials 93 21 99 17 85 22 100 22 95 14 87 21 1.98

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Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Vetch variety sowing guide 2013

By Rade Matic, Stuart nagel and Gregg Kirby, SARDI national Vetch Breeding Program

V

etch is a multi-purpose crop grown mostly as a disease break crop in rotation with cereals in a wide range of soil types from light sands to heavier clay soils.

Common Ve t c h varieties (Languedoc,Blanchfleur, Morava A , RasinaA, and Cummins) versatility allows cropping for grain or hay production, early grazing as green pasture or for dry grazing, hay production or green manure.

Grain vetches have been grown in lower to mid-rainfall cereal areas of Southern Australia, and their grain yields have been similar to pea yields in these areas.

Note that vetch grain is not used for human consumption and has limited use in pig rations.

Grain from Morava and Rasina can be used without limit to feed all ruminants and as up to 25% in the diet of pigs.

Forage vetches are used for hay, green manure or mid to late winter feed for grazing. They are purple vetch (V. banghalensis) variety Popany, or Woolly Pod vetches (V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa) varieties Namoi, Capello® or Haymaker ® . Forage vetches can grow successfully in areas of 400 to 650mm of annual rainfall. Grain from woolly pod vetch varieties CAN NOT be used to feed any livestock.

Morava and Rasina are resistant to rust and are the preferred varieties for grain in areas prone to rust infections.

Disease management is critical when growing a vetch crop regardless of the Table 1. Vetch grain variety rainfall zones (mm). <350 350-400 400-450 Languedoc Rasina Morava Rasina Blanchefleur Rasina Cummins Cummins Blanchefleur Languedoc Cummins Morava 22 > SARDI Sowing Guide

Languedoc generally exceeds end use, where possible disease Blanchefleur’s grain yield in resistant varieties should be areas with less than 350mm planted as a preference. rainfall. Its hard seed content is Care must be taken when generally around 5-10% and it is growing rust susceptible varieties highly susceptible to rust. as grazing or feeding hay/silage from rust infected plants may Blanchefleur. Prior to the induce abortions in pregnant Rade Matic release of Morava, Blanchefleur livestock. So while it is usually had been the preferred grain variety not economically viable to use fungicides in areas above 350mm rainfall in SA. for rust on vetch it may be necessary Blanchefleur has mid maturity, white where rust susceptible varieties are to be flowers and reddish brown/mottled seed used as feed. with orange cotyledons.

Ascochyta blight occurs in earlier stages Blanchefleur is very susceptible to of the vetch crop and can reduce grain rust. It is well suited to medium to high and dry matter production, but not like rainfall areas where rust is not a regular a heavy infestation of Botrytis grey mould problem. Both vetch and lentils are on (BGM) can in cool/wet growing seasons the prescribed grain list of AQIS due to with high amounts of vegetative growth. the vetch-lentil substitution issue, this There is little difference between vetch has meant export markets of orange varieties in their resistance to BGM; cotyledon varieties like Blanchefleur are varieties like Morava, which produce limited to small bird seed markets in greater levels of vegetative growth and Europe and seed for grazing and green denser canopies, will be more prone to manure crops only. this disease in higher rainfall areas.

When selecting a vetch variety growers also need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation and most importantly the end use targeting for the crop and to make this selection on all the available information.

Notes on varieties Common vetch (Vicia sativa) Languedoc. Languedoc is an early flowering and maturing variety recommended for low rainfall areas although it can lodge severely making harvest difficult under certain conditions.

450-600 Morava Rasina

>600 Morava

Cummins. Cummins is a mid to early maturing, white flowering variety selected from Languedoc. It is well adapted to medium to low rainfall areas where it generally yields higher than Blanchefleur.

Cummins is susceptible to rust and moderate susceptible to Ascochyta blight.

MoravaA. Morava is a rust resistant late flowering vetch variety with 100% soft seeds, develop by SARDI’s Australian National Vetch Breeding Program (ANVBP).

Grain yield is superior to other vetches in the high rainfall areas and to

Table 2. Vetch hay/silage/grazing and green manuring variety selection <350 350-400 400-450 450-600 >600 Rasina Rasina Morava Morava Capello Blanchefleur Morava Rasina Popany Haymaker Cummins Cummins Popany Capello Morava Languedoc Popany Capello Haymaker Popany Morava Blanchefleur Haymaker

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Blanchefleur, Languedoc and Cummins in all other areas in the presence of rust.

It is larger seeded and more resistant to shattering than other vetch varieties.

The anti nutritional factor (BCN) levels are 50% lower than Blanchefleur and Languedoc.

Morava produces higher herbage yields than all other common vetch varieties.

Morava is later flowering and maturing than Blanchefleur and grain yield will be reduced in environments with dry finishes.

Morava is moderately resistant to Ascochyta blight and very susceptible to Botrytis, because Morava produces very high biomass in wet/cool zones.

Morava is a PBR variety and can be sourced from Heritage Seeds.

RasinaA.

Rasina is soft seeded vetch from the ANVBP, and replaces Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Cummins in low to medium rainfall areas for grain production. Rasina is earlier for 5-10 days than Blanchefleur and 10 to 15 days earlier than Morava. A significant advantage over Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Cummins is Rasinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resistance to rust and slightly more tolerant to Ascochyta blight and Botrytis.

However, Rasina is not expected to replace Morava in higher rainfall districts or for hay production. The level of anti-nutritional factors is 0.6 to 0.8 compared to 0.9 to 1.6 in Blanchefleur and Languedoc, respectively.

Rasina possesses a distinctive uniform dark brown speckled seed coat with dark beige cotyledons.

Rasina is a PBR variety and can be sourced from Heritage Seeds.

Purple Vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. banghalensis) Popany is purple vetch. Grain yield is significantly lower than yields from common vetch varieties.

But, seeds are smaller than seeds from common vetch varieties therefore the seeding rate is lower at approximately 30-35kg/ha.

Grain from this variety can be used as a bird feed in mix with other recommended grains. Popany is a late maturity variety, >125 days from seeding to podding.

It is a good variety in mid to high rainfall areas for hay/silage. Popany, possesses 5-10% hard seeds. This variety is resistant to rust but susceptible to ascochyta and chocolate spot.

Seed coat is black with distinctive white hilum.

Table 3. Characteristics of selected vetch varieties Variety Maturity Yield potential Flower % of pod colour shattering Grain Dry matter Common vetch varieties (Vicia sativa) Blanchefleur Mid High Mod White 5-10 Cummins Mid-early High Mod White 5-10 Languedoc Very early High Low Purple 10-20 Morava Late High High Purple 0 Rasina Early-mid High Mod Purple 0-2 Purple vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. benghalensis) Popany Very late Low High Purple 20-30 Woolly pod vetches (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa) Namoi Late Low Very high Purple 5-10 Haymaker Late Low Very high 5-10 Capello Late Low Very high 5-10

% of hard seeds

Disease reaction* Rust Asochyta Botrytis

5-10 5-15 5-15 0 0

VS VS VS R R

MR MR S MS MR

S S S VS S

5-10

R

S

VS

25-35 20-30 15-20

R R R

S S S

VS VS VS

Table 4. 2009-11 grain and dry matter yield for common vetch varieties, plus dry matter yield for woolly pod vetch varieties.

Variety Grain Dry matter** yield % of yield % of (t/ha) Blanchefleur (t/ha) Morava Common vetch varieties* Blanchefleur 1.89 100 5.71 95.81 Morava 2.11 111.64 5.96 100 Rasina 2.08 2.08 5.69 95.47 Languedoc 0.91 48.11 4.32 72.48 Dry matter average for common vetches 5.42 Woolly pod vetch varieties** Namoi 6.75 113.26 Haymaker 6.59 110.57 Cappello 6.15 103.19 Dry matter average for woolly pod vetches 6.50 Purple vetch variety Popany 5.28 88.59 * data from 5 sites - Blyth, Lameroo, Peake, Kingsford & Charlick. ** data for both species presented from 4 sites: Minlaton, Charlick, Kingsford & Lameroo Table 5. Plant density and recommended seeding rates for vetch.

Common vetch varieties Woolly pod vetch varieties Purple vetch variety* End use Plants density Sowing rate Plants density Sowing rate Plants density Sowing rate (plants per (kg/ha) (plants per (kg/ha) (plants per (kg/ha) sq.m.) sq.m.) sq.m.)

Grain 40-60 40-50 40-50 25-40 40-50 25-40 Hay/silage 50-70 50-60 50-60 30-45 50-60 30-45 Grazing 50-70 50-60 50-60 30-45 50-60 30-45 Green manure 60-70 55-65 60-70 45-50 50-60 30-45 * in Australia only Popany exsisting as Purple vetch variety

Woolly pod vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa) CapelloA and HaymakerA .Woolly pod vetches are lower in grain yield compared with common vetches, but are much higher in dry matter production than common vetch varieties in rainfall areas >450mm/yr.

Grain from these varieties can not be used to feed any livestock. Also, this variety can only be grazed from the

10-node stage to podding time. It is not recommended that grazing occur earlier and also once the plants begin to develop seed pods. These two varieties are very good for hay/silage production in areas >400mm of rainfall annually.

Haymaker and Capello are selected soft seed varieties from Namoi. In last few years these two varieties have become prone to hard/dormant seeds.

Both varieties are owned by Heritage Seeds.

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SARDI sowing guide 2013

Chickpea variety sowing guide 2013

By Larn McMurray, Research Scientist SARDI, and Kristy Hobson PBA Chickpea Breeder, nSW DPI

N

ew desi chickpea varieties released in 2012 for southern and western Australia will provide pulse growers in medium to lower rainfall regions with high yielding alternatives to the small seeded kabuli types and agronomic and marketing alternatives to field pea and lentil crops.

PBA Striker (CICA0603) was developed

by PBA and is an early flowering and maturing variety with high yields in the low to medium rainfall areas of southern Australia and in Western Australia. It has improved early vigour and seed size over PBA Slasher and excellent seed milling quality.

PBA Striker is moderately resistant to ascochyta blight (AB) and therefore likely to require a vegetative foliar fungicide spray along with sprays during the podding period to control this disease.

PBA Slasher will remain the preferred desi option in high rainfall districts due to its improved disease resistance.

A joint partnership program between the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, The University of Western Australia and COGGO has released two desi varieties for 2013 sowings, Neelam (WACPE2155) and Ambar (WACPE2136).

Both varieties are rated as resistant to AB with high yield potential in WA but have had limited evaluation in southern Australia. Ambar is an early maturing variety, while Neelam is rated as mid maturing. Both varieties have smaller seed size than PBA Slasher and PBA Striker and are being commercialised through Heritage Seeds.

Medium to large (8-9mm) seeded kabuli type varieties Kalkee and Genesis™ 114 are now readily available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies and provide kabuli growers with alternatives to the smaller seeded 24 > SARDI Sowing Guide

Information on key selection kabuli types. Both varieties are criteria and yield for each variety moderately resistant to AB and can be found in Tables 2, 3 and will require a strategic fungicide 4. When selecting a chickpea strategy to control this disease. type and variety to grow, growers Both varieties have similar need to make their decision yields but are inferior to the on the basis of AB resistance, smaller seeded Genesis™ 090 yield, price, marketability in southern Australia. Attaining Larn McMurray and availability of likely target large and consistent seed size markets. Other agronomic is required to attract premium traits such as maturity, susceptibility to prices when growing these larger seeded cold tolerance, root lesion nematode types and Kalkee has the largest grain susceptibility and lodging resistance size of the available varieties. The smaller need to be considered also. When seeded kabuli varieties Genesis 090 and comparing yields, growers need to bear Genesis™ 079 have foliar resistance to in mind that under high AB pressure, AB and only require foliar fungicides varieties with moderate resistance or at the onset of podding. They are also less may suffer greater yield losses than higher yielding than the medium to the more resistant lines even with the larger seeded types but will not attract application of foliar fungicides. Larger their higher prices. Growers still need to seeded kabuli varieties generally yield 15 be aware that all kabuli varieties currently to 25% lower than desi types and smaller have some limitations in agronomic seeded varieties. Also the newer desi adaptation and marketability and will not varieties ie PBA Striker can yield up to be suited to all areas or all situations.

15% higher than Genesis 090. The major price difference is between the desi and Selection Criteria kabuli types, but small differences can The list of suggested varieties for exist between varieties based on seed size, 2013 is shown in Table 1. A range of appearance and marketability (Table 2). chickpea types are available offering growers the opportunity to exploit Chickpea types particular management and or market Desi types opportunities. However all current Larger seeds are preferred for desi varieties still have limitations which types, regardless of whether they are growers need to know and manage.

Table 1. Chickpea variety sowing guide 2013.

Seed type Rainfall zones (mm) Below 400 400–450 450–500 Above 500 Desi PBA Striker* PBA Striker* PBA Slasher PBA Slasher PBA Slasher PBA Slasher PBA Striker* Neelam Neelam Neelam Neelam Ambar Ambar Ambar Ambar Genesis 509 Genesis 509 Genesis 509 Genesis 509 Small kabuli Genesis 079 Genesis 090 Genesis 090 Genesis 090 Genesis 090 Genesis 079 Genesis 079 Medium/large Large seed sizes Kalkee* Kalkee* Kalkee* kabuli unlikely to be achieved Genesis 114* Genesis 114* Genesis 114* in these environments Almaz* Almaz* Almaz* * = moderately resistant to moderately resistant/moderately susceptible varieties, likely to require 3-4 fungicide sprays to successfully grow in SA

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Table 2. Agronomic features of chickpea varieties.

Variety Seed size Kabuli Seed Market g/100 main seed colour type seeds size (mm) suitability Desi type Ambar** 16 light split & brown whole GenesisTM 15-17 dark split 509 brown Howzat 19-21 light split & brown whole Neelam** 17 brown split & whole PBA 19-21 light split & HatTrick brown whole PBA 17-19 light split & Slasher brown whole PBA 20-22 light split & Striker brown whole Sonali 16-20 dark split brown Kabuli type Almaz 40-45 8-9 cream 8-9mm GenesisTM 079 GenesisTM 090 GenesisTM 114 Kalkee

Early vigour

Flow- Maturity ering

Plant height

early

early

R

S

moderate

mid

R

MS

S

MR

MS

poor/mod

mid

earlymid mid

shortmedium medium medium

S

MS

S

MS

S

mid

mid

mediumtall mid-late mediumtall mid medium

R

S

MR

S

S

MR

R

S

S

MS

medium

MR

S

medium

MS

S

T

MS

MR

MS-MR

S

S

MR

MR

R

MS

S

MR

MS

R

S

S

MR

MR

moderate poor/mod

midlate mid

good

early

good

early

poor

late

late

early

24-28

6-7

cream

6-7mm

moderate

early

early

mediumtall short

26-35

7-8

cream

6-8mm

moderate

mid

mid

medium

40-44

8-9

cream

8-9mm

poor/mod

Ascochyta Botrytis Flowering Lodging Pratylenchus blight grey cold resistneglectus foliage mould tolerance ance Resistance Tolerance MR

MI

MR

MS

mid- mid-late medium- MS-MR S S R late tall 40-46 8-9 cream 8-10mm poor/mod mid- mid-late medium- MS-MR S S R late tall R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible, T = tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant. ** These varieties have had limited evaluation in SA. Information sourced from Neelam and Ambar Pulse VMPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, www.pulseasus.com.au

used for splitting or whole seed end use.

There has been an increasing use of large whole seeded desi types in a range of food preparations in the sub continent and a small premium has been available for types fitting this use.

PBA Slasher and PBA Striker have larger and lighter coloured seed than the older types like Tyson and are suited to whole and splitting markets and therefore more likely to achieve the higher prices of the benchmark northern region varieties ie Jimbour.

Small kabuli types Bulk markets for the small kabuli Genesis 090 exported from Australia have been developed in recent years and they generally are paying a premium over the desi types.

However growers need to be aware that while these markets are still in their infancy, they may have to hold seed from time to time as the marketing opportunities are not always available or maybe limited in terms of size and price.

Seed size is smaller than Kaniva, Almaz, Kalkee and Genesis 114 so will not attract the higher prices that these larger seeded kabuli types can.

Further premiums may be obtained by grading and selling the seed on size.

Genesis 079 produces predominantly 6-7mm seed for the bulk small kabuli markets and generally attracts a price at the bottom end of the Genesis 090 range.

Medium-large kabuli types Almaz, Genesis 114 and Kalkee produce predominantly 8 to 10mm seed for traditional larger seeded kabuli markets where larger seed size is imperative to attract premium prices.

Notes on selected desi varieties PBA StrikerA (CICA0603). PBA Striker is a high yielding desi chickpea with moderate resistance to AB. It is an early flowering and maturing variety with very good early vigour levels and will provide a high yielding alternative to all chickpea varieties in

the short season, medium to low rainfall environments of western and southern Australia.

PBA Striker has a similar plant type to PBA Slasher with larger seed size than all other southern and western varieties.

Seed of PBA Striker is also light in colour with ver y good milling characteristics. AB resistance of PBA Striker is less than PBA Slasher and Genesis 090 but improved over Almaz and Genesis 836 however it is likely to require both vegetative and reproductive foliar fungicide sprays.

Due to this lower AB rating than PBA Slasher and its early maturity, PBA Striker is not recommended for high rainfall and long growing season districts. Seed is licensed to Seednet.

Ambar A (WACPE2136). An early flowering and maturing desi type chickpea released from Western Australia in 2012 and rated as resistant to AB. Ambar is high yielding in WA with similar yields to PBA Slasher but has had 2013

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limited evaluation in southern Australia.

Seed size is smaller than PBA Slasher and PBA Striker but light in colour. Seed is licensed to Heritage Seeds.

Neelam A (WACPE2155). A mid flowering and maturing desi type c h i c k p e a r e l e a s e d f r o m We s t e r n Australia in 2012 and rated as resistant to AB. Neelam has very high yields in WA generally higher than PBA Slasher.

It has had limited evaluation in southern Australia and yields to date have generally been similar to PBA Striker.

Neelam has a medium tall plant height, taller than PBA Slasher with a seed size smaller than PBA Slasher and PBA Striker but light in colour. Seed is licensed to Heritage Seeds.

PBA HatTrickA , PBA PistolA & PBA Boundary A . These varieties have been released for northern NSW/southern Qld (PBA HatTrick & PBA Boundary) and Central Queensland (PBA Pistol) where they offer specific production advantages over current variety options.

All varieties are poorly suited to SA and Victoria due to susceptibility to AB (PBA Pistol) and late maturity and low relative yields (PBA HatTrick and PBA Boundary) and are not preferred.

PBA Slasher A . PBA Slasher is a high yielding AB desi chickpea for all growing areas of SA. It has a semi-spreading plant type with mid flowering and mid maturity similar to Howzat. PBA Slasher is suitable for both the split and whole seed markets as it has improved seed size and colour over varieties like Genesis 509 which are generally only suited for split seed markets.

Fungicide management trials have indicated that foliar sprays only during podding are required to successfully grow this variety. Seed is licensed to Seednet.

Notes on selected kabuli varieties AlmazA . Almaz is a medium to large seeded kabuli type commercialised by Seednet. Seed size is generally larger than Kaniva, with superior foliar AB resistance but inferior to that of Genesis 090. It has been 15-35% lower yielding than Genesis 090 in southern Australia and will generally require two to four foliar fungicide sprays, including a first application six to eight weeks after sowing, to successfully grow it in this region.

26 > SARDI Sowing Guide

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected desi chickpea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed as a percentage of PBA Slasher’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2005-2011.)

Yorke Pen. Mid north Lower EP upper EP South East Vic Mallee Wimmera PBA Slasher 2.07 2.13 1.93 0.78 2.09 1.49 1.41 yield (t/ha) Ambar 99 97 101* 98 98 95 95 101 98 99 94 99 97 96 GenesisTM 079# 92 90 92 79 94 91 94 GenesisTM 090# 92 93 90 81 94 91 90 GenesisTM 509 Howzat 93 89 96 85 94 93 88 Neelam 101* 100* NA 105* 101* 102 103 PBA HatTrick 89 88 90 79 93 92 92 PBA Slasher 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PBA Striker 103 101 103 107 101 96 97 Sonali 93 90 94 86* 95 88 85 # Small kabuli types Table 4. Predicted long term yields of selected kabuli chickpea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed as a percentage of Genesis 090’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2005–2011).

Yorke Pen. Mid north Lower EP South East Vic Mallee Wimmera Genesis 090 1.91 1.85 1.47 1.99 1.26 1.36 yield (t/ha) Almaz 87 84 84 87 84 82 Genesis 079 107 105 109 100 104 96 Genesis 090 100 100 100 100 100 100 Genesis 114 90 86 82 88 89 88 Kalkee 87 84 89* 86 88 88

GenesisTM 079. Genesis 079 is an early flowering and maturing, high yielding small seeded kabuli type with resistance to AB. It has small seed (6-7 mm), smaller than Genesis 090. Genesis 079 has produced high and consistent yields in medium and low rainfall districts of SA. Seed of Genesis 079 is available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies.

Genesis TM 114. Genesis 114 is a medium to large seeded (8-9 mm) kabuli type chickpea with yields higher than Almaz and Kaniva but less than the smaller seeded Genesis 090. Genesis 114 has moderate resistance to foliar AB meaning it will require strategic fungicide management to protect yield and ensure high quality seed is produced.

Its flowering time is similar to Almaz but later than Genesis 090. It has a medium to tall erect plant type.

Harvestibility of Genesis 114 is excellent with greater height to lowest pod than Genesis 090 and Almaz. Genesis 114 is licensed to Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies.

Genesis TM 090 . Genesis 090 was the

first kabuli type released in Australia with foliar resistance to AB. It is a small to medium seeded kabuli with a medium plant height.

Under AB disease pressure Genesis 090 will require fungicide protection during podding to prevent seed blemish and yield loss.

It offers chickpea growers an alternative to the desi types due to the potential for higher returns but yields are now generally lower than the recent desi releases in many environments. Seed is available through Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies.

Kalkee. Kalkee is a medium to large seeded kabuli type similar to Genesis 114 but with later flowering and larger seed size. Kalkee has the largest seed size of all commercial kabuli types hence more able to meet the size requirements of premium high valued markets.

However yield and disease resistance are inferior to the small kabuli types and equivalent to Genesis 114 in SA meaning it is likely to require strategic fungicide applications during the year.

It is commercialised by Australian Agricultural Crop Technologies.

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SARDI sowing guide 2013

Herbicide tolerance of cereal and pulse varieties

By Michael Zerner, Rob Wheeler and Larn McMurray, SARDI

T

he level of tolerance to commonly used herbicides in cereal and pulse varieties has been found to vary between cultivars.

Small yield reductions to sensitive varieties caused by herbicide damage may be easily detected on a large scale, but can be very costly.

The variation in tolerance may be due to any combination of differences in morphological or physiological traits among the varieties.

Michael Zerner Australian cereal and pulse varieties are extensively tested to determine level of tolerance to commonly used herbicides in South Australia as part of a national GRDC funded program.

All newly released varieties are tested to identify any potential herbicide sensitivity to provide additional information to growers for the agronomic management of new varieties.

Varieties are first tested in preliminary trials at higher than recommended rates of the herbicides to identify any sensitivity to specific herbicides.

Once a significant variety and herbicide interaction has been identified, the variety is tested with the specific herbicide in more advanced trials using recommended and higher than recommended herbicide rates to determine the severity of the yield reductions caused by the herbicide.

Given that environmental conditions strongly influence the level of safety of most herbicides it is important that varieties are tested over a number of

seasons to clearly identify the level of tolerance. Cereal field trials are conducted at Mallala and Kybunga, while the pulses are tested at Minlaton.

The level of sensitivity is determined

by yield reductions in comparison to unsprayed controls of the same variety.

The long-term results are presented in the following tables, summarised using the symbols below.

-

not tested or insufficient data.

ď ?

no significant yield reductions at label or higher than recommended rates in (z) trials.

N (w/z)

narrow margin, significant yield reductions at higher than recommended rate, but not at recommended rate. Significant event occurring in w trials out of z trials tested.

Eg. (2/5) = tested in 5 trials, 2 trials returning a significant yield reduction.

x% (1/z)

yield reduction (warning) significant yield reduction at recommended rate in 1 trial only out of z trials conducted.

x-y% (w/z)

yield reductions (warning) significant yield reductions at recommended rate in w trials out of z trials conducted.

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Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Herbicide tolerance Table 1. Wheat variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2011) Herbicide 2,4-D Amine 625 Achieve® Affinity® 2,4-D Amine Tralkoxydim Carfentrazone Years Ethyl Variety 1993-2011 1993-2011 2006-2011 Tested AGT Katana 2009-2011 (2) (2) (2) Axe 2008-2009 6 (1/2) N (1/2) (2) Catalina 2007-2009 N (1/3) N (1/3) (3) Cobra 2011 (1) (1) (1) Correll 2006-2009 14 (1/4) 10 (1/4) (4) Corack 2011 (1) (1) (1) Derrimut 2006-2007 N (1/2) (2) (2) Emu Rock 2011 (1) (1) (1) Espada 2009-2010 N (1/2) 7 (1/2) (2) Estoc 2009-2011 (2) (2) (2) Frame 1993-2010 5-18 (3/18) 3-12 (2/18) (5) Gladius 2006-2009 6-11 (2/4) 5 (1/4) (4) Guardian 2008-2011 9 (1/2) (2) (2) Hyperno 2009-2011 (2) (2) N (2/3) Justica CL+ 2011 (1) (1) (1) Kord CL+ 2011 (1) (1) (1) Mace 2009-2011 (2) (2) (2) Peake 2008-2009 11 (1/2) (2) (2) Phantom 2011 (1) (1) (1) Pugsley 2001-2004 5 (1/4) 12 (1/4) Saintly 2009-2011 (2) (2) (2) Scout 2009-2011 (2) (2) (2) Tamaroi 1996-2003 3-4 (2/8) 5 (1/8) Tjilkuri 2009-2010 (2) (2) (2) Wallup 2011 (1) (1) (1) Wyalkatchem 2003-2005 9 (1/3) N (1/3) Yawa 2009-2010 (2) (2) N (1/2) Yitpi 1998-2001 2-9 (3/4) (4) Rates (product/ha) 1.75/ 1.4L 380g 60g Crop stage at spraying 2 node 3 leaf 3 leaf

Ally® Metsulfuronmethyl 1993-2011 N (1/3) 7 (1/2) N (1/3) (1) 8-15 (3/4) (1) N (1/2) (1) (2) (2) 4-21 (4/18) 9-18 (2/4) N (1/2) (2) (1) (1) (2) N (1/2) (1) 12 (1/4) (2) (2) 11 (1/8) (2) (1) 4-8 (2/3) N (1/2) 2-8 (2/4) 7g 3 leaf

Table 2. Barley variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2011) Herbicide 2,4-D Amine Achieve® Affinity® 500/625 Tralkoxydim Carfentrazone Years 2,4-D Amine - Ethyl Variety 1993-2011 1993-2009 2006-2011 Tested Bass 2009-2010 (2) (2) Baudin 2009-2011 (2) (1) (2) Barque 1995-2000 6 (1/6) N (1/6) Buloke 2006-2009 (4) N (1/4) 12 (1/4) Commander 2005-2007 (3) (3) (2) Fathom 2011 (1) (1) Flagship 2004-2009 10 (1/6) 5 (1/6) N (1/4) Fleet 2004-2006 (3) N (1/3) (1) Flinders 2011 (1) (1) Gairdner 1998-2001 N (3/4) 7 (1/4) Hindmarsh 2007-2009 (3) (3) N (1/3) Keel 1998-2001 (4) (4) Maritime 2003-2005 (3) N (1/3) Navigator 2010-2011 (2) (2) Oxford 2009-2011 (2) (1) (2) Schooner 1993-1997 (5) (5) Scope 2010-2011 (2) (2) Shepherd 2011 (1) (1) Skipper 2010-2011 (2) (2) Sloop SA 2009-2010 (2) (1) (2) Vlamingh 2009-2010 (2) (1) (2) Westminster 2011 (1) (1) Wimmera 2010-2011 (2) (2) Rates (product/ha) 1.4L 380g 60g Crop stage at spraying 2 node 4 leaf 4 leaf 28 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Axial® Pinoxaden + Cloquintocet-Methyl 2006-2011 N (1/3) 5 (1/2) (3) (1) (4) (1) (2) (1) (2) N (1/3) (5) (4) (2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) N (1/2) 250mL 3 leaf

Ally® Metsulfuronmethyl 1993-2011 (2) (2) (6) N (1/4) (3) (1) (6) (3) (1) (4) N (2/3) (4) N (1/3) (2) (2) (5) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) 7g 4 leaf

Banvel® M MCPA+ Dicamba 1993-2009 N (2/2) N (1/3) 6 (1/4) 10 (1/2) 7 (1/2) 5-21 (2/17) N (2/4) (2) (2) N (2/4) (8) (3) N (1/4) 1.4L 5leaf

Axial® Pinoxaden + Cloquintocet-Methyl 2006-2011 (2) (2) (4) (2) (1) N (1/4) (1) (1) 11 (1/3) (2) (2) 9 (1/2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) 250mL 4 leaf

Boxer Gold® Bromoxynil MCPA Prosulfocarb + Bromoxynil + S-Metalochlor MCPA 2009-2011 1994-2011 (2) (2) (1) (2) (1) (3) (1) (1) (1) (4) (1) (1) N (1/2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2-7 (5/17) (1/1) (4) (1) (2) (2) 5 (1/2) (1) (1) (1) (1) N (1/3) N (1/3) (1) 5 (1/2) (1) (1) (4) (2) (2) (2) (2) N (3/8) (2) (2) (1) (1) (3) (2) (2) N (3/4) 2.5L 1.4L IBS 3 leaf

Banvel® M MCPA + Dicamba 1993-2011 (2) (1) 6-10 (5/6) N (1/4) N (2/3) (1) 16 (1/6) 5 (1/3) (1) 4 (1/4) 8 (1/3) 4 (1/4) (3) (2) N (1/3) 9-46 (2/5) (2) (1) (2) (1) (1) N (1/1) (2) 1.4L 6 leaf

Boxer Gold® Prosulfocarb + S-Metolachlor 2009-2011 (2) (2) (1) (1) 6 (1/1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) 2.5L IBS

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Cadence® Dicamba 2006-2011 (2) 10 (1/2) 6-10 (2/3) N (1/1) N (1/4) N (1/1) (2) N (1/1) (2) (2) 8 (1/5) 9 (1/4) N (1/2) 9 (1/2) N (1/1) N (1/1) N (1/3) (2) N (1/1) (2) (2) (2) N (1/1) (2) 200g 5 leaf

Conclude® MCPA + Florasulam 2010-2011 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 700mL 5 leaf

Crusader® Pyroxsulam

Diuron(500SC) /MCPA Diuron + MCPA Amine

Glean® Chlorsulfuron

2011 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 500mL 3 leaf

1993-2011 (2) 6 (1/1) (2) (1) (3) (1) (2) (1) (2) 4-6 (3/17) (3) (2) (1) (1) (2) (1) (1) N (1/4) 6 (1/3) (2) 4 (1/8) (2) (1) 5 (1/3) (2) (4) 500mL/350mL 3 leaf

2008-2011 (2) 9 (1/2) (1) (1) 12 (1/2) (1) (1) 6 (1/2) N (1/3) (3) 7 (1/2) N (1/2) N (1/3) (1) (1) N (1/3) (2) (1) N (1/3) N (1/3) (2) (1) (2) 20g 3 leaf

BroadstrikeTM Flumetsulam

Bromoxynil MCPA Bromoxynil + MCPA

Cadence® Dicamba

1993-2011 (2) (1) (6) (4) (3) N (1/1) (6) (3) (1) (4) N (1/3) (4) 5 (1/3) (2) (1) 14 (1/5) (2) (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (2) 25g 6 leaf

1994-2011 (2) (2) 7-8 (2/6) 10 (1/4) (3) (1) 12 (1/6) N (1/3) (1) 7 (1/4) 6 (1/3) 3-8 (2/4) N (1/3) (2) (2) N (1/4) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) N (2/2) 1.4L 4 leaf

2006-2011 N (1/2) N (1/3) 9-11 (2/4) 12 (1/2) N (1/1) 14 (1/4) N (1/1) (1) (3) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) 200g 6 leaf

Decision® Diclofop-methyl + Sethoxydim 2005-2011 (2) (2) 12 (1/4) (3) (1) (5) N (1/2) (1) 7 (1/3) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) 1.0L 4 leaf

Hussar® IodosulfuronMethylsodium 2005-2011 (2) 10 (1/2) (2) (1) 12 (1/4) (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) N (2/6) 17-19 (2/4) (2) N (1/3) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) N (1/3) (2) (2) (1) 4 (1/3) (2) 200g 3 leaf

Logran® Triasulfuron

LVE MCPA LVE MCPA

Sakura® Pyroxasulfone

1993-2009 N (1/2) (4) N (1/2) N (1/2) 2 (1/17) 5 (1/4) (2) 6 (1/2) (4) N (2/8) N (1/3) 6-8 (2/4) 35g PSPE

1996-2008 (1) (3) (2) 4 (1/13) N (1/3) (1) (1) 12 (1/4) N (3/7) (3) N (2/4) 1.2L 5 leaf

2010-2011 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 118g IBS

Diuron/MCPA Amine Diuron + MCPA Amine

Glean® Chlorsulfuron

LVE MCPA LVE MCPA

Terbutryn Terbutryn

1993-2011 (2) (2) (6) 13 (1/4) (3) (1) N (1/6) 7 (1/3) (1) 6 (1/4) 10 (1/3) (4) N (2/3) (2) (2) N (2/5) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) N (1/1) (2) 500mL/350ml 4 leaf

1993-2009 (1) (3) (2) (3) (4) (3) (3) (1) N (1/3) N (1/3) (1) (1) (1) (1) 20g 4 leaf

1996-2008 3 (1/5) (3) (3) (5) (3) 6 (1/4) (2) 4 (1/4) 4 (1/3) (2) 1.2L 6 leaf

1993-2005 1-4 (2/6) (1) N (1/2) N (1/2) 8 (1/4) (4) 4-7 (2/3) (5) 850mL 4 leaf

2013

DECEMBER 2012

Tigrex® MCPA + Diflufenican 1996-2011 (2) (2) (2) (1) 7 (1/4) (1) N (1/2) (1) 7 (1/2) (2) N (4/15) 7 (1/4) 6 (1/2) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (4) (2) (2) (8) (2) (1) 7 (1/3) (2) N (3/4) 1L 5 leaf

Tigrex® MCPA + Diflufenican 1996-2011 (2) (2) 5-8 (3/5) (4) (3) (1) 8 (1/6) 7-8 (2/3) (1) 3 (1/4) 8 (1/3) 4-6 (3/4) 7 (1/3) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) 1L 6 leaf

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Table 4. Field pea variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1994-2011) Diuron Lexone® Lexone® Herbicide BroadstrikeTM Brodal Options® Flumetsulam + MCPA Amine Diuron Metribuzin Metribuzin diflufenican + MCPA Amine Years Tested Variety 1994-2011 1994-2011 2011 1994-2010 1994-2011 Alma 1994 - 2001 (8) (8) N (3/8) 4 (1/8) Bundi 2006-2007 (2) (2) (2) (2) Glenroy 1994 (1) (1) (1) (1) Kaspa 2002-2011 N (1/10) 11 (1/10) N (1/1) N (2/9) N (4/10) Laura 1994-1996 N (1/5) 14 (1/5) 42 (1/5) N (5/5) Mukta 1996-2001 (6) N (2/6) (6) N (2/6) PBA Gunyah 2008-2011 N (1/4) (4) (1) 9 (1/3) N (3/4) PBA Oura 2011 (1) (1) (1) (1) PBA Twilight 2008-2011 N (1/4) N (1/4) (1) N (1/3) 13 (1/4) Parafield 1996 - 2005 11-13 (2/10) (10) N (3/10) N (5/10) Santi 1999-2001 7 (1/3) N (1/3) (3) (3) Sturt 2002-2005 10-13 (2/4) (4) 8 (1/4) 12-17 (2/4) Soupa 1998-2001 8 (1/4) N (2/4) 9 (1/4) 5 (1/4) SW Celine 2006-2007 (2) (2) (2) (2) Rates (product/ha) 25 g 125 ml + 125 ml 1L 280 g 280 g Crop stage at spraying 5 Node 5 Node PSPE PSPE 3 Node * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

Outlook® Di-methenamid-P

2011 (1) (1) N (1/1) (1) 1L IBS

MCPA Sodium MCPA Sodium

1994-2008 6 (2/8) (2) 24 (1/1) 10 (1/7) N (2/5) 3-9 (2/6) (1) (1) 5-20 (2/10) 4-27 (2/3) (4) 6-10 (2/4) (2) 900 ml 5 Node

(1) (1) (1) 1.2 L PSPE

2011 N (1/1)

Simazine Simazine

Simazine + Diuron* Simazine + Diuron 1994-2010 19-40 (2/8) (2) (1) N (1/8) 19 (1/5) 8 (1/6) 9-11 (2/3) 9 (1/3) 29 (1/10) 17 (1/3) (4) 22 (1/4) (2) 350 ml + 650 ml PSPE

1994-2010 N (1/8) 15 (1/2) (1) (9) 8 (1/5) 7 (1/6) N (1/3) 11 (1/3) 11-15 (2/10) N (1/3) 7 (1/4) (4) (2) 70 g 3 Node

Spinnaker® Imazethapyr

1994-2011 8 (1/7) N (2/2) (9) (4) N (1/6) 11 (1/4) (1) (4) 7 (1/10) (3) N (1/4) N (1/4) N (1/2) 45 g 3 Node

Raptor® Imazamox

2009-2011 N (1/3) 9 (1/3) (1) N (2/3) 1 kg PSPE

Terbyne® Terbuthylazine

Table 3. Oat variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2011) Herbicide 2,4-D Affinity Banvel® M Boxer Gold®* BroadstrikeTM Bromoxynil Cadence® Conclude® Diuron + Diuron + Eclipse + LVE Tigrex® Ally® Eclipse Glean® ® ® Amine 625 Force metsulfuron- MCPA+ Prosulfocarb + Flumetsulam MCPA MCPA + Dual Gold MCPA MCPA chlorMCPA + Dicamba 100SC 2,4-D amine Carfentmethyl bromoxynil + Florasulam Diuron + Diuron + Metosulam Metosulam + sulfuron diflufenican Dicamba S-Metolachlor razone - Ethyl MCPA S-meto- MCPAAmine LVE MCPA Years lachlor Variety 1995-2010 2011 1995-2009 1995-2010 2011 1995-2010 1995-2010 2011 2011 1995-2006 1995-2010 2011 1995-2010 1995-2011 1995-2011 Tested Brusher 2003-2004 7 (1/2) (2) 5 (1/2) 8 (1/2) N (1/2) (2) 6 (1/2) (2) (2) 13 (1/3) Dunnart 2011 (1) N (1/1) (1) (1) (1) N (1/1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Euro 1996-1998 7-8 (2/4) (4) 19-27 (2/4) (4) (4) (3) (4) (4) (4) 10-11 (2/4) Forester 2011 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) N (1/1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Glider 1998-2003 8 (1/3) (3) 9 (1/3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) N (1/3) Kangaroo 2004-2006 4-17 (2/3) (3) 15-35 (2/3) 10 (1/3) 16 (1/3) (3) 16-20 (2/3) N (1/3) (3) 5-17 (3/3) Mitika 2003-2006 6 (1/4) 7 (1/4) 8-40 (3/4) 7 (1/4) 6 (1/4) (4) N (1/3) 3 (1/4) (4) 9-13 (3/4) Mulgara 2008-2010 N (2/3) 6 (1/2) 7 (1/3) (3) 7 (1/3) (3) (3) 12 (1/3) N (1/3) Possum 2001-2004 6-8 (2/3) (3) 15-22 (3/3) N (1/3) 4-13 (2/3) (3) 13 (1/3) (3) (3) 18 (1/3) Tungoo 2007-2010 N (1/4) 9 (1/4) 12 (1/4) (4) 8 (1/4) (4) N (1/4) 9 (1/4) N (1/4) Wallaroo 1995-1997 (3) (3) 11 (1/3) 10 (1/3) (3) (2) (3) (3) (3) (3) Wintaroo 2001,03, 07 N (1/3) N (1/3) 35 (1/3) (3) (3) (2) (3) 7 (1/3) (3) 10 (1/3) Wombat 2011 (1) N (1/1) (1) N (1/1) N (1/1) N (1/1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Yallara 2005-2007 6 (1/3) N (1/3) 27-54 (3/3) 4 (1/3) N (2/3) (2) N (1/3) N (1/3) 7 (1/3) 8-11 (3/3) Rates (product/ha) 1L 85mL 5g 1.4L 2.5L 25 g 1.4L 200g 700mL 830g + 1L 280g+350mL 50mL 7g + 700 ml 20g 1L 2 node 3 leaf 3 leaf 3 - 5 leaf IBS 5- 6 leaf 3 leaf 5 leaf 5 leaf PSPE 3 leaf 3 leaf 3 - 6 leaf 3 leaf 5-6 leaf Crop stage at spraying * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

Sowing Guide 2013 SARDI sowing guide 2013

Sowing Guide 20132013 SARDI sowing guide

Herbicide tolerance Table 5. Lentil variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1994-2011) Brodal Diuron Herbicide BroadstrikeTM Flumetsulam Options® Diuron diflufenican Variety Years Tested Aldinga 1994-2001 Boomer 2005-2009 Bounty 2009-2011 Cassab 1999-2001 Cobber 1994-2002 Digger 1994-2001 PBA Flash 2006-2011 PBA Jumbo 2011 Nipper 2004-2011 Northfield 1994-2004 Nugget 1999-2005 Matilda 1994-2002 PBA Blitz 2010-2011 Rates (product/ha)

1994-2011 N (2/7) 7-19 (2/5) 12 (2/3) N (1/3) 10 (1/4) 8-18 (2/7) 10-14 (3/6) 12 (1/1) 8-20 (4/8) 10-25 (3/9) 6-20 (3/6) N (1/4) 10-13 (2/2) 20g

1994-2011 N (2/7) 7-11 (2/4) 9 (1/3) 7 (1/3) 22 (1/4) 15-23 (2/7) N (2/6) (1) 7 (1/8) 16-24 (3/9) 11 (1/6) 10-12 (2/4) (2) 150ml

1996-2011 N (1/5) (5) N (1/3) N (2/3) N (1/2) N (3/5) N (1/6) (1) N (3/8) 14 (1/7) N (1/6) (2) N (1/2) 1L

Dual Gold®* Lexone® Lexone®* S-metalochlor Metribuzin Metribuzin

1997-2000 (3) 8 (1/2) (1) N (2/3) 21 (1/2) N (1/2) (1) 500ml

1994-2011 2005-2008 N (3/7) N (1/1) 19 (1/5) 34 (1/4) N (2/3) N (2/3) 12 (1/4) 32 (1/7) N (3/6) 42 (1/3) N (1/1) N (4/8) 26-52 (3/4) 17-19 (2/9) 14 (1/1) 6 (1/6) (2) N (4/4) 10 (1/2) 280 g 180g

Simazine* Simazine

2004-2011 (5) 9 (1/3) N (2/6) N (1/1) 14 (1/8) (1) (2) N (2/2) 1.2 L

Crop stage at spraying 6 weeks 6 weeks PSPE PSPE PSPE 3 node * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

PSPE

Simazine + Diuron500* Simazine + Diuron 1992-2002 N (1/3) N (1/3) 6 (1/3) (1) 12 (1/4) 15 (1/4) 500ml + 500ml PSPE

Terbyne®* Terbuthylazine 2009-2011 N (1/1) 11 (1/3) N (3/3) N (1/1) 21 (1/3) N (2/2) 1kg PSPE

Table 6. Chickpea variety response to herbicides in South Australia (2004-2011) Herbicide

Years Tested

Variety

Balance® Isoxaflutole

BroadstrikeTM Flumetsulam

Diuron Diuron

Lexone® Metribuzin

Outlook® Di-methenamid-P

Simazine Simazine

Simazine* Simazine

Terbyne® Terbuthylazine

2004-2011

2004-2011

2004-2010

2004-2011

2011

2004-2011

2004-2008

2009-2011

(2)

(2)

-

(1)

N (1/8)

8 (1/5)

N (1/8)

(3)

N (2/2)

(1)

N (1/2)

-

N (1/2)

(2)

10 (1/2)

-

Almaz

2006-2007

(2)

N (1/2)

(2)

N (1/2)

Genesis 090

2004-2011

(8)

N (2/8)

14 (1/7)

(8)

Genesis 079

2007-2009

(3)

16-20 (2/3)

(3)

(3)

Genesis 114

2010-2011

(2)

(2)

(1)

(2)

Genesis 509

2005-2006

(2)

(2)

11 (1/2)

(2)

PBA Slasher

2008-2011

(1)

(4)

N (1/4)

(3)

(4)

(1)

N (1/4)

N (1/1)

N (1/3)

Rates (product/ha)

100 g

20 g

1L

280 g

1L

1.2 L

1.2 L

1 kg

Crop stage at spraying

PSPE

6 weeks

PSPE

PSPE

IBS

PSPE

6 weeks

PSPE

* Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

Table 7. Faba bean variety response to herbicides in South Australia (2000-2011) Simazine Herbicide Diuron Outlook® Di-methenamid-P Simazine Years Diuron Tested Variety 2000-2011 2011 2000-2011

Simazine Simazine

Lexone® Metribuzin

2001-2008 2003-2010 Farah 2002-2008 (7) N (1/7) 6-18 (3/7) (6) Fiesta 2000-2007 N (1/8) 18 (1/8) 21 (1/7) (5) Fiord 2000-2002 N (1/3) N (2/3) N (1/2) PBA Rana 2009-2011 (3) (1) (3) N (1/2) Nura 2003-2011 (9) (1) N (1/9) N (1/6) (8) Rates (product/ha) 1L 1L 1.5 L 1.5 L 280 g Crop stage at spraying PSPE IBS PSPE 6 weeks PSPE * Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.

Spinnaker® Imazethapyr

Raptor®* Imazamox

Terbyne® Terbuthylazine

2000-2011 28-39 (2/3) 11-32 (2/8) 18-30 (2/3) 14 (1/3) 10-53 (5/9) 85 g PSPE

2003-2011 N (3/6) N (4/5) 18 (1/3) 20 (1/9) 45 g 3-4 leaf

2009-2011 N (1/3) N (1/3) 1 kg PSPE

2013

DECEMBER 2012

SARDI Sowing Guide < 31

67

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Canola variety sowing guide 2013 penalty when grown in situations where they are not warranted.

• Varietal blackleg resistance and/or fungicide use should be considered, he season in 2011 followed one of particularly when rotations are close. the wettest summers in memory In late 2011, we conducted a survey of so crops went into winter with canola crops in the southern Mallee to significant sub soil moisture. However, a determine the level of blackleg that was dry April and May resulted in the small present. canola seed sometimes being We are now seeing a greater sown into a drying profile and level of blackleg in the southern emergence was variable in some Mallee and many of the crops areas. are being sown to varieties that Emergence was delayed at have a low level of blackleg the Bordertown site until good resistance. rain fell later in June. In some The increase in blackleg can commercial crops there was also be attributed to a greater area evidence of seedling burn from Trent Potter being sown to canola in 2010 having high rates of fertiliser in and 2011, as well as the summer and close proximity to the seed row. autumn rain in 2010-11 that resulted in Little or no mouse damage was a likely more rapid and greater release of observed at any NVT canola trial site, the blackleg spores throughout the district. opposite situation to that seen in 2010.

With a further increase in area being Generally good rain fell at all sites cropped to canola in 2012 blackleg may during winter and early spring. begin to be an issue in the Mallee. While Sites at Frances and Bool Lagoon in the the levels of internal infection are not South East were particularly affected by as high as noted in the medium to high water logging and three trials were too rainfall zone, if the amount of blackleg variable for results to be released. continues to increase, we should be Many sites suffered from a dry spell looking to move to varieties with better after mid September when crops were resistance or consider limited use of just finishing flowering. fungicides in future.

On Eyre Peninsula and in the mid The blackleg fungus, Leptosphaeria north, rains later in October helped grain maculans, has a high ability to overcome fill. resistance in canola. In the past, major However, in the South East, the rest resistance breakdowns have been of spring was very dry and crops relied observed in regions including the Eyre on stored moisture and relatively mild Peninsula and Bordertown in South conditions to produce the yields that they Australia. did attain.

Experiments in Victoria and South The choice of most suitable canola Australia have shown that canola variety for any situation will often follow cultivars with different resistance sources a consideration of maturity, herbicide (e.g. different resistance genes or gene tolerance, blackleg resistance and early combinations) sown sequentially for vigour together with relative yield and three years into stubble from the previous oil content. In relation to some of these year’s canola crop at two field sites issues the following points can be made: resulted in decreased disease severity.

• The weed species expected may In contrast, those canola cultivars with dictate the need for a herbicide tolerant the same resistance source as the previous production system (e.g., triazine tolerant year’s canola stubble had higher disease or Clearfield). Remember that a triazine severity. tolerant variety will incur a yield and oil

By Trent Potter, Research Scientist, SARDI, Struan

T

32 > SARDI Sowing Guide

68

2013

If you have been growing the same cultivar for more than three years you should consider changing to a new cultivar with different blackleg resistance genes.

However, in order to be able to rotate canola cultivars the resistance of individual canola cultivars must be known.

Two types of blackleg resistance are deployed in canola. These are major gene resistance (or SEEDLING RESISTANCE), which is usually effective at the point of entry of the pathogen into the plant (leaf or cotyledon) and polygenic (or quantitative) resistance (sometimes referred to as ADULT RESISTANCE), which allows initial infection, but slows growth of the pathogen within the plant.

Each Australian canola cultivar has been characterised for its seedling resistance using a set of blackleg isolates that are able to attack individual resistance genes at the seedlings stage and thus, allow identification of the resistance genes present.

Based on the type of seedling reaction (either susceptible or resistant) each cultivar has been categorised into a resistance group.

In order to determine the adult resistance of each cultivar, infected canola stubble has been collected from cultivars that represent each seedling resistance group and used to infect all Australian canola cultivars.

The plants were grown to maturity and then assessed for stem canker. The results from this work have allowed each commercial canola cultivar to be placed into a rotation group that incorporates both the seedling and adult resistance tests.

The rotational groups (where currently known) are listed with the variety descriptions below.

When you make your choice about new varieties you should rely on NVT data from the NVT website and any of your own ideas from observing trials in 2012.

The new blackleg ratings will

Canola varieties for 2013 XCEED Oasis CL Not available in WA

XCEED VT X121 CL Not available in WA

Canola • First herbicide tolerant Clearfield® juncea canola variety in Australia • Very high oil content • Excellent pod shatter resistance • Suitable for direct harvesting • Excellent frost and drought tolerance • Blackleg resistance rating 2011 R-MR

Canola • Hybrid Clearfield® juncea canola • Four days later than VT Oasis CL • Excellent early vigour and branching ability and has high oil content • VT X121 CL has excellent pod shatter tolerance and is suitable for direct harvest • Viterra anticipates a blackleg resistance rating of R (resistant)

COMING SOON

®

www.viterra.com.au

Contact Gerald Cash Marketing and Production Manager on (08) 8304 5084

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

be released in early March and will be available on the Australian Oilseeds Federation website: www.australianoilseeds.com In previous years, all canola trials were sown with bare seed, but NVT trials since 2011 have been sown with the same fungicide treatment on all varieties so that the reaction to blackleg will be more difficult to assess from looking at the trials.

Notes on recently released canola varieties Varieties released for 2012 sowings, included where blackleg resistance ratings have been officially determined.

Conventional varieties CB Agamax. Early-mid maturing hybrid.

Canola Breeders indicate excellent yield in low to medium rainfall, excellent early vigour and good oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2010 for the first time. Marketed by Canola Breeders.

CB Taurus. First released 2009. Very late maturing, “winter” type canola hybrid.

Winter grazing option in high rainfall zones. Canola Breeders indicate excellent yield, excellent early vigour and good oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MR (P). Marketed by Canola Breeders.

Conventional specialty varieties Victor y V3001 (tested as 06H932).

Early to mid maturing specialty hybrid developed by Cargill Specialty Canola Oils and Vic. DPI. Good blackleg resistance (MR) and yield potential and has performed well in 2007 and 2008 NVT trials. Victory V3001 will be grown under contract production for Cargill and marketed by Cargill Specialty Canola Oils.

HERBICIDE TOLERANT Clearfield varieties Hyola 575CL (tested as K9317). Midearly season hybrid. Pacific Seeds indicate high grain yield and oil content about 1% more than Hyola 571CL. Medium plant height. Blackleg resistance rating R. Tested in SA NVT trials in 2010. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

44Y84 (CL) Early/early-mid season hybrid. Blackleg resistance rating MR if treated with a fungicide, MR-MS if bare seed. Included in NVT trials in 2010.

Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.

Long term early maturing canola 2005-2011 Varieties South East Conventional AV Garnet CB Agamax Hyola 433 Hyola 50 Pioneer 43C80 (CL) Pioneer 44C79 (CL) SaharaCL SARDI515M Tarcoola Xceed Oasis CL Site mean (t/ha) Triazine tolerant ATR Cobbler ATR Snapper ATR Stingray CB Jardee HT CB Junee HT CB Mallee HT CB Scaddan CB Tanami CB Telfer CB Tumby HT Crusher TT Hyola 444TT Hyola 555TT Tawriffic TT Thumper TT Site mean (t/ha)

% mean 118 110 114 114 90 88 72 89 96 82 1.86

# trials 4 2 3 6 2 2 2 2 5 2

104 111 113 114

5 2 2 3

105 100 99 90 107

3 4 4 4 2

108

5

1.56

upper Eyre Peninsula % mean # trials 118 4 107 2 116 3 114 5 91 2 86 2 66 2 78 2 99 4 73 2 1.35 106 114 117

4 2 2

116 104 100 101 96

2 2 3 3 4

105

4

1.35

Hyola ® 474CL. Mid-early maturing CL Hybrid. Pacific Seeds indicate higher yield than Hyola 571CL, very high oil and high protein content. Medium-tall plant height.

Ideally fits medium-low to high rainfall areas including irrigation, and exhibits excellent hybrid vigour. Blackleg resistance rating R (P). Tested in NVT trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. New release for 2012.

43Y85CL (tested as 08N102I). Early maturing hybrid Clear field canola.

Blackleg resistance MR, and equivalent oil content to 44C79. Selected for short plant height and standability. Tested in NVT trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.

Triazine tolerant varieties CB Junee HT™ (Trialled as CHYB127). New Release 2011. Early maturing TT hybrid. Canola Breeders indicate excellent yield, good early vigour and

mid north % mean 117

# trials 2

% mean 112

# trials 3

118 114

2 5

113 115 91 86

2 6 2 2

70

2

98 80 1.56

5 2

101

6

106

4

115

2

104 102 97 112

2 4 2 2

103

3

1.66

1.55

105 107 109 114 118 108 102 100 86 110 123 108 128 101 109 1.71

6 2 2 3 2 2 4 5 4 2 2 2 2 5 2

good oil content. Blackleg resistance rating MS-S. Tested in NVT trials in 2010 for the first time. Bred and marketed by Canola Breeders.

Crusher TT. Mid maturing OP TT variety - Pacific Seeds indicate good oil and good protein content. Medium-tall plant height. Ideally fits Medium to very high rainfall areas including irrigation, exhibits good early vigour and good standability. Blackleg resistance rating MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2010. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Thumper TT (tested as T2214). Mid to mid-late maturing double haploid OP TT variety. - Pacific Seeds indicate very high yield, excellent oil and good protein content. Medium plant height. Ideally fits high to very high rainfall areas including irrigation, exhibits good early vigour and excellent standability.

Blackleg resistance rating R-MR. Currently being tested in NVT trials 2013

70

Yorke Peninsula

SARDI Sowing Guide < 33

Sowing Guide 2013

Long term mid maturing canola 2005-2011 Variety South East

SARDI sowing guide 2013

lower Eyre Peninsula % mean # trials 111 12 98 2 102 4 108 6 111 12 96 4 0 98 2 0 0 1.90

mid north

Yorke Peninsula

Conventional % mean # trials % mean # trials % mean AV Garnet 109 17 108 14 107 AV Zircon 100 3 CB Agamax 100 4 103 3 101 Hyola 433 107 9 108 6 107 Hyola 50 112 17 109 14 112 Pioneer 46Y78 98 5 98 6 99 SARDI515M 86 2 Victory V3001 98 14 100 3 98 Victory V3002 102 2 Victory V3003 96 3 Site mean (t/ha) 2.05 2.28 2.27 Clearfield Hyola 474CL 99 3 98 2 98 3 Hyola 571CL 106 9 103 6 101 7 103 Hyola 575CL 110 6 105 4 101 5 103 Hyola 676CL 108 3 103 2 103 2 103 Pioneer 43C80 (CL) 89 3 93 2 93 2 94 Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) 97 3 94 2 95 2 95 Pioneer 44C79 (CL) 83 6 91 4 90 5 89 Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) 102 12 105 8 105 10 104 Pioneer 45Y82 (CL) 102 9 100 6 103 8 101 Pioneer 46Y78 101 12 99 8 99 10 101 Pioneer 46Y83 (CL) 105 9 108 6 105 8 104 Site mean (t/ha) 1.80 1.91 2.36 2.60 Triazine tolerant ATR Cobbler 95 14 103 10 101 13 103 ATR Snapper 106 6 111 4 109 5 108 ATR Stingray 112 6 114 4 110 5 109 CB Henty HT 129 3 CB Jardee HT 114 9 114 7 111 8 115 CB Junee HT 110 5 113 3 112 3 CB Mallee HT 104 6 103 5 107 7 107 CB Scaddan 98 11 97 8 100 10 103 CB Tanami 94 5 90 4 96 6 96 CB Telfer 90 6 95 4 92 7 87 CB Tumby HT 102 5 104 4 106 5 110 Crusher TT 128 6 125 4 119 5 121 Hyola 444TT 107 3 105 3 Hyola 555TT 128 6 125 4 119 5 124 Hyola 751TT 123 6 113 4 111 6 113 Monola 506TT 96 3 Monola 605TT 102 3 102 3 Monola 707TT 91 3 Monola 76TT 105 11 99 8 104 10 107 Monola 77TT 106 11 99 8 104 10 108 Tawriffic TT 105 14 103 10 102 13 104 Thumper TT 118 6 122 4 109 5 105 Site mean (t/ha) 1.70 1.64 2.14 1.98 Data source: NVT & SARDI/GRDC (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2005-2011)

in 2010. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Hyola 555TT (tested as T2522). MidEarly maturing TT Hybrid. (TT version of Hyola 433) Pacific Seeds indicate excellent yield, excellent oil and high protein content. Ideally fits medium-low 34 > SARDI Sowing Guide

# trials 9 2 4 9 3 2

6 3 2 2 2 4 7 5 8 5

9 3 3 5 3 7 4 4 4 3 3 4

7 7 9 3

right through to high rainfall areas. This Hybrid exhibits good TT Hybrid vigour, medium plant height and excellent standability. Blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested in NVT trials in 2010 Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Hyola 444TT (tested as T98002). Early

maturing TT Hybrid. Pacific Seeds indicate excellent yield, excellent oil and high protein content. Medium-short plant height. Ideally fits low to mediumhigh rainfall areas and exhibits good TT Hybrid vigour and good standability.

Blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested in NVT trials in 2010 Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

ATR-Snapper (tested as NT0049). EarlyMid maturing Medium-short height.

High oil and protein content. Blackleg resistance rating MS. Bred by Canola Alliance. Marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. ATR-Stingray (tested as NT0045).

Early maturing. Short height. High oil and protein content. Blackleg resistance rating MR. Bred by AgSeed Research and DPI Victoria. Marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd. Jackpot TT. Mid-early maturing OP TT variety. Pacific Seeds indicate very high yield, very high oil and very high protein content. Medium-Short height.

Ideally fits low to medium-high rainfall areas, exhibits good early vigour. Blackleg resistance rating of MR (P). Currently being tested in NVT trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Due to be released in 2012.

Bonanza TT. Early maturing double haploid OP TT variety. Pacific Seeds indicate good yield for maturity. Good oil and very high protein content. Short plant height suited for direct heading.

Ideally fits low to medium rainfall areas, exhibits excellent early vigour similar to some TT Hybrids. Blackleg resistance rating of MR (P). Currently being tested in NVT trials in 2011. Bred and marketed

by Pacific Seeds. Due to be released in 2012.

ATR Gem (tested as NT0107). Early-mid maturity triazine tolerant open pollinated variety with better blackleg resistance and vigour than TawrifficTT (MR(P)). Slightly shorter than TawrifficTT and with slightly higher oil content. Bred and marketed by Nuseed. First year of NVT testing in 2011.

Triazine tolerant specialty varieties Monola 506TT. (coded NL0437).

Early to early mid maturing Monolaâ&#x201E;˘ variety, similar maturity to ATR-Cobbler.

Higher oil content and yield than ATRCobbler. Height similar to Monola 77TT.

2013

DECEMBER 2012

71

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Blackleg resistance rating R-MR (P).

Tested in NVT trials in 2011 for the first time. Developed by Nuseed, grown under contract with a premium to Nuseed Crop Network.

Monola 605TT. (coded NL0305).

Early to mid maturing Monola™ variety, similar maturity to Tawriffic TT. Slightly higher oil content than ATR-Cobbler.

Height shorter than Monola 77TT. More vigorous than Monola 77TT. Blackleg resistance rating RR (P). Tested in NVT trials in 2011 for the first time. Developed

by Nuseed, grown under contract with a premium to Nuseed Crop Network.

Notes on new varieties released for 2013 Many of these varieties have only been evaluated in NVT trials in 2012 so comments are based on information received from the breeding companies.

This may include the companies suggested likely blackleg resistance rating. However, where an actual blackleg resistance rating is given it refers to ratings derived from the NVT blackleg nurseries.

Conventional varieties CBTM Tango C (tested as CHYB-187).

Early-mid maturing conventional hybrid.

Vigorous early growth. Expected to be grown in low rainfall regions. Blackleg resistance rating MR (P) if treated with fungicide, and medium-high seed oil content. First year NVT testing in 2011.

Bred by Canola Breeders.

Hyola® 930. Winter hybrid canola with oil levels similar to Hyola® 50. Provisional Blackleg rating of R. Matures 4 to 5 weeks later than Hyola® 50.Suitable for Autumn, Early Winter or Spring Sowing. Suited to grazing in winter. Marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Conventional specialty varieties V ictor y® V3002 - Breeders code 08H5061C. Early-mid conventional specialty hybrid variety, slightly later than V3001. Good early vigour, good yield potential and high oil content. Blackleg resistance rating R-MR. Expected release in 2013, bred by Cargill and DPI- Victoria, marketed by Cargill, marketed by AWB in closed loop program.

Victor y ® V3003 - Breeders code 08H5067C. Mid conventional specialty

Oil content (%) in mid season canola trials 2011 Variety

Frances Border- Bool Mt Hope Yeelanna Riverton Arthurton Spalding Turretfield town Lagoon

Triazine tolerant ATR Gem

47.7

41.9

ATR Cobbler

45.8

37.4

45.6

45.7

46.2

41.5

42.2

43.4

41.2

ATR Snapper

49.0

42.0

46.7

48.6

49.7

44.7

46.5

47.6

43.0

ATR Stingray

47.4

40.2

46.4

46.9

48.2

44.5

45.3

46.4

43.4

CB Jardee HT

45.4

40.0

44.3

45.2

46.2

41.3

42.1

42.7

38.9

CB Junee HT

43.6

39.4

43.6

45.8

45.5

41.7

42.3

43.2

40.3

CB Scaddan

44.3

39.5

43.4

44.7

43.8

41.0

40.7

41.8

39.3

CB Henty HT

46.5

41.2

46.3

46.3

46.3

Crusher TT

45.4

37.9

46.2

45.4

46.0

41.5

41.0

43.2

40.6

Hyola 444TT

45.0

41.0

45.8

45.8

45.7

43.3

44.3

45.6

41.9

Hyola 555TT

45.9

41.0

44.7

44.4

46.7

42.5

44.4

44.4

41.6

Hyola 751TT

45.3

40.0

46.6

46.1

46.5

42.7

41.9

43.4

39.8

Monola 506TT

47.3

40.8

45.3

45.2

47.1

42.3

Monola 605TT

45.4

39.1

45.1

45.9

46.8

41.4

41.7

43.6

40.9

Monola 707TT

44.2

38.4

44.2

45.7

45.6

39.6

Monola 76TT

47.1

41.1

45.9

47.5

47.7

44.0

44.6

44.3

42.9

Monola 77TT

48.5

40.7

47.4

48.2

48.8

45.8

44.3

45.5

44.1

Tawriffic TT

47.2

40.0

46.3

46.9

48.1

42.3

43.4

44.9

41.5

Thumper TT

46.6

39.7

46.9

46.9

48.5

43.0

43.9

43.6

41.9

45.7

47.5

44.6

42.9

43.7

44.3

38.8

40.6

42.9

39.4

Bonanza TT CB Mallee HT

38.9

Clearfield Hyola 474CL

45.9

41.0

44.1

45.7

46.4

43.4

44.4

45.0

42.7

Hyola 575CL

45.5

41.2

42.5

45.0

46.1

43.2

44.2

44.7

43.3

Pioneer 44Y84

45.9

41.5

43.2

46.4

47.4

44.7

44.5

45.9

43.6

Pioneer 45Y82

46.6

40.2

43.5

44.1

45.1

43.0

43.4

44.5

41.2

Pioneer 46Y83

46.0

40.0

44.5

46.8

47.9

43.5

44.1

45.6

43.4

Archer

45.9

40.4

43.0

44.3

41.6

Carbine

44.9

40.3

42.6

44.4

47.1

44.7

43.0

AV Garnet

47.5

41.1

46.3

47.3

49.4

CB Tango C

46.8

41.8

44.3

48.1

50.1

Hyola 433

46.7

41.3

45.6

45.1

48.4

Hyola 50

46.1

42.0

45.9

47.0

48.3

AV-Zircon

48.5

41.7

47.4

47.6

49.2

Victory V3001

44.1

39.5 45.1

46.5

40.6 44.3

44.9

Conventional

SARDI515M

44.2

CB Agamax

40.4

44.8

hybrid variety. Good early vigour and high yield potential and oil content.

Blackleg resistance rating MR . Expected release in 2013, bred by Cargill and DPIVictoria, marketed by Cargill, marketed

by AWB in closed loop program.

Clearfield varieties 45Y86CL. Mid maturing hybrid Clear field canola to replace 46Y83.

Pioneer Hi-Bred suggest it will be MR(P) for blackleg resistance. Tested in NVT

trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.

JO7Z-01904. Open pollinated juncea canola, 2-5 days earlier than VT Oasis CL. Excellent pod shatter tolerance.

Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance rating of R. Bred by DPI Victoria/Viterra in conjunction with GRDC. An EPR of $5 per tonne applies at delivery.

VT X121 CL. Hybrid juncea canola, 4

2013

72

SARDI Sowing Guide < 35

Sowing Guide 2013

days later than VT Oasis CL. Excellent pod shatter tolerance. Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance rating of R. Bred by DPI Victoria/Viterra in conjunction with GRDC. Hyola® 971CL. Winter hybrid canola with oil levels similar to Hyola® 50.

Provisional Blackleg rating of R. Matures 4 to 5 weeks later than Hyola® 50.Suitable for Autumn, Early Winter or Spring Sowing. Suited to grazing in winter. Marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Archer (coded SMHC105CL). Mid-late maturing hybrid. Heritage Seeds indicate high yield and high-very high oil content.

Medium plant height. Heritage Seeds also indicate blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested in NVT trials 2011 and 2012.

Marketed by Heritage Seeds.

Carbine (coded SMHC111CL). Earlymid maturing hybrid. Heritage Seeds indicate high yield and high-very high oil content. Medium plant height. Heritage Seeds also indicate blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested in NVT trials 2011 and 2012. Marketed by Heritage Seeds.

Triazine tolerant varieties CBTM Henty HT (tested as CHYB-148 HT ® ). Mid-maturity TT hybrid for medium to high rainfall regions. CB trials indicate moderately resistant to blackleg if treated with a fungicide. First year NVT testing in 2011 but not tested in 2012. Bred by Canola Breeders.

CB TM Sturt HT (tested as CBWA-106 TT). Early maturity open-pollinated variety for low to medium rainfall regions to replace Tanami. First year NVT testing in 2011. Bred by Canola Breeders.

C B TM N i t r o H T ( t e s t e d a s CHYB1380TT). Mid maturity variety, under evaluation. Slightly earlier maturity to CBTM Jardee HT. First year NVT testing in 2012. Bred by Canola Breeders.

C B TM A t o m i c H T ( t e s t e d a s CHYB1368TT). Early-mid maturity variety, under evaluation. Similar maturity to CBTM Junee HT. First year NVT testing in 2012. Bred by Canola Breeders.

Hyola 559TT. Mid to early mid TT hybrid. Medium plant height and good 36 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Blackleg resistance group Conventional types Group Hyola 50 D Hyola 433 D Victory V3002 C SARDI515M G Victory V3003 C AV-Zircon A AV-Garnet ABC CB Taurus C Victory V3001 A

Triazine tolerant types Group Clearfield Group Hyola 751TT D Hyola 575CL E Monola 707TT F Hyola 474CL E Monola 506TT F XCEED OasisCL DG Monola 605TT D 43Y85 A Thumper TT E Bonanza TT C Hyola 555TT E Jackpot TT E Hyola 444TT D ATR-Gem AD ATR-Stingray C Resistance groups for other varieties will be released with the Blackleg resistance ratings in early 2013.

Oil content (%) in early season canola trials 2011 Variety Minlaton Tooligie Keith Lameroo Triazine tolerant ATR Cobbler 43.9 44.3 39.1 45.0 ATR Snapper 48.6 47.0 42.0 48.9 ATR Stingray 45.4 46.0 41.3 45.7 Bonanza TT 43.4 45.6 39.9 44.7 CB Jardee HT 43.2 43.7 38.3 44.3 CB Junee HT 42.5 39.5 44.0 CB Mallee HT 42.0 42.3 38.0 43.3 CB Scaddan 42.7 37.3 42.6 CB Telfer 43.4 44.7 39.7 46.0 CB Sturt HT 44.6 44.8 39.7 44.7 Crusher TT 43.8 Hyola 444TT 44.9 44.7 40.2 45.0 Hyola 555TT 44.3 45.0 40.0 44.2 Tawriffic TT 45.7 46.1 40.1 45.8 Thumper TT 44.4 Monola 506TT 40.6 44.9 Clearfield Hyola 474CL 44.9 46.6 41.9 45.9 Hyola 575CL 46.0 47.3 41.7 45.0 Pioneer 43C80 43.9 46.0 40.0 45.7 Pioneer 44C79 44.5 47.7 42.1 47.1 Pioneer 44Y84 44.1 47.1 42.9 46.1 Carbine 45.6 46.4 42.6 45.4 Xceed Oasis CL 48.1 Conventional AV Garnet 47.3 42.6 46.4 CB Agamax 45.7 40.6 45.2 CB Tango C 47.0 41.6 47.5 Hyola 433 47.3 41.9 46.4 Hyola 50 47.1 41.3 45.4 AV-Zircon 49.9 42.4 47.9 SARDI515M 47.2 47.5 Victory V3001 39.4 44.7

early plant vigour. Pacific Seeds suggest blackleg resistance rating of R-MR(P).

Tested in NVT trials in 2011 and 2012.

Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

Hyola 656TT. Mid to mid-late TT hybrid. Medium to tall plant height, suited to early sowing. Pacific Seeds suggest blackleg resistance rating of R-MR(P). Tested in NVT trials in 2012.

Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.

JBOT-800350. Very early maturing open pollinated TT juncea canola.

Very short plant with excellent shatter tolerance. Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance rating of R. Bred by Viterra in conjunction with GRDC. Trialled in NVT for the first time in 2012.

JBOT-903155. Early-mid maturing open pollinated TT juncea canola.

Medium plant with excellent shatter tolerance. Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance rating of R. Bred by Viterra in conjunction with GRDC. Trialled in NVT for the first time in 2012.

JBOT-907988. Early maturing open pollinated TT juncea canola. Medium plant with excellent shatter tolerance.

Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance rating of R. Bred by Viterra in conjunction with GRDC. Trialled in NVT for the first time in 2012.

Triazine tolerant specialty varieties NLO606TT. New release. Early to early mid maturing Monola™ variety, alternative to Tawriffic TT and Crusher TT. Nuseed suggest blackleg resistance rating MR. Developed by Nuseed, grown under contract with a premium to Nuseed Crop Network.

The following varieties are outclassed but seed will still be available for 2013: • ATR-Cobbler, Hyola 444TT, Hyola 433, Fighter TT, CB Junee HT, CB Mallee HT, CB Scaddan, CB Eclipse RR. The following varieties will be withdrawn for 2013: • Hyola 76, Hyola 751TT, Hurricane TT, Storm TT, Lightning TT.

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Sowing Guide 2013

Oat variety sowing guide 2013

By Pamela Zwer, Principal Oat Breeder, Sue Hoppo, Research Scientist, Peter McCormack, Manager Oat Improvement, Peter Wheeler Agricultural Officer, Oat Breeding, KerryLee McMurray, Technical Officer, Oat Breeding and Michelle Williams, Research Officer, Oat Quality Laboratory, SARDI

T

he oat variety descriptions in this publication serve as a guide to select oat varieties for specific end uses with disease resistance, agronomic traits, and yield potential suited to diverse south eastern Australian farming systems.

How to use the oat variety sowing guide Varieties adapted to low, medium, and high rainfall regions and categorised by grain and hay end-use are shown in Table 1. Select the group of varieties suited to your rainfall region and end use.

Consult Tables 2 to 7 to refine the list to one or two varieties.

Consult Tables 2 and 3 for hay and grain production comparisons, Table 4 for agronomic features, Table 5 for disease resistance, Table 6 for grain quality and Table 7 for hay quality.

Certain varieties are preferred for particular end-uses, so check with hay processors and millers prior to variety selection.

Is cereal cyst or stem nematode a production contraint?

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) and stem nematode (SN) are major soil-borne diseases limiting the yield of oats in certain areas of southern Australia.

Due to the significant effect of CCN and SN on varietal performance, soil testing is recommended to assess if either of these nematodes will be a significant problem.

The PreDictaâ&#x201E;˘ B Root Disease Testing Service (RDTS) provides a diagnostic service to assess the levels of both nematodes prior to sowing. This is available through your local accredited agronomist or contact Alan Mackay (SARDI Plant and Soil Health ph. 8303

limited. The variety should also 9375) for your local accredited be tolerant so that it yields well agronomist. in the presence of the nematode.

Varieties contained in Table Yield penalties of up to 80% can 1 provide options for different occur if an intolerant variety is end uses. Table 5 should then sown in a paddock where CCN or be used in conjunction with this SN is a problem. table to determine if the variety There are now twelve varieties of choice has both resistance Sue Hoppo resistant to CCN (Table 5) and and tolerance to CCN if it is a nine of these are also tolerant: Wombat, problem or resistance and tolerance to Tammar, Mulgara, Tungoo, Kangaroo, SN if it is a problem.

Wintaroo, Marloo, Wallaroo and Potoroo Varieties grown where CCN or SN is are all varieties with both CCN resistance present should be resistant to the and tolerance. particular nematode which is a problem The remaining three resistant varieties, so that multiplication of the nematode is Table 1. Oat varieties listed according to annual rainfall. Use Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 to further refine your choice within each category.

End use Annual Rainfall (mm) <375 375-500 >500 Milling grain Mitika Mitika Mitika Yallara Yallara Yallara Wombat Wombat Wombat Possum Possum Feed grainMitika Mitika Mitika sheep, cattle Yallara Yallara Yallara Wintaroo Wintaroo Wintaroo Mulgara Mulgara Mulgara Wombat Quoll Quoll Potoroo Wombat Wombat Echidna Potoroo Potoroo Wallaroo Echidna Echidna Feed grain - pigs, Numbat Numbat poultry Oat hay Wallaroo Wintaroo Forester Brusher Mulgara Tammar Mulgara Tammar Tungoo Wintaroo Tungoo Glider Kangaroo Kangaroo Brusher Brusher Mulgara Wintaroo Hay and Wallaroo Wintaroo Forester legume mixes Brusher Tammar Tammar Mulgara Tungoo Tungoo Wintaroo Kangaroo Glider Yallara Brusher Kangaroo Potoroo

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Yallara, Brusher and Euro are intolerant.

There are eight varieties tolerant to stem nematode. These are Wombat, Tammar, Mulgara, Tungoo, Wintaroo, Glider, Quoll and Echidna.

All of these are rated as resistant or moderately resistant to SN except Echidna which is rated as moderately susceptible. Kangaroo, Potoroo, Marloo and Wallaroo are intermediate in their reaction to SN. In cold wet seasonal conditions these varieties may suffer more yield loss than in warmer, drier winter conditions.

Is leaf disease a production constraint?

Resistance to leaf diseases is important in most environments. However, even though varieties are listed as resistant to stem and leaf rust, changes in rust pathotypes can occur.

Recently a stem rust pathotype moved into the southern region of South Australia from northern NSW causing all stem rust resistance to be ineffective in the presence of this pathotype. Table 5 indicates a range of resistance reactions for stem rust depending on whether the new pathotype is present or not.

Monitoring of disease levels is essential and application of fungicide may still be required depending on seasonal conditions.

Table 1 should be used to determine the variety options available for a particular end use.

Next, Table 5 should be used to further refine your choice. For example, if a variety for oat hay is required in a high rainfall environment, Forester, Tammar, Tungoo, Mulgara, Kangaroo, Brusher, Wintaroo and Glider are suitable (Table 1).

Table 3 indicates that Wintaroo is the highest yielding variety for hay in this environment. However, using Table 5 Forester, Tammar, Tungoo, Mulgara, Kangaroo, Brusher and Glider have better resistance to both stem and leaf rust.

These varieties also vary in their level of resistance to septoria, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), bacterial blight and red leather leaf which may be also be important. Table 4 should then be used to determine if the variety selected matures at the time required.

Is milling quality required?

The probability of a variety meeting the 38 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Table 2. Seven year (2005-2011) average grain yield (t/ha) of oat varieties tested in grain trials.

Region Lower EP upper EP Yorke Mid north South Murray Peninsula East Mallee Semi-dwarf (husked) Mitika 3.7 1.7 3.7 3.4 3.5 2.0 Possum 3.6 1.7 3.7 3.3 3.5 2.0 Potoroo 3.6 1.7 3.9 3.2 3.6 2.1 Quoll 3.8 1.8 3.8 3.4 3.6 2.2 Wombat 3.8 1.7 3.8 3.2 3.5 2.0 Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat 0.9 2.0 2.3 1.1 Tall (husked) Euro 3.6 1.6 3.5 3.1 3.1 1.9 Mortlock 3.3 1.3 3.0 2.7 2.9 1.6 Yallara 3.5 1.6 3.4 3.0 3.1 1.9

Overall

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 1.6 2.8 2.5 2.8

Table 3. Seven year average hay (2005-2011) and grain (2005-2010) production of oat varieties tested in hay trials Hay yield (t/ha) Grain yield (t/ha) Rainfall zone Rainfall zone <375mm 375-500 mm >500mm <375mm 375-500 mm >500mm Tall (husked) - hay trial series Brusher 5.9 10.0 13.0 1.6 2.8 3.7 Kangaroo 5.6 9.8 13.5 1.6 2.7 3.5 Mulgara 5.9 9.8 13.1 1.6 2.8 3.8 Tammar 5.6 9.5 13.1 1.4 2.5 3.3 Tungoo 5.5 9.5 13.3 1.6 2.7 3.4 Wallaroo 5.5 9.4 12.4 1.5 2.7 3.6 Wintaroo 6.3 10.4 14.0 1.7 2.8 3.9 Yallara 5.6 9.4 12.5 1.8 3.1 4.2 no. trials 12 29 4 16 33 10 Tall (husked) - late hay trial series Forester 9.4 12.2 0.8 1.3 2.4 Glider 9.7 12.2 1.0 1.5 2.7 no. trials 4 3 3 16 8

classification criteria for milling grade is an important consideration when selecting a variety for milling end-use.

This is greatly influenced by seasonal conditions. Premium milling varieties such as Yallara, Mitika, Possum, Wombat, Euro and Mortlock, will reach the classification criteria for milling grade more often than other varieties such as Echidna (Table 6).

Although some varieties are not considered milling class, they may reach milling grade criteria, but would not be accepted for milling.

It is imperative that you check with your miller about the quality standards and varieties that are accepted for milling before you sow a grain crop.

To select a variety for milling grain in medium to high rainfall zones where

CCN is not a problem, you have the choice of Yallara, Mitika, Possum, Euro, Echidna and Mortlock (Table 1).

Table 2 shows the relative yield and Table 6 the relative grain quality for each of these varieties.

Using this information, choose a variety that suits your end use based on whether yield or quality is a priority. Table 4 should also be used to determine if the variety selected matures at the time required. For the first time there is a choice for milling grain where CCN is a problem.

If export hay quality is required Hay quality is essential to meet export hay standards. It is greatly influenced by seasonal and nutritional conditions, however, some varieties are more likely

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to produce hay of a higher quality than others.

It is imperative that you check with your hay processor about the quality standards required to make export grade quality hay before you sow a hay crop. Use Table 7 to refine your choice after first ensuring that the criteria in Tables 1, 4 and 5 are met for your situation.

Oats for grazing This guide contains no guidelines for oats suited to grazing plus feed grain production and repeated grazing from early sowing.

A more comprehensive guide for grazing varieties is contained in the Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide produced annually by NSW DPI. Please contact the National Oat Breeding or New Variety Agronomy Groups for information on how to obtain a copy of this publication.

Notes on recently released varieties Fact sheets or pamphlets describing all varieties released by the SA based National Oat Breeding Program are available from Primary Industries and Resources (PIRSA), the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), New Variety Agronomy Group or the SARDI website (www.sardi.sa.gov. au).

Milling varieties WombatA. Wombat (tested as SV9718112) is a dwarf potential milling variety that will be commercialised by Viterra in 2013. It is similar in height to Possum and slightly taller than Mitika. It is a midseason variety flowering about six days later than Mitika.

Wombat is the first dwarf milling variety with CCN resistance and tolerance. It is also moderately tolerant and moderately resistant to stem nematode. It has improved BYDV resistance compared to other dwarf varieties and improved bacterial blight resistance compared to other dwarf varieties except Mitika.

Wombat has high hectolitre weight and low screenings compared to the feed variety Potoroo, which was the first dwarf variety with CCN resistance and tolerance.

It also has high groat percent, slightly higher than Mitika. Wombat can have slightly higher screenings than Mitika, Yallara and Possum depending on seasonal conditions. Wombat will develop

leaf reddening symptoms similar to Mitika and Possum post flowering. This does not affect grain yield or quality.

YallaraA. Yallara is a medium-tall milling oat variety developed by SARDI and commercialised by Viterra in 2009.

Yallara is a backcross line using Euro as the recurrent parent and a North Dakota line as the source of rust resistance. It is moderately resistant to stem rust and resistant to leaf rust.

Long term yield of this variety is a 2% improvement compared to Euro.

However, yield increases of between 40 and 100% have been recorded for varieties with stem rust resistance similar to Yallara in years where stem rust is yield limiting.

Yallara is slightly taller than Euro and 2 days earlier to head. It has premium oat quality and averages higher hectolitre weight and groat percent and lower screenings percent than Euro, Mitika, Possum and Wombat.

Yallara is an improvement compared to Euro for bacterial blight resistance.

Like Euro, Yallara is resistant to CCN but intolerant, moderately susceptible to septoria and red leather leaf and intolerant to stem nematode.

Yallara is recommended to replace Euro in all areas but particularly where stem and leaf rust can be yield limiting. In addition, Yallara has bright grain and high grain digestibility making it suitable for the horse racing industry.

Based on herbicide tolerance trials conducted by the SARDI New Variety Agronomy Group, Yallara is particularly sensitive to applications of Banvel-M速.

For more i n forma ti on ab o ut the herbicide tolerance of Yallara go to www.nvtonline.com.au Mitika A . Mitika is an early maturing dwarf milling oat developed by SARDI and commercialised by Seedmark (formerly Plant Tech) in 2006.

It is resistant to leaf rust and moderately

Table 4. Agronomic features of varieties.

Variety Early Plant Heading Maturity Shattering Standing vigour height resistance ability Semi-dwarf (husked) Echidna G D EM EM R R Mitika G D E E R R Possum G D EM EM R R Potoroo G TD E E MR MR Quoll G TD EM EM R R Wombat G D EM EM R R Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat MG D EM EM MR R Tall (husked) Brusher MG T E EM MS MR Euro G ST EM EM R R Forester VG MT VL VL R R Glider P MT L L MS MR Kangaroo MG MT ML ML MS R Mortlock G MT EM EM R R Mulgara MG T EM EM MR MR Tammar M MT LM LM MS R Tungoo MP MT ML ML MS MS Wallaroo G MT E E MS MS Wintaroo M T M EM MS MR-MS Yallara VG MT EM EM MR R Value for trait: Early vigour: VG=very good, G=good, MG = moderately good, M=moderate, P=poor, MP = moderately poor Plant height: D = dwarf, TD = tall dwarf, T = tall, ST = short tall, MT = moderate tall Heading and maturity: E = early, EM = early mid, M= mid season, ML = mid late season, LM = late mid season, L= late, VL=very late Shattering and standing ability: R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible,

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resistant to stem rust and bacterial blight.

However, Mitika is susceptible to CCN, BYDV, septoria and red leather leaf and intolerant to CCN and stem nematode.

Mitika is a milling quality oat with high hectolitre and grain weight, low screenings percent and moderately high groat percent. It is also a high feed value oat with low hull lignin and high grain digestibility.

Mitika averages higher levels of Betaglucan than Possum, Yallara and Euro. It is an improvement compared to Possum for grain yield in low rainfall areas.

It is recommended for all rainfall zones but its early maturity suits low rainfall areas where CCN or stem nematode is not a problem.

PossumA. Possum is an earlymid season dwar f milling grain oat developed by SARDI and released in 2003. It was commercialised by AWB and is recommended for milling grain in medium and high rainfall areas.

Possum has similar yield and grain quality to Mitika with lower oil content.

Beta-glucan levels average slightly lower than Mitika, and are similar to Echidna and higher than Euro.

Possum is moderately susceptible to stem rust, leaf rust and septoria, susceptible to red leather leaf and susceptible to BYDV, bacterial blight and CCN. It is intolerant to both CCN and stem nematode and is not recommended for areas where either nematode is yield limiting.

Hay varieties ForesterA. Forester (tested as SV972003) is a new variety release for 2012.

Forester is a very late hay variety adapted to high rainfall and irrigated cropping regions.

It is seven to 10 days later than Glider, three days later than Riel, two days later than Targa, and three weeks later than Wintaroo.

Forester has excellent early vigour and is an improvement compared to Glider.

It has excellent lodging and shattering resistance.

Forester has an excellent foliar disease resistance spectrum. It is moderately susceptible to CCN. It has good hay colour, but like all late hay varieties may not resist hot dry winds as well as earlier varieties.

Forester has excellent hay quality and 40 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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Table 5. Disease resistance of oat varieties - field reactions.

Colour key: Green is a good choice, yellow use caution and red either do not use or develop a management package if this disease is yield limiting in your environment CCn Stem Septoria Bacterial Red Variety Rust Barley nematode blight leather yellow leaf dwarf leaf resist- toler- resist- tolerstem1 virus2 ance ance ance ance Semi-dwarf (husked) Echidna S S Mitika MR-S R Possum MS-S MS Potoroo S S Quoll MR-S MR Wombat MS-S MS Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat MR-S R

MS S S MS MS MR

S VS VS R S R

I I I T I MT

MS S S S R MR

MT I I MI MT MT

S S MS S MR MS

S MR S VS MS MS

MS S MS-S S-VS MS MS

S

S

I

S

I

MR

S

MS

Tall (husked) Brusher MS-S R MS R MI MS I MS MR-MS MR-MS Euro VS S MR-MS R I S I MS MS MS Forester R-S MR-MS MR-S MS MI S I MR MS-S R-MR Glider MR-S R S-MR MS I R T R R R Kangaroo MS-S MS MR-S R MT MS MI MR-MS MR-MS MS Mortlock MS-S S MS MS I S I MS MR MS Mulgara MS-S MR MS R MT R MT MS MR MS Tammar MR-S MR MS MR MT R MT MR MR R-MS Tungoo MS-S MR MR-MS R MT R MT MR MR R Wallaroo S S MS R MT MS MI S S MS Wintaroo S MS MR-MS R MT R MT MR-MS MR MS Yallara MR-S R MS R I S I MS MR-MS MS 1Disease reactions to stem rust will vary with pathotype 2Disease reactions to BYDV may vary with the strain of the virus. Key to symbols used: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, VI= very intolerant, I = intolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, T = tolerant, VT = very tolerant.

is an improvement compared to Glider, Tammar, Targa, and Vasse, but similar to Riel. Seed of Forester will be available from AGF Seeds.

Tammar A . Tammar is a new late tall hay oat variety later in cutting time to Kangaroo and Tungoo but not as late as Glider. It is available to growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd. Tammar has excellent hay colour and resists brown leaf at hay cutting. Hay yields are slightly lower than Wintaroo and similar to Tungoo and Kangaroo.

Grain yield is better than Kangaroo, Tungoo, Glider and Riel.

Hay quality is better than Kangaroo and similar to Tungoo and Wintaroo.

Hay digestibility and ADF are better than Tungoo and Wintaroo.

Tammar is moderately resistant and moderately tolerant to CCN and resistant and moderately tolerant to SN. Tammar has an excellent foliar disease

resistance profile and is an improvement compared to Tungoo for stem rust resistance.

Tammar is similar in height to Kangaroo, Tungoo and Wintaroo and has better lodging resistance than Tungoo, Wintaroo, Glider and Riel. It has better early vigour than Tungoo and Glider.

Tammar has grain quality similar to Tungoo and Kangaroo with slightly smaller grain weight and slightly more screenings. It has improved grain quality compared to Glider, Riel and Vasse.

Tammar is recommended for medium and high rainfall zones and gives a slightly later option for cutting time than Tungoo and Kangaroo.

MulgaraA. Mulgara is a tall mid season hay oat similar in heading time and height to Wintaroo. It is available to growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd. Mulgara is an improvement compared

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to Wintaroo for resistance to stem rust and bacterial blight. It is also an improvement compared to Wintaroo for lodging and shattering resistance and early vigour.

Hay yield is an improvement compared to Brusher but is slightly lower than Wintaroo. Hay quality is similar to Wintaroo. Mulgara has excellent hay colour and resists brown leaf at hay cutting.

Grain yield and quality is similar to Wintaroo with lower screenings, higher protein and groat percent. Mulgara has high grain hull lignin.

Mulgara is recommended to replace Wintaroo in areas with stem nematode due to its higher level of resistance. In tests conducted over six years, Mulgara averaged 70 nematodes per plant compared to Wintarooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1065.

It is also recommended to replace Wintaroo where improved lodging resistance, stem rust, or bacterial blight resistance is required.

Tungoo A . Tungoo is a medium tall mid to late season hay variety similar in heading date to Kangaroo. Seed of this line is available to growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd. Tungoo has an excellent disease resistance profile and resists leaf browning from hot dry winds.

It combines resistance and moderate tolerance to CCN and SN. Levels of stem nematode resistance are similar to Glider and an improvement compared to Wintaroo. Tested over six years, Tungoo averaged 24 nematodes per plant compared to Wintarooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1065.

Tungoo is also resistant to leaf rust and red leather leaf, moderately resistant to BYDV, septoria, and bacterial blight and moderately susceptible to stem rust.

Hay yield is similar to Kangaroo but grain yield and quality is similar to Glider.

Hay digestibility is similar to Wintaroo (better than Kangaroo), although it tends to be higher in NDF and lower in WSC than Wintaroo but an improvement compared to Kangaroo. Early vigour is an improvement compared to Glider, but not as good as Kangaroo. It has moderately low hull lignin.

Brusher A . Brusher is an early-mid season tall oat developed by SARDI and commercialised by AEXCO Pty Ltd in 2003. It is two to four days earlier to head than Wintaroo and this suits it well to low

Table 6. Grain quality comparisons.

Variety Hectolitre Screenings 1000 Grain Kernel Probability Protein Oil(fat) Hull Weight <2mm weight (%) of reaching (%) (%) lignin (kg/hl) (g) milling grade content Semi-dwarf (husked) Echidna M M M M M M M MH Mitika H L H MH H MH M L Possum H L MH MH H MH M H Potoroo L MH M M M MH H Quoll ML ML M MH MH M SEG Wombat H ML MH H H MH M H Semi-dwarf (naked) Numbat VH H L H VH Tall (husked) Brusher M M MH M MH M L Euro H ML H H VH M L MH Forester L M L L M M H Glider L M M ML MH ML L Kangaroo M ML MH ML M M H Mortlock H ML H H VH H M H Mulgara M M MH MH MH M H Tammar L H L ML MH M SEG Tungoo L H L ML MH M L Wallaroo M M M MH M MH L Wintaroo M M MH MH M M L Yallara H L H H VH MH L H Value for trait: L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H = high, VH = very high, - not applicable Table 7. Hay quality comparisons.

Variety Digestible Crude neutral Water soluble dry matter protein detergent fibre carbohydrate (%dm) (%dm basis) (%dm basis) (%dm basis) Tall (husked) Brusher MH M M MH Forester MH M ML MH Glider M M M M Kangaroo ML MH MH ML Mulgara M M M M Tammar M MH M M Tungoo M MH M-MH M Wallaroo M M M M Wintaroo M M M M Yallara MH M ML H Value for trait: L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H = high.

rainfall areas.

Although Brusher has inferior hay yield when compared to Wintaroo it is recommended to replace this variety where improved resistance to stem and leaf rust or improved hay quality is desired.

Grain yield and grain quality is similar to Wintaroo, Wallaroo and Kangaroo with higher grain protein.

Brusher is moderately susceptible to stem rust, BYDV, septoria, red leather leaf and bacterial blight. It is resistant to leaf rust, resistant but moderately intolerant of cereal cyst nematode and intolerant of

M MH M ML M ML M L M ML

stem nematode.

When there is a high CCN population in a paddock with favourable seasonal conditions, Brusher will have significantly lower hay yield than tolerant varieties.

Brusher is moderately low in grain lignin.

Notes on interstate varieties Many of the varieties released interstate are evaluated in a limited number of trials in southern Australia.

More information is available from the SARDI National Oat Breeding Program and should be sought before attempting to grow these varieties.

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SARDI sowing guide 2013

Lentil variety sowing guide 2013

By Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI, Stuart Sherriff, Research Officer SARDI & Michael Materne, PBA lentil breeder, DPI Victoria

T

wo new lentil varieties from Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) in conjunction with lentil commercial seed partner, PB Seeds Pty Ltd (Horsham) have been released for sowing in 2013.

These two varieties, along with the first herbicide tolerant lentil variety PBA Herald XT released in 2011, will aid growers in increasing lentil production in southern Australia through helping to overcome current production limitations and coping with seasonal variability.

PBA Ace (evaluated as CIPAL803) is a broadly adapted, high yielding, mid maturing disease resistant red lentil with a grey coloured seed coat and medium sized seed.

It provides an alternative to Nugget in all lentil growing areas and to PBA Flash and PBA Blitz where early maturity for drought tolerance or crop topping is not required.

PBA Bolt (evaluated as CIPAL801) is a mid to early maturing, high yielding red lentil with improved lodging resistance and har vestabilty over all varieties and improved ascochyta blight (AB) resistance over PBA Flash.

It has seed size and seed coat colour similar to Nugget and PBA Ace and its combination of erectness and high yields in low rainfall situations makes it a good option for mallee type environments where it has been high yielding in evaluation trials.

The widespread availability of PBA Herald XT now provides growers with the first lentil variety with improved tolerance to imazethapyr for use under APVMA permit (PER13249) and flumetsulum along with reduced sensitivity to some Group B herbicide residues providing that product label rates, plant back periods 42 > SARDI Sowing Guide

aware of and manage for. and all label directions for use are Careful variety selection along adhered to. with the correct implementation PBA Herald XT also has a of recommended agronomic high level of disease resistance management packages (see PBA and will provide an alternative variety release brochures, Lentil to all current varieties where ute guide and www.pulseaus. improved weed control is com.au for detailed management required however its plant type Larn McMurray information) will increase the and yield is only similar to that chances of maximising grain of Nipper. yield and quality.

A large range of lentil variety choice Growers can spread their disease, yield is a v a ila b le offeri n g grow ers th e and marketing risks by growing more opportunity to exploit particular than one variety, providing the varieties agronomic management and or market chosen differ in their disease, maturity opportunities. and marketing characteristics.

When selecting lentil varieties growers Seed dressings are recommended need to take into account varietal particularly if growers are sowing seed differences in grain yield, disease which was infected with disease in 2011. resistance (botrytis grey mould (BGM) Variety purity is very important in lentils and AB), agronomic adaptation, lodging with a restriction of 1% for varieties not resistance, marketability and herbicide of the same type. This is of particular tolerance. concern when growing varieties with However, all current varieties have different seed coat or cotyledon colour strengths and weakness in their (Table 2). characteristics which growers need to be Table 1. Lentil variety sowing guide 2013.

Rainfall zones (mm) Seed type

Below 400

400-450

450â&#x20AC;&#x201C;500

Above 500

Medium red

PBA Blitz~ PBA Bolt* PBA Flash* PBA Ace Nugget

PBA Ace PBA Bolt* PBA Flash* PBA Blitz~ Nugget

PBA Ace Nugget PBA Bolt* PBA Flash* PBA Blitz~

PBA Ace Nugget PBA Bolt* PBA Flash* PBA Blitz~

Small red

PBA Bounty* Nipper# Northfield*

PBA Bounty* Nipper Northfield*

Nipper PBA Bounty* Northfield*

Nipper PBA Bounty* Northfield*

PBA Herald XT+

PBA Herald XT+

PBA Herald XT+

PBA Herald XT+

PBA Jumbo* Aldinga*

PBA Jumbo* Aldinga*

PBA Jumbo* Aldinga*

PBA Jumbo* Aldinga*

Boomer

Boomer

Boomer

Boomer Tiarra^

Large red Large green

# = not well suited to low rainfall areas or dry seasonal conditions due to low biomass type, must be sown early in these situations * = susceptible or moderately susceptible to botrytis grey mould, regular spraying may be required in areas or seasons prone to this disease ~ = variety best suited to crop-topping ^ = spring sowing type += herbicide tolerant variety

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Table 2. Characteristics of selected lentil varieties.

Variety Seed Cotyledon Seed size Market coat colour relative category colour to nugget Medium red Nugget PBA Ace PBA Blitz PBA Bolt PBA Flash Small red PBA Bounty

Vigour

Plant Flowering Maturity Lodging Pod Shatter- Botrytis Ascochyta blight Boron Salt height time time resistance drop ing grey mould Foliage Seed

Grey Grey Grey

Red Red Red

= > 15-20%

MRS MRS MRS

Grey Green

Red Red

= > 0-10%

MRS MRS

Moderate Medium Mid Mid/Late Good Medium Mid Mid Mod/Good Med/ Early Early Tall Mod/Good Medium Early/Mid Early/Mid Moderate Medium Early/Mid Early/Mid

Grey

Red

< 10%

SRP

Moderate

Med/ short Short Short Short

Mid/Late

Mid

MS/MR MS/MR MR

MR R MR

R MS/MR MS/MR MR MR R

R MR

R MR

R MR

MS

R

R

MS/MR R MR

MS R MR

I I I

I I I

MS MS

MR MS

R MR

MI MI

MI MI

MS

MR

MR

I

MI

I I I

I MT I

I MI

MI I

I -

I -

PBA Herald XT Grey Red < 20% SR Poor/Mod Mid/Late Mid/Late MR MR R MR R R Nipper Grey Red < 20% SRP Poor/Mod Mid/Late Mid MR MR MR R MR R Northfield Tan Red < 20% SRP Poor/Mod Mid Mid MS MR MR S MR R Large red Aldinga Green Red > 20% LRS Moderate Medium Mid Mid S MR MR MS MR MS PBA Jumbo Grey Red > 20% LRS Moderate Medium Mid Mid MS MR MR MS MR R Large green Boomer Green Yellow > 50% LG Good Tall Mid Mid/Late MS MR MS-S MR MR MS Tiarra Green Yellow > 70% LG Good Tall Very late Very late MS MR S S R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, I = intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, < = seed size less than Nugget, > = seed size greater than Nugget.

Market category: MRS = medium red split, SRP = small red premium round (football), SR = small red round (football), LRS = large red split, LG = large green.

Be aware of the potential for contamination from volunteer or ‘escaped’ lentils in paddocks when changing to new varieties with different seed coat or cotyledon colours.

A classification allowance at receival point now exists for seeds of contrasting colour in varieties which have a known seed type of a different colour, ie the “pale coat Blitz” seeds in PBA Blitz, with a maximum limit of 1% allowed.

Price differences can occur between varieties across seasons, however growers need to produce high quality seed in all varieties to secure markets and achieve the highest prices.

On-farm storage can assist in attaining the highest price for grain in some seasons and allow lentils with poor quality issues or contaminants to be stored until appropriate cleaning and marketing can occur.

Timely harvesting is recommended in lentils to minimise seed discolouration and weather damage and also to reduce the risk of yield loss from strong wind events on the ripe crop.

Selection criteria Information on the most important selection criteria, grain yield, disease resistance, maturity, standing ability, shattering and seed type/quality for each

variety can be found in Tables 2-3.

When selecting a variety growers also need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation and the access and availability of the likely target markets and make their selection on all available information.

Notes on selected varieties Medium Red Lentils PBA Ace A (CIPAL803). PBA Ace is a disease resistant, vigorous growing, mid flowering and maturing line with high yield potential and broad adaptation. It will provide an alternative to Nugget in all regions and PBA Flash and PBA Blitz in favourable lentil growing areas where crop topping and drought tolerance are not major priorities.

It has a good disease resistance profile with resistance to AB and moderate resistance to BGM. PBA Ace is the highest yielding variety long term in all regions of SA and Victoria but due to its later maturity than PBA Bolt, PBA Blitz and PBA Flash is likely to be better suited to areas where mid maturing varieties are favoured.

Some level of shattering has been observed under some conditions in PBA Ace at maturity but it is unlikely to cause significant yield loss, yield data (Table 3)

includes sites where some shattering may have occurred in this variety.

PBA Ace has a grey seed coat colour with a medium seed size. It is licensed to PB Seeds.

PBA BoltA (CIPAL801). PBA Bolt is a mid flowering but early to mid maturing lentil with excellent lodging resistance at maturity and high yield in drought years and dry areas.

It will provide an alternative to PBA Flash in all areas where AB, harvestability and drought tolerance are major issues but particularly in the mallee areas of Victoria where it has consistently performed well.

PBA Bolt has good resistance to AB but is moderately susceptible to BGM. It has a grey seed coat colour with a medium seed size and is licensed to PB Seeds.

PBA Blitz A . PBA Blitz is suited to all current lentil areas with particular adaptation to shorter-season areas where its combination of mid to early flowering, early maturity, high yield, good disease resistance and medium to large seed size will improve lentil reliability and economics of production.

PBA Blitz is the earliest maturing lentil variety and the best option where crop topping and/or delayed sowing are 2013

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practised. It has a good level of early vigour and an erect plant type. PBA Blitz is a medium sized red lentil (larger than PBA Flash and Nugget) with a grey coloured seed coat. PBA Blitz has a low level of “pale coat Blitz” seeds which still have red cotyledons and are a natural part of the genetic make-up of the variety and do not affect the splitting or cooking characteristics of the variety.

These “pale coat Blitz” seeds are classified at receival point as seeds of contrasting colour with a limit of 1% allowed.

PBA Blitz is commercialised by PB Seeds.

PBA Flash A . PBA Flash is a high yielding red lentil with a green seed coat and medium seed size.

It is well suited to shorter season and lower yielding lentil growing areas where its higher yield and earlier maturity improves reliability of yield.

Earlier maturity also makes PBA Flash better suited to crop topping than Nugget although caution is still required with this practice due to seasonal variation in weed and crop maturity. It is moderately susceptible to foliar AB and may require foliar fungicide sprays prior to flowering and at podding to control this disease under high intensity situations or in disease prone environments.

PBA Flash is susceptible to BGM but has improved tolerance to boron and salinity compared to Nugget. PBA Flash has improved seed splitting characteristics over Nugget and is well suited to medium sized red lentil grain markets. PBA Flash is commercialised by PB Seeds.

Small Red Lentils

PBA Herald XT A . PBA Herald XT is the first lentil variety with improved tolerance to the herbicide imazethapyr (*permit use in SA, registration pending) and the herbicide flumetsulam, plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues.

However it is important to note that product label rates, plant-back periods and directions for use must still be adhered to.

It is a mid to late flowering and maturing lentil and similar to Nipper in many agronomic characteristics, including short height, seed shape, grey

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Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected lentil varieties grouped by region in evaluation trials in SA and Victoria. Yields expressed as a percentage of Nugget (SARDI, PBA, NVT & DPI Vic. data, 2005–2011).

Yorke Pen. Mid north Lower EP South East S.A. Mallee Vic Mallee Wimmera nugget yield 2.47 2.17 1.41 1.44 1.61 1.36 1.39 (t/ha) Medium Red Nugget 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PBA Ace 110 112 114 117 115 114 112 PBA Blitz 105 107 109 106 107 102 102 PBA Bolt 105 107 109 113 110 111 111 PBA Flash 106 109 110 114 111 100 101 Small Red Nipper 100 102 101 102 99 94 96 Northfield 94 93 89 92 89* 88 90 PBA Bounty 103 103 104 99 103 102 101 PBA Herald XT 98 99 97 98 98 98 99 Large Red Aldinga 98 98 93 97 NA 92 92 PBA Jumbo 108 107 108 108 108 102 102 Large Green Boomer 104 104 105 108 103 99 99 * = varieties have had only limited evaluation at this site, treat results with caution.

seed coat colour and grain yield. It has very good disease resistance including resistance to ascochyta blight (AB), and moderate resistance to botrytis grey mould (BGM).

Limited herbicide tolerance testing suggests PBA Herald XT, like Nipper, is more sensitive than Nugget, PBA Blitz and PBA Flash to high rates of group C herbicides such as metribuzin and simazine and caution is urged with the application of these products particularly on variable soil types.

PBA Herald XT has a very low level of seeds with a black seed coat typically at frequencies of 0.1% or less. These seeds still have red cotyledons and are a natural part of the genetic make-up of the variety and do not affect the splitting or cooking characteristics of PBA Herald XT. These black coated seeds are classified at receival point as seeds of contrasting colour with a limit of 1% allowed.

PBA Herald XT is commercialised by PB Seeds.

PBA Bounty A . PBA Bounty is a highyielding small seeded red lentil that is broadly adapted and suited to most lentil growing environments particularly the southern mallee region of Victoria.

PBA Bounty is moderately resistant to AB, moderately susceptible to BGM and has improved tolerance to salinity

compared to Nugget. PBA Bounty has a prostrate plant growth habit early in the season compared with all other varieties.

PBA Bounty produces a small round seed that is slightly larger (10%) than Nipper but still likely to be sold into similar markets for splitting or the production of “footballs” (whole seed with the seed coat removed).

PBA Bounty is commercialised by PB Seeds.

Nipper A . Nipper has good levels of resistance to both ascochyta blight and BGM and is a low cost, low disease risk option in disease prone areas but yields less than recently released varieties.

Nipper has a small seed size similar to Northfield but grey in colour. Nipper, like Northfield, flowers later than Nugget but often matures earlier than Nugget.

Nipper is favoured for the practice of early sowing in SA due to the combination of a lower biomass production and a high level of disease resistance.

Nipper is more sensitive to metribuzin than other varieties and caution is required to avoid application when conditions are conducive to damage.

Nipper is licensed to Seed Net. Large Red Lentils PBA JumboA. PBA Jumbo is the highest yielding large seeded red lentil and a

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direct replacement for Aldinga.

It is suited to most current lentil growing areas where it has consistently yielded around 15% higher than Aldinga although attaining larger seed size is more likely in medium to high rainfall zones.

PBA Jumbo is moderately susceptible to BGM and this disease will need to be managed in disease prone areas. It has resistance to foliar and seed AB, which are both improved over Aldinga.

Plant type and lodging susceptibility is similar to Aldinga and like this variety PBA Jumbo is well suited to no-till, interrow sowing into standing residue.

PBA Jumbo has improved tolerance to soil boron and salinity over Aldinga and Nugget. It has a seed size and shape similar to Aldinga (20% larger than

Nugget) but with a grey seed coat and like Aldinga is well suited to the postharvest removal of small broadleaf weeds seeds.

Milling quality is improved over Nugget and it is well suited to premium large red split markets such as those in Sri Lanka.

PBA Jumbo is commercialised by PB Seeds.

Large Green Lentils Boomer A . Boomer is a large seeded high yielding green lentil released as Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first adapted green variety for all lentil growing areas.

It has superior seed size to Matilda (approximately 30% larger) making it more competitive than this variety with overseas varieties in world export markets.

Boomer has a large plant type and can produce prolific amounts of growth making it prone to lodging under favourable growing conditions. It has improved resistance to AB and BGM compared to Matilda.

Boomer will be best adapted to medium rainfall areas of southern Australia with mild finishing conditions to ensure that the large seeds can fully form. Ascochyta blight must be managed during podding to avoid disease blemish on the seed coat.

Boomer is moderately susceptible to shattering at maturity (more susceptible than current varieties).

Delayed harvest under some conditions can result in shattering and/or loss of green seed colour resulting in downgrading in this variety. Boomer is licensed to Seed Net.

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SARDI sowing guide 2013

Pea variety sowing guide 2013

By Michael Lines, Research Officer- SARDI, Larn McMurray, Research Scientist- SARDI & Tony Leonforte, Field Pea Breeder- DPI Victoria

T

wo new Pulse Breeding Australia Field Pea varieties (one white and one forage pea) are to be available from Seednet for 2013 sowings.

PBA Pearl (previously OZP0819) is a semi-leafless white pea variety with high yield potential and broad adaptation.

It has high early vigour and erect growth, with excellent standability at maturity.

It is early to mid flowering, and does not have the pod shatter resistance trait (like Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight) but is not prone to shattering.

It has a favourable disease resistance profile, with good tolerance to bacterial blight and Bean Leaf Roll virus.

PBA Hayman (previously OZP0902) is a late flowering and late maturity conventional pea suitable for forage production as an alternative to vetch.

It produces small white seed, and has lower seed yield than Morgan (which is generally considered a dual purpose variety) but also has higher biomass production.

PBA Hayman also has resistance to powdery mildew, lacking in the variety Morgan.

Two advanced field pea lines are currently under multiplication for potential release in 2013.

OZP0805 is an early-mid flowering and maturing ‘Kaspa type’ (ie round seeded) dun field pea offering improved powdery mildew and virus resistances (Bean Leaf Roll and Pea Seed Borne Mosaic viruses).

It provides the same agronomic benefits as Kaspa (eg lodging and shattering resistance), and will provide a reliable alternative in those areas where powdery mildew and viruses are regular problems.

OZP1103 is a conventional dun field pea offering a forage option with high early season dry matter production and high yield potential in long seasons.

OZP1103 has improved bacterial blight 46 > SARDI Sowing Guide

Yarrum), higher frost tolerance resistance, is resistant to powdery (e.g. Sturt), white seed type (SW mildew, and shows improved Celine) or forage potential (e.g. boron and salt tolerance.

Morgan).

These lines are currently under However, they also have specific multiplication in SA and are limitations that restrict their expected to be available through widespread adaptation broadly Seednet for 2014 sowings.

Michael Lines across SA such as susceptibility Recent releases PBA Gunyah to downy mildew, late flowering and or and PBA Twilight have generally maturity or specific herbicide sensitivity. performed similarly to Kaspa in the In addition they may also be more recent run of favorable seasons, however difficult to sell and market from SA (e.g. they are gaining in popularity due to small seed or white seeded types). their improved suitability to crop-topping Bacterial blight and downy mildew and delayed sowing (for blackspot or infections were observed in a number of weed control) compared to Kaspa.

2012 pea crops.

These ‘Kaspa type’ varieties have a Pulse Breeding Australia is placing round shape and lack of dimples which particular emphasis on breeding for is preferred by the major buyers in the resistance to these diseases, and improved Indian subcontinent for its easier seed resistance to these diseases is now coat removal and greater split returns, incorporated in most advanced breeding and can all be delivered into the Kaspa lines. segregation.

However the use of metalaxyl (eg Kaspa grain has obtained a premium Apron®) seed dressing is still advised for over dimpled types like Parafield, control of downy mildew, particularly in depending largely on world stocks and high risk paddocks. market supply.

Breeding for blackspot resistance A number of other varieties may provide remains difficult to achieve, and it is specific regional advantages such as for strongly recommended to delay sowing example, powdery mildew resistance (e.g.

Table 1. Pea variety sowing guide 2012.

Seed type Rainfall zone (mm) Below 400 400–475 475–600 Dun – “Kaspa type” PBA Twilight PBA Gunyah Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight PBA Gunyah Kaspa Kaspa PBA Twilight Dun - Other PBA Oura^ PBA Oura^ PBA Oura^ Parafield^ PBA Percy^ PBA Percy^ Yarrum Parafield^ Yarrum Morgan* Yarrum Parafield^ PBA Percy^ (NT) Morgan* Morgan* PBA Hayman** PBA Hayman** PBA Hayman** White PBA Pearl PBA Pearl PBA Pearl Sturt Sturt Sturt Bundi Bundi Bundi SW Celine SW Celine SW Celine Blue Excell Excell Excell Maki Maki Maki * Green manure/forage option ** Green manure/forage ONLY NT = Not tested ^ Preferred varieties where bacterial blight is a production constraint

Above 600 Kaspa PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight PBA Oura^ PBA Percy^ Yarrum Parafield^ Morgan* PBA Hayman** PBA Pearl Sturt Bundi Excell Maki

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Pulse varieties for 2013 PBA Rana

Faba Bean • Adapted to high rainfall, long season regions • Mid to late flowering and mid maturity • Resistant to foliar and seed Ascochyta blight and improved resistance to chocolate spot compared with Fiesta VF and Farah

PBA Warda

Faba Bean • High yielding across faba bean growing areas of northern NSW and southern Qld, especially in the absence of moisture stress • Suggested as replacement of Doza and Cairo • Moderately resistant/resistant to rust • High level of tolerance to bean leaf roll virus • Similar flowering and maturity time to Doza • Bigger and more uniform seed than Doza

Jenabillup Narrow Leaf

Lupin • Medium-tall, early flowering narrow leaf lupin • Good early vigour and exhibits reasonable tolerance to tough dry seasonal conditions • Jenabillup is the only narrow leaf lupin variety to have greater tolerance and higher yields in the presence of “black pod syndrome” disorder

www.viterra.com.au Contact Jason Scott - National Wholesale Seeds Manager on 0458 009 804 or the Viterra Service Centre on 1800 018 205

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Table 2. Variety characteristics of selected pea varieties.

Weed Lodging Variety Seed Seed Leaf Flower Plant Flowering Maturity Downy mildew Black Powdery Bacterial Shattering competit- resistance type size form colour height time time spot mildew blight Parafield Kaspa (pv syringae) iveness at maturity strain strain# Alma Dun Me C P T M-L L S MS S MR Average Poor Bundi White Me-Lg SL W Me-T E E R MS MS S S R Average# Fair-Good Dundale Dun Me C P T E M S MS S MR Average Poor Excell Blue Me SL W Me-T E-M L MR S MS S S S Average Good Kaspa Dun Me SL Pi Me-T L M MR S MS S S R Good Fair-Good Maki# Blue SL W Sh E E S S S R S S Poor Poor-Fair Morgan Dun Sm SL P T L L MR S MS S MS MR Excellent Poor-Fair Parafield Dun Me-Lg C P T M M S S MS S MS-MR MR Average Poor PBA Dun Me SL Pi Me-T E-M E R S MS S S R Good Fair-Good Gunyah PBA White Sm C W T L L MR S MS R MS-MR S Excellent Fair Hayman PBA Oura Dun Me SL P Me-T E-M E MR MS MS S MR MR Good Fair-Good PBA Pearl White Me-Lg SL W Me-T M M MS MS MR S MS-MR MR Good Excellent PBA Percy Dun Me-Lg C P T E E S S MS S R MR Average Poor PBA Dun Me SL Pi Me-T E E R S MS S S R Good Fair-Good Twilight Sturt White Me-Sm C W T E-M M MS S MS S MS MR Average Poor SW Celine White Me-Lg SL W Me-T E E S S MS S S S Average Fair-Good Yarrum Dun Me SL P Me-Sh L M S S MS R MS MR Avg.-poor Poor-Fair # based on limited observations Sm = small, Me = medium, Lg = large, C = conventional, SL = semi-leafless, P = purple, W = white, Pi = pink, T = tall, Sh = short, E = early, M = mid, L= late, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant

peas regardless of variety until the peak black spot spore release period has occurred.

A number of recently released earlier flowering and maturing varieties (eg PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight, PBA Oura and PBA Percy provide better yield stability in delayed sowing situations.

The disease forecasting model ‘Blackspot Manager’ predicts blackspot spore release patterns in each pea growing district, and these can be obtained through ‘Blackspot Manager’ via the internet (www.agric.wa.gov.au/ cropdiseases) or a free SMS service (to subscribe email Jenny Davidson: jenny. davidson@sa.gov.au).

Selection criteria The list of suggested varieties is shown in Table 1 and is based on performance within different rainfall zones.

Information on the most important selection criteria, grain yield, disease resistance, maturity, standing ability, weed competitiveness, shattering resistance and seed type/quality for each variety can be found in Tables 2–3.

When selecting a variety, farmers also need to consider their individual farm and paddock situation, the access and availability of the likely target markets

and storage and handling facilities and make their selection on all the available information.

Due to white peas not being accepted in the bulk dun segregation growers need to also consider the different quality types within peas (Table 1) and where they can be delivered before deciding whether to grow these types.

Notes on selected varieties Dun types Dun peas are segregated from white and blue peas due to the different quality markets they are aimed at. Some pea markets in India and Sri Lanka prefer Australian dun peas due to their distinct ‘nutty’ taste.

“Kaspa type” grain is also preferred over dimpled grain (such as Parafield) in these markets due to its round shape and lack of dimples allowing easier seed coat removal and greater split returns.

PBA Oura A . PBA Oura is an erect growing, semi-leafless pea variety offering improved resistance to bacterial blight, high yields and broad adaptation across all the major field pea production regions.

It is early to mid flowering and early maturing, making it more suitable to the practice of crop topping than Kaspa.

Agronomic trials have shown it is earlier (5-10 days) and longer flowering than Kaspa.

It has fair to good lodging and pod shatter resistance at maturity, although it does not have the sugar- pod characteristic like Kaspa.

PBA Oura is moderately resistant to bacterial blight, a similar response to that found in Parafield but improved over Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight.

In agronomic disease yield loss experiments PBA Oura incurs less yield loss from bacterial blight than all varieties (including Parafield) except for PBA Percy.

PBA Oura is the highest yielding variety with improved tolerance to this disease in all districts of SA. Seed is licensed to Seednet.

PBA PercyA . PBA Percy is a conventional type pea variety, with an improved bacterial blight disease rating compared to PBA Oura (R vs. MR). It is early flowering and early maturing, making it well suited to the practice of crop topping and delayed sowing for blackspot management.

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Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected pea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed as a percentage of Kaspa’s yield (SARDI, PBA and NVT data, 2005–2011).

Genotype Yorke Mid north Lower Eyre upper Eyre Murray South East Peninsula Peninsula Peninsula Mallee Bundi 97 99 99 97 98 97 Excell 89 88 89 85 86 91 Kaspa 100 100 100 100 100 100 Morgan 95 96 97 92 96 99 Parafield 92 92 97 94 97 94 PBA Gunyah 98 101 104 98 105 104 PBA Oura 100 105 110 101 111 108 PBA Pearl 107 109 118 105 118 111 PBA Percy 98 103 109 101 110 104 PBA Twilight 97 100 101 98 100 103 Sturt 99 102 106 103 109 105 SW Celine 99 100 105 98 104 101 Yarrum 101 103 102 101 107 112 Kaspa Mean 2.32 2.15 1.7 1.73 1.48 2.28 Yield (t/ha)

PBA Percy is very much earlier (10-25 days) and longer flowering than Kaspa, and even earlier flowering than recent releases PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight.

PBA Percy is susceptible to lodging at maturity, but has moderate pod shatter resistance although it does not have the non shattering pod characteristic like Kaspa.

Its earlier maturity may also offer some level of powdery mildew avoidance compared to other preferred bacterial blight resistant varieties.

PBA Percy has had limited evaluation in SA but appears to yield similarly to PBA Oura. Seed is licensed to Seednet.

PBA GunyahA. PBA Gunyah is a ‘Kaspa type’ field pea with earlier and longer flowering than Kaspa and higher yield in shorter season environments and dryer seasons than Kaspa.

It is early to mid flowering and early maturing, making it more suitable to the practice of crop topping than Kaspa. It is well suited to delayed sowing for disease management in response to a late season break.

Its disease resistance profile is similar to Kaspa and therefore not well suited to bacterial blight prone environments.

Despite being susceptible to powdery mildew it is likely that PBA Gunyah will incur less yield loss from this disease than Kaspa due to its earlier maturity.

Widespread evaluation over a number of years shows that it is higher yielding than Kaspa when yield potential is below 2.25t/ha.

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2013

PBA Gunyah has “Kaspa” seed type and is licensed to Seednet.

PBA TwilightA. PBA Twilight is a ‘Kaspa type’ with similar attributes to PBA Gunyah.

It has a shorter flowering period and is earlier in maturity than PBA Gunyah making it well suited to the low rainfall and very short season field pea growing environments.

Widespread evaluation over a number of years shows that it is higher yielding than Kaspa when yield potential is below 1.75t/ha, and higher than PBA Gunyah when yield potential is below 1.25t/ha.

Its disease resistance profile is similar to Kaspa and therefore not well suited to bacterial blight prone environments.

Despite being susceptible to powdery mildew it is likely that PBA Twilight will incur less yield loss from this disease than Kaspa due to its earlier maturity.

PBA Twilight has “Kaspa” seed type and is licensed to Seednet.

Kaspa A . Kaspa is semi-leafless, late flowering, resistant to shattering and has good early season vigour and moderate resistance to lodging.

Kaspa is susceptible to powdery mildew and black spot and the “Kaspa strain” of downy mildew.

Kaspa seed should be treated with metal-axyl seed dressing, particularly in cropping regions prone to downy mildew.

The seed of Kaspa is distinct from traditional dun types ie Parafield in that it is red brown in colour and almost

spherical in shape.

Kaspa is high yielding in many areas of southern Australia, however it needs to be considered carefully before use as an option in low rainfall areas or areas prone to early periods of high temperature and drought stress due to its late and condensed flowering characteristic.

Kaspa also should be considered carefully in areas prone to frequent severe vegetative frosts due to potential for yield loss to bacterial blight.

Kaspa is under contract to Seednet.

Yarrum A . Yarrum is a high yielding, powdery mildew resistant dun type developed for the northern areas of Australia. AGT have the licence for seed sales.

Yarrum is a semi leafless, short variety which flowers late in southern Australia (early in northern Australia) but matures quickly and similar to Kaspa.

It is susceptible to downy mildew and black spot but is resistant to pea seed borne mosaic virus.

Yarrum has had high trial yields in recent years but can be variable over seasons in southern Australia.

It may have a role in higher rainfall regions where it is high yields, virus and powdery mildew resistance will be an advantage.

White types White peas cannot be delivered to bulk export markets with dun peas. Some high quality specialised white peas may fit into specific premium value markets for split peas.

Higher prices may be achieved if supplying specific niche markets, but these markets may be small. Small seeded white peas are likely to only suit domestic stock feed markets.

Growers are advised to secure markets before deciding to grow these pea types.

PBA Pearl A . PBA Pearl is a semileafless white pea variety which is broadly adapted and has had high yields in evaluation trials in all districts.

It has good early vigour and an erect growth habbit, with excellent standability at maturity.

It is early to mid flowering, and produces non sugar-type pods but is not prone to shattering (similar to PBA Oura and Parafield).

It has a favourable disease resistance

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

PBA HaymanA. PBA Hayman is a late flowering and late maturity conventional pea suitable for forage production as an alternative to vetch.

It produces small white seed, and has lower seed yield than Morgan (which is generally considered a dual purpose variety) but also has higher biomass production.

PBA Hayman also has improved resistance to powdery mildew over Morgan. Seed is expected to be available from Seednet for 2013 sowings.

Sturt A . Sturt is a conventional leaf type, small seeded white pea similar to Parafield in height, lodging resistance and disease susceptibility.

Flowering and maturity time of Sturt is similar but generally slightly earlier than Parafield.

It consistently yields higher than all other varieties in trials affected by reproductive frosts, indicating some level of tolerance to this stress.

Sturt is more sensitive than Kaspa and Parafield to label rates of both post sowing pre-emergent and post emergent applications of metribuzin on alkaline soils in SA. Sturt is licensed to Premier Seeds.

Bundi. Bundi is a medium to large seeded, white type pea with good standing ability and primarily for the low rainfall areas of southern Australia. It is a sister line to Kaspa with resistance to pod shattering and is earlier flowering and maturing than Kaspa. Bundi is no longer covered by PBR.

SW CelineA. SW Celine is a white pea introduced from overseas with medium to large seed size. SW Celine has had limited yield evaluation in many areas but appears high yielding particularly in short season environments.

It is an early flowering and maturing semi leafless plant type susceptible to

profile, with good tolerance to bacterial blight and good resistance to downy mildew and Bean Leaf Roll virus.

downy and powdery mildew, black spot and bacterial blight.

Seed is available through Crop Care Seed Technologies.

Blue types (green cotyledons) Some blue pea varieties are for specific premium value markets which are usually only small.

Quality is paramount in these markets used predominantly for canning and snack food.

Important parameters include damage by insects, bleaching of seed coat and consistency of seed colour.

Two blue field pea varieties, Excell and Maki, are available to growers. Maki is best suited to the north-eastern field pea growing areas of Australia, and limited testing has been done in southern Australia.

Both varieties are outclassed by the newer dun and white pea releases in the southern region of Australia and they have a relatively poor disease resistance profile, as shown in Table 2.

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SARDI sowing guide 2013

Triticale variety sowing guide 2013

By Ryan Bateman and Rob Wheeler, SARDI

T

he triticale variety descriptions in this publication serve as a guide to select varieties for specific end uses with disease resistance, agronomic traits and yield potential suited to a wide range of environments across South Australia.

Triticale is used predominantly for stock feed and has a smaller market than that of other winter cereals, as it needs to compete with barley as the preferred feed grain.

Dual purpose varieties are available that are suitable for grazing and grain production in the higher rainfall areas.

Triticale will grow on similar soils to wheat and barley but has developed a reputation to perform on unfavourable soil conditions such as acidic and alkaline soils and those low in fertility.

Good CCN resistance in many triticale varieties offers a valuable rotation in farming systems.

Resistance to stripe rust has long been a positive feature of growing triticale, however new rust strains are causing a gradual breakdown of resistance in some varieties, creating need for consideration in selecting varieties. Please refer to the latest disease guides for updated information.

The newest grain varietal releases are from AGT with Fusion (2012), Kath Cooper with Goanna (2011) and Yowie (2010). All of these varieties are midseason, spring type, grain only triticaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with good rust and CCN resistance.

Other varieties released in the past three years include the early maturing Chopper (AGT) and the dual purpose Tuckerbox (Seed Distributors).

Long term yield data across sites and seasons is now available for varieties such as Bogong, Chopper, Canobolas, Hawkeye, and Jaywick, with these triticaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s now outclassing the foundation varieties such as Tahara and Tickit across all environments.

These varieties offer broad adaptation, 50 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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high yields, and improved grain of New England, Armidale, quality relative to Tahara, with in 2008. It is an early to mid all except Canobolas offering season (similar to Treat), awned, excellent rust resistance. stiff strawed grain variety but is A selected range of triticale now moderately susceptible â&#x20AC;&#x201C; varieties for specific purposes susceptible to stripe rust. in different rainfall zones are Canobolas is a widely adapted Ryan Bateman shown in Table 1 including spring variety that has improved information on agronomic and disease acid soil tolerance. Canobolas is characteristics. Table 2 contains grain protected by PBR with seed marketed by yield performance data from SARDI and Viterra.

NVT field trials across SA grain growing districts over the past 7 years. Note that ChopperA . Chopper (tested as all triticale varieties have similar grain TSA0219) was released by AGT in quality characteristics and livestock 2010. Chopper is a very early maturing feed value, which are influenced more (7-15 days earlier than Tahara), fully by seasonal conditions than by varietal awned spring triticale and is seen as an differences. alternative to Speedee offering CCN and rust resistance.

Notes on newer varieties It is a semi dwar f variety which is shorter than all other triticale varieties Bogong A . Bogong (tested as H127) (approximately 15% shorter than Tahara) and will not lodge to the same was released by the University of New extent as other varieties in high yielding England, Armidale, in 2008. environments.

It is an early to mid season flowering Like Speedee, Chopper performs best (similar to Treat) fully awned, stiff in short growing season environments strawed, grain variety with good resistance (ie. sharp finishes) or late sowing to all common field strains of rust. situations. Grain quality is good and Bogong has been one of the top yielding similar to other new grain releases. varieties over the past five seasons (up to A PBR variety, seed is available from 13% above Tahara) of evaluation across AGT Seeds. all environments.

It is a widely adapted spring variety that Fusion A . Fusion (tested as TSA0291) is moderately susceptible to CCN. Bogong is protected by PBR with seed was released by AGT in 2012. Fusion is a marketed by Viterra. mid season maturing (similar to Tahara), fully awned spring triticale that has Berkshire A . Berkshire (tested as excellent resistance to leaf, stripe and stem rust.

JRCT74) has been developed in It has CCN resistance, and has a collaboration with the University of moderately tall plant height, similar to Sydney and Pork CRC. Rufus. Fusion is a well adapted, high Berkshire has been purpose bred for its yielding triticale with good grain size and feed quality traits for pigs. low screenings.

Berkshire is mid season maturity Fusion is currently under further yield (similar to Tahara) with good straw performance and disease evaluation strength but is moderately susceptible to across all regions in the 2012 NVT trials. stripe rust.

A PBR variety, seed is available from A PBR variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds.

Waratah Seed Co. Ltd. Canobolas A . Canobolas (tested as H418) was released by the Universtiy

Goanna. Goanna was released in 2011

by Cooper & Elleway as an early-medium

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Table 1. Agronomic and disease characteristics of triticale varieties.

Variety Origin Purpose Rainfall zone and environment

Head Type

Stripe Rust

CCn Resistance / Tolerance

Pratylenchus neglectus Resistance / Tolerance

Grain Good fit if short growing S-M E W/Awned MR R / MR season/ Late sown Grain M-T E W/Awned S-VS S/T MR-R/MT Grain T E-M W/Awned MS Grain M-T M W/Awned MS MS / T Grain M-T M W/Awned MS-S Grain M-T M W/Awned MR-MS^ R Grain T E-M W / Awned MR-MS^ R Medium rainfall Grain M-T M W/Awned MR* R (375mm - 500mm) Grain M-T M W/Awned MR* R Dual T M W/ R Awn MR-MS R/T MR-R/MT Purpose Tahara VIC Grain T M W/Awned MS R/T MR-R/MT Tickit SA Grain M M W/Awned MS R/T MR / MT Treat SA Grain T M W/Awned MR MS / T MS - MR / MT Yowie SA Grain M-T M W / Awned MR-MS R Tuckerbox SA Dual T M W/ R Awn MR R Purpose Better suited to Crackerjack NSW Dual M W/Awned R-MR longer season, high Purpose rainfall (450mm+) Yukuri NSW Dual M-L W/ R Awn R-MR S environments as Purpose a grain crop Tobruk NSW Dual M-L W/ R Awn MR-MS Purpose Endeavour NSW Dual L W/ R Awn R R Purpose Height: S = Short, M = Medium, T = Tall.

Maturity: E = Early, M = Mid, L = Late.

Disease resistance: S = Susceptible, MS = Moderately Susceptible, MR = Moderately Resistant, R = Resistant. (*some Susceptible plants in mix, ^limited data) Disease tolerance: T = Tolerant, MT = Moderately Tolerant.

Note that all recommended varieties are resistant to stem and leaf rust, and yellow spot, mildew and scald.

All varieties are susceptible to crown rot and moderately susceptible to common root rot.

High rainfall (500mm+)

SA SA NSW NSW NSW SA SA SA SA NSW

Maturity

Low rainfall (<375mm)

Chopper Speedee Berkshire Bogong Canobolas Fusion Goanna Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus

Height

season (similar heading time to Treat), spring type, grain only triticale, which is deemed to have good resistance to current pathotypes of leaf, stem, and stripe rust.

Goanna is a fully awned, tall variety with CCN resistance, and appears to have a reliable grain production and quality (good protein and test weight) under drier conditions.

Goanna is currently under yield performance and disease evaluation in the 2012 NVT trials for its second season.

HawkeyeA. Hawkeye (tested as TSA0108) was released by AGT in 2007 and is a broadly adapted, mid maturing variety with high yield potential and CCN resistance.

It also has good resistance to all rusts and produces large grain with low screenings (similar to Tahara) and good test weight (like Treat). It is considered

a higher yielding alternative to Tahara and a CCN and stripe rust resistance alternative to Kosciuszko.

A PBR variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds.

JaywickA. Jaywick (tested as TSA0124) was released by AGT in 2007 and is a broadly adapted, mid maturing variety with high yield potential and CCN resistance.

It also has good to fair resistance to all rusts and produces large grain with low screenings and good test weight. It is considered a slightly earlier, higher yielding alternative to Tahara with good rust resistance.

A PBR variety, seed is available from AGT Seeds.

Rufus.Rufus (tested as PT344) was released by the University of New England in 2004, as a dual purpose

Pratylenchus thornei Resistance / Tolerance MR-R / MT R / MT MR -

-

or hay type. It is a tall, mid-season maturity, CCN-resistant variety with wide adaptation offering good rust resistance.

Trial yield results indicate a useful grain variety (table 2) but with features such as reduced awn length, good early vigour and height, there is strong interest in it as a hay or dual purpose triticale.

Rufus is 2-3 days earlier than Tahara and is about 5cm taller, so lodging may potentially be a problem in very high rainfall situations.

A non PBR variety, seed is widely available.

Speedee. Speedee (tested as TX93-191E) is a fast growing and early maturing variety, released in 2003. It heads about 10 days earlier than Tickit and Tahara, making it a suitable variety choice for short growing season environments or late sowing situations.

It is not resistant to CCN and is 2013

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Table 2. Yield of selected triticale varieties according to region, expressed as percentage of Taharaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yield (SARDI and NVT Trials, 2005-2011) Variety Murray Mallee Mid north Yorke Peninsula Lower Eyre Peninsula upper Eyre Peninsula Abacus Berkshire 108 110 107 109 103 Bogong 108 107 111 113 107 Canobolas 104 107 108 108 103 Chopper 106 107 106 107 99 Endeavour 93 Fusion *** *** *** 111 104 Hawkeye 109 107 105 109 104 Jaywick 106 104 103 105 99 Kosciuszko 63 75 76 78 61 Rufus 99 101 102 100 96 Tahara 100 100 100 100 100 Tickit 101 101 100 101 98 Tobruk 104 102 99 98 Tuckerbox 96 96 96 Yowie *** *** *** 103 96 Yukuri 93 Taharaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Yield (t/ha) 1.99 3.28 2.50 2.93 2.05 *** Limited Data Currently Available

susceptible to very susceptible to stripe rust.

As of 2011, Speedee is now a non-PBR variety.

YowieA. Yowie was released in 2010 as a medium season (slightly later heading than Tahara), spring type, grain only triticale, which has good resistance to current pathotypes of stem, stripe, and leaf rust, as well as CCN resistance.

Yowie is a fully awned, medium-tall, modest yielding variety, with relatively good test weight and low screenings.

Further evaluation for yield and disease is still required some regions.

A PBR variety, seed is available from Cooper & Elleway.

Tahara and Tickit. Tahara has long been the common triticale variety for use in cereal rotations in most districts up to 500 mm average annual rainfall.

However, one notable disadvantage of the variety is that lodging can be a problem under high yielding situations.

Tickit was released by the University of Adelaide triticale breeding program in 2002 to replace Tahara offering slightly shorter plant with stiffer straw and up to 3% yield advantage to Tahara.

Both Tickit and Tahara offer good resistance to CCN and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus) making them a valuable disease break, however both are now moderately susceptible to stripe rust and outclassed 52 > SARDI Sowing Guide

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by the newer grain varieties for yield.

Seed of Tahara and Tickit may be purchased from commercial growers.

Kosciuszko and Treat. These two varieties are medium maturing, grain only varieties which do not have CCN resistance.

Kosciuszko is ver y susceptible to susceptible to stripe rust, whereas Treat has moderate rust resistance with excellent test weights.

Tuckerbox A is a late-medium season, tall, high tillering variety with reduced awn head type, which may be grown for forage or grain. Released in 2010, Tuckerbox has good resistance to all rusts and CCN. However further evaluation is still required. Tuckerbox is a PBR variety with seed royalty only, and is marketed by Seed Distributors.

Yukuri originated from the University of New England in 2004, and is a latemedium season variety with reduced awn head type, suitable for forage and grain production in environments with 450 mm+ rainfall.

It has very good rust resistance, but is susceptible to CCN. Non-PBR variety handled by Seed Distributors.

Dual Purpose grazing/grain varieties Dual purpose varieties all have high dry matter production, on a par with

South East 94 110 113 105 103 *** 110 108 87 100 100 103 112 97 *** 98 4.79

forage oats and are considered to provide a good alternative as a hay crop, but generally require early sowing or a longer growing season to achieve good grain production.

Jackie and Breakwell, released by the University of Sydney in 2001 and 2005 respectively, are CCN resistant with reduced awns and have proven suitable for quality hay production in the mid north of SA. They are now highly susceptible to stripe rust and therefore no longer recommended.

Other dual purpose varieties include Crackerjack in 2004 by Heritage Seeds, Endeavour and Tobruk in 2007 by the University of Sydney.

Endeavour has reduced awns and Tobruk is fully awned, with both being long season varieties targeted to the higher rainfall regions and offering potential for hay production.

Endeavour has good rust resistance, w h i l e To b r u k i s n o w m o d e r a t e l y susceptible to stripe rust.

Tobruk has performed at its best in the higher rainfall regions of SA, but overall appears to have a fit in SA offering a genuine dual purpose and longer season grain only variety.

Certified seed for these two varieties can be obtained from Waratah Seed Co. Ltd. Crackerjack is another fully awned winter type triticale used for forage production in long season high rainfall environments and is marketed by Heritage Seeds.

Sowing Guide 2013

SARDI sowing guide 2013

Faba bean variety sowing guide 2013

By Andrew Ware, and Rohan Kimber, SARDI, Jeff Paull, university of Adelaide and Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia

T

he choice of faba bean variety for the major SA bean production regions continues to be between Nura and Farah, with no new faba bean varieties releases in southern Australia expected until 2014.

PBA Rana was released in spring 2011 and is in its first year of commercial plantings in 2012. PBA Rana was developed by the PBA faba bean breeding program, led by the University of Adelaide, and is suited to the high rainfall areas of the South East and Central cropping zones.

It represents a different grain category for faba bean production and marketing in Australia. Its seed is larger than current faba varieties, and is considered to be of high quality by the major Egyptian market.

Future releases from the PBA bean breeding program will continue to target medium sized faba beans, but will also aim to release new varieties with larger grain size like PBA Rana, aimed at attracting a premium price.

Farah has slightly higher yields than Nura in SA, but Nura has better rust resistance.

Both varieties are MR-R to ascochyta blight. In some situations Nura will display better resistance to chocolate spot than Farah; however disease management strategies for chocolate spot control should essentially be the same for both Nura and Farah.

Nura is about a week later flowering than Farah. Nura is generally more responsive to early sowing dates than other varieties due to its later flowering time, and will suffer when sown later.

Nura is shorter in height which can cause harvest difficulties and grain loss in low rainfall districts and seasons.

Both varieties produce highly marketable seed.

Varieties and market preferences The Middle East human consumption

if wet conditions continue, market prefers Australian faba particularly when disease beans, but competition from symptoms are evident and dense France and the UK for market crop growth retains moisture share occurs. levels within the canopy.

To access the export human Chocolate spot typically food markets, the Australian develops during spring as product must be of high temperatures warm, however it quality, including freedom from can infect crops earlier and faba mechanical damage, weathering, Andrew Ware beans should be monitored for disease staining and storage chocolate spot from late winter. problems.

Rust presented itself as a significant Faba beans darken over time in storage disease on faba beans in 2011; the disease and seed can become unsuitable for the then survived over summer on volunteer export market after about 9 months. bean plants and has again been found in Our varieties Farah, Nura and Fiesta, southern faba bean crops in 2012. are well accepted, and the market signals Faba bean crops will continue the need are that the small seeded faba beans like to be monitored for rust in the future. the old Fiord and Ascot varieties are no Susceptible varieties, Farah and Fiesta longer wanted in the Middle East.

VF, have been found to show worse Co-mingling of these smaller seeded symptoms. varieties into the now accepted larger Paddocks adjacent to last years’ bean “Fiesta grade” will downgrade the overall stubbles were also more severely infected. quality.

Control with the correct fungicides may Product that does not meet export need to commence before flowering in standard or is surplus to demand is early sown crops, or crops sown close to consumed domestically in stockfeed the previous year’s bean stubble. rations, often at lower prices.

Given good conditions for crop Sound beans are also finding a place in production and disease development, many integrated cropping and grazing fungicide applications to control rust enterprises as a means of finishing lambs may be necessary at the same time as on farm. chocolate spot is being targeted.

There can often be strong grazier Disease resistance levels of Nura and demand for feed beans in dry conditions.

Farah allow growers to be more reactive to ascochyta blight than in other varieties Varieties and disease management and ascochyta disease management In growing regions or seasonal strategies can be based on monitoring conditions that favour chocolate spot levels in high risk situations. development all varieties require a With Fiesta, growers must maintain protective spray before canopy closure ascochyta blight disease control until when the beans are at the early flowering after flowering is finished to ensure seed stage. staining is minimised.

Additional applications will be required Cercospora leaf spot continues to be widely reported in faba beans.

Table 1. Faba bean variety sowing guide 2013.

This disease is soil borne and typically Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall) occurs in paddocks with a history of Low Medium High faba bean cropping, particularly in close < 375 mm 375-500 mm > 500 mm rotation (less than 4-6 years), or when in Nura A PBA Rana A Farah A close proximity to these paddocks.

Fiesta * Farah A Nura A Correct identification is essential to distinguish it from ascochyta blight, Nura A Fiesta * Farah A chocolate spot or herbicide damage, * Fiesta needs a higher level of disease monitoring all of which can show similar plant and protection in most years.

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Table 2. Agronomic and disease characteristics of faba and broad bean varieties. (National disease ratings as supplied by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA)).

Variety

Plant height

Flower time

Maturity Lodging Ascochyta Chocolate Cercoresistblight spot spora ance Foliage Seed

Rust

PSbMV seed staining

Faba bean FarahA

Medium Early-mid Early-mid

MS

MR-R

MR-R

S

S

S

S

Fiesta VF

Medium Early-mid Early-mid

MS

MR

MS

S

S

S

S

Fiord Manafest NuraA

Short

Early

Early

MR

MS

MS

VS

S

S

S

Medium

Mid

Mid

MR

VS

VS

MS

S

MS

VS

Short

Mid

Early-mid

MR

MR-R

MR-R

S

SB

MSB

VS

Mid

Mid

MR

R

R

MS

S

MS-MRB

MR

PBA RanaA Medium Broad bean Aquadulce

Tall

Mid

Late

MS

MS

MS

MS

S

MS

PBA KareemaA

Tall

Mid

Late

MS

MR-R

MR-R

MS

S

MS-MRB

Key: R=resistant, MR-moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible B Note revised status of variety: PBA Rana, PBA Kareema and Nura for rust foliar infection after 2011 incidence; also Nura for chocolate spot susceptibility under early sown and higher disease pressure situations

symptoms. Early control (at 5-8 weeks) with carbendazim or tebuconazole is most effective in preventing disease establishment and consequent yield loss from Cercospora.

All current faba bean varieties are susceptible, thus early preventative control measures are best practice.

Pulse Australia has a released a new Southern Pulse Bulletin in 2012: Faba bean disease management strategy. It contains the latest information on disease management in faba beans and can be found at: www.pulseaus.com.au Harvest In years when bean crops are of a better height, harvest height becomes less of an issue, but lodging can.

Physical damage of bean grain has been

the reason for marketing downgrades in recent years, and needs to be better managed. Bud worm will need early monitoring and early control, even if a drier year. Harvest at the higher moisture contents (12-14%) to avoid breakage, and handle the beans carefully when shifting them.

We have seen that crop topping of faba beans can make them more vulnerable to seed staining, particularly when rain falls soon after its application. Going in too early or using product or rates that dry beans down quickly can exasperate the issue.

Maturity of current faba bean varieties is not as well suited to crop topping as we would like, particularly in better seasons, hence all grains may not be mature when the ryegrass is ready to top.

Notes on faba bean varieties New Variety PBA Rana A . PBA Rana (tested as AF10060/15-1 or 974*(611*974)/15-1) is a vigorous plant with good stem strength, mid to late flowering (similar to Nura) and mid maturity (later than Farah and Nura).

It is well adapted to high rainfall, long growing seasons. Highest yields have been achieved in the Lower South East, Central Hills/ Fleurieu Peninsula and the high rainfall sites in the lower and mid-North where long term yields are equal to or greater than Fiesta VF and Farah.

PBA Rana has good resistance to ascochyta blight and is moderately susceptible to chocolate spot.

It has shown in the field to have very useful resistance (MS-MR) to rust, better than other commercial varieties.

PBA Rana produces large, plump and light brown seed suited to Egyptian market requirements for that grade.

It represents a unique and different category for faba bean marketing.

PBA Rana is three quarters Manafest in its breeding, and should establish itself into areas where Manafest was grown before ascochyta blight became its demise.

PBA Rana is licensed to Viterra and an end point royalty applies.

Current Varieties NuraA.Nura is a medium-sized faba bean with moderate resistance to ascochyta blight and moderate susceptibility to rust. It is susceptible to chocolate spot, especially under early sown and high disease pressure situations.

Nura is susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot, similar to Farah and Fiesta. It is

Table 3. Predicted yield of faba bean varieties is SA by region, as a % Farah Variety

LOWER EP

uPPER EP

YORKE PEn

MID nORTH*

MALLEE

SOuTH EAST*

% of Farah

no.

Trials

% of Farah

no.

Trials

% of Farah

no.

Trials

% of Farah

no.

Trials

% of Farah

no.

Trials

% of Farah

no.

Trials

Doza

95

8

-

-

94

8

94

21

90

3

96

18

FarahA

100

10

100

3

100

13

100

33

100

6

100

32

Fiesta VF

101

10

101

3

99

13

100

33

101

6

101

32

Fiord

99

9

-

-

96

9

93

29

93

4

94

22

NuraA

100

10

99

3

100

13

98

33

99

6

97

32

PBA RanaA

94

7

-

-

94

8

94

21

93

4

96

22

Farahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yield (t/ha)

2.34

1.64

3.35

2.51

1.66

Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2005-2011 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program. * At high rainfall sites within the Mid North and South East Zones PBA Rana produces yields equal to or greater than Farah

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generally shorter than Fiesta and Farah, making it less likely to lodge but more difficult to harvest in lower rainfall districts or with late sowing.

Nura’s long-term yields are slightly lower than Farah in most areas, however highest relative yields are achieved when sown early.

It has good seed appearance, light buff in colour, with minimal seed staining and discolouration. Nura flowers about 7 days later than Farah, but matures about the same time.

Its major advantage to growers is a likely reduction in fungicide sprays, with ascochyta blight and rust protection only required in high risk situations.

Nura is more sensitive to high rates of imazethapyr (eg Spinnaker ® ) than Farah but more tolerant of simazine and metribuzin.

Seed is available from Seednet and an end point royalty applies.

Farah A . Farah is a direct selection from Fiesta, and it is identical in most respects to Fiesta, except for its moderate resistance to ascochyta seed staining and more uniform seed size and colour.

Although the risk of suffering ascochyta blight seed staining is reduced with Farah, the risk is still present if ascochyta blight is not properly managed.

Farah’s yields are slightly higher than Fiesta and Nura in most areas of southern Australia.

Its major advantage over Fiesta is the increased likelihood of achieving market standards for freedom from seed staining and a likely reduction in fungicide sprays for ascochyta blight.

Table 4. Predicted yield of broad bean varieties is SA by region, as a % Fiesta VF Variety

LOWER SOuTH EAST % of Fiesta VF

no.

Trials

107

6

Fiesta VF

100

19

PBA KareemaA

102

4

Fiesta VF’s yield (t/ha)

2.95

Aquadulce

Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2004-2010 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.

Farah is licensed to Heritage Seeds (formerly Seedmark) and an end point royalty applies.

Fiesta VF. Fiesta VF is early to mid flowering. It has buff coloured seed, larger than Fiord.

Fiesta has good seedling vigour and is of medium height. It is classed as susceptible to chocolate spot, but is less susceptible than Fiord.

Fiesta VF is more susceptible to ascochyta blight than Farah and Nura and a proactive disease management strategy is recommended to ensure market standards for clean seed are met.

Fiesta VF is no longer protected by PBR, and no end point royalty applies.

Broad bean varieties PBA Kareema A . PBA Kareema was selected from Aquadulce with similar plant type and adaptation to this variety but with larger and more uniform seed,

and no “evergreens”.

It is well adapted to the very high rainfall, broad bean districts in the lower south-east of SA. It has significantly improved resistance to ascochyta blight (MR-R) and better rust resistance (MS-MR) than Aquadulce and is slightly less susceptible to chocolate spot than other faba beans.

Like Aquadulce, PBA Kareema is more tolerant of waterlogging than most faba bean varieties, and is more tolerant of iron and manganese deficiencies.

The yield of PBA Kareema has been similar to, or slightly less than, Aquadulce in trials in the south-east of SA. It is licensed to PGG Wrightson and an end point royalty applies.

Aquadulce. Aquadulce is a tall, late flowering and maturing broad bean variety, suited to areas with at least 500 mm average annual rainfall, such as the lower south-east of SA. It is rated as MS to chocolate spot, but can succumb to the disease under high disease pressure and rainfall situations.

It is more tolerant of waterlogging than most faba bean varieties, is more tolerant of iron and manganese deficiencies.

Aquadulce’s large seed size makes it a specialty bean with different marketing opportunities to faba beans.

It commands a price premium over faba beans, depending on grading and seed size.

For further information: Variety Management Packages (VMP) for all varieties, except Aquadulce, are available on the Pulse Australia website www.pulseaus.com.au

2013

DECEMBER 2012

SARDI Sowing Guide < 55

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Wool Update

Optimise your wool price

10 best practice management tips to influence the quality and price of wool words/ Olivia Fuller

A familiar self-help mantra to overcome stress, is to act on the things you can change and accept the things you canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t.

With a slow down in wool prices this year wool growers know that global currency fluctuations, supply and demand, fashion trends, changing consumer preferences and unrelenting competition from synthetic fabrics are the things one just has to accept as a primary producer.

However, according to Alister Carr, Trading/Managing Buyer - Wool Export with Viterra, growers do have an influence over one very important variable: the physical

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characteristics of their wool.

Reports from Australian Wool Innovation show that the three major physical factors affecting raw wool prices in the last three years have been the position of break in the middle of the staple (pobm), excessive length (gsl) and Australian Wool Testing Authority certification suffix descriptor type.

To maximise profitability at the farm gate Mr Carr advises growers to consider some of these long established but often overlooked rules for the coming season.

Wool Update

1/Micron Fibre diameter continues to be the biggest determinant of the value of wool, but there are some cases where broader wools can be more commercially viable.

“Not all regions of Australia are suitable to grow fine merino wool producing sheep due to rainfall and landscape – finer wool is normally produced in higher rainfall regions,” Mr Carr said.

“There is also the yield compromise - the type of sheep that produce fine micron wool are small and produce significantly less wool cut per head.

“For example 22.0 micron merino sheep cut 7-10 kgs/head versus 17.0 micron merino sheep which cut 3-4 kgs/head.

“Everyone’s goal is to produce fine wool on a large frame sheep so that the cut per head remains high.

“However, on 10 October 2012 the difference in price between 17.0 (1278 clean cents) and 22.0 (1038 clean cents) was only 240 clean cents. So in late 2012 it was more viable to be growing 21-23.0 micron merino wool from large frame sheep.

“Of course the added benefit of running large frame sheep is that prime lambs can be the progeny providing an additional income stream.”

2/Yield The second biggest determinant is the yield of the wool.

Growers should examine how much of their wool yield is actually wool and how much is non-wool parts.

“The average Australian yield of actual wool is just 65% so if you are achieving higher yield than this you are in a good position,” Mr Carr said.

“Yield is determined by environment and nutrition - aim to have as much green pasture as possible within your particular climatic constraints. The greener the pasture the higher the yield.”

3/Staple length (mm) wool fibre length The optimum length is 80-90mm for a 19.5 micron and 85-95mm for 21.0 micron and growing the staple length too long or too short will cause a discount in price.

“The aim is to produce the perfect square fibre to be used on a textile machine with minimal or no combing waste,” Mr Carr said.

“While wool cannot be objectively perfect like a manmade fibre, there is an optimum length for the top making machines and that determines the price.

“Growers can influence the staple length by managing their shearing cycle. Shearing too late in the season will make the fibre too long and too early will make it too short.

“If a grower is able to shear three times every two years due to the genetics of their flock this is excellent management as their productivity will improve while achieving the minimum optimum staple length.”

4/Staple strength or newtons/kilotex (N/kt) - wool fibre strength The sounder the fibre, the greater the combing yield will be achieved. The staple strength is measured by newtons per kilotex and growers will be paid a higher price for higher N/kt.

“Some growers are unaware how much this characteristic affects the price of raw wool,” Mr Carr said.

“Managing the staple strength comes down to evenness of nutrient intake and looking after the flock’s dietary requirements. Not having the right level of nutrients, randomly eating excess protein or experiencing stress all have an impact on staple strength. A major cause of stress for ewes is lambing.”

December 2012

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Wool Update

5/The ‘point of break’ (POB) within the fibre This relates to the strength and robustness of the wool.

If there is going to be a breaking point within the full staple length the best place to have it is either the base or the tip of the fibre rather than the middle. As with staple strength, POB can be managed through meeting the flock’s nutritional requirements and reducing the amount of stress placed on the flock.

“If there is a significant change in the nutrient intake or stress to the animal midway through the wool growing season then the wool fibre strength will become weaker in the middle,” Mr Carr said.

“For example if sheep are moved from a wheat stubble to a green lucerne pasture then this will cause a change in the growing pattern of the wool fibre and the thickness/ micron of the wool fibre can be affected.

“Equally if sheep are introduced to a grain diet this should happen gradually.

“Also, the ideal time for lambing is at the beginning or end of the wool growing season to reduce stress in the middle of wool production.”

6/Vegetable matter percentage (VM) in wool fibre Normally the higher the vegetable matter found in wool, the lower the price you will receive because there is more mechanical work required by the processor to remove it.

“VM content directly affects yield ie. if your yield has 10% vegetable matter that will be a direct 10% reduction off the yield,” Mr Carr said.

“Growers can influence the amount of vegetable matter in their wool through the management of their property and pastures. Certain types of plants and weeds are more problematic than others so there should be a focus on spraying or removing the weeds before they go to seed.

Heavy discounting applies to VM types such as corkscrew, burr medic, Bathurst burr and Noogoora burr.”

For more advice, contact your local Viterra Wool Client Manager; full contact details are available at www.viterra.com.au.

7/Quality of wool classing Engage an Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) accredited wool classer. Australia’s high wool classing standard (The AWEX Woolclassing Code of Practice) has enabled producers to sell their product as the wool of global choice for more than a generation.

The AWEX Standard is issued to trained and registered woolclassers who oversee and participate in the preparation of wool in the shearing shed.

“Wool prepared by a registered wool classer is identified in sale catalogues to enable buyers to identify and preferentially source classed wool,” Mr Carr said.

“Wool prepared to, or above the standard means end users can buy the wool with confidence. This in turn attracts price premiums and market attractiveness.

“Use a trained, registered woolclasser to ensure wool conforms with the AWEX “P” certification.”

8/Eliminate contamination “Things left around the shearing shed such as baling twine, dog fibres, beer cans or even clothing can all contaminate the quality of the wool when it is pressed into the bale,” Mr Carr said.

“This can very quickly reduce the wool price.

“To produce a high quality product with high value you should keep a pristine environment. The same rule applies to the paddock - don’t leave any rubbish laying around that may contaminate the wool fibre.”

9/Style of wool “The whiteness and evenness of the wool continues to have a significant impact on price of wool,” Mr Carr said.

“The crimp of your wool should look the same at the base of the fibre as it does at the top and if growers are experiencing problems with evenness they should reconsider their breeding program – but it is a complex area and will take time to change.”

10/Presentation Mr Carr also reminded growers to ensure that their wool is packed inside new AWEX accredited nylon wool packs, with the bales clearly described and branded as per the AWEX code of practice. To review the code of practice, visit: www.awex.com.au

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