April 2014
Global production hits record; all eyes on 2014 New grain export terminal for Newcastle
Growers look to the sky for ground level data SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014
Produced for the benefit of Australian grain growers by Glencore Grain
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CONTENTS Š Copyright. Editorial material published in Grain Business is copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without written permission from the Publisher or Editor. Print Post Approved: PP 510545/00616
01
Looking to the year ahead
02
Global production hits record; all eyes on 2014
08
New grain export terminal for Newcastle
Publisher Glencore Grain Pty Ltd 124-130 South Tce Adelaide, SA 5000 Phone: (08) 8211 7199 gbm@glencoregrain.com.au
10
Export certainty for South Australia
12
Rust busted in Western Australia
16
Pulses have different pulses
18
Farm expansion gets a new lease on life
24
Farm Profile - Croydon Farm
32
Growers look to the sky for data
34
New barrel medic on the market
36
Break crop flexibility means cereal profitability
38
Are we losing the resistance battle?
42
Fight herbicide resistance with on farm testing
44
Taking the bait
46
Ditch the weeds and keep the natives
48
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014
Design & Production Fuller Phone: (08) 8363 6811 37 Fullarton Rd Kent Town, SA 5067 fuller.com.au Advertising Rebecca Long RKL Media Phone: (08) 8843 0059 Mobile: 0417 813 480 rebecca@rklmedia.com.au Cover note: Bruce and Ross Ley, Croydon Farm 40 km East of Geraldton, WA. PHOTO: KM Photography
At Grain Business, we want to provide useful, insightful, and up to date information in each and every issue. If there are any topics you would like to see featured in future editions or if you have any feedback about Grain Business, please contact us at gbm@glencoregrain.com.au
foreword
Looking to the year ahead According to ABARES, the 2013/14 Australian winter crop was 44 million tonnes; the second-largest winter crop on record, and a 17 per cent increase on 2013. However, there were significant regional differences with Western Australia achieving a record crop, South Australia its third largest crop and northern New South Wales and Queensland below average. South Australia had a very smooth harvest and I would like to thank growers, carriers and our Viterra staff for their efforts during the busy period. The summer crop harvest is underway in the northern New South Wales and south east Queensland regions, but continuing drought conditions will see variable yields and quality. The start of the year has been dry across Australia and growers will be looking for some good soaking rains ahead of seeding. With the global demand for grain ever increasing, particularly in Asia, the Australian grains industry has significant potential. Australia produces high quality grain that meets the needs of international customers. Given Australia’s proximity to Asia, we can capitalise on the opportunity by increasing production to meet their demand. Australia has some of the best supply chain infrastructure in the world. The ports and storage assets have excess capacity with the ability to handle and export significantly greater volumes. Glencore Grain has again funded and published the SARDI Crop Performance Report as part of this edition of Grain Business. The Crop Performance Report is applicable across southern cropping regions and provides timely, independent data and advice on grain yield and quality performance of
varieties trialled within the National Variety Trials. Being able to select more suitable varieties benefits the industry in terms of greater production, better quality of product and lower cost of production especially when one variety may require less production inputs relative to another, to achieve the same grain yield. Also in this edition of Grain Business, Glencore Grain’s Trading Manager, Philip Hughes looks at the upcoming northern hemisphere production as well as the east coast domestic situation. Glencore Grain’s Pulse Trader, Mostyn Gregg, looks at the global pulse market and the factors influencing supply and demand. We also feature articles on buying versus leasing land, being flexible with break crops and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles.
David Mattiske Managing Director Glencore Grain
april 2014
01
Machinery grain market efficiency update
In 2013/14, global production and consumption of all major grains increased year on year and was a record for wheat, corn, soybeans and canola.
02
Machinery grain market efficiency update
Global production hits record all eyes on 2014 The Australian winter cropping seeding period of April to June is a critical time for looking at the northern hemisphere new crop production. words/ Philip Hughes, australian Trading Manager, Glencore Grain
Global grain production for 2013/14 is largely known with only the South American corn and soybean harvest occurring during March, so attention turns to new crop production forecasts. But first let’s look at the current situation.
2013/14 Production and Consumption In 2013/14, global production and consumption of all major grains increased year on year and was a record for wheat, corn, soybeans and canola. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, global wheat production was 713 million tonnes, 57 million tonnes higher than 2012/13 and 12 million tonnes higher than estimated at the beginning of the year. Global wheat consumption increased by 25 million tonnes to 705 million tonnes. The global corn crop was 968 million tonnes, an increase of 104 million tonnes year on year. Consumption also increased significantly, nearly matching production at 944 million tonnes an increase of 82 million tonnes from the previous year. Soybean production was up 18 million tonnes from 2012/13 to 285 million tonnes globally. Consumption was up 11 million tonnes to 270 million tonnes. Global barley production was 146 million tonnes, with consumption only just lower than production at 143 million tonnes. Production increased 15 million tonnes on 2012/13 and consumption increased by 11 million tonnes.
Finally, canola reached 70 million tonnes production globally for the first time, with the previous highest crop of 63 million tonnes last season. Consumption increased as well, to 68 million tonnes up 3 million tonnes on 2012/13. Canada produced a record crop of canola in 2013. However, the availability of logistics assets to move canola from farm to port in Canada has been a limiting factor in their ability to supply export markets, due to the extremely cold temperatures and limited availability of rail. This situation means Canada will have record stocks remaining which will be available for export into 2014/15. With production exceeding consumption for all major grains, stocks levels have increased and stocks to use ratios are at slightly more comfortable levels of 26% for wheat, 17% for corn, 26% for soybeans, 16% for barley and 9% for canola.
Forecast production for 2014/15 According to the USDA, world wheat production in 2014/15 is expected to decline from the record crop in 2013/14. Consumption is expected to increase slightly which will see stock levels stay about the same. The northern hemisphere winter wheat crops in the United States, European Union and southern Former Soviet Union are coming out of their dormancy period. As the weather warms up and the snow dissipates the crop conditions following the cold winter will be known. The harvest of these winter wheat crops begin in May. Russia’s winter wheat planting is down due to unfavourable planting conditions,
april 2014
03
grain market update
WORLD WHEAT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 2013/14e
2012/13f
2011/12e
2010/11
2009/10
2008/9
2007/8 2006/7
2005/6
2004/5
2003/4
2002/3 Production figures
2001/2
Consumption figures
800
700
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
2000/1
Million tonnes
Data source: USDA
while favourable planting conditions were experienced in the EU and the planted area is expected to be up. The current political unrest and military action in the FSU and Russian regions may impact on their ability to export. Some areas of the US have experienced extremely cold temperatures which may increase the winter kill percentages on the winter wheat crop; however, the growing conditions from now until May will be critical in determining the final production. US wheat production is expected to increase based on more favourable weather conditions leading to improved harvest yields on the planted area. There is a large carryout of stocks in Canada due to the record production in 2013/14 and ongoing logistics bottlenecks. Grain is competing with large volumes of oil and minerals for available rail capacity. Wheat production in China and India will again be something to watch. According to the USDA, India will have record wheat production on the back of favourable weather conditions and will have a surplus of grain to export. Northern hemisphere regions plant their spring wheat in April-May and the US plants their corn and soybean crops at the same time. World corn production is expected to increase again according to the USDA. Early forecasts by the USDA is for another large US corn crop this year based on expected planting area, continued improvements in yields and good moisture profile through the mid-west. Ukraine, Brazil and Argentina are also expected to be significant corn exporters in 2014/15.
04
The USDA is also predicting an increase in corn consumption but to a lesser extent which will result in increased global stocks. Global soybean production is again expected to be large with moderate growth in global consumption driven by both demand for soybean oil and soybean meal. The US will again be a significant exporter with increased exportable supply expected to be available from South America. Global canola production is again expected to be high, with canola plantings in Canada likely be significant due to the favourable spread to wheat and the favourable planting conditions and moisture profile. Consumption of oilseeds in Europe will remain strong into the biofuel markets and Chinese demand continues to grow year on year.
Grain consumption – food versus feed Overall, global consumption of grain continues to rise with population growth and changing diets. The dynamic to monitor is the relative consumption of the different grains based on production levels and the demand for food grains into the human consumptive market versus demand for stock feed grains. Early in 2013/14 global demand for feed wheat was relatively high due to tight corn stocks. The record corn crop has seen supply increase and the use of corn in stock feed rations is being maximised due to relative availability of corn compared to wheat. This is leading to a decline in the use of wheat in stock feed rations; however, milling wheats for food use have experienced strong demand.
Machinery grain market efficiency update
Australian domestic production and consumption Northern New South Wales and Queensland are experiencing drought conditions, with only minor relief seen from isolated storms. The cropping areas in the Darling Downs, Western Downs and north west NSW regions predominantly rely on summer rainfall. The majority of this country saw approximately 40 – 60 per cent of their average rainfall for the December – February period, with cyclone rains missing the majority of the cropping belt. Early New South Wales and Queensland sorghum harvest results have generally been of lower quality, a result of the extreme heat stress and lack of moisture seen over the growing season. Current yield results and updated estimates suggest the crop size will be below the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences February crop production estimate of 1.3 million tonnes. There has been speculation regarding potential bulk movement of wheat or barley into Queensland and New South Wales from Western Australia or South Australia, to satisfy domestic demand and relieve the tight supply and demand situation. This is likely to occur with the continuing dry weather. Although the current tight supply in Queensland and Northern New South Wales will encourage increased winter crop planting in May and June, the current conditions are well behind what is required for an average plant. Recent rains have assisted moisture in some regions, though the area is reliant on summer rainfall which makes above average and widespread falls in the lead up to planting vital to the winter crop prospects.
Overall, global consumption of grain continues to rise with population growth and changing diets.
Source: USDA, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates; March 2014
april 2014
05
Machinery grain market efficiency update
major wheat and corn producers of the world
Canada
European Union USa
brazil
Argentina
wheat production calendar jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug
sept
oct
nov
dec
2013/14 Est. (mmt)
CANADA Spring
38
USA Winter
42
USA Spring
16
China Winter
112
CHINA Spring
10
EU
143
russia/fsu
104
INDIA
94
AUSTRALIA
27
ARGENTINA
14
harvest
06
growing
snow
seeding
Machinery grain market efficiency update
Russia fsu
china
india
Australia
corn production calendar jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug
sept
oct
nov
dec
2013/14 Est. (mmt)
usa
354
china
218
eu
65
fsu
46
Argentina
24
brazil
70
harvest
growing
snow
seeding
april 2014
07
machinery port Terminals efficiency
New grain export terminal for Newcastle Newcastle Agri Terminal (NAT), the first major grain port development in New South Wales in over 25 years, completed loading its first ever shipment of grain in February this year.
08
machinery Theport Right efficiency Terminals Rotation
A bulk cargo of 28,000 tonnes of durum wheat was loaded onto the MV North Princess, destined for Algeria on behalf of the Australian Durum Company (ADC). NAT, in Carrington, Newcastle, is operated by CTC Terminals which is headed by Jock Carter and Martin MacKay with investment from several companies including Glencore Grain, CBH and Olam. The new facility provides 60,000 metric tonnes of storage and the capability to unload trains and load large vessels at 2,000 tonnes per hour. “We are fortunate to have a great team of investors who have a real interest in introducing innovation and efficiency
to the grain supply chain. However, it is testament to our position as an independent service provider that our first customer, ADC, is not one of our investors,� said Martin MacKay. The new export terminal provides grain marketers with an innovative new export pathway in eastern Australia, benefitting growers on the Liverpool Plains and in northern New South Wales. NAT also provides an opportunity to export bulk vessels with minor commodities, including pulses, which has not previously been possible from Newcastle.
The new export terminal provides grain marketers with an innovative new export pathway in eastern Australia, benefitting growers on the Liverpool Plains and in northern New South Wales.
april 2014
09
machinery port Terminals efficiency
Export certainty for South Australia Viterra has secured certainty for its grower and commercial customers with a 12 month extension to its Port Access Undertaking. This allows Viterra to auction South Australian export capacity for the 2014/15 shipping year.
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) consented to Viterra’s application to extend its existing Port Access Undertaking, due to expire on 30 September 2014. Viterra commenced this process with the ACCC in July 2013 and has been working closely with the ACCC and their commercial customers to ensure the South Australian industry had certainty well before the 2014/15 harvest. David Mattiske, Viterra Managing Director, said the extension is an excellent outcome for the Australian grains industry. “Grain exports are a significant
10
contributor to the economy and this export certainty will ensure the continued competitiveness of Australian grain in the international market place,” David said. “The past year has seen greater interest from commercial customers in executing grain exports through South Australia and export oriented state. So far this year, we have exported over three million tonnes on behalf of thirteen exporters through our six grain port terminals. “The number of exporters and the amount of grain exported from South Australia is evidence of our ability to meet the needs of our international customers both in terms of the
machinery Theport Right efficiency Terminals Rotation
efficiency of the supply chain and in meeting their quality specifications. “Viterra manages the quality of the grain through the supply chain to ensure the grain meets the highest quality and food safety requirements of all domestic and international customers,” he said. The Viterra storage and handling facilities are accredited to meet the highest national and international standards of quality control and food
safety management through best practice policies and procedures. All export facilities meet national and international food safety standards and are Department of Agriculture and ISO 22000 accredited. Dedicated laboratory facilities, accredited by the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA), oversee all quality testing at sites, ensuring consistency and reliability in the quality of the grain.
“This allows the South Australian grower to access all global markets including premium markets that demand high standards of quality control and certification. “We are focused on providing a high level of services and working closely with our grower and commercial customers to ensure the continued competitiveness of South Australian grain in the international market place,” David said.
april 2014
11
Rust Bust
Rust Busted in WA Leaf rust resistance rankings will be changed for a number of wheat varieties in Western Australia, including the widely grown Wyalkatchem and possibly Mace, following the discovery of a new strain of leaf rust pathogen, Puccinia triticina. words/ olivia Fuller
While not new to Australia (it was first detected in eastern Australia in 2011), it is the first occurrence of this pathotype in Western Australia in a highly unusual cereal pathogen movement from east to west. University of Sydney Professor Robert Park, from the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program (ACRCP), identified the wheat leaf rust pathotype (76- 1,3,5,7,9,10,12 +Lr37) in October last year from five wheat crop samples from four widely separated locations
12
in Western Australia around Borden, Esperance, Gibson and Northampton. “This discovery is only the second documented east to west movement of a cereal rust pathogen since 1990,” Robert said. “It could have been carried over by wind, or it could have been transported on clothing or machinery. “We really can’t be certain about how it arrived. But the wet spring conditions in WA were favourable to rust spore dispersal and disease development last
year,” Robert said. The discovery brings a management warning for growers to be vigilant in guarding against biosecurity risks to prevent the spread of crop disease in Australia.
Resistance Changes The ACRCP, supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) and the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, is advising growers
Machinery efficiency Rust Bust
New leaf rust pathotype found on Wyalkatchem last year at Northampton, WA.
on possible varietal resistance rating changes that may affect them in 2014. Based on agreed leaf rust ratings from eastern Australia in recent years, these include possible changes in: • Corack and Wyalkatchem to Moderately Susceptible (MS) • Emu Rock to Moderately Susceptible to Susceptible (MS-S) • Fortune, King Rock and Zippy to Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible (MR-MS) The leaf rust responses of Cobra (MR), Carnamah (MS-S), Calingiri (MS), Magenta (R), GBA Sapphire (R), and Bullaring (R) are not expected to change significantly. Further tests are being conducted to establish the actual response of Mace, which is expected to be more susceptible to the new pathotype. Robert said the acid test would come at the end of the season after recording a full year of results. “Resistance to rust can be effective at all growth stages (all stage resistance genes),” he said.
“However a lot of these varieties have resistance genes that are only expressed at the adult growth stage. At the end of this year we will have a very good understanding of what impact this pathotype is going to have. “Having said that, the predictions that we’ve put out we expect will be pretty accurate. The only one with a question on it is Mace, which also happens to be the most popular variety in Western Australia.” Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Plant Pathologist, Geoff Thomas said the impact of leaf rust was dependent on seasonal weather conditions and on preparedness of growers to respond. “The majority of growers are familiar with disease management plans and know how to prepare for these sort of events, including keeping up to date with the current resistance rankings of the varieties they grow. “We are fortunate that most of our varieties have good levels of resistance these days and growers are aware of those susceptible
varieties which are most likely to need fungicide management. “However we need to monitor this season’s crops closely, particularly popular varieties such as Wyalkatchem, Corack and Mace, which have some of the genes that are affected by this pathotype, and are more than half the crop area in Western Australia,” he said.
Management According to the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program, the best way to guard against the spread of pathogens is for farmers to drop varieties with low resistance out of their cropping rotation. “Ideally we want farmers to drop Susceptible and Very Susceptible varieties out of production and adopt Resistant varieties in their place,” Robert said. “Because pathogens are spread around by wind, what one grower does affects others, so we need a whole of industry approach. “This is not always practical due
april 2014
13
Rust Bust
to the attractive qualities of some varieties, in which case we encourage growers to develop a sound rust management plan for 2014. “Each strategy should include a plan to consider variety selection (at a minimum avoiding S and VS varieties), managing the green bridge (volunteer plants) that can serve as a sanctuary for rust development, a fungicide control plan, crop monitoring and community communication to ensure early identification should rust be found.” Geoff encouraged growers to monitor their crops closely and be
aware of how to respond as the season unfolded. “Early detection of leaf rust infection allows for most effective utilisation of fungicides,” he said. “For those growing varieties that are more susceptible to this pathotype, there may be a requirement to budget for fungicide this season. “Any new information will be made available as it arises via media releases and Pestfax and through Sydney University rust reports. Growers can refer to the Western Australian Wheat Variety Guide for a list all of the relevant resistance levels.”
Leaf Rust Samples Growers are encouraged to send samples of leaf rust to the University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute for pathotype analysis. Rust plant samples can be mailed in paper envelopes (not plastic wrapping or plastic-lined packages) to: Australian Cereal Rust Survey Plant Breeding Institute Private Bag 4011 Narellan, NSW, 2567 All samples received will be acknowledged, and the sender notified of results as soon as they come to hand.
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More information Information on developing a strategy can be found on the Rust Bust website: rustbust.com.au or in the GRDC Cereal Fungicides Fact Sheet at: grdc.com.au/ GRDC-FS-CerealFungicides Information about other wheat disease resistance ratings is available in the WA Wheat Variety Guide 2014, available on the DAFWA website: agric.wa.gov.au Disease information is also available on the GRDC-supported National Variety Trials website: nvtonline.com.au
Early detection of leaf rust infection allows for most effective utilisation of fungicides.
Machinery The Right efficiency Rust Rotation Bust
Variety
Previous rating (2012)
New rating
Corack
Resistant to Moderately Resistant (R-MR)
Moderately Susceptible (MS)
Wyalkatchem
Resistant to Moderately Resistant (R-MR)
Moderately Susceptible to Susceptible (MS-S)
Emu Rock
Resistant (R)
Moderately Susceptible to Susceptible (MS-S)
Fortune
Moderately Resistant (MR)
Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible (MR-MS)
King Rock
Resistant (R)
Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible (MR-MS)
Zippy
Moderately Resistant (MR)
Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible (MR-MS)
The Rust Bust Checklist 1. Grow varieties with adequate resistance to stem, stripe and leaf rust. 2. Phase out Very Susceptible (VS) or Susceptible (S) varieties from your rotation, otherwise have a management plan. 3. When selecting varieties, ensure you have a specific rust management strategy, including green bridge control and intended fungicide use. 4. Know the seedling and adult rust resistance characteristics of the varieties you decide to grow, and identify whether they require chemical support. 5. Remove the green bridge (volunteer plants) four weeks prior to the intended sowing date. 6. Ensure close crop monitoring to enable early detection and management. 7. Use appropriate fungicide support to maximise crop performance and minimise disease build-up in your crop. 8. Talk to your neighbour about your rust situation so management can be tackled more efficiently.
april 2014
15
Machinery efficiency Pulses
pulses have different pulses Global pulse markets are known to be volatile for a number of reasons but Australia is well positioned to take advantage of their capricious nature and the small windows for export demand. Logistical constraints in Canada and strong domestic consumption for feed rations have seen strong demand for Australian pulses. words/ Mostyn Gregg, Pulses Trader, Glencore Grain
THE CHALLENGE OF EMERGING MARKETS A majority of Australian pulses are exported as a food product to the world’s emerging markets of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Turkey. As population and wealth in these countries increase, so too should long term demand for pulses. However, while these countries are net importers of pulses they also have domestic production. Their ability to increase their domestic production and overcome logistical and storage constraints of moving product from the production areas to the consumers will influence their demand for imports. They currently have limited ability to buy and store large volumes of product so rely on hand to mouth supply. The demand and consumption of pulses in these countries is a leading indicator of their economy’s health. The geo-political and economic environments in India, Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, Turkey and Bangladesh can change quickly meaning that their demand and their ability to import can be volatile. Political elections and unrest, inflation and currency exchange rates have all had major influences in the past year. As with all global grain markets, weather has a major affect on global demand and supply of pulses adding further dynamics to an already volatile market. This year, extreme cold in Canada has exacerbated logistical constraints, while Indian chickpea production is on track due to favourable weather on the subcontinent.
THE ADVANTAGE OF CONTAINER EXPORTS Australia’s container supply chain is critical for the pulse market. While there are some bulk shipments of pulses from Australia, Glencore’s recent shipment of lupins from Western Australia being one example, a majority of
16
Australia’s pulses are exported in containers. Containers suit the needs of the destination customers. Those countries have infrastructure, storage and logistical constraints that make it difficult to receive bulk shipments. The container market also gives Australia flexibility to meet the volatile demand of customers. Containers allow smaller parcels of grain to be delivered to the destination market in a shorter time frame. Container packing also adds value to the grain within Australia with machine dressing (cleaning) and bagging facilitating logistics and distribution to the final consumer at the destination.
CANADA CONSTRAINED Canada is the key exporter of pulses globally and a key competitor for Australia. Canada produced large volumes of lentils and Kaspa peas last year. However, its ability to supply global markets has been limited by logistical constraints and the availability of export capacity. Canada produced record canola and wheat crops which has taken a majority of the available export capacity. This has supported supply from Australia, benefitting Australian growers. It is expected that Canada will increase its supply to global markets as export capacity becomes available.
DOMESTIC DEMAND FOR ANIMAL FEED PROTEIN While most pulses are exported for human consumption, their high protein levels relative to coarse grains, peas and lupins in particular, make them an integral part of the domestic feed ration. Demand is based on the relative availability of alternative protein. Currently, domestic and global demand are both strong with the shortage of available protein. This dynamic could change with new crop from the northern hemisphere in the coming months.
Pulses
Pulses have found their niche in growers’ rotation for their ability to add nitrogen back into the soil, and allow for proactive weed management. The major pulses grown in Australia are peas, lentils, faba beans, chickpeas and lupins.
GLENCORE GRAIN EXPORTS FIRST LUPIN CARGO Glencore Grain has executed its first bulk shipment of lupins from Western Australia as the company continues to provide growers with competitive options for selling their grain.
receive solid grower support each season.
The vessel was loaded in Geraldton and is bound for North Asia.
“And through our trading offices in the key destination markets across the globe, we have developed excellent relationships with end-use customers, giving growers access to the best markets for their grain,” he said.
Rob Haddrill, Glencore Grain’s WA State Accumulation Manager said he was very pleased with the support from growers this harvest. “We have been able to provide another option to growers selling lupins this year and we were very well supported,” Rob said. “Glencore Grain has a very strong local presence. We are very active in the market and continue to be competitive in purchasing grain. “We have been a consistent performer in both the Western Australian and Australian market and
“It’s the strength of our relationship with growers, which helps us to meet the needs of our international end-use customers.
Glencore Grain’s local WA team buys wheat, barley, canola and pulses direct from growers. They offer flexible, simple, and commercial grain marketing options at competitive prices. Glencore Grain’s financial security, together with its global marketing and logistics network, ensures that growers can feel confident marketing with Glencore Grain. Contact Rob Haddrill, Dwayne Allen and Tim Giumelli in the local WA office on 1300 453 626 (1300 GLENCORE).
april 2014
17
Farm Management
Farm expansion gets a new lease on life Accumulating land assets has been one of the foundations of Australian farming for more than 200 years, but things are changing. words/ Olivia Fuller
While leasing or share-farming were once seen as the poor cousins of land ownership, social and economic changes in agriculture are leading to a re-think. Australian agriculture is currently seeing a surge in the number of properties being leased, driven by an increase in the number of farmers wanting to exit the industry or wind back their operation, without selling their farming asset. “Leasing out a property provides an opportunity to incrementally scale back a farming operation or facilitate a staged exit, while generating a steady, passive income stream,” said Rural Directions Agribusiness Consultant Simon Vogt. “It also allows a landowner to avoid capital gains tax associated with selling and maintain emotional ties with a property, which can be particularly important when it is a family farm. “With up to 50% of farmers expected to exit the industry in the next 10 years, it is likely that we will see more properties for lease.” At the same time, some professional farmers are favouring
18
opportunities to lease rather than buy. With productive agricultural land at record prices, leasing is a cost effective way to fuel short-term growth without large capital outlays or further borrowing. “Many farm businesses that have grown through land acquisition in the past, are now at their debt capacity,” Simon said. “As a result, these businesses are leasing land to facilitate cash flow until they have reduced their existing land debt and are ready to make their next acquisition. “From an operational perspective, the cost associated with leasing land is usually less than the cost associated with owning the same asset so a better profit margin can generally be achieved from leasing. “We are certainly seeing more farm businesses incorporating a greater percentage of leased land in their business models, and we are also seeing more share farming arrangements emerging,” Simon said. It appears to be a win-win situation, but Simon says farmers need to have a checklist to evaluate opportunities.
Farm Management
Agribusiness consultant Simon Vogt advises a client.
Leasing Many landowners prefer to lease rather than share farm as leasing generates a consistent revenue stream for them. “Some farmers also prefer to lease instead of share farm to avoid micromanagement from the landowner,” Simon said. “But correctly valuing a lease can mean the difference between profit and loss.” The first fee calculation method is based on a percentage (usually 3 to 5 per cent) of the value of the land. “If the land is overvalued, the lease will be overvalued and the intending leaseholder may have to walk away from the deal,” Simon said. “The risk may just be too high. “The limitation of applying a percentage of land value as
a lease valuation methodology is that it isn’t at all related to the productive capacity of the land.” Another valuation methodology is to determine the total anticipated revenue and deduct the required profit, variable costs and overhead costs. What is left over can be contributed towards the lease payment. “With this methodology it is prudent to undertake a weighted revenue calculation that takes into account different seasons,” Simon said. “This will smooth out the variability in prices and yields and overcome the tendency to put in unrealistic numbers to make a deal work. “Overall, it is in the best interest of the landowner to ensure that his tenant is profitable and is not “mining” the soils on the land to meet unrealistic lease fees.”
april 2014
19
Farm Management
Share farming
Supply and demand
Share farming evens out the boom-bust cycle for the farmer that can be associated with a fixed lease arrangement,” Simon said. “It is more of a partnership where landowner and share farmer work together to manage, grow, harvest and market a crop. “From a landowner’s perspective, a share farming arrangement adds greater volatility in returns from one year to the next. However it can be rewarding and also offers taxation advantages. “Under a share farming arrangement a landholder can preserve their primary production status, providing the benefits of income averaging, access to Farm Management Deposits, fuel tax credits, and also capital gains tax concessions.” Simon said the percentage split for working capital had changed as farm inputs had increased. “The percentage splits will vary according to the quality of the land and climatic risk,” he said. “In good quality, reliable country a share farming arrangement may involve a 60:40 split on inputs and outputs, but in more marginal country the share farming split maybe 80 per cent share farmer and 20 per cent land owner,” Simon said.
With limited availability of quality agricultural land for sale, leasing demand is outstripping supply in reliable high rainfall areas. “In these areas we regularly see unrealistic and unprofitable lease prices being paid,” he said. “The competition is intense but while this can result in good opportunities for landowners, it reduces the profit margins for the farming tenant. This compromises the long term sustainability for both parties. “The reduction in margins means there is less room to absorb any production shocks such as rainfall, frost, pests and diseases, input cost rises and commodity price fluctuations. “Unfortunately in these regions we are seeing a big gap between equitable pricing and market pricing for lease land.” As a final word Simon said that price was not always the most important factor in negotiating a lease deal. “Ideally the landowner should select the tenant who offers the best overall “strategic fit” and can deliver the best land management outcome over the long term,” he said. “Quite often this will not be the tenant that offers the highest price.” Simon Vogt is an Agribusiness Consultant with Rural Directions. For more information phone Simon on 08 8841 4500 or email at SVogt@ruraldirections.com.
It is more of a partnership where landowner and share farmer work together to manage, grow, harvest and market a crop.
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Farm Management
Buying/owning
Secure long term access to the land holding. Participate in any capital appreciation in the value of the property over time.
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR LEASING OR SHARE FARMING 1. Select the tenant that offers the best “strategic fit� for your business not necessarily the best price. 2. All arrangements should be supported by a written and signed agreement. 3. Make sure that agreement reflects contemporary farming practices around inputs, tillage practices, and weed management. 4. Build in an annual review to monitor how things are tracking. 5. Value the lease in an equitable manner so that both parties can prosper. 6. Work towards longer term lease arrangements - avoid one year terms. 7. Landowners should look for ways to add value to their tenants. 8. Tenants should look for ways to add value to their landowners. 9. Open, professional, and documented communication is essential. 10. Look to achieve sustainable land management outcomes.
Gain production benefits from any improvements to soil health and fertility in later years. Make capital improvements to the property and be able to keep them on your own balance sheet. Property titles are security for additional debt for land purchases or working capital.
leasing
Cost effective way to access capital. Generally farmers are able to lease land for between 2 and 5 per cent of market value whereas to own the same land asset is likely to cost between 6 and 9 per cent. Farmers can lease land to grow their farm business without having to increase their core debt or adding more long term debt to their balance sheets. Farmers can trial land in a new area prior to committing to buy. This approach can reduce risk. Farmers can spread existing business overheads across a larger area resulting in economies of scale.
Share farming
Share production risk between the landowner and the tenant. Price the landholding according to its actual productive value across variable seasons. Some share farming arrangements allow the primary production status of the landowner to be preserved. Allows the landowner to be rewarded if there are strong fundamental increases in commodity pricing over time.
april 2014
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Farm Management
Q&A
with Ben Wundersitz, Business Owner, Anna Binna Anna Binna is a fifth generation farming operation located at Maitland, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Why did you adopt leasing land as part of your business strategy? Our business started as a small land holding of 650 hectares of farming land on Yorke Peninsula, which is very prone to waterlogging and therefore buying surrounding property was going to be a challenge. We wanted to evolve and get ahead so decided to start leasing land as part of our business expansion plans. How did it start? We were already doing farm contracting, seeding and contract harvesting; leasing and share farming seemed to be a natural progression. We leased our first property in 1998 then share farmed another in 2000, 2001 and 2002. We sat on things for a couple of years while we got our staff levels and machinery where they needed to be. Then we leased again in 2009 and 2010 and slowly transformed the remaining share farming properties into leasing arrangements. We now own 730 hectares and lease 4800 hectares (between seven properties). What did you weigh up? The main thing is being prepared to do things properly. On lease country you have to tick every box. As the lease market gets more competitive your margins will get tighter so you need to know your cost of production down to the dollar and be able to calculate your return. You need to factor in all the plant and machinery you’ll need. We had a clear vision to be professional farmers throughout or whole operation and were prepared to commit to that. We are not interested in doing twice as much half as well. Ultimately we are turning rain into grain and you have to be good at it.
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What did you hope to gain from your leasing strategy? I believe we have achieved our goal of being a viable family farming business. We are now a business that will survive in the current farming environment and we are well prepared to take advantage of new opportunities as more property owners exit the industry. We are also prepared if we see outside investment in Australian agriculture. What do you believe are the business benefits and risks of leasing land? You can maximise return on capital, and you have the opportunity to expand with limited capital. But you need to do your sums covering all bases. You have to watch your cost of production very closely and use machinery in the most efficient manner possible. To make it worthwhile you need to maximise your production system and market your production to achieve the highest return possible. What are the benefits and risks of owning land? Without some land ownership you wouldn’t have the borrowing power to operate. I think ultimately owning land is still preferable but I think you can find a balance. We have purchased some land and will look to do so again in the future. You need to be careful of investing so much capital in land to the extent that you haven’t got enough cash flow to operate. What will Australian agriculture’s land ownership landscape look like in 10 years time? I think you will see large professional farming business become more dominant in our sector. Unfortunately size does matter and larger economy of scale drives efficiency when well managed.
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farm profile machinery Farm Profile efficiency
Property name Croydon Farm Business owners/managers Croydon Farm is owned and managed by brothers Bruce and Ross Ley, along with Bruce’s wife Mandy and Ross’s wife Tanya. Bruce and Mandy have two sons, Bayden (16) and Mathew (13). Ross and Tanya have one son Morgan (10) and a daughter Kennedy (8). Bruce manages the nutrition and grain marketing and Ross manages the spraying and bookwork/accounts. Ross and Bruce purchased 2,400 ha in 1992 and have built up their holding to 8,000 ha including a leased property. They are fourth generation Western Australian farmers but land owned by previous generations has not been passed down through the family. Property location 40 km East of Geraldton (500 km north of Perth) on the Eradu sandplain. Annual rainfall Croydon Farm has a long term annual rainfall of 400mm (300350mm growing season rainfall). The actual rainfall in the past decade has been considerably lower, with an average annual rainfall of 350mm (280-300mm of this growing season rainfall). Soil types Croydon Farm features predominantly yellow sands, with a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5. Total farm area and cropping program 100% of the Ley family’s 8,000 ha property is arable and is continuously cropped, with wheat comprising 55 per cent of the cropping program, lupins around 30 per cent and canola 15 per cent. Employees Croydon Farm employs one full time employee and up to four casual employees during busy times of the year. The mining boom caused a significant void of farm labour, which led the Leys to seek employees further afield. The Leys have had success with employing workers from New Zealand and find their best strategy for obtaining good employees is through word of mouth. They also use a small employment agency, which specialises in agricultural placements, providing induction and basic training for overseas travellers. Machinery The Leys run dual plant: • Tractors: 2 x 500 hp John Deere tractors • Seed Rig: 2 x Morris 60 foot airseeder/aircart • Spraying: 2 x 120 foot - John Deere and Miller Nitro self propelled sprayers • Harvester: 2 x John Deere 45 foot front harvester • Trucks: Grain carting is done by contractors • Other: John Deere front wheel assist tractors with Bredal variable rate spreader
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Croyd
machinery farm Farm efficiency profile Profile
From left, Ross and Bruce Ley.
don Farm
April 2013
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Machinery Farm Profile efficiency
When was the farming district settled? The Eradu sandplain east of Geraldton was opened up as conditional purchase blocks in the 1960s. What is the history of your farm? When settled and by who? After leaving school we came back and worked on our parent’s mixed farming enterprise at Walkaway, south of Geraldton. We leased, bought and sold land in partnership with our parents during the eighties in this area. After the collapse in the price of wool and grain in 1989-1990 we decided we needed to focus our business more towards grain production. With this in mind, and some financial help from our parents, Ross and I put a deposit on our first property in 1992. We were both in our early twenties. Since then we have leased and bought more land adjoining the original property. Why grain farming - why not stock? Our type of country does not lend itself to high stocking rates. The Eradu sandplain is very susceptible to wind erosion. We agisted sheep over the summer on the stubble at Croydon Farm during the early 2000s but after the droughts of 2006 and 2007 we started to question the amount of work required to run sheep over the summer compared to the returns they were providing. What education and training did you undertake? Ross and I both completed year 11 and 12 at Narrogin Agricultural College (Bruce 1982-83 and Ross 1984-1985). How do you manage your cropping program? Our most common rotation is lupins followed by two seasons of wheat then canola and back to wheat. However, in some situations due to particular paddock soil type, weed burden or seasonal influences (grain prices or weather) we grow lupins, wheat, canola, then back to back wheat. In terms of varieties, we grow Mace wheat, an AH variety which has yielded well in the past couple of seasons and has achieved a high percentage of H1 and H2. This area is not really known for high protein wheat, but Mace seems to be giving us better yields and protein than we’ve seen previously from hard varieties. In the past we grew predominantly noodle wheat and APW varieties. We’ve grown Kayla lupins since 1997 and in the last few years have added in newer variety Corromup, primarily for weed management. Corromup ripens a week earlier and more evenly, enabling us to crop top with Gramoxone. We used to have a wheat-lupin-wheat rotation but this was becoming unsustainable due to weed control and low lupin prices: hence the introduction of canola in the rotation. We currently grow the TT varieties of canola and are happy to move to Roundup Ready if profit margin versus risk adds up. Tell us about your tillage practices We deep rip at least every third year on paddocks going into wheat (generally 13-14 inches and sometimes up to 16
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inches) using a 23 tine Ausplow deep ripper from mid-March onwards, providing we have sub soil moisture to allow us to penetrate that depth. We find we need to deep rip to break up the hard pan in this country, aerate the soil, and improve root penetration. Deep ripping is also useful to assist with incorporation of lime. At sowing we use 7” knife points for sowing. We split the seed and fertiliser, using stiletto boots and deep band the fertiliser. We follow with 100mm wide press wheels. We continue to have some issues with non wetting soils. We trialled 500ha of spading in 2011 and this year are planning to mould-board 500ha in front of wheat. We’ve also just purchased a set of heavy duty off set discs for parts of our property that are not suited to mould boarding. This is to help incorporate lime and help address some non wetting soil problems. We have been spreading lime at Croydon Farm for 10 to 12 years, and some country is now receiving its third application. We have spread 5000 tonnes this year – the applied area has been increasing each season and we’re using two tonne/ha. At first we applied lime primarily to correct soil acidity (originally our pH was between high 4s at depth and low 5s at the top). But since we have been soil testing to one metre depth we have realised it is not just about soil pH, but also about aluminium toxicity. Liming has become very important tool on our property. What is your fertiliser regime? We have been doing soil testing and yield mapping since we bought our first property and over this time have gained a pretty good understanding about the potential of our land. We have separated the poorer sections of paddocks and we give them lower inputs, particularly fertiliser. We feel the best time for plants to have access to nutrients is during germination, so provide the bulk of nutrients at sowing. Lupins paddocks generally receive 80kg superphosphate with trace elements topdressed in March and at seeding 40kg TSP is drilled below the seed. (Eight units triple super down the tube, 15 units P total). Ammonium Sulphate is topdressed at 100kg/ha before canola is sown, with 14 units P deep banded below the seed (75kg/ha DAP). At stem elongation, canola receives 40-45 units N (95-100kg). Wheat paddocks are spread with a blend of potash and Ammonium Sulphate early/mid April. Wheat is generally sown with DAP. We’ll also come back with a second application of nitrogen at the three leaf stage. Our decisions on nutrition are based on individual paddock history and past experience. We don’t generally do a lot of tissue testing of plants anymore unless we’re worried
Machinery Farm efficiency Profile
about trace element levels, or are unsure of the history of the paddock. What is your normal herbicide regime? Ryegrass and radish are our main problems in-crop, and over summer the weeds causing us the most issues are paddy melons and Afghan melons. We find we are spending more and more time and money on summer weed control than we used to. How do you manage herbicide resistance? We have levels of ryegrass resistant to Select (dims and fops) and some radish resistance to Ester. Our strategy once was to be to sow lupins dry and use chemicals to achieve control of grass and broadleaf weeds in-crop. However, since developing levels of resistance to dims and fops for grass control in lupins we are tending to sow them after a rain and wait a few days for ryegrass to germinate and find we have better incorporation of pre emergent chemicals. We crop top around 80 per cent of our lupins, which has been possible with the variety Corrumup. We used to direct head our canola, but now windrow it and spray under the swathe. We sow canola dry using the chemicals pre emergent promizeamide to control grass and triazines to control broadleaf weeds. If the canola is
relatively clean, we accept low ryegrass numbers in crop during the season and aim to get control during swathing. If the ryegrass is a problem we will spray a post emergent application to reduce weed competition. Harvest residue from lupins and canola is windrowed and then burnt in autumn. We aim to set paddocks up to sow wheat early. Paddocks identified as a problem are given a double knock spray of glyphosate early followed by Spray Seed to minimise the resistant weed population so numbers don’t blow out. What is your normal fungicide and pesticide regime? Diamond back moth can be an issue in canola some years, as can aphids and bud worm, but it appears to be quite cyclic. We monitor regularly from August to mid September. We also monitor closely for leaf diseases and apply fungicide whenever necessary. Fungicide is a much cheaper option now. What is your overall strategy with chemical use? We constantly change our strategies. Do you use GPS autosteer technology? We run Green Star autosteer on all our equipment; our header tractor and sprayer and use GPS on our spray rig. We have been using GPS for yield mapping since 1998-1999
april 2014
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Machinery Farm Profile efficiency
In recent years rainfall has decreased but our costs have increased. This means the ability to repay debt and be profitable is getting harder and harder.
One of the vast vistas on Croydon Farm.
and have lots of data, which we don’t always know what to do with. We are using variable rate on some paddocks when applying potash and nitrogen, still weighing up if it is profitable to use, it is hard to define answers and usually raises more questions. Do you use a farm management adviser? Craig Topham is our consultant/agronomist. We meet with Craig two to three times over summer for paddock planning and analysing information from soil tests and yield maps. We do a full farm tour once crops are out of the ground, and of course he’s there if we have any issues during the season. What is your harvesting routine? Grain is delivered direct from Croydon Farm to the port at Geraldton, giving significant cost savings. How do you sell/market your crop? We keep an eye on the market all year round. We know what it costs us per ha to grow a crop and what we need to be profitable so our strategy is to start selling when price gets to that profitable level, for example, when wheat hits around $280-$290/tonne. We forward contract up to one tonne/ha if the price is right. I’ll also use swaps if the opportunity is there. If prices are $20-30/tonne above the average of the last three seasons, we are pretty aggressive with forward sales. If the price is under average, we will chip away at sales through the year to try to average up. Sometimes we might use pools if we’re undersold and we want to spread income into the following year. Grain marketing is not just about growing and selling grain it’s
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about taking the peaks and troughs out of profitability year on year. Who do you rely on for grain marketing advice? We keep in contact with several grain buyers and managers and do lots of reading. We also get grain prices texted through daily. What are the three biggest challenges/risks to your farm business? Our biggest threat is increasing input costs. It used to be that input costs were aligned with rainfall, for example in 300mm rainfall district, costs of running the business would be around $300/ha. In recent years rainfall has decreased but our costs have increased. This means the ability to repay debt and be profitable is getting harder and harder. We would really like to see the Aussie dollar back at parity with the US dollar. A high dollar has much more importance on our farm in terms of keeping our operating costs and machinery costs under control, than increases in grain prices when the dollar is lower. I also think there will be a big demand for skilled farm employees, particularly farm managers of corporate farms. As machinery becomes larger and larger and farming becomes more complex and technical, farm employees with the right skills will become even harder to find. How do you try to manage those challenges/risks? Keeping costs under control is our number one consideration. We are constantly trying to tweak the system to extract more efficiency from the farm business.
Machinery Farm efficiency Profile
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Machinery Farm Profile efficiency
Bruce surveying the property.
Corporate companies have purchased a lot of land in this area and are leasing it out. They have put a floor in the market in terms of price. We aim to spend 60 per cent of our income on operating expenses, such as fuel, fertiliser and wages; 35 per cent on capital costs such as tax, interest and drawings, and the remaining 5 per cent is net profit after tax. It’s easy to see if you spend too much on operating costs it cuts pretty quickly into the net profit. In terms of skilled farm employees we do whatever we can teach the next generation of employees agronomy and farm management skills – ie decision making skills - not just how to drive a tractor. What technological developments do you foresee which will improve your family farm? I think the use of Drone technology will step up over the next four to five years, particularly in terms of targeting specific weeds in crop. Technology that can decipher wheat plants from ryegrass plants and is able to pinpoint spray targets, will improve our efficiency considerably. However, there are a number of glitches with this technology that still need to be resolved. In terms of genetic modification, we will look closely at
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each genetic modification as to whether it can help our business specifically. Do you have future expansion plans? We would consider further land purchase if it was the right opportunity, but we are definitely not obsessed by expansion. Corporate companies have purchased a lot of land in this area and are leasing it out. They have put a floor in the market in terms of price. But farmers are still buying the bulk of properties in this region. There are still a lot of family run farms here. The corporate purchase of local properties has probably put a floor in land values. Land sold in recent months has made around $1,750/ha. What are your thoughts on climate change? The climate is moving in cycles, it is constantly changing. Every year we are looking for a shower of rain, but I don’t always agree with forecasters that are telling us what will happen in 10 or 20 years time. Rainfall patterns have definitely changed, but we try not to get too obsessed on that. Our rainfall has reduced in the last few years definitely, but our average long term crop yields are improving
farm profile
I believe there will always be a future for Australian agriculture, albeit a lot different than it has been in the past. Do you have a business diversification strategy? Our personal investments are not connected with the farming business. Will you encourage your children to return to the farm? Our children are welcome and will be encouraged to return to the farm and be part of the business, but are free to make their own choices. Agriculture is a fantastic industry, it has been good to us financially and has been rewarding as a career. I don’t particularly enjoy driving tractors anymore per sae, but enjoy getting the job done and tweaking the system and now I really enjoy sharing our knowledge on what I have learned with the younger generation. What is your retirement/succession plan? It is important to plan for the future but I don’t get too hung up on things that may or may not happen in the future. I guess by the time I am 55, I’d like to have the flexibility not to be working on the farm every day. While our children are
at home we have taken some good holidays around Australia with them, and in a few years I’d like to be able to take six or so weeks off after sowing-spraying before harvest and be away from the farm, knowing that our employees are trained well enough in our farming systems to keep things running smoothly while we’re not here. Do you think food production has a good future in Australia? I believe there will always be a future for Australian agriculture, albeit a lot different than it has been in the past. The smaller regional towns will find it difficult to survive with reducing rural community populations and as larger grain growing properties continue to expand. I think the livestock industry in this area will continue to decline in numbers unless their return per ha can be drastically improved. It is near impossible to purchase land at current values and expect livestock to pay for it.
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Machinery efficiency Technology
Growers look to the sky for ground level data The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in broad acre cropping is giving grain growers the ability to scout and map crops to collect accurate, real time data and reveal crop inconsistencies and agronomic concerns. words/ Sarah Parker
Professor of Robotics and Intelligent Systems at the University of Sydney, Salah Sukkarieh, believes UAVs will become a common part of a farm’s armoury within the next five years. “Robotic aircraft technology on the farm offers a number of benefits over traditional data collection by plane, vehicle, satellites or on foot,” Professor Sukkarieh said. “In broad acre cropping systems UAVs can assist with the early detection of pests and diseases, measure nutrient status and determine subsoil moisture availability. “The real advantage of this technology lies in the collection and interpretation of much deeper and previously unattainable data into meaningful and useful information. “This insight is allowing farmers to make more accurate and cost effective management decisions. “It also has enormous potential
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to provide useful information to banks, insurers, agronomists, grain traders and property buyers.” Professor Sukkarieh believes UAVs are becoming popular and more accessible for many Australian farmers because they alleviate the need for growers to “walk the field” or have pilot operated aircrafts to collect information about their property. “Operating UAVs instead of pilot operated aircraft is more cost effective, safer and more accurate,” he said. “UAVs are able to access hard to reach areas that large manned aircraft cannot and are able to collect more accurate data than satellite imagery. “Even in poor weather they are still able to collect meaningful data.” These machines, whether fixed wing or multi-rotor, can be operated from the ground by a pilotcontrolled remote or programmed to follow a GPS flight path. They can cover large areas,
gathering real time video and GPS tagged imagery to reveal a “big picture” view of cropping areas. “Having this detailed view of growing areas makes it easier to identify where the crop density is inconsistent, which can then tell us more information about crop and soil health,” Professor Sukkarieh said. “Without accurate information about the cause of these problems, they can be quite difficult and expensive to manage. “UAVs are also able to hover a few feet above the canopy to capture detailed images that show the texture, shape and colours of plants. “This is particularly helpful in detecting weed populations in crops and subsequently managing them more efficiently.” Some overseas UAV models, such as the Yamaha RMAX, even have on board facilities to spray pesticides on plants with precision accuracy, reducing
Technology
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle being trailed in Australia.
The real advantage of this technology lies in the collection and interpretation of much deeper and previously unattainable data into meaningful and useful information.
the need for blanket applications. “While this particular machine is not widely available or accessible to many Australian growers yet, it’s a strong indication of where the technology is headed,” he said. “The potential is unlimited. The more popular it becomes, the more information we need it to deliver.” Research bodies including the University of Sydney and the smart services sector are working closely with growers in Australia to develop new ways to present data which will be useful to the entire industry. “There are significant research and engineering challenges that we have to overcome, but we’re at the point where farmers see the value in these machines, and are investing their time into research and development,” Professor Sukkarieh said.
“We’re working closely with growers to understand what they want from these machines.” While there are a number of cost savings to be made by introducing this type of technology into farming practices, UAVs themselves and the associated operational costs are quite expensive. “Units can cost upwards of $10,000, right up to $200,000 depending on the level of technology on board. “There are also a number of licences and certificates required to operate UAVs in Australia. “Some machines require the operator to have passed a full pilot accreditation course and the appropriate permissions to fly from the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA).” The financial investment for growers to introduce this technology is a
challenge to widespread adoption, however, there is an opportunity for larger agriculture companies or contractors to invest in this technology and offer an aerial crop survey service to growers. “It is certainly more cost effective for smaller growers to have a roving contractor who can supply the UAV scanning service, rather than investing in this technology independently,” Professor Sukkarieh said. “Most of the crop data gathered is going straight to local consultants or agronomists, so unless it is a large scale operation, most smaller operations can still receive the same benefits from outsourcing. “This technology is arming farmers with the knowledge to improve profitability, safety and the future operation of their farms.”
april 2014
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Machinery Break Crops efficiency
First SU tolerant barrel medic on the market Australian farmers seeking a more robust break crop now have access to the first barrel medic with tolerance to sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide residues. words/ Olivia Fuller
Sultan-SU, developed by scientists at the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), also offers advantages of early maturity, aphid resistance, improved regeneration, and boron tolerance. Sultan-SU is one of six new and improved pasture legumes being cultivated by SARDI and Heritage Seeds (formerly Seedmark). Senior Research Officer with SARDI Feed and Forage Group, Jake Howie said the release of Sultan-SU was the culmination of more than ten years of work. “It’s exciting to reach commercialisation,” Jake said. “The seed company is in the early bulk up phase and they have limited seed now available.” While medics have traditionally been used to provide quality pasture feed they are regaining popularity as an alternative break crop due to their capacity to fix nitrogen, reduce
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cereal diseases and in new varieties, such as Sultan-SU, tolerate residues of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides such as triasulfuron, chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl. Jake said the medic program aimed to develop pasture cultivars with traits that would add value to a cropping rotation. “We are working towards improved herbicide tolerance and better regeneration, so they can produce more early dry matter and yet still be able to persist through a cropping phase where other pastures such as sub clover have struggled,” he said. Sultan-SU stems from a cross between Angel strand medic (the world’s first SU tolerant medic released in 2006) and Caliph barrel medic, and was then back crossed to Caliph four times. “Sultan-SU has retained the same resistance to bluegreen aphid and spotted alfalfa as
its parents,” Jake said. “It also has tolerance to boron toxicity and like other medics, has moderate resistance to Pratylenchus root lesion nematode. “This particular cultivar was shortlisted because of its SU herbicide tolerance and superior regeneration compared to Caliph, as it has lower hard seed levels than Caliph. “It will be the only barrel medic on the market with all of these key attributes.” As a typical barrel medic SultanSU is well suited to mildly acidic to alkaline soils (pHCaCl2 > 5) with textures ranging from loams to clays. “In general terms it is targeted at farmers in the temperate southern region with low to medium rainfall,” Jake said. “More specifically it will be of great benefit to farmers using SU herbicides and those using traditional sub clover pastures or other pastures
Break Crops
More specifically it will be of great benefit to farmers using SU herbicides and those using traditional sub clover pastures or other pastures that are struggling to persist due to a succession of below average rainfall years.
Senior Research Officer with SARDI, Jake Howie, counting out Sultan-SU seeds for 1000 seed weights. Photo courtesy of SARDI.
that are struggling to persist due to a succession of below average rainfall years, including the western cropping districts of New South Wales. “We also hope to confirm in the future that like Angel strand medic, its herbicide tolerance also extends to other Group B residues including the imidazolinone family or ‘Clearfield® herbicides.” Jake said the team was working on a partner to Sultan which would be a mid season maturing barrel medic that has herbicide tolerance, for higher rainfall areas. This work was supported by a Federal Government’s AusIndustry ‘Climate Ready’ project to develop pasture cultivars with traits (earlier maturity, herbicide tolerance, changed hard seed levels) better suited to the shorter growing seasons experienced over the last decade. Web: ausindustry. gov.au/programs/innovation-rd/ climate-ready/Pages/default.aspx.
Key Features of Sultan-SU • First barrel medic with tolerance to SU herbicide residues* • Early maturing (~ 70-90 days to flowering), similar to Caliph and Angel • A Caliph replacement with improved regeneration • Less hard seeded than Caliph (~ 85 cf 95 per cent), similar to Jester • Good aphid resistance (BGA & SAA) • Boron tolerant • Improved flexibility in rotations after use of SU herbicides, including if used for summer weed control * “SU tolerant” refers to ability to tolerate sulfonylurea herbicide residues (ie not direct foliar application) at levels that typically occur in the year following application at standard rates to crops. With Angel this tolerance also extends to the ability to tolerate other Group B residues including Spinnaker™, OnDuty™ and Intervix™ and with future work we hope to confirm this with Sultan-SU as well. In addition to these two new barrel medics, growers can also look forward to the release of another new medic cultivar within two to three years, which will be the first strand medic with both powdery mildew resistance and SU herbicide tolerance. This is a result of South Australian Grains Industry Trust and GRDC funding and will mainly target low/medium rainfall, mildly acidic to alkaline soils (calcium chloride pH levels > 5.5) with textures ranging from sands to loams. The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the Government of South Australia’s principal research organisation within Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA).
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machinery Break Crops efficiency
Break crop flexibility means cereal profitability Break cropping can boost cereal farming profitability in even the toughest years – but the key is flexibility. words/ Sarah Parker
36
Machinery Break efficiency Crops
The most profitable break crops are vetch hay (which could be brown manured or harvested), pea hay (also manured or harvested), canola or fallow. Studies conducted in both Western Australia’s low rainfall eastern grain belt and the southern Mallee regions of Victoria have shown significant gross margin improvements from adding a break crop into a cereal rotation. The Western Australian trials, funded by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) and the Kwinana East Regional Cropping Solutions Network (RCSN) found that canola/wheat/barley rotations provided the highest gross margins of up to $25/hectare, followed by pasture/wheat/canola/wheat rotations. But study leader Graeme McConnell said the most successful farmers in the trial took a flexible approach, assessing the right break crop based on seasonal factors, soil nutrition and potential rainfall. “For example, the Merino sheep margin (from pasture rotations) varied from $25 per hectare to $95 per hectare within the high performing group of farmers,” Graeme said. “The optimal rotation differs for each of these growers, and those with the $25 per hectare margin are more likely to adopt a more intensive cropping rotation.” The WA findings support a five year study undertaken in the Mallee region of Victoria by the CSIRO and the Birchip Cropping Group (BCG) which found that wheat yields could be increased by up to 30 per cent by adding a one off break crop into the rotation. The most profitable break crops
were vetch hay (which could be brown manured or harvested), pea hay (also manured or harvested), canola or fallow. In 2012 wheat yields after one of the break crops were as high as 5.6 tonnes per hectare compared with wheat on wheat yields of just 3.9 tonnes per hectare. BCG trial coordinator Claire Brown said break cropping had also increased water use efficiency by more than 30 per cent (from 12kg/ha/mm or rainfall to 18kg/ha/mm) and vetch and hay had provided an added bonus in boosting soil nitrogen if cut for hay or brown manured. “Just one break crop in a rotation can be as profitable if not more profitable than a wheat on wheat rotation,” Claire said. However, once again Claire said flexibility was important to make the most of seasonal variations. To help cereal growers maximise their profitability from break crops the CSIRO’s Dr James Hunt has developed a Break Crop Decision Support Tool. The tool takes farmers through a series of decision pathways, which make the most of their individual cereal cropping situation. In a valuable on-line video produced by GRDC and BCG, grdc.com.au/ Resources/Tools/Break-CropsDecision-Support-Tool Claire explains how the tool works. “It starts from the problem a farmer might have – usually they can’t grow
wheat or barley in a paddock because of a grass weed issue, a nutrient deficiency or a root disease problem. “The decision-making tool then provides break crop options based on soil moisture: lentils, peas, vetch, fallow, oats, a knockdown spray followed by a short season barley or canola. “This decision is then followed through spring – to cut hay, graze, brown manure or harvest depending on the seasonal conditions and hay and grain prices. “It doesn’t provide all of the answers but it does show that flexible decision making at several key stages during the season will improve gross margins,” Claire said. Mr McConnell said the WA growers surveyed in their trial agreed that there was a need to remain flexible and change plans depending on the season and disease or grass burden. From the 34 rotations studied, only two were continuous cereal rotations and 70 per cent of the businesses surveyed maintained a sheep flock. All growers with livestock were willing to run a stocking rate lower than average for their region to have the flexibility to manipulate pastures and spray top early. The majority of the farmers surveyed also liked to keep their options open in terms of new innovations and were cautious about adopting what they saw as costly new technologies such as genetically modified canola seed.
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MachineryResistance Herbicide efficiency
Are we losing the resistance battle? Widespread herbicide resistance means it’s time for growers to get tough. words/ Olivia Fuller
Five years ago glyphosate resistant ryegrass was something grain growers just talked about as a “one of these days” possibility. But in the last 12 months, new cases of glyphosate resistance in a range of species have been reported in all grain growing regions in Australia. A case of annual ryegrass resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat was discovered in a Western Australian vineyard, the first case of glyphosate plus paraquat resistance in any weed species in that state. Also in Western Australia, researchers detected the world’s first glyphosate resistant wild radish populations in the state’s northern wheatbelt. In South Australia, sixteen per cent of randomly-collected annual ryegrass populations in the south-east tested resistant to glyphosate. In the north, the world’s first cases of glyphosate resistant sowthistle were confirmed in northern New South Wales.
38
And in the north-west New South Wales, patches of glyphosate-resistant ryegrass have been found as far north as Moree. Are Australian grain growers losing the battle against this new threat to productivity? Agronomist Andrew Storrie says these multiple findings are a warning to all farmers that rotating herbicides with different modes of action – the most common strategy adopted by notill farmers – alone will not solve their herbicide resistance problems. “Rotating modes-of-action is a useful tactic, but when used alone, it delays rather than prevents resistance,” he said. “Growers should be looking at a more holistic management approach. “Rotation should be used in combination with a range of other strategies to either prevent seed production or kill any seed produced by survivors of the herbicide applications,” he said. “The only way to manage resistance is to kill the survivors.”
Growing crops specifically for the weed control benefits they offer is one tactic to combat weed seed set.
Herbicide Resistance
Double Knock “This can be done with what we call a ‘double knock’: using two successive tactics, where the second kills any survivors of the first. This includes combinations of herbicides with a different mode-of-action or a mechanical means such as cultivation, hand-pulling or heavy sustained grazing. “Another tactic is to tank-mix full rates of two herbicide with different modes of action, so if one fails there is a robust rate of the second herbicide to kill the weeds,” he said. But before getting the spray unit out of the shed, Andrew advised grain growers to get in the ute. “Close monitoring and analysis of the problem is the key to effective control,” he said. “Lack of follow-up is a common weakness in all weed control programs. Whether it is broadacre fallow, fence lines, road verges or other neighbouring crops, you must determine how
effective your spray regime was and how big the problem is. “Otherwise it can be too late.” Dr Chris Preston, University of Adelaide Associate Professor—Weed Management agreed that herbicide resistant weeds could still be controlled - even within a few years – if a vigilant strategy was adopted. “The overall key is to be diligent. Monitor the effectiveness of each weed control tactic used and be ready to implement operations at the right time,” he said. “Intensive management of small problem areas or patches can greatly reduce the threat of a weed explosion.” Chris said a single pass to reduce weed seed set with no follow-up was rarely as effective as using a number of weed control tools. “Weeds that have survived the growing season and set seed at harvest time are the key source of a continuing weed burden on cropping land,” he said. He also encouraged growers to look
beyond herbicide only regimes. “Growing crops specifically for the weed control benefits they offer is one tactic to combat weed seed set. This is an increasingly important option where the expense of managing herbicide resistant weeds with chemicals is cost prohibitive,” he said. “Promoting strong crop competition in cereals and canola is also an important tactic that should be factored into the rotation. “High seed rates, narrow row spacing, early sowing when the soil is still warm and correct use of pre-emergent herbicides all create the best opportunity for the crop to out-compete weeds. “Growing a brown manure crop or crop topping can also be effective longer term options. “In the lead-up to harvest mechanical harvest weed seed control tactics such as cutting for hay or windrow burning are still low cost and effective options,” Chris said.
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machineryResistance Herbicide efficiency
A 10 Point Plan to help growers win the battle against resistant weeds
1
Act now to stop weed seed set
2
Capture weed seeds at harvest
3
Rotate crops and herbicide modes of action
• Understand the biology of your weeds • Be strategic and committed
• The number one strategy to reduce the seed bank • Research your options – chaff cart, narrow windrow burning, baling, Harrington Seed Destructor • Compare the financial cost per hectare
• Plan crop rotations for weed control not just profit • Avoid repeated application of effective herbicides with the same mode-of-action • Protect your existing herbicide armoury • Don’t rely on discovery of new herbicides – there is no quick chemical fix • Low to medium rainfall farmers use breakcrops • High rainfall zone growers use a pasture phase prior to returning to the cropping Source: weedsmart.org.au.
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4
Test for resistance to establish a clear picture of paddock-by-paddock farm status • Continually monitor and reassess your program as resistance will continue to evolve • Use resistance testing to determine which herbicides still work • Collect surviving plants after spraying for a Quicktest® • Sample weed seeds prior to harvest for resistance testing
Herbicide Resistance
Ensure you plant weed-free crop seed - a recent Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative survey showed 73% of grower-saved crop seed was contaminated with weed seed.
8 5
Aim for 100% control and monitor every spray event
• It is always easier to control weeds before the crop is planted with cultivation or effective knockdown herbicides • Ensure you plant weed-free crop seed - a recent Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative survey showed 73% of grower-saved crop seed was contaminated with weed seed • Control weeds along paddock borders and areas such as roadsides, channel banks and fencelines
• Focus on management of survivors in fallows (northern grains region) • Where herbicide failures occur, do not let the weeds seed. • Cut for hay or silage, fallow or brown manure affected paddocks • Patch spray areas of resistant weeds if appropriate
9 6
Don’t automatically reach for glyphosate • Use a diversified approach to weed management • Consider post-emergent herbicides where suitable • Consider strategic tillage when soil conditions and erosion risk are acceptable
7
Never cut the on-label herbicide rate and carefully manage spray drift and residues • Always read the label and use the full rate • Use best management practice in spray application. For more information visit: grdc. com.au GRDC has produced a series of fact sheets, available at: grdc.com.au/Media-Centre/ Ground-Cover-Supplements/GCS105 • Consider selective weed sprayers such as WeedSeeker or WeedIt
Plant clean seed into clean paddocks with clean borders
Use the double knock technique • The double knock is the use of any combination of weed control that involves two sequential strategies • Second or “double” application controls survivors of the first method • Check GRDC research results at: grdc.com.au or nga.org.au
10 Employ crop competitiveness to combat weeds
• Consider row spacings less than 25 cm and higher seeding rates for your environment • Use the best adapted and competitive crops and cultivars for your environment • Use high density pastures as a rotation option • Use brown manure crops as part of a longer rotation • Will herbicide tolerant canola hybrids improve your rotation and weed control options?
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MachineryResistance Herbicide efficiency
Fight the resistance movement with testing With herbicide resistance on the rise across the country, growers are being urged to adopt testing as a routine management practice by researchers and agronomists. words/ Olivia Fuller
The proportion of farmers regularly testing for herbicide resistance would be around ten per cent at most, according to Agronomist Andrew Storrie of Agronomo Consulting. “Many will do it as a “one-off” but this really isn’t good enough for managing herbicide resistance,” he said. “One of the main reasons there is a low usage of testing is because it was sold as a simple ‘you have resistance or you don’t have resistance’ tool, which doesn’t tell the farmer much about management decisions needed to be taken. “Resistance testing must be seen as a positive management tool to give farmers the knowledge of what herbicides are still effective in each paddock. “Regular testing will enable better weed control and save money,” he said. University of Adelaide Weed Science Team Researcher Dr Peter Boutsalis, who has authored a blog on how to test for herbicide resistance, said the greatest value in testing for herbicide resistance was to have confidence in the products and application methods farmers were using.
“An application of herbicide may cost thousands of dollars, all of which might be wasted if the weeds being targeted are resistant to the products applied,” he said. “Testing for herbicide resistance can identify which herbicides will work on your weeds, takes the guesswork out of the equation and gives farmers baseline information that they can use to monitor changes in the weeds on their farms. “If low level resistance is identified early there are many more management options available compared to situations where full blown resistance has taken hold,” he said. Dr Boutsalis said the over use and over reliance on particular herbicides would unavoidably lead to herbicide resistance developing. “We often hear of farmers applying herbicide even though they are not sure if it will work,” he said. “The $300 to $400 cost of testing is insignificant compared to the cost of wasted herbicide, lost production and the costs of driving down a large seed bank of resistant weeds.”
Testing for herbicide resistance can identify which herbicides will work on your weeds. 42
Herbicide Resistance
Testing for herbicide resistance on your property with Weed Science specialist Peter Boutsalis Longer answer: Collecting seed before or at harvest is the most common method used. The collected seed must be mature, from green to when the seed changes colour. Before harvest collect 30 to 40 ryegrass seedheads or several handfuls of wild oats seed. After harvest it is common to find seedheads still in the paddock. Samples of contaminated grain can be sent for analysis. Where is the best place to collect samples? Short answer: From suspicious or high risk areas. Longer answer: Herbicide resistance can develop in high risk areas like fence lines or at random through a paddock. Visual observations and changes on the yield monitor in the header can indicate good places to collect seed. If collecting
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plant samples, look for weeds at the early tillering stage that appear to have ‘escaped’ previous herbicide treatment. Collect 50 to 100 small plants or fewer larger plants. Shake off the soil from the roots, place in a plastic bag and send to the laboratory. What’s involved in sending samples? Short answer: Pick, pack, register and ship. Longer answer: Each sample needs to arrive at the laboratory with suitable identification and instructions. Register the samples online to get a unique sample number and to provide the information required, such as which herbicides you want to test against. Plant Science Consulting and Charles Sturt University both offer commercial herbicide resistance seed testing. This blog was published on the WeedSmart website: weedsmart.org.au
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What herbicide resistance tests are available to farmers in Australia? Short answer: The ‘quick’ test using the whole plant and the ‘seed’ test. Longer answer: The ‘quick’ test uses plant samples collected on farm and sent to the laboratory. The plants are revived and planted into pots then tested against the required herbicides. The ‘seed’ test requires the collection of ripe seed, which is planted out at the laboratory. After dormancy has been broken and the seedlings have started to grow they are tested for their response to herbicides. Both tests are equally accurate. The ‘quick’ test cannot test for resistance to some pre-emergent herbicides, such as trifluralin. Which is the most common test that farmers use? Short answer: The seed test.
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Machinery Pest Control efficiency
Taking the bait Excess grain on the ground at seeding can leave properties vulnerable to rodents. words/ Sarah Parker
High yields in 2013/14 could mean more grain on the ground and more mice to deal with, as grain growers plan for seeding this year. Greg Mutze from Biosecurity SA said the key to effectively managing mouse populations was to be vigilant about monitoring, act fast at seeding and maintain strict farm hygiene all year round. “April is a critically important time to control mice populations before they get a chance to do early damage,” Greg said. “Most damage caused by mice occurs within the first couple of weeks after seeding, depending how quickly the crops grow. “They either dig up the seeds or they dig down and eat the shoot and the remnants of the seed when plants first start to emerge. “Growers should spend some time reviewing paddocks to ascertain the level of mouse infestation and then manage appropriately.” Following the 2011 plague, growers found baiting to be the most effective method of controlling damage once high populations were present. “Baiting with zinc phosphide is the most successful
44
measure of eradication and is most effective within the first 24 hours of seeding,” Greg said. “Zinc phosphide not only provides good control of mice in crops, but it also has a good storage and environmental record so it’s reasonably safe to use. “For most growers the cost of application is relatively small depending on the method of application. “Certainly it’s less than the expected crop loss if there are large numbers of mice in the paddock and action isn’t taken,” Greg said. Changes in farming practices have seen mouse plagues become more frequent in some areas, particularly in cereal crops. “In the past, mouse plagues were generally occurring every five or six years,” he said. “However, the introduction of conservation farming practices such as stubble and trash retention, shallow seeding and the reduced number of sheep being run during pasture rotations has affected the conditions in which mice thrive, resulting in plagues occurring nearly every four years. “As these practices are becoming more popular and widespread, it is now important to look at what we are
Pest Control
doing and how to better manage mice moving forward.” The most important factor for long-term management of mice is to limit the amount of grain and weed seed available to mice in stubble paddocks. “Strict farm hygiene year round – and in particular the months following the harvest – is critical,” Greg said. “It is important to clean up any excess grain in the form of spillage around grain bins and silos to limit the available food sources. “Mice numbers build up when there is sufficient cover, so clear any debris from around sheds and houses so that mice populations cannot build nests to breed. “Summer weeds provide an alternative food source and offer sufficient cover that make mice harder to control so managing summer seed set is important. “Running sheep will help to manage weeds and will also clean up high harvest grain losses left in the paddocks.” Greg said mouse populations would always be present and they were not a threat to crops when in low numbers, but by understanding mouse behaviour and how to create an environment where mice cannot thrive, growers would have the best chance of managing future mice outbreaks.
Ground bait application costs vary from less than $1 to about $2/ha. Bait costs from around $2.80 to $10/kg and aerial application costs $5 to $10/ha. Populations of more than 1000 mice per hectare have the potential to eat more than 5 per cent of a freshly sown crop overnight. Sources: Grains Research and Development Corporation. Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria.
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Machinery Pest Control efficiency
Ditch the weeds and keep the natives: on farm actions for pest control A national study has found that grain growers can achieve environmentally friendly pest control by removing weeds and encouraging stands of native vegetation adjacent to their cropping paddocks. words/ Peter Fuller
The study led by Dr. Nancy Schellhorn, CSIRO, discovered that pests such as red-legged earth mite, aphids, weevils, thrips, grubs and earwigs were found in greater numbers in weeds than in native vegetation. In contrast, the native vegetation hosted more beneficial predators of these pests such as spiders, ladybirds and lacewings. Conducted in the Darling Downs, Queensland, southern New South Wales and Albany, Western Australia, the study, which was supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation, aimed to understand which landscape features contributed to the control of pest populations in crops. “Suppressive landscapes are those which reduce opportunities for pests and provide habitats for beneficial predators that eat pests. We found that the weeds and weedy pastures
46
harboured pests and this was a particular threat when weedy pastures were adjacent to crops,” Nancy said. “Weeds that are a high risk for pests include nightshade, capeweed, fleabane, mustard and wild radish and weed grasses such as ryegrass. “On the other hand stands of native vegetation, made up of species such as Eucalyptus, Melaleuca and Wattles (Acacias), provided a better habitat for predators and rarely ever harbour pests.” Nancy said farmers could manage their native vegetation stands to achieve better pest control outcomes. Techniques included planting trees and shrubs suitable for their enterprise (for example low growing trees), spraying out exotic weeds and maintaining a good under story for predator shelter and food. “As farmers build pastures into their rotations to combat issues such as
herbicide tolerance, it is also important to ensure good pasture weed control is achieved so that pest populations can be reduced. “This can be done through selective herbicide applications and grazing.” It was also important to control other predator host environments such as fallow fields and degraded weed areas alongside roadsides. “The main goal is to establish the right mix of habitats that support beneficial predators and allow them to move in and out of crops, but discourage the build-up of pests throughout the year.” For more information about developing and maintaining pest suppressive landscapes visit: nipi.com.au/research/pestsuppressive-landscapes/ The national project is collaboration between DAFF-QLD, University of Queensland, DAFWA, and CSIRO.
Pest Control
It is important to ensure good pasture weed control is achieved so that pest populations can be reduced. Red and blue beetle.
april 2014
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Crop Report 2014 Publication funded by Glencore Grain
Which varieties performed best? Detailed yield results from 2013 SARDI & NVT trials
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Contents
Glencore Grain is pleased to present you with the 2014 Crop Performance Report, which has been compiled by the South Australian Research and Development Institute. With Glencore Grain’s support, this publication provides you with data from 2013 National Variety Trials and SARDI trials to assist in your planting decisions.
Wheat
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Corack and Mace again lead in trials but accompanied by new varieties Trojan and Cobra in many regions.
Barley
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Faba Beans
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87
Susceptibility to ascochyta blight was detected on previously resistant lines in faba bean breeding trials in the Lower North region.
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Field Peas
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90
Two potential new malting varieties, Compass and LaTrobe, produced excellent results in 2013 with Compass the standout.
The new semi-leafless white pea, PBA Pearl, was highest yielding again in 2013 but growers must consider marketability
Canola
Lentils
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Growers are urged to use the blackleg management guide to assist making varietal decisions.
Cereal Disease
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2013 seasonal conditions allowed take all, eyespot and the net blotches to develop early and rapidly where inoculum was present.
Chickpeas
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Newly released varieties from WA, Ambar and Neelam were the highest yielding with good performances at low yielding sites.
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BA Hurricane XT was the P only new lentil variety released in 2013 and has tolerance to the herbicide, imazethapyr.
Lupin & Bean
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With improved shatter resistance, PBA Gunyidi, a replacement for Mandelup, led in most trials in 2013.
Oats
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New milling varieties released in WA, Bannister and Williams set a new yield benchmark for oats in 2013 NVT.
Triticale
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Bogong rivaled AGT Fusion for yield in 2013 with Fusion winning in low yielding environments and Bogong in higher yielding environments.
Important notice: Although staff of the South Australian Research and Development Institute have taken all reasonable care in preparing information contained in this Crop Performance Report, neither SARDI nor their officers, staff or suppliers involved in the editing and production of this magazine accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Corack most adaptable in 2013 wheat trials By Rob Wheeler, Leader, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI
These varieties were among 26 commercial varieties tested at 27 SARDI managed, National Wheat Variety Trial (NVT) sites across South Australia in 2013. The trials, funded by GRDC, also tested a further 33 advanced lines from wheat breeding companies operating throughout Australia.
Rob Wheeler
Generally, above average winter rainfall in 2013 was followed by dry spring conditions in many districts, with overall rainfall being above average on Lower Eyre Peninsula, Kangaroo Island and northern Yorke Peninsula, below average throughout the Mallee and generally average elsewhere. Strong winds and frost were experienced in many areas and resulted in the loss of trials at Geranium and Mintaro due to frost and at Michellville due to storm damage. Overall the conditions did not lead to high foliar disease outbreaks, but several trials were sprayed to control stripe rust. This management strategy was introduced in 2011, and all sites have been additionally treated with fertilizer amended fungicides since 2012. While this management generally prevented significant damage from some foliar diseases in 2013, the seasonal conditions did favour yellow leaf spot, which was noted at recordable levels at the Rudall and Pinnaroo sites.
11.5 per cent in 2012. Test weights averaged 82.5 kg/ hl, similar to the average of 82.6 kg/hl in 2012, while screenings, declined slightly from 2.7 percent in 2012 to 2.3 percent in 2013. The dry and mild spring conditions, produced little black point in NVT grain samples, but it was noted at Conmurra and Wokurna sites and no sprouted or white grain was observed. A timely opening, in most districts, resulted in the 27 trials being sown during the period May 7th to June 9th, with the majority sown in the second half of May. Early to midseason flowering varieties were generally those most favoured by the seasonal conditions, as commonly occurs when dry spring weather prevails. When averaged across sites, the new variety Corack, developed by AGT, led all commercial varieties for yield, marginally ahead of Trojan and less than 2 percent ahead of Cobra and Mace. Just behind these, a group comprising Wyalkatchem, Emu Rock and Scout, ranged from 3 to 5 percent below Corack respectively. The commercial, still popular varieties, Gladius, Axe, Correll and Yitpi, averaged 10 to 16 percent below Corack, again showing they are well outclassed for yield relative to newer varieties. All of the top four new varieties shared the top ranking position within each region and were joined by Emu Rock, Scout and Wyalkatchem, to generally form the leading three varieties within each region.
In spite of the dry spring conditions, the 24 trials all produced surprisingly good results, with grain yields across all sites averaging 3.44 tn/ha, 24 per cent above the 2.77 t/ha produced in 2012. Individual trial site yields ranged from 1.44 tn/ha at Penong on Western Eyre Peninsula to more than 7.03 tn/ha at Conmurra, a newly introduced site in the South East.
However the leading variety, Corack, has shown high yield most consistently across all regions over the past three seasons. Corack would be a profitable alternative to Mace in many areas but has some weaknesses with susceptibility to powdery mildew and slightly more susceptibility to black point than Wyalkatchem and Yitpi. Notwithstanding, Corack with APW classification and like Mace derived from the once popular and widely adapted variety Wyalkatchem, has early maturity, CCN resistance and good yellow leaf spot resistance. However, Corack has moderate rust resistance, being moderately susceptible to stripe rust and leaf rust but has good grain size and receival quality.
The grain quality in wheat NVT’s was also surprising good and generally similar to that produced in 2012. Across all sites, grain protein varied from 8.8 to 14.3 per cent and averaged 11.8 per cent, compared with
The second ranked variety across all trials, Longreach Trojan, is also an APW quality wheat. Trojan was top ranking at high yield potential sites and regions in 2013, but elsewhere showed more moderate yields
51
WHEAT
The popular wheat variety, Mace, together with Corack dominated statewide wheat trials for the third year running but were also joined by the new varieties, Longreach Trojan and Longreach Cobra when averaged across all trials in 2013.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
and appears best suited to medium to higher rainfall situations. Trojan has mid to late maturity, similar to Yitpi, is moderately resistant to all rusts but is moderately susceptible to CCN and yellow leaf spot. It has good grain quality and the black point resistance required for high rainfall regions in SA. Third placed and marginally leading Mace on average yield was Longreach Cobra. Cobra, like Trojan produced moderate yield results in lower rainfall sites but very good results in high yield potential areas such as Lower Eyre Peninsula and the South East. Cobra has had limited evaluation in SA (2012 was the first year of state wide evaluation) and was initially released for WA growers. Cobra is derived from Westonia and has an AH classification and early season maturity coupled with good resistance to CCN, stem and leaf rust and moderate yellow leaf spot susceptibility. Cobra is moderately susceptible to susceptible to both stripe rust and black point and limited results show moderate test weights and sprouting tolerance similar to Yitpi. These latter issues may limit Cobra uptake within the districts to which it best performs. Fourth ranked overall but generally highest across Upper Eyre Peninsula and Mid North trials in 2013, Mace, as seen in previous years, performs well in all districts but more so in lower yielding and lower rainfall situations. Now the most popular variety grown in SA, Mace has surpassed the popularity of Frame, which comprised almost 45% of receivals in 1999. Mace, like Corack, is derived from Wyalkatchem and is being rapidly adopted in SA due to its wide adapation, good grain quality and good disease resistance profile. Mace is eligible for AH classification and has good resistance to most foliar and root diseases including yellow leaf spot, CCN, stem and leaf rust, and powdery mildew. Mace has shown good test weight, low screenings and good tolerance to pre harvest sprouting, better than Wyalkatchem. Additionally, Mace would be suitable for wheat on wheat rotations although nitrogen management will be important, since Mace, has often shown low protein relative to older, lower yielding varieties. While this is mostly a direct result of its high yields, higher nitrogen fertilization rates should be considered if growing these varieties for high protein. While stripe rust had no serious impact within 2013 trials, growers are reminded that Mace is susceptible to very susceptible to stripe rust. Mace has a potential for large yield loss in stripe rust prone areas unless growers regularly monitor crops and are prepared to use fungicides in a preventative strategy commencing early in crop growth.
WHEAT
Emu Rock, which ranked third in 2012 trials was ranked sixth in 2013 and appears more suited to
52
lower rainfall districts, like Mace. Now having been evaluated across several seasons in SA, Emu Rock is showing similar adapation to Mace albeit having 2 to 3 percent lower yields. Emu Rock is an early maturing variety with AH eligibility derived from Kukri and was developed by the WA based, Intergrain Breeding program. Emu Rock has shown plump grain with good test weight but has moderate disease resistance. Emu Rock is susceptible to CCN, is rated MSS to powdery mildew and leaf rust but is MRMS to yellow leaf spot, stem and stripe rust (WA-Yr17). Emu Rock is one of the leading varieties for growers in low rainfall districts seeking a stripe rust and yellow leaf spot resistant option for low input and wheat on wheat situations. Longreach Scout, which had topped trials in the more favourable 2009 and 2010 seasons, produced a more moderate result in 2013 and ranked eighth overall. Long term results show Scout has relatively high yield in all districts except Upper Eyre Peninsula and the Murray Mallee and is clearly most adapted to higher rainfall and more favourable grain filling conditions. Scout is eligible for AH classification and is derived largely from Yitpi with a similar level of susceptibility to yellow leaf spot, but is more susceptible to black point. Scout has CCN resistance and good stem rust and leaf rust resistance while rated moderately susceptible to stripe rust. Scout has good grain receival quality with high test weight, low screenings and good sprouting tolerance and is currently the second most popular variety being grown in SA, behind Mace. It shows a similar tendency to low protein as Mace, once again found to be associated with its higher grain yields The sister lines, Gladius and Espada, developed and released by AGT for drought stressed situations, generally performed similarly in 2013, where-ever they were grow together. Across all sites Gladius was 10 percent below Corack. These, now older varieties, are outclassed on yield but do have useful stripe rust and yellow leaf spot resistance for lower rainfall districts. Gladius is currently the third most popular variety grown in SA, marginally ahead of Wyalkatchem and Yitpi but all are steadily declining. Moderate test weights and susceptibility to preharvest sprouting have eroded the popularity of ‘once popular’ Gladius but it remains a viable low risk, low input option for low rainfall zones, especially when harvested early to avoid risk of pre-harvest sprouting. Shield was another variety with an overall yield similar to Gladius in 2013. Shield continued to perform well across Mallee trials and more moderately in other regions, as seen in previous years. Shield was released by AGT in 2012 and is an AH quality variety with good CCN, rust and powdery mildew resistance. Shield has midseason maturity and acceptable physical grain quality although
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Shield
A
wheat
Longreach Phantom was also released to SA growers in 2012 as an AH quality, mid to late maturing variety with CCN resistance and good resistance to all rusts. Derived from Yipti, Phantom performed similar to Yitpi in 2013 and overall was 16 percent below Corack for yield. Long term data shows that it is better suited to mid to high yield potential environments but has similar susceptibility to yellow leaf spot and “midseason yellowing” as Yitpi and moderate test weight. With the widespread concerns over “imi” herbicide residues leading into the 2013 sowing season, interest in “imidazolinone tolerant’ varieties was high and KordCLPLUS was a popular choice for sowing. Within NVT results and trailing Gladius by only 2 percent on average, the recently released ‘imidazolinone tolerant’ variety Grenade CLPLUS performed well across all districts. It led all “imi” tolerant alternatives, although was closely matched by KordCLPLUS in the Mallee and Upper Eyre Peninsula. A sister-line to Justica CLPLUS, Grenade CLPLUS has the advantage of AH quality and improved CCN resistance and test weight and has similarly useful rust resistance. It is also earlier flowering than JusticaCLPLUS and KordCLPLUS which was an advantage under 2013 conditions, but nevertheless this variety offers a good alternative to Justica CLPLUS and possibly KordCLPLUS , except in the most marginal rainfall districts.
DURUM WHEAT PERFORMANCE The weather conditions in 2013 were not ideal for durum wheat which is generally sensitive to frosts, low spring rainfall and high temperature stress, but despite this, durum NVTs produced acceptable yields and quality among the six Mid North and Yorke Peninsula sites. The site at Mintaro was frosted and subsequently rejected from publication. Across the remaining five trials, Saintly was highest yielding on average, leading Caparoi and Tjilkuri by around 5 percent and Yawa and Hyperno by 7 and 17 percent respectively. Surprisingly, Yawa, WID802, Tjilkuri and Hyperno were all well down on their long term performance which is generally ahead of Saintly and Caparoi. The reasons for this reversal in performance are unclear as Saintly is an early flowering variety, while Caparoi is later flowering. A new durum line, designated ‘096’ and scheduled for release later this year generally performed similar to Tjilkuri in 2013 although it’s longer term performance is closer to Yawa albeit with much improved grain quality. Regardless of the 2013 NVT durum results, long term data shows Saintly, Hyperno and Tjilkuri to yield similarly in the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula with Hyperno and Tjilkuri showing higher screenings and lower test weight on average. Caparoi, continues to more closely align to Kalka and Tamaroi in yield, and more often exhibits the best grain receival quality among all varieties tested. In contrast, the new high yielding varieties, Yawa and WID802 exhibit higher screenings and smaller grain size, particularly when grown in stressful conditions and need to be managed to minimise crop stress.
53
WHEAT
has shown a tendency to produce higher levels of screenings and moderate test weight on occasions.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Wheat Variety Yield Performance (2013 and long term, 2009-2013, expressed as a t/ha Mid North South East
Durums
t/ha
frosted
Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pH water Previous Crop Site Stresses
4.54 24 May
20 May
99 99 100
102 92 112
3.65 4.02 3.88
as %site av. 98 107 104
90 86 83 112 97 73 87
95 90 93 109 106 96 95
99 93 99 111 107 100 101
104 93 90 111 111 93 101
103 78 97 95 93 81 99 80 92
88 99 103 100 90 99 96 95 101
100 88 97 95 99 99 98 92 109
106 99 95 101 95 92 98 104 109
100 82 94 86 103 88 97 80 7.03 9
98 103 109 91 114 107 102 103 4.95 8
103 95 102 97 111 109 109 98 4.4 8
107 101 110 99 113 100 112 88 4.78 6
28 May
30 May
29 May
29 May
SL/C
grey C
# trials 15 15 15
98
98
3.61
97
15
104
94
3.91
104
15
101 97 3.83 7 20 May
99 98 2.47 3 9 June
4.32 3.74
115
15
CL/LiC
SCL/MC
SCL
LC/LMC
black C
C/limestone
39/275
34/495
40/334
43/397
59.6/520
20/366
27/389
25/400
8.1 clover dl
6.1 vetch fr,ld
6.8 oat hay dl
7.9 pasture dl
7.6 beans
8.2 canola
6 beans
7.9 canola
WHEAT
Abbreviations Soil type:
S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H=heavy F - fine Rain recorded in mm/ - separates top soil from sub soil
Site stress factors: dl - dry post anthesis fr - frost
54
ld - lodging yls - yellow leaf spot
t/ha
Wolseley
5.14
Sherwood
115 99 89 95 92 79 92 92 108 88 100 88 108 105 104 102 112 82 3.08 6
21 21 21 8 17 21 13 17 17 21 21 21 12 9 17 13 21 21 21 17 21 12 12 17 21 17
Long across
Keith
103 94 102 93 99 92 88 93 113 94 100 97 115 97 109 100 106 92 4.12 8
103 99 96 108 112 99 101 102 106 102 101 101 95 100 98 98 107 100 101 102 110 102 109 104 106 96 3.77
2013 (% site average) Conmurra
109 99 102 102 107 96 95 101 111 93 97 94 95 98 107 99 103 94 2.91 6
3.90 3.75 3.62 4.05 4.23 3.73 3.82 3.83 4.00 3.85 3.80 3.81 3.60 3.75 3.71 3.70 4.03 3.77 3.80 3.84 4.13 3.85 4.11 3.94 3.99 3.64
# trials
Turretfield 103 107 99 110 117 83 98
t/ha
Spalding 101 101 95 110 112 94 98
Mintaro
101 104 93 102 110 93 102
frosted
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%)
Booleroo
Variety
as %site av.
Long term average across sites (09-13)
2013 (% site average)
4.59 4.39 4.29 4.89 4.94 4.39 4.49 4.51 4.64 4.52 4.52 4.48 4.22 4.44 4.40 4.33 4.72 4.47 4.47 4.59 4.88 4.49 4.92 4.72 4.75 4.33
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
and % of site average yield) Mid and Lower Eyre Peninsula
96 110 99 114 98 104 95 5.34 4
89 100 103 110
98 91 111
111 2.53 7
109 98 99 94 94 96 96 92 102
85 102 99 110 102 104 87 4.36 5
101 84 95 112 106 92 94
104 97 98 100 97 96 98 96 103 88
101 106 101 100 98 99 98 97 108 93
101 103 102 102 98 101 102 95 106 92
93 108 98 108 105 108 85 5.67 4
95 109 101 105 105 109 96 3.98 4
96 107 98 114 100 108 86 4.8 4
4.63 4.35 4.30 4.91 4.97 4.47 4.45 4.52 4.67 4.62 4.60 4.52 4.31 4.56 4.43 4.42 4.85 4.59 4.47 4.60 4.86 4.53 5.02 4.68 4.80 4.42
t/ha 99 92 105
101 90 108
102 90 106
3.99 4.10 4.17
# trials
100 86 91 108 106 95 94
as %site av.
102 92 93 108 110 92 100
Long term average across sites (09-13) t/ha
Wokurna
96 101 92 90 96
15 15 14 9 12 15 8 12 12 15 15 15 9 5 12 9 15 12 12 12 15 9 9 10 15 11
Urania
97 92 104 95 91 102 91 88 107
102 97 96 107 110 100 99 102 104 102 102 100 96 102 98 98 107 102 100 103 108 101 100 103 106 99 4.49
2013 (% site average) Paskeville
116 115 93 89
4.60 4.35 4.31 4.82 4.92 4.50 4.46 4.56 4.66 4.59 4.57 4.51 4.33 4.57 4.42 4.42 4.80 4.58 4.50 4.62 4.87 4.53 4.96 4.62 4.74 4.43
# trials
101 86 96 105 108 89 108
t/ha
95 81
Long term average across sites (09-13) as %site av.
101 87 93 114 108 91 93
Ungarra
103 97 95 109 110 99 99 100 104 102 102 100 96 101 98 98 107 102 99 102 108 100 111 104 106 98 4.51 as %site av. 101 103 105
16 16 16 6 13 16 10 13 13 16 16 16 9 7 13 10 16 16 10 13 16 9 9 13 16 13
# trials 15 15 15
95
95
96
3.91
99
15
102
96
100
4.14
104
15
96 98 3.33 7 15 May
99 99 4.40 2 7 May
4.37 3.97
110
15
18 May
15 May
15 May
101 97 5.32 5 18 May
CL
SL
SL
CL/SCL
SCL/ SCLFS
KSC/SC
61/392
91/294
57/328
32/415
39/322
34/328
8.1 canola
8.5 canola yls
8.2 canola
8.2 lentil
8.4 lentil
8.6 lentils
Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2009-2013) *Durum varieties trialed separately and not completely valid to compare against bread wheats Data analysis by: GRDC funded National Statistics Group
55
WHEAT
17 17 17 8 14 17 8 13 14 17 17 17 11 7 14 10 17 13 17 14 17 7 11 14 17 13
Rudall
# trials
103 98 96 109 110 98 100 101 104 101 101 100 94 99 98 97 105 100 100 102 109 100 110 105 106 97 4.48
2013 (% site average) Cummins
as %site av.
term average sites (09-13)
Yorke Peninsula
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Wheat Variety Yield Performance (2013 and long term, 2009-2013, expressed as a t/ha Upper, Eastern and Western Eyre Peninsula
Nunjikompita
Penong
Piednippie
Warramboo
107 100 94 103 108 93 100
105 86 77 101 103 98 88
101 93 85 108 94 104 97
116 81 83 109 100 99 97
105 97 102 106 114 88 93
101 100 100 95 93
108 107 94 98 101
105 110 105 100 101
114 92 103 105 111
108 107 111 92 90
110 98 91 94 90
91 90 102
98 95 110
105 104 119
101 100 108
92 99 105
90 92 108
93 98 95 108 97 103 98 3.32 6 13 May LS 71/387 8.3 canola
90 93 96 101 96 109 89 3.07 4 17 May L 66/237 8.4 pasture dl
88 94 90 112 95 108 95 1.89 7 8 May L 40/187 8.7 pasture dl,wg
93 95 102 96 89 104 103 1.44 7 9 May SCL 40/187 9 pasture
103 99 104 115 103 108 100 1.88 12 13 May SL 34/246 8.7 pasture dl,wg
81 94 107 92 102 108 75 2.21 7 13 May SL 57/327 8.6 pasture
Mitchelville
105 95 93 106 107 97 100
storm damage
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Derrimut Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pH water Previous Crop Stress Factors
Minnipa
Variety
Kimba
2013 (% site average)
16 May LS 36/225 8.0 pasture st
Abbreviations
WHEAT
Soil type:
S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H - heavy F - fine
Site stress factors: dl - post anthesis moisture stress de - pre anthesis moisture stress fr - frost st - storm damage wg - grassy weeds yls - yellow leaf spot
56
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
and % of site average yield)
Murray Mallee
98 98 91 76 125 93 103
111 99 91 54 126 92 102
110 97 94 99 94 97 93 100 105
108 97 97 99 99 93 94 98 105
105 93 92 98 99 94 97 101 114
113 93 92 100 99 92 91 95 106
116 107 89 108 107 103 94 107 107
95 102 99 108 105
101 94 102 99 109
98 84 97 108 102
98 82 109 115 101
107 60 101 116 88
101 95 2.25 8 16 May LS/LS 32/202 8.3 pasture dl
101 96 2.59 7 27 May SL/SCL 17/218 9 beans de,dl
96 88 1.82 10 20 May C 25/204 8.6 wheat yls
100 103 1.55 10 17 May LS/SL 25/178 8.2 wheat dl
95 88 1.51 15 16 May SL/LC
2.53 2.40 2.32 2.51 2.69 2.46 2.39 2.39 2.61 2.59 2.50 2.48 2.39 2.51 2.41 2.47 2.67 2.52 2.38 2.40 2.54 2.51 2.63 2.42 2.54 2.40 2.42
# trials
93 93 102 91 107 95 103
as % site av.
Wunkar
98 96 87 96 109 99 98
t/ha
Wanbi
104 89 99 105 116 98 85
105 99 96 104 111 102 99 99 108 107 103 102 99 104 99 102 110 104 98 99 105 104 109 100 105 99
28 28 28 12 24 28 12 22 24 28 28 28 18 12 24 18 28 22 27 24 28 18 18 11 28 22
8.6 pasture dl
SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2009-2013) GRDC funded National Statistics Group
57
WHEAT
Data source: Data analysis by:
Pinnaroo
4 June SL/CL 27/259 7.5 pasture fr,yls
Palmer
1.87
Nangari
31 31 31 18 25 31 12 25 25 31 31 31 18 7 25 19 31 25 25 25 31 18 18 12 31 25
Geranium
104 99 97 104 110 101 99 99 107 106 103 102 99 103 99 102 110 104 99 99 104 103 108 100 105 99
frosted
# trials
2.47 2.35 2.30 2.47 2.62 2.41 2.35 2.36 2.54 2.52 2.45 2.43 2.36 2.46 2.36 2.43 2.61 2.47 2.35 2.36 2.47 2.45 2.57 2.38 2.50 2.36 2.38
Long term average across sites (09-13)
2013 (% site average)
as % site av.
t/ha
Long term average across sites (09-13)
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
2013 Wheat variety performance for grain protein (% at 11% moisture) across NVT sites
12.0 12.5 11.5 11.6 10.9 11.2 12.2 11.6 11.7 11.6 12.2 11.9 10.8 11.5 11.5 10.9
11.9 12.6 11.9 12.1 11.0 11.6 11.8 12.4 12.2 11.5 12.5 11.4 10.9 11.4 11.6 11.3
11.7 12.3 11.6 11.6 11.2 11.1 11.9 11.7 11.7 11.2 11.7 11.3 10.7 11.4 11.4 10.9
12.1 12.7 12.3 12.4 11.9 13.8 13.2 12.3
9.4 8.7 8.9 9.8 8.8 9.4 9.3 8.2
11.3 11.3 11.6 11.6 11.1 12.4 11.5 11.0
11.2 10.9 10.9 11.3 11.2 11.8 11.7 11.2
11.0 11.3 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.9 11.4 10.7
Wokurna
9.9 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.7 9.0 10.0 9.6 9.9 9.3 9.6 9.8 8.6 9.5 9.6 8.8
Urania
12.2
13.0 13.7 13.0 13.4 13.3 12.8 13.4 13.4 13.1 12.5 12.6 12.1 12.5 13.2 12.9 12.6
Paskeville
13.0 12.1 13.1 12.0
Mean
13.2 12.9 11.6
Wolseley
11.7
12.8 11.8 13.2 12.1 12.1 13.4 13.7 13.3 12.5
Sherwood
12.5 11.6 12.3 11.1
13.0 12.5
Keith
9.9
12.6 11.8 10.9
14.8 13.6 13.1 14.2 13.5 15.3 13.0 14.1 15.4 16.4 15.4 13.9 15.8 15.0 14.7 13.4 15.6 13.4 14.4 13.2 15.1 13.7 14.9 14.0 15.4
Conmurra
9.7 9.6 10.0 8.7
12.2 11.1 12.5 11.6 11.1 12.8 12.3 12.2 11.5
12.4 12.0 11.6 12.0 10.7 11.8 11.7 11.2 12.0 12.5 12.4 12.1 12.0 12.0 12.3 10.6 11.7 11.6 12.0 11.6 11.9 11.2 12.5 10.9 11.8
Mean
10.6 9.9 10.5 9.6 11.1 10.6 10.9
10.9 10.9 9.9
11.7 11.7
Yorke Peninsula
South East Turretfield
11.7 10.3 10.9 10.2 11.5 11.3 11.3
9.6 9.8 10.0 10.7 10.4 10.7 10.1 10.9 10.2
Mintaro
10.7 12.3 10.9 10.5 10.2 10.9 11.1 10.9 11.1 10.5 11.3 10.7 10.6 11.1 11.2 10.2
frosted
10.9 13.1 11.1 11.3 10.8 11.5 11.3 11.2 11.7 10.7 12.0 11.0 10.9 11.7 11.4 10.7
Booleroo
10.5 11.5
Mid North Spalding
10.4 9.8 10.8 9.7 10.7 10.6 10.4
Mean
10.7 12.4 10.8 10.6 10.0 11.1 11.2 11.1 10.9 10.8 10.9 10.9 10.4 10.7 11.2 10.1
Ungarra
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
Rudall
Cummins
Lower Eyre Peninsula
11.4 12.2 11.4 11.5 10.9 11.7 11.8 11.7 12.0 11.9 11.7 11.0 11.0 11.4 11.5 10.8 12.1
11.5 12.5 11.1 11.3 10.7 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.2 11.5 11.6 11.7 10.7 11.8
11.1 12.0 11.0 10.5 10.3 11.6 11.3 11.2 11.8 10.9 11.5 10.9 11.0 11.7 11.5 10.7 11.2
11.0 10.5 11.1 10.4 11.4 11.5 11.6
11.2 10.4 11.3 10.8 11.7 11.1 11.3
10.9 10.1 10.6 10.1 10.6 11.1 11.1
85.6 82.7 85.4 82.1 83.5 80.5 84.0 83.6 80.4 84.5 82.1 83.0 83.5 82.0 81.5 82.8 80.8
85.1 81.9 84.5 81.7 82.6 78.8 84.4 83.9 80.1 84.4 81.8 82.3 82.6 81.2 82.4 82.7 81.5
85.5 81.5 84.8 81.3 83.3 78.1 83.7 84.0 79.4 83.8 81.4 82.0 81.2 80.0 80.9 82.7 80.3
82.3 85.3 81.8 84.6 83.6 84.2 82.8
81.8 84.9 82.5 83.2 82.9 83.5 82.2
80.2 84.1 81.0 83.1 83.4 83.7 79.9
WHEAT
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
58
85.1 81.3 83.5 80.9 81.9 78.3 83.0 82.3 79.2 84.2 81.2 81.8 83.3 81.3 80.8 82.2
83.1 84.6 79.1 84.5 82.3 82.4 82.6
85.1 82.5 81.7 84.2 79.1 84.6 84.2 80.6 83.1 81.3 82.0 79.8 81.1 83.6
81.0 83.5 81.3 82.6 83.4
83.1 79.6 81.9 77.5 80.4 75.9 82.6 81.7 77.7 84.1 79.4 80.3 81.5 78.1 79.2 80.9
76.1 82.0 77.4 81.0 79.4 80.3 80.3
84.4 81.2 80.0 82.2 77.8 83.4 82.7 79.2 83.8 80.6 81.4 79.7 80.4 82.2
80.1 83.4 79.3 82.7 82.0
84.2 83.7 85.1 79.9 80.8 79.0 82.6 83.6 80.1 84.6 80.3 82.3 82.5 79.3 81.3 83.6 80.9 82.7 80.6 82.9 80.7 83.5 82.8 81.7 82.3
frosted
2013 Wheat variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) across NVT sites 84.0 81.7 81.0 78.1 83.1 80.2 82.9 83.1 80.4 83.9 81.8 81.8 83.3 81.4 81.1 82.4 81.6 82.9 80.8 84.0 80.8 83.8 81.9 82.8 82.9
77.2 76.6 78.5 72.1 74.5 68.9 76.3 75.2 72.4 76.5 72.7 77.0 74.4 72.4 74.9 76.5 71.7 76.6 73.5 80.1 75.7 75.6 74.0 74.8 75.7
81.8 80.7 82.8 76.7 79.4 76.0 80.6 80.6 77.6 81.7 78.3 80.4 80.1 77.7 79.1 80.8 78.1 80.7 78.3 82.3 79.1 81.0 79.6 79.8 80.3
81.6 78.6 81.3 80.9 80.6 78.1 81.6 80.1 78.5 82.7 78.6 80.0 80.5 79.2 78.9 80.0
85.6 83.0 84.8 83.7 83.4 82.3 83.5 83.1 82.4 85.4 82.8 83.2 83.7 82.8 82.5 83.6
84.9 81.4 85.3 81.3 82.9 81.6 83.1 82.4 81.3 85.3 81.0 82.7 83.5 82.1 82.5 82.8
86.6 83.2 86.1 82.3 84.5 82.0 85.5 83.8 82.3 85.8 83.1 84.1 84.0 82.6 83.3 84.3
84.7 81.5 84.4 82.0 82.8 81.0 83.4 82.4 81.1 84.8 81.4 82.5 82.9 81.7 81.8 82.6
81.2 79.9 82.7 78.7 81.0 79.9 81.1 80.7
84.4 84.9 85.1 82.7 85.0 84.2 84.2 83.2
84.2 82.8 85.1 81.6 83.9 82.9 83.0 83.6
85.1 84.0 86.5 84.1 85.5 84.7 84.2 83.2
83.7 82.3 84.9 81.8 83.3 82.9 83.1 82.6
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
11.8 10.9
14.9 15.2
14.2 13.0
14.9 14.2
13.3 12.9
85.6 84.1 85.1 84.5 84.7 81.4 84.7 84.7 81.6 85.4 82.5 83.2 84.0 83.0 82.4 83.8
85.7 83.6 85.4 83.9 83.0 83.0 84.4 83.6 82.5 85.7 83.5 83.4 84.7 82.5 83.7 84.0
82.9 81.7 81.8 81.0 82.3 77.9 81.8 81.5 78.3 82.5 80.8 81.4 81.4 78.3 79.9 82.4
83.9 82.3 84.2 81.4 84.5 80.3 83.9 83.5 80.0 84.3 81.4 81.5 83.2 81.4 81.5 83.3
85.1 84.6 84.8 82.5 85.1 81.2 84.0 84.0 82.7 84.3 83.0 82.4 83.6 81.7 82.7 83.6
84.6 83.2 84.2 82.7 83.9 80.8 83.8 83.5 81.0 84.4 82.2 82.4 83.4 81.4 82.0 83.4
84.8 83.6 85.6 82.5 85.7
84.2 83.8 85.4 82.5 85.3
81.5 79.6 81.8 81.1 82.6
83.8 82.1 83.9 82.6 84.4
85.1 81.3 85.1 82.9 84.6
83.9 82.1 84.3 82.3 84.5
84.0 82.9
84.4 84.1
81.1 80.0
82.3 82.8
82.8 82.6
82.9 82.5
10.9 11.3 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.8 11.0 10.7 11.3 10.8
13.3 13.6 12.7 13.0 12.1 13.6 13.1 13.3 14.3 14.2 14.4 13.4
11.9 12.2 11.3 11.5 10.9 12.0 11.5 11.8 12.4 12.3 12.5 11.7
13.9 13.8 11.5
12.2 12.3 10.9
10.7 11.3 9.7
14.2 14.1 12.3
12.5 12.4 10.9
13.6 12.8 13.1 13.4 12.9 12.5 14.2
13.4 11.8 12.4 12.1 12.2 11.7 13.6
11.5 11.3 11.7 11.0 11.7 11.2 11.5
10.2 9.7 10.1 9.7 10.2 10.1 10.2
13.8 12.5 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.0 15.1
11.9 11.1 11.5 11.3 11.6 11.3 12.1
85.5 83.2 85.3 83.1 83.6 81.5 84.7 84.2 81.1 85.1 81.9 82.8
85.3 83.2 84.5 80.3 82.4 80.5 83.2 82.6 80.9 82.4 82.5 83.2
84.2 81.6 83.8 79.7 81.7 79.6 83.1 82.6 80.7 84.0 81.8 82.5
83.0 80.2 81.8 80.8 81.5 79.1 80.9 81.8 80.2 84.4 81.9 83.0
85.9 83.0 85.6 84.4 84.7 82.5 85.0 84.7 81.4 83.8 84.1 83.4
82.1 79.5 79.5 76.3 77.8 73.5 78.8 80.2 74.7 78.2 76.7 79.0
84.3 81.8 83.4 80.8 82.0 79.4 82.6 82.7 79.8 83.0 81.5 82.3
79.4 82.5 83.2
80.2 80.9 84.8
80.8 81.7 83.2
81.0 81.3 81.9
81.8 84.2 85.0
73.5 75.9 79.8
79.4 81.1 83.0
83.0 85.0 82.4 84.7 84.3 83.5 82.9
80.8 83.7 82.2 81.9 83.1 82.3 79.8
80.8 84.1 81.2 83.4 82.6 82.7 81.4
82.1 83.4 80.3 83.8 81.9 81.7 83.6
82.7 85.5 83.5 84.1 83.7 84.2 82.8
74.2 80.0 76.1 76.1 77.7 78.4 74.7
80.6 83.6 80.9 82.3 82.2 82.1 80.8
13.0 12.9 12.5 13.3 12.4 13.9 12.5 13.2 13.8 14.7 13.9 13.1
10.2 9.0 8.6
13.8 14.2 12.2
8.5 8.1 8.5 7.9 9.1 9.3 8.3
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
12.0 12.4
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
84.2 81.8
12.1 10.7 11.9 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.3 12.3 11.7 12.3 12.2 11.2
11.8 11.2 11.6 11.2 11.8
80.7 82.2 79.2 82.9 82.6 79.9 83.6 81.0 82.0 80.1 81.0 82.6
80.9 83.8 81.0 83.0 82.2
59
WHEAT
10.9 10.9
12.3 12.2 11.7 11.7 11.0 11.7 11.7 12.0 12.5 12.1 12.3 11.4
8.7 9.8 8.7 9.1 8.5 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.2 8.6 9.3 9.2
MEAN
12.4 12.9 12.2 12.3 12.4
Mean
13.4 15.1 13.5 13.4 14.2
Warramboo
12.5 12.9 12.0 12.4 12.7
Streaky Bay
13.9 14.5 14.3 13.7 14.2
Penong
11.4 11.4 10.5 11.6 10.4
Nunjikompi-ta
10.6 10.5 10.5 10.2 10.5
13.0 13.4 12.3 12.0 11.6 13.5 12.2 12.5 13.6 13.5 13.6 12.5
13.1 13.1 12.3 14.1 9.8 12.5 12.7 12.6 13.4 13.8 12.9 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.0 12.5
Mitchelville
15.1 14.9 13.5 17.1 12.8 14.0 14.1 13.8 14.3 15.1 14.3 13.8 14.2 15.3 14.6 14.3
storm
13.8 13.5 12.5 15.8 1.2 12.4 13.0 13.9 13.8 14.1 12.9 12.5 13.7 13.4 13.2 13.5
storm
14.7 14.1 13.8 15.1 14.0 14.7 14.2 14.5 15.3 15.4 14.9 13.6 14.3 15.1 14.9 13.3
Minnipa
Wunkar
10.9 11.3 11.0 11.6 10.9 10.8 11.1 10.4 12.2 12.8 11.5 11.5 10.9 11.7 11.2 11.1
Kimba
Wanbi
11.0 11.6 10.8 11.1 10.0 10.6 10.9 10.6 11.4 11.7 11.1 10.9 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.4
Mean
Pinnaroo
81.4 84.8 81.8 83.6 83.3 83.8 81.6
Palmer
85.4 82.0 84.9 81.7 83.1 79.2 84.1 83.8 80.0 84.2 81.8 82.5 82.4 81.1 81.6 82.7 80.9
frosted
11.0 10.4 11.0 10.4 11.2 11.2 11.3
Nangari
Geranium frosted
Mean 11.3 12.3 11.2 11.1 10.7 11.7 11.5 11.5 11.9 11.6 11.7 11.1 11.2 11.5 11.5 10.7 11.7
ALL SITES
Upper Eyre Peninsula
Murray Mallee
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
2013 Wheat variety performance for screenings (% < 2mm) across NVT sites
WHEAT
60
1.6 2.1 2.4 2.1 0.9 0.5 0.6 3.5
1.2 1.4 1.1 1.8 0.8 0.4 1.1 2.1
1.6 1.6 0.6 2.1 0.8 1.0 0.6 2.7
2.7 3.0 2.2 3.4 1.6 0.8 1.2 3.8
1.8 2.0 1.6 2.4 1.0 0.7 0.9 3.0
Wokurna
1.3 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.0 2.1 1.5 2.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 3.1 0.7 1.9 1.1
Urania
1.4 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.1 3.0 2.4 4.1 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.5 3.6 0.9 3.1 1.7
Paskeville
Mean
1.2 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.3 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.0 2.1 0.4 0.9 0.7
1.5 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.4 1.0 1.6 1.3 3.2
1.7 0.6 1.4 1.0 0.8 1.9 2.2 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.1 0.6 2.9 0.8 1.2 1.1 2.0
1.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 2.2 1.6 2.2 1.1 1.9 0.9 1.0 2.8 0.6 1.6 1.1 2.9
2.0 2.0 2.8 1.3 0.8 0.9 2.0
2.0 0.8 2.3 1.4 0.5 0.4 1.6
2.8 1.7 2.5 1.4 1.1 0.9 2.3
mean
11.7 11.0 10.1 10.4 11.0 10.5 10.7
12.0 12.1 10.9 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.5
13.1 13.1 12.0 12.9 12.6 12.5 12.6
Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa
mean
Wokurna
11.8 12.5 10.9 12.1 11.7 11.8 11.5
Turretfield
Urania
12.5 12.6 11.6 12.5 12.1 12.1 12.4
Spalding
Paskeville
14.6 14.7 13.6 14.7 14.2 13.9 14.3
Mintaro
mean
16.2 16.6 14.9 15.9 16.1 15.6 15.9
frosted
Turretfield
13.0 12.9 12.3 13.4 12.2 12.3 12.6
Mid North
MEAN
Spalding
Yorke Peninsula
Mintaro Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa
1.3 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.8 0.7 1.1 0.6 0.7 2.8 0.5 1.6 1.2
2013 Durum variety performance for test weight
frosted
Mid North
1.4 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.6 2.3 0.9 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.2 4.1 1.1 1.9 0.8
ALL SITES
2013 Durum variety performance for grain protein (% at 11% moisture) across NVT sites
Wolseley
2.7 1.0 2.6 3.4 1.8 3.6 3.9 2.7 2.1 6.1 2.4 1.7 5.3 2.1 2.0 2.7 3.9 3.2 4.0 2.2 3.6 3.8 3.5 1.6 3.2
Sherwood
4.3 1.0 3.0 3.9 1.9 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.0 13.8 3.0 1.8 11.2 3.0 2.1 4.0 6.4 3.7 6.8 2.3 2.6 6.0 6.0 2.1 6.3
Keith
2.1
1.7 1.0 1.8 3.5 1.6 2.8 2.8 2.2 1.8 2.6 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.1 1.6 2.3 2.5 3.2 3.2 1.8 3.6 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.6
Yorke Peninsul
Conmurra
3.8 4.9 6.4 3.1
Mean
4.7 3.3 4.0 2.5 2.6 1.7 3.2
2.6 4.8 1.8
Turretfield
6.3 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.2 0.8 3.7
2.3 3.0 5.1 3.4 3.9 3.6 5.5 3.4 2.3
2.1 1.1 2.9 2.8 2.0 3.3 4.5 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.6 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.1 2.5 4.6 3.2 2.7 1.3 1.8
Spalding
3.8 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.1 4.1 2.6 3.2 2.5 3.4 2.3 1.9 3.7 1.9 3.6 1.8
South East
Mintaro
2.7 0.4 1.7 1.8 0.9 3.6 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.7 1.7 2.0 3.7 1.9 2.8 1.2
Booleroo
3.9 2.9
Mid North
frosted
4.0 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.9 2.1 2.6
Mean
4.8 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.5 3.7 2.7 3.3 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.5 3.7 1.3 3.1 2.4
Ungarra
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
Rudall
Cummins
Lower Eyre Peninsula
82.9 80.6 82.2 80.7 80.5 79.2 80.8
79.2 74.9 78.3 76.9 73.8 74.6 74.8
81.0 77.7 80.3 78.8 77.2 76.9 77.8
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
2.5 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.1
1.0 4.8
0.9 1.7
0.2 1.9
1.1 2.8
0.3 1.4
0.7 2.5
2.1 1.8 2.7 1.9 1.1 1.0 2.8
4.4 1.9 2.2 2.6 0.9 0.7 1.2
1.6 0.7 2.0 0.9 0.9 1.9 5.7 2.3 1.9 0.4 1.2 1.1
1.5 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.6 0.4 1.4 0.5 1.3 1.4 0.1 0.7
2.4 1.3 3.4 2.8 2.0 3.8 3.6 2.1 2.4 9.1 3.0 2.1
1.6 0.9 1.9 1.4 1.2 2.0 2.8 1.4 1.5 2.8 1.3 1.2
1.7 0.8 1.1
1.2 1.2 1.1
1.1 0.3 0.7
3.9 2.3 2.3
1.9 1.2 1.2
1.6 1.7 2.2 0.8 2.0 1.1 1.6
1.5 1.6 2.2 0.8 1.3 0.6 1.0
1.8 0.6 1.6 0.8 1.0 0.3 1.9
6.1 2.7 3.9 6.9 3.8 1.0 5.1
2.9 1.7 2.5 2.3 1.7 0.8 2.3
MEAN
2.6 0.8 1.0 2.3 0.2
1.8 0.5 0.4
1.8 0.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 2.5 2.4 1.3 0.8 2.0 1.4 1.3
ALL SITES
4.9 4.0 2.9 4.6 1.2
2.0 2.0 1.4
Mean
1.5 1.7 0.4 0.2 1.0
1.1 0.6 1.1 1.4 0.8 1.4 1.7 0.7 0.8 2.4 0.9 0.6
Warramboo
1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.6 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.0
Streaky Bay
2.0 1.2 2.3 2.7 1.6
1.6 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.2 2.0 1.2 2.2 1.1
Penong
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.6 0.5 1.9 0.4
Nunjikompita
3.5 2.5 3.2 2.4 2.0 3.2 3.9 3.3 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.2 3.6 2.1 4.1 1.8
Mitchelville
Wunkar
0.2 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.3 1.6 1.0 0.1 1.8 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.8 1.0 0.1
Minnipa
Wanbi
1.8 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.1 2.0 1.5
Kimba
Pinnaroo
1.2 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.4 0.8 1.5 1.3 1.9 0.9 1.9 0.6 2.1 1.5
Mean
Palmer
Geranium
2.3 1.5 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.7 2.0
Upper Eyre Peninsula
Nangari
1.5 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.9 2.7 0.8 1.5 1.2 2.7
frosted
Mean
Murray Mallee
storm
la
AGT Katana Axe Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Dart Emu Rock Espada Estoc Gladius Grenade CL Plus Harper Justica CL Plus Kord CL Plus Mace Magenta Peake Phantom Scout Shield Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
2.0 1.0 1.7 1.3 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.8 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7
3.0 1.9 2.6 2.2 1.1
Urania
Wokurna
mean
4.4 17.9 5.6 6.6 10.6 8.7 14.4
2.8 12.1 4.0 4.9 6.7 6.7 10.5
1.0 5.3 1.7 1.5 2.9 2.8 7.1
0.9 6.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.9
0.5 5.6 1.3 1.2 2.0 2.4 6.1
0.8 5.6 1.7 1.6 2.3 2.4 6.0
1.6 8.2 2.6 2.9 4.0 4.1 7.8
61
WHEAT
Paskeville
1.1 6.3 2.4 3.1 2.7 4.6 6.6
MEAN
mean
Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri WID0802 Yawa
Turretfield
82.9 78.5 81.7 80.5 78.8 78.5 78.7
Spalding
84.2 79.0 82.6 81.6 79.8 79.6 79.3
Mintaro
mean
84.6 79.8 83.2 82.8 80.4 80.5 79.2
Yorke Peninsula
frosted
Wokurna
84.4 78.0 81.9 80.9 79.8 79.5 80.1
MEAN
Urania
83.4 79.1 82.6 81.1 79.3 78.9 78.7
Mid North
ALL SITES
Paskeville
Yorke Peninsula
ALL SITES
2013 Durum variety performance for screenings (%) across NVT sites (kg/hl) across NVT sites
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Compass provides new direction in 2013 barley trials By Rob Wheeler, Leader, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI
For the first time since its commercial release, the new potential malt barley Compass, surpassed all others for grain yield in 2013 barley trials across SA. Compass produced the highest average yield of 4.2 t/ha among 29 released varieties tested at 20, Rob Wheeler SARDI managed, NVT sites across South Australia. The trials, funded by GRDC, also tested a further 10 advanced lines from barley breeding programs operating throughout Australia. Timely opening rains in most districts, resulted in the 2013 trials being sown during the period May 10th to June 9th, with the majority sown in the second half of May. Seeding was followed with above average winter rainfall and warm temperatures leading to rapid crop development. However, conditions deteriorated later in the season and spring was very warm and dry in most districts. Overall the warm and wet conditions over winter were favourable for development of both spot and net forms of net blotch which were the most prevalent diseases seen in barley trials in 2013. Low incidences of leaf rust and rhizoctonia were also seen and black point was noted in grain from Arthurton and Cummins. Several trials were sprayed to control net blotch and leaf rust, preventing significant damage. This management strategy was introduced in 2012, and all sites have been additionally treated with fertilizer amended fungicides since 2012. Following the success of 2012, it was another very good year for the barley NVT program with good results from all sites except at Wharminda where storm damage caused excessive head loss and the abandonment of the trial. The remaining 19 trials recorded an average yield of 3.7 t/ ha, well above the 3.23 t/ha produced in 2012, with site average yields ranging from 1.42 t/ ha at Lameroo to 5.63 t/ha at Bordertown.
Barley
While barley trial grain yields in 2013 improved relative to 2012, all aspects of grain receival quality were generally similar. Across all trials, average grain
62
protein declined marginally from 11.6 percent in 2012 to 11.2 percent in 2013. Average test weights were down, from 70.7 to 67.8 kg/hl, screenings declined from 4.0 percent to 3.4 percent and retentions improved, from 73.1 to 75.7 percent in 2013. Early to midseason flowering varieties were generally those most favoured by the dry spring conditions in 2013 with the new release from the University of Adelaide Barley Breeding program, Compass, leading when averaged across all sites. Compass led LaTrobe, a new release from the WA based Intergrain Breeding program by 2 percent, with both having a significant yield advantage over Hindmarsh, Fathom and Skipper which ranged from 5 to 7 percent below Compass respectively. Midseason flowering Commander and Fleet and a group of later flowering and maturing varieties comprising Bass, GrangeR and Oxford averaged 9 to 10 percent below Compass with Buloke and Scope well below, at 14 and 17 percent respectively. Compass and Latrobe formed the leading two varieties within most cropping regions except for the South East where, not surprisingly, they were marginally out-yielded by the later maturing varieties, Navigator and Oxford. Although now an older variety, Keel also featured in the top list within Central Eyre Peninsula and Murray Mallee sites. There its very early maturity was an advantage under very dry spring conditions. However the leading variety, Compass, which has now been tested for two seasons in SA NVT, produced consistent and very high yields in all districts. With the final outcome of malting and brewing accreditation of Compass expected in early 2016, it offers an agronomic package similar to Commander albeit with much improved yield and disease resistance. Compass has good resistance to CCN, net form net blotch, powdery mildew and root lesion nematode. It produces very plump grain with good retention and low screenings but moderate test weight like Commander and susceptibility to black point like Buloke and Schooner. Irrespective of its final malt status, Compass will be a very profitable variety for most districts in southern Australia.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Hindmarsh, the most widely grown commercial variety in SA, was third ranked in 2013 NVT and performed well throughout Mid North and Yorke Peninsula trials. Hindmarsh has established itself as a widely adapted, high yielding variety, suitable for most districts, although its short height and slow early vigour may preclude it from drier areas such as the Mallee and Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula. Hindmarsh has a food grade classification that may attract a premium over feed and as such Hindmarsh will be one of the most profitable options for most districts.
and overall, could be considered an alternative to established feed varieties in most districts. Ranking just behind Fathom across all trials in 2013 was Skipper, another new potential malt variety awaiting accreditation due in early 2015. Skipper outyielded Commander in all regions in 2013 and data from NVT in SA since 2009 has shown Skipper to yield similarly to Commander and would be a useful alternative in lower rainfall environments. Skipper has good resistance to both forms of net blotch, powdery mildew and CCN but is highly susceptible to some strains of leaf rust and is susceptible to leaf scald. It has very plump grain with improved test weight, retention and protein relative to Commander.
Growers are reminded that Hindmarsh has a short coleoptile and its establishment and yield can be compromised by deep sowing, fungicide amended seed treatments and pre-emergent herbicides that affect coleoptile length.
Two widely grown varieties in SA, Fleet and Commander produced moderate yields in 2013 trials when compared to the leading varieties. Fleet continues to lead Commander in the drier Mallee and Central Eyre Peninsula environments and elsewhere yields were similar with Commander leading in Lower Eyre Peninsula. Fleet has early to mid season maturity, performs well across a range of soils including light sandy soils and has an excellent spectrum of foliar and root disease resistances although now shows high susceptibility to net form net blotch. Fleet remains a good option for districts not at risk of net form net blotch, and across several years of NVT, has produced moderate test weights and low screenings. Fleet is also suitable for stubble situations and deeper sowing, by virtue of its long coleoptile.
Fathom, the highest yielding commercial variety in 2012 trials, performed well across all districts in 2013 except the South East where, not surprisingly, it was out-yielded by the later flowering varieties. As a new feed variety recently released from the University of Adelaide Breeding Program, longer term yield data shows Fathom to be comparable to Fleet and Hindmarsh in most districts and more particularly the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula. Fathom competes well against weeds, has high levels of resistance to CCN and most foliar diseases, but is quite susceptible to some new strains of net form net blotch and leaf rust, and is susceptible to black point. Fathom has grain quality similar to Fleet with moderate test weight and generally low screenings
While trailing Compass by an average 10 percent, Commander was still the highest yielding malting variety in 2013 trials. It again showed wide adaptation across regions and was much superior to Buloke on average. Based on its longer term yield performance, Commander has been the better option in all districts and particularly the Mallee and Central Eyre Peninsula. Commander has CCN resistance and modest foliar disease resistance and therefore should not be grown on barley stubble. However it has excellent grain plumpness, low screenings and high retentions albeit with slightly lower test weights and grain protein, which were again seen in 2013 trials. Until the new potential malt varieties are accredited, Commanderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yield and grain
63
Barley
The second ranked variety, LaTrobe is also awaiting final malt status due in early 2015 and has now been widely evaluated across three years in SA NVT. Latrobe is derived from Hindmarsh showing similar wide adaptation and like Hindmarsh, is less suited to the sandy Mallee soils. LaTrobe performed well across all regions except the Mallee in 2013 and in long term results shows yields generally similar or slightly higher than Hindmarsh in most areas. LaTrobe has a similar disease resistance profile to Hindmarsh but is more resistant to root lesion nematode but more susceptible to leaf rust. LaTrobe has a short coleoptile, like Hindmarsh, and grain generally has good test weight but moderate plumpness and screenings.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
characteristics will ensure that it is one of the most profitable varieties to grow in many districts, with a greater likely-hood of achieving malt grain quality. Well behind the leading varieties in 2013 and amid high interest due to its imidazolinone tolerance and newly acquired malting status, Scope produced moderate results. It continues to perform similar to Buloke and
was a popular choice for sowing in 2013 as growers held widespread concerns over “imi” herbicide residues leading into the 2013 sowing season. Contrary to ‘on farm’ reports of high head loss in Scope, NVT trials where head loss was noted did not reveal any additional weakness with Scope relative to high head loss varieties like Schooner and SloopSA. Issues with
SA barley variety yield performance (2013 and long term, 2005-2013, expressed as a t/ha Lower Eyre Peninsula Upper Eyre Long term average across sites (05-13)
2013 (% site average) Variety Barque Bass Buloke Charger Commander Compass Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Granger Henley Hindmarsh Keel La Trobe Maritime Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper Sloop SA SY Rattler Westminster Wimmera Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pH water Previous Crop Site Stress Factors
Cummins 96 110 105 99 110 113 106 92 100 102 88 100 99 102 102 109 100 107 103 88 102 101 85 95 100 4.85 6 18 May CL 61/392 8.1 canola
Wanilla
110 91 97 96 114 108 88 95 109 96 100 97 117 108 118 91 111 98 89 116 88 89 103 3.74 10 20 May S 35/511 6.4 canola
2013 (% site average)
t/ha
as % sites average
# trials
Darke Peak
Elliston
Minnipa
Streaky Bay
3.54 3.79 3.66
99 106 102
23 18 26
107 100
90 91
105 103
101 94
3.77 4.15 3.92 3.49 3.85 3.66 3.47 3.83 3.77 3.93 3.63 3.98 3.53 3.38 3.81 3.28 3.63 3.81 3.40 3.62 3.59 3.75 3.57
106 116 110 98 108 103 97 107 106 110 102 111 99 95 107 92 102 107 95 101 101 105
26 5 11 26 26 11 23 11 14 23 26 8 26 8 16 26 14 11 26 7 9 12
101 119 120 103 108 101
91 105 97 97 97 99
106 114 110 92 110 95
98 112 111 95 112 96
103 84 100 119 108 105
108 88 118 112 136 89
105 97 98 116 111 89
98 98 101 105 108 105
94 78 93 110
107 98 83 99
99 82 93 118
110 89 94 99
2.88 5 17 May SL 57/319 8.1 pasture
2.21 9 14 May S 30/395 8.3 pasture rh, sn
3.58 10 17 May L 66/237 8.4 pasture dl
2.85 9 10 May LS 36/217 8.7 pasture dl.nn,sn,rh
Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H - heavy F - fine NW - non wetting / - separates top soil from sub soil
Barley
Site stress factors: cr - crown rot de - dry preanthesis dl - dry post anthesis rh - rhizoctonia nn - net form net blotch ns - spot form net blotch
64
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
while others are still been evaluated. Navigator, Oxford and Wimmera generally performed well in the higher rainfall South East trials in 2013 and could potentially offer opportunities particularly for growers in higher rainfall areas and as an alternative to Gairdner and Baudin.
Scope on farm were most likely a result of the severe winds, high potential yields and possible weakened straw due to its susceptibility to some foliar diseases. Navigator, Bass, GrangeR, Wimmera, SY Rattler, Westminster and Macquarie are among a range of new, later maturing recently released varieties. Some have already approved malting accreditation status
and % of site average yield) Peninsula
Murray Mallee
Long term average across sites (05-13) t/ha
as % sites average
# trials
Cooke Plains
Lameroo
Paruna
t/ha
as % sites average
# trials
2.51 2.54 2.45
107 109 105
29 20 33
94 97
79 96
83 96
2.29 2.02 2.30
106 93 106
22 16 25
2.54 2.91 2.76 2.43 2.72 2.36
109 124 118 104 116 101
33 8 16 33 33 16
102 115 107 104 109 99
110 121 119 103 110 93
103 112 104 113 116 94
2.45 2.41 2.68 2.54 2.68 2.38
105 103 115 109 114 102
16 16 29 31 12 33
104 94 94 99 97 95
111 85 112 145 100 72
91 84 114 105 111 105
2.42 2.51 2.36 2.24 2.46 2.18 2.27 2.34 2.28 2.26 2.15 2.33 2.18
112 116 109 103 114 101 105 108 106 105 99 108 101
25 6 12 25 25 12 13 12 12 22 25 9 25
2.38 2.23 2.40 2.62 2.30
102 95 102 112 98
20 33 20 16 29
102 84 110 98 93
99 69 89 114 90
95 91 90 105 94
2.36 2.00 2.36 2.31 2.16 2.20
109 92 109 107 100 102
15 25 15 12 25 3
3.22 9 4 June SL/LSCL 14/389 7.8 wheat
1.42 14 28 May LS/LSCL 36/235 7.3 wheat dl
2.39 11 28 May S/LS 24/219 9 wheat dl
2.16
2.34 22 May NWS 47/375 7.0 pasture nn,sn,st
Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2005-2013) Data analysis by: GRDC funded National Statistics Group
65
Barley
storm damage
Wharminda
Long term average across sites (05-13)
2013 (% site average)
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Barley Variety Yield Performance (2013 and long term, 2005-2013, expressed as a t/ha Yorke Peninsula Long term average across sites (05-13)
2013 (% site average) Variety Barque Bass Buloke Charger Commander Compass Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner Granger Henley Hindmarsh Keel La Trobe Maritime Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper Sloop SA SY Rattler Westminster Wimmera Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pH water Previous Crop Site Stress Factors
Arthurton
Brentwood
Bute
Port Clinton
Warooka
t/ha
94 102 98 100 109 115 100 93 98 101 89 107 102 110 98 112 93 100 103 93 96 105 94
93 102 99 101 102 118 115 95 99 94 92 107 96 114 109 114 99 97 96 91 99 115 95
98 103 103 93 110 122 110 92 115 97 86 106 104 104 105 115 105 99 101 88 102 109 82
95 110 105 100 104 116 119 87 108 107 84 105 106 121 119 113 103 100 104 62 100 111 65
92 113 106 103 99 102 90 93 96 96 86 100 105 107 97 110 111 96 103 97 101 98 99
100 101 4.67 6 29 May CL/LC 42/476 8.4 wheat sn
92 100 3.83 7 23 May SL/SCL 47/278 8.5 wheat lr, rh,dl
91 94 4.35 9 15 May FS 40/362 8.5 lupins rh
96 97 4.52 7 14 May LS/SCL 46/371 8.4 wheat hl,nn
103 101 4 7 23 May S 23/409 8.3 peas lr
3.24 3.41 3.25 3.50 3.39 3.87 3.63 3.12 3.57 3.18 3.05 3.35 3.31 3.53 3.29 3.55 3.14 2.68 3.26 2.88 3.20 3.45 2.97 3.13 3.03 3.21 3.13
as % sites average
# trials
104 109 104 112 108 124 116 100 114 102 97 107 106 113 105 114 100 86 104 92 102 110 95 100 97 103
44 35 44 15 44 10 19 44 44 19 44 19 24 39 44 14 44 25 29 44 24 19 44 14 29 24
Abbreviations
Barley
Soil type: S - sand L - loam C - clay Li - light M - medium H - heavy F - fine NW - non wetting / - separates top soil from sub soil
66
2013
Site stress factors: bo - boron toxicity de - dry preanthesis dl - dry post anthesis hl - head loss lr - leaf rust nn - net form net blotch rh - rhizoctonia sn - spot form net blotch wg - grass weeds
Crystal Brook 101 97 109 105 111 99 87 107 89 94 110 101 108 103 109 93 102 106 85 96 97 95 95 95 98 3.01 6 17 May SCLFS/CL 34/319 8.6 wheat dl,wg
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
and % of site average yield) Mid North Long term average across sites (05-13)
(% site average)
103 103 99 105 114 109 90 106 96 85 102 100 115 104 116 97 100 96 87 99 107 92 99 93 98 4.41 4 28 May LMC 46/415 8.4 chickpeas
Turretfield
104 95 93 107 125 119 97 100 93 88 94 97 119 106 119 92 95 99 95 94 117 99 102 89 95 3.49 5 9 June LC/LMC 43/397 7.9 pasture dl,sn
t/ha 3.75 3.85 3.83 3.92 3.93 4.42 4.22 3.66 4.10 3.71 3.55 3.85 3.79 4.21 3.94 4.24 3.70 3.45 3.73 3.43 3.79 4.07 3.58 3.66 3.50 3.76 3.64
Longt erm average across sites (05-13)
2013 (% site average)
as % sites average
# trials
Bordertown
103 106 105 108 108 122 116 100 113 102 98 106 104 116 108 116 102 95 103 94 104 112 98 101 96 103
24 21 27 9 27 6 12 27 27 12 27 12 15 24 27 9 27 18 18 27 15 12 27 12 9 15
94 103 95 103 99 103 104 88 99 94 92 107 104 100 93 107 87 107 108 83 93 102 85 99 102 109 5.63 7 29 May CL 25/400 7.6 canola
Keith
t/ha
110 93 104 105 111 91 89 106 108 90 104 96 102 97 107 94 112 108 85 94 101 92 95 100 106 5.33 8 30 May CL/limestone 20/366 8.2 canola sn
4.10 4.14 4.36 4.35 4.70 4.38 3.90 4.38 4.07 4.01 4.27 4.23 4.33 4.11 4.42 3.97 4.01 4.38 3.64 4.12 4.26 3.83 4.05 4.02 4.22 4.01
as % sites average
# trials
102 103 109 109 117 109 97 109 102 100 106 106 108 102 110 99 100 109 91 103 106 95 101 100 105
15 17 7 17 4 7 17 17 7 17 7 9 15 16 6 16 11 11 17 9 7 17 9 11 11
Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2005-2013) Data analysis by: GRDC funded National Statistics Group
67
Barley
Salters Springs
South East
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
2013 Barley variety performance for screenings (% < 2.2mm) across NVT sites
0.8 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.7 2.5 1.7 2.0 1.2 3.1 0.5 2.4 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.9 0.9
9.1 2.4 10.2 4.2 22.0 19.1 7.0 7.7 10.9 9.4 4.2 25.5 8.2 18.3 5.9 12.9 8.0
3.7 1.6 5.2 2.2 8.2 7.8 3.5 3.7 6.0 5.4 2.0 10.0 3.7 6.9 3.3 7.0 3.5
1.2
2.9
2.1
1.2 0.3 0.6 0.6
2.7 1.2 1.9 2.6
1.4 0.6 0.9 1.2
0.6 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.4
1.0 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5
2.0 1.6 2.2 0.7 0.9
1.2 1.0 1.4 0.5 0.6
0.5
0.9
2.1
1.2
1.0 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.6
1.1 1.6 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.6
1.2 2.1 0.9 3.4 1.6 2.1 1.4
1.1 1.6 0.6 2.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
0.4
0.6
1.2
0.7
0.2 0.3 0.5 2.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.4
mean
1.3 1.6 4.4 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 5.7 3.7 1.2 2.2 2.0 1.0 2.7 5.3 1.7
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
Keith
8.6
2.3 2.5
Bordertown
20.9
mean
2.5
Paruna
2.3
Lameroo
4.1 5.4
2.7 1.9 3.6 4.4 8.9 6.3 1.5 5.0 3.3 2.0 6.3 2.5 3.9 3.6 2.3 1.3 7.4 1.9 1.9 1.9
Cooke Plains
Turretfield
0.8 1.3
0.6 0.4 1.0 1.0 3.8 1.5 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.0
South East
mean
Salters Springs
1.9 0.8
Wanilla
Crystal Brook
Murray Mallee
1.6 1.2 2.3 2.7 6.4 3.9 1.1 3.1 1.9 1.3 3.8 1.7 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.0 4.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Cummins Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
Mid North
mean
Lower Eyre Peninsula
0.4
0.3
1.2 4.2 2.7 0.7 1.0 0.3 1.0 5.5 0.8 0.4 1.3
0.8 3.3 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 3.2 0.5 0.4 1.0
0.9 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 5.3 0.5
0.5 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 3.2 0.4
2013 Barley variety performance for retention (% > 2.5mm) across NVT sites
Barley
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
68
90.1 97.2 93.2 89.6 65.8 92.9 94.0 89.4 94.5 96.3 83.3 94.7 94.9 92.5 94.7 96.0 82.5 93.7 91.5 96.2
81.5 86.2 77.8 70.9 56.2 73.5 85.9 71.7 74.3 83.6 73.8 84.8 79.4 70.9 84.1 90.6 64.8 84.8 77.7 83.1
85.8 91.7 85.5 80.2 61.0 83.2 90.0 80.5 84.4 90.0 78.5 89.7 87.1 81.7 89.4 93.3 73.6 89.2 84.6 89.7
90.7
80.7
85.7
71.8 82.9
88.3 85.5
60.9 40.0
73.7 69.4
62.0
58.1
14.5
44.8
86.2 82.4 54.5 66.3 68.0 67.6 68.5 76.8 50.5 72.2 87.9 63.7 68.1 72.7 66.5 44.6 74.6
89.2 94.4 84.8 90.8 76.5 54.4 68.2 67.8 84.0 81.6 94.8 52.3 83.6 73.9 86.0 58.4 77.1
45.3 71.1 24.2 51.7 20.3 15.5 39.9 38.0 35.4 49.3 61.3 11.8 33.4 20.2 50.6 25.2 34.7
73.6 82.6 54.5 69.6 54.9 45.9 58.9 60.9 56.6 67.7 81.3 42.6 61.7 55.6 67.7 42.7 62.1
94.6 97.7 97.5 94.4
86.0 97.7 94.0 92.4
70.1 88.6 79.0 62.2
83.6 94.7 90.2 83.0
96.6 95.5 92.4 96.6 97.5
93.2 92.9 87.8 94.2 95.2
81.9 73.3 66.4 83.4 81.1
90.6 87.2 82.2 91.4 91.2
96.8
93.3
74.8
88.3
92.8 94.1 98.1 90.7 94.9 96.2 96.7
92.2 91.4 96.1 79.4 90.0 95.2 92.9
82.5 80.0 95.0 65.7 68.9 71.3 78.5
89.1 88.5 96.4 78.6 84.6 87.6 89.4
96.4
95.4
80.3
90.7
99.2 98.5 97.1 84.8 98.3 98.3 95.7 97.6 98.3 91.1 98.0 97.6 95.2 97.1 98.6 90.3 93.8 96.9 96.9 92.3 95.7
98.3
98.7
90.1 68.0 83.6 96.5 90.2 95.5 89.5 65.2 89.5 96.5 92.4
93.6 76.4 90.9 97.4 92.9 96.6 93.9 78.2 93.7 97.0 93.8
91.0 70.4 94.8 93.4 97.1 73.8 94.9
94.8 80.3 94.3 95.2 97.0 83.0 95.3
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
28.9 14.8 40.0 16.9 32.9
1.7 1.4 0.4 0.8 0.3
10.3 14.3 55.8 7.6 34.3
1.9 0.8 1.5 0.6 2.7
14.5
0.4
17.8
5.7
21.5 23.0 12.2 33.1 27.8 39.8 20.5
0.4 1.1 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.8
22.7 15.9 5.2 11.3 38.0 26.4 31.1
1.6 1.7 0.4 5.7 1.3 1.1 2.1
13.9 9.1 6.7 20.6 5.6 14.3 8.0 9.7 9.0 3.8 10.8 13.8 14.0 11.3
0.7
1.1 0.9 1.3 1.4
3.5 1.8 11.6 13.2
6.8 6.5 25.0 13.5
1.3 1.7 5.1 4.1
2.6 2.2 8.7 6.6
0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 3.1 0.7 0.5 0.5
1.3 0.6 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.1 2.6 0.4 1.0 0.7
3.7 1.6 10.9 1.6 10.8 9.3 4.1 5.3 3.2 1.6 1.4 15.2 4.4 10.1 3.1
7.0 2.6 15.6 5.7 12.2 10.8 10.7 7.1 5.7 14.1 2.2 9.5 11.4 11.6 11.7
2.9 1.0 1.6 1.4 5.4 7.5 4.2 4.0 1.5 2.0 0.6 9.5 3.0 6.0 1.8
3.1 1.2 5.8 1.9 6.0 6.1 4.0 3.6 2.3 3.8 0.9 8.0 4.0 5.9 3.6
0.5
0.8
4.6
6.3
2.5
2.9
93.8 96.2 90.7 82.4
87.8 89.1 85.2 81.5
62.7 74.0 41.1 30.4
53.7 45.0 10.0 22.7
88.9 83.6 65.8 73.2
77.4 77.6 58.6 58.0
96.1 97.1 94.1 96.7 86.1 79.1 91.6 91.1 91.4 95.6 96.7 61.2 89.2 84.7 93.9
89.1 94.3 87.8 91.3 88.1 80.8 85.5 86.5 89.6 94.0 96.1 66.9 88.3 83.6 90.1
73.1 78.5 34.9 74.0 33.8 36.1 53.1 57.8 70.3 87.5 80.3 24.0 60.1 40.3 71.1
52.0 76.4 19.9 43.9 24.0 30.5 26.5 42.1 47.9 40.7 70.3 26.0 22.6 23.2 30.9
82.0 91.5 86.9 88.2 64.9 56.8 71.3 69.0 85.5 88.8 94.2 49.8 76.4 61.6 87.0
78.4 87.6 64.7 78.8 59.4 56.7 65.6 69.3 76.9 81.3 87.5 45.6 67.3 58.7 74.6
86.9
88.8
53.2
45.6
78.1
70.5
MEAN
1.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7
ALL SITES
31.8
mean
0.3
8.5 7.8
Warooka
34.6
2.3 1.0 1.7 1.7 9.8 3.0 2.0 5.3 2.0 1.2 3.0 1.8 2.4 2.3 3.3 0.6 2.2 1.3 1.7 2.1
Port Clinton
1.6 1.4
Bute
Wharminda
16.5 18.8
Brentwood
Streaky Bay
0.9 0.1
Yorke Peninsula Arthurton
Minnipa
21.3 17.8
mean
Elliston
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
Darke Peak
Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
3.1 6.9 4.3 2.5 8.0 2.5 6.6 3.9 4.4 4.7 1.7 7.0 5.3 6.3 4.5
19.0 20.9
88.8 98.6
23.3 23.1
76.3 71.7
12.4
96.0
9.2
73.3
24.2 39.9 5.5 21.7 12.5
89.2 91.0 94.8 91.7 95.7
36.9 36.1 5.1 32.9 9.6
83.1 89.6 73.1 86.7 57.6
19.1
94.7
21.4
39.7
25.1 30.0 46.0 11.7 17.5 13.2 23.0
95.5 95.6 96.2 78.6 95.2 95.5 95.2
16.0 32.6 61.0 25.2 11.1 13.2 17.6
74.0 81.6 95.3 34.7 70.6 73.3 73.8
73.0 89.2 71.6 80.6 36.1 71.6 81.1 53.8 70.1 78.8 71.6 74.2 73.2 75.2 82.0 93.7 68.7 76.9 73.2 82.8 82.4
56.1 60.7 54.3 61.0 67.5 46.5 60.6 50.8 49.8 57.2 64.3 78.4 43.8 54.3 53.7 58.5
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
78.2 64.6 76.9 83.0 65.6 77.1 67.9 69.3 72.9 77.5 87.0 55.9 70.7 67.5 75.5
69
Barley
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
2013 Barley variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) across NVT sites
71.6 73.0 73.8 73.8 71.7 72.5 71.9 68.7 73.2 73.1 72.7 72.9 73.9 71.4 72.4 71.4 72.7
67.3 70.1 70.8 67.0 66.9 67.8 69.9 66.4 68.9 68.1 67.3 69.9 70.1 66.5 69.8 69.0 69.8
70.0 71.3 72.2 70.0 69.7 70.2 71.2 67.9 71.1 70.5 70.0 71.8 72.2 69.4 71.2 70.0 71.2
73.0
68.8
70.9
71.1 73.6 73.7 72.8
72.7 72.1 71.1 71.6
71.9 72.6 72.2 72.1
70.4 71.4 72.1 70.0 70.7
71.7 70.6 73.7 69.8 71.5
71.9 69.4 73.5 70.6 71.6
71.3 70.4 73.1 70.1 71.3
72.0
72.6
72.2
72.3
72.6 72.2 71.4 69.4 72.6 72.2 71.0
72.9 73.9 71.9 71.1 74.1 72.9 73.2
73.6 72.4 72.4 73.0 73.4 71.7 72.9
73.0 72.8 71.9 71.2 73.3 72.2 72.4
71.4
72.6
72.7
72.2
74.7 74.6 74.6 72.3 72.5 73.3 75.5 73.0 74.1 74.0 74.0 71.1 74.9 73.7 73.4 72.9 75.0 74.9 73.5 73.7 73.7
mean
71.1 70.7 72.1 69.2 70.7 70.2 71.7 68.6 71.1 70.3 70.0 72.7 72.7 70.3 71.4 69.6 71.1
71.8 72.2 72.0 71.9
Keith
68.8
71.2 71.1
Bordertown
65.8
mean
70.8
Paruna
69.8
Lameroo
69.4 68.9
67.6 68.5 67.5 68.9 65.4 66.1 69.5 69.9 68.0 69.7 69.3 67.8 61.9 68.7 70.2 70.0 66.2 69.6 69.2 68.1
Cooke Plains
Turretfield
73.3 72.7
71.7 73.1 72.6 72.1 69.7 72.4 71.6 73.5 71.8 73.1 72.3 72.6 69.5 73.9 72.4 72.0 72.0 73.3 73.0 72.7
South East
mean
Salters Springs
70.9 71.8
Wanilla
Crystal Brook
Murray Mallee
69.6 70.8 70.0 70.5 67.6 69.3 70.5 71.7 69.9 71.4 70.8 70.2 65.7 71.3 71.3 71.0 69.1 71.5 71.1 70.4
Cummins Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
Mid North
mean
Lower Eyre Peninsula
73.4
74.0
72.7 70.1 70.9 73.0 74.3 72.2 72.5 71.3 72.7 69.4 74.0
73.6 71.2 71.7 73.1 74.9 72.6 73.3 72.7 73.3 70.2 74.5
71.9 70.0 74.1 73.1 73.1 70.7 72.1
72.6 71.5 74.6 74.0 73.3 72.2 72.9
2013 Barley variety performance for grain protein (% at 0% moisture) across NVT sites
Barley
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
70
8.8 9.2 8.6 8.4 8.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 7.9 8.8 8.6 8.3 8.1 8.5 8.9 8.7 7.8 8.5 8.3 8.9
11.7 11.1 10.9 10.5 11.4 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.4 11.2 10.7 11.3 10.6 10.9 11.6 11.4 10.5 11.0 10.5 11.0
10.3 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.9 9.2 9.7 9.8 9.7 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.4 9.7 10.3 10.1 9.2 9.8 9.4 10.0
9.0
10.7
9.9
13.0 13.8
11.4 12.6
15.6 16.3
13.3 14.2
11.4
11.4
14.9
12.6
11.0 12.2 11.7 12.6 13.4 12.1 13.1 12.3 11.9 11.1 12.7 12.6 12.4 11.4 12.8 12.0 13.4
10.9 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.2 11.3 12.7 11.5 11.0 11.5 11.1 11.6 11.8 10.7 11.6 10.6 12.7
14.8 14.7 16.2 14.1 17.1 15.5 17.0 16.0 14.8 14.4 15.7 17.4 16.0 15.2 15.2 15.8 17.7
12.2 12.5 12.9 12.6 13.9 13.0 14.3 13.3 12.6 12.3 13.2 13.9 13.4 12.4 13.2 12.8 14.6
10.8 10.9 10.9 9.9
9.2 9.6 9.8 8.4
12.3 13.2 11.8 12.1
10.8 11.2 10.8 10.1
8.8 10.2 10.6 9.9 10.1
8.2 8.8 8.6 8.5 9.2
10.4 11.3 11.3 11.3 10.6
9.1 10.1 10.2 9.9 10.0
10.5
9.0
12.1
10.5
10.7 10.9 9.9 9.3 10.8 9.9 10.3
8.1 8.8 9.3 8.4 9.2 8.4 9.0
10.7 10.5 11.4 11.8 13.3 12.0 11.6
9.8 10.1 10.2 9.8 11.1 10.1 10.3
11.3
8.7
11.9
10.6
10.1 9.8 9.1 9.3 8.9 10.3 10.1 8.8 10.0 9.2 9.4 9.0 9.9 9.6 10.1 8.3 10.9 9.1 9.8 8.2 9.7
9.7
9.9
9.0 9.7 9.7 8.8 9.2 9.0 9.8 10.0 9.0 8.8 9.0
9.1 9.5 9.3 9.6 9.7 8.9 9.9 9.6 9.2 8.9 9.5
10.4 8.8 9.8 9.1 9.5 9.8 8.7
10.3 8.6 10.4 9.1 9.7 9.0 9.2
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
70.0
63.1 64.8 65.8 63.4 64.6
71.1 69.6 73.8 68.9 71.9
69.6 66.7 68.6 68.2 66.5
68.3 68.5 71.5 71.6 71.3
68.0
73.1
69.9
70.2
65.7 64.5 65.0 69.0 67.1 62.9 66.5
73.5 72.2 71.6 72.6 73.4 72.9 72.0
67.1 66.5 69.3 72.1 67.3 67.5 66.8
69.6 69.6 69.8 70.8 71.0 70.6 70.8
68.3 68.2 67.6 70.1 68.0 68.6 69.9 69.2 68.6 69.1 70.9 70.0 68.6 69.2
69.3
72.5 71.7 71.7 70.9
72.0 72.8 72.6 72.1
66.5 68.4 63.4 65.3
68.6 68.5 65.6 67.2
70.8 70.9 69.3 69.3
70.1 70.5 68.5 69.0
72.6 73.3 73.8 71.1 70.2 72.1 71.7 67.5 73.3 72.9 72.0 69.5 74.6 71.2 73.3
72.5 71.7 73.9 70.4 72.3 72.9 71.5 68.7 73.8 73.4 72.6 71.9 73.3 72.1 72.6
65.5 66.8 68.1 65.0 64.2 65.8 67.4 61.4 68.1 70.4 67.0 65.4 68.6 65.5 68.1
68.4 65.8 69.0 66.4 68.4 68.9 69.1 66.7 69.2 66.4 68.6 70.8 69.6 68.3 68.7
68.8 70.1 72.9 69.0 69.5 67.9 69.7 66.6 71.9 72.0 70.9 69.2 71.2 68.3 71.2
69.6 69.6 71.5 68.4 68.9 69.5 69.9 66.2 71.2 71.0 70.2 69.3 71.5 69.1 70.8
71.5
72.8
66.5
70.6
70.6
70.4
12.2 11.9 11.8 11.4
11.7 11.4 11.3 10.6
14.2 14.4 13.5 13.1
16.8 17.5 16.2 15.7
13.5 12.4 11.9 11.7
13.7 13.5 12.9 12.5
11.6 11.6 11.6 11.8 11.7 11.2 10.7 10.8 10.5 11.2 11.7 11.5 11.9 11.0 11.7
10.7 11.1 11.3 10.8 11.1 11.1 11.3 10.6 10.7 10.8 11.7 10.8 11.1 10.6 11.2
13.1 13.1 14.1 13.4 14.4 14.7 13.5 13.0 12.9 12.9 13.9 14.1 13.2 13.0 13.6
15.8 15.4 16.3 16.3 17.9 16.3 17.8 15.9 16.0 14.6 16.8 17.5 17.1 15.9 16.7
11.6 12.3 12.3 11.9 13.3 13.1 12.9 11.8 11.4 11.9 12.0 12.4 12.1 12.1 12.7
12.6 12.7 13.1 12.8 13.7 13.3 13.2 12.4 12.3 12.3 13.2 13.3 13.1 12.5 13.2
12.2
11.4
14.5
18.0
12.4
13.7
ALL SITES MEAN
66.2
mean
72.2
68.4 70.4
Warooka
63.1
69.4 70.0 68.7 70.0 67.7 68.8 68.1 70.7 67.6 68.7 69.8 68.5 64.9 69.8 70.3 69.7 70.2 71.3 69.0 69.7
Port Clinton
69.7 72.0
Bute
Wharminda
68.0 69.8
Brentwood
Streaky Bay
71.7 73.3
Yorke Peninsula Arthurton
Minnipa
63.3 67.0
mean
Elliston
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
Darke Peak
Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
71.3 69.9 69.7 69.9 71.9 69.4 70.0 70.8 71.3 70.8 70.5 70.6 71.8 70.2 70.9
15.6 15.9
8.5 8.1
17.5 16.3
14.9 15.5
13.6
7.9
15.8
14.2
15.1 14.4 15.1 14.5 15.9
7.7 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.9
15.3 15.2 16.9 15.6 17.2
14.4 13.2 14.4 15.4 15.8
15.4
7.7
17.1
16.0
14.3 13.0 15.5 16.1 15.2 15.3 13.9
7.9 8.5 8.5 7.7 8.2 8.0 8.5
15.6 14.0 16.6 16.2 17.3 16.0 16.2
13.7 14.0 14.8 15.9 15.1 14.4 14.7
10.4 10.4 10.0 9.7 10.2 9.6 9.4 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.7 10.5 10.3 9.9 10.1 9.8 11.4 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.0
13.4 13.2 12.2 12.4 12.1 13.0 12.6 13.4 13.3 12.3 11.9 13.0 13.5 13.2 12.8 12.8
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
12.5 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.9 11.6 12.3 12.3 11.4 11.5 12.1 12.0 12.2 11.6 12.0
71
Barley
Barque Bass Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders Gairdner GrangeR Henley Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA SY Rattler Wimmera
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Hyola 575, Hyola 559 and Nuseed Diamond all perform well 2013 By Andrew Ware, Research Scientist, SARDI, Port Lincoln
NVT canola trials in 2013 showed just a few varieties performing well in each herbicide tolerance group across the majority sites in 2013. Of the conventional varieties newly released Nuseed Diamond performed well at the five sites where Andrew Ware it was trialled. The Clearfield tolerant variety trials saw Hyola 575CL top the yields across the state and in the Triazine Tolerant trials, Hyola 559TT produced the highest yields when averaged across all sites. The performance of canola sites across South Australia in 2013 saw site mean yields range from 0.78 t/ha at the district Clearfield canola site at Minnipa (treated with the same management practices as NVT site) to 2.92 t/ha at the Moyhall Conventional Canola trial. Yields across the South Australian trials were higher than long term averages. Poor establishment in the Lock Triazine Tolerant trial and waterlogging across the Frances canola site saw results from these trials not suitable for release. It should be noted that breeders have the option to enter their varieties at NVT sites they believe will best suit that variety. This means a particular variety may only be evaluated at a few NVT sites across the state in a year, for example newly released varieties Nuseed Diamond and Pioneer 44Y87 were only evaluated at five and six sites respectively in 2013. This is explains the number of gaps against a number of varieties on the yield tables. Comparisons across herbicide tolerance groups should not be made. Although the trials are located adjacent to each other and receive many of the same management practices NVT trials are not structured to allow direct comparisons between the herbicide tolerance groups.
Canola
Varieties are now included in canola NVT trials for up to two years prior to release. This will give growers and advisors more information to select canola varieties on into the future.
NVT canola trials were treated with Impact-infurrow (Flutriafol at 400 g a.i. per hectare) in 2013. This reduced the effect that blackleg had across trials, an important factor to consider when selecting varieties based on these results. That said monitoring for blackleg and other diseases took place at seven trials not treated with fungicide adjacent to NVT sites. These were chosen for higher risk of disease in 2013. In general terms blackleg severity in South Australia was quite low in 2013. Growers on Lower Eyre Peninsula are still urged to avoid growing Group D cultivars following the breakdown of resistance in Hyola 50 in that region. The NVT trail at Turretfield showed high levels of blackleg severity in Group A and Group B cultivars. Other trials showed all varieties monitored being below the national average for blackleg severity. Growers are urged to use the blackleg management guide to assist making varietal decisions and to monitor their own crops for blackleg around windrowing time. A number of other diseases were prevalent in monitoring sites adjacent to NVT sites and in commercial crops in 2013. White leaf spot and downy mildew were easily found throughout the establishment phase. Several crops, quite unusually, reported still seeing symptoms well into flowering. It is generally believed that these diseases rarely cause significant yield loss, but this is the subject of on-going research. Alternaria and Sclerotinia were found at least in low levels at most monitoring sites in 2013 close to windrowing. Both of these diseases can cause significant yield loss and are also the subject of on-going research. There will be nine canola new varieties available for 2014 sowing in South Australia. There are several new open pollinated varieties being released, these will attract an end point royalty (EPR). However, the majority of new releases will be hybrids. These, together with a range of existing varieties will give growers and advisers a wide selection of varieties across all herbicide tolerance groups available for planting in 2014.
continued on p. 62
72
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Mid maturing canola: long term â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2009-2013
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
AV Garnet
2.27
108
10
2.89
106
6
AV Zircon
2.18
104
6
2.85
105
2
CB Agamax
2.16
103
8
2.86
106
4
CB Tango C
2.07
99
5
2.71
100
t/ha
South East
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
t/ha
2.39
108
8
2.29
104
2
2.31
105
2
2.20
No. Trials
t/ha
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
2.40
110
14
2.36
109
8
5
2.20
101
7
100
2
2.12
98
6 14
Hyola 50
2.34
112
10
3.10
114
6
2.48
112
8
2.53
116
Nuseed Diamond
2.37
113
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Victory V3002
2.32
111
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.45
113
6
Site Av. Yield (t/ha)
2.09
Archer
2.21
105
4
3.00
106
3
2.41
105
11
2.32
108
10
Carbine
2.15
102
4
2.85
101
3
2.37
103
7
2.06
96
6
Hyola 474CL
2.16
102
6
2.93
104
3
2.33
101
9
2.33
109
8
Hyola 575CL
2.20
104
8
2.93
104
5
2.36
103
12
2.39
112
11
Hyola 577CL
2.19
104
2
-
-
-
2.34
102
2
2.36
110
2
Pioneer 43C80 (CL)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pioneer 43Y85 (CL)
2.02
96
2
2.66
94
2
2.19
95
3
2.04
95
3
Pioneer 44Y84 (CL)
2.15
102
10
2.91
103
7
2.38
103
15
2.07
97
14
2.71
2.21
2.17
Pioneer 44Y87 (CL)
2.19
104
2
-
-
-
2.41
105
3
2.15
100
3
Pioneer 45Y86 (CL)
2.26
107
8
3.04
108
5
2.48
108
12
2.28
106
11
Pioneer 45Y88 (CL)
2.29
108
4
2.99
106
2
2.48
108
6
2.35
110
5
VT X121CL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Xceed Oasis CL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Site Av. Yield (t/ha)
2.11
ATR Bonito
1.99
105
4
2.44
98
2
2.18
104
6
1.83
101
5
ATR Gem
1.93
101
6
2.39
96
2
2.10
100
8
1.82
101
7
ATR Stingray
1.86
98
8
2.36
94
5
2.05
98
12
1.70
94
11
ATR Wahoo
1.92
101
4
2.34
94
2
2.09
100
6
1.82
101
5
-
-
-
2.56
102
2
2.18
104
6
1.77
98
5
CB Atomic HT
2.82
2.30
2.14
CB Henty HT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.88
104
8
CB Jardee HT
1.76
93
10
2.43
97
7
1.97
94
15
1.62
90
14
CB Nitro HT CB Telfer
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.09
99
3
-
-
-
1.44
76
4
2.06
82
2
1.64
78
6
1.14
63
9 11
Crusher TT
1.99
105
8
2.50
100
5
2.19
104
12
1.86
103
Hyola 450TT
1.96
103
2
-
-
-
2.15
103
3
1.92
107
2
Hyola 555TT
2.01
106
8
2.60
104
5
2.21
105
11
1.94
108
11 5
Hyola 559TT
2.03
107
5
2.65
106
2
2.24
107
7
1.93
107
Hyola 650TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.24
107
2
-
-
-
Hyola 656TT
2.01
106
4
2.58
103
2
2.20
105
4
1.96
109
5
Monola 314TT
1.65
87
2
-
-
-
1.84
88
2
1.47
82
2
Monola 413TT
1.66
88
4
2.15
86
2
1.84
88
6
1.45
81
5
Monola 605TT
1.63
86
6
2.14
86
3
1.79
85
9
1.51
84
7
-
-
-
2.29
92
2
1.98
94
7
1.56
87
2
Thumper TT
1.84
97
8
2.26
90
4
1.97
94
11
1.85
103
11
Site Av. Yield (t/ha)
1.90
Pioneer Sturt TT
2.50
2.10
Conventional
t/ha
Variety
% of Site Mean
Mid North
Clearfield
Yorke Peninsula
Triazine Tolerant
Lower Eyre Peninsula
1.80
73
Canola
Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and District Canola Trials. 2009-2013 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program. Comparisons cannot be made across chemistry types as the trials were not structured to allow this.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Early maturing canola: long term â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2009-2013 South East
t/ha
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
t/ha
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
t/ha
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
t/ha
AV Garnet
1.52
113
5
2.86
106
2
2.26
117
2
AV Zircon
1.26
94
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
CB Agamax
1.49
111
4
-
-
-
-
-
CB Tango C
1.54
115
3
-
-
-
-
Hyola 50
Variety
% of Site Mean
No. Trials
2.38
116
5
2.14
104
3
-
2.44
118
4
-
-
2.12
103
3 5
1.56
116
5
3.19
118
2
2.28
118
2
2.43
118
Nuseed Diamond
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Victory V3002
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.25
109
2
2
Site Av. Yield (t/ha)
1.34
2.70
1.93
2.06
Archer
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.93
108
Carbine
1.13
106
3
2.57
105
2
-
-
-
1.87
105
3
Hyola 474CL
1.15
108
3
2.59
106
2
-
-
-
1.82
102
3 3
Hyola 575CL
-
-
-
2.58
105
2
-
-
-
1.87
105
Hyola 577CL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pioneer 43C80 (CL)
0.99
94
3
2.22
91
2
-
-
-
1.53
86
3
Pioneer 43Y85 (CL)
1.09
103
3
2.44
99
2
-
-
-
1.72
97
3
Pioneer 44Y84 (CL)
1.11
105
4
2.66
108
3
-
-
-
1.97
111
4 2
Pioneer 44Y87 (CL)
1.14
108
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.86
104
Pioneer 45Y86 (CL)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pioneer 45Y88 (CL)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.62
91
2
VT X121CL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Xceed Oasis CL
0.84
79
5
-
-
-
1.48
80
2
1.47
82
3
Site Av. Yield (t/ha)
1.06
2.45
1.85
1.78
ATR Bonito
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.88
103
2
ATR Gem
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.83
100
2 4
ATR Stingray
1.19
105
3
2.31
95
3
-
-
-
1.65
91
ATR Wahoo
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CB Atomic HT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.04
112
2
CB Henty HT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CB Jardee HT
-
-
-
2.51
103
4
1.67
99
2
1.83
101
5
CB Nitro HT CB Telfer
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.01
89
4
1.95
80
4
1.39
83
2
1.42
78
5
Crusher TT
-
-
-
2.49
102
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hyola 450TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hyola 555TT
-
-
-
2.73
112
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
Hyola 559TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.09
115
Hyola 650TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hyola 656TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Monola 314TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Monola 413TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.65
91
2
Monola 605TT Pioneer Sturt TT Thumper TT Site Av. Yield (t/ha)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.15
102
2
2.37
97
2
-
-
-
1.85
102
3
-
-
-
2.30
94
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.13
2.44
1.68
Conventional
Mid North
Clearfield
Yorke Peninsula
Triazine Tolerant
Upper Eyre Peninsula
1.82
Canola
Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and District Canola Trials. 2009-2013 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program. Comparisons cannot be made across chemistry types as the trials were not structured to allow this.
74
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Conventional canola variety trials were established at ten sites across South Australia in 2013. The Frances sites had to be abandoned due to severe waterlogging. Newly released hybrid variety Nuseed Diamond produced high yields relative to other conventional varieties at the five sites where it was evaluated in South Australia in 2013. Nuseed Diamond was found to flower and mature seven to ten days earlier than mainstay conventional variety, Hyola 50 in 2013. At the time of writing there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t likely to be seed available for commercial plantings of Nuseed Diamond for 2014. Of the other conventional varieties Hyola 50 again produced high yields across a range of sites. Long term yields reflect this, with Hyola 50 performing well in all regions, only bettered by Nuseed Diamond on Lower Eyre Peninsula (the only region with enough data to produce a long term yield).
Clearfield varieties Clearfield (Imidazolinone tolerant) varieties were evaluated at 15 sites, of which the Frances site had to be abandoned due to severe waterlogging. The stand out Clearfield variety across South Australia in 2013 was Hyola 575CL. 2013 was the fourth year Hyola 575CL had been in widespread NVT trials and the first time it has shown such good adaptation across the state. Long term yields show Hyola 575CL performing well in the mid-season trials in the South East, but similar to suite of other varieties in other regions. Hyola 474CL performed similarly well across a wide range of sites in 2013; however at a few couple of percentage points behind Hyola 575CL.
NVT trials in 2013, but was included district canola trials on Upper Eyre Peninsula. Xceed OasisCL was the only released Juncea canola to be evaluated in 2013. In general terms its yields were lower than most of the other canola varieties at the sites where it was evaluated.
Triazine tolerant varieties Thirteen Triazine Tolerant (TT) canola sites were successfully harvested in 2013, with the site at Lock having to be abandoned due to poor establishment and Frances site lost due to waterlogging. Hyola 559 TT performed well across all regions in South Australia in 2013. Hyola 559 TT has been in widespread evaluation for two years and long term yields show it as having the highest relative yield in all mid-season maturing regions Newly released Hyola 450 TT also performed well across the State in 2013, with a better relative performance in the early-maturing trials. Growers currently have a choice of eight open pollinated TT (ATR Bonito, ATR Gem, ATR Stingray, ATR Wahoo, CB Telfer, Crusher TT, Pioneer Sturt TT, and Thumper TT). Newly released ATR Bonito and ATR Wahoo both have end point of $5 per tonne. Of the open pollinated varieties, ATR Stingray showed slightly better yield performance than other open pollenated varieties when averaged across all sites. This, in general terms is a few percentage points behind the hybrid TT varieties. Long term yields show ATR Bonito being higher than ATR Stingray across all regions of South Australia.
In the early maturing trials, new comer Pioneer 44Y87 yielded well at the six sites where it was evaluated in 2013, and consistently out yielding older Pioneer line Pioneer 44Y84.
In 2013 the specialty TT canola varieties yielded lower compared to their 2012 performance. All three Nuseed Monola varieties consistently yielded below the site mean. These varieties and the other specialty type varieties would be considered as options based their yields and on the premium price being offered for production. They are only likely to be grown under a closed loop system in selected areas.
Early maturing variety 43C80 is the only open pollinated Clearfield tolerant variety currently commercially available. It wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t included in
The contribution of data and information for this report from Trent Potter, Yeruga Crop Research, is gratefully acknowledged.
75
Canola
Conventional varieties
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Canola Variety Trial Yield Performance (2013, expressed as % of site average yield)
Canola
Lock
101 93 97 92 104 109 104 2.03 8
89 83 104 109 108 1.22 7
Archer Carbine Hyola 474CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 577CL Pioneer 43C80 (CL) Pioneer 43Y85 (CL) Pioneer 44Y84 (CL) Pioneer 44Y87 (CL) Pioneer 45Y86 (CL) Pioneer 45Y88 (CL) VT X121CL Xceed Oasis CL Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%)
91 98 107 110 92 95 103 100 1.65 8
100 92 107 109 93 90 104 101 1.94 9
103 119 122 98 116 45 70 1.09 8
ATR Bonito ATR Gem ATR Stingray ATR Wahoo CB Atomic HT CB Henty HT CB Jardee HT CB Nitro HT CB Telfer Crusher TT Hyola 450TT Hyola 555TT Hyola 559TT Hyola 650TT Hyola 656TT Monola 314TT Monola 413TT Monola 605TT Pioneer Sturt TT Thumper TT Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%)
99 97 113 80 95 95 115 108 114 114 113 90 90 87 99 1.47 9
107 103 100 102 98 98 108 102 111 110 118 84 84 76 104 1.70 10
Date Sown Soil Type pH water Apr-Oct rain (mm) Previous Year
14 May LS 5.8 26/406 wheat
30 Apr CL 6.8 65/316 wheat
Abbreviations
76
1 May SL 8.6 88/271 barley
Soil type: S - sand L - loam C - clay
Minnipa
Mt Cooper
Arthurton 91 98 96 85 102 99 2.11 10
Minlaton
87 112 111 96 119 86 85 110 116 61 98 0.78 10
104 107 107 112 89 91 92 103 102 89 84 1.47 6
91 100 99 107 94 100 105 107 2.38 10
113 86 106 109 86 91 98 -
113 103 110 87 89 114 91 99 104 116 111 112 108 81 109 0.81 10
101 108 107 104 107 103 73 102 106 115 119 122 98 86 106 1.25 12
93 92 101 77 109 114 108 105 92 110 113 115 106 90 74 88 88 90 1.89 14
102 99 98 109 105 100 64 106 119 123 79 92 95 1.92 8
16 May L 8.4 66/237 pasture
19 May SCL
2 May CLS 8.3 42/378 lentils
14 May SCL 8.6 26/365 wheat
67/341 barley
no trial
Yeelanna
86 80 99 95 114 104 1.55 9
Yorke Peninsula 2013
no trial
Mt Hope
AV Garnet AV Zircon CB Agamax CB Tango C Hyola 50 Nuseed Diamond Victory V3002 Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%)
no valid results
Variety
Upper Eyre Peninsula 2013
no trial
Lower Eyre Peninsula 2013
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Murray Mallee 2013
104 94 109 111 99 102 103 84 86 2.46 5
99 103 100 97 94 93 103 106 2.54 7
102 90 99 104 103 94 97 100 2.35 5
96 110 102 93 99 114 113 124 51 81 1.00 12
112 105 116 113 102 112 114 110 67 70 1.91 11
105 88 105 95 98 91 100 110 2.58 14
108 107 104 108 106 100 109 109 118 118 90 89 85 102 106 2.11 6
104 101 109 94 100 96 98 106 105 109 112 110 99 80 87 96 101 2.53 8
100 96 101 104 95 105 95 99 106 106 113 115 113 75 94 93 93 101 2.16 6
98 105 98 94 112 102 116 95 110 107 125 85 104 89 0.96 0.15
95 96 103 88 114 101 110 63 103 129 116 92 79 86 1.84 12
96 109 110 103 105 111 87 77 104 115 108 97 0 104 90 85 99 2.27 15
1 May SCL 6.8 40/334 oat hay
13 May SCL 6.3 38/427 vetch/oats
6 May SCL 7.9 44/341 barley
27 May L
21 May CL 8.1 20/366 beans
28 May CL 5.8 25/400 pasture
10/250 barley
Frances
5 Jun SL 5.8 23/483 cereal
Moyhall 110 102 99 90 2.92 11 105 95 99 105 104 106 90 101 2.59 13 95 102 89 106 107 118 99 90 109 97 107 110 112 107 77 87 95 105 2.69 12 24 May C 7.5 30/575 beans
Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and District Canola Trials. Comparisons cannot be made across chemistry types as the trials were not structured to allow this.
77
Canola
103 99 98 101 101 2.72 12
Conventional
Bordertown
97 91 102 98 113 104 2.11 10
Clearfield
Keith
100 93 94 98 97 125 1.17 10
Triazine Tolerant
Lameroo
trial abandoned
Turretfield
no trial
Riverton
no trial
96 100 95 95 104 98 2.64 9
trial abandoned
Spalding
South East 2013
trial abandoned
Mid North 2013
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Cereal Variety Disease Guide 2014 By Hugh Wallwork, Principal Cereal Pathologist and Pamela Zwer, Oat Breeder
Good early growth of cereal crops were made possible by a reasonably early start to the Hugh Wallwork season followed by a warm May and a warmer and wetter than average winter. These favourable conditions also enabled diseases such as crown rot, take all, eyespot and the net blotches to develop early and rapidly where inoculum was present. There was very little disease pressure on oats in 2013. Early bacterial blight on susceptible varieties failed to develop beyond midseason.
Crown rot and take-all Crown rot was favoured by high levels of inoculum carried over from 2012 followed by ideal conditions for infection. Relatively dry conditions during grainfill in many areas, particularly the upper Eyre Peninsula, then resulted in white head expression and yield losses from crown rot. For those looking for some resistance; the partial resistance to crown rot observed in the varieties Kukri and AGT Katana has been retained in the new variety Emu Rock. Trojan and Phantom have partial resistance derived from Sentinel. Take-all appeared as a problem on upper/eastern Eyre Peninsula, particularly around Cleve, in 2013. The fungus requires wet spring conditions to build up as occurred in 2010 and 2011. Although the dry spring in 2012 would not have increased inoculum, the dry conditions through spring and summer likely prevented break down of the inoculum. The Cleve experience is a timely reminder that it only takes 1-2 seasons with conducive conditions (presence of a host and a wet spring) for take-all inoculum to build up to potentially damaging levels.
Spot form net blotch Spot form net blotch was the surprise disease of 2013. Normally not a very damaging fungus, some crops, notably Hindmarsh, saw severe infection levels in some areas that most likely led to significant yield
losses. Of particular concern were crops of Scope around Loxton and Cleve that showed susceptibility similar to Hindmarsh (S) whereas in previous years, and at most NVT sites in 2013, Scope has rated as only moderately susceptible. It is likely that there has been a shift in virulence in this pathogen leading to increased virulence on Scope and presumably Buloke. This is reflected in the range of scores provided for these varieties in the disease tables.
Net form net blotch Net form net blotch was very severe in many Fleet crops showing that virulence on this variety is now widespread in SA. Extensive testing of isolates of the fungus taken across SA in recent years has shown that none of the strains tested have combined virulence on Fleet and Maritime. Consequently, in some NVT trials and crops Maritime has appeared as quite resistant. However, virulence on Maritime remains present in areas where this variety is still grown. Virulence on Commander, Fathom and Navigator was very common. Two Fleet isolates from Wokurna and near Pt Broughton also showed virulence on Oxford, Skipper, SY Rattler, Westminster and Wimmera. In contrast Buloke, Granger, Hindmarsh, Scope, Schooner and Sloop SA have shown consistently good resistance so far. Compass has shown good resistance in the field but testing in controlled conditions indicates that some isolates cause moderate susceptibility.
Rusts Stripe rust caused few problems in 2013 despite the large area sown to susceptible varieties and infection being observed in early August. Widespread use of in-furrow fungicides, early preventative sprays and rapid response spraying were effective in preventing a damaging epidemic. It is also possible that the prevalent fungal strain in the region may have lost some of its aggressiveness judging from the poor development of symptoms observed in untreated NVT plots. These were no reports of stem or leaf rust infecting wheat crops in SA in 2013. Leaf rust in barley started late compared to most years and developed more slowly than normal. The greatly reduced areas sown to Keel and a low level of barley volunteers over summer are likely to be key factors responsible for this improved situation. continued on p. 70
79
CEREAL DISEASE
Summary of 2013 season and implications for 2014
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Rust Stem
Stripe#
Leaf
CCN resistance
Yellow leaf spot
Powdery mildew
MS MRMS MS MR RMR MR MRMS MRMS MR MR R MR^ MR RMR MR MR^ MR RMR MR MRMS MR RMR RMR RMR MR RMR MS S
RMR RMR RMR MS MSS MS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS RMR MRMS MRMS MR MRMS SVS RMR R MSS MR MS RMR MR R MR MRMS S MRMS
MR MS RMR R MR MS MSS MSS R MRMS MR MS MS S MS MR S R R MS R R R R MR MS MS MSS
S S – R MRMS RMR MR S MS MR S MS MR S MR MRMS MS S S MRMS R S MRMS S MS MR S MR
S S MS MSS MRMS MR SVS MRMS MS MSS MRMS MS S MSS MSS MRMS MRMS MS MSS SVS SVS MS MSS MS MSS MSS MR SVS
MSS – – MSS MSS VS MRMS MSS S MSS MS S MSS RMR MSS MSS – – – MRMS MRMS R MR R – S SVS MRMS
MR R MR MR RMR RMR
MR MR MR MR MR MR
MRMS RMR MRMS MR RMR MR
– MS MS – MS MS
MR MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS
– MR VS S – MS
Bogong Chopper Fusion Goanna
RMR MR R R
MRMS MRMS RMR MR^
R R R MR
– R R R
MR MR MRMS MR
R R R R
Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus Tahara
RMR MRMS RMR RMR
MR^ MR MRMS MRMS
R R R R
R R R R
MR MR MR MR
R R R RMR
Wheat Axe Bolac Brennan Catalina Cobra Corack Correll Emu Rock Espada Estoc Forrest Gladius Grenade CLPlus Impala Kord CL Plus Mace Mackellar Naparoo Orion Phantom Scout Sentinel Shield SQP Revenue Trojan Wallup Wyalkatchem Yitpi
Durum Caparoi Hyperno Saintly Tjilkuri WID802 Yawa
Triticale
The triticale stripe rust ratings are for the common WA Yr17 virulent strain. More susceptible reactions may occur on some varieties if a rare Tobruk virulent strain appears in SA.
CEREAL DISEASE
^ - Some susceptible plants in mix Abbreviations R Resistant S Susceptible I Intolerant
80
MR Moderately Resistant MS Moderately Susceptible VS Very Susceptible MI Moderately Intolerant – Uncertain
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Root lesion nematodes
Septoria tritici blotch
P. neglectus
P. thornei
Crown rot
Common root rot
Flag smut
Black point †
Quality in SA
SVS MS MR MS MSS MSS MRMS S S S MRMS MSS MS S MS MRMS MRMS MR MS MRMS MRMS MRMS MSS MR MS S MR MRMS
MS S – S MS MSS MS MS MS S S MRMS MS – MS MRMS – – – MS MSS S MRMS S MS MRMS MR MS
MS MS – MR MS S S MSS MSS SVS S S S – MS MRMS – – – S MS MS MS MS – MRMS S MS
S S S S S S S MS S S SVS S S S S S – S S MS MSS MSS S S MS S S S
MSS MS – MRMS MSS MS MS MSS MSS MRMS MS MS MRMS MSS MRMS MS – S MSS MSS S S MRMS SVS MS MS MSS MS
S RMR – RMR S S R MS MRMS MRMS MR RMR RMR SVS MR S – VS S MRMS MR MSS S S VS SVS SVS MR
S MSS MRMS S MSS MSS MS MS S MS MR MS MS MRMS MR MS S – SVS MR S MSS MS MSS MRMS MR MS MS
AH AH feed AH AH APW AH AH APW APW APW AH AH soft AH AH red feed feed / hay soft / hay AH AH ASW AH Feed APW AH APW AH
RMR RMR MRMS MRMS MR MR
– MR MR – MS MRMS
MR MRMS – MRMS – MR
VS VS VS VS VS VS
MS MS MS MS MS MRMS
R R R R – –
MSS MS MS MSS MSS MRMS
durum durum durum durum durum durum
R R R R
– MR R –
– – – –
MSS MSS MS –
MSS S S –
– – – –
– – MSS –
triticale triticale triticale triticale
R R R R
R R RMR R
– – RMR MR
MS MS MS MS
MSS MS MS MS
– – – R
– – – –
triticale triticale triticale triticale
† Black point is not a disease but a response to certain humid conditions.
81
CEREAL DISEASE
Tolerance levels are lower for durum receivals.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Barley
Leaf rust*
Net form net blotch*
Spot form net blotch*
Scald*
Bass Buloke Charger Commander Compass Fathom Flagship Fleet Flinders GrangeR Hindmarsh Keel La Trobe Macquarie Maritime Moby Navigator Oxford Schooner Scope Skipper SY Rattler Westminster Wimmera
MR-MS MS-SVS MR MS-S MR MR-SVS MS-SVS MRMS-S MRMS-S MR MRMS-S VS S-SVS S MS-S S VS R-MRMS SVS MS-SVS MSS-SVS MR MR R-MRMS
MSS MR SVS MS-S MR-MRMS MRMS-S MR SVS MR-MS MR-MS MR MR-S MR MR MR-VS MR MR-S MR-SVS MR MR MR MR MR-MS MR
MSS MS-S S MSS MR-MSS MR MRMS MR S S S MR MSS SVS MRMS S MR MSS MS MS-S MRMS MSS S MS-S
MR-S MS-S VS S MS R-S MS MS S MS-S R-VS MS-S R-VS MR-MSS S MRMS R-MR MS-S MSS MS-S S MR-MRMS MR MSS
Oats Bannister Brusher Dunnart Forester Glider Kangaroo Mitika Mulgara Numbat Tammar Tungoo Wallaroo Williams Wombat Wintaroo Yallara
Rust
CCN Powdery resistance mildew
CCN
S S R R R R R R S – R R R S R S R S VS S R – – S
Covered smut
Common root rot
P.negectus
– R – R – – MR MR – – R MS – – S – MR – R R – – – –
VS MS MS R R R MRMS MR S MR MS R MRMS MSS MS – MSS MRMS MR MRMS MS – R MRMS
MS MS MS MS MS S S MSS MS S S S S MS S – MS MSS S MS MSS MSS MRMS MS
MRMS MS MR MRMS R MRMS MS MRMS MR MR MS MR MR MR MR – MRMS MR S MS MRMS – – MRMS
Red leather leaf
BYDV*
MS MS MS R-MR R MS S MS MS R-MS R MS MS MS MS MS
MS MS MR MR-S MR-S MR-S MS-S MS S MS MR-MS MS MR-MS MR MR-MS MS
MSS RMR RMR MRMS MR MRMS S MRMS RMR R MRMS S MR S SVS MS R R VS RMR MRMS RMR R MSS
Stem nematode
Stem
Leaf
Resistance
Tolerance
Resistance
Tolerance
Bacterial blight
MR-S MS-S MR-S R-S MR-S MS-S MR-S MS MS MR-S MS-S S MR-S MS-S S S
R MS-S MR MR-MS MS-S MS-S MS-S MR-MS S MR-MS MS S R MS S MS
VS R R MS MS R VS R S MR R R S R R R
I MI MT MI I MT I MT I MT MT MT I T MT I
– MS – S R S S R S R R MS – MR MR S
MI I MT I T MI I MT I T T MI I MT MT I
MR-S MR-MS MR-S MS-S R MR-MS MR MR S MR MR S R MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS
*
*
CEREAL DISEASE
Abbreviations R Resistant MR Moderately Resistant MS Moderately Susceptible S Susceptible VS Very Susceptible T Tolerant MT Moderately Tolerant MI Moderately Intolerant I Intolerant VI Very Intolerant – Uncertain Key to symbol used: *Due to multiple strains of these pathogens, the table provides a range of reactions that may be observed. Different ratings are separated by a -
82
Root lesion
Barley grass stripe rust
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P. thornei
Black point
MRMS MRMS – MRMS – MRMS MRMS MRMS – MRMS MRMS MRMS – – – – MRMS MR MR MRMS MRMS – – MRMS
MS MS MRMS MSS MS S MSS MS MRMS MS MSS SVS MSS MR MSS – MSS MR MS MSS MSS MRMS MRMS MRMS
Septoria avenae
P. neglectus nematodes
S MS MR-MS MR MR MR-MS S MS MR MR MR S MR-MS MS MR-MS MS
– MR-MS – – – – – – MR – – MR – – MR-MS –
Eyespot
Explanation for Resistance Classification
Eyespot has been increasing in recent years, mainly on the lower Eyre Peninsula and high rainfall areas of the Mid-North. Crops sown in the SouthEast are also likely to be vulnerable in future particularly if cereal rotations are intensified. Retention of stubbles, close rotations, thick crops, good moisture levels and high nitrogen inputs all favour the disease. Generally varieties are all susceptible although taller and weaker stemmed varieties are likely to lodge more readily after infection. Some variation in the degree of susceptibility is likely to exist in current varieties and this will be investigated with new GRDC funding in 2014.
Previously a ‘/’ has been used where a rating falls between two of the ratings given below. Now there will be no / and the two ratings will be run together as one score. For example MR/ MS will now be presented as MRMS. Where a ‘-‘ is used then the rating is given as a range of scores that may be observed depending on which strain of the pathogen is present.
White grain White grain was not detected in deliveries to silos in 2013. This was probably due to relatively dry conditions from flowering to the end of grainfill. Traps (funded by GRDC) at Buckleboo on upper Eyre Peninsula indicate that spores were released from stubbles from the first week in August to the first week in September, but were not present in significant numbers after that. This suggests that spore trap results could be used prior to harvest to predict the risk of white grain in crops.
R The disease will not multiply or cause any damage on this variety. This rating is only used where the variety also has seedling resistance. MR The disease may be visible and multiply but no significant economic losses will occur. This rating signifies strong adult plant resistance. MS The disease may cause damage but this is unlikely to be more than around 15% except in very severe situations. S The disease can be severe on this variety and losses of up to 50% can occur. VS Where a disease is a problem this variety should not be grown. Losses greater than 50% are possible and the variety may create significant problems to other growers. Where a ‘-‘ is used then the rating is given as a range of scores that may be observed depending on which strain of the pathogen is present. This classification based on yield loss is only a general guide and is less applicable for the minor diseases such as common root rot, or for the leaf diseases in lower rainfall areas, where yield losses are rarely severe.
Loose smut
Other information
Many Hindmarsh barley crops across Southern and Western Australia again showed loose smut infection. In many cases this occurred in spite of treatment with seed fungicides that should have controlled infection. Presumably Hindmarsh is too susceptible for some treatments to be effective. Tests are underway on infected seed to determine which seed treatments are capable of providing adequate control in Hindmarsh.
This fact sheet supplements other information available including the SARDI Sowing Guide 2014 and Crop Watch email newsletters. Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases and Cereal Root and Crown Diseases books (2000 editions) are also available from Ground Cover Direct or from Hugh Wallwork in SARDI.
Disease identification A diagnostic service is available to farmers and industry for diseased plant specimens. Samples of all leaf and aerial plant parts should be kept free of moisture and wrapped in paper not a plastic bag. Roots should be dug up carefully, preserving as much of the root system as possible and preferably kept damp. Samples should be sent, not just before a weekend, to the following address:
SARDI Diagnostic Centre Plant Research Centre Hartley Grove Urrbrae SA 5064 Further information contact: hugh.wallwork@sa.gov.au
83
CEREAL DISEASE
nematodes
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Chickpea remain a carefully considered alternative By Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI, Clare & Kristy Hobson PBA Chickpeas, DPI New South Wales.
Despite the dry season finish, chickpea yields were generally above average across all seven NVT and PBA trials in SA last year. The favourable winter and early spring conditions produced high amounts of Larn McMurray vegetative growth Variety/line and set up high Desi trials yield potentials Ambar at most sites. The absence of ascochyta blight (AB) Genesis 079 disease pressure also aided growth and Genesis 090 was somewhat surprising given the wet Genesis 509 winter conditions and high presence Howzat of this disease in lentil and pea crops Neelam in SA. The dry but generally mild finish PBA Boundary to the season reduced maximum yield PBA HatTrick potentials, but still allowed most crops PBA Maiden to finish off reasonably well. Average to above average yields were achieved PBA Slasher particularly where sub soil moisture PBA Striker levels were in balance with biomass Site mean yield (t/ha) production. The exceptions were % LSD (0.05) at Balaklava (1.23 t/ha) on a poorly Kabuli trials structured soil type where early season Almaz waterlogging and weed competition Genesis 079 occurred, and on a shallow and light textured soil type at Rudall (Lock). Genesis 090 Across all trials a state wide average grain yield of 2.2 t/ha was achieved. This was up on the 1.76 t/ha achieved in 2012 but still down on the 2.7 t/ha from 2011. Site mean grain yields ranged from 0.91 t/ha at Rudall on the Eyre Peninsula to 3.45 t/ha on a deep heavy textured soil at Riverton in the Mid North. The major stress factors influencing variety performance were the dry season finish combined with the high amounts of biomass (vegetative growth) the continued on p. 73
Mid North 2013
2007-2013 Riverton PBA
% Site mean
Balaklava
Riverton
130
101
111
5
88
97
109
21 20
85
93
102
80
-
96
9
99
-
100
8
120
103
114
5
94
-
99
7
91
-
95
9
111
96
109
12
107
101
110
12
109
101
112
12
1.23
3.45
1.97
18
6 96
99
93
ChickPeas
10
103
111
109
21
104
107
102
20
Genesis 114
93
84
89
10
Genesis Kalkee
95
91
89
10
PBA Monarch
99
105
102
10
3.64
3.16
2.57
Site mean yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05)
6
7
28/5
6/6
6/6
Soil Type
SL/MC
LMC
LMC
Rainfall (mm) J-M/A-O
32/336
42/457
42/457
7.6
7.7
7.7
Previous Crop
barley
wheat
wheat
Site Stress Factors
w,wl, dl
bmho
bmho
Date Sown
pH (H2O)
Data source: SARDI, GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites and courtesy National Statistics Program) * Varieties have only had limited evaluation at these sites, treat results with caution # small kabuli type
84
Trial #
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Chickpea Variety Trial Yield Performance: 2013 (as a % of site mean) and Long term (2007-2013) Average Across Sites (as a % of site mean) 2013
South East
2007-2013 % Site mean
2013
2007-2013
Mundulla
% Site mean
5
90
19
105
19 7
103
6
-
110
113
5
88
-
99
5
-
Melton
Minlaton
105
105
111
114
98
110
100
101
101
87
-
98
96
-
108 95
Trial #
Lower Eyre Peninsula 2013
2007-2013
Yeelanna
100
5
114
121
115
7
105
12
80
110
108
13
96
106
12
79
77
103
13
-
87
3
-
-
95
3
-
-
116
97
119
7
-
-
107
4
Rudall
% Site mean
Trial #
Trial #
93
-
96
7
-
95
3
-
-
92
3
102
93
109
10
102
108
6
86
91
107
9
111
98
109
10
98
108
6
114
93
110
9
109
97
114
10
97
107
6
107
104
112
9
3.22
2.57
2.49
2.11
1.69
1.98
0.91
1.35
7
6 (ns)
9
8
96
102
93
14 (ns) 9
105
102
6
98
88
4
112
117
110
19
101
105
12
128
108
13
106
114
101
19
100
106
12
120
103
13
100
80
89
9
81
94
6
81
87
4
91
90
88
9
92
95
6
83
88
4
9
105
104
6
94
99
4
1.85
1.70
1.45
1.44
100
100
103
2.92
2.16
2.26
8
7 (ns)
17 (ns)
12
5/6
14/5
26/6
20/5
19/5
L/KSL
SCL
CL/Lst
CL
SL
23/466
25/365
27/390
65/316
91/294
8.4
8.6
6.3
8.2
6.3
barley
wheat
cereal
wheat
wheat
bmho
bmho
ls, dl
wl, bmho
dl
Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand C - clay L - loam H - heavy M - medium Li - light F - fine Z - silt Lst - Limestone / - over Site Stress Factors: de - pre flowering moisture stress fr - reproductive frost damage dl - post flowering moisture stress ht - high temperatures during flowering/pod fill bmho - high biomass and premature hayoff due to dry finish ls - late sown w - weed competition low wl - temporary waterlogging phwd - preharvest weather damage pe - poor establishment nbw - native bud worm
85
ChickPeas
Yorke Peninsula
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
plants were carrying through to maturity. Due to the relative late maturity of chickpeas and the duration of moisture stress, all varieties matured under a level of duress and generally a low level of variety discrimination occurred. This was similar to, but not as severe as that which occurred in the 2012 season. In the desi trials, the newly released varieties from Western Australia, Ambar and Neelam were the highest yielding lines boosted by good performances at the low yielding sites of Rudall and Balaklava. Neelam also performed well on the relatively light textured and shallow soil type at Minlaton. This site was sown about two weeks earlier than a typical sowing date for chickpeas in this area. At all other sites the earlier maturing PBA Striker and the AB resistant PBA Slasher performed similarly to these varieties. The very small seeded kabuli, Genesis™ 079 was 3% lower yielding than PBA Slasher across all sites and the small seeded standard kabuli, Genesis™ 090 was 12% lower, reflecting the difficult finish to the season for later maturing larger seeded types. The large seeded, early to mid-flowering desi type variety PBA Maiden with a seed size 30% greater than PBA Slasher was released in 2013. This variety is targeted for whole seed markets where its large, angular shaped and bright yellow-tan coloured seed coat, is well suited to the specific requirements of these markets. PBA Maiden has moderate resistance to AB. In past seasons, PBA Maiden grain yields have been similar to PBA Slasher in South Australia but generally less than PBA Striker. In 2013 it was 5% lower yielding than PBA Slasher, most likely due to the dry finishing conditions not enabling it to achieve its maximum seed size. Growers are advised to investigate delivery and marketing options for PBA Maiden prior to growing this variety due to its unique and favourable seed characteristics.
ChickPeas
Statewide average grain yields of the kabuli trials last year ranged from 1.45 t/ha at Yeelanna to an impressive 3.64 t/ha at Riverton. Across all sites Genesis™ 079 was 3% higher yielding than
86
Genesis™ 090 and both averaged around 10-20% higher than the medium to large seeded kabuli types. Of considerable interest in 2013 was the performance of the newly released PBA Monarch (Tested as CICA 0857). PBA Monarch is a medium sized kabuli with particular adaptation to the shorter seasoned medium rainfall environments of south eastern Australia. This is due to its earlier flowering and maturity timings than other medium sized kabuli varieties and Genesis™ 090. PBA Monarch is rated as moderately susceptible to AB, similar to Almaz and Genesis™ Kalkee but inferior to Genesis™090. PBA Monarch has seed size similar to Almaz, larger than Genesis™ 090 but smaller than Genesis™ Kalkee. In shorter growing seasons, PBA Monarch may have larger and more consistent seed size than other medium sized varieties due to its earlier pod filling timing. In previous seasons PBA Monarch has produced similar grain yields to Genesis™ 090. However, in 2013, PBA Monarch averaged 7% lower yields than Genesis™ 090 across all sites. This was mainly due to a poor performance at the waterlogged Yeelanna site where all medium and large sized kabulis were low yielding. At most other sites, PBA Monarch was similar yielding to Genesis™ 090 apart from the early sown site of Minlaton where it was 13% lower. PBA Monarch was similar yielding to Almaz across all sites and 9 and 13% higher yielding than Genesis™ Kalkee and Genesis™ 114 respectively. Across the four NVT trials last year PBA Monarch had a grain weight of 45.7g per 100 seeds, 10% higher than Almaz and Genesis™ 114 but 10% lower than Genesis™ Kalkee. A number of chickpea options are now available, both desi and kabuli, and they offer a range of marketing and agronomic differences to growers to suit individual needs and preferences. These variety options will help chickpea to remain an alternative pulse option to lentil and field pea in most areas of SA providing soil type, weed and season length limitations are allowed for.
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Fiesta and Farah Fight for First Place Faba in 2013 By Andrew Ware, Research Scientist, SARDI, Port Lincoln
Andrew Ware
Fiesta VF and Farah shared top honours for the highest yielding of the released faba beans evaluated in NVT and PBA faba breeding sites across South Australia in 2013.
Eight NVT faba bean trials and six PBA breeding trials were conducted across South Australia in 2013. In addition a specialty broad bean breeding trial was conducted at Millicent in the South East. Results from the Cockaleechie (variable yields) and Millicent (abandoned) faba bean breeding sites did not meet the standard set by NVT protocols for public release of data in 2013. Seeding of Faba Bean NVT and breeding sites started on 1 May (Lock and Tarlee) and saw most trials sown by the end of May, concluding with Bool Lagoon (20 June). Establishment was largely good at all sites with the exception of the Bordertown site. Growing seasonal rainfall was above average on the Eyre Peninsula average, average in the Mid North, Yorke Peninsula and South East regions but below average in the Mallee. Winter temperatures we, in general, warmer than average. This led to high biomass production, and some lodging. Warmer conditions continued in September and October, and combined with below average rainfall in these months which saw crops maturating quickly and harvest commencing earlier than in previous years. Yields at South Australian faba bean NVT and breeding sites ranged from 1.26 t/ha at Lameroo to 4.82 t/ha at Bool Lagoon in 2013. Fiesta and Farah performed quite similarly at most sites across South Australia in 2013. However, Farah did yield slightly higher than Fiesta at the higher rainfall sites in the Mid North (Freeling, Tarlee and
Saddleworth) but failed to gain any advantage when looked at across the state. This is reflected in long term yields that see the two varieties almost identical in predicted yield in each region of the state. In 2013 PBA Rana and Nura showed similar yield performance to each other, but a few percent behind Fiesta and Farah. This is a better relative performance by PBA Rana than was seen in 2012. Long term yields show that PBA Rana yields are lower than the other commercially available faba bean varieties; however this gap is smaller in the higher rainfall areas of the Mid North and Lower South East. PBA Rana produces large, plump and light brown seed suited to Egyptian market requirements for that grade. It represents a unique and different category for faba bean marketin, and may attract a premium price. 2013 presented some disease challenges to faba bean trials and commercial crops. A change in the reaction of ascochya blight was detected on previously resistant lines in faba bean breeding trials in the Lower North region. Isolates collected from this region were able to infect the previously resistant PBA Rana as well as Farah and a range of breeding lines. Staining from Pea Seedbourne Mosaic Virus (PSBMV) was widely detected in faba bean grain harvested in South Australia and Victoria in 2013. Early results from breeding trials suggest that Nura had the highest rate of infection compared to other varieties. The planned release of a new high yielding faba bean variety in 2014 should challenge the domination that Farah and Fiesta VF have had over the past few years.
The contribution of data and information for this report from the Pulse Breeding Australia Faba Bean Breeding Program by Dr Jeff Paull, University of Adelaide, and Dr Rohan Kimber, SARDI, is gratefully acknowledged.
87
Faba Beans
2013 Faba Bean Harvest Report
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Faba Bean Variety Trial Yield Performance (2013 and predicted regional performance, expressed as % of site average yield) Lower Eyre Peninsula
Long term average across sites
Long term average across sites Laura
4
92
102
3.79
103
13
98
97
101
4
99
98
3.79
103
13
92
101
2.09
98
9
3.71
101
5
2.09
98
11
85
1.45
94
4
78
91
3.81
104
13
90
96
PBA Rana
1.99
94
9
80
1.37
89
3
91
91
3.49
95
12
Site av yield (t/ha)
2.13
2.20
1.54
3.86
3.50
3.67
Fiord Nura
LSD (%) Date Sown
9 May
89 2.69
13
8
8
7
8
1 May
20 May
14 May
6 May
7 May
LS
SL
L
L
L
pH (water)
9
6.3
8.4
8.6
7.0
Apr-Oct rain (mm)
65/316
88/271
56/467
25/365
38/368
Previous Year
barley
wheat
wheat
wheat
barley
cs
Abbreviations Soil type:
S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy Z - silt / - divides topsoil from subsoil.
Site stress factors: cs - chocolate spot Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA. Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2007-2013 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.
Faba Beans
93 2.72
Soil Type
Site Stress Factors
88
Pinery
No. Trials
101
1.56
% of Site Mean
1.55
91
t/ha
Minlaton
92
11
No. Trials
11
100
% of Site Mean
100
2.13
% of Site Mean
2.13
Fiesta VF
t/ha
Farah
Variety
no results released
Maitland
2013
t/ha
2013
Lock
Long term average across sites
Yorke Peninsula
No. Trials
Cockaleechie
2013
Upper Eyre Peninsula
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Bordertown
92
1.69
100
6
96
96
86
35
87
1.68
100
6
96
97
110
94
94
2.52
93
25
84
90
77
95
2.64
98
35
102
1.81
108
6
98
119
66
95
31
91
1.57
93
6
1.26
1.68
91
95
80
92
2.57
2.93
3.10
2.19
3.07
2.70
15
8
10
10
6 May
1 May
9 May
20 May
31 92
89
91
2.24
2.37
4.82
20
13
22
12
24
14 May
21 May
21 May
20 Jun
27 May
C
P
30/575
53/711
L
SL
CL
C
8.4
8.2
6.3
7.7
34/430
41/215
20/366
25/400
wheat
wheat
cereal
wheat
2.44
3.07
102
33
3.09
102
33
2.72
90
20
2.96
98
33
2.92
97
30
3.02
89
Faba Beans
Keith
35
101
No. Trials
Lameroo
100
2.72
Millicent
No. Trials
2.71
99
No. Trials
% of Site Mean
100
81
% of Site Mean
t/ha
73
93
t/ha
Strathalbyn
97
93
Tarlee
101
% of Site Mean
Long term average across sites
2013
t/ha
Long term average across sites
Freeling
2013
South East
abandoned
Long term average across sites
2013 Saddleworth
Mallee
Bool Lagoon
Mid North / Central
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Pearl powers on in 2013 By Mick Lines, Research Officer, SARDI, Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI & Peter Kennedy, PBA Field Pea Breeder, DPI Victoria
Mick Lines
Field pea grain yields were generally above average in 2013, despite the season’s dry finish. Grain yield was buoyed by the excellent winter rainfall and the cooler than average finish to the season, and averaged 2.5t/ ha across all National Variety Trial (NVT) and Pulse Breeding
Australia (PBA) trial sites last year. Individual site yields ranged from 0.9t/ha at Minnipa, which was affected by rhizoctonia and late season moisture stress, to 4.3t/ha at Mundulla in 2013. Post flowering moisture stress was the single most significant yield limiting factor in 2013, and was observed to some extent at most sites. However yields were higher than expected in
SA Field Pea Variety Trial Yield Performance: 2013 (as % of site mean) and Long term (2007-2013) Average Across Sites (as % of site mean) Mid North
Yorke Peninsula
2013 Balaklava
Kaspa
2007-2013
Laura
Riverton
Snowtown
Turretfield
% Site mean
102
93
99
104
96
Parafield
83
90
88
84
PBA Coogee **
93
96
83
89
PBA Gunyah
108
95
103
97
106
103
PBA Oura
94
101
99
92
105
103
PBA Pearl
109
105
105
105
111
111
PBA Percy
111
104
99
90
95
106
Variety/line
2013
Trial #
Minlaton
100
35
61
90
69
86
2007
Kadina
Willamulka
% Site mean
106
99
101
102
35
90
83
92
90
13
77
79
85
90
35
97
103
92
100
35
98
92
88
101
28
124
102
125
110
23
97
91
95
101
PBA Twilight
75
88
92
93
98
101
35
93
89
89
97
PBA Wharton
93
103
98
91
96
106
30
81
82
82
101
Sturt
108
-
-
96
93
102
25
-
88
-
101
-
-
-
-
-
105
28
-
-
-
104
2.27
2.71
3.57
2.90
2.91
2.32
2.51
2.23
2.67
2.57
17
8
4
6
8
9
10
10
27/5
4/6
6/6
28/5
8/6
14/5
16/5
10/5
SL / MC
SCL / LMC
SCL / CL
LC / LMC
SCL
CLFS / SCLFS
KSL / FSL
Yarrum Site mean yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05) Date Sown Soil Type
LMC
Previous Crop
barley
barley
wheat
wheat
pasture
wheat
wheat
oats
Rainfall (mm) J-M/A-O
32/336
38/368
42/457
27/312
43/397
25/365
38/324
33/356
7.6
7.0
7.7
8.8
7.9
8.6
8.3
8.5
dm, dl
dl
dm
abm, dl
dl
pH (water) Site Stress Factors
dm,ho,dl
Abbreviations
Field Peas
Soil type:
S - sand C - clay L - loam Z - silty H - heavy M - medium Li - light F - fine Lst - limestone / - over
Site Stress Factors: amb - ascochyta blight medium level bb - bacterial blight dl - post flowering moisture stress dm - downy mildew (Kaspa strain) fr - reproductive frost damage ha - hail damage during id - insect damage ho - hayed off due to excessive biomass ht - high temperatures during flowering/pod fill rh - rhizoctonia wl - waterlogging
90
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
many areas, and there was generally no preference or penalty for any particular maturity timing across sites. This is likely due to the mild spring temperatures, allowing a slow maturation period.
but were largely confined to more favourable areas of the state where field peas are less common. Disease incidence in field peas was higher than in previous seasons. Blackspot was the most widespread disease affecting peas in 2013, due to below average summer rainfall and low early spore release. Consequently, delayed sowing was recommended to avoid infection. In those crops
Winter temperatures were higher than average in 2013, and there were no reported frost events during winter. However, several severe frost events during spring caused significant yield loss in some regions,
2013
2007-2013
2013
2007-2013
Trial #
Lameroo
% Site mean
Trial #
97
16
89
99
85
16
92
96
2013
2007-2013
Trial #
Mundulla
% Site mean
Lock
Yeelanna
% Site mean
Trial #
21
99
6
88
84
99
21
94
7
111
6
96
87
79
86
21
100
102
16
106
98
6
78
82
98
14
21
95
105
16
108
110
6
97
108
108
14
77
Upper Eyre Peninsula
Lower Eyre Peninsula
2013
2007-2013 % Site mean
Trial #
14
101
6
97
14
95
6
91
4
97
3
Minnipa
101
6
102
6
109
5
104
5
16
97
115
10
105
125
5
125
139
121
10
13
92
110
7
113
119
4
106
97
115
8
21
92
102
16
99
94
6
79
76
93
14
18
102
113
13
87
104
6
90
91
102
12
-
-
120
4
106
6
4
-
-
101
10
100
5
1.74
11
-
94
7
-
16
-
115
14
-
102
4.30
2.49
1.57
1.42
1.57
2.39
10
7
17
15
0.86 30
26/6
5/6
19/5
20/5
18/5
CL / Lst
S / CL
SL
CL
L
wheat
wheat
wheat
wheat
pasture
27/390
25/227
88/271
65/316
66/237
6.3
8.2
6.3
8.2
dl
99
6
102
5
1.74
8.4 rh, dl
** Dual purpose type (hay production, or green/brown manuring)
91
Field Peas
-2013
Murray Mallee
high variability in trials
South East
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
that showed high early blackspot due to early sowing or close proximity to pea stubbles (including the Kadina PBA site) the disease progress was halted by the dry spring and yields were higher than previously expected. A number of incidences of downy mildew infection were reported across several areas of the state, particularly in the Mid North where trials at Balaklava, Riverton and Turretfield developed infection. In most cases these did not progress sufficiently to cause significant yield loss. A drier than average spring also meant that conditions were generally not conducive for powdery mildew development in 2013. The 2012 released white pea PBA Pearl was the highest yielding commercial variety across all sites for the second year in a row, and outyielded Kaspa at 8 out of 13 sites. PBA Pearl is a semi-leafless white pea variety with consistent high yield and superior agronomic and disease profile compared to many other commercial varieties. Its long term yield (20072013) shows a 15% yield advantage over Kaspa across the state. Growers contemplating upgrading to this variety will be best advised to secure markets for this white seeded type prior to sowing.
Field Peas
The 2013 released “dual purpose” (ie grain or hay/ manuring) field pea PBA Coogee did not generally perform well in 2013, generally only yielding similarly to Parafield. This is due to the high biomass accumulation during winter and the dry finish to the season causing it to hay off. However, PBA Coogee performed exceptionally well at Mundulla, where pea yields averaged 4.3t/ha, confirming that it performs well in high yielding situations. PBA Coogee offers the flexibility of a forage option if grain yield is limited by seasonal stresses such as
92
frost, and may also provide an alternative to vetch for hay production or green/brown manuring. Kaspa performed well at most sites in 2013, yielding similarly to the site mean at all sites despite the dry season finish. The “Kaspa types” (Kaspa, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight and the most recently released PBA Wharton) have generally performed similarly in recent seasons, however PBA Twilight and PBA Wharton showed lower yields than Kaspa and PBA Gunyah at a number of sites in 2013. Regional trends were apparent, with PBA Wharton performing poorly at all three Yorke Peninsula sites, and PBA Twilight performing poorly at the South East, Murray Mallee and Lower Eyre Peninsula sites. The three earlier maturing “Kaspa types” have generally performed similarly to Kaspa long term, and over recent favourable seasons. These varieties have potential benefits over Kaspa such as improved yield reliability in lower rainfall seasons or in situations where sowing is delayed, and are also more suited to crop-topping. Following grower interest, long term trials were set up in 2012 comparing “Kaspa type” varieties (Kaspa, PBA Gunyah, PBA Twilight) with various blends or mixtures of these varieties eg 33.3% of Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight. All these varieties and blends can be delivered to receival points as “Kaspa type” grain. These blends potentially offer flexibility in flower and maturity timings and durations, and may provide improved yield reliability and risk management across variable seasons. Results from 2012 and 2013 have shown that Kaspa remains the variety of choice in high yielding situations, and that in favourable seasons blends containing Kaspa can improve grain yield in lower rainfall environments where PBA Twilight and PBA Gunyah would normally show a yield advantage.
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Hurricane blows away Herald in 2013 lentil trials By Stuart Sherriff, Research Officer, SARDI & Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI
Significant BGM infection was noted at all trials in the Mid-North and Yorke Peninsula regions. At three Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) trials where disease was not controlled (Melton, Mallala, and Kadina), to allow for disease screening of breeding lines, the MS variety PBA Bolt was one of the lowest yielding varieties. In comparative trials at Melton where BGM was uncontrolled and controlled, PBA Bolt produced 86% and 109% yield of the MR variety Nipper, respectively. This 23% swing in yield shows that large yield losses can occur in MS varieties under conditions conducive to disease. As the disease ratings of varieties improved the comparative yield losses were reduced. Grain yield of the MS/ MR variety Nugget increased from 103% to 110% of Nipper when BGM was controlled, and the MR variety PBA Ace increased by 6% from 110% to 116% of Nipper. PBA Blitz, also rated MR produced 116% and 117% of Nipper when BGM was uncontrolled and controlled respectively. The grain yield of Nipper in these trials was not responsive to fungicide treatment with yields of 3.20t/ha (BGM controlled) and 3.22t/ha (BGM uncontrolled) achieved. Despite reasonable lentil grain yields across much of the state, harvester fires may be the biggest
issue growers remember from 2013. These fires were more frequent in lentil crops during 2013 than in previous seasons, with no obvious link such as header type or lentil variety. The combination of large biomass from the warm wet winter and premature maturity due to the dry spring conditions, along with the relatively low ignition temperature of lentil straw and chaff during harvest, may have contributed to the high frequency of harvester fires in lentils. Extreme caution, monitoring and hygiene of harvesting equipment will help to reduce the number of fires under these circumstances. PBA Hurricane XT (Tested as CIPAL 1101) was the only new lentil variety released in 2013. Like PBA Herald XT, this variety has tolerance to the herbicide imazethapyr (*permit use in SA, registration pending), improved tolerance to the herbicide flumetsulam, and reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. Although it was not commercially available for seeding in 2013, it was in all SA NVT trials and performed well in all environments. A mid-maturing and broadly adapted variety, PBA Hurricane XT combines earlier flowering as well as improved vigour and plant height compared to PBA Herald XT. PBA Hurricane XT out yields PBA Herald XT by 14 - 16% in long term predicted yield analysis. It should be noted that PBA Hurricane XT has a slightly larger seed size than PBA Herald XT and Nipper, and has similar levels of Group C herbicide sensitivity. It also has increased susceptibility to BGM compared to PBA Herald XT, and caution with early sowing dates is advised in disease prone areas. PBA Ace is a variety with strong early vigour which can lead to large biomass accumulation. In 2013, this was observed where large crop canopies formed early in the growing season. Unfortunately, towards the end of the season moisture stress occurred and the large canopies did not transform into comparable grain yields. Even though PBA Ace did not perform as well as it did in 2012 where it was generally the highest yielding variety, it still produced grain yields equal to or greater than Nugget at all but one of the SA sites in 2013. PBA Flash produced good grain yield across all trials in 2013, with an average grain yield of 103% of site mean. In trials where disease was controlled,
93
Lentils
Good early season rains in 2013 and warm conditions in winter produced large lentil canopies with good yield potential. Although the spring was drier than the winter period, mild conditions and stored soil moisture helped to produce good lentil yields in most areas. Stuart Sherriff Across the state the average lentil yield was 2.6t/ha, ranging from 1.24t/ha at Lameroo to 3.43t/ha at Melton. The same conditions that produced high levels of biomass over the winter period also created ideal conditions for Botrytis Grey Mould (BGM) infection. This high disease pressure meant that multiple sprays were generally required to keep disease under control. Aschocyta Blight (AB) also caused problems in susceptible varieties early in the season however the dry spring reduced the pressure of both diseases and helped to maintain grain yield.
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particularly AB, the average grain yield for PBA Flash was 105% of site mean. It produced the highest average grain yield across these trials, compared to 98% of site mean in the trials where disease was not controlled. Growers need to be aware that PBA Flash is rated MS to foliar AB and if moist conditions had continued through spring, management of this disease may have become more difficult and grain yield losses and seed quality issues would likely have been greater. PBA Bolt is best adapted to colder lower rainfall environments where its tall plant type and lodging resistance are an advantage. In the mallee environments in 2013, including Lameroo in South
Australia and Ulitima, Rainbow and Birchip in Victoria, PBA Bolt produced average grain yields of 1.04t/ha where the average for all varieties at these sites was 0.89t/ha. PBA Bolt was the highest yielding variety in these environments, with grain yields 32% higher than Nugget, demonstrating its ability to perform under these conditions. It should be noted that PBA Bolt is rated MS to BGM and in areas where this disease is often present, vigilant monitoring and timely control is imperative. PBA Jumbo was the highest yielding variety at the high yielding sites of Melton and Maitland in 2013, however variable performance across
SA Lentil Variety Trial Yield Performance: 2013 and Long term (2007-2013) Average Across Sites (as a % of site mean) Mid North 2013
Variety
Laura
Aldinga
Mallala
2007-2013
Riverton
Snowtown
92
Boomer
88
Nipper
Trial #
Kadina
93
11
93
Maitland
Melton 87
96
96
22
85
91
24
92
87
13
73
90
95
94
24
90
90
95
100
104
21
97
85
102
93
113
111
101
100
24
132
103
109
98
105
105
103
21
84
85
80
95
103
96
20
102
Nugget
89
77
PBA Ace
103
PBA Blitz
95
PBA Bolt
102
108
74
100
94 107
93
98
80 99
97
96
104
PBA Flash
104
99
101
107
103
24
94
108
101
98
PBA Herald XT
75
76
87
81
87
19
90
80
92
82
PBA Hurricane XT (CIPAL1101)
89
97
88
97
101
13
91
96
95
94
24
PBA Jumbo Site mean yield (t/ha)
96
102
103
108
102
2.27
2.51
3.27
2.96
2.28
96
115
110
102
2.43
3.25
3.43
2.94
% LSD (0.05)
6.6
5.0
6.7
7.6
9.0
5.5
13.0
8.0
Date Sown
4/6
21/5
6/6
28/5
16/5
20/5
5/6
14/5
SCL / LMC
CL / CLS
LMC
SCL / CL
CLFS / SCLFS
SC / FSC
L / KSL
SCL
38/368
23/271
42/457
27/312
38/324
26/467
23/466
25/365
7
8.4
7.7
8.8
8.3
8.4
8.4
8.6
barley
oat hay
wheat
wheat
wheat
wheat
barely
wheat
dl
bgmM-S, ab, dl
bgmM
bgmS, w, dl
bgmM, ab
Soil Type Rainfall (mm) J-M/A-O pH (water) Previous Crop Site Stress Factors
bgml
bgm M-S, dl
Abbreviations Soil type:
Lentils
Minlaton
84
76
PBA Bounty
2013
% Site mean
99
89
Northfield
Yorke
S - sand C - clay L - loam H - heavy M - medium Li - light F - fine Z - silt Lst - Limestone / - over
* Varieties have only had limited evaluation at these sites, treat results with caution. Data source: SARDI/GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites and courtesy National Statistics Program)
94
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
trials in SA, Kadina and Willamulka on the Yorke Peninsuala, and Mallala and Riverton in the Mid North. It also performed well at Melton where its yield averaged 109% of site mean and at Lameroo where it averaged 108% of site mean. PBA Blitz has good early vigour, early maturity and an erect plant type and often reaches canopy closure later than most varieties. This may be the reasoning for its good performance in 2013, a year with a warm wet winter and dryer finish. PBA Blitz is currently the variety most suited to the practice of crop topping, and most responsive to interrow sowing into standing cereal stubble.
sites was observed. This inconsistent result was most likely due to high early biomass production and high BGM levels. However, the high yields at Melton and Maitland show good yield potential in favorable conditions. PBA Jumbo is a large red lentil with similar seed size to Aldinga, but with a grey seed coat which reduces potential for varietal contamination issues. It has a prostrate plant type similar to Aldinga and so is well suited to sowing into standing cereal stubbles to reduce lodging. PBA Blitz performed well in 2013, it produced the highest lentil grain yield in 4 out of the 12 lentil
Peninsula
South East
2007-2013 Willamulka
89
% Site mean
Trial #
92
16
97
28
93
31
2013 Mundulla
54
2007-2013 % Site mean
Trial #
95
5
89
7
2013 Lameroo
2007-2013 % Site mean
Trial #
2013 Yeelanna
88
4
70
85
6
92
80
90
6
94
84
19
88
3
87
96
31
99
93
7
88
103
27
120
110
6
97
111
6
108
101
31
85
92
7
108
101
6
96
27
98
111
5
118
114
5
98
25
85
5
95
4
95
Lower Eyre Peninsula
Murray Mallee
2007-2013 % Site mean
Trial #
92
3
94
4
93
6
84
4
93
6
95
98
6
92
107
6
94
101
5
98
4
97
101
31
103
106
7
108
105
6
119
106
6
73
86
24
70
90
5
66
92
5
86
86
5
98
100
16
125
105
3
97
108
3*
98
95
106
31
73
95
7
98
97
6
99
105
6
2.73
2.78
1.87
1.59
1.24
1.22
2.31
1.40
6.2
18.7
11.0
13.9
10/5
26/6
5/6
20/5
KSL / FSL
CL / Lst
S / CL
CL
33/356
27/390
25/227
64/316
8.5
6.3
8.2
8.2
oats
wheat
wheat
wheat
bgmM, dl
wl, dl
hd-lo, dl
wl, dl
95
Lentils
Site Stress Factors: de - pre flowering moisture stress fr - reproductive frost damage dl - post flowering moisture stress ht - high temperatures during flowering/pod fill hd-lo - herbicide damage-Lontrel residue bgmL - botrytis grey mould (low) bgmM - botrytis grey mould (moderate) bgmMS - botrytis grey mould (moderate to severe) bgmS - botrytis grey mould (severe) ab - ascochyta blight (low) hdM - herbicide damage metribuzin w - weed competition low wl - temporary waterlogging phwd - preharvest weather damage pe - poor establishment nbw - native bud worm
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Gunyidi Out-Guns the Competition in 2013 By Andrew Ware, Research Scientist, SARDI, Port Lincoln
2013 Lupin Harvest Report PBA Gunyidi was the highest yielding lupin variety across South Australia in 2013, beating Mandelup by 7% when averaged across all sites. Six released varieties and 12 advanced lupin breeding lines were evaluated at eight sites across South Australia in 2012. Most sites produced yields above long term averages. Yields ranged from 1.61 t/ha at Ungarra to 3.47 t/ha at Mundulla. Results at three sites South Australian sites did not meet the standard set by NVT protocols for public release of data in 2013; Lameroo (emergence), Frances (rabbit damage) and Keith (broadleaf weeds).
Andrew Ware
Seeding of 2013 sites occurred over a seven week window, starting at Tooligie on 27 April and concluding at Mundulla on 13 June, all completed within a day or so of the cooperating farmer sowing their crop. Establishment was largely good at all sites with the exception of Lameroo. Growing seasonal rainfall was above average on the Eyre Peninsula average, average in the Mid North and South East regions but below average in the Mallee. Winter temperatures we, in general, warmer than average. This led to high biomass production. Warmer conditions continued in September and October, and combined with below average rainfall in these months which saw crops maturating quickly and harvest commencing earlier than in previous years.
SA Lupin Variety Trial Yield Performance (2013 and predicted regional performance, expressed as % of site average yield) Lower Eyre Peninsula 2013
Variety/line
Wanilla
Ungarra
Upper Eyre Peninsula
Long term average across sites
2013
t/hs
% Site mean
No. Trials
Tooligie
2013
Long term average across
t/ha
% Site mean
No. Trials
Spalding
t/ha
% Site mean
Jenabillup
105
97
2.53
102
20
88
2.02
100
14
102
2.23
107
Jindalee
81
78
2.02
82
20
55
1.64
81
14
81
1.84
88
Mandelup
83
111
2.40
97
20
120
2.00
99
14
99
2.23
107
PBA Barlock
102
98
2.63
106
14
92
2.14
106
10
103
2.05
99
PBA Gunyidi
113
109
2.62
106
16
112
2.11
105
12
101
2.17
105
Wonga
84
91
2.24
90
16
71
1.85
92
12
90
1.80
87
1.90
1.61
2.48
2.49
2.01
2.68
2.08
23
15
29
19
16 May
14 May
27 Apr
1 May
S
S
SL
L
Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type pH (water)
6.0
5.6
6.3
6.3
Apr-Oct rain (mm)
35/511
57/328
91/295
47/384
Previous Year
wheat
wheat
wheat
wheat
Site Stress Factors
Lupin & Bean
Mid North
Long term average across sites
Abbreviations Soil type: S - sand C - clay L - loam NW - non-wetting /- divides topsoil from subsoil Site stress factors: es - establishment ls - late sown Rainfall: / separates totals for Jan-Mar from Apr-Oct
96
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Spring conditions bought about good conditions for disease in lupins in 2013, with higher than normal levels of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) (causing black pod syndrome) and Phomopsis (with potential to cause lupinosis) seen in trials and commercial crops. Jenabillup showed good resistance to BYMV, which may explain higher yields at some sites (Wanilla). PBA Gunyidi, yielded higher than Mandelup at most South Australian sites in 2013. In five years of evaluation in South Australia this is the first year were such a significant benefit of growing PBA Gunyidi over Mandelup has been seen. This is reflected in long term yield analysis, that show PBA Gunyidi has an advantage in the Eyre Peninsula regions, but not elsewhere in South Australia. PBA Gunyidi has been released as a potential Mandelup replacement that improves on Mandelup
by having more shatter resistant pods. This will give growers the option of being able to harvest later without incurring significant losses. PBA Barlock was released in September 2013. It has been widely evaluated for four years in South Australia. It was released as a Tanjil/ Wonga replacement, having good resistance to anthracnose and high yields. In 2013 yields of PBA Barlock were below Mandelup on average across South Australia. Long term yields show PBA Barlock performing better than Mandelup on the Eyre Peninsula, but worse in other areas of the South Australia.
The contribution of data and information for this report from the Pulse Breeding Australia Lupin Breeding Program by Dr Jon Clements, DAFWA and Mark Richards, NSW DPI is gratefully acknowledged.
Murray Mallee
5
2.08
109
4
5
1.74
91
4
2.09
110
4
1.89
99
3
1.93
101
4
1.73
91
4
5 5
1.91
Keith
t/ha
% Site mean
105
2.19
105
22
87
1.79
86
22
2.21
106
22
2.18
104
16
2.17
104
20
1.92
92
20
Mundulla
99 102 109 88 3.47
Frances
Trial #
2.08
23 15 May
21 May
13 Jun
22 May
S
S
LS
S
7.7
6.6
5.8
8.0
41/215
20/366
18/274
23/483
wheat
pasture
pasture
pasture
es
es
Data source:
es
SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA. Australian Lupin Breeding Program. 2009-2013 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.
97
Lupin & Bean
4
Trial #
no results released
% Site mean
5
Long term average across sites
2013
t/ha
Lameroo
no results released
No. Trials
2013
no results released
sites
South East
Long term average across sites
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
New WA Oat Varieties Set the Benchmark By Sue Hoppo and Pamela Zwer
Sue Hoppo
Two new varieties released by the Western Australian component of the National Oat Breeding Program have set a new yield benchmark for oats. Bannister , released in 2012, and Williams , released in 2013, were the two highest yielding varieties in the NVT trial series in SA for 2013.
Bannister and Williams were both recently accepted as milling varieties in WA. Both are improvements compared to other WA varieties for stem rust, leaf rust and septoria resistance making them more suited to SA. However, both are very susceptible and intolerant to cereal cyst and stem nematode. Wombat and Dunnart are still the only milling variety options where cereal cyst or stem nematode is yield limiting. Both Bannister and Williams also have slightly inferior grain quality in SA compared to Mitika, Possum, Wombat and Dunnart. In 2013, Williams was the highest yielding variety at Greenpatch and Kybybolite while Bannister was the highest yielding variety at Nunjikompita, Paskeville, and Riverton. Dunnart was the highest yielding variety at Riverton and Lowbanks, Mitika the highest yielding at Pinery and Turretfield and Kojonup the highest yielding at Bordertown. The highest test weight averaged across all trials was Carrolup with Wombat the best dwarf variety. Dunnart averaged the highest grain weight and lowest screenings percent while Kojonup had the highest protein average. Williams is a new milling quality short tall variety with high yield potential. There will be limited seed available for sale outside of WA in 2014. In 2013, test weight was similar to Bannister but grain size and screenings percent were slightly inferior.
Oats
Bannister is a new milling quality dwarf variety with excellent yield potential. There will be limited seed available for sale outside of WA in 2014. Test weight in 2013 in SA trials was similar to Echidna and Possum but inferior to Mitika, Wombat and Yallara. Grain weight was inferior to the more recently released SA bred dwarf milling varieties but superior to Echidna.
98
Dunnart performed well at Crystal Brook and Lowbanks in 2013. At both of these locations it was the highest yielding variety. Dunnart also had the highest grain weight of all varieties tested and the lowest screenings percent. Perhaps because of this, test weight was similar to Echidna and Possum and inferior to Wombat, Mitika and Yallara. Wombat performed consistently well over all sites in 2013. While it was not the highest yielding variety at any one site it was the fourth highest yielding variety across all sites. Wombatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s test weight was the highest of all the dwarf varieties tested. Grain size was similar to Mitika but with slightly more screenings. Mitika was the highest yielding variety at Pinery and Turretfield in 2013 and was overall the fifth highest yielding variety. Test weight and grain weight were excellent and similar to Wombat with lower screenings percent. Only Dunnart averaged slightly lower screenings by 0.7%. Yallara is a tall variety that generally performs above the site average at low rainfall sites. Quality is premium for this variety and it had the highest hectolitre weight of all varieties tested in 2013. Screenings were a little on the high side for this variety and grain size a bit small compared to other varieties. Of the other varieties in the trials, Potoroo surprisingly did not perform well yield wise in 2013. Like Wombat, PossumA was not the highest yielding variety at any one site but was the third highest yielding when averaged across all sites. Screenings were low but test weight and grain size were lower than Mitika. Yield potential compared to long term averages varied across the state in 2013. Sites on Lower and Upper Eyre Peninsula were lower yielding that their long term average while the Yorke Peninsula site was slightly higher than the long term average. Riverton and Turretfield were higher yielding than the long term Mid North average while Pinery was lower. Bordertown and Kybybolite sites were also higher than the long term South East average while Frances was lower. Lowbank was lower yielding than the long term average. However, grain quality at most locations was good due to the cooler conditions experienced during grain ripening.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
By mid October maturity progression had slowed down to a â&#x20AC;&#x153;normalâ&#x20AC;? rate, taking two to three weeks from head emergence to watery ripe instead of one week. The warm conditions caused some varieties to ripen at different times than would normally be expected. Harvest commenced earlier than usual at low rainfall sites but was delayed at higher rainfall sites due to the cooler conditions. Foliar diseases were not yield limiting and losses due to lodging and shattering were minimal. Following is a brief summary of some of the newer grain varieties. Factors such as grain quality, disease resistance and maturity as well as grain yield should be considered before selecting the variety best suited to your district and end use. The sowing guide published each year in October/ November or the SARDI website (www.sardi. sa.gov.au) provides comprehensive notes on each variety and is your best guide to choosing oat varieties for both grain and hay production. The new potential milling variety Dunnart is a tall dwarf which averages approximately 10 to 15 cm taller than Possum, Wombat, and Mitika. Dunnart is the second variety to be released with resistance and tolerance to CCN and tolerance to stem nematode. It has improved resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and is moderately resistant to leaf rust. Dunnart has slightly lower test weight and groat percent compared to Mitika, but lower screenings
and higher grain weight. Dunnart has improved plant colour compared to Mitika, Possum, and Wombat. Seed is available through Seednet. The potential milling quality variety Wombat is a high yielding dwarf line with cereal cyst nematode (CCN) resistance and tolerance. It was the first variety since Potoroo to combine CCN resistance and tolerance in a dwarf plant type. It was also the first dwarf variety released by the National Oat Breeding Program to combine CCN resistance and tolerance with stem nematode tolerance. Seed is available through Seednet. Wombat, like Mitika and Possum, can develop leaf reddening post flowering. This does not seem to affect its yield or quality. Williams is a new milling quality short tall variety released from the WA node of the program with limited seed availability in eastern states. It is approximately 10-15cm taller than Wombat and Mitika and 5cm taller than Dunnart. Williams has improved foliar disease resistance compared to Wombat, Mitika and Possum and is similar to Dunnart. Like Mitika and Possum, Williams is very susceptible and intolerant to cereal cyst nematode and stem nematode and should not be grown in areas where these diseases are yield limiting. Williams is a high yielding variety with slightly inferior grain quality in SA compared to Mitika, Possum, Wombat and Dunnart. Seed is being commercialised by Heritage Seeds. The new milling quality dwarf variety Bannister is a recent release from the WA component of the program with limited seed availability outside of WA. It is similar in height to Possum. Bannister is an improvement compared to Mitika for BYDV and red leather leaf resistance. Like Williams, it is very susceptible and intolerant to cereal cyst nematode and stem nematode and should not be grown in areas where these nematode are yield limiting. Bannister is a high yielding variety with slightly inferior grain quality in SA compared to Mitika, Possum, Wombat and Dunnart. Seed is available through Seednet.
1
Refer to the Oat Sowing Guide published in October/November each year, SARDI website or variety brochures for a more comprehensive listing of the foliar disease resistances for each variety.
99
Oats
Seeding for all sites was earlier than 2012 with all sites except two sown in May. Most areas of SA received good rains mid May. However, substantial rains in late May/early June significantly delayed the sowing of the Turretfield site. Dry conditions in late autumn/early winter limited growth at some sites while the cold wet August caused nitrogen leaching at other locations. While red legged earth mite and lucerne flea caused no problem in oats, aphid numbers were high at Pinery and Riverton. Warm temperatures in September pushed hay varieties quickly from heading to hay cutting with some varieties only taking a week to progress from heading to the watery ripe stage. Many loads of hay were rejected on the basis of quality which reaffirms the message that although hay varieties hold their green leaf well, they should still be cut at the correct growth stage to maximise quality.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Oat Variety Yield Performance: 2013 and long term (2007-2013), expressed as a % of Lower Eyre
Upper Eyre
Yorke Peninsula
Greenpatch
Nunjikompita
Paskeville
Crystal Brook
2.82
2.23
5.05
3.09
Region Variety Bannister
Mid
Carrolup
Pinery 2.83 2.35
Dunnart
1.47
1.75
4.62
3.13
2.72
Echidna
2.32
2.02
4.54
2.90
2.65
Mitika
2.97
1.82
4.92
2.59
2.84
Numbat
1.80
1.26
3.17
1.62
1.51
Possum
3.15
1.90
4.76
3.07
2.74
Potoroo
2.74
1.69
4.82
3.03
2.69
Kojonup
2.65
Wandering
2.61
Williams
3.37
1.99
4.88
2.82
2.66
Wombat
2.43
1.96
5.02
3.08
2.63
Yallara
1.65
1.50
2.91
2.80
2.31
Site av. yield t/ha
2.55
1.67
4.36
2.73
2.40
24 May
8 May
18 May
17 May
28 May
L
L
CL/SCL
SCLFS/CL
CL
Date Sown Soil Type pH (water)
6.1
8.7
8.2
8.6
8.6
J-M / A-O rain mm
27/568
40/187
32/415
34/319
33/340
Previous Crop
canola
pasture
lentils
wheat
barley
Stress factors
Long Term average across sites within region (2007-2013) as % site average and number Lower Eyre Peninsula Variety Bannister
Upper Eyre Peninsula
Yorke Peninsula
%sites av.
# trials
%sites av.
# trials
%sites av.
# trials
124
4
117
5
120
4
Carrolup Dunnart
107
7
112
8
112
7
Echidna
116
4
109
4
114
4
Euro
93
6
104
7
98
6
Kojonup Mitika
116
7
109
8
111
7
Numbat
85
3
69
4
83
3
Possum
115
7
109
8
112
7
Potoroo
115
7
114
8
118
7
Williams
129
4
112
5
110
4
Wombat
112
6
110
8
113
6
Yallara
94
7
103
8
95
7
Wandering
Region Mean t/ha
3.39
1.71
Abbreviations
Oats
Soil types: Stress factors:
100
S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy / - divides topsoil from subsoil d - dry spring de - drought early dl - drought late
4.12
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
site average and as t/ha North
Murray Mallee
South East
Riverton
Turretfield
Bordertown
Frances
Kybybolite
Lowbank 0.85
4.53
3.63
4.72
3.71
3.97
3.56
2.76
4.07
3.90
3.74
4.12
3.33
4.91
3.43
3.87
0.80
4.23
3.37
4.42
3.67
4.05
0.77
4.14
3.26
5.06
3.48
3.84
4.05
3.95
4.74
3.15
3.65
0.48
2.32
1.86
3.02
1.92
3.67
0.52
4.03
3.68
4.98
3.34
3.64
0.75
4.24
3.20
4.37
3.59
3.78
0.78
4.12
3.21
4.91
3.60
3.54
4.36
3.73
4.51
3.56
4.19
0.68
4.13
3.24
4.57
3.61
3.92
0.64
3.49
2.78
4.25
3.19
3.96
0.76
3.53
3.08
4.32
3.15
3.79
0.71
29 May
24 June
29 May
5 June
23 May
15 May
CL
CL
CL
C/L
SL/C
LS/LS
9.0
7.0
7.6
5.8
6.3
8.3
34/431
43/397
25/400
23/483
26/534
13/175
beans
pasture
canola
barley
pasture
wheat
d
de,dl
of trials Mid North # trials
%sites av.
Murray Mallee
# trials
%sites av.
# trials
124
4
125
5
113
4
119
27
121
16
98
26
100
12
111
33
111
20
111
10
113
7
99
15
101
14
108
28
109
14
113
33
112
20
111
5
65
23
69
15
39
3
110
27
111
20
113
5
110
27
112
18
125
5
107
4
108
26
112
12
120
24
123
15
110
29
111
18
117
5
101
33
101
20
109
5
2.93
3.56
1.28
Data source: NVT, GRDC and SARDI Crop Evaluation and Oat Breeding Programs (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites). Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group.
101
Oats
%sites av.
South East
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Bogong rivals Fusion in 2013 By Charlton Jeisman, SARDI and Rob Wheeler, SARDI
Charlton Jeisman
Bogong triticale has rivalled Fusion for the highest average yield across the seven harvested triticale National Variety Trial (NVT) sites in South Australia in 2013. The current benchmark Fusion generally performed well in environments with an average yield of up to 3 t/ha, while Bogong performed well in the wetter environments with an average yield of 3 t/ha or more.
The 2013 season was quite wet in many parts of the state setting crops up for high yield potential although warm temperatures and below average rainfall during spring had implications for grain filling, bringing grain yields back to around average. Six GRDC funded, triticale NVT sites were sown during May, while the remaining two were sown in early June. Triticale yields were above average in the South East, Lower Eyre Peninsula and on northern Yorke Peninsula. Storm damage at the Wharminda triticale site on Eyre Peninsula meant the trial there was not harvested. Average yields from sites across the state ranged from 1.87 t/ha at Streaky Bay on Eyre Peninsula to 7.17 t/ha at Conmurra in the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s South East. Grain yields averaged 3.77 t/ha across all sites, up 58% from 2012, and 25% higher than the long term data (20052013). Yield increases were particularly noteworthy in the South East and on Lower Eyre Peninsula.
Triticale
Amongst the triticale yields for 2013, the relatively new varieties released over the past five years continued to dominate in most districts. In 2013, grain yield of Fusion ranked highest at three of the seven sites while Bogong ranked highest at three of the wetter sites. At Greenpatch, Bogong and Fusion finished similarly at 10% and 11% above the site averages (respectively). The early maturing Chopper performed well across the majority of sites, exceeding the site average at four of the six sites where it was sown.
102
When comparing yield performance of different varieties for a given season, it is important to consider the long term average yields that are available for each site. Variety performance can vary considerably with seasons, as no two seasons are ever identical. Some varieties have only been included in regional trial sites for a few years while others have been around for much longer. The older varieties provide increased confidence in their performance although some are being superseded by higher performing newer release varieties. Additionally rust classifications can change between seasons as new rust pathotypes arise. Refer to the latest disease guide for updated information. Fusion was released by AGT in 2012 and is a midseason maturing, fully awned spring triticale with excellent resistance to leaf, stripe and stem rust. Based on the long term SA NVT yield data (2005-2013), Fusion has proven to be the highest yielding triticale (15% above average across all environments in SA) after four seasons of evaluation across the state. Fusion is CCN resistant and is also recognised for producing grains with low screenings and good size. Bogong was released by the University of New England in 2008 as an early to mid season flowering variety. It is fully awned, has stiff straw, and has good resistance to all common field strains of rust, but is not resistant to CCN. Bogong has been evaluated for seven seasons across all sites in SA and has proven its broad adaptation across SA by topping the NVT results four out of the past six years. Long term yields (2005-2013) position Bogong second, approximately 9% above average across all environments in SA. Canobolas is an early to mid season, awned variety, with stiff straw. It was released in 2008 by the University of New England and features excellent tolerance to acid soils, however it is now classified as moderately susceptible-susceptible to stripe rust. Hawkeye, released by AGT in 2007, performed well in 2013 demonstrating its adaptability across all
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
seasons and sites. Hawkeye is a mid maturing variety with high yield potential. It produces large grain with low screenings, and is resistant to CCN and rust. Berkshire performed well at Minnipa, Pinnaroo and Turretfield, highlighting its suitability to seasons with a dry finish. Berkshire was released by the University of Sydney in 2009 and is a mid season maturing variety, moderately susceptible to stripe rust. It was purpose bred for its feed quality traits for pigs. Tahara continues to perform consistently across the state in line with long term yield results but in recent years has begun to be slightly outclassed by newer grain varieties. In 2013, yields for Tahara were on par with the site averages at most sites, particularly Bute and Streaky Bay. Tahara provides a good disease break option, having resistance to CCN and Pratylenchus. Chopper, released by AGT in 2010, is a very early maturing semi-dwarf variety with CCN and good rust resistance. Chopper performed well at Minnipa and Pinnaroo where its short season genetics and adaptability to low yield potential environments were clearly demonstrated in 2013. Chopper has a superior long term average over the older variety Tahara. Jaywick, released by AGT in 2007, is a broadly adapted variety with good grain quality and good resistance to rust and CCN. It is slightly earlier maturing than Bogong and Hawkeye. At most sites in 2013, Jaywick performed close to its long term average although at Minnipa, moisture stress after flowering caused a reduction in yield. Rufus is a reduced awn variety, with good rust and CCN resistance, making it a valuable dual purpose variety for hay, grazing and grain production. In recent years, Rufus yields have tended to be inferior to the newer grain varieties, although in 2013 at Streaky Bay, Rufus was 4% above the site average.
Yukuri, Endeavour, and Abacus are examples of dual purpose varieties and are generally only grown in the wetter, longer season districts. In 2013 they all yielded similarly, around 2-8% below site averages, however Endeavour and Yukuri were considerably lower yielding at Greenpatch. Abacus is a long season variety, which is susceptible to stripe rust and CCN, thereby offering few benefits in current rotation systems. Released by the University of Sydney in 2007, Endeavour is a reduced awned, long season, dual purpose variety, which is resistant to stripe rust and CCN. Yukuri is a later-maturing dual purpose variety. It is rust resistant and has reduced awn length although it is susceptible to CCN. Yukuri fits in the rotation as a forage variety and also for producing milling quality grain of wheat-like appearance. Tuckerbox, released in 2010 and available from Cooper & Elleway, has now been included in the National Variety Trials for five years. It is a reduced awn, late-medium season, CCN resistant variety that can be grown for forage or grain. Goanna and Yowie were also released by Cooper & Elleway in 2011 and 2010 respectively. Both varieties are deemed to have good resistance to current pathotypes of leaf, stem, and stripe rust. Goanna is a fully awned variety with good grain quality and tall plant height. Yowie is a slightly later maturing, medium season, fully awned variety with modest grain quality. Both varieties are relatively new releases, so further evaluation across seasons within the SA NVT system is still required. Goanna performed well at all sites except Turretfield where moisture stress after flowering influenced its performance. Yowie performed well at the higher yield potential sites.
103
Triticale
A number of triticale varieties have been released as dual-purpose with features including grazing tolerance and ability to recover for grain production.
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
SA Triticale Variety Yield Performance (2013 and long term, 2006-2013, expressed as % of site average yield and as t/ha) 2013
Bute
Conmurra
88
100
Abacus Berkshire
Minnipa
Pinnaroo
Streaky Bay
Turretfield
99
105
105
100
105
Bogong
115
121
110
101
97
108
96
Canobolas
104
101
109
96
102
100
100
Chopper
90
98
109
108
84
96
92
85
Fusion
97
90
111
108
115
104
117
Goanna
92
98
94
94
92
95
86
Hawkeye
97
105
106
100
102
91
103
Jaywick
94
94
98
84
94
89
88
Rufus
97
87
92
89
88
104
97
Tahara
98
83
94
94
91
102
91
75
76
102
101
94
87
89
102
73
98
83
2.93
5.44
2.18
0.94
2.5
1.19
2.44
Tuckerbox Yowie Yukuri Site av Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date Sown Soil Type J-M / A-O rain mm pH (water)
Wharminda
96
Endeavour
Triticale
Greenpatch
7
14
10
4
9
10
7
15 May
11 June
24 May
17 May
20 May
13 May
9 June
storm damage
Variety
1.42 16 May
FS
black C
L
L
c
SL
LC/LMC
NWS
40/362
59.6/520
27/568
66/237
25/204
34/246
43/397
47/375
8.5
7.6
6.1
8.4
8.6
8.7
7.9
7.0
Previous Crop
lupins
beans
canola
pasture
wheat
pasture
pasture
pasture
Stress Factors
rh
dl,wg
dl
st
104
dl
SARDI Crop Performance Report 2014 Funded by Glencore Grain
Long term average across sites within region (2006-2013) as % site average and number of trials Lower Eyre Peninsula
Upper Eyre Peninsula
Yorke Peninsula
Mid North
Murray Mallee
South East
%site av.
# trials
%site av.
# trials
%site av.
# trials
%site av.
# trials
%site av.
# trials
%site av.
# trials
86
6
110
9
106
10
104
5
109
5
107
5
108
6
111
13
106
13
111
7
109
7
110
7
109
7
109
13
104
13
106
7
108
7
106
7
109
7
107
11
105
12
105
6
108
6
108
6
97
4
93
4
120
7
111
8
113
4
118
4
116
4
113
4
101
5
101
6
104
3
101
3
104
3
96
3
109
15
105
15
107
8
108
8
107
8
108
8
104
15
102
15
103
8
103
8
102
8
106
8
101
13
101
14
104
7
101
7
104
7
95
8
98
15
100
15
103
8
99
8
102
8
92
8
85
9
100
3
85
3
83
5
97
7
98
8
100
4
97
4
98
4
99
4
79
9
85
6
1.93
2.62
3.27
2.12
5.04
Abbreviations Soil types: Site stress factors:
S - sand C - clay L - loam F - fine K - coarse M - medium Li - light H - heavy / - divides topsoil from subsoil NWS - non wetting sand de - pre-flowering moisture stress dl - post-flowering moisture stress r - rhizoctonia yr - stripe rust wl - waterlogging b - boron lb - late break
Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group
105
Triticale
2.86
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